Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
* Este estudio se ha desarrollado en el contexto del Proyecto de I+D+i «Competencias para el ejercicio de la profesión
docente en educación secundaria: análisis de la situación actual y propuestas formativas de futuro» (Referencia:
PID2019-106643GA-I00), financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (2020-2023).
Los autores agradecen a UNICEF Comité Español el apoyo prestado para la organización de los grupos focales.
Fecha de recepción de la versión definitiva de este artículo: 06-07-2022.
Cómo citar este artículo: López-Martín, E., Gutiérrez-de-Rozas, B., Otero-Mayer, A. y Expósito-Casas, E. (2022).
Análisis cualitativo del perfil profesional del buen docente de educación secundaria | Qualitative analysis of the
professional profile of a good secondary school teacher. Revista Española de Pedagogía, 80 (283), 493-516. https://doi.
org/10.22550/REP80-3-2022-04
https://revistadepedagogia.org/ ISSN: 0034-9461 (Impreso), 2174-0909 (Online)
493
E. LÓPEZ-MARTÍN, B. GUTIÉRREZ-DE-ROZAS, A. OTERO-MAYER y E. EXPÓSITO-CASAS
del buen docente integrado por tres compe- analysing the professional profile of a good
tencias pedagógicas y siete competencias per- secondary school teacher from the perspective
sonales que se concretan en 79 actuaciones. of students, members of school management
La integración de las perspectivas de todos teams, and the teachers themselves. For this
los agentes permite establecer una propuesta purpose, a qualitative research design was es-
comprehensiva del profesor eficaz, al captarse tablished based on an analysis of the views of
los matices que aporta cada visión particular, the participants. Five focus groups were con-
sobre la que diseñar nuevas investigaciones y ducted with the participation of five members
sugerir actuaciones que contribuyan a una for- of school management teams, nine teachers
mación inicial y permanente de calidad para el and nine students. Through both the a priori
profesorado de educación secundaria. and inductive coding of the content of these
focus groups, the professional profile of a good
Descriptores: competencias docentes, eva- teacher was identified. This profile was made
luación del profesorado, grupos focales, inves- up of three teaching skills and seven personal
tigación cualitativa, eficacia docente. skills, specified in 79 actions. The integration
of all the participants’ perspectives enabled
the creation of a comprehensive proposal of
Abstract: an effective teacher by capturing the nuances
Scientific literature has shown that provided by each individual perspective. Based
año 80, n.º 283, septiembre-diciembre 2022, 493-516
teacher characteristics and skills are one of on this, new research and actions can be de-
the main sources of variation in students’ signed that contribute to improving the quali-
academic performance. This potential that ty of initial and in-service training for second-
teachers have in improving the quality of the ary school teachers.
education system justifies the importance of
identifying the teacher-related factors that Keywords: teacher skills, teacher evaluation,
are positively related to student learning. This focus groups, qualitative research, teacher
revista española de pedagogía
sistema educativo podrá ser mejor que competencias personales, seguidas de las
su profesorado, ha llevado recientemente didáctico-pedagógicas, la emocional, la
al Ministerio de Educación y Formación social y ciudadana y la lingüística, son las
Profesional (2022) a centrar el debate en que caracterizan a un buen docente. Por
torno a 24 propuestas de mejora que guia- su parte, en el trabajo de revisión llevado a
rán la reforma de la profesión docente en cabo por Villaverde-Caramés et al. (2021)
España y que pretenden, entre otros obje- se pone de manifiesto cómo los principa-
tivos, garantizar que el profesorado posea les rasgos que definen al buen profesor de
las competencias necesarias para asegurar educación física son la capacidad pedagó-
una actuación eficaz en el aula. Como eje gica, el desempeño y la implicación profe-
vertebrador de la propuesta de reforma de sional, los rasgos de la personalidad y el
la profesión docente se plantea la necesi- conocimiento de la asignatura.
dad de acordar un marco de competencias
profesionales docentes, para lo cual resul- Como puede observarse, estos estudios
ta esencial profundizar en el perfil profe- contemplan un conjunto amplio de compe-
sional del buen docente. tencias que van desde las más asociadas
con el ejercicio docente a las relacionadas
Desde una aproximación basada en con el ámbito personal o la formación re-
competencias, el buen docente o el docente cibida, aportando una visión extensiva de
Los resultados se han organizado con- cómo han sido los docentes quienes han
forme a las cuatro dimensiones conside- identificado más comportamientos asocia-
radas: planificación e implementación dos a la planificación e implementación de
de la enseñanza, gestión y organización la enseñanza.
Categorías Actuaciones ED P E
500
Análisis cualitativo del perfil profesional del buen docente de educación secundaria
profesor debe hacer comprender al alum- actividades fuera del aula que les ayudan
nado por qué y para qué aprender, además a aprender mejor.
de permitirles tener un papel activo en
la toma de decisiones sobre la organiza- Por último, los comportamientos aso-
ción de los contenidos, los profesores han ciados al aprendizaje centrado en el alum-
centrado sus discursos en la necesidad de no han sido identificados en el grupo focal
que el alumnado conozca tanto los objeti- con miembros de los equipos directivos y,
vos que guían sus procesos de aprendizaje especialmente, en los grupos focales con
como la metodología y la temporalización profesores. Así, ambos agentes conside-
establecidas para alcanzarlos: ran que un buen profesor debe implicar-
se en facilitar el aprendizaje activo y en
Tiene que saber perfectamente qué es
orientar el trabajo de los estudiantes, de
lo que se le va a pedir, cuáles son los obje-
manera que estos últimos lleguen a diri-
tivos, qué es lo que vas a hacer, y una tem-
poralización mínima. Decir: «mira, pues gir su propio proceso de aprendizaje:
vamos a estar con esto hasta tal día y se te Yo creo que tienen todo el derecho a
va a evaluar en función de esto» (P2). participar en lo que nosotros les vamos a…
no ya a transmitir: ya no es tanto enseñar,
La importancia de garantizar una eje- sino cómo aprender, de manera que ellos
cución y desarrollo de la enseñanza flexi-
año 80, n.º 283, septiembre-diciembre 2022, 493-516
Categorías Actuaciones ED P E
Establece las reglas y procedimientos que se deben
· · ·
llevar a cabo en el aula
Comprueba que las normas son entendidas y asumidas
· ·
Reglas y por el alumnado
procedimientos Controla y exige el cumplimiento de las normas y pro-
· ·
cedimientos establecidos
Establece mecanismos para aquellos estudiantes que no
· ·
cumplen las normas
Crea un ambiente de trabajo en el aula propicio para el
· · ·
aprendizaje
504
Análisis cualitativo del perfil profesional del buen docente de educación secundaria
Atendiendo a la categoría evaluación ria, las dificultades que él tiene […] Yo creo
que no se evalúa en un día: ahí creo que
centrada en el aprendizaje, todos los agen-
estamos de acuerdo casi todos o todos: que
tes coinciden en afirmar que fomentar la
se evalúa todos los días al alumno (P2).
autoevaluación de los aprendizajes es una
actuación propia de los docentes eficaces, Por su parte, la categoría relacionada
ya que permite a los estudiantes tomar con- con los instrumentos de evaluación ape-
ciencia de su propio proceso de aprendizaje. nas ha recibido atención por parte de los
Junto con lo anterior, los profesores tam- informantes, como tampoco lo han hecho
bién han destacado la importancia de los las actuaciones vinculadas con la toma de
procesos de coevaluación: decisiones basadas en los resultados de la
[…] y era ese concepto de autoevalua-
evaluación o el establecimiento de juicios
ción que supone que el alumno es conscien- de valor sobre la información disponible.
te de sus logros, de lo que ha conseguido, de Únicamente, dentro de esta última catego-
lo que no sabía y ha adquirido […] es la eva- ría se alude a la relevancia de proporcionar
luación verdaderamente motivadora (ED3). una evaluación cualitativa de la informa-
ción recogida, lo que permite al alumnado
Ellos mismos se autoevalúan, ellos mis- comprender sus errores y mejorar su ren-
mos a partir de una actividad saben hasta dimiento futuro.
año 80, n.º 283, septiembre-diciembre 2022, 493-516
que aprender, etc. O sea, tratarme como al- 3.4. Competencias personales
guien especial (E7).
Buena parte del contenido de los grupos
focales se ha centrado en las competencias
[…] hablar con los alumnos personal-
mente, lo más individualizadamente posi-
personales (Tabla 5), cuya importancia en
ble, cogerlos 5 minutillos a cada uno y ex- el perfil del buen docente queda reflejada
plicarle un poco cómo ha ido la evolución en el volumen y variedad de actuaciones
durante el trimestre (P2). que han emergido en las distintas sesiones.
507
E. LÓPEZ-MARTÍN, B. GUTIÉRREZ-DE-ROZAS, A. OTERO-MAYER y E. EXPÓSITO-CASAS
508
Análisis cualitativo del perfil profesional del buen docente de educación secundaria
Tal y como cabría esperar, han sido los dad de contribuir a la orientación de los
representantes de equipos directivos y, estudiantes. Finalmente, los estudiantes
especialmente, los docentes, quienes más y los docentes han coincidido en afirmar
actuaciones han identificado referidas al que un buen profesor informa y asesora
desarrollo profesional. Estas se han re- al alumnado sobre las diferentes opciones
lacionado, principalmente, con aspectos académicas y profesionales de que dispone
como la formación continua y con la adap- y que en mayor medida se ajustan a sus
tación al cambio a causa de los avances pro- necesidades e intereses:
ducidos en la sociedad y, por ende, de las
Un buen profesor te conoce, sabe más o
necesidades e intereses de los estudiantes.
menos lo que se te da mejor, lo que se te da
También encontramos algunas actuacio-
peor. Entonces debería saber aconsejarte y
nes en las que se aprecia el consenso entre saber si se te da mejor, por ejemplo, cien-
las tres audiencias, tal es el caso de que el cias o letras, y decirte si el año que viene te
docente tenga un conocimiento actualizado va a ir mejor por un camino o por otro (E2).
sobre su disciplina y de que muestre un
compromiso permanente con la profesión Respecto a la competencia de liderazgo,
docente. Se observa un amplio acuerdo en han sido los docentes quienes han mencio-
que un buen profesor debe amar su pro- nado un mayor número de actuaciones, las
fesión y creer en ella, transmitiendo una cuales se encuentran relacionadas, princi-
bra del «buen profesor», muchas veces particular reflejarán una imagen sesga-
obviado en las investigaciones que ana- da del docente eficaz que dejará fuera del
lizan el perfil del docente eficaz desde foco de atención algunas consideraciones
una perspectiva general, que no permite de particular interés. La complejidad del
profundizar en todas las actuaciones en perfil profesional del docente eficaz de-
las que se concretan las competencias manda trabajos en profundidad con una
evaluadas, o sin consultar con los prin- visión de conjunto que responda a la rea-
cipales agentes implicados. Asimismo, lidad docente y a las circunstancias par-
el grupo focal con miembros de equipos ticulares en que este desempeña su labor.
directivos ha permitido identificar ac- Si bien este trabajo ha tratado de aportar
tuaciones relativas a las transiciones del esta visión de conjunto, no está exento de
alumnado entre etapas educativas, a las limitaciones, entre las que se encuentra
competencias digitales del profesorado y que en la selección de los participantes
al propio bienestar de los docentes, cuya no se hayan considerado algunos crite-
importancia podría deberse a la visión rios de selección como la edad, el género
organizativa y de funcionamiento global o la titularidad del centro, que hubiesen
del centro que posee este colectivo y, en permitido analizar posibles matices di-
el caso de las dos últimas actuaciones, a ferenciales en función de características
las exigencias de adaptación y reestruc- relevantes de los informantes. Por otro
año 80, n.º 283, septiembre-diciembre 2022, 493-516
turación provocadas por la crisis sani- lado, el número de grupos focales con-
taria a consecuencia de la COVID-19. templados en el trabajo de campo fue
Finalmente, los estudiantes han sido los establecido a priori, motivo por el cual,
únicos que han hecho referencia al esta- la saturación de los datos no fue contras-
blecimiento de un sistema de evaluación tada. No obstante, el hecho de que se
en el que se detallen los procedimien- cubriese la amplia mayoría de las cate-
tos, criterios e instrumentos, así como gorías establecidas a priori y de que el
revista española de pedagogía
513
E. LÓPEZ-MARTÍN, B. GUTIÉRREZ-DE-ROZAS, A. OTERO-MAYER y E. EXPÓSITO-CASAS
secundaria. Revista de Educación, 376, 62-86. ht- fesorado reconsiderada: tropezando con la cali-
tps://doi.org/10.4438/1988-592X-RE-2017-376-344 dad]. The Abell Foundation.
Shen, J., Wu, H., Reeves, P., Zheng, Y., Ryan, L. y An- Williams, R. E. (2010). Administrator and teacher
derson, D. (2020). The association between tea- perceptions of the qualities of effective teachers
cher leadership and student achievement: A me- [Percepciones de los administradores y los pro-
ta-analysis [La asociación entre el liderazgo de los fesores sobre las cualidades de los profesores
profesores y el rendimiento de los alumnos: Un me- eficaces]. The College of William and Mary.
ta-análisis]. Educational Research Review, 100357, The Wing Institute (2019). Teacher Competen-
1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2020.100357 cies. https://www.winginstitute.org/quality-tea-
Smith, E. y Gorard, S. (2007). Improving teacher chers-compentencies
quality: Lessons from America’s No child
left behind [Mejorar la calidad del profeso-
rado: lecciones de la iniciativa No child left Biografía de los autores
behind de Estados Unidos]. Cambridge Jour- Esther López-Martín es doctora en
nal of Education, 37 (2), 191-206. https://doi.
Ciencias de la Educación por la Universi-
org/10.1080/03057640701372426
Stronge, J. H. (2018). Qualities of effective teachers
dad Complutense de Madrid (UCM). Des-
[Cualidades de los profesores eficaces]. ASCD. de el año 2019 es Profesora Titular del
Stronge, J. H., Ward, T. J. y Grant, L. W. (2011). What Departamento de Métodos de Investiga-
makes good teachers good? A cross-case analysis ción y Diagnóstico en Educación II de la
of the connection between teacher effectiveness UNED. Su principal línea de investigación
and student achievement [¿Qué hace que los se centra en la evaluación del rendimiento
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6093-6543 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7943-3228
año 80, n.º 283, septiembre-diciembre 2022, 493-516
revista española de pedagogía
516
revista española de pedagogía
año 80, n.º 283, septiembre-diciembre 2022
Spanish Journal of Pedagogy
year 80, n. 283, September-December 2022
Sumario*
Table of Contents**
Estudios Noelia Salas Román, Margarita Alcaide Risoto
Studies y Carlos Hue García
Mejora de las competencias socioemocionales
Antonio García-Carmona en alumnos de educación infantil a través de la
La comprensión de aspectos epistémicos de la educación emocional
naturaleza de la ciencia en el nuevo currículo de Improving socio-emotional competencies
Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, tras la LOMLOE in pre-school pupils through emotional education 517
Understanding epistemic aspects of the nature of science in
Adoración Díaz López, Javier Jerónimo Maquilón
Spain’s new curriculum for compulsory-secondary
Sánchez y Ana Belén Mirete Ruiz
education since the LOMLOE law 433 Validación de la escala Ud-TIC sobre el uso problemático
María Isabel Gómez-León del móvil y los videojuegos como mediadores de las
Alta capacidad intelectual desde la neuroimagen y la habilidades sociales y del rendimiento académico
pedagogía diferencial. ¿Hablamos de lo mismo? Validation of the Ud-TIC scale on the problematic use of
mobile phones and video games as mediators of social
Giftedness from the perspective of neuroimaging and differential
pedagogy. Are we talking about the same thing? 451 skills and academic performance 533
Rosalía Jódar Martínez, María del Pilar Martín
Eduardo Fernández Fernández
Chaparro, María Dolores Hidalgo Montesinos
Retórica y Educación: una aproximación
y Juan Pedro Martínez Ramón
a la escuela romana Percepción del estilo parental y calidad de vida
Rhetoric and Education: an approach to the Roman school 475 relacionada con la salud entre adolescentes
Perceived parenting style and quality of life related to
Notas
health among adolescents 559
Notes
María de la Luz Berlanga Ramírez y Luis Gibran
Esther López-Martín, Belén Gutiérrez-de-Rozas, Juárez Hernández
Andrea Otero-Mayer y Eva Expósito-Casas Validez de constructo de un instrumento para evaluar
Análisis cualitativo del perfil profesional del buen la retroalimentación asertiva en la formación inicial
docente de educación secundaria del profesorado
Qualitative analysis of the professional profile Construct validity of an instrument to assess assertive
of a good secondary school teacher 493 feedback in initial teacher training 583
* Todos los artículos están también publicados en inglés en la página web de la revista: https://revistadepedagogia.org/en.
** All the articles are also published in English on the web page of the journal: https://revistadepedagogia.org/en.
Reseñas bibliográficas Índice del año 2022
Table of contents of the year 2022 613
López Rupérez, F. (2021). La gobernanza de los
sistemas educativos. Fundamentos y orientaciones
Instrucciones para los autores
(Ismael Sanz Labrador). Álvarez-Castillo, J. L. y
Instructions for authors 621
García-Cano, M. (Eds.) (2022). Diversidad e inclusión
en la Universidad. La vía de la institucionalización La revista española de pedagogía
(Anabel Moriña Díez). 601
traslada su sede
The revista española de pedagogía
Informaciones
changes its address 627
Congreso «Character and Virtues in Professional
Practice»; XI Congreso Internacional
de Psicología y Educación 609
* This study was conducted as part of the R&D project "Competencias para el ejercicio de la profesión docente en
educación secundaria: análisis de la situación actual y propuestas formativas de futuro" [Skills for secondary school
teachers: analysis of the current situation and proposals for future training] (Reference: PID2019-106643GA-I00),
funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (2020–2023).
The authors would like to thank UNICEF Spain for its support in organising the focus groups.
Revision accepted: 2022-07-06.
This is the English version of an article originally printed in Spanish in issue 283 of the revista española de
pedagogía. For this reason, the abbreviation EV has been added to the page numbers. Please, cite this article as
follows: López-Martín, E., Gutiérrez-de-Rozas, B., Otero-Mayer, A., & Expósito-Casas, E. (2022). Análisis cualitativo del
perfil profesional del buen docente de educación secundaria | Qualitative analysis of the professional profile of a good
secondary school teacher. Revista Española de Pedagogía, 80 (283), 493-516. https://doi.org/10.22550/REP80-3-2022-04
https://revistadepedagogia.org/ ISSN: 0034-9461 (Print), 2174-0909 (Online)
493 EV
E. LÓPEZ-MARTÍN, B. GUTIÉRREZ-DE-ROZAS, A. OTERO-MAYER, & E. EXPÓSITO-CASAS
and inductive coding of the content of these tal propósito, al analizar el perfil profesional
focus groups, the professional profile of a good del buen docente de educación secundaria
teacher was identified. This profile was made desde la perspectiva de los estudiantes, los
up of three teaching skills and seven personal miembros de los equipos directivos y los pro-
skills, specified in 79 actions. The integration pios profesores. Para ello, se ha establecido
of all the participants’ perspectives enabled un diseño de investigación cualitativa basa-
the creation of a comprehensive proposal of do en el análisis de las percepciones de los
an effective teacher by capturing the nuances informantes, mediante el cual se han condu-
provided by each individual perspective. cido cinco grupos focales en los que han par-
Based on this, new research and actions can ticipado cinco miembros de equipos directi-
be designed that contribute to improving the vos, nueve profesores y nueve estudiantes.
quality of initial and in-service training for El proceso de codificación tanto apriorístico
secondary school teachers. como inductivo del contenido de los grupos
focales ha permitido identificar un perfil
Keywords: teacher skills, teacher evaluation, profesional del buen docente integrado por
focus groups, qualitative research, teacher tres competencias pedagógicas y siete com-
effectiveness. petencias personales que se concretan en 79
actuaciones. La integración de las perspecti-
vas de todos los agentes permite establecer
year 80, n. 283, Septembre-Dicember 2022, 493-516
With the firm belief that teachers are an Alonso-Sainz (2021) shows how personal
essential part of improving the standard skills, followed by teaching skills, emo-
of education and that the quality of tional skills, social and civic skills and
any education system is defined by the linguistic skills, are the hallmarks of a
quality of its individual teachers, the good teacher. In addition, a review car-
Spanish Ministry of Education and Pro- ried out by Villaverde-Caramés et al.
fessional Training has recently (2022) (2021) reveals that the defining traits
focused the debate around 24 proposed of a good PE teacher are teaching abil-
improvements that will guide the reform ity, professional performance and com-
of teaching in Spain. One of the aims of mitment, personality traits and subject
these proposed improvements is to en- knowledge.
sure that all teachers have the neces-
sary skills to perform effectively in the These studies clearly show a wide spec-
classroom. At the heart of the proposed trum of skills ranging from those most
teaching reform is the need to establish closely related to teaching to those associat-
a framework of professional teaching ed with personal skills or the type of train-
skills, which requires an in-depth analy- ing that teachers receive. This results in
sis of the professional profile of a good a broad landscape of professional teaching
teacher. skills that makes it difficult to establish a
such as setting targets, planning, selecting sonal skills (Danielson, 2013; Marzano,
the right methods and strategies and feed- 2007; Stronge, 2018; Stronge at al.,
back. In turn, the teacher-related factors 2011; The Wing Institute, 2019, among
that contribute to better academic results others).
include factors associated with establish-
ing positive interactions with students, Teaching skills cover abilities linked
the possession of certain personal skills, to the planning of teaching, the imple-
such as clarity and credibility, and teacher mentation of teaching, classroom man-
training, especially the role of professional agement and organisation and evalu-
development. ation. Effective planning of teaching
is based on the correct formulation of
In light of this, the aim of this study learning objectives (Danielson, 2013);
is to identify the professional profile of reflecting on content so it can be prop-
a good secondary school teacher from erly organised into lessons and units
the perspective of students, members of (Marzano, 2007; Shen et al., 2020);
school management teams and teachers and creating timetables that allow for
themselves. To do this, starting with the maximum teaching and learning time
pedagogical and personal skills associat- (Stronge, 2018). In addition, this last
ed with teaching, the study will then ex- author highlights the positive effects
year 80, n. 283, Septembre-Dicember 2022, 493-516
amine the specific actions performed by of planning activities and material and
good secondary school teachers in order of tailoring this planning to the specific
to meet the educational needs of their needs of students. Good implementation
students. This paper is structured as fol- of teaching is characterised by aspects
lows: The first section introduces the pro- such as communicating and discussing
fessional skills that, as per the literature, the learning objectives and expected
are essential for teachers. This review outcomes with the students (Marzano,
revista española de pedagogía
will help establish the initial theoretical 2007; Williams, 2010); the flexibili-
model used to guide the definition of the ty to respond to diversity, meeting the
professional profile of a good teacher. The individual needs of students (Tapani
second section refers to the method and & Salonen, 2019); the introduction of
describes the methodological design cre- student-centred activities to encour-
ated to fulfil the aim of this study and the age the development of new knowledge
chosen data analysis strategy. The next (Marzano, 2007; Opdenakker & Damme,
section presents the findings of the study, 2006); and the teacher’s engagement
which are then discussed in the “Discus- with and commitment to learning
sion and conclusions” section. (Danielson, 2013). Classroom manage-
ment and organisation is linked to plan-
1.1. Professional teaching skills ning and complying with the applicable
In the analysis of professional teach- rules and regulations (Marzano, 2007;
ing skills, there is a distinction in the lit- Williams, 2010); encouraging respectful
erature between teaching skills and per- participation and interaction between
496 EV
Qualitative analysis of the professional profile of a good secondary school teacher
zenship into both the centre’s broader six students. In phase two, the number
educational mission and the planning of teachers and students was increased
of classroom activities, with the aim of to nine through the addition of one
maximising the holistic development teacher and three students who, after
of each student, encouraging students learning about the study, wanted to get
to see themselves as people with rights involved.
revista española de pedagogía
The research team sought informed (emerging categories) were added to the
consent to take part in the study from a priori categories. Accordingly, the focus
all teachers and members of school man- group content was coded using both a pri-
agement teams, and from the parents, ori or deductive and open or inductive pro-
guardians or legal representatives of the cesses. Scientific rigour and the reliability
students. of the results were ensured though re-
searcher triangulation during the data cod-
2.2. Data collection ing and interpretation processes (Carter
The group sessions were held in June et al., 2014). As such, two researchers in-
2021, using Microsoft Teams, and each dependently coded the interventions and
session lasted for approximately 90 min- subsequently shared their interpretations
utes. The five focus groups were record- of the initial and emerging categories in
ed and then typed up. To guarantee the order to develop an intersubjective under-
anonymity of study participants, all per- standing of the analysed data. The data
sonal data or information was encoded. analysis was conducted using ATLAS.ti 9
software. The a priori and emerging cat-
The design of the script for the focus egories are presented in tables 2–5 along
groups was based on the teaching skills with the study results.
and personal skills identified in the liter-
Categories Actions SM T S
of objectives
and teaching Informs students of the teaching
methodology methods and the learning activities · ·
to be carried out *
Adjusts the implementation of learning
for students with special educational · ·
needs (SEN)
500 EV
Qualitative analysis of the professional profile of a good secondary school teacher
The detailed analysis of these categories the organisation of learning content. On the
shows how the actions related to effective other hand, the teachers focused on the need
lesson planning, which largely focus on for students to understand both the objec-
establishing clear, easy-to-understand and tives that guide their learning processes and
achievable objectives tailored to the char- the methods and timetable for achieving
acteristics of the students, were mainly re- these objectives:
ferred to by the teachers. In turn, the stu-
dents and members of school management They need to know exactly what they’re
teams highlighted the importance of organ- going to be asked to do, what the objectives
In turn, students agreed that good In turn, teachers alluded to the impor-
teachers often use active methods and do tance of connecting classroom-based learn-
activities outside of the classroom that ing to real-life scenarios, in relation to
help them to learn better. academic performance, as it allows stu-
dents to appreciate the usefulness and ap-
Lastly, behaviours associated with stu- peal of the content:
dent-centred learning were identified in Our students [...] what they are going
the focus groups with members of school to work on and see why it is useful, because
management teams and, in particular, in if we start planning but, in the end, they
the focus groups with teachers. Both these don’t see why it’s useful, in a sense this
groups felt that a good teacher engages in dilutes the objectives that we’ve set (T8).
facilitating active learning and guiding
3.2. Classroom management and organ-
the work of students, so that students come
isation
to direct their own learning processes:
The results presented in Table 3 show
I think they have every right to be in- the level of interest in this skill from
volved in what we’re going to..., no I mean school management teams, teachers and
transfer to them: it’s not so much now about students. The majority of the actions asso-
year 80, n. 283, Septembre-Dicember 2022, 493-516
teaching but about how to learn, so that they ciated with this skill were referred to in all
can be the true protagonists (SM3). of the focus groups.
Categories Actions SM T S
Establishes the rules and procedures to be followed in
· · ·
the classroom
revista española de pedagogía
Motivates students · · ·
502 EV
Qualitative analysis of the professional profile of a good secondary school teacher
The analysis of the above-mentioned and all actions were referenced by all
categories produced some interesting in- three groups. Notable importance was
formation. In relation to the rules and given to the creation of an emotionally
procedures category, all three groups of safe space that prioritises confidence,
participants agree that a good teacher es- respect and zero judgement of mis-
tablishes the rules and procedures to be fol- takes, and to providing the right degree
lowed in the classroom: of motivation for students to feel they
can successfully carry out the work as-
For many of our boys and girls, school
signed to them. In this category, two
is the greatest source of structure. The
actions emerged from the focus groups
most secure place, a place with bound-
aries, where they know: ‘What’s happe- that were not included in the initial cod-
Learning-cen-
Introduces co-evaluation mechanisms ·
tred evaluation
504 EV
Qualitative analysis of the professional profile of a good secondary school teacher
I think it’s always good to evaluate explain what mark you got [...] they say:
someone based more on the effort put in ‘Now, your exam...’. They look at it with
rather than the exam results (S8). me, tell me what mark I got, what I need,
what I have to learn, etc. They treat me
Every thing’s taken into account: like I’m someone special (S7).
day-to-day work, who does their
homework, effort, respect, enthusiasm ... speaking personally with the stu-
for the subject, the challenges they face dents, as individually as possible, grabbing
[...] I don’t think you just evaluate on any a quick five minutes with each of them to
one given day: I think nearly all of us or explain how they’ve been doing over the
all of us agree that we evaluate our stu- term (T2).
dents every day (T2).
3.4. Personal skills
In contrast, the evaluation tools cat- A lot of the focus group content is cen-
egory was barely touched on by the par- tred around personal skills (Table 5), and
ticipants, nor were the actions linked to the importance of these skills in the profile
decision-making based on the evaluation of a good teacher is reflected in the volume
results or making value judgements about and variety of the actions that emerged
the available information. The only refer- from these sessions.
ence made in relation to this category was
year 80, n. 283, Septembre-Dicember 2022, 493-516
tion of evaluation results, the three groups societal developments and, ultimately,
expressly referred to the importance of the needs and interests of students. All
teachers reflecting on the evaluation re- three groups agreed on several actions,
sults with their students. The participants including that a good teacher has up-
to-date knowledge of their subject and
(especially the students) stressed the need
shows a permanent commitment to the
for teachers to address students individu-
teaching profession. There was a broad
ally when talking to them, preferable on
consensus that a good teacher should
a one-on-one basis, about their evaluation
love their job and believe in it, trans-
results. This action came up in the differ-
mitting a sense of enjoyment in the
ent focus groups, with some very signifi-
classroom. In this respect, the partici-
cant comments:
pants highlighted that a good teacher
You see, I like to feel a close relationship must “fully believe in their work” (T9),
with my teacher, they call you over, you have a “passion for their job” (S2) and a
grab a chair, sit down face to face and they “willingness to serve” (SM3).
506 EV
Qualitative analysis of the professional profile of a good secondary school teacher
507 EV
E. LÓPEZ-MARTÍN, B. GUTIÉRREZ-DE-ROZAS, A. OTERO-MAYER, & E. EXPÓSITO-CASAS
Emotional skills Shows concern for the physical and emotional wellbeing
· · ·
of students
508 EV
Qualitative analysis of the professional profile of a good secondary school teacher
As for guidance and orientation, the students about the different academ-
three groups felt that a good teacher ic and professional pathways that are
should find out about the character- available to them and that are best suit-
alluded to the need for a good teacher to the students who went into most detail
participate in decisions about the curricu- on both these aspects:
lum, instruction and evaluation, highlight-
Teachers should realise and say: ‘hey,
ing that it was important for teachers to
are you okay?’ This question makes a
choose which textbooks they will be using
big difference. When someone sits down
in the classroom. to talk to you [...] and they ask: ‘Are you
okay? Would you like some help? Did you
A detailed analysis of the results for understand what we looked at in class?
communication shows how members of Do you want me to talk to your parents?
school management teams made no refer- Do you want me to do anything?’ Even if
ence to any of the actions associated with you don’t take them up on the offer or you
this skill. In contrast, the student focus don’t even answer them, this makes you
groups referred to all of the actions as- feel so good (S8).
sociated with this skill, except for shows
good questioning skills, which was not As for the behaviours of an effective
mentioned by any of the three groups. teacher in relation to interpersonal rela-
Actions associated with clearly commu- tionships, the groups highlighted, on the
nicating content and communicating one hand, working as a team with other
with enthusiasm were identified in the teachers, in indicating that a good teacher
year 80, n. 283, Septembre-Dicember 2022, 493-516
focus groups with teachers and, mainly, should coordinate with others and work
with students, producing comments such collaboratively; and, on the other hand,
as: “...that they tell it with passion and establishing direct contact with families.
know how to communicate it to students” In this respect, all participants stressed
(S2), “...that they know how to properly the importance of establishing “more di-
explain the subject” (S6) and that they rect contact with parents” (SM1) and an
know how to “communicate with enthu- “ongoing connection between families”
revista española de pedagogía
The various actions that make up The final section of the analysis of
emotional skills received a lot of atten- personal skills looked at the professional
tion, with a focus on the importance of ethics of teaching, which were not initially
aspects such as trust, listening and car- considered but ended up encapsulating a
ing about the students’ problems. In ad- range of behaviours that emerged from the
dition, there was a broad consensus on focus groups. Some of these were broadly
the following two actions: firstly, consid- supported, such as showing consistency be-
ering the needs, motivations and inter- tween what is transmitted in the classroom
ests of students and acting accordingly, and how teachers act. In this respect, the
with empathy and closeness emerging participants stressed the importance of a
as especially valuable skills; and second- good teacher setting an example for the
ly, showing concern for the physical and students’ development of their own per-
emotional wellbeing of students. It was sonal values.
510 EV
Qualitative analysis of the professional profile of a good secondary school teacher
by COVID-19. Lastly, the students were gories established a priori were covered in
the only group to refer to establishing the groups and not many new categories
an evaluation system that provides full emerged from the discussions. This could
details of the evaluation procedures, well point to a high degree of saturation,
criteria and tools, and to the need for which would need to be tested in future
teachers to make the content under- studies. Although the qualitative re-
standable and to adapt their use of lan- search design of this study does not allow
guage. All these behaviours are linked any generalisations to be made about the
to daily school life and experiences professional profile of a good secondary
(what is expected of me and what I need school teacher, it does provide an interest-
to learn), which appears to be of singu- ing point of reference for further research
lar important to the students. and for reflecting on the qualification and
professional training of teachers in order
The individual opinion of each member for them to best encourage and facilitate
of the education community as to what their students’ acquisition of knowledge.
512 EV
Qualitative analysis of the professional profile of a good secondary school teacher
10. What personal skills do you think a good teacher should have?
Professional development:
11. What actions associated with a teacher’s own development and pro-
fessional training could have a positive impact on their teaching practice
and, consequently, on their students’ results?
Guidance and orientation:
15. What other skills or traits in teachers do you think could have a
Other skills positive effect on the academic results of students and, as such, could
enhance their learning?
513 EV
E. LÓPEZ-MARTÍN, B. GUTIÉRREZ-DE-ROZAS, A. OTERO-MAYER, & E. EXPÓSITO-CASAS
Shen, J., Wu, H., Reeves, P., Zheng, Y., Ryan, L., &
Anderson, D. (2020). The association between
Authors’ biographies
teacher leadership and student achievement: A Esther López-Martín has a PhD
meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, in Education Science from Universi-
100357, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edu- dad Complutense de Madrid (UCM).
rev.2020.100357 Since 2019, she has worked as an as-
Smith, E., & Gorard, S. (2007). Improving sociate professor at the Department of
teacher quality: Lessons from America’s No
child left behind. Cambridge Journal of Edu- Research and Diagnostic Methods in
cation, 37 (2), 191-206. https://doi.org/10.1080 Education II at Universidad Nacional
/03057640701372426 de Educación a Distancia (UNED). Her
Stronge, J. H. (2018). Qualities of effective teachers. main lines of research focus on the eval-
ASCD. uation of students’ academic perfor-
Stronge, J. H., Ward, T. J., & Grant, L. W. (2011).
What makes good teachers good? A cross-case
mance and the associated factors, with
analysis of the connection between teacher a special focus on the characteristics
effectiveness and student achievement. Jour- and skills of teachers.
nal of Teacher Education, 62 (4), 339-355.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487111404241 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0367-2019
Tapani, A., & Salonen, A. O. (2019). Identifying
teachers’ competencies in Finnish vocatio-
nal education. International Journal for Re- Belén Gutiérrez-de-Rozas holds a
search in Vocational Education and Train- degree in Pedagogy (special prize) from
516 EV
Table of contents
Sumario
Studies Noelia Salas Román, Margarita Alcaide Risoto,
Estudios & Carlos Hue García
Improving socio-emotional competencies in pre-school
Antonio García-Carmona pupils through emotional education
Understanding epistemic aspects of the nature of science Mejora de las competencias socioemocionales en
in Spain’s new curriculum for compulsory-secondary alumnos de educación infantil a través
education since the LOMLOE law de la educación emocional 517
La comprensión de aspectos epistémicos de la naturaleza
Adoración Díaz López, Javier Jerónimo Maquilón
de la ciencia en el nuevo currículo de Educación Secundaria Sánchez, & Ana Belén Mirete Ruiz
Obligatoria, tras la LOMLOE 433 Validation of the Ud-TIC scale on the problematic use of
María Isabel Gómez-León mobile phones and video games as mediators of social
Giftedness from the perspective of neuroimaging and skills and academic performance
differential pedagogy. Are we talking about the same thing? Validación de la escala Ud-TIC sobre el uso problemático
del móvil y los videojuegos como mediadores de las
Alta capacidad intelectual desde la neuroimagen y la
habilidades sociales y del rendimiento académico 533
pedagogía diferencial. ¿Hablamos de lo mismo? 451
Rosalía Jódar Martínez, María del Pilar Martín
Eduardo Fernández Fernández
Chaparro, María Dolores Hidalgo Montesinos,
Rhetoric and Education: an approach to the Roman school & Juan Pedro Martínez Ramón
Retórica y Educación: una aproximación Perceived parenting style and quality of life related
a la escuela romana 475 to health among adolescents
Percepción del estilo parental y calidad de vida
Notes
relacionada con la salud entre adolescentes 559
Notas
María de la Luz Berlanga Ramírez, & Luis Gibran
Esther López-Martín, Belén Gutiérrez-de-Rozas, Juárez Hernández
Andrea Otero-Mayer, & Eva Expósito-Casas Construct validity of an instrument to assess assertive
Qualitative analysis of the professional profile feedback in initial teacher training
of a good secondary school teacher Validez de constructo de un instrumento para evaluar
Análisis cualitativo del perfil profesional del buen la retroalimentación asertiva en la formación inicial del
docente de educación secundaria 493 profesorado 583
Book reviews [Diversity and inclusion in the university: The route of
institutionalisation] (Anabel Moriña Díez). 601
López Rupérez, F. (2021). La gobernanza de los sistemas
educativos. Fundamentos y orientaciones [The governance Table of contents of the year 2022
of educational systems: Foundations and orientations] Índice del año 2022 609
(Ismael Sanz Labrador). Álvarez-Castillo, J. L.,
& García-Cano, M. (Eds.) (2022). Diversidad e inclusión Instructions for authors
en la Universidad. La vía de la institucionalización Instrucciones para los autores 617
This is the English version of the research articles and book reviews published orig-
inally in the Spanish printed version of issue 283 of the revista española de peda-
gogía. The full Spanish version of this issue can also be found on the journal's website
http://revistadepedagogia.org.