Tbilisis vano sarajiSvilis saxelobis

saxelmwifo konservatoria

qeTevan bolaSvili

XX saukunis musikis
istoria
I nawili

leqciebi

Tbilisi 2022
wigni gamoica saqarTvelos kulturis, sportisa
da axalgazrdobis saministros xelSewyobiT

recenzentebi: marina qavTaraZe

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,
profesori
maia sigua
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,
asoc. profesori

redaqtorebi: qeTevan baqraZe

marine kveselava (lit. redaqtori)

dizainer-damkabadonebeli: TinaTin barkalaia

© Tbilisis vano sarajiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo

konservatoria, meore gafarToebuli gamocema, 2022
(pirveli gamocema _ 2011)

© qeTevan bolaSvili, meore gafarToebuli gamocema, 2022

(pirveli gamocema _ 2011)

ISBN 978-9941-9809-1-6
 sarCevi
avtorisgan ............................................................................... 5
Sesavali .................................................................................... 7
venis axali skola ................................................................ 22
arnold Sonbergi ................................................................. 26
alban bergi ............................................................................ 57
anton veberni ........................................................................ 79
igor stravinski ................................................................. 100
bela bartoki....................................................................... 129
paul hindemiti ................................................................... 154
XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnis amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis musika da Carlz aivzi .................................... 177
edgar varezi ....................................................................... 203
franguli `eqvseuli~ da artur onegeri ................... 223
XX saukunis pirveli aTwleulebis ruseTis
musikaluri kultura: `rusuli avangardi~ .............. 254
sergei prokofievi ............................................................ 274
dimitri SostakoviCi ........................................................ 302
olivie mesiani ..................................................................... 326
rekomendebuli literaturis sia ................................ 349
danarTi _ XX saukunis pirveli naxevari:
mniSvnelovani mxatvruli da istoriuli
movlenebis qronologia .................................................. 361

3
 avtorisgan

XX saukunis musikis istoria: leqciebi, I nawili

warmoadgens 2011 wels gamocemuli wignis ganaxlebul,
gadamuSavebul da gafarToebul variants. igi moicavs
gasuli saukunis pirveli naxevris gamoCenil kompozi-
torTa Semoqmedebas. arsebuli leqciebis kursis meore
gamocemaSi damatebulia ramdenime Tavi rogorc ganmazo-
gadebeli, ise monografiuli xasiaTisa. ganmazogadebeli
narkvevebi saSualebas miscemen studentebs, ufro Rrmad
Seiswavlon musikaluri procesebi istoriul movleneb-
Tan mimarTebaSi, xolo monografiulebi am mxatvrul-
istoriuli procesebis erTi konkretuli avtoris Semo-
qmedebaze zegavlenas warmoaCenen. davamateb, rom yvela
monografiuli Tavi, pirvel gamocemasTan SedarebiT, aris
ganaxlebuli da gafarToebuli. monografiul Temebs Tan
axlavs kompozitoris ZiriTadi nawarmoebebis nusxa. wig-
nis bolos mocemulia rekomendebuli literaturis sia,
romelic meore gamocemaSi mTlianad ganaxlda; upirate-
soba mieniWa uaxles gamocemebs, romlebic xelmisawvdomia
Tbilisis saxelmwifo konservatoriis biblioTekaSi da
onlain. leqciebs axlavs danarTi: XX saukuneSi mimdina-
re mniSvnelovani socialur-politikuri, samecniero da
mxatvruli movlenebis qronologia 1901-dan 1945 wlamde,
rac XX saukunis pirveli naxevris musikis konteqsts kidev
ufro cxads xdis.
gamocema gankuTvnilia: konservatoriis bakalavria-
tis, nawilobriv magistraturis da doqtoranturis stu-
5
dentebisTvis; sxva umaRlesi saswavlo dawesebulebebis
im fakultetis studentebisTvis, romlebic XX saukunis
xelovnebiT arian dainteresebulni; nawilobriv samusiko
saswavleblebis da kolejebis pedagogebis da moswavleeb-
isTvis da XX musikis musikiT dainteresebuli melomane-
bisTvis.
visargebleb SemTxveviT da aqve madlobas gadavuxdi
wignis recenzentebs _ profesor marina qavTaraZes da
asocirebul profesor maia siguas, literaturul re-
daqtors marine kveselavas, gamomcemlobis redaqtors
qeTevan baqraZes, dizainer-damkabadonebels TinaTin
barkalaias.

qeTevan bolaSvili
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori,
profesori

6
 Sesavali

msoflio xelovnebis ganviTarebis erT-erT mraval-

ferovan, mdidar da saintereso etaps XX saukune warmoad-
gens. am saukunis xelovneba araerTgvarovani movlenaa.
aq, gasuli saukuneebisgan gansxvavebiT, mravali, zogjer
urTierTgamomricxavi, mimarTuleba sinqronulad ar-
sebobs da saukunis mdidar mxatvrul panoramas qmnis.
mniSvnelovania, rom amgvar mravalferovnebas saerTo
idea aqvs, romlis formulireba erTi sityviT SeiZle-
ba _ siaxle. XX saukunis musikis am Tvisebas jer kidev
1919 wels yuradReba miaqcia cnobilma musikologma da
diriJorma paul bekerma (Paul Bekker, 1882-1937) statiaSi
Neue Musik1, rac mTeli epoqis sinonimadac ki iqca. aqve
davamatebT, rom analogiuri saxelwodeba aqvs arnold
Sonbergis statias Neue Musik, veraltete Musik, S l und Gedan-
ke2 _ romelic misi da misi Tanamoazreebis SemoqmedebiT
manifestad iqca.
axali musikis dabadebas axal droSi ukve saukuneze
meti gvaSorebs da is, rac 100 an Tundac 50 wlis win did
mravalferovnebad, stilistur siWreledac ki aRiqme-
boda, dRes ramdenadme mTlian procesad SeiZleba war-
movidginoT, romelic ganviTarebis calkeul etapebad
iyofa. amave dros, dRemde ar arsebobs XX saukunis xe-

1
Bekker, P. (1923). Neue Musik. In: Gesammelte SchriŌen, Bd. III. Stu gart: Deutsche
Verlags-Anstalt. — S. 87-118.
2
Schönberg, A. (1976). Neue Musik, veraltete Musik, S l und Gedanke. In: SƟl und
Gedanke. Aufsätze zur Musik. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer. — S. 25-34.

7
lovnebis, kerZod musikis, periodizaciis da periodebis
gansazRvris erTiani Teoria. Tumca mkvlevarTa umrav-
lesoba XX saukunis xelovnebis sam did etapad dayofaze
Tanxmdeba, magram am etapebis aRmniSvneli terminebi ama
Tu im avtorTan SeiZleba sxvadasxva Segvxvdes.
winamdebare wigns swored XX saukunis musikis pe-
riodizaciiT da ZiriTadi terminebis ganmartebiT daviw-
yebT.
_ pirveli etapi saukunis pirvel naxevars emTxveva
da msoflio xelovnebis istoriaSi modernis1 (an mo-
dernizmis) saxeliTaa Sesuli. misi droiTi sazRvrebi
moicavs XX saukunis pirveli aTwleulidan2 1945 wlamde,
meore msoflio omis dasrulebamde periods. The New Grove
Dic onary ase ganmartavs: „mravalmniSvnelovani terminiT
modernizmi _ musikaSi sargebloben XX saukuneSi mkaf-
io da uwyveti tradiciis aRsaniSnavad. misi gamoyeneba
aseve SeiZleba esTetikuri Teoriis, mecnierebis da
saSemsruleblo praqtikis mimarT. modernizmi warmoiSva,
rogorc 1900-iani da momdevno wlebis Taobis kompozi-
torebis fundamenturi rwmena, rom musikaluri gamom-
saxvelobis xerxebi saukunis unikaluri da radikaluri
sulis Sesatyvisi unda iyos“3. amdenad, modernizms Zir-
iTadad axasiaTebs axlis Zieba, radikaluri gardaqmnebi
mxatvruli azrovnebis yvela doneze (ena, struqtura,
1
Modern (laT.) – axali.
2
musikalur xelovnebaSi XX saukunis dasawyisad miiCneven periods
gustav maleris da klod debiusis gardacvalebas (1911 da 1918) Soris,
aseve, arnold Sonbergis Pierrot lunaire-is da igor stravinskis Le Sacre
du printemps-is premierebis TariRebs (1912 da 1913).
3
Botstein, L. (2001). Modernism. In: The New Grove DicƟonary of Music and Mu-
sicians. Oxford University Press.
8
mxatvruli Sinaarsi), magram warsulTan genetikuri kav-
Sirebis SenarCunebiT.
_ meore etapi, 1945-1968 wlebi, avangardis1 saxeliTaa
cnobili. Tanamedrove xelovnebaTmcodneobaSi termini
avangardi gamoiyeneba im xelovanebis Semoqmedebis aRsa
niSnavad, romlebic deklarireben yovelgvari kavSiris
gawyvetas tradiciasTan, orientirebulni arian siaxle-
sa da ganumeoreblobaze, stilis sterilur siwmindeze,
publikis epataJze. avangardis esTetika saTaves iRebs
XX saukunis saxviTi xelovnebis iseTi mimarTulebebidan,
rogorebicaa: dadaizmi, futurizmi, siurrealizmi da sxv.
musikaSi am terminiT gansazRvraven e. w. `darmStadtis sko-
lis~ kompozitorebis Semoqmedebas da avangardis dabadebis
TariRad 1945 wels asaxeleben. aqedan warmoiSva termini
omis Semdgomi avangardi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom ter-
mini avangardi zogjer saukunis pirveli naxevris kompo-
zitorebis mimarTac gamoiyeneba. am SemTxvevaSi avtorebi
azusteben: pirveli avangardi (saukunis pirveli naxevari)
da meore avangardi (saukunis meore naxevari), radgan
calkeul SemTxvevebSi modernistebis SemoqmedebiTi idea-
li efuZneba siaxlis aRmoCenas klasikuri tradiciis miRma.
magram XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi klasikur tradiciaze
realurad mxolod ramdenime avtori ambobs uars, Tun-
dac mxolod deklaraciis an SemoqmedebiTi manifestis
saxiT. Sesabamisad, termini pirveli avangardi mxolod
calkeuli avtorebis mimarT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT da

1
Avant-garde (fr.) – termini franguli militarizmis istoriidanaa
nasesxebi. Avant-garde aRniSnavda mowinave razms, romelic jaris mTavar
nawilebs ukvalavda gzas.
9
isic ufro metaforulad, vidre mxatvruli mimarTulebis
aRmniSvnelad. aseT avtorebad migvaCnia, magaliTad: erik
sati, luiji rusolo, aloiz haba, nawilobriv edgar va-
rezi da e. w. postskriabinisti kompozitorebi _ nikolai
obuxovi, aleqsandr roslaveci, ivan viSnegradski da sxv.
mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom aq CamoTvlili kompozi-
torebis Semoqmedebas ki ar vafasebT, aramed aRvniSnavT
maTi calkeuli SemoqmedebiTi ideis uprecedento siaxlis
faqts Tanadroul xelovnebaSi.
_ mesame etapi, 1968 wlidan, e. w. postmodernis xanaa.
postmodernis epoqis dasawyisi ukavSirdeba e. w. stu-
dentur revoluciebs evropasa da aSS-Si da omis Semd-
gom periodSi avangardis mier dadgenili faseulobebis
mTeli sistemis revizias gulisxmobs. Tanamedrove mniSv-
nelobiT termini postmoderni 70-ian wlebSi amerikeli
mxatvrebis da mecnierebis sajaro gamosvlebSi gaisma da
imTaviTve mniSvnelobaTa farTo diapazoniT xasiaTdebo-
da, kerZod, rogorc Tanamedrovis sinonimi, modernizmis
Semdgomi da sxv. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom erTian defi-
niciamde misvlas xels uSlis prefiqsi „post“, romel-
sac zogierTebi gaiazreben, rogorc „Tanamedrovis“
gafarToebis, zogierTebi ki misi uaryofis aRmniSvnels.
swored terminis interpretaciis aseTi mravalgvaroba
gaxda imis mizezi, rom mas ganixilaven rogorc progre-
sul, ise regresul movlenas. aqve davamatebT, rom termin
postmodernis sinonimad calkeul SemTxveveSi SeiZleba
Segvxvdes termini postavangardi.

10
 ***

XX saukunis damdegi xasiaTdeboda radikaluri

ZvrebiT socialur, kulturul da inteleqtualur sfe-
roebSi. udidesi mniSvnelobis istoriulma movlenebma,
omebma, revoluciebma, cxadia, mxatvrul azrovnebazec
didi gavlena moaxdina. aranaklebi mniSvneloba hqonda
samecniero aRmoCenebs, romlebmac garemomcveli mate-
rialuri samyaros Secvla da, rac mTavaria, mis Sesaxeb
adamianTa warmodgenebis gadafaseba gamoiwvia.
XIX saukuneSi gabatonebuli cxovrebis gawonaswo-
rebuli da auCqarebeli tempis sapirispirod, rode-
sac yvelaferi ucvlelad da uryevad eCvenebodaT, XX
saukune idealebis ngrevis, SiSis, sasowarkveTilebis,
uimedobis grZnobaTa mZlavri nakadiT SeiWra adamianis
fsiqikaSi, ramac sruliad axleburi, arsebuli stereoti-
pebisgan principulad gansxvavebuli faseulobaTa sis-
tema Seqmna. am cvlilebebma iseTi axali filosofiuri
mimdinareobebis Seqmnas ubiZga, rogorebicaa: intuiti-
vizmi (anri bergsoni [Henri Bergson, 1859-1941]), egzisten-
cializmi (martin haidegeri [Mar n Heidegger, 1889-1976]),
siRrmiseuli filosofia da fsiqologia (zigmund froi-
di [Sigmund Freud, 1856-1939]); man aseve ganapiroba axali
mimarTulebebis Camoyalibeba xelovnebis sxvadasxva
dargSi _ eqspresionizmi, kubizmi, abstraqcionizmi da
sxv., gansazRvra iseTi mniSvnelovani avtorebis Semoqme-
debiTi principebi, rogorebic arian: franc kafka (Franz
Ka a, 1883-1924), Stefan george (Stefan George, 1868-1933),
arnold Sonbergi (Arnold Schönberg, 1874-1951), Tomas mani

11
(Thomas Mann, 1875-1955), bertold brexti (Berthold Brecht,
1898-1956), rixard Strausi (Richard Strauss, 1864-1949), pol
valeri (Paul Valéry, 1871-1945), igor stravinski (Igor Stravinsky,
1982-1971), Jan koqto (Jean Cocteau, 1889-1963), pablo pikaso
(Pablo Picasso, 1881-1973), vasili kandinski (Wassily Kandinsky,
1866-1944), gabriele d’anuncio (Gabriele D’Annunzio, 1863-
1938), Tomas elioti (Thomas Eliot, 1888-1965), anri matisi
(Henri Ma sse, 1869-1954) da mravali sxva.
XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi mimdinare procesebi
ufro TvalsaCino rom gaxdes, mokled mimovixiloT am pe-
riodis ZiriTadi mxatvruli mimarTulebebi, romelTac
musikalur xelovnebas axali saxelebi, axali ideebi da
mniSvnelovani mxatvrul-esTetikuri Rirebulebis mqone
qmnilebebi SesZines.
eqspresionizmi. gviani romantizmis wiaRSi warmo-
Sobilma axalma, eqspresionistulma mimarTulebam gaaR-
rmava misi subieqtivizmi, adamianis fsiqikis siRrmiseu-
li wvdomisken swrafva. eqspresionizmma romantikul
ideals, zigfridis tipis gmirs daupirispira `patara
adamiani~, romelmac pirovnuli `me~-s TviTSegneba dakar-
ga da uferuli, deindividualizebuli masis erT-erT
Semadgenel nawilakad iqca. eqspresionizmi XX saukunis
pirvel aTwleulSi Camoyalibda da umTavresad avstriasa
da germaniaSi ganviTarda. eqspresionizmis winamorbedebi
iyvnen: gustav maleri da rixard Strausi, edvard munki
da vinsent van gogi.
1900-1910 wlebSi germaniaSi Camoyalibda eqspresio-
nist xelovnaTa ori gaerTianeba: xidi (Die Brücke) drez-

12
denSi (1905) da lurji mxedari (Der Blaue Reiter) miunxenSi
(1911). am mimarTulebis udidesi warmomadgenlebi iyvnen:
mwerlebi, poetebi da dramaturgebi _ georg trakli
(Georg Trakl, 1887-1914), Stefan george (Stefan George, 1868-
1933), franc kafka (Franz Ka a, 1883-1924), frank vedekindi
(Frank Wedekind, 1864-1918); arqiteqtorebi _ erix mendel-
zoni (Erich Mendelsohn, 1887-1953), bruno tauti (Bruno Taut,
1880-1938); mxatvrebi _ vasili kandinski (Wassily Kandinsky,
1866-1944), oskar kokoSka (Oskar Kokoschka, 1886-1980), franc
marki (Franz Marc, 1880-1916); musikaSi _ arnold Sonbergi
(Arnold Schönberg), alban bergi (Alban Berg), nawilobriv anton
veberni (Anton Webern) da sxvebi.
eqspresionizmSi mxatvruli saxis axleburma gaaz-
rebam, misTvis damaxasiaTebelma ukiduresma fsiqolo-
gizmma, isteriam, uimedobam, fantasmagoriulma bodvam
musikaluri enis radikaluri cvlileba _ Temis, Tema-
turi ganviTarebis, centris uaryofa gamoiwvia da mis
sapirispirod aTematuri da atonaluri musikis Seqmna
ganapiroba.
neoklasicizmi eqspresionizmis antipodia, rome-
lic TiTqmis masTan erTad warmoiSva, magram sruliad
sxva esTetikur idealebzea orientirebuli. neoklasi-
cizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia nonpersonificirebuli
gmirebi, gaucxoeba, orientacia warsulze, rogorc sim-
yaris, wesrigis da wonasworobis idealze (gansakuTrebiT
barokos da adreuli klasicizmis epoqebze). gansxvavebiT
eqspresionizmisgan, romlis warmoSobac pirvel msof-
lio oms ukavSirdeba da omis damTavrebis Semdeg Tavisi

13
resursebi amowura kidec, neoklasicizmma ganviTarebis
mwvervals 20-30-ian wlebSi miaRwia. neoklasicizmis
esTetikas Semoqmedebis sxvadasxva periodSi mimarTes
rixard Strausma (Richard Strauss, 1864-1949), moris ravelma
(Maurice Ravel, 1875-1937), igor stravinskim (Igor Stravinsky),
pablo pikasom (Pablo Picasso, 1881-1973), pol klodelma (Paul
Claudel, 1868-1955) da sxvebma.
racionalizmi. am terminis gamoyeneba damatebiT
ganmartebas saWiroebs. eqspresionizmis, neoklasi-
cizmis, konstruqtivizmisgan da a. S. gansxvavebiT, mas
viyenebT ara konkretuli mxatvruli mimarTulebis da
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli mxatvruli principebis daxa-
siaTebisTvis, aramed kompoziciis racionalisturi me-
Todis gavrcelebis aRmniSvnelad. upirveles yovlisa,
igulisxmeba eqspresionizmis mier axali gamomsaxveli
xerxebis safuZvelze 20-ian wlebSi warmoSobili arnold
Sonbergis mier Camoyalibebuli kompoziciis dodeka-
foniuri meTodi da sxva msgavsi sistemebi, Seqmnili,
magaliTad: iozef matias haueris (Josef Matthias Hauer,
1883-1959), nikolai roslavecis (Николай Рославец [Nikolai
Roslavets], 1881-1944), nikolai obuxovis (Николай Обухов [Ni-
kolai Obukhov], 1892-1954) da sxvaTa mier. musikaluri enis
amgvari sistematizacia yvelaze mkafiod gamoxatavs
pirveli msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis evropaSi gaba-
tonebul sayovelTao swrafvas unificirebis, raciona-
lizmis da wesrigisken.
konstruqtivizmi. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg ev-
ropaSi Seqmnilma axalma viTarebam safrangeTSi, germania-

14
sa da ruseTSi msgavsi mxatvruli mimarTulebebi warmoS-
va, romlebic erTiandebian terminiT konstruqtivizmi
da, amasTanave, SeiZleba maTi Semdegnairi diferencireba:
safrangeTSi Camoyalibda moZraoba saxelwodebiT axali
axalgazrdoba (Les nouveaux jeunes), germaniaSi _ axali
sagnobriobis (Neue Sachlichkeit) principebiT STagonebu-
li bauhauzi (Bauhaus), ruseTSi _ konstruqtivizmi da
suprematizmi. yoveli maTgani, garkveuli gansxvavebebis
miuxedavad, upiratesobas aniWebda: sicxades, lakoniu-
robas, mxatvruli azris yovelgvari fsigologizmisgan
dawmendilobas, reliefur da, amasTanave, mkafio Temebs,
xazebs, orientacias xelovnebis sayofacxovrebo funq-
ciaze. axali ideebis manifestSi mamali da arlekini (Le
Coq et l’Arlequin) Jan koqto werda: `sakmarisia Rrublebi,
talRebi, akvariumebi, undinebi da Ramis aromatebi. Cven
gvWirdeba miwieri musika, yoveldRiuri musika~1.
20-ian wlebSi konstruqtivizmis msgavsi esTetiku-
ri idealebis safuZvelze warmoSobili kidev erTi mxatv-
ruli mimarTuleba teqnicizmi ukavSirdeba teqnikur
samyaros da meqanizmebis, manqanebis, zusti mecnierebis
esTetikur kategoriaSi gadayvanas lamobs.
axali folklorizmi. XX saukunis dasawyisSi aRmo-
savleT evropis qveynebSi gamoikveTa aqtiuri daintereseba
folkloriT da erovnuli ZirebiT, magram XIX saukunis
tradiciisgan gansxvavebulad. rogorc cnobilia, XIX
saukuneSi folkloriT daintereseba ZiriTadad erovnu-
li skolebis Camoyalibebis, zogadevropul musikalur

1
Кокто, Ж. (2000). Петух и Арлекин. Москва: Перст. – с. 20.

15
kulturasTan maTi adaptaciis procesis warmarTvis da
eronuli TviTmyofadobis gacxadebis erT-erT saSualebad
gvevlineba. amitomacaa, rom XIX saukunis kompozitorebi
ufro xSirad Zalian cnobil, konkretulad ama Tu im erTan
asocirebul xalxur intonaciebs Tu Janrebs mimarTavdnen
(gavixsenoT, magaliTad, listisTvis tipuri verbunkoSis
intonaciebi, Cexi kompozitorebis mier polkis ritmis
da intonaciebis gamoyeneba da sxv.). XX saukunis kompozi-
torebis SemoqmedebaSi folklorisadmi gansxvavebul
midgomas vxvdebiT. maT, upirveles yovlisa, folkloris
arqauli Sreebi ainteresebT, magram ara rogorc konkre-
tuli Temebi, aramed, rogorc musikaluri enis, mxatvruli
azrovnebis mTeli sistemis ganaxlebis didi potencialis
mqone resursi, bazisi kilo-harmoniuli, ritmuli Tu sxva
elementebis Sesaqmnelad. aseve Cndeba interesi arqauli,
warmarTuli drois ritualisadmi (Teatralur JanrebSi).

***
XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, rogorc cnobilia,
gaaqtiurda Ziebebi da amis Sedegad musikaluri enis
sferoSi mniSvnelovani, radikalurad axali mignebebi
miviRe. kompozitorTa erTi jgufisTvis amgvari eqspe-
rimentebis areali iyo bgeraTsimaRlebrioba. arnold
Sonbergi, iozef matias haueri, nikolai roslaveci, ni-
kolai obuxovi da sxvebi qmnian Tormettonian sistemebs,
kompoziciis meTodebs, romlebic tradiciis uaryo-
fazea orientirebuli, ufro zustad, axlo warsulis
tradiciis uaryofasa da Soreul warsulTan garkveul
analogiebze. tradiciis rRvevis sxva variants vxvdebiT

16
im kompozitorTa SemoqmedebaSi, romlebic temperirebu-
li sistemis reorganizacias axdenen da iyeneben: mikro-
qromatikas1, oqtavis dayofas ara naxevartonebad, aramed
mesamed-, meoTxed-, meeqvsedtonebad (magaliTad, Cexi
kompozitoris aloiz habas [Alois Hába, 1893-1973], amerike-
li Carlz aivzis [Charles Ives, 1874-1954], rusi ivan viSneg-
radskis [Ivan Wyschnegradsky, 1893-1979] SemoqmedebaSi).
specifikurad musikalur, bgeriT sferoSi mimdina-
re eqsperimentebTan erTad, XX saukunis pirveli naxevris
zogierTi kompozitori akustikur sivrces aramusikalu-
ri bgerebis gamoyenebiT afarToebs. kerZod, aRsaniSna-
via italieli luiji rusolos (Luigi Russolo, 1885-1947)
e. w. xmauris musika, erik satis (Erik Sa e, 1866-1925) mier
gamoyenebuli sxvadasxvagvari xmauri da a. S.
XX saukunis teqnikurma progresma SesaZlebeli
gaxada principulad axali eleqtronuli instrumente-
bis Seqmna, romlebic sinTezirebuli, e. w. sinusoiduri
bgeris generirebis saSualebas iZlevian. am sferoSi
pionerebi iyvnen leo termeni (Leon Theremin, 1896-1993),
romelmac Seqmna termenvoqsi (Termenvox) da moris marte-
no (Maurice Martenot, 1898-1980) martenos talRebis (Ondes
Martenot) konstruqtori. aRniSnul instrumentebs Tavis
SemoqmedebaSi farTod iyenebdnen edgar varezi (Edgard
Varèse), olivie mesiani (Olivier Messiaen) da sxvani.
XX saukunis musika, rogorc aRvniSneT, mravalgva-
rovania, rac ara mxolod axlis aRmoCenis gansxvavebul

1
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom mikroqromatika ufro aqtualuri XX
saukunis meore naxevrisTvis aRmoCnda, rodesac mas mimarTavdnen ara
calkeuli kompozitorebi, aramed mTeli mxatvruli mimarTulebebi.
17
gzebs ukavSirdeba, aramed tradiciis mimarT axlebur
damokidebulebasac. Tu XX saukunis kompozitorTa erTi
Sto axlis Seqmnis ideiT sazrdoobda, meore STagonebas
tradiciaSi povebda. upirveles yovlisa, aq unda aRiniS-
nos tradiciuli tonalobis ganaxleba, radgan tonaluri
musikaluri ena tradiciasTan kavSiris erT-erTi yvelaze
stabiluri maCvenebelia. magram tonaloba, cxadia, aseve
ganicdis ganaxlebas, kerZod, gvxvdeba e. w. gafarToe-
buli tonaloba, centralizebuli sistema, romelSic
mixriloba (maJori Tu minori) gamokveTili ar aris;
politonaloba da polikilooba, sadac sinqronulad
ramdenime tonaloba (an kilo) aris gamoyenebuli. amgvar
magaliTebs vxvdebiT paul hindemitis (Tormettoniani
tonaloba), igor stravinskis, bela bartokis, sergei
prokofievis, darius miios (politonaloba, polikiloo-
ba) da sxva kompozitorTa SemoqmedebaSi. garda amisa,
zogierTi avtori sakuTar kilour sistemebs qmnis da e. w.
axal modalobas ayalibebs. am mimarTulebis erT-erTi
yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia olivie mesiani,
romelmac sakuTar sakompozitoro meTods safuZvlad
SezRuduli transpoziciis simetriuli kiloebi daudo.

***

XX saukuneSi, musikaluri enis sferoSi mniSvnelo-

van ZvrebTan erTad, gardaqmnebi musikaluri azrovnebis
iseT SedarebiT stabilur erTeulebsac axasiaTebs, ro-
gorebicaa Janri da forma. upirveles yovlisa, icvleba
JanrTa ierarqia: wamyvan poziciebze gadmodis kameru-
li Janrebi da aseve didi mniSvneloba eniWeba zogadad
18
kamerizacias, romlis saTaveebi SesaZlebelia gvian ro-
mantizmSi vipovoT _ bramsis, maleris, garkveuli Tval-
sazrisiT, vagneris SemoqmedebaSi.
kriziss ganicdis didi romantikuli simfonizmi,
sakuTriv Janruli modeli da misTvis damaxasiaTebe-
li gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebi. mis alternativad war-
mogvidgeba simfoniuri musikis is ganStoeba, romelsac
safuZveli ferenc listma Cauyara. simfoniis avstri-
ul-germanul modelze ufro aqtualuri aRmoCnda
franguli modeli _ sezar frankis da klod debiusis Se-
moqmedebiTi principebi. imavdroulad, instrumentuli
musikis iseTi miviwyebuli Janrebis mimarT gamoikveTa
interesi, rogorebicaa: saorkestro siuita, Concerto gros-
so, adreklasikuri simfonia. axali mniSvneloba SeiZina XX
saukuneSi kamerul-saansamblo musikam, romelic, erTi
mxriv, inarCunebs tradiciul Janrebs (trio, kvarteti
da sxv.), xolo meore mxriv, tradiciiT arareglamenti-
rebul Semadgenlobebs mimarTavs. aqve unda aRiniSnos,
rom kameruli musikis Tvisebebis simfoniur musikaSi
SeRweva calmxrivi procesi ar yofila. simfonizmis prin-
cipebma Rrmad SeaRwies kamerul-saansamblo JanrebSi
da XX saukunisTvis specifikur kamerul-sakoncerto
simfonizms misces biZgi (magaliTad, arnold Sonber-
gis kameruli simfoniebi # 1 da # 2, alban bergis
kameruli koncerti, anton vebernis simfonia op. 21,
koncerti op. 24, igor stravinskis Dumbarton Oaks).
XX saukuneSi axali sicocxle SeiZines operis da
baletis tradiciulma Janrebma. opera, XIX saukunis meo-

19
re naxevarTan SedarebiT, ukana planze gadadis, Tumca,
miuxedavad amisa, XX saukunis dasawyisSi iseTi saopero
Sedevrebi iqmneba, rogorebicaa: bergis operebi voceki
(Wozzeck) da lulu (Lulu), Sonbergis mose da aroni (Moses
und Aron) da a. S.
saintereso novaciebTanaa dakavSirebuli sabaleto
Janris ganviTareba. stravinskis `rusulma~ baletebma,
ravelis dafnisma da qloem (Daphnis et Chloé) dasabami
misca axali tipis simfonizirebul balets, romelic,
XIX saukunis baletebisgan gansxvavebiT, musikaluri
azris ganviTarebis didi intensivobiT gamoirCeva da
saxasiaTo cekvebis siuitebze an divertismentebze uars
ambobs. bunebrivia, yovelive es ukavSirdeba sakuTriv
cekvis xelovnebis ganviTarebas, axali sabaleto skolis
Camoyalibebas, rasac didad Seuwyo xeli sergei diagile-
vis (Sergei Diaghilev [Сергей Дягилев], 1872-1929) antreprizam,
rusulma sabaleto skolam, iseTi baletmaisterebis
moRvaweobam, rogorebic arian: mixail fokini (Michel
Fokine, [Михаил Фокин], 1880-1942), serJ lifari (Serge Lifar
[Сергей Лифарь], 1905-1986), jorj balanCini (George Balanchine
[giorgi balanCivaZe], 1904-1983) da sxvebi.
XX saukuneSi axali sicocxle SeiZina kidev erTma
tradiciulma Janrma _ oratoriam. aqac, iseve rogorc
kameruli da simfoniuri Janrebis SemTxvevaSi, ori msgav-
si, Tumca amasTanave, principulad gansxvavebuli, Janris
_ operis da oratoriis urTierTSeRwevis process vxvde-
biT. gansakuTrebiT mkafiod SeiniSneba Teatraluri Jan-
rebis gavlena oratoriaze, rac misi axali nairsaxeobis

20
scenuri an dramatuli oratoriis Seqmnis sawindari
xdeba. aq magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT artur onege-
ris (Arthur Honegger) da karl orfis (Carl Orff, 1895-1982)
oratoriuli Semoqmedeba, stravinskis opera-oratoria
oidipos mefe (Oedipus Rex).
kamerul-vokalur musikaSi tradiciuli Janrebis
arsebobasTan erTad, axali Janrebic yalibdeba, rom-
lebic, marTalia, vokalur cikls genetikurad ukavSir-
deba, magram realurad sul sxva movlenas warmoadgens.
aq igulisxmeba Sonbergis melodramebis cikli mTvaris
piero (Pierrot lunaire).
amgvarad, ganaxlebis suli _ XX saukunis adamian-
Ta inteleqtualuri saqmianobis erT-erTi stabiluri
maxasiaTebeli _ XX saukunis pirveli naxevris musika-
luri kulturis saxes gansazRvravs. es gardamtexi pe-
riodi musikaluri azrovnebis yvela sferoSi mravali
mniSvnelovani siaxliT xasiaTdeba _ ena, forma, Janri.
amave dros, mniSvnelovania, rom axali musikis paTosi
tradiciis axlebur wakiTxvas da mis, pier bulezis sity-
vebiT rom vTqvaT, `Signidan afeTqebas~ gulisxmobs, anu
tradiciis resursebidan gamomdinare raRac sruliad
gansxvavebulis Seqmnas.

21
 venis axali skola
XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnis evropaSi urTierTmsgav-
si kulturuli, socialuri da ekonomikuri procesebi
mimdinareobda, ramac msgavsi mxatvrul-esTetikuri
principebi Camoayaliba da xelovnebis istoriaSi fin-de-siè-
cle (fr. saukunis dasasruli) saxelwodebiT damkvidrda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavdapirvelad am termins dakninebis,
dekadansis sinonimad iyenebdnen, Tumca Taviseburad
gaazrebuls _ rogorc axlis dasawyisis, gardaqmnis
simbolos. marTalia, fin-de-siècle-s esTetika safrangeTSi
daibada, magram igi swrafad gavrcelda evropis sxva qvey-
nebSi da iseTi modernistuli mimarTulebebis dabadebis
impulsad iqca, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, simbolizmi da
eqspresionizmi. germanulenovan evropaSi fin-de-siècle-s
ideebi XIX saukunis bolodan gavrcelda da uSualod
ukavSirdeba avstriel mweral herman baris (Hermann Bahr)
1891 wels gamoqveynebul romans Fin-de-siècle. herman bari
aseve iyo literaturuli gaerTianeba Jung-Wien-is (axal-
gazrda vena) da yovelkvireuli gazeT Die Zeit-is (dro)
daarsebis erT-erTi iniciatori. am gaerTianebam, romlis
wevrebi venis Café Griensteidl-Si ikribebodnen, avstriaSi
modernistuli xelovnebis ganviTarebas mniSvnelovani
biZgi misca. Jung-Wien-is wevrebi sxvadasxva dros iyvnen
iseTi cnobili avstrieli mwerlebi da kritikosebi,
rogorebic arian: hugo fon hofmanstali, artur Snic-
leri, peter altenbergi, iozef roTi, robert muzili,
karl krausi da sxv. maTi ideebi Semdeg xelovnebis sxva

22
dargebzec gavrcelda da Camoyalibda e. w. Jugends l an Art
nouveau, romelsac Secessionss l-sac uwodeben.
XX saukunis dasawyisis vena, parizis, berlinis da
londonis msgavsad, evropis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
kulturuli centri iyo, qalaqi, sadac intensiuri artis-
tuli cxovreba mimdinareobda, maT Soris _ musikaluri.
saukunis dasawyisSi venaSi funqcionirebda: ramdenime
simfoniuri orkestri1, evropaSi erT-erTi saukeTeso
saopero Teatri, romelsac 1897-1907 wlebSi xelmZRva-
nelobda yvela drois saukeTeso kompozitori da diri-
Jori gustav maleri, imarTeboda uamravi koncerti
rogorc Musikverein-is da Konzerthaus-is darbazebSi, ise
qalaqis baRebSi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom imperiis droin-
deli avstriis dedaqalaqis publikas sakmaod konser-
vatiuli gemovneba hqonda. swored maT konservatizms
daupirispirda 1918 wels arnold Sonbergis da alban ber-
gis mier organizebuli Verein für Musikalische Privataufführun-
gen („kerZo musikaluri Sesrulebebis sazogadoeba“),
romlis mizani iyo „xelovanTa da xelovnebis moyvarul-
TaTvis Tanamedrove musikis Sesaxeb realuri da swori
codnis micema“2. sazogadoebam 1921 wlamde iarseba. am
drois manZilze 117 koncerti gaimarTa; Sesrulda bar-
tokis, bergis, buzonis, debiusis, korngoldis, maleris,
ravelis, regeris, satis, rixard Strausis, stravinskis,
1
venaSi XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi (1842) dafuZnebuli filarmoniuli
orkestris _ Wiener Philharmoniker-is paralelurad, pirveli msoflio
omis Semdeg Camoyalibda ori simfoniuri orkestri, romlebic 1921
wels gaerTiandnen. gaerTianebul orkestrs jer Wiener Sinfonie Orchester
ewoda, xolo 1933-dan _ Wiener Symphoniker.
2
Berg, A. Prospekt des “Vereins für musikalische Privataufführungen”, September
1919 [h ps://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verein_für_musikalische_Privataufführungen]
23
Sonbergis, vebernis da mravali sxva avtoris 154 axali
nawarmoebi. sazogadoebis koncertebze ar daiSveboda
presa, koncertebis msmenels mxolod sazogadoebis wev-
rebi Seadgendnen, romlebsac TavianTi damokidebuleba
aplodismentebiT ar unda gamoexataT. sazogadoeba sa-
wevroebis da Semowirulobebis xarjze arsebobda da,
Sesabamisad, mas orkestris daqiravebisTvis sakmarisi
resursi ar hqonda. amitom didi SemadgenlobisTvis
dawerili nawarmoebebi sruldeboda sxvadasxva trans-
krifciiT kameruli SemadgenlobebisTvis, romlebsac
specialurad am koncertebisTvis amzadebdnen bergi,
veberni da Sonbergis sxva mowafeebi.
Sonbergis da misi mowafeebis sakompozitoro, musi-
kalur-Teoriulma, pedagogiurma da sazogadoebrivma
moRvaweobam musikis istoriis didi epoqa Seqmna, rome-
lic cnobilia `venis axali skolis~, imave `venis meore
skolis~ anda „Sonbergis skolis“ saxeliT [Neue Wiener
Schule, Zweite Wiener Schule]. termini warmoiSva sayovelTa-
od miRebuli sxva terminis _ `venis klasikuri skola~
(an `venis pirveli skola~) safuZvelze da, ZiriTadad,
gulisxmobs sami avstrieli kompozitoris _ arnold
Sonbergis, alban bergis da anton vebernis Semoqmedebas,
ufro zustad, maT SemoqmedebiT siaxloves da msgavsebas,
umTavresad, pirvel msoflio omamdel da omis wlebSi.
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesad am terminiT Sonbergis amave
periodis sxva mowafeebsac aerTianeben, maT Soris ari-
an: egon veleSi, hainrix ialoveci, ervin Staini, eduard
Stoermani, rudolf koliSi da sxv., da zogjer imaTac ki,

24
vinc misi mowafe iyo berlinSi 20-ian wlebSi, magaliTad,
nikos skalkotasi.
marTalia, es gamaerTianebeli termini, erTi mxriv,
akninebs TiToeuli avtoris, upirveles yovlisa, Son-
bergis, bergis da vebernis gansakuTrebul SemoqmedebiT
individualobas, magram, meore mxriv, xazs usvams maT
saerTo mxatvrul miznebs da amocanebs, SemoqmedebiTi
miRwevebis paralelizms.
aqve kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom mxatvruli misw-
rafebebis msgavseba aerTianebda ara mxolod Sonbergs
da mis skolas, aramed amave periodSi venaSi moRvawe sxva
xelovanebsac _ mxatvrebs, poetebs, mwerlebs, arqiteq-
torebs.

25
 arnold Sonbergi
(1874-1951)

arnold Sonbergs msoflio musikaluri xelovnebis

udides kompozitorTa Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili
ukavia. misi SemoqmedebiTi individualoba mravali,
xSirad urTierTgamomricxavi erTeulisgan Sedgeba.
pirveli da umTavresi, rac ipyrobs yuradRebas, eqspre-
sionistuli esTetikidan momdinare ukiduresi emociu-
roba da, amasTanave, mkacri racionalizmia. Sonbergi
musikaluri xelovnebis erT-erTi radikaluri novatori,
axali sakompozitoro meTodis, dodekafoniis Semqmne-
li da XX saukunis musikalur xelovnebaSi axali tipis
kontrapunqtuli azrovnebis fuZemdebelia. amave dros,
novarotad aRiarebuli kompozitori da venis axali sko-
lis fuZemdebeli 1931 wels daweril statiaSi `erovnuli
musika~ (Na onale Musik) wers: `ostatebi, romlebisganac
viswavle, pirvel rigSi, iyvnen baxi da mocarti, meore-
Si – beThoveni, bramsi da vagneri~1. Semdeg dawvrilebiT
CamoTvlis im Tvisebebs da principebs, romlebic maTgan
iswavla da amatebs: `garda amisa, bevri viswavle Suber-
tis, maleris, r. Strausis, regerisgan”2.
Sonbergis sakmaod xangrZlivi SemoqmedebiTi gza
dinamikurad ganviTarebadi procesia, romelSic yo-
veli momdevno safexuri xarisxobrivad gansxvavdeba

1
Schönberg, A. (1976). Die glückliche Hand. In: S l und Gedanke: Aufsätze zur
Musik. S. Fischer Verlag. – S. 253.
2
Ibid. – S. 236.
26
arnold Sonbergi

27
winamorbedisgan da uwyveti SemoqmedebiTi procesis
axal etaps warmoadgens. Sonbergis pirveli Txzulebebi
tipurad romantikuli nawarmoebebia, romlebSic ganvi-
Tarebulia vagneris da, gansakuTrebiT, bramsis da male-
ris tradiciebi. magram ukve maTSi SeiniSneba is swrafva
axlis Seqmnisken, is novatoruli suli, romelic mTel
mis SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobas msWvalavs. Sonbergis mier
musikaluri enis ganaxleba, upirveles yovlisa, im axali
Sinaarsis musikaluri asaxviT daiwyo, romelic sauku-
nis damdegis socialur-fsiqologiuri atmosferoTi
iyo ganpirobebuli. ase warmoiSva XX saukunis 10-iani
wlebis mijnaze Tavisufal-atonaluri stili, romelic
eqspresionizmis esTetikis uSualo gamoxatuleba iyo;
20-ian wlebSi ki seriuli meTodi im periodis, teqniku-
ri racionalizmis xanis esTetikiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
swored musikalur enaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis safuZ-
velzea SesaZlebeli a. Sonbergis Semoqmedebis periodi-
zacia: pirveli – tonaluri, gvianromantikuli peri-
odi (1899-1909 ww., op. 1-10), meore – eqspresionistuli,
Tavisufal-atonaluri (1909-1923 ww., op. 11-22), mesame
– dodekafoniuri (1923-sicocxlis bolomde, op. 23-50).

***

arnold Sonbergi daibada 1874 wlis 13 seqtembers.

man bavSvobidan daiwyo violinosa da Celoze dakvris
swavla. Teoriasa da kompoziciaSi profesiuli ganaT-
leba ar miuRia, amitom konsultaciisTvis sxvadasxva
musikoss mimarTavda. 18 wlis asakSi Sonbergma gaicno
diriJori da kompozitori aleqsandr cemlinski (Alexan-
29
der (von) Zemlinsky, 1871-1942), romelic mas sakompozitoro
teqnikis dauflebaSi daexmara.
1895 wlidan, bankSi xanmokle muSaobis Semdeg, Son-
bergi mTel Tavis dros mxolod musikas uTmobs. 1925
wlamde igi cxovrobda venaSi, sadac Camoyalibda rogorc
kompozitori da Seqmna iseTi mniSvnelovani nawarmoebe-
bi, rogorebicaa simebiani seqsteti gasxivosnebuli
Rame op. 4, simfoniuri poema peleasi da melizanda
op. 5, kantata gures simRerebi op.-is gareSe, pirveli
simebiani kvarteti op. 7, kameruli simfonia op. 9,
TxuTmeti leqsi Stefan georges dakidebuli
baRebis wignidan op. 15, monodrama molodini op. 17,
bednieri xeli op. 18. amave wlebSi daiwyo kompozito-
ris literaturuli, musikalur-Teo riuli da musi-
kalur-pedagogiuri moRvaweoba: Seiqmna fundamenturi
naSromi moZRvreba harmoniaze [Harmonielehre], 1911 w.
1926 wels Sonbergi sacxovreblad gadavida ber-
linSi, sadac feruCo buzonis (Ferruccio Busoni 1866-1924)
gardacvalebis Semdeg prusiis xelovnebis akademiis
(Akademie der Künste in Berlin) kompoziciis klasis xelmZRva-
nelis Tanamdeboba daikava. aq man ganagrZo intensiuri
pedagogiuri moRvaweoba. berlinSi sabolood Camoya-
libda dodekafoniuri sistemis ZiriTadi principebi,
romlebze muSaobac Sonbergma jer kidev venaSi daiwyo.
10-ian wlebSi msgavsi tipis sakompozitoro teqnikaze
aseve muSaobdnen i. m. haueri da e. goliSevi, magram praq-
tikuli gamoyeneba da farTo gavrceleba sakompozitoro
SemoqmedebaSi swored Sonbergis `12, mxolod erTma-

30
arnold Sonbergi. avtoportreti

31
neTTan dakavSirebuli toniT kompoziciis meTodma~
(avtoriseuli ganmarteba) pova.
pirveli nawarmoebebi, romlebSic Sonbergma Tanmim-
devrulad gamoiyena dodekafoniuri teqnika, jer kidev
venaSi daiwera (valsi safortepiano piesebidan op. 23,
petrarkas soneti # 217 serenadidan op. 24, safor-
tepiano siuita op. 25, sasule kvinteti op. 26). magram
mxolod berlinis periodSi xdeba axali meTodi Sonbergis
sakompozitoro praqtikis erTaderTi amosavali punqti,
kerZod, simebian kvartetSi op. 30, saorkestro varia-
ciebSi op. 31, operaSi dReidan xvalamde [VON HEUTE AUF
MORGEN] op. 32. aqve muSaobda kompozitori oratoriaze
iakobis kibe da operaze mose da aroni. bibliur siuJe-
tze dawerili orive es nawarmoebi daumTavrebeli darCa.
1933 wels, germaniaSi saxelmwifos saTaveSi nacisturi
reJimis mosvlis Semdeg, Sonbergi iZulebuli gaxda daetove-
bina samSoblo da aSS-Si wasuliyo emigraciaSi, sadac sicocx-
lis bolomde darCa (gardaicvala 1951 wlis 13 ivliss). aq igi
agrZelebs muSaobas jer kidev evropaSi dawyebul nawarmoe-
bebze: iakobis kibe da mose da aroni, aqve qmnis savi-
olino koncerts op. 36, meoTxe simebian kvartets
op. 37, meore kamerul simfonias op. 38, oda napoleons
op. 41 (j. g. baironis mixedviT), safortepiano koncerts
op. 42, simebian trios op. 45, kantatas gadarCenili
varSavidan op. 46 (sakuTar teqstze) da sxv.
aSS-Si, iseve rogorc avstriasa da germaniaSi, Son-
bergi agrZelebs pedagogiur moRvaweobas, wers kompo-
ziciis sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnil statiebs, romlebic

33
Semdgom gaaerTiana krebulSi stili da azri [STIL UND
GEDANKE].

***

XX saukunis 10-ian wlebSi avstriul da germanul

xelovnebaSi gabatonebuli axali eqspresionistuli
esTetika idealebis ngrevis, SiSis, sasowarkveTilebis,
uimedobis grZnobaTa mZlavri nakadiT SeiWra adamianTa
fsiqikaSi. man sagrZnoblad Searyia tradiciuli, mkacrad
subordinirebuli, centralizebuli musikaluri siste-
mis safuZvlebi da maJor-minoris gravitaciuli velis
daSla gamoiwvia, rasac Sedegad Tavisufali atonaloba
mohyva.
Tavisufali atonalobis Tavisebur mosamzadebel
etaps gviani romantizmi, kerZod, f. listis, r. vagneris, g.
maleris, r. Strausis musikaluri memkvidreoba warmoad-
gens. maT mier Semotanili iseTi siaxleebi, rogorebicaa
vagneriseuli qromatuli melodia da harmonia, listis
monoTematizmi, maleriseuli variantul-variaciuli
ganviTarebis meTodi, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, safuZ-
vels umzadebs Tavisufal atonalobas.
arnold Sonbergis da misi mowafeebis – alban ber-
gis da anton vebernis Semoqmedebis atonalur periodSi
gabatonebuli iyo e. w. aridebis esTetika, romelic
gulisxmobda yvela aqamde arsebuli musikaluri kanonis
ugulebelyofas. atonaluri stilis warmoSobis erT-er-
Ti yvelaze mniSvnelovani mizezia disonansis emansipa-
cia. venis axali skolis kompozitorTaTvis konsonansis
da disonansis cnebebi pirobiTia, vinaidan, Sonbergis
34
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, disonansuri bgerebi Soreul
konsonansebad aRiqmebian. Sonbergi werda: `gansxvaveba
disonanss da konsonanss Soris aris ara meti Tu naklebi
silamaze, aramed meti Tu naklebi misawvdomoba~1.
Tavisufal atonalobaSi akordebi aigeba, rogorc
gansxvavebuli intervalebis (umTavresad sekundebi, sep-
timebi, kvartebi da tritonebi) jami; uaryofilia tradi-
ciuli perioduli metri da ritmi; gaZlierebuli pauzis
(e. w. mdumare tonis) mniSvneloba, romelic musikaluri
qsovilis srulfasovani elementi gaxda.
Tavisufal atonalur nawarmoebTa umravlesoba
mxatvrul sityvasTanaa dakavSirebuli, rac erTgvar
formaqmnad funqcias asrulebs. es imiT aixsneba, rom
atonalur TxzulebebSi mxatvruli saxe, rogorc wesi,
ramdenime, variantulad msgavsi, magram ara ganmeorebadi
struqturuli erTeulisgan Sedgeba. igi arsad ar ubrun-
deba Tavis pirvelsaxes (uaryofilia reprizuloba) da
mudmiv ganviTarebaSi imyofeba. ase warmoiSva axali,
Tavisufali variaciuli ganviTarebis principi, e. w.
ganviTarebadi variaciebis saxiT. ganviTarebadi varia-
ciebis principi erTdroulad sawyisi mxatvruli saxis
damuSavebasac da, tradiciuli gagebiT, damuSavebis
principis uaryofas, dinamikis da eqspresiis gaZlierebas
gulisxmobs. amgvarad, am tipis musikalur nawarmoebebSi
dinamika musikis identuri xdeba, xolo rac Seexeba mu-
sikalur saxeebs, isini erTmaneTs ara Tematurad, aramed
dinamikurad ukavSirdebian.
1
Schoenberg A. Composi on with Twelwe Tones. In: Schoenberg, A. (1984). Style
and Idea. Berkeley and Los Angeles. University of California Press. – p. 216.
35
 tradiciuli gagebiT Tematuri ganviTarebis arqonas
atonalur musikaSi, e. w. aTematizmamde mivyavarT, rac
gulisxmobs ara Temebis uqonlobas, aramed piriqiT, maT
Warb raodenobas, radgan musikaluri qsovilis yoveli
erTeuli Tematuradaa gaazrebuli. e. i. yovel azrs, ideas,
misi ganviTarebis nacvlad axali azri mosdevs, romelsac
garkveuli siaxle Semoaqvs. amis safuZvelze warmoiSoba
e. w. alogikuri kavSirebi, ris gamoc am movlenas dinamikuri
Tematizmi uwodes. am mizeziT nawarmoebSi sabolood irR-
veva yovelgvari Sinagani struqturuli kavSirebi. amgvari
sakompozitoro azrovneba SeiZleba SevadaroT abstraq-
tul ferweras, romelic aseve uaryofs garegnul kav-
Sirebs axali tipis Sinagani kavSirebis da, aseve, z. froidis
siRrmiseuli filosofiis da siRrmiseuli fsiqologiis,
j. joisis cnobierebis nakadis sasargeblod.
eqspresionistuli, atonaluri, aTematuri musikis
gamomsaxvelobiTi siZliere mkacr logikur formas ki ar
emyareba, aramed musikalur-fsiqologiuri emociebis Ta-
visufal nakadad warmogvidgeba. Sesabamisad, Sonbergis da
misi moswavleebis (gansakuTrebiT a. bergis) am periodis
nawarmoebebs xSirad `seismogramebs~ (alfred ainStainis
termini)1. uwodeben, romelTa TiToeuli taqti dinamiku-
rad gamoxatuli Jestia, bgeriT Seqmnili gamomsaxveloba.
Tavis mxriv, eqspresionistuli periodis nawarmoebebSi
aTematizmis dominirebam musikaluri nawarmoebebis masS-
tabebis ukiduresi Semcireba (forma aforistuli gaxda),
musikaluri informaciis saocari koncentracia gamoiwvia.

1
ix.: Einstein, A. (1926) Das neue Musiklexikon. Berlin.

36
 Semoqmedebis adreul periodSi a. Sonbergs musikis
feradovani, tembruli mxarisadmi axleburi midgomis idea
uCndeba, rac misTvis, Tanamedroveebisgan (r. Strausi,
k. debiusi, m. raveli, i. stravinski) gansxvavebiT, dakav-
Sirebulia ara harmoniasTan, aramed melodiasTan. jer
kidev Harmonielehre-Si kompozitori werda: `ar SemiZlia ise
gambedavad, rogorc es Cveulebriv xdeba, gavavlo zRvari
bgeris simaRles da mis Seferilobas Soris. mimaCnia, rom
bgera Tavs avlens bgeriT SeferilobaSi, romlis erT-erTi
ganzomilebaa simaRle. bgeris Seferiloba didi ubania,
simaRle ki – misi ganayofi. bgeris simaRle sxva araferia,
Tu ara erTi mimarTulebiT Secvlili misi feri. axla
SesaZlebelia simaRlisda mixedviT gansxvavebuli bgere-
bisgan garkveuli warmonaqmnebis Seqmna, romlebsac Cven
melodiebs vuwodebT, <...> aseTi Tanmimdevrobebis Sinagani
urTierTobebi Tavisebur logikazea damyarebuli, romel-
ic bgeraTsimaRlebrivi melodiebis logikis tolfasia~1.
es idea sufTa saxiT Sonbergma mxolod erTxel
ganaxorciela _ mesame piesaSi ferebi [FARBEN] cikli-
dan xuTi saorkestro piesa op. 16. magram musikis
feradovani mxare mudmivad kompozitoris yuradRebis
centrSi iyo da gansakuTrebuli ZaliT gamomJRavnda
msxverplSewirvis scenaSi operidan mose da aroni.
e.w. feradovani melodiis anu Klangfarbenmelodie-s ideam
Taviseburi ganviTareba pova a. vebernis SemoqmedebaSi.
Sonbergis mier ganxorcielebul radikalur nova-
ciebs Soris gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia mis mier Seqmni-

1
Schönberg, A. (1977). Harmonielehre. Leipzig. – s. 503.

37
li kompoziciis axali meTodi – dodekafonia (berZnu-
lidan: dodeka – Tormeti). kompoziciis dodekafoniuri
anu seriuli meTodi Tavisi arsiT atonaluria, Tumca,
Tavisufali atonalobisgan gansxvavebiT, organizebul
atonalobas warmoadgens. seriuli meTodis saTave, erTi
mxriv, Tavisufali atonalobaa, meore mxriv ki, niderlan-
deli polifonistebis sakompozicio teqnika.
dodekafoniuri teqnikis ZiriTadi principebi
emyareba Semdeg wesebs: nawarmoebis Seqmnis mosamzade-
bel stadiaze kompozitori arCevs sayrden masalas anu
dodekafoniur serias, 12 bgeris Tanmimdevrobas, rome-
lic ganumeoreblobis principzea damyarebuli. yoveli
nawarmoebisTvis iqmneba individualuri seria (seria ar
unda emTxveodes kilos an tonalobas, sasurvelia, ar
Seicavdes terciul svlebs). seriis ZiriTadi saxis (Pri-
mus, Originalis Grundgestalt) Seqmnis Semdeg misgan iwarmoeba
seriis sxva modifikaciebi – inversia (Inversus), kiboseburi
svla (Retroversus) da inversiis kiboseburi svla (Retroversus
Inversus). garda amisa, SesaZlebelia seriis da misi modi-
fikaciebis transponireba 12 bgeridan, ris Sedegadac
miiReba e. w. `sruli seriuli kvadrati~. bunebrivia,
sruli seriuli kvadratis gamoyenebis aucilebloba ar
warmoiSoba mcire masStabis TxzulebebSi. Tavad Sonber-
gi statiaSi, romelSic ganmartebulia seriuli teqnikis
ZiriTadi principebi, miuTiTebda, rom `ZiriTadi rigidan
melodiebis, Temebis, frazebis, motivebis, figurebis da
akordebis Seqmna SeuzRudavia~1.
1
Schoenberg A. Composi on with twelve tones. In: Schoenberg, A. (1984). Style
and Idea. Berkeley and Los Angeles. University of California Press. – p. 219.
38
 ***

SemoqmedebiTi gzis dasawyisSi, pirvel, e. w. tonalur

periodSi, arnold Sonbergi gvevlineba XIX saukunis
avstriul-germanuli musikis tradiciebis gamgrZeleb-
lad, kerZod: r. vagneris da g. maleris – musikaluri
enis sferoSi da i. bramsis – formis klasikuri gaazrebis
TvalsazrisiT. mis iseT nawarmoebebSi, rogorebicaa sime-
biani seqsteti gasxivosnebuli Rame, simfoniuri poema
peleasi da melizanda, kantata gures simRerebi da
sxv., mkafiod Cans am kompozitorTa stilis zegavlena.
Sonbergis Ziebebi axali musikaluri enis Seqmnis sfe-
roSi ukve am adrindel nawarmoebebSi SeiniSneba, kerZod,
simfoniur poemaSi peleasi da melizanda (s. malarmes
mixedviT), sadac kompozitori pirvelad iyenebs wminda
kvartebisgan Semdgar Tanxmovanebebs; simebian seqstetSi
gasxivosnebuli Rame (r. demelis leqsiT STagonebuli)
SeiniSneba swrafva Janris kamerizaciisken, rac gansakuT-
rebiT tipuria a. vebernis SemoqmedebisTvis.
pirveli periodis nawarmoebTagan gan sa kuT re-
biT aRsaniSnavia kameruli simfonia (op. 9, E-dur, 1906,
15 solo sakravisTvis), nawarmoebi, romelic yvelaze
mkafiod migvaniSnebs gvianromantikuli qromatikidan
Tavisufal atonalobaze gadasvlas. aq mniSvnelovnad
izrdeba kvartuli akordebis roli, xSiria mTeltoniani
bgeraTrigebis gamoyeneba da sxv.
Sonbergis kameruli simfonia #1 XX saukunis
dasawyisis saerTo esTetikuri da saazrovno katego-
riebidan gamomdinareobs da simfoniuri musikis ganvi-

39
Tarebis istoriis Tvisobrivad axali etapis dawyebaze
migviTiTebs. am nawarmoebSi kompozitori, erTi mxriv,
sonatur-simfoniuri ciklis agebis tradiciul logikas
emyareba, xolo meore mxriv, musikaluri enis, mxatv-
ruli Sinaarsis da zogadmusikaluri kanonzomierebis
TvalsazrisiT, absoluturad axal Tvisebebs warmoaCens.
upirveles yovlisa, igulisxmeba simfoniis masStabebis
ukiduresi SemWidroveba, orkestris nacvlad solistTa
ansamblis gamoyeneba, musikaluri qsovilis ukiduresi
polifonizacia da tonaluri sistemis daSlis tendencia.
erTnawiliani kameruli simfoniis struqtu-
ra sonaturi formis da sonatur-simfoniuri ciklis
principebis Serwymis safuZvelze yalibdeba. nawarmoebi
mkafiod iyofa xuT epizodad – eqspozicia, skercozuli
epizodi damuSavebis win, sakuTriv damuSaveba, neli
epizodi (Adagio) reprizis win da sarkiseburi repriza
kodiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom am erTnawiliani kompoziciis
epizodebi erTmaneTisgan kvartuli TemiTaa gamijnuli,
romelic yvelaze mkafiod cxadyofs tonaluri da atona-
luri sawyisebis urTierTqmedebas. sakuTriv tonalur
mizidulobas moklebuli kvartuli Tanxmovanebebis
garda, simfoniis sxva epizodebSic, atonalobis Tu ara,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, e.w. `tonaluri gaurkvevlobis~ efeq-
ti iqmneba. tradiciuli funqciuri logikis nivelirebas
aseve xels uwyobs nawarmoebis rTuli qromatizebuli
linearul-polifoniuri faqtura.
kamerul simfonias da simebian kvartets # 2
(op. 10) uSualod mosdevs Sonbergis Semoqmedebis axali,

40
Tavisu fal-atonaluri, eqspresionistuli pe rio di,
romelic daaxloebiT 10-12 weli grZeldeboda, magram,
siaxlis TvalsazrisiT, faqtobrivad warmoadgens axali
eris dawyebas musikaSi, romelic Tavisi SinaarsiT da ga-
momsaxveli xerxebiT sxva epoqebs ver Seedreba.
Tavisufal-atonalur stilSi dawerili Sonber-
gis pirveli nawarmoebi iyo sami safortepiano piesa
op. 11, sadac moxda tonalobaze, ierarqiuli kavSirebiT
SezRudul sistemaze, uaris Tqma. mTeli ciklis sulieri
samyaro tipurad eqspresionistulia, ganmsWvaluli
pirquSi, nevrozuli atmosferoTi, rac vlindeba ro-
gorc sakuTriv bgeraTsimaRlebriv struqturebSi, ise
aperiodul ritmSi. piesebSi praqtikulad SeuZlebelia
mTavari da meorexarisxovani erTeulebis gamijvna, mTe-
li musikaluri qsovili mcire motivuri erTeulebis
usasrulo varirebis (variantuli ganviTarebis), e. w.
ganviTarebadi variaciebis principze aigeba.
axali musikaluri enis aTvisebis sferoSi kidev
ufro Sors midis Sonbergi xuT saorkestro pie-
saSi op. 16. am nawarmoebSi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
kompozitorma pirvelad gamoiyena Klangfarbenmelodie-s
teqnika (mesame piesaSi). ciklis xuTive piesas hqonda
programuli qvesaTauri (1. winaTgrZnoba, 2. warsuli,
3. ferebi, 4. peripetia, 5. obligaturi reCitativi),
romlebic avtorma Semdeg moxsna.
aRsaniSnavia, rom op. 11 sami safortepiano piesis,
op.16 xuTi saorkestro piesis da op.19 eqvsi patara
safortepiano piesis garda, Sonbergi am periodSi

41
ZiriTadad vokalur nawarmoebebs qmnida. maT Sorisaa:
TxuTmeti leqsi Stefan georges dakidebuli ba-
Rebis wignidan op. 15, monodrama molodini op. 17,
simbolisturi musikaluri drama bednieri xeli op. 18,
melodramebis cikli mTvaris piero op. 21 da sxv.
monodrama molodini1 (mari papenhaimis mixedviT)
erTaqtiani operaa, e. w. yvirilis drama (Schreidrama),
romlis erTaderTi personaJi – qali, tipurad eqspre-
sionistuli gmiria. mTeli nawarmoebis manZilze avtori
gviC venebs mis qvecnobier samyaros, romelic Si Sis,
uimedobis, eWvianobis, sasowarkveTilebis grZnobebiTaa
gajerebuli. idumalebiT moculi sulieri samyaros
Cveneba, gaucnobierebeli SiSis da winaTgrZnobis, ero-
tikis aqcentireba am nawarmoebs z. froidis siRrmiseu-
li filosofiis da fsiqologiis ZiriTad principebTan
aaxloebs.
monodrama dawerilia dramatuli sopranos da didi
simfoniuri orkestrisTvis, sadac orkestris partia,
oTxmagi Semadgenlobis miuxedavad, calkeul momentebSi,
tembrebis individualizaciis gamo (magaliTad, meore sce-
nis dawyebamde solo violinos da klarnetis dialogi da
a. S.), saocrad gamWvirvaled JRers, xolo kulminaciaSi ki
grandiozul masStabs aRwevs.
es nawarmoebi vrceli damuSavebis STabeWdilebas
tovebs, romlis sawyisi Tematuri masala TiTqos nawar-
moebis farglebs miRmaa darCenili. ritmuli dinamika,

1
monodrama molodinis libreto da misi qarTuli Targmani ko-
mentarebiT ix.: bolaSvili, q.; sigua, m. XX saukunis musikis istoria.
libretoebi.
42
tempebis da tembrebis xSiri cvla, musikaluri qsovi-
lis disonansuri TanxmovanebebiT gajereba – yovelive
es grZnobaTa ukiduresi daZabulobis STabeWdilebas
axdens msmenelze. molodinis dramaturgia ganviTare-
bis erTian xazs, kreSendirebis princips emyareba da
kulminacias nawarmoebis bolos aRwevs. finaluri e. w.
`araraSi wasvla~ (damaboloebeli qromatuli pasaJebi)
dasasrulis STabeWdilebas ki ar qmnis, aramed piriqiT,
usasrulo, Cauketavi nagebobis SegrZnebas badebs.
monodrama molodini, stilisturad mTel rig
axal mignebebTan erTad, tradiciuli azrovnebis cal-
keul Tvisebebsac Seicavs, kerZod, kompozitori sityvis
da musikis, vokaluri intonirebis problemas arsebuli
normebis farglebSi aqcevs.
sruliad gansxvavebul, axali tipis musikalur Te-
atrs warmoadgens bednieri xeli op. 181. avtoriseuli
ganmartebiT, esaa drama musikiT, Taviseburi muzicireba
scenis meSveobiT, sadac musika, drama, ganaTeba, feri,
scenografia, kostiumebi, Jestebi erToblivad moqmede-
ben msmenelze da ganviTarebis ZiriTad RerZs qmnian.
kompozitori wers, rom `Jestebi, feri da sinaTle aq
bgerebis msgavsadaa gaazrebuli: musika maTi meSveobiT
iqmneba. sinaTlis grZliobebis da ferebis bgerebisgan
iqmneba musikis motivebis msgavsi figurebi da struq-
turebi~2.

1
bednieri xelis libreto da misi qarTuli Targmani komentarebiT
ix.: bolaSvili, q.; sigua, m. XX saukunis musikis istoria. libretoebi.
2
Schönberg, A. (1976). Die glückliche Hand. In: S l und Gedanke: Aufsätze zur Musik.
S. Fischer Verlag. – S. 236.

43
 bednieri xelisTvis damaxasiaTebelia irealo-
ba, Tanmimdevruli siuJeturi ganviTarebis uqonloba,
vinaidan avtori koncentrirebulia siRrmiseul sulier
Sinaarsze, romelic sityvebiT ver gamoixateba. am Tvise-
bebiT bednieri xeli uaxlovdeba v. kandinskis scenuri
kompoziciis ideebs, mis yviTel bgeras, romelzec
mxatvari 1909-12 wlebSi muSaobda.
10-ian wlebSi Seqmnil Txzulebebs Soris metad sain-
tereso da novatoruli nawarmoebia melodramebis cikli
(samjer 7 leqsi, avtoriseuli ganmartebiT) mTvaris
piero (op. 21, 1912) belgieli poetis alber Jiros (Albert
Giraud, 1860-1929) leqsebis mixedviT.
melodramebis cikli mTvaris piero dawerilia
qalis xmis da instrumentuli ansamblisTvis (fleita-
pikolo, fleita, banis-klarneti, violino, viola, Celo da
fortepiano). am TxzulebasTan dakavSirebiT ori novato-
ruli principis gamoyenebaa aRsaniSnavi: vokaluri intoni-
rebis axali xerxi da instrumentuli ansamblis Semadgen-
lobis mobiluroba. werilSi Tavis mowafes aleqsander
iemnics 1931 wlis 15 aprils Sonbergi swers: „Tavidanve
erTi ram unda ganvacxado kategoriulad: ‘Pierrot lunaire’ araa
dawerili simRerisTvis. sasimRero melodiebi sametyve-
losgan sruliad gansxvavebulad unda iyos agebuli. nawar-
moebi mTlianad damaxinjdeboda, rom emReraT da marTali
iqneba, vinc ityvis: ase ar SeiZleba wera simRerisTvis!“1.
mTvaris pieroSi Sonbergi pirvelad mimarTavs
vokaluri intonirebis axlebur xerxs, e. w. Sprechgesang-s,
1
Muxeneder, T. Dreimal sieben Gedichte aus Albert Girauds «Pierrot lunaire» op. 21 (1912).
h ps://www.schoenberg.at/index.php/en/joomla-license-3/pierrot-lunaire-op-21-e
44
romelic, avtoris ganmartebis Tanaxmad, ara tradiciul
simReras, aramed musikaluri masalis `warmoTqmas~ gulis-
xmobs. anu, adgili aqvs specifikuri intonaciis gamoyene-
bas, romelsac reCitacias da simReras Soris Sualeduri
adgili ukavia – bgeraTsimaRlebrivi parametri, zusti
miTiTebis miuxedavad, pirobiTia. amgvari tipis vokaluri
intonaciis gamoyeneba, erTi mxriv, uSualodaa dakavSire-
buli eqspresionistuli esTetikisTvis tipur emociur
hipertrofiasTan, xolo meore mxriv, pirveli Semsruleb-
lis, dramatuli msaxiobis albertina cemes (Alber ne Zehme)
saxelTan, romelic xSirad gamodioda venis kabareebSi.
rac Seexeba instrumentul Tanxlebas, aq arsad ar
gamoiyeneba sakravebis erTdrouli JReradoba da yovel
melodramaSi ansamblis mxolod nawili monawileobs,
ris gamoc yovel nomers mkafiod individualizebuli
Tanxleba aqvs (avtoriseuli Canafiqris Tanaxmad, ansamb-
lis erTdrouli JReradoba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia,
radgan sakravebis raodenoba Semsruleblebis raodeno-
bas aRemateba). aRsaniSnavia, rom Sonbergis mTvaris
pieros instrumentulma Semadgenlobam da misi gamoye-
nebis Taviseburebam didi gavlena moaxdina rogorc
zogadad XX saukunis I naxevarSi axali instrumentuli
stilis Camoyalibebaze, ise calkeuli kompozitoris in-
dividualur xelweraze (magaliTad, igor stravinskize).
mTvaris piero eqspresionistuli esTetikis
gamoxatvis erT-erTi yvelaze srulyofili nimuSia
Sonbergis SemoqmedebaSi. masSi uxvadaa am mimdinareo-
bisTvis damaxasiaTebeli usasooba, uimedoba, SiSi, ha-

45
lucinaciebi, gansakuTrebiT iseT nomrebSi, rogorebi-
caa: jvrebi, Rame, Zarcva, Tavis mokveTa da sxv.
mTvaris pieroSi, iseve rogorc Sonbergis praq-
tikulad mTel SemoqmedebaSi, ganviTarebis polifoniu-
ri xerxebi dominirebs. nawarmoebis rTuli, disonansebiT
gajerebuli atonaluri ena horizontalis ganviTarebis
logikas eqvemdebareba. amasTanave, ciklis calkeul nom-
rebSi gamoyenebulia iseTi tradiciuli polifoniuri
formebi, rogorebicaa pasakalia (Rame), ormagi kanoni
(parodia), ormagi kanoni da kiboseburi kontrapunqti
(mTvaris laqa). sainteresoa, rom Tavisufali atonalo-
bis periodSi da, nawilobriv, gviani periodis Semoqmede-
baSic kompoziciis teqnikis racionalizmi SonbergTan
xSirad absoluturad organulad erwymis iracionalur
mxatvrul samyaros.
mTvaris pieros premiera Sedga 1912 wlis 16 oq-
tombers. Seqmnis droisTvis am uaRresad rTuli da uCveu-
lo partituris premieras 25 repeticia da premieramde
erTi kviriT adre mowveuli stumrebisTvis daxuruli
mosmena uZRoda win. eduard Stoermani, Sonbergis mowa-
fe, pianisti, pieros erT-erTi Semsrulebeli igonebs:
„qalbatoni zemes daJinebuli moTxovna iyo pieros kosti-
umSi gamowyoba da scenaze marto dgoma. musikosebi da
diriJori sakmaod rTuli konstruqciis jebiris miRma
ganTavsdnen. imis gamo, rom sakmaod patara scenaze ar iyo
advili iseTi konstruqciis Seqmna, romelic erTi mxriv,
mxedvelobiTi kontaqtis saSualebas miscemda momRerals
da ansamblis wevrebs, xolo meore mxriv, es ukanaskneli

46
auditoriisTvis uxilavi darCeboda [.. .] Sedegad? ra Tqma
unda, iyo „skandali“, magram mquxare ovaciebic“1.

***

Tavisufal-atonaluri periodisTvis damaxasia-

Tebeli arareglamentirebuli musikaluri ena Tavis
ganviTarebis mwvervals Sonbergis iseT nawarmoebebSi
aRwevs, rogorebicaa erTaqtiani opera bednieri xeli
(op. 18), melodramebis cikli mTvaris piero (op. 21).
magram, miuxedavad imisa, rom es Txzulebebi Sonbergis
Semoqmedebis mniSvnelovan miRwevebs warmoadgenen, maTSi
gamovlinda sakuTriv Tavisufali atonalobis negatiuri
Tvisebebi, kerZod, didi instrumentuli formis organi-
zebis SeuZlebloba. swored Tavisufali atonalobisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli es problemebi gaxda axali musikaluri
enis Ziebis katalizatori, rasac Sonbergma daaxloebiT
7 weli dauTmo (1916-1923). am amocanis saboloo gadawy-
veta iCens Tavs xuT piesaSi fortepianosTvis op.
23 (mexuTe piesaSi valsi) da serenadaSi baritonis da
Svidi instrumentisTvis (IV nawili, petrarkas soneti
# 217) op. 24 (orive – 1920-23), sadac kompozitori pirve-
lad iyenebs dodekafoniur teqnikas.
mTlianad dodekafoniis principebze damyarebuli
pirveli nawarmoebia safortepiano siuita op. 25 (1921-23).
siuitis yvela nawili (preludia, gavoti da miuzeti,
intermeco, menueti trioTi da Jiga) erT serias da
1
Muxeneder, T. Dreimal sieben Gedichte aus Albert Girauds «Pierrot lunaire» op.
21 (1912). h ps://www.schoenberg.at/index.php/en/joomla-license-3/pierrot-lu-
naire-op-21-e

47
mis tritonul transpoziciazea agebuli. am nawarmoebSi
Sonbergma pirvelad ganaxorciela axali musikaluri enis
da tradiciuli formebis da Janris Serwymis principi.
siuita barokos epoqis Janrul modelzea dafuZnebuli da,
ufro konkretulad, i. s. baxis g-moll inglisur siuitas
mogvagonebs (iwyeba preludiiT, bolovdeba JigiT da,
rac gansakuTrebiTaa aRsaniSnavi, misi miuzeti gavotis
trios warmoadgens). barokos epoqis tradiciebis garda,
aq vlindeba siaxlove klasicizmTanac. mTeli cikli, musi-
kaluri masalis Cvenebis da ganviTarebis Taviseburebidan
gamomdinare, SeiZleba SevadaroT sonatur formas, sadac
Cqari preludia iqneba mTavari partia, neli gavoti (da
miuzeti, rogorc misi trio) – damxmare, intermeco,
romelic wina da momdevno nawilebis intonaciebs Sei-
cavs – damuSaveba, xolo menueti da Jiga – sarkiseburi
repriza. amgvarad, safortepiano siuitaSi da Semdgomi
periodis sxva instrumentul nawarmoebebSic (magaliTad:
simebian kvartetebSi #3 da #4) Sonbergi tradiciuli
formebis da tonaluri urTierTobebis imitacias axdens
anu axali, atonaluri, dodekafoniuri sistemis meSveobiT
tradiciuli formebis restavrirebas axorcielebs.
arnold Sonbergis SemoqmedebiTi mrwamsi, misi fi-
losofiur-esTetikuri mignebebi yvelaze mkafiod aisa-
xa mis daumTavrebel operaSi mose da aroni1 (bibliur
siuJetze).
Tavdapirvelad mose da aroni oratoriad iyo
Cafiqrebuli. 1928 wels Sonbergma libretos daawera:
1
mose da aronis libreto da misi qarTuli Targmani komentarebiT
ix.: bolaSvili, q.; sigua, m. XX saukunis musikis istoria. libretoebi.
48
mose da aroni. oratoria, magram mogvianebiT, 1930
wels, partituraze muSaobis dawyebisas kompozitorma
Secvala Janri da gansazRvra igi, rogorc opera. miuxe-
davad amisa, oratoriis Janris calkeuli Tvisebebi mniSv-
nelovan rols TamaSoben nawarmoebSi, gansakuTrebiT, mis
pirvel moqmedebaSi.
opera mose da aroni uaRresad novatoruli na-
warmoebia, romelic amasTanave avlens mniSvnelovan kav-
Sirebs warsulTan, did germanul saopero tradiciasTan.
igi, erTi mxriv, vagner-Strausis, xolo meore mxriv,
mocartis saopero tradiciebis sinTezs warmoadgens.
Tu vagneris musikalur dramaSi vokali simfoniur gan-
viTarebaSi `CamontaJebuli~ komponentis STabeWdilebas
tovebs, Sonbergi, mocartis msgavsad, ariozul melo-
diebs aniWebs upiratesobas, magram misi e. w. melodiebi
naklebad mogvagonebs melodiebs tradiciuli gagebiT da
mxolod Rrmad gaazrebuli sakompozitoro aucileblo-
biTaa ganpirobebuli.
operis dramatul kolizias protagonistebi – mose
da aroni gansazRvraven, romlebic Sonbergs dualisturad
hyavs gaazrebuli. mose da aroni erTi pirovnebis ori
sxvadasxva aspeqtia – winaswarmetyveli-revolucioneri
da pirovneba-praqtikosi. aRsaniSnavia, rom aroni da
xalxi erT enaze metyveleben (mRerian), moses ki Sonberg-
ma salaparako (Sprechs mme), melodeklamaciuri roli
daakisra. magram calkeul SemTxvevaSi gundi mosesaviT me-
tyvelebs, kerZod, pirveli moqmedebis bolos, sadac isini
aRTqmul miwaze dabrunebis ideiT arian gaerTianebulni.

49
 operaSi mose da aroni, upirveles yovlisa, zneo-
brivi problematikaa aqcentirebuli. misi is rakursebi,
romlebic Tavad Sonbergs aRelvebda – sityvis da azris,
moazrovnis da xelovanis, grZnobadi da goniTi samyaros,
pirovnebis da sazogadoebis urTierToba. swored am opo-
ziciurma wyvilebma ganapirobes am operis da, aseve, misi
daumTavrebeli oratoriis – iakobis kibe (aseve bibliur
siuJetze) – musikaluri enis da dramaturgiis Tavisebu-
reba. kerZod, moses deklamaciur partias upirispirdeba
aronis kantilena, sivrceSi gafantuli, statikuri akor-
duli JReradobebi, romlebic almodebuli mayvlovanis
da Rrublis svetis, RmerTis xmas ukavSirdeba, dapiris-
pirebulia ebraeli xalxis eqspresiul gundebTan da gan-
sakuTrebuli feradovnebiT gamorCeul kerpTayvanismcem-
lobis egzaltirebul epizodTan II moqmedebidan.
opera mose da aroni seriuli nawarmoebia, rom-
lis urTulesi musikaluri qsovili da urTierTda-
pirispirebuli mxatvruli saxeebi erTi seriidan da misi
modifikaciebidanaa aRmocenebuli.
mose da aronis meore aqtis partituraze muSaoba
Sonbergma 1932 wlis 10 marts daasrula. orive dasru-
lebul aqtSi kompozitori biblias, Toras (moses xuTTa-
vis) meore wignis teqsts misdevda, xolo mesame moqmedebis
libretoSi man sagrZnoblad gadauxvia biblias. operas,
dualisturi koncefciis damajereblobis SesanarCu-
neblad, tragikuli finali esaWiroeboda. Sonbergis
versiaSi operis bolos aroni sastikad isjeba, magram es
dualisturi principi bibliis teqsts ar emTxveva. sa-

50
varaudoa, rom operis dausruleblobis erT-erTi mizezi,
sxva mizezebTan erTad, esec iyo.

***

meore msoflio omis periodSi a. Sonbergi werda:

`Cven, vinc musikiT vcocxlobT, ar gvaqvs adgili po-
litikaSi da mas unda vuyurebdeT, rogorc CvenTvis ra-
Rac absoluturad ucxos~1.
politikis mimarT aseTi damokidebulebis miuxe-
davad, Sonbergi wers nawarmoebebs, romlebic omis tra-
gikuli movlenebiTaa STagonebuli da kompozitoris
moqalaqeobriv poziciaze metyvelebs. swored poli-
tikuri mosazrebiT 1933 wlis maisSi Sonbergma demon-
stratiulad datova germania da amerikaSi emigrirebis
gadawyvetileba miiRo. gzad parizis sinagogaSi igi wina-
parTa sarwmunoebas, iudaizms daubrunda.
emigraciis wlebSi amerikaSi, sadac Sonbergi sicocx-
lis bolomde darCa, sxvadasxva JanrSi Seqmnil mis nawar-
moebebs Soris gamoirCeva oda napoleons (j. baironis
teqstze) op. 41 da kantata gadarCenili varSavidan
op. 46, romelsac luiji nonom „Cveni epoqis esTetikuri
da musikaluri manifesti“ uwoda2. rogorc Tavad avtori
aRniSnavs, kantata realur movlenebs efuZneba, romlebic
man uSualo mowmeebis Tu maTi axloblebisgan Seityo.
masSi aRwerilia sakoncentracio banakis, varSavis ge-
tos, patimarTa sicocxlis bolo wuTebi; is, Tu rogor
1
Шенберг, А.(2001) Письма. С.-Пб.: Композитор – с. 351.
2
h ps://www.schoenberg.at/index.php/en/joomla-license-sp-1943310036/a-sur-
vivor-from-warsaw-op-46-1947

51
ubrZaneben jariskacebi gazis kamerebSi Sesvlas mwkrivSi
Cayenebul SeSinebul da atirebul bavSvebs da moxucebs,
janmrTelebs da avadmyofebs. mTxrobeli gviambobs: `isini
iwyebdnen Tavidan. jer nela, Semdeg sul ufro swrafad,
ise rom bolos TiTqos veluri TqaraTquri ismoda~1.
nawarmoebis tragikuli arsi kidev ufro metad mZafrdeba
kantatis finalSi, mamakacTa sagundo locvaSi `ismine, is-
raelo~ (Shema Yisroel), romelic kaTarzisad, srul sulier
ganwmendad aRiqmeba.
kantatis seria nawarmoebis sawyis taqtebSia eqs-
ponirebuli da mTeli musikaluri masalis (maT Soris,
damagvirgvinebeli sagundo locvis) integrirebas ax-
dens.
msoflio musikaluri xelovnebis erT-erTi udide-
si kompozitoris, arnold Sonbergis SemoqmedebiTi
individualoba mravali, xSirad urTierTgamomricxavi
erTeulisgan Sedgeba. Sonbergi, musikaluri xelovnebis
erT-erTi yvelaze radikaluri novatori, axali sakom-
pozitoro meTodis, dodekafoniis Semqmneli XX saukunis
kompozitorTa Soris yvelaze ukompromiso xelovanadaa
miCneuli, romelic sicocxlis bolos ambobda: `erTad-
erTi, rac SemeZlo, iyo curva dinebis sapirispirod...~2.
amasTanave, Se mo q medebaSi da xangrZliv pedagogiur
moRvaweobaSi arnold Sonbergi germanuli akademizmis
tradiciebs – baxis, mocartis, beThovenis, bramsis, vag-
neris miRwevebs efuZneba, magram Sonbergis Semoqmedebi-
Ti portretis es, erTi SexedviT, urTierTsapirispiro
1
ix. partitura.
2
Шенберг, А. (2001) Письма. С.-Пб.: Композитор – с. 338.
52
Tvisebebi misi erTiani msoflmxedvelobis gansxvavebuli
mxareebia, romlebic organuladaa gamTlianebuli da
sinTezirebuli mis SemoqmedebaSi.

ZiriTadi nawarmoebebis sia

1898, op. 1, ori simRera [Zwei Gesänge] baritonis da forte-
pianosTvis
1899, op. 2, oTxi simRera [Vier Lieder] xmis da fortepianosTvis
1899/1903, op. 3. eqvsi simRera [Sechs Lieder] xmis da forte-
pianosTvis
1899, op. 4, gasxivosnebuli Rame [Verklärte Nacht], simebiani
seqsteti
1900-11, o. op, gures simRerebi [Gurrelieder], kantata
1902/03, op. 5, peleasi da melizanda [Pelleas und Melisande],
simfoniuri poema
1903/05, op. 6, rva simRera [Acht Lieder] sopranos da forte-
pianosTvis
1904/05, op. 7, simebiani kvarteti #1 [Quarte ] d-moll
1903/05, op. 8, eqvsi simRera [Sechs Orchesterlieder] xmis da or-
kestrisTvis
1906, op. 9, kameruli simfonia #1, E-dur [Kammersymphonie no.1]
TxuTmeti solo instrumentisTvis
1907/08, op. 10, simebiani kvarteti #2 [Zweites Quarte ] fis-moll
1909 op. 11, sami safortepiano piesa [Drei Klavierstücke]
1906, op. 12, ori balada [Zwei Balladen] xmis da fortepianosTvis
1907, op. 13, mSvidoba dedamiwas [Friede auf Erden] Sereuli
gundisTvis a cappella
1907/08, op. 14, ori simRera [Zwei Lieder] xmis da fortepianos-
Tvis

53
1908/09, op. 15, TxuTmeti leqsi Stefan georges dakide-
buli baRebis wignidan [15 Gedichte aus Das Buch der hängenden
Gärten von Stefan George] sopranos da fortepianosTvis
1909, op. 16, xuTi saorkestro piesa [Fünf Orchesterstücke]
1909, op. 17, molodini [Erwartung], erTaqtiani monodrama
1910/13, op. 18. bednieri xeli [Die Glückliche Hand], drama musikiT
1910, o. op., sami patara piesa kameruli orkestrisTvis
1911, op. 19, eqvsi patara safortepiano piesa [Sechs Kleine
Klavierstücke]
1911, op. 20, gulis ylortebi [Herzgewächse] sopranos da inst-
rumentuli ansamblisTvis
1912, op. 21, mTvaris piero [Pierrot lunaire], 21 melodrama xmis
da instrumentuli ansamblisTvis
1913/16, op. 22, oTxi simRera [Vier Lieder] xmis da orkestrisTvis
1917-22, o. op. iakobis kibe [Die Jakobsleiter], oratoria (daum-
Tavrebeli)
1920/23, op. 23, xuTi safortepiano piesa [Fünf Klavierstücke]
1920/23, op. 24, serenada [Serenade] baritonis (banis) da inst-
rumentuli ansamblisTvis
1921/23, op. 25, safortepiano siuita [Suite für Klavier]
1924, op. 26, sasule kvinteti [Quinte für Flöte, Oboe, Klarine e,
Horn und Fago ]
1925, op. 27, oTxi piesa [Vier Stücke] Sereuli gundisTvis
1925/26, op. 28, sami satira [Drei Sa ren] Sereuli gundisTvis
1925, op. 29, siuita [Suite] instrumentuli ansamblisTvis
1927, op. 30, simebiani kvarteti # 3 [Dri es Streichquarte ]
1926/28, op. 31, variaciebi orkestrisTvis [Varia onen für Or-
chester]
1928, op. 32, dReidan xvalamde [Von Heute auf Morgen], erTaq-
tiani opera
54
1928; 1931, op. 33a, 33b, ori safortepiano piesa [Klavierstücke]
1930, op. 34, musika kinoscenisTvis [Begleitmusik zu einer Licht-
spielszene]
1930, op. 35, eqvsi piesa [Sechs Stücke] mamakacTa gundisTvis
1934, o. op., siuita Zvelebur stilSi [Suite im alten S le] sime-
biani orkestrisTvis, G-dur
1934/36, op. 36, saviolino koncerti [Concerto for Violin and Or-
chestra]
1936, op. 37, simebiani kvarteti # 4 [Fourth String Quartet]
1906/39, op. 38, kameruli simfonia # 2 [Kammersymphonie no. 2]
es-moll
1938, op. 39, Kol Nidre mkiTxvelis, gundis da orkestrisTvis [Kol
Nidre]
1941, op. 40, variaciebi [Varia ons] organisTvis
1942, op. 41, oda napoleon bonaparts [Ode to Napoleon Buonapar-
te] mkiTxvelis, fortepianos da simebiani kvartetisTvis
1942, op. 42, safortepiano koncerti [Concerto for Piano]
1943, op. 43a, Tema da variaciebi [Theme and Varia ons for Full
Band] sasule ansamblisTvis
1943, op. 43b, Tema da variaciebi [Theme and Varia ons for Or-
chestra] orkestrisTvis
1945, op. 44, preludia [Prelude] Sereuli gundis da orkest-
risTvis
1946, op. 45, simebiani trio [String Trio]
1947, op. 46, gadarCenili varSavidan [A Survivor from Warsaw /
Ein Überlebender aus Warschau], kantata
1949, op. 47, fantazia [Phantasy] violinos da fortepianosTvis
1933, op. 48, sami simRera [Drei Lieder] dabali xmis da forte-
pianosTvis

55
1948, op. 49, sami gundi [Drei Volksliedsätze]
1949, op. 50a, samjer aTasi weli [Dreimal Tausend Jahre] Sereu-
li gundisTvis
1950, op. 50b, 130 fsalmuni [Psalm 130] Sereuli gundisTvis
1950, op. 50c, Tanamedrove fsalmuni [Moderner Psalm]
(daumTavrebeli)
1930-32; 1949-50, o. op., mose da aroni [Moses und Aron], samaqtia-
ni opera (daumTavrebeli)

56
 alban bergi
(1885-1935)

alban bergi XX saukunis udidesi xelovania, romlis

msoflmxedveloba eqspresionistuli esTetikis zegav-
leniT Camoyalibda da romelmac Sonbergis da vebernis-
gan gansxvavebiT, eqspresionistuli arsi Semoqmedebis
bolomde SeinarCuna. bergis TxzulebaTa musikaluri
saxeebi adamianis lirikuli, grZnobadi Sinagani samya-
ros yvela niuanss saocari sinatifiT gadmogvcemen.
lirikul-grZnobadi stiqia bergis Semoqmedebis yvela
JanrSia gabatonebuli. iseve rogorc udidesi lirikosi
kompozitorebi – f. Suberti, r. Sumani, f. Sopeni, e. grigi,
h. volfi, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT i. s. baxi, r. vagneri
da sxva, – bergi Tavis Semoqmedebas safuZvlad udebs
Rrma Sinagani gancdis eqspresias, sulis unatifes moZ-
raobebs, samyaros, aRqmis piradul prizmaSi gardate-
xils. lirika bergisTvis TviTSemecnebis ltolvidan
ibadeba da samyaros wvdomis yvelaze subieqtur saxeobad
gvevlineba. igi mudam iswrafvis sulieri aqtivobis Sede-
gad mopovebuli WeSmaritebani sxvas gauxsnas, aaRelvos
da TanagrZnobis kosmiur grZnobas aziaros. mis musikaSi
cxovreba mTeli Tavisi emociuri sirTuliTa da kon-
trastebiT poulobs srulyofil gamoxatulebas. am-
gvari, emociurad mravalferovani samyaro alban bergs
gadmocemuli aqvs e. w. `Sereuli~ stiliT, romelSic
iracionaluri Tavisufali atonaloba da mkacrad ra-
cionaluri seriuli meTodia Serwymuli.
57
 ***

alban bergi daibada 1885 wlis 9 Tebervals. misi biog-

rafiis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqti arnold Son-
bergTan Sexvedraa, romelTanac igi 1904-11 ww. swavlobda
(harmonia, musikis Teoria, kontrapunqti). 1915 wels bergi
gaiwvies jarSi, magram mokle droSi susti janmrTelobis
gamo daiTxoves samxedro samsaxuridan.
1920 wlidan sakompozitoro moRvaweobasTan erTad
bergi pedagogiur da musikologiur saqmianobasac eweva –
aqveynebs statiebs venis musikalur JurnalSi Musikblä er
des Anbruch. 1930 wels alban bergi berlinis xelovnebis
akademiis wevri gaxda.
alban bergi gardaicvala 1935 wlis 24 dekembers.
bergis musikalurma stilma ganviTarebis sami
stadia gaiara: tonalobidan atonalobis gavliT do-
dekafoniisken, magram, Sonbergisgan gansxvavebiT, mu-
sikaluri enis cvlilebebi masTan nakleb radikaluri
iyo: bergi Semoqmedebis bolomde inarCunebda kavSirs
tonalobasTan. sakuTriv tonaluri nawarmoebi mas mxo-
lod ori aqvs dawerili. Sesabamisad, mizanSewonilad ar
migvaCnia calke tonaluri periodis gamoyofa. amdenad,
bergis Semoqmedeba or did periods moicavs: vocekamde
da mis Semdeg.
bergis pirveli seriozuli nawarmoebebi tradi-
ciuli tonalobis da atonalobis zRvarzea dawerili.
esaa safortepiano sonata op. 1 (1908) da oTxi simRe-
ra xmis da fortepianosTvis op. 2 (1910). am nawarmoebebis
musikaluri enisTvis damaxasiaTebelia: maJor-minoruli

58
alban bergi

59
sistemis gafarToeba, alterirebuli akordebis aqcen-
tireba da maTTvis sayrdeni Tanxmovanebis funqciis mi-
niWeba, rac aseve farTod gvxvdeba Sonbergis, debiusis
da skriabinis amave periodSi daweril TxzulebebSi. am or
Txzulebas Soris gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos erTna-
wiliani safortepiano sonata, radgan opus-iT aRniSnul
am pirvel nawarmoebamde bergi umTavresad simRerebs
werda1. simReris, ufro zustad Lied-is, Janris Tvisebebis
upiratesobas aRniSnavs Sonbergi, rodesac bergs axasia-
Tebs gamomcemloba Universal-is direqtoris emil herc-
kasadmi werilSi: „bergi uaRresad niWieri kompozitoria“
da iqve agrZelebs „CemTan rom movida, misi musikaluri
fantazia mxolod Lied-iT Semoifargleboda. akompane-
mentic simReras hgavda“2. aqve unda iTqvas, rom bergis
pirvel dasrulebul instrumentul nawarmoebs Sonbergi
Zalian maRal Sefasebas aZlevda: „miviRe Tqveni notebi,
gadavaTvaliere sonata da kidev erTxel gavixare“3.
bergis pirveli atonaluri nawarmoebia simebia-
ni kvarteti op. 3 (1910). wina TxzulebebTan SedarebiT,
aq sagrZnoblad izrdeba disonansis roli, rac mniSv-
nelovanwilad musikaluri azris gadmocemis eqspre-
siulobiTaa ganpirobebuli. kvartetis TiToeuli xmis
ganviTarebis Tavisebureba linearuli logikidan ga-
momdinareobs: musikaluri qsovilis yoveli erTeuli

1
op. 1 sonatamde bergs dawerili aqvs ramdenime aTeuli simRera,
romelTagan yvelaze cnobilia Svidi adreuli simRera da, aseve, 5
safortepiano sonatis eskizi.
2
Schoenberg, A. (1964) Le ers. Ed. Erwin Stein. London: Faber – p. 23.
3
Briefwechsel: Arnold Schonberg – Alban Berg / hrsg. von Juliane Brand; Christopher
Hailey; Andreas Meyer. Mainz, 2007, I, S. – 169.
61
Tematuria da wamyvani xmis roli ansamblis xan erT, xan ki
meore sakravs gadaecema. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom bergis
simebiani kvarteti iwereboda Sonbergis pirveli kameruli
simfoniis paralelurad, romlis axalma musikalurma enam
didi gavlena moaxdina bergze. kerZod: qromatuli, mTel-
toniani sistemebis sinTezi, araterciuli akordika, rTu-
li kontrapunqtuli da variaciul-variantuli teqnika.
simebian kvartetSi gamokveTili principebi Semd-
gom ganviTarebas poveben xuT saorkestro simReraSi
op. 4 p. altenbergis teqstze (1912). es cikli, romelic
safosto baraTebis teqstebzea dawerili, bergisTvis
iSviaTi aforistulobiT gamoirCeva. TiToeuli simRera
droSi ukiduresad SemWidrovebuli Taviseburi bgeriTi
eskizia, musikaluri Jesti, romelic adamianis gancdebs
da bunebis suraTebs mxolod miniSnebiT warmoaCens.
altenbergis simRerebis aforistulobis Semd-
gom ganviTarebas vxvdebiT oTx piesaSi klarnetis da
fortepianosTvis op. 5 (1913), romlebic eqspresiulis
da impresiulis mZafr dapirispirebazea agebuli. aqac
SeiniSneba avtoris swafva, maqsimalurad datvirTos
drois TiToeuli erTeuli, mxolod erTi StrixiT gad-
mosces musikaluri azri. aRsaniSnavia, rom musikaluri
drois amgvari gaazreba bergTan da SonbergTan mxolod
erTeul nawarmoebSi gvxvdeba, vebernisTvis ki mxatvru-
li azrovnebis ZiriTad princips warmoadgens.
bergis Semoqmedebis adreuli periodis erTaderTi
saorkestro Txzulebaa sami piesa orkestrisTvis op. 6
(1914). es nawarmoebi, i. stravinskis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

62
warmogvidgeba erTian `dramatul kompleqsad, romlis
samive nawili Tematuradaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan~1.
sami saorkestro piesa bergis Semoqmedebis pirveli peri-
odis yvelaze masStaburi nawarmoebia, romlis Tavisebur
models maleris mecxre simfonia warmoadgens. garda ami-
sa, bergi aq xSirad mimarTavs malerisTvis tipur marSis
da lendleris ritmul da intonaciur idiomebs. alten-
bergis simRerebis da simebiani kvartetis msgavsad, sami
saorkestro piesa gaerTianebulia ganmeorebadi inton-
aciuri da ritmuli motivebiT: samive piesis musikaluri
masala amoizrdeba sambgeriani motividan e-g-a. am ciklSi
bergis stilis yvela ZiriTadi Tavisebureba aisaxa: saor-
kestro qsovilis rTuli polifoniuri agebuleba (I nawi-
li, preludia), sayofacxovrebo Janrebis groteskuli,
maleriseburi gaazreba (II nawili, ferxuli; III nawili,
marSi), musikaluri masalis ukiduresi koncentracia da
eqspresiuli daZabuloba, kompoziciis Sinagani erTianoba
da mTlianoba, tembruli individualizacia. miTiTebuli
Tvisebebi (sxvebTan erTad) bergis stilisTvis xdeba gan-
msazRvreli da gansakuTrebiT mkafiod misi Semoqmedebis
pirvel kulminaciaSi, opera vocekSi2 vlindeba.
bergis opera voceki op. 73 georg biuxneris drama
voicekis4 mixedviT daiwera da garkveulwilad pirve-

1
Стравинский, И. (1971) Диалоги. Л., – с. 105.
2
opera vocekis libreto da misi qarTuli Targmani komentarebiT
ix.: bolaSvili, q.; sigua, m. XX saukunis musikis istoria. libretoebi.
3
voceki bergis opus-iT aRniSnuli bolo nawarmoebia.
4
biuxneris dramis saTauri Tavdapirvelad wakiTxuli iyo rogorc
voceki (Wozzeck), mogvianebiT ki dazustda da aRmoCnda, rom piesis
saTauria voiceki (Woyzeck), magram operis saTauri ar Secvlila.

63
li msoflio omis tragediiT iyo STagonebuli. es, er-
Ti mxriv, tipuri eqspresionistuli dramaa, romelic
sxva eqspresionistul scenur nawarmoebebs SeiZleba
SevadaroT (magaliTad, arnold Sonbergis monodramas
molodini), magram, meore mxriv, es xarisxobrivad axa-
li movlenaa ara mxolod avstriul-germanuli, aramed
msoflio musikis istoriaSi. operis mniSvnelovani Tavi-
sebureba mis socialur simZafreSia, ramac bergis Semoq-
medebis mkvlevars, h. redlixs safuZveli misca misTvis
`socialuri TanagrZnobis drama~ ewodebina.
bergis gadawyvetileba, daewera opera biuxneris
siuJetze, Zalze gabeduli nabiji iyo, radgan msoflio
saopero literaturaSi vocekamde ar gvxvdeba nawar-
moebi, romlis gmiri `patara adamiani~ yofiliyo. adamiani
– sazogadoebis mier daTrgunuli, daCagruli da gaTe-
lili, adamiani – naCvenebi yoveldRiur, yofiT garemoSi
da Tanac esoden reliefurad.
operis scenarze muSaoba bergma 1917 wlis zafxu-
lisTvis daasrula da amave wels musikis Seqmna daiwyo.
operis premiera 137 (!) repeticiis Semdeg Sedga ber-
linSi 1925 wlis 14 dekembers da avtors didi warmateba
moutana.
georg biuxneris drama bergma TiTqmis ucvlelad
gamoiyena, magram, amave dros, kompozitorma mniSvne-
lovani damatebiTi StrixebiT gaamdidra mTavari gmi-
rebis, vocekis da maris saxeebi. ase, magaliTad, vocekis
saxeSi xazgasmulia ara mxolod sasowarkveTili, Raribi
`denSCikis~ Rrma sulieri gancdebi, aramed misi Seryeu-

64
li goneba, personaJis qvecnobieri samyaro. biuxnerTan
SedarebiT, ufro mravalplaniania maris saxec. erTi
mxriv, igi warmodgenilia rogorc mosiyvarule deda da
RvTismoSiSi adamiani, xolo meore mxriv, misi saxe de-
formirebulia vnebisa da SiSis zegavleniT.
opera voceki1 samaqtiani kompoziciaa, romlis Ti-
Toeuli moqmedeba xuTi suraTisgan Sedgeba. suraTebi
erTmaneTSi a acca, saorkestro interludiebis meSveobiT
gadadian da, amasTanave, kontrastulad upirispirdebian
erTmaneTs. kontrasti TandaTanobiT sul ufro mkveTri
xdeba da mwvervals mesame moqmedebaSi aRwevs. suraTebs
Soris kontrastis zrdis dinamika saSualebas gvaZlevs,
am nawarmoebis dramaturgia pirobiTad ganvsazRvroT,
rogorc `maraoseburi~ (T. adorno), rac ara mxolod
vocekisTvis, aramed bergis sxva nawarmoebebisTvisacaa
damaxasiaTebeli2.
operis gasaocar dramaturgiul mTlianobas aseve
xels uwyobs gamWoli ganviTarebis principi da laitmo-
tivuri sistema. aRsaniSnavia agreTve musikalur enaSi
mikroelementebis, calkeuli intonaciebis mniSvneloba,
romlebic, rogorc wesi, Tan sdeven totaluri mniSv-
nelobis laitTemebs. amasTanave, es laitTemebi erTi
sawyisi elementidan amoizrdebian, kerZod, motividan
1
operebis – voceki da lulu dawvrilebiTi analizi ix.: Perle, G.
(1989). The Operas of Alban Berg. Volume I: Wozzeck. Volume II: Lulu. University of
California Press. Тараканов, М. (1976). Музыкальный театр Альбана Берга. Москва:
Советский композитор.
2
ix.: bolaSvili, q. alban bergis musikaluri dramaturgiis zogi-
erTi Tavisebureba. qesJ: musikologia da kulturulogia, 2021 |
No.2(24) [2021.12.31]. – gv. 3-10. (h ps://gesj.internet-academy.org.ge/ge/list_ar-
c_ge.php?b_sec=muz)
65
`Wir arme Leut~ (`Cven, Raribi xalxi~) operis pirveli moqme-
debis pirveli suraTidan (vocekis partia, ix. klaviri,
c. 135+1 t.).
motivis gamomsaxveloba da eqspresia mniSvnelovnad
gansazRvravs operis musikaluri enis tips. igive motivi,
misi Sebrunebuli varianti, safuZvlad udevs maris Tema-
tizms (ix. maris nana I moqmedebis II suraTidan); mis de-
formirebul intonaciebzea agebuli orive scena duqanSi,
sadac es motivi valsis da lendleris wyaro xdeba1. amgva-
rad, operis Tematuri kavSirebi Zalze mWidroa, rTuli da
mravalferovani da yoveli axali Tema, romelic sawyisis
transformirebis gziT warmoiSoba, damoukideblad ar-
sebobs da zogierT SemTxvevaSi upirispirdeba kidec mas.
am ukanasknel TaviseburebaSi vlindeba operis erTgvari
`Tematuri simbolizmi~. vagneris msgavsad, bergi teqstis
sakvanZo frazebs laitmotivebs ukavSirebs. maTi ZiriTa-
di daniSnulebaa garkveul scenur situaciaSi xazi gausvas
nagulisxmev arsobriv kavSirebs.
amgvarad, bergi, Sonbergis msgavsad, upiratesobas
aniWebs vokaluri partiis intervaluri struqturis
erTianobas, melodiuri naxazis moqnilobas, romel-
Sic unatifesi niuansebic ki airekleba. Sesabamisad,
ope ra Si mravali gansxvavebuli xasiaTis mqone per-
sonaJis moqmedebis gamo, konfliqturi dramaturgia

1
rogorc bergis pirveli monografiis avtori hans redlixi wers, am
scenis valsis da lendleris, ori gansxvavebuli motivisgan Semdgari
Tema, agebuli Tavisebur intonaciur kavSirebze or orkestrs Soris
– scenaze da saorkestro ormoSi, mogvagonebs valss rixard Strausis
operidan Der Rosenkavalier (moqmedeba III, c. 101) da, aseve, lendler-valss
karl maria veberis operidan Der Freischütz (moqmedeba I).
66
ukve intonaciur doneze ikveTeba. amasTanave, Zalze
mniSvnelovania sakuTriv vokaluri intonirebis xerxTa
mravalferovneba, romelTa diapazoni uzarmazaria –
araintonirebuli metyvelebidan musikaluri (intoni-
rebuli) metyvelebis nairsaxeobaTa gavliT srulyofil
simReramde. am TvalsazrisiT bergi, cxadia, vagneris da
Sonbergis uSualo memkvidrea.
vocekSi bergis mier gamoyenebulma mWidro Tema-
turma kavSirebma, romlebic mudmivad urTierTqmedeben
da erTmaneTze Zlier gavlenas axdenen, rTuli amocanis
winaSe daayena kompozitori. igulisxmeba musikaluri
masalis ganviTarebis aseT pirobebSi mkafio, gawonas-
worebuli musikaluri kompoziciis Seqmna. am urTulesi
dramaturgiuli amocanis gadawyvetisTvis kompozitori,
erTi mxriv, calkeul, mniSvnelovan momentebSi mimar-
Tavs tonalobas (upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos
tonaloba f-moll, magaliTad, III moqmedebis I suraTSi da
d-moll, magaliTad, e. w. saorkestro rekviemSi, interlu-
diaSi III moqmedebis IV da V scenebs Soris), xolo meore
mxriv, gamWoli ganviTarebis princips, saopero Janris
istoriaSi pirvelad, instrumentuli formebis logikas
ukavSirebs. bergi aq mimarTavs rogorc klasicizmis, ise
barokos epoqisTvis tipur Janrebs da formebs1.
leqciaSi vocekis Sesaxeb bergi wers, rom `aratipuri
musikaluri eniT dawerili samaqtiani operis gamTlianeba
did sirTuleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, romelTa gadas-
alaxavad man ramdenime xerxs mimarTa. erTi maTgania bi-
1
ix. sqema wignSi: bolaSvili, q.; sigua, m. XX saukunis musikis isto-
ria. libretoebi.
67
uxneris teqstis imgvari organizeba, rom erTiani arqite-
qtonika warmoqmnas. meore Zalian mniSvnelovani faqtoria
harmonia TiToeuli moqmedebis bolos, sadac „tonalur
musikaSi yovelTvis aris ZiriTadi tonalobis gamyareba
da gaZliereba, rac cxadi da gasagebia araspecialistis
Tvalis da yurisTvisac ki. amgvarad, aseT adgilebSi „aton-
alur“ stilSic unda iyos iseTi harmoniuli movlena,
romelic did moqmedebas daasrulebs. amgvari gamyarebis
miReba SesaZlebeli gaxdeba, Tu operis TiToeuli moqmede-
ba erTi da imave finaluri akordisken iqneba mimarTuli da
dafuZnebuli, tonikis msgavsad, da kvazikadencias warmo-
qmnis“1. operis yoveli moqmedeba erTi da imave bgerebisgan
Semdgari, magram ritmulad, registrulad, tembrulad
da a. S. gansxvavebulad organizebuli TanxmovanebebiT
bolovdeba2. amave leqciaSi kompozitori laparakobs gaer-
Tianebis sxva xerxebzec, magaliTad, sxvadasxva Janris da
formis (marSi, rondo), scenuri situaciebis (maris da tam-
burmaJoris dapirispireba I moqmedebis V scenaSi, vocekis
da tamburmaJoris dapirispireba II moqmedebis V scenaSi),
motivebis (operis dasawyisis da dasasrulis msgavseba) da
a. S. gameorebebze, ramac misca mas saSualeba, tradiciuli
formaqmnadi elementebis gareSe nawarmoebis arqiteqto-
nika gaemTlianebina.
bolos unda iTqvas, rom opera vocekSi, musikalu-
ri struqturis aseTi mkacri organizebis miuxedavad,
1
Berg, A. Lecture on Wozzeck: the „Atonal Opera“. In: Berg, A. (2014). Pro Mundo
– Pro Domo: The Wri ngs of Alban Berg. Edited with commentaries by Simms B. R.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 228.
2
ix. operis partitura. Berg, A. Wozzeck, op. 7. Par tur. Wien: Universal Edi on.

68
rogorc Tavad avtori aRniSnavda, misTvis umTavresia
ZiriTadi ideis gadmocemis sicxade da ubraloeba, re-
alizebis gzebis da saSualebebisgan damoukideblad.
igi Rrmad iyo darwmunebuli, rom msmeneli yuradRebas
ar miaqcevs fugebs, invenciebs, sonatebs, variaciebs
da pasakaliebs, magram yvela SeigrZnobs operis mTavar
ideas, romelic vocekis beds scildeba. nawarmoebis
komentars avtori am sityvebiT amTavrebs: `da me mjera,
rom amas mivaRwie!~1

***

opera voceki bergis Tavisufal atonalobaSi dawe-

rili ukanaskneli Txzulebaa. am nawarmoebis Semdeg iwyeba
misi Semoqmedebis seriuli periodi, magram Tavisi maswav-
leblis, Sonbergisgan gansxvavebiT, bergi dodekafonias
sakmaod Tavisuflad, araorTodoqsulad iyenebs. upir-
veles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom Tormettoniani seria
masTan gaazrebulia, rogorc Tema, nawarmoebis Tematuri
erTeuli; garda amisa, misi seriebi, umeteswilad, `tona-
luradaa Seferili~, Tavisi arsiT diatonuria; bergis
seriebi xSirad maqsimaluri intervaluri mravalferov-
nebiT gamoirCevian (sruliad sapirispiro movlenas aqvs
adgili anton vebernis SemoqmedebaSi) da gaSlili, droSi
dinamikurad ganviTarebadi formebis Seqmnis saSualebas
iZlevian. Tavis nawarmoebebSi bergi umTavresad barokos
da klasicizmis epoqebis formebs mimarTavs. barokos
epoqasTanaa aseve dakavSirebuli mis mier farTod gamo-

1
Berg, A. (1928) Das “Opernproblem”. In: Neue Musikzeitung, H. 9. Stu gart.

69
yenebuli koncertirebis principi, rac gansakuTrebiT
mkafiod vlindeba kamerul koncertSi fortepianos,
violinos da cameti Casaberi instrumentisTvis1 (1925,
eZRvneba arnold Sonbergs). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom nawar-
moebSi (iseve rogorc mTlianad bergis SemoqmedebaSi)
didi mniSvneloba eniWeba ricxvTa simbolikas. koncertSi
esaa 3 da 3-is jeradi ricxvebi: epigrafSi aRniSnuli sami
saxeli, nawilebis raodenoba, sakravTa jgufebi – klavi-
Siani, simebiani, Casaberi.
bergis kameruli koncerti kamerul-sakoncerto
simfonizmis tipuri nimuSia. amaze metyvelebs rogorc
ori Janris, simfoniis da koncertis dramaturgiuli da
formaqmnadi principebis Tanaarseboba, aseve sakravTa
mimarT gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba, TiToeuli
maTganis (solistebisac da ansamblis wevrebisac) indi-
vidualurobis xazgasma.
kameruli koncertis samnawilian kompoziciaSi,
romelic cezuris gareSe sruldeba, bergi upiratesobas
instrumentTa sxvadasxva tembrs aniWebs. ase, magali-
Tad: pirveli nawili dawerilia fortepianos da Casaberi
sakravebisTvis, meore – violinos da ansamblisTvis,
xolo mesameSi orive solisti monawileobs. realuri
solistebis garda (fortepiano, violino), cameti Casaberi
sakravi ara mxolod Tanxlebis, aramed solistTa ansam-
blis Tanasworuflebiani wevrebi arian da periodulad
mciremasStabian soloebs asruleben.

1
fleita piccolo, fleita, hoboi, inglisuri qaraxsa, klarneti in Es,
klarneti in A, banis klarneti, fagoti, kontrfagoti, sayviri, ori
valtorna, tromboni.
70
 kameruli koncertis musikaluri masala varia-
ciul-variantuli teqnikis farTo gamoyenebiT uwyveti
ganviTarebis ideas eqvemdebareba, rac vagneriseuli
usasrulo melodiidan iRebs saTaves. aRsaniSnavia, rom
koncertis partituraSi TiTqmis arsadaa sinqronuli
pauza, rac mis uwyvet denadobas uwyobs xels da, amasTa-
nave, gansakuTrebuli simZafriT gadmoscems Rrma Sina-
gani gancdis eqspresias.
kompoziciis uwyvet mTlianobas da erTianobas
aseve ganapirobebs misi xuTtaqtiani epigrafi, romlis
intonaciuri masala mTeli nawarmoebis Tematuri sa-
fuZvelia da venis axali skolis samive warmomadgenlis
– arnold Sonbergis, alban bergis da anton vebernis
monogramebs warmoadgens: ArnolD SCHönBErG, AlBAn BErG, Anton
wEBErn. esaa maTi erTianobis, Tanamoazreobis Taviseburi
simbolo.
kameruli koncertis yvelaze STambeWdavi nawi-
lia Adagio (II naw.), romelSic bergis musikis lirikuli ga-
momsaxvelobaa koncentrirebuli da uSualod migvaniS-
nebs mis memkvidreobiT kavSirebze avstriul-germanuli
musikis tradiciebTan da, gansakuTrebiT, g. maleris
STagonebul Adagio-ebTan. „kameruli koncerti bergis
yvelaze seriozuli nawarmoebia“, – wers pier bulezi1.
alban bergis, rogorc XX saukunis erT-erTi udi-
desi lirikosi kompozitoris, talanti gansakuTrebuli
sisavsiTaa warmoCenili mis lirikul siuitaSi simebia-
ni kvartetisTvis (1925).
1
Boulez, P. Alban Berg: Kammerkonzert. Werkeinführung. h ps://www.universale-
di on.com/alban-berg-51/werke/kammerkonzert-11450
71
 lirikuli siuita eqvsnawiliani ciklia, romel-
Sic kompozitorma Zalze originalur dramaturgiul
princips mimarTa: kontrastulobaze agebul ciklSi
ori, dramaturgiulad urTierTsapirispiro, pirobi-
Tad aRmavali da daRmavali ganviTarebis xazi ikveTeba.
pirvels, romelic siuitis I, III da V nawilebs moicavs da
tempis TandaTanobiT aCqarebazea agebuli (Allegre o, Alleg-
ro, Presto) – tragikuli kulminaciisken mivyavarT, xolo
meores – tempis Senelebaze agebuls (Andante, Adagio, Largo)
– kaTarzisisken. amgvar dramaturgiul princips bergma
mimarTa vocekSi, xolo mis modificirebul variants –
operaSi lulu da saviolino koncertSi.
bergis azrovnebis individualoba mkafiod Cans se-
riuli masalis Tavisufal ganviTarebaSi. seria misTvis
(gansakuTrebiT am ciklSi) ucvleli erTeuli araa. nawar-
moebis ganviTarebis procesSi igi cvlilebebs ganic-
dis (seriaSi bgerebis gadaadgilebiT), gansakuTrebiT
siuitis meeqvse nawilSi, sadac sawyisi Tormettoniani
rigidan kompozitori gamoyofs e. w. Halbreihe-s (naxevar
rigebs) da bgeraTa axal Tanmimdevrobas iRebs (realu-
rad axal serias)1. nawarmoebSi kompozitori aseve xSirad
mimarTavs Tavisufal atonalobas da tonalobas, maT
Soris im nawilebSi, romlebic umTavresad musikaluri
masalis seriuli integrirebis princips emyareba. am
mxriv aRsaniSnavia meeqvse nawili, romlis erT-erTi
yvelaze gamokveTili tonaluri fragmentia citata ri-

1
dawvrilebiT ix.: Berg, A. (1981) Neue Blä er zur “Lyrischen Suite” für Streich-
quarte . In: Glaube, Hoffnung und Liebe. Schri en zur Musik. Leipzig.

72
xard vagneris tristan da izoldadan, kerZod `tris-
tan-akordi~, romelic grZnobadi lirikis umaRlesi
gamoxatulebis simboloa (ix. partitura, VI naw. t. 26).
alban bergis Semoqmedebis seriuli periodis
centraluri nawarmoebia opera lulu1, romelic mas
daumTavrebeli darCa. operis mesame aqti, avtoriseuli
eskizebis safuZvelze, daasrula avstrielma kompozi-
torma fridrix cerham. samaqtiani lulus premiera Sedga
1979 wels parizis operaSi (diriJori – pier bulezi)2.
vocekis uzarmazari warmatebis Semdeg bergi
maleve Seudga axali operisTvis siuJetis Ziebas da,
marTalia, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi fiqrobda saopero
trilogiaze (Wozzeck, Wolfgang, Vincent), sabolood SeCer-
da vedekindis or dramaze lulus Sesaxeb, dilogiaze,
romlis nawilebis Erdegeist (miwis suli) da Die Büchse der
Pandora (pandoras yuTi) safuZvelze Seadgina libreto.
vocekisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac bergma upirateso-
ba vagneris operebis msgavs gamWol dramaturgias da
inst rumentul formebs mianiWa, lulu tradici ul
saopero formebs – aria, dueti, ansambli – efuZneba.
nawarmoebSi kompozitori pirobiTad mocartiseuli, e. w.
nomruli saopero dramaturgiis tips irCevs3. calkeuli
1
opera lulus libreto da misi qarTuli Targmani komentarebiT
ix.: bolaSvili, q.; sigua, m. XX saukunis musikis istoria. libretoebi.
2
ix.: Boulez, P. (1986). Lulu: The second opera. In: Orienta ons. Cambridge, Mas-
sachuse s: Harvard University Press.
3
aRsaniSnavia, rom mocartis, beThovenis da zogadad XIX saukunis
saopero dramaturgiasTan msgavseba ar gulisxmobs arc stilizacias da
arc neoklasicisturi tipis modelirebis meTodis gamoyenebas. mocart-
iseuli dramaturgiuli principebis gansxvavebul gamoyenebas vxvdebiT
neoklasicistur operaSi, kerZod, igor stravinskis operaSi qarafSu-
tas Tavgadasavali, rixard Strausis operebSi, hindemitTan da a. S.
73
nomrebi, magaliTad: lulus ariozo (I moqmedeba), simRe-
ra (Lied) da aria (II moqmedeba), lulus duetebi doqtor
SonTan (I moqmedeba), alvasTan (II moqmedeba), markizTan
(III moqmedeba) da sxva nomrebi did scenebad erTiandebian,
romlebic wminda musikaluri ideebiTaa gaerTianebuli.
kerZod, sonatur principzea dafuZnebuli mxatvris da
doqtor Sonis scena (I moqmedeba); qoraluri variaciebis
principia gamoyenebuli markizis da lulus dialogSi
(III moqmedeba); gamWoli ritmuli struqtura udevs sa-
fuZvlad scenas monoritmika (I moqmedeba). luluSi,
vocekis msgavsad, mniSvnelovan gamomsaxvel da gamaer-
Tianebel funqcias asrulebs orkestri da saorkestro
interludiebi.
operis musikaluri ena tipurad bergiseulia da ise-
ve rogorc gviani periodis mis sxva nawarmoebebSi, aqac
tonalobis, Tavisufali atonalobis da dodekafoniis
Taviseburi sinTezia mocemuli. sayuradReboa, rom opera-
Si bergi dodekafonias uaRresad originalurad iyenebs
da sawyisi seriis sxvadasxvagvar permutaciebs qmnis1 da
maT safuZvelze iRebs TiToeuli gmirisTvis, calkeuli
movlenisTvis da a. S. damaxasiaTebel intonaciur, moti-
1
fragmenti bergisadmi vebernis werilidan: „vfiqrob, Sens aRmo-
Cenebs seriis konstruirebis sferoSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs: sawyisi
rigidan [Reihe] permutaciebis (maTematikaSi amas, mgoni, swored ase
hqvia) meSveobiT axali seriebis miReba, romlebic Tan axalia da Tan
sawyis formasTan dakavSirebuli; aqedan gamomdinareobs SesaZleb-
loba, rom, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SeuZlebelia (rogorc Cans, Sen swored
es dro dagidga) oTxi ZiriTadi formiT da maTi transpoziciebiT
Semofargvla, es xerxi Zalian mniSvnelovania „urTierTkavSirisTvis“
da, SesaZloa, problemis saukeTeso gadawyveta“. veberni – bergs.
1929.28.09. cit. ix.: Векслер, Ю. (2009). Альбан Берг и его время: Опыт доку-
ментальной биографии. Санкт-Петербург: Композитор. – c. 673.
74
vur, harmoniul, ritmul birTvebs, laitmotivebs, anda e.
w. laitseqciebs (jorj perlis termini). aqve davamatebT,
rom bergi maT Errinerungsmo ve-s (dasamaxsovrebel moti-
vebs) uwodebda. ase, magaliTad, doqtor SonisTvis tipu-
ria mkveTri kvartuli svla, misi Svili alva daxasiaTe-
bulia patara seqstiT da umTavresad elegiuri tipis
melodikiT, momxibvlel lulus ki kompozitori moqnili
aRmavali moZraobis melodiiT axasiaTebs.
luluSi kompozitori did yuradRebas uTmobs
vokalur intonirebas. vocekis msgavsad, lulus par-
tituras win uZRvis intonirebis tipebis CamonaTvali da
maTi ganmarteba. „teqsti eqvsgvaradaa interpretirebuli:
1. rogorc dialogi, Tanxlebis gareSe; 2. rogorc Tavisufa-
li proza (TanxlebiT); 3. ritmulad fiqsirebuli StilebiT
da „kudebiT“, notis Tavebis gareSe; 4. rogorc Sprechs mme
maRal, saSualo da dabal poziciaSi (aRiniSneba Stilze
dasmuli jvriT); 5. naxevrad simReriT (aRiniSneba Stilze
dasmuli daxrili xaziT); 6. simRera, normaluri xmiT~1.
musikaluri Teatris istoriaSi cota nawarmoebi Tu
moiZebneba, romelTa arqiteqtonika, Tavisi simwyobriT da
logikurobiT, lulusas Seedreba. rogorc bergi aRniS-
navda, mTeli nawarmoebis centrs warmoadgens saorkestro
interludia meore aqtis pirvel da meore scenebs Soris,
romlis drosac, avtoris Canafiqris Tanaxmad, naCvenebi
unda iyos munji filmi. am antraqtSi operis mTavari gmiri
lulu aRwevs socialuri kibis mwvervals da amis Semdeg
iwyeba daRmasvla katastrofisken – lulus mkvlelo-
bisken operis finalSi. Sonbergisadmi miweril werilSi
1
ix. Berg., A. Lulu. Par tur. Wien: UE 32 526/1.
75
bergi aRniSnavda, rom lulus klientebis partiebi, rom-
lebic sxvenze mcxovrebs ewvevian (III moqmedeba), imave mom-
Rerlebma unda Seasrulon, romlebic misi momxibvlelo-
bis msxverplni iyvnen operis pirvel naxevarSi; dasawyisSi
– medicinis mrCeveli (usityvo roli), mxatvari (tenori),
doqtor Soni (baritoni), xolo finalSi – profesori
(usityvo roli), zangi (tenori), jek mfatravi (baritoni)1.
alban bergis opera lulu, rogorc pier bulezi
aRniSnavs, es aris „operaSi Tanamedroveobis SeWra, is
gansakuTrebuli momenti, rodesac e. w. `Tanamedrove~ ope-
ra warmogvidgeba, rogorc tradiciidan memkvidreobiT
uSualod miRebuli WeSmaritad Rirebuli forma“2.
luluze bergi 1928 wlidan muSaobda, mag ram
1935 wlis gazafxulze Sewyvita muSaoba operis parti-
turaze da mTlianad gadaerTo saviolino koncertis
Seqmnaze – XX saukunis musikis erT-erT yvelaze STa-
gonebul qmnilebaze. koncerti bergs daukveTa ruseTSi
dabadebulma amerikelma mevioline luis krasnerma (Louis
Krasner, 1903-1995) da mieZRvna `angelozis xsovnas~ – alma
maleris adre gardacvlil qaliSvil manon gropiuss.
ornawiliani saviolino koncerti, romlis Ti-
Toeuli nawili orad iyofa, gansakuTrebuli lirizmiT,
eqspresiiT, amaRelvebeli ganwyobiT da, amasTanave, moZ-
ravi, qmediTi saxeebiTaa ganmsWvaluli. masSi saocari
ostatobiTaa Serwymuli Zveli da axali: kompoziciis
Tavisufal-atonaluri da dodekafoniuri teqnika ba-
xis qoralTan Es ist genug, samxreT avstriul (karinTiul)
1
ix.: Redlich, H. F. (1957). Alban Berg. The man and his music. New York – p. 176.
2
Boulez, P. `Lulu~ – Die zweite Oper. In: Alban Berg: Lulu. CD Textbuch. DG B000001G6N.

76
xalxur melodiasTan da sxv. aRsaniSnavia, rom amgvari
SeuTavsebeli elementebis Serwymis erT-erTi mizezi
aris koncertis dodekafoniuri seriis Tavisebureba.
igi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli tonalur azrovnebasTan:
g – b – d – fis – a – c – e – gis – h – cis – es – f

seriis amgvari struqturis gamo saviolino kon-

certSi farTod gvxvdeba tradiciuli tonaluri azrov-
nebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tanxmovanebebi. garda amisa,
seria nawarmoebis ara mxolod konstruqciuli, aramed
mniSvnelovani Tematuri safuZvelia. seriis amgvarma
struqturam saSualeba misca kompozitors, absoluturad
organulad Semoetana baxis citata, romelic aRiqmeba ara
ucxo `sxeulad~, sxva epoqis niSnad, aramed mTeli nawarmoe-
bis logikur Sedegad, kaTarzisul ganwmendad gvevlineba.
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom Temis Cvenebisas sasule sakravebiT im-
itirebulia organis tembri, rac, marTalia, upirispirdeba,
nawarmoebis saerTo tembrul logikas, magram sakuTriv
qoralis Temas saerTo konteqstidan gamoarCevs.
saviolino koncertis premiera Sedga 1936 wlis 19
aprils barselonaSi.
alban bergi gardaicvala opera lulus mesame aqtis
partituraze muSaobisas.
bergma sakmaod mcirericxovani memkvidreoba datova.
sul TxuTmeti opus, magram, miuxedavad amisa, misi mniSvn-
eloba XX saukunis musikisTvis Zalze didia. bergis mier
Seqmnil TxzulebebSi, TiToeulSi misi Txutmeti nawarmoe-
bidan, demonstrirebulia adamianis piraduli, intimuri
samyaros faqizi wvdomis unari. yoveli maTgani mxatvruli

77
srulyofilebiT, daxvewili ostatobiT da tradicias da
Tanamedroveobas Soris mWidro kavSiriT gamoirCeva.

ZiriTadi nawarmoebebis sia

1901-04, adreuli simRerebi [Jugendlieder] xmis da forte-
pianosTvis
1907-08, op. 1, safortepiano sonata [Klaviersonate]
1909-10, op. 2, oTxi simRera [Vier Lieder] xmis da fortepianosTvis
1910, op. 3, simebiani kvarteti [Streichquarte ]
1912, op. 4, xuTi simRera peter altenbergis Ria bara-
Tebis teqstebze [Fünf Orchesterlieder nach Ansichtkartentexten von
Peter Altenberg] sopranos da orkestrisTvis
1913, op. 5, oTxi piesa [Vier Stücke] klarnetis da fortepianosTvis
1914-15, op. 6, sami piesa [Drei Stücke] orkestrisTvis
1914-22, op. 7, voceki [Wozzeck], samaqtiani opera
1923-25, o. op., kameruli koncerti [Kammerkonzert] fortepia-
nos, violinos da 13 Casaberi instrumentebisTvis
1925, o. op., damixuWe orTav Tvali [Schließe mir die Augen beide]
xmis da fortepianosTvis
1925-26, o. op., lirikuli siuita [Lyrische Suite] simebiani kvar-
tetisTvis
1929, o. op., Rvino [Der Wein] sakoncerto aria sopranos da or-
kestrisTvis
1929-35, o. op., lulu [Lulu] samaqtiani opera
1935, o. op., lulu-siuita [Lulu-Suite] sopranos da orkestris-
Tvis
1935, o. op., saviolino koncerti [Violinkonzert]

78
 anton veberni
(1883-1945)

anton veberni XX saukunis musikis erT-erTi yvelaze

TviTmyofadi da saintereso figuraa, romlis Semoq-
medebiTi individualoba uCveulo mravalferovnebiT
da, amasTanave, erTianobiT gamoirCeva. kompozitoris
musikaluri stili, misi SemoqmedebiTi meTodi saukunis
dasawyisSi sakuTari rTuli mxatvrul-esTetikuri Sexe-
dulebebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda. misi eqstraordi-
naruli individualoba xatovnad aqvs warmoCenili igor
stravinskis mokle werilSi vebernis gardacvalebidan
10 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT gamoqveynebul krebulSi
Die Reihe: „umecarTa da gulgrilTa samyaroSi sruli
warumateblobisTvis ganwiruli, is udrekad agrZeleb-
da almasebis dawaxnagebas, TvalismomWreli almasebis,
romelTa maRaroebi man srulyofilad icoda“1.
vebernis msoflmxedvelobis erT-erTi umniSvne-
lovanesi principi Sua saukuneebis da renesansis filoso-
fias da musikas efuZneba, romlebic man venis universitetSi
gvido adlerTan (Guido Adler, 1855-1941) swavlis periodSi
Seiswavla. am periodSi musikologi-veberni muSaobda
henrik izaakis Choralis Constan nus II. Graduale in mehrs mmi-
ger Bearbeitung (a cappella) redaqtirebasa da krebulis
gamosaqveyneblad momzadebaze; aseve dawera vrceli

1
ix.: Walsh, S. (2006). Stravinsky: The Second Exile: France and America, 1934–1971.
Berkley, Los Angeles: University of California Pre s. – p. 332.

79
Sesavali da Gradualis sanoto teqstis reviziis angariSi1;
garda amisa, monawileoba miiRo (gvido adlerTan da sxva
kolegebTan erTad) amave seriis 22-e tomis momzadebaSi2.
niderlandeli polifonistebis Semoqmedebam da iakob
biomes (Jakob Böhme, 1575-1624) Teosofiur-mistikurma
moZRvrebam udidesi gavlena moaxdines vebernis reli-
giuri msoflaRqmis umTavresi principis – sulieri siw-
mindisa da wonasworobis uzenaesobis – Camoyalibebaze,
romelic yvela mis nawarmoebs udevs safuZvlad. misi
nawarmoebebis yovelmxriv idealuri formebi, masalis
ganviTarebis mkacri logika, yvela elementis totaluri
urTierTkavSiri uSualod XV-XVI saukuneebis niderlan-
deli polifonistebis Semoqmedebidan momdinareobs.
anton vebernis msoflmxedveloba ZiriTadad qris-
tianuli humanizmis, Sua saukuneebis misticizmis da
kaTolicizmis oficialuri doqtrinis – neoTomizmis
principebs emyareba da uryev eTikur idealebs efuZneba,
rac mis SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebuli sisavsiT 20-40-ian
wlebSi aisaxa. adrindel nawarmoebebSi ki Tavs iCens
eqspresionizmis gavlena, Tumca Zalze Taviseburi saxiT.
moaxloebuli katastrofis winaTgrZnoba, uimedobisa
da martosulobis gancda masTan arasodes gadazrdila
isteriaSi da erotikaSi, yovlismomcvel SiSSi, fantas-
magoriul bodvaSi da demonur groteskSi. piriqiT, igi
mudam iswrafoda harmoniis da wonasworobisken. axalma
eqspresionistulma esTetikam im mxriv moaxdina gavle-

1
ix.: Denkmäler der Tonkunst in Österreich. Bd. 32, 1909.
2
Sechs Trienter Codices. Geistliche und weltliche Komposi onen des XV. Jahrhun-
derts. II. Auswahl. Bd. 22, 1904.
80
anton veberni

81
na vebernze, rom igi, iseve rogorc Sonbergi da bergi,
Tavisufal atonalobamde miiyvana.
vebernis msoflmxedvelobis kidev erTi mniSvne-
lovani komponentia i. v. goeTes (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,
1749-1832) naturfilosofia. buneba vebernis da goeTesT-
vis umaRlesi zneobrivi da esTetikuri idealia. garda
amisa, vebernis SemoqmedebiTi meTodis amosavali swored
goeTes mcenareTa metamorfozis1 idea gaxda, romelic
zustad miesadaga seriul azrovnebas, musikaluri qso-
vilis erTi marcvlidan, seriidan amozrdis princips.
goeTeseul metamorfozis ideas veberni universa-
lur principad aRiqvamda, romlis safuZvelzec bunebis
da `mxatvruli organizmis~ nebismieri kanonzomierebis
axsna xdeba SesaZlebeli. misi azriT, icvleba mxolod
mTavari ideis gamovlinebis forma da gamomsaxveli sa-
Sualebebi, Sinaarsi ki maradiulia. maSasadame, nebismi-
er SemTxvevaSi esaa erTi sawyisi azris, ideis varianti.
amgvari ganviTarebis umaRles idealad veberni miiCnevda
i. s. baxis fugis xelovnebas [KUNST DER FUGE] da l. beT-
hovenis mecxre simfoniis finals.
bunebis metamorfozis ideam, romelic ukve adreul
periodSi itacebda veberns, Tavisi asaxva mis Semoqme-
debaSi mxolod mas Semdeg pova, rac veberni dauaxlovda
avstriel poet qals hildegard iones, romlis leqsebzec
mas araerTi nawarmoebi aqvs Seqmnili.

1
ix.: Goethe, J. W. (1977). Die Metamorphose der Pflanzen. Stu gart: Freies
Geistesleben.
83
 ***

anton veberni daibada venaSi 1883 wlis 3 dekembers.

bavSvobaSi swavlobda Celoze dakvras. 90-iani wlebis
dasasruliT da 1900-ianebis dasawyisiTaa daTariRebuli
vebernis pirveli nawarmoebebi. 1902 wels man Caabara
venis universitetTan arsebul xelovnebis istoriis
institutSi, sadac cnobil musikolog gvido adler-
is xelmZRvanelobiT Seiswavlida XIV-XVI saukuneebis
musikis Teorias da praqtikas. 1906 wels vebernma daicva
disertacia niderlandel kompozitor henrik izaakis
sagalobelTa wignze CHORALIS CONSTANTINUS da mas filo-
sofiis doqtoris samecniero xarisxi mieniWa.
1904 wels vebernma arnold Son bergTan daiwyo
mecadineoba. maswavlebels da moswavles Soris Camo-
yalibebuli megobruli da mWidro SemoqmedebiTi ur-
TierToba vebernis tragikul sikvdilamde gagrZelda.
SonbergTan mecadineobis dasrulebis Semdeg veberni
qmnis Tavis yvelaze cnobil repertuarul nawarmoebebs
– xuTi piesa simebiani kvartetisTvis op. 5 (1909),
eqvsi piesa orkestrisTvis op. 6 (1910) da eqvsi bag-
ateli simebiani kvartetisTvis op. 9 (1913). amave
periodSi iwyeba vebernis sadiriJoro moRvaweoba. ve-
berni-diriJori koncertebs marTavda venaSi, miunxenSi,
berlinsa da londonSi. mis mgznebare saSemsruleblo
maneras xSirad malerisas adarebdnen.
1920-34 ww. veberni pedagogiur moRva weo basac
eweoda. igi atarebda kerZo gakveTilebs diriJoroba-
Si, praqtikul polifoniasa da harmoniaSi. 1932 da 1933

84
wlebSi kompozitorma waikiTxa leqciebis ori cikli,
romlebic 1960 wels gamoica saerTo saTauriT gza axa-
li musikisken [DER WEG ZUR NEUEN MUSIK]1.
veberni tragikulad daiRupa 1945 wlis 15 seqtem-
bers. igi amerikeli jariskacis SemTxveviTma gasrolam
imsxverpla.

***

vebernis Semoqmedeba, misi 31 opus-i sam periodad

SeiZleba daiyos. pirveli periodi – 1907-14 ww. _ moicavs
sxvadasxva Janris nawarmoebebs op. 1-dan op. 11-is CaTvliT;
meore periodi – 1914-26 ww. – op. 12-19, mTlianad vokalur
Janrebs warmoadgens; mesame periodi – 1927-45 ww. – op. 20-31,
kvlav Janrobrivi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva.
arnold Sonbergis da gansakuTrebiT alban bergis
musikaluri azrovnebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelTa Semo-
qmedeba, enis, kompoziciis teqnikis TvalsazrisiT, didi
mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva, vebernis TiTqmis yvela
nawarmoebSi (rogorc tonalurSi, ise Tavisufal-atona-
lursa da dodekafoniurSi) erTiani qromatuli sistema
moqmedebs. erTi melodiuri saqcevis aRmoCenac ki SeiZle-
ba, romelic mis yvela TxzulebaSia varirebuli. esaa e. w.
`vebern-motivi~, `vebern-akordi~ (d–b–cis1). vebernis harmo-
niuli enis ZiriTadi esTetikuri Taviseburebaa ukiduresi
simZafris da ukiduresi sinatifis, sinazis paradoqsuli
Serwyma. mis nawarmoebebSi organul mTlianobaSia moce-
1
ix.: Webern, A. (1960). Der Weg zur Neuen Musik. Universal Edi on. / Webern,
A. (1963). The Path to the New Music. (W. Reich, Ed., & L. Black, Trans.) London etc.:
Universal Edi on / Веберн, А. (1975). Путь к новой музыке. Лекции. Москва: Музыка.

85
muli musikaluri qsovilis yvela ganzomileba – horizon-
tali, vertikali da wminda veberniseuli `siRrmiseuli~
ganzomileba1. es ukanaskneli logikuradaa dakavSirebuli
vebernis nawarmoebebis droSi SemWidroebasTan, maTSi
mimdinare procesebis maqsimalur intensifikaciasTan,
rac, Tavis mxriv, vebernisaTvis specifikur tembrul
`poliqromulobas~2 warmoSobs.
vebernis Semoqmedeba uCveulo erTianobiT xasiaT-
deba da mis pirvelsave nawarmoebebSi, pasakaliaSi op. 1
da gundSi a cappella ENTFLIEHT AUF LEICHTEN KÄHNEN (msubuqi
navebiT gauCinareba) op. 2 (Stefan georges teqstze)
gviani stilis yvela ZiriTadi Tviseba iCens Tavs. amasTa-
nave, es ori nawarmoebi vebernis SemoqmedebaSi gancalkev-
ebiT dgas, radgan orive tonaluria.
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos pasakaliis mniSv-
neloba kompozitoris SemoqmedebiT memkvidreobaSi.
masSi vebernis stilis iseTi stabiluri Tvisebebi iCens
Tavs, rogorebicaa: Taviseburi melodiuri saqcevebi,
saxasiaTo tembruli kombinaciebi, musikaluri qsovilis
intensivoba, motivis d–b–cis konstruqciuli mniSvnelo-
ba, intervaluri jgufebis simetriuloba, interesi po-
lifoniuri Janris, pasakaliis mimarT da, rac mTavaria,
sakuTriv Temis puantilisturoba3.
tonalobis farglebi, romlebic op. 1 da op. 2-Si
ukiduresadaa gafarToebuli, op. 3 xuT simReraSi xmis
1
`siRrmiseuli~ ganzomileba musikaluri qsovilis iseT mravalpla-
nian organizebas gulisxmobs, romlis drosac calkeuli intonaciebi,
akordebi, bgerebic ki TiTqos erTi meoris ukanaa ganTavsebuli.
2
berZnuli sityvebidan `poli~ – bevri, `qroma~ – feri.
3
puantilizmi (point – fr. wertili) – musikis `wertilebiT~ weris
manera. araferi aqvs saerTo puantilizmTan ferweraSi.
86
da fortepianosTvis S. georges teqstebze saboloodaa
uaryofili.
vebernis atonaluri nawarmoebebidan gansakuTre-
bul yuradRebas iqcevs xuTi piesa simebiani kvar-
tetisTvis op. 5, romelSic, winamorbed TxzulebebTan
SedarebiT, yvelaze mkafiodaa gamovlenili musikaluri
qsovilis totaluri Tematizaciis principi. amasTanave,
xuT sakvarteto piesasa da eqvs piesaSi orkest-
risTvis op. 6 aSkarad SeiniSneba vebernis kavSirebi eqs-
presionizmis esTetikasTan da misTvis damaxasiaTebel
musikalur gamomsaxvelobasTan. Tumca aqve unda aRi-
niSnos, rom Sonbergis da bergisgan gansxvavebiT, veber-
nTan eqspresionistuli esTetika epizodurad iCens Tavs.
ufro zustad, vebernis eqspresionizmi gansakuTrebuli
lirizmiT, filigranuli daxvewilobiT da zomierebiT
xasiaTdeba.
eqvsi piesa orkestrisTvis lakonizmiT da emo-
ciuri gamomsaxvelobis saocari koncentrirebulobiT ga-
moirCeva. Tavad kompozitori aseT ganmartebas gvTavazobs:
`mokled piesebis xasiaTis Sesaxeb – isini wminda lirikuli
bunebisaa: pirveli ubedurebis moaxloebas asaxavs, meore –
mis garduvalobas, mesame – Zalze natifia; esaa Taviseburi
Sesavali meoTxe nawilis, samgloviaro marSisTvis; mexuTe
da meeqvse – epilogia: mogoneba da morCileba~1.
vebernis Semoqmedebis pirveli periodis erT-er-
Ti mwvervalia eqvsi bagateli simebiani kvartetis-
Tvis op. 9. am ciklisTvis damaxasiaTebelia ukiduresi
1
ix.: Stephan R. Weberns Werke auf deutschen Tonkunstlerfesten. In: Österreichis-
che Musikzeitschri , 1972, H. 3 – S. 126.
87
lakonizmi, koncentracia da ganzogadebuloba. pie-
sebSi kompozitori tembris, dinamikis da artikulaciis
specifikuri organizebis meSveobiT musikalur sivrces
mravalplanianobas, siRrmiseul ganzomilebas aniWebs,
rac stereofonul efeqts qmnis. swored amasTanaa daka-
vSirebuli musikaluri qsovilis saocari simkvrive da
intensivoba. bagatelebis gamocemas arnold Sonberg-
ma warumZRvara mokle winasityvaoba, sadac aRtacebiT
aRniSnavda: „zomierebis ra grZnobaa saWiro, ase mokled
rom gamoTqva azri. yoveli mzera SeiZleba iqces leqsad,
yoveli amosunTqva – romanad. magram romanis erTi Jes-
tiT da sixarulis erTi amosunTqviT gamoxatvisTvis
saWiroa uzarmazari koncentracia da TviTSebralebaze
uaris Tqma. am piesebs mxolod is gaigebs, visac swams, rom
bgerebiT mxolod imis gamoxatva SeiZleba, rasac bgerebi
amboben“1.
aTiani wlebis dasawyisSi vebernma Seqmna Torme-
tamde mcire saorkestro piesa, romelTagan xuTi gaaer-
Tiana ciklSi xuTi saorkestro piesa op. 10 (1911-13). es
piesebi vebernis tembruli azrovnebis ganviTarebis axal
etaps warmogvidgenen: orkestri gaazrebulia, rogorc
solistTa ansambli, sadac solistebis rols asruleben
rogorc simebiani da Casaberi instrumentebi, aseve – man-
dolina, gitara, Celesta, zanzalakebi, alpiuri zarebi da
a. S.2 xuTi saorkestro piesis tembruli Tavisebureba
1
Schönberg, A. (1924). Vorwort zur Par tur: Anton Webern. Sechs Bagatellen für
Streichquarte . UE 7575
2
samecniero kvlevebSi xSirad aRniSnaven, rom am sakravebis gamoy-
eneba STagonebuli iyo maleris simfoniebiT (## 6-8), romlebiTac
veberni aRfrTovanebuli iyo.
88
ukavSirdeba Sonbergis Klangfarbenmelodie-s individualur
gaazrebas, e. w. tembrul poliqromulobas. tembris mimarT
specifikuri damokidebulebis erT-erTi magaliTia pir-
veli piesis dasasruli, sadac bgera f oTxjer meordeba
sxvadasxva tembrSi da artikulaciiT: jer fleita solo,
Semdeg fleita da sayviri (con sordino), mxolod sayviri da
bolos Celesta. meore magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT
ciklis meoTxe, yvelaze lakoniuri piesa. am 6-taqtian
piesaSi simaRlisa da siRrmis sxvadasxva donezea ganaw-
ilebuli tembruli `laqebi~, ufro zustad – „tembruli
wertilebi“, romlebic dinamikis da artikulaciis Sesa-
bamisi xerxebis gamoyenebis gamo arsad ireva erTmaneTSi.
vebernis Semoqmedebis meore periodi (op. 12–19) mTli-
anad kamerul-vokalur Janrs moicavs, ZiriTadad simRe-
rebis (Lied) ciklebs sxvadasxva instrumentuli TanxlebiT:
fortepiano, orkestri, instrumentuli ansambli. aqve
unda aRiniSnos, rom vebernis 31 opus-idan 17 nawarmoebi
vokaluria, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom kompozitori did
mniSvnelobas aniWebda musikis da teqstis urTierTobis
sakiTxs. umTavresad igi mimarTavda sami Tanamedrove
poetis – georg traklis, Stefan georges da hildegard
iones (Georg Trakl, Stefan George, Hildegard Jone) teqstebs. garda
amisa, gvxvdeba r. m. rilkes, i. v. goeTes (R. M. Rilke, J. W. Goethe)
poezia da xalxuri leqsebi. Sinaarsobrivi TavlsazrisiT,
aRniSnuli poetebis SemoqmedebaSi mas umTavresad izidav-
da natifi peizaJebi da bunebis suraTebiT STagonebuli
poeturi fiqrebi. swored amgvari Sinaarsi ganapirobebs
vebernis vokaluri nawarmoebebis natifi saxeobrivi

89
niuansebis mdidar gamas, romelic musikis mier teqstis
detalebis gadmocemidan ibadeba. sityva vebernisTvis
musikaluri frazis amosavali wertilia; igi misdevs leqsis
struqturas. Tumca adreuli vokaluri nawarmoebebi, in-
strumentulebis msgavsad, aforistulobiT xasiaTdeboda
(magaliTad, op. 8), magram mogvianebiT vokaluri nawarmoe-
bebis stili TandaTan Seicvala: striqonebi dagrZelda,
ramac musikaluri frazebis gaxangrZliveba da simRerebis
calkeuli monakveTebis uwyveti ganviTareba gamoiwvia.
amdenad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom vokalur nawarmoebebSi ve-
berni melodias tradiciul kantilenur (cxadia, sakuTari
stilis farglebSi) saxes aniWebs, imavdroulad, gvxvdeba
didi naxtomebic (septima, nona), rac misi musikaluri enis
TaviseburebiTaa ganpirobebuli. vokaluri Txzulebebis
ganmasxvavebeli Tvisebaa, aseve, kvazihomofoniuri faq-
turis upiratesoba (melodia TanxlebiT), instrumentuli
nawarmoebebis polifoniurobisgan gansxvavebiT. ufro
zustad rom vTqvaT, vebernis simRerebSi yalibdeba lin-
earul-polifoniuri faqturis gansakuTrebuli tipi,
romelic omis Semdgomi avangardisti kompozitorebis
SemoqmedebaSi agrZelebs ganviTarebas.
vebernis vokaluri lirika sxvadasxvagvar nawar-
moebebs aerTianebs. aq vxvdebiT germanuli Lied-is tradi-
ciasTan mWidrod dakavSirebul simRerebs xmis da forte-
pianosTvis, maleriseul e. w. saorkestro simRerebs da,
aseve, swored XX saukunis musikisTvis damaxasiaTebel
simRerebs xmis da sxvadasxva Semadgenlobis instrumen-
tuli ansamblisTvis, magaliTad, op. 14, eqvsi simRera

90
xmis, klarnetis, banis klarnetis, violinos da CelosTvis
op. 15, xuTi sasuliero simRera xmis, fleitis, klar-
netis (banis klarnetis), sayviris, arfas da violinosTvis
(violasTvis) op. 16, xuTi kanoni laTinur teqstze
maRali sopranos, klarnetis da banis klarnetisTvis da
sxv. amgvari Semadgenlobis ciklebi uSualod momdinare-
obs Sonbergis mTvaris pierodan, Tumca am nawarmoebis
sxva specifikur Taviseburebas, Sprechgesang-s veberni
(bergisgan gansxvavebiT) ar mimarTavs.
vokalur nawarmoebebs Soris fsiqologiuri siRrmiT
da sirTuliT gamoirCeva vebernis ori cikli – op. 13 (qalis
xmis da orkestrisTvis) da op. 14 (qalis xmis da kameruli
ansamblisTvis); qristianuli simbolikiTaa gajerebuli
xuTi sasuliero simRera op. 15 da xuTi kanoni laT-
inur teqstebze op. 16. amave periods ganekuTvneba sami
simRera xalxur teqstebze op. 17 – vebernis pirveli
seriuli nawarmoebi1. magram kompoziciis axal teqnikaze,
axal musikalur enaze gadasvlas kompozitoris stilze
gavlena ar mouxdenia. pier bulezi wers: „vebernTan 12-to-
niani rigi aerTianebs mis leqsikons, magram kompozito-
ris SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas fundamenturad ar cvlis:
vebernis stilistika revoluciuri ukve dodekafoniur
periodamde iyo da es Tviseba Semdegac SeinarCuna“2. ami-
1
aRsaniSnavia, rom 1913-14 ww. veberni muSaobda ciklze xmis da or-
kestrisTvis Stefan georges leqsebze (op. gareSe), romlis xelnaweris
pirvel gverdze mocemulia 12-toniani rigi. msgavsi struqturebi
farTod aris gamoyenebuli bagatelebSic, magram jer, ra Tqma unda,
SeiZleba visaubroT mxolod spontanur 12-tonianobaze, dodekafo-
niuri sistemis gareSe.
2
Булез, П. (2004). Антон фон Веберн. В кн.: Булез, П. Ориентиры I. Москва: Ecce
homo/Logos-altera – с. 97.
91
tomaa, rom Sonbergis da bergisgan gansxvavebiT, vebernis
Semoqmedebis periodizacia ar ukavSirdeba kompoziciis
teqnikis Secvlas, musikaluri enis reformirebas.
vebernis Semoqmedebis mesame, gviani periodi iwye-
ba simebiani trioTi op. 20 (1927). rogorc cnobilia,
Tavisufali atonalobis pirobebSi rTuli iyo msxvili
instrumentuli kompoziciis struqturuli organi-
zeba. swored es iyo Sonbergis mier seriuli meTodis
Seqmnis erT-erTi mizezi. Sesabamisad, pirvel seriul na-
warmoebebSi (magaliTad, safortepiano siuita op. 25,
sasule kvinteti op. 26 da sxv.) serias da mis modifik-
aciebs Sonbergi xSirad ganixilavs, rogorc tonalo-
bis funqciur ekvivalents da amgvari urTierTobebis
safuZvelze agebs formas. analogiur princips mimarTa
vebernmac simebian trioSi, sadac tradiciuli, klasi-
kuri formebi gamoiyena. ornawiliani ciklis pirveli
nawili Adagio – Sesavlis funqcias asrulebs, xolo cik-
lis mTavari, meore nawili sonaturi formiTaa dawerili,
rac nawarmoebs vebernisTvis uCveulo masStabs aniWebs.
simebiani trio op. 20 da momdevno instrumentu-
li nawarmoebebi vebernis gviani stilisTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli `idealuri sulierebis~ brwyinvale nimu-
Se bia, rac, upirveles yovlisa, uaRresad daxvewil,
racionalur struqturebSi iCens Tavs. aRniSnuli Tvi-
sebebi mkafiod vlindeba simfoniaSi op. 21 (1928), rom-
lis gansakuTrebuloba musikaluri movlenebis droSi
ukiduresi SemWidroebiTaa gamowveuli: simfoniaSi
araa arc mxatvruli saxeebis Camoyalibebis da arc maTi

92
ganviTarebis stadiebi. nawarmoebi SeiZleba SevadaroT
kristals, romelic Tavis arss ar icvlis da SeiZleba
mxolod sxvadasxva mxridan davaTvalieroT. amgvarad,
upiratesoba eniWeba statikas, sawyisi mxatvruli saxis
variantul Cvenebas. ganviTarebis (tradiciuli gagebiT)
uqonloba aq tembruli poliqromulobiT, struqturu-
li simetriiT da frazebis agebis aperiodulobiTaa
kompensirebuli. simfoniaSi agreTve ikveTeba h. aimer-
tis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, vebernis gviani stilisTvis
tipuri, e. w. `lirikuli geometria~1, rac daxvewili eqs-
presiuli intonaciebis da mkacrad racionaluri struq-
turebis organul sinTezs gulisxmobs.
simetriis principis totaluri gamoyenebis magaliTia
koncerti cxra instrumentisTvis op. 24 (1934), rom-
lis seriis struqturis simetriulobas (da Sesabamisad,
mTeli nawarmoebis struqturas) kompozitori adarebs
Zvel laTinur palindroms. hildegard ionesadmi wer-
ilSi (1931 wlis 17 marti) veberni wers: „amJamad erT axal
(saorkestro) nawarmoebs Cavuyare safuZveli. iseTi rigi
Sevadgine, romelic TavisTavad Seicavs uaRresad rTul
kavSirebs. rigi, romelic SesaZloa raRaciT hgavs cnobil
Zvelebur gamonaTqvams: Sator Arepo Tenet Opera Rotas“2.

S A T O R
A R E P O
T E N E T
O P E R A
R O T A S
1
ix.: Eimert, H. (1955). Die notwendige Korrektur. In: Die Reihe: Anton Webern.
He 2. UE.
2
Веберн, А. (1975). Лекции о музыке. Письма. Москва: Музыка – c. 98.
93
 swored aseTi tipis simetria udevs safuZvlad kon-
certis serias, romelic oTxi sambgeriani segmentisgan
Sedgeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom seriis segmentebi iseTive
urTierTobaSia erTmaneTTan, rogorc seria da misi
modifikaciebi:
seria: h-b-d es-g-fis gis-e-f c-cis-a
P RI R I

koncertSi aSkaradaa gamoxatuli vebernis gviani peri-

odisTvis tipuri struqturuli Canafiqris universalizacia,
misi sirTule, rac omis Semdgomi musikaluri avangardis
warmomadgenlebis (k. Stokhauzeni, p. bulezi, l. nono da
sxv.) musikaluri azrovnebis erT-erT wamyvan principad
iqceva. kerZod, vebernis gviandel nawarmoebebSi xdeba
totaluri serializmis principebis kristalizacia.
magaliTad, safortepiano variaciebSi op. 27 (meore
nawili) mzaddeba e. w. jgufebis teqnika1, koncertSi op. 24
da variaciebSi orkestrisTvis op. 30 gansxvavebuli
parametrebis seriebs vxvdebiT (totaluri serializmi).
vebernis seriuli azrovnebis erT-erTi ganmasxva-
vebeli Taviseburebaa (romelic mkvlevarebs aZlevs sababs,
isaubron vebernis mier tradiciasTan kavSiris saboloo
gawyvetaze) is, rom mis instrumentul nawarmoebebSi, op. 21
simfoniis Semdeg, seria araa gaazrebuli Tematurad
(rogorc es xdeba bergis praqtikulad yvela da Sonbergis
zogierT seriul kompoziciaSi).

1
jgufebis teqnika gulisxmobs garkveuli simaRlis bgeris da
misi Sesabamisi dinamikuri, artikulaciuri da/an sxva parametris
erTdroul moqmedebas. jgufebis teqnika farTod gamoiyeneba karl-
hainc Stokhauzenis KLAVIERSTÜCK-ebSi.
94
 anton vebernis Semoqmedebis mesame periodis nawar-
moebebs Soris aRsaniSnavia misi sami kantata – Tvalis
sinaTle [DAS AUGENLICHT] op. 26, pirveli kantata op. 29
da meore kantata op. 31 (samive nawarmoebi hildegard
iones teqstze), romlebic, ZiriTadad, lirikul-filo-
sofiur mxatvrul saxeTa irgvlivaa koncentrirebuli.
kantata DAS AUGENLICHT Sereuli gundis da orkes-
trisTvis veberniseuli lirizmis erT-erTi mwvervalia.
iones leqsis nazi, natifi, daxvewili poeturi samyaro
Tvisobrivad msgavsi musikaluri eniTaa gadmocemu-
li. kompoziciurad ki kantata mkacri stilis motets
mogvagonebs. DAS AUGENLICHT vebernis nawarmoebebs So-
ris gamonakliss warmoadgens: mis premieras 1938 wels
inglisSi didi warmateba xvda wilad (BBC-is gundi da
orkestri, diriJori herman Serxeni). premieris Semdeg
vebernma miswera hildegard iones: „gasul kviras Cveni
Augenlicht-is londonSi Sesrulebam sasixarulo ambebi
moitana. aris aseTi sityvebi: „WeSmariti triumfi“,
„sixarulis yiJina da enTuziazmi“ da a. S. da es SeiZleba
iTqvas Augenlicht-is londonis Sesrulebaze (Sesruleba
Queenshall-Si!!! 5000-ian darbazSi)“1.
pirveli kantata op. 29 Tavdapirvelad Cafi-
q re buli iyo, rogorc simfonia vokaluri partiiT,
magram muSaobis procesSi igi gardaiqmna samnawilian
kantatad sopranos, gundis da orkestrisTvis. kanta-
tis saorkestro partias, romelic vebernisTvisac ki
iSviaTi gamWvirvalobiT xasiaTdeba, kompozitori mas
1
Angerer, M. Anton Webern: Das Augenlicht: Werkeinführung. Universal Edi on:
h ps://www.universaledi on.com/anton-webern-762/werke/das-augenlicht-1789
95
basso continuo-s adarebda. aRsaniSnavia, rom pirveli
kantata enaTesaveba renesansis da barokos epoqebis
rogorc polifoniur azrovnebas, ise nawilebis formas,
kerZod, misi finali oTxxmiani ormagi fugaa. garda ami-
sa, kompozitori farTod iyenebs am epoqebSi gavrcele-
bul e. w. ritorikul figurebs, musikaluri intonaciis
meSveobiT axdens im saxeTa konkretizacias, romlebsac
Seicavs teqsti, konkretuli sityvebis mTlianisgan da-
moukideblad. vili raixisadmi (Willi Reich, 1898-1980) miwer-
il werilSi vkiTxulobT: „kantata (op. 29) dasrulebulia.
konstruqciiT es aris oTxxmiani ormagi fuga. magram Tema
da kontrTema pirveli da meore winadadebis msgavsia
(periodi); amgvarad, CarTulia azris gadmocemis sxva,
horizontaluri principis elementebi. aseve SesaZle-
belia skercos da variaciebis niSnebze saubari! magram
mainc, es mkacri fugaa“1.
meore kantata op. 31 vebernis ukanaskneli da-
srulebuli nawarmoebia. esaa eqvsnawiliani cikli so-
listebis (soprano da bani), gundis da orkestrisTvis,
kompozitoris azriT, Taviseburi Missa Brevis. amiT igi
masSi gabatonebul religiur saxeobriobas usvamda xazs
da hildegard ionesTvis miweril werilSi pirdapir
miuTiTebda, rom kantatis TiToeuli nawili mesis naw-
ils Seesatyviseba. kantatis pirvel or nawilSi, sadac
banis soloa wamyvani, aseve gvxvdeba solo instrumen-
tuli CanarTebi: fleitis, violinos, valtornis mokle
melodiuri frazebi. meore nawili vrceli kanonia xmas da

1
Веберн, А. (1975). Лекции о музыке. Письма. Москва: Музыка – c. 111.

96
orkestrs Soris. dabali xmis solirebis Semdeg kompozi-
tori cvlis momdevno nawilis tembrul Seferilobas
da mTavari struqturuli birTvis eqsponirebas solo
sopranos da gundis qalTa xmebs akisrebs. soprano agrZe-
lebs dominirebas momdevno nawilSic, magram amjerad
ara gundTan, aramed solo violinosTan erTad. solisti
momRerlis da instrumentalistis amgvari Tanafardo-
ba axlosaa barokos epoqis kantatebis, oratoriebis da
pasionebis ariebis struqturasTan. dabolos, kantatis
meeqvse nawili kvlav barokos epoqas, ufro zustad, baxis
kantatebis finaluri gundebis struqturas mogvagonebs.
vebernTanac, iseve rogorc baxTan, gundis partias or-
kestri dublirebs da aZlierebs.
amgvarad, anton vebernis musikaluri azrovnebis Tav-
isebureba mdgomareobs masalis totaluri koncentraciis
da integraciisken swrafvaSi, mTlianis erTi Ziridan amoz-
rdaSi. es Tviseba Tavs iCens misi nawarmoebebis formis
iSviaT lakonizmSi, gamomsaxvel saSualebaTa ekonomiuro-
baSi, faqturis puantilisturobaSi, musikaluri masalis
ara tradiciulad – droSi, aramed sivrceSi ganviTarebaSi.
vebernis musikis am gansakuTrebuli Tvisebis Sesaxeb igor
stravinski aRniSnavs: „vebernma aRmoaCina axali Tanafar-
doba musikalur obieqts da Cvens Soris da amiT daadgina
musikaluri drois axali ganzomileba“1.

1
Нестьев, И. (Ред.) (1975). Зарубежная музыка ХХ века: Материалы и документы.
Москва: Музыка – c. 56.
97
 ZiriTadi nawarmoebebis sia
1908, op. 1, pasakalia [Passacaglia] orkestrisTvis
1908, op. 2, msubuqi navebiT gauCinareba [En lieht auf Leichten
Kähnen] gundi a cappella
1907-08, op. 3, xuTi simRera [Fünf Lieder] xmis da fortepianosTvis
1908-09, op. 4, xuTi simRera [Fünf Lieder] xmis da fortepianosTvis
1909, op. 5, xuTi piesa simebiani kvartetisTvis [Fünf Sätze
für Streichquarte ]; 1929, versia simebiani orkestrisTvis
1909-10; red. 1928, op. 6, eqvsi piesa [Sechs Stücke] orkestrisTvis
1910, op. 7, oTxi piesa [Vier Stücke] violinos da fortepianosTvis
1910, op. 8, ori simRera [Zwei Lieder] xmis da fortepianosTvis
1913, op. 9, eqvsi bagateli [Sechs Bagatellen] simebiani kvarte-
tisTvis
1911-13, op. 10, xuTi piesa [Fünf Stücke] orkestrisTvis
1914, op. 11, sami patara piesa [Drei kleine Stücke] Celos da for-
tepianosTvis
1915-17, op. 12, oTxi simRera [Vier Lieder] xmis da fortepianos-
Tvis
1914-18, op. 13, oTxi simRera [Vier Lieder] xmis da orkestrisTvis
1917-21, op. 14, eqvsi simRera [Sechs Lieder] xmis, klarnetis,
banis klarnetis, violinos da CelosTvis
1917-22, op. 15, xuTi sasuliero simRera [Fünf geistliche Lieder]
xmis, fleitis, klarnetis (banis klarnetis), sayviris, arfas da
violinosTvis (violas)
1923-24, op. 16, xuTi kanoni laTinur teqstze [Fünf Canons nach
lateinischen Texten] maRali sopranos, klarnetis da banis klarne-
tisTvis
1924, op. 17, sami simRera xalxur teqstebze [Drei Volkstexte]
xmis, violinos (violas), klarnetis da banis klarnetisTvis

98
1925, op. 18, sami simRera [Drei Lieder] xmis, klarnetis da gita-
risTvis
1926, op. 19, ori simRera [Zwei Lieder] Sereuli gundis, violi-
nos, klarnetis, banis klarnetis, gitaris da CelestasTvis
1927, op. 20, simebiani trio [Streichtrio]
1928, op. 21, simfonia [Symphonie]
1930, op. 22, kvarteti [Quarte ] violinos, klarnetis, tenor-
saqsofonis da fortepianosTvis
1934, op. 23, sami simRera [Drei Lieder] xmis da fortepianosTvis
1934, op. 24, koncerti [Konzert] cxra instrumentisTvis
1934-35, op. 25, sami simRera [Drei Lieder] xmis da fortepianos-
Tvis
1935, op. 26, Tvalis sinaTle [Das Augenlicht] Sereuli gundis
da orkestrisTvis
1936, op. 27, variaciebi fortepianosTvis [Varia onen für Klavier]
1937-38, op. 28, simebiani kvarteti [Streichquarte ]
1938-39, op. 29, kantata #1 [Erste Kantate] sopranos, Sereuli
gundis da orkestrisTvis
1940, op. 30, variaciebi orkestrisTvis [Varia onen für Orchester]
1941-43, op. 31, kantata # 2 [Zweite Kantate] sopranos, banis, gun-
dis da orkestrisTvis

99
 igor stravinski
(1882-1971)

igor stravinskis Semoqmedebis fenomeni Zalze rTu-

li da mravalmniSvnelovani movlenaa. igi XX saukunis
musikis erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani figura da reper-
tuaruli kompozitoria, romlis stili uprecedentod
mravalferovania. stravinskis Semoqmedeba XX saukunis
TiTqmis yvela stilTan aris dakavSirebuli; ufro zus-
tad, TiToeul im mimdinareobas, romliTac xangrZlivi
SemoqmedebiTi gzis manZilze dainteresda, man individu-
aluri interpretacia misca.
stravinski ruseTSi dabadebuli kompozitoria, mag-
ram misi Semoqmedebis ganxilva mxolod rusuli musikis
konteqstSi ar migvaCnia sworad, vinaidan misi stilis,
SemoqmedebiTi individualobis formirebaze uzarmazari
gavlena moaxdina fin de siècle-is epoqis frangulma kultu-
ram. marTalia, kompozitori sistematurad aRniSnavda,
rom rusulad fiqrobs, rac, bunebrivia, uaRresad mniSv-
nelovani faqtoria, magram, miuxedavad amisa, stravinski
aris ara mxolod da ara imdenad rusuli, ramdenadac
msoflio kulturis mniSvnelovani nawili.

***

igor stravinski inteleqtuali xelovania, romlis

mravalferovani Semoqmedeba warmogvidgeba, rogorc
gansxvavebuli, xSirad urTierTsapirispiro ideebis
realizebis rTuli kompleqsi. amasTanave, stravin-
100
igor stravinski

101
s kis maneris siRr mi seuli Tvisebebi, misi arqetipi
samocwliani SemoqmedebiTi gzis manZilze TiTqmis ucv-
leli darCa. ukve sawyis stadiazeve Camoyalibda igi,
rogorc stiqiuri ZaliT dajildoebuli `barbarosi~,
rogorc `esTeti~, romelic sxvadasxva epoqis stilTa
modelirebas axdens (maT Soris, folklorisac), da
mkacri `asketi~, romelic uars ambobs yovelgvar orna-
mentulobaze. magram aqve unda iTqvas, rom es Tvisebebi
stravinskis Semoqmedebis evoluciur gzaze gansxvave-
buli intensivobiT iCens Tavs.
XX saukunis 10-ian wlebSi axalgazrda stravinskis
gamoCenam sazogadoeba siaxliT da uCveulobiT ganacvif-
ra. misi adrindeli nawarmoebebi gajerebulia sicocxlis
siyvaruliT, sadResaswaulo ganwyobiT, pirvelyofili
Semtevi energetikiT. 20-iani wlebidan moyolebuli ki
misi musikaluri ena ufro mkacri da grafikuli gaxda,
Tumca sadResaswaulo tonusi ZiriTadad SenarCunebu-
lia. amasTanave, stravinskis musika TiTqmis arasodes
atarebda gaxsnil, emociur xasiaTs. masSi mudam SeigrZ-
noba Sinagani simSvide, e. w. `dinamikuri simSvide~, ro-
gorc Tavad kompozitorma gansazRvra sakuTari mxatv-
ruli ideali. stravinskis esTetikis swori gagebisTvis
aucilebelia imis gaTvaliswineba, rom emociuri sawyisi
masTan yovelTvis inteleqtiT, racioTi imarTeba. stra-
vinskis pozicia mkafiod Cans mis sityvebSi: „mimaCnia, rom
musika, misi bunebidan gamomdinare, uZluria, raime gamo-
xatos, gind iyos grZnoba, gonebis wyoba, anda fsiqolo-
giuri mdgomareoba. bunebis movlena Tu sxva raimes

103
gamoxatva arasodes yofila musikis ganuyreli Tviseba.
es aranairad ar aris misi arsebobis mizani“1.
samocwliani SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobis manZilze
stravinski gansxvavebul mxatvrul sistemebs mimarTavda.
dasawyisSi man rusuli klasikuri musikis (p. Caikovski, m.
musorgski, n. rimski-korsakovi) da arqauli folkloris
tradiciebi aiTvisa da impresionizmis miRwevebiT gaam-
didra; Semoqmedebis meore periodSi man upiratesoba
zogadevropul tradiciebs da maJor-minorul sistemas
mianiWa; bolos ki – seriuli teqnika aiTvisa, Tumca stra-
vinskisTan seriuli azrovneba mniSvnelovnadaa modifi-
cirebuli, mas diatonuri azrovnebis kvali amCnevia. amave
dros, weris romeli manerisTvisac ar unda mieniWebina mas
upiratesoba an romeli epoqis modelic ar unda SeerCia, is
mudam inarCunebda individualuri stilis iseT stabilur
maxasiaTeblebs, rogorebicaa: Tematizmis tipi, faqturis
wyoba, ritmuli organizebis Tavisebureba, dominanturo-
bis aridebis tendencia, saorkestro palitris umciresi
detalic ki. CamoTvlil maxasiaTeblebs Soris umTavresi
ritmi da misi individualuri gaazrebaa. amis Sesaxeb olivie
mesiani wers: „stravinskim – musikos-qameleonma, aTas erTi
stilis adamianma gvianderZa totalurad unificirebuli
ritmis ganZi, romelic misi pirveli nawarmoebidan ukanask-
nelamde srulyofil TaRs qmnis, aRmasvla martividan
rTulisken da Semdeg daRmasvla rTulidan martivisken“2.
igor stravinski daibada 1882 wels oranienbaumSi
(sanqt-peterburgTan axlos), saimperatoro saopero
1
Stravinsky, I. (1975). An Autobiography. Ney York, Lindon: Calder and Boyars – p. 53.
2
Messiaen, O. (1939). Le rythme chez Igor Strawinsky. La Revue musicale, N 191, p. 331.
104
Teatris solistis, cnobili momRerlis (bani) fiodor
stravinskis ojaxSi. umaRlesi ganaTleba stravinskim
sanqt-peterburgis universitetSi miiRo (iuridiuli
fakulteti). cxra wlidan momaval kompozitors aswav-
lidnen musikas, xolo mogvianebiT ukve universitetis
studenti stravinski kerZod mecadineobda n. rimski-
korsakovTan, Tumca maTi urTierToba sakmaod xanmokle
aRmoCnda.
stravinskis biografiaSi metad mniSvnelovani Tari-
Ria 1908 weli. am wels peterburgSi aleqsandr zilotis
diriJorobiT Sesrulda misi ori nawarmoebi – foier-
verki da fantastikuri skerco. koncerts eswreboda
sergei diagilevi1, romelmac udidesi gavlena moaxdina
stravinskize, mis Semoqmedebazec da biografiazec.
stravinskis musikis gacnobisTanave diagilev ma mas
daukveTa baleti faskunji, romlis premieram pariz-
Si axalgazrda ucnob kompozitors msoflio aRiareba
moutana.
1909-10 wlidan stravinski ZiriTadad parizSi cxov-
robda, 1914 wlidan – SveicariaSi. 1934 wels stravinskim
safrangeTis moqalaqeoba miiRo, xolo 1939-dan aSS-Si
gadasaxlda.
igor stravinski gardaicvala 1971 wels.

1
sergei diagilevi (1972-1929) – cnobili rusi sazogado moRvawe,
antrepreniori. XX saukunis dasawyisSi man organizeba gaukeTa e. w.
`rusul sezonebs~ parizsa da londonSi, raTa evropeli mayureblis
da msmenelisTvis gaecno rusuli xelovnebis saukeTeso nimuSebi
(imarTeboda gamofenebi, sabaleto da saopero speqtaklebi).

105
 ***

stravinskis SemoqmedebiTi biografia sam did

periodad iyofa. TiToeulSi mravali elementia Ser-
wymuli, moqmedeben gansxvavebuli SemoqmedebiTi im-
pulsebi, magram yoveli periodisTvis erTi generaluri
principia damaxasiaTebeli – principi, romelic stilis
evoluciis mxolod mocemuli eta pisTvisaa tipuri.
Tanamedroveni stravinskis stili sturi evoluciis
yovel momdevno `zigzags~, momdevno etaps, umTavresad,
winamorbedis uaryofad aRiqvamdnen, magram istoriul
perspeqtivaSi ikveTeba, rom axali ideebis kristal-
izeba yovelTvis jer kidev wina periodSi xdeba. ase,
magaliTad, pirveli, e. w. `rusuli~ periodis wiaRSi,
mavramde da qorwilamde Seiqmna pulCinela da ja-
riskacis ambavi, nawarmoebebi, romlebSic mkafiodaa
dafiqsirebuli neoklasicizmis esTetikuri programa;
analogiurad, 1944 wels stra vinski iwyebs muSaobas
mesa ze, romelSic mzadde ba gvia ni stilis tipuri
Tvisebebi – asketizmi, kompoziciis teqnikis raciona-
lizmi, grafikuloba.
stravinskis Semoqmedebis pirveli, `rusuli~ periodi
(1909-23 ww.) sami erTaqtiani baletiT ixsneba, romlebic
absoluturad mowifuli avtoris stils warmogvidgenen,
miuxedavad imisa, rom pirveli baleti faskunji1 (1909)
kompozitoris pirveli seriozu li nawarmoebia. man
1
faskunji, Жар-птица (rus.), L’Oiseau de feu (fr.) – premiera: 1910, 25 ivnisi,
parizis opera; qoreografi – mixail fokini, mxatvrebi – aleqsandr
golovini, leon baqsti; mTavar rolebSi – tamara karsavina, mixail
fokini, vera fokina.

106
momTxovni parizeli msmenelis yuradReba miipyro da misi
aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia, upirveles yovlisa, feeriu-
li koloritiT, egzotikuri sanaxaobiTobiT. baletis
musikaluri dramaturgia urTierTdapirispirebuli in-
tonaciuri sferos safuZvelze yalibdeba. esenia: kaSCeis
samefos pirquSi intonaciebi, faskunjis feeriul-orien-
taluri da ivan-careviCis da nawilobriv mefis asulebis
tipurad rusuli sasimRero intonaciebi. swored am sami
intonaciuri sferos urTierTobidan amoizrdeba bale-
tis musikaluri ganviTareba: Tavdapirvelad eqsponi-
rebulia kaSCeis samefo, Semdeg warmogvidgeba faskunji
da bolos ikveTeba rusuli intonaciebi. baletis par-
tituraSi, romelic saocari feradovnebiT gamoirCeva,
iSviaTad gvxvdeba Tema-melodiebi. ukve am pirvel msxvil
nawarmoebSi gamovlinda stravinskis stilisTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli mokle melodiuri saqcevebis (попевки) aqcen-
tireba, romlebic individualuri kilo-tonaluri da
tembruli SeferilobiT xasiaTdebian.
stravinskis meore erTaqtiani baleti petruS-
1
ka (1910-11) kompozitoris stilis evoluciis Semdegi
safexuria. petruSkaSi, romelsac aleqsandr benuam
`baleti-quCa~ uwoda, kompozitoris saocari tembruli
fantazia mTeli srulyofilebiT gamovlinda. aq farTod
gvxvdeba siaxlis iseTi gamovlinebebi, rogorebicaa:
uCveulo tembruli Sexamebebi, sxvadasxvagvari saansamb-

1
petruSka, Петрушка (rus.), Pétrouchka (fr.) – premiera: 1911, 13 ivnisi,
parizis Satles Teatri (Théâtre du Châtelet); qoreografi – mixail fo-
kini, mxatvari – aleqsandr benua; mTavar rolebSi – vaclav niJinski,
tamara karsavina.
107
lo, solo da tu JReradobebi, romlebic stravinskis
mier orkestris virtuozul flobas cxadyofen1.
baletis dramaturgia ori polusis dapirispire-
bazea agebuli. erTi mxriv, kompozitori warmogvidgens
xalxs, sadResaswaulod ganwyobil Wrel masas (pirvel da
meoTxe suraTebSi), meore mxriv ki, sam personaJs – petruS-
kas, balerinas da araps, romelTagan gansakuTrebuli
mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva petruSka (meore da mesame
suraTebi). petruSkasgan gansxvavebiT, masTan dapirispi-
rebuli personaJebi – balerina da arapi, – zedapiruli,
Sinagani samyaros TvalsazrisiT, SezRuduli tipaJebia.
petruSkas musikaluri portreti, eqsponirebuli
meore suraTSi, misi emociuri samyaros or ZiriTad
Tvisebazea koncentrirebuli – tanjva, sulieri tki-
vili da protesti, – da gansxvavebuli tembrebiT da
intonaciebi Taa daxasiaTe bu li: politonaluri mo-
tivi, agebuli C-dur da Fis-dur samxmovanebebis bgerebze
ori klarnetis partiaSi da fagotis daRmavali mwuxare
sekunduri moZraoba. es ori motivi petruSkas saxis in-
tonaciuri „formula“, misi laitmotivia. rac Seexeba
balerinas da araps, maT kompozitori umTavresad cekvis
(valsi) da marSis JanrebiT axasiaTebs.
stravinskis mesame `rusuli~ baleti-rituali
saRvTo gazafxuli2 (1912-13) misi Semoqmedebis pir-
1
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom stravinskis saorkestro stilisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia solirebis principis farTo gamoyeneba, rogorc
mcire, ise did SemadgenlobebSi, genetikurad ukavSirdeba koncertis
Janrs, ufro zustad, barokos epoqaSi gavrcelebuli koncertirebis
princips da ideas.
2
saRvTo gazafxuli, Весна священная (rus.), Le Sacre du printemps (fr.) –
premiera: 1913, 29 maisi, parizis elises mindvrebis Teatri (Théâtre des
Champs-Élysées); qoreografi – vaclav niJinski, mxatvari – nikolai rerixi.

108
veli mniSvnelovani kulminaciaa da, amasTanave, is aris
nawarmoebi, romlis premiera kraxiT dasrulda.
saRvTo gazafxulis partituram uprecedento
novatorobiT udidesi gavlena moaxdina XX saukunis
musikalur xelovnebaze. saRvTo gazafxuli, a. Son-
bergis mTvaris pieros msgavsad, msoflioSi mimdinare
istoriuli procesebiT, kerZod, pirveli msoflio omis
wina periodiT gamowveul emociur atmosferos asaxavs,
magram grandiozuli cvlilebebis molodini stravinskis
mier (iseve rogorc primitivistebis, futuristebis da
sxvaTa mier) aRiqmeba ara rogorc katastrofa, aramed
rogorc ganaxlebis mZlavri impulsi. am nawarmoebSi
aqcentirebuli pirvelqmnili TviTmyofadoba, warmar-
Tuli ruseTis suraTebis musikaluri enis, azrovnebis
srul ganaxlebas iwvevs. mkafio konturebi, gaSiSvlebu-
li koloriti, kontrastuli dapirispireba, uCveulo,
aqtiuri ritmebi – aseTia am antiromantikuli da anti-
impresionistuli nawarmoebis zogierTi Tavisebureba.
saRvTo gazafxulis moqmedi pirebi warmarTuli
ruseTis adamianebi arian, bunebis stiqiur da adamianis
arsis primitiul ZalebTan mWidrod dakavSirebulni.
kompozitorma saocari simZlavriT asaxa stiqiur ZalTa
afeTqeba, sagazafxulo ganaxlebis procesi.
baletis musikaluri dramaturgia ori sawyisis
dapirispirebazea agebuli: erTi maTgani ganaxlebas,
axalgazrdebs ukavSirdeba da maT aqtiur, moZrav samya-
ros ganasaxierebs; meore ki – uxucesTa mZlavr, dinj,
statikur saxes.

109
 saRvTo gazafxuli fagotis cnobili soloTi iw-
yeba, romelsac inglisuri qaraxsas Tema pasuxobs, aseve
lakonuri, anhemitonuri, arqauli. swored es ori Tematuri
warmonaqmni gansazRvravs mTeli baletis da, amasTanave,
stravinskis mowifuli stilis Taviseburebas. es Temebi Sem-
dgom calkeul motivebad, Tematur saqcevebadaa danawev-
rebuli, romlebic migrireben scenidan scenaSi da aqtiur
gardaqmnas ganicdian. am Tematuri birTvebis intonaciuri
safuZveli umeteswilad CrdiloeT ruseTis folkloria,
Tumca maTi identificireba, konkretuli wyaros moZieba
praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, vinaidan stravinski mxolod
folkloris zogad kanonzomierebebze amaxvilebs yu-
radRebas da ara konkretul folklorul wyaroze.
saRvTo gazafxulis novatoroba yvelaze mkafi-
od ritmis sferoSi gamovlinda. kompozitorma am Txzu-
lebaSi pirvelad gamoiyena motivebis ritmuli varirebis
axali principi: yoveli intonaciuri saqcevi mudmiv
horizontalur moZraobaSia da misi calkeuli bgerebi,
mikrointonaciebi mudmiv ganaxlebas ganicdian (aqcen-
tebis gadanacvleba, metris cvla da a. S.). amgvari inten-
siuri `Sinagani sicocxle~ xels uwyobs mravalgvari
ostinatoebis warmoqmnas, romlebic xSirad partituris
sxvadasxva `sarTulzea~ ganlagebuli.
pirveli msoflio omis wlebi stravinskim Sveicaria-
Si gaatara. aq 1918 wels man Seqmna jariskacis ambavi1,
1
jariskacis ambavi, L’Histoire du soldat (fr.) – premiera: 1918, 28 seq-
temberi, lozana,diriJori ernest anserme (Ernest Ansermet, 1883-1969).
dagegmili momdevno Sesrulebebi Sveicariis sxva qalaqebSi gauqmda
e. w. espanuri gripis pandemiis gamo.

110
nawarmoebi, romelsac gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia
(balet pulCinelasTan erTad) `rusuli~ periodis Semoq-
medebaSi, vinaidan swored masSi gamoikveTa pirvelad axali
neoklasikuri stilis niSnebi. jariskacis ambavSi axali
mimarTulebiT viTardeba stravinskis instrumentuli sti-
li, is xerxebi, romlebic wina nawarmoebebSi iyo SemuSavebu-
li. amasTanave, am TxzulebaSi pirvelad gvxvdeba mkiTxve-
lis partia, rac Sua saukuneebis misteriebs mogvagonebs.
sakuTriv nawarmoebis agebis, musikaluri dramaturgiis
principi sabaleto divertismentis, XVIII saukunis siuitis
modelzea orientirebuli, magram aq gamoyenebulia ara
klasicizmis epoqis cekvebi, aramed Tanamedrove – tango,
valsi, regTaimi. siuiturobasTan erTad mniSvnelovania
gamWoli intonaciebis mniSvneloba, romlebic migrireben
epizodidan epizodSi, xolo eSmakis saxesTan dakavSirebul
epizodebSi ki deformirebas ganicdian.
jariskacis ambavi Zalze uCveulo nawarmoebia
rogorc intonaciuri wyobiT, ise dramaturgiis da inst-
rumentobis TvalsazrisiT. stravinskim iseTi Semadgenlo-
ba SearCia, romelic yovlismomcvelic iqneboda da, amave
dros, ekonomiuric (nawarmoebis damkveTebis, moxetiale
Teatraluri dasis survilebis da SesaZleblobis gaTva-
liswinebiT). kompozitorma TiToeuli saorkestro jgu-
fidan yvelaze saxasiaTo tembris mqone sakravebi SearCia1
da amis safuZvelze tembrTa SerCevis axal efeqtebs miagno.
jariskacis ambavSi, iseve rogorc am periodis
sxva nawarmoebebSi (magaliTad, petruSkas mesame su-
1
klarneti, fagoti, korneti, tromboni, dasartyamebi, violino,
kontrabasi.
111
raTi, araki melaze, kataze da cxvarze), mniSvne-
lovani adgili eTmoba grotesks. kerZod, eSmakis mu-
sikaluri daxasiaTeba mTlianad realuri personaJebis
musikaluri daxasiaTebis groteskuli gardatexaa. aqve
unda aRiniSnos jariskacis ambis uCveulo Janri. kom-
pozitorma nawarmoebi gansazRvra, rogorc zRapari,
romelic „TamaSdeba, ikiTxeba da icekveba“ (Сказка о беглом
солдате и чёрте, играемая, читаемая и танцуемая). amasTanave
ikveTeba kavSirebi barokos epoqis koncertTan (solisti
instrumentalistebis ansambli), gansakuTrebiT nawilSi
„patara koncerti“ (Pe t concert) Sua saukuneebis litera-
turul JanrTan `exempla~. nawarmoebSi aseve gamoyenebuli
aqvs Tanamedrove (valsi, tango, regTaimi) Tu Zveleburi
(pastorali, qorali) Janrebi. magram yvelaze mniSvnelo-
vania is, rom aq stravinski pirvelad gvevlineba axali
Janris „gamomgoneblad“, romelic XX saukunis meore nax-
evarSi instrumentuli Teatris saxels miiRebs. mniSvne-
lovania, rom arsebuli Janrebis safuZvelze axlis Seqmna
stravinskis stilis da saazrovno sistemis erT-erT sta-
bilur maxasiaTebels warmoadgens. Janris mimarT amgvari
midgomis nimuSebia, magaliTad: fsalmunTa simfonia,
oidopos mefe, THRENI, rekviemi da sxv.
straviskis Semoqmedebis rusul periods agvir-
gvinebs qoreografiuli scenebi simReriTa da musikiT
qorwili1, kantatis tipis nawarmoebi, romelic cek-
viT, scenuri `ritualuri qmedebiTaa~ gamdidrebuli.

1
qorwili, Свадебка (rus.), Les Noces (fr.) _ premiera: 1923, 13 ivnisi;
parizis Théâtre de la Gaîté; qoreografi _ bronislava niJinskaia, mxat-
vari _ natalia gonCarova.
112
qorwils SeiZleba saRvTo gazafxulis Taviseburi
oreuli, misi vokaluri analogi vuwodoT.
10-20-iani wlebis mijnaze stravinskis Semoqmedeba-
Si ikveTeba axali neoklasicisturi stilis niSnebi, rom-
lebic 1924 wels Seqmnili oqtetis Semdeg sabolood
imkvidreben adgils da mis Semoqmedebas momdevno 30 wlis
manZilze gansazRvraven.
stravinskis Semoqmedebis neoklasicisturi perio-
dis nawarmoebebis yvelaze tipuri Tvisebebia: erovnuli
intonaciis uaryofa da interesi msoflio musikaluri
klasikis mimarT (ZiriTadad, baroko da adreuli kla-
sicizmi); scenuri nawarmoebebisTvis umTavresad mara-
diuli siuJetebis SerCeva (magaliTad, oidipos mefe,
apolon musageti, orfevsi); musikaluri enis grafiku-
loba, tonaluri azrovnebis dominanturi mniSvneloba
(gansxvavebiT `rusul~ periodSi gabatonebuli arqauli
modalobisgan); muSaoba Janrul da struqturul mode-
lebze, gaucxoeba1 (nonpersonifikacia).
stravinskiseuli neoklasicizmis erT-erTi yvelaze
mkafio magaliTia misi Semoqmedebis meore periodis
cent raluri nawarmoebi, opera-oratoria oidipos
mefe2 (1926-27) – didebuli, monumenturi freska. so-
1
gaucxoeba, gaucxoebis efeqti, Verfremdungseffekt (germ.) – bertold
brextis termini, romliTac igi aRniSnavda sxvadasxva Teatraluri
xerxis erTobliobas, rac saSualebas aZlevda mayurebels, axali ra-
kursiT daenaxa nacnobi ambavi, yovelgvari iluziebis gareSe.
2
oidi pos mefe, Oedipus rex (laT.) – premiera: 1927, 30 maisi, parizis
Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt (sakoncerto Sesruleba); diriJori – avtori.
opera-oratoria oidi pos mefis libreto da misi qarTuli Targmani
komentarebiT ix.: bolaSvili, q.; sigua, m. XX saukunis musikis istoria.
libretoebi.

113
fokles tragediis mixedviT dawerili am nawarmoebis
avtorebis (libretisti _ Jan koqto) mTavari mizani iyo
daexasiaTebinaT ara konkretuli pirovnebebi da gad-
moecaT ara maTi pirovnuli tragedia, aramed aesaxaT
saxe-simboloebis drama.
opera-oratoria oidipos mefe stravinkis anti-
romantikuli SemoqmedebiTi mrwamsis erT-erTi mkafio
nimuSia. am nawarmoebSi asketuri, gaucxoebuli, obieq-
tivizebuli atmosferos Sesaqmnelad kompozitorma,
Se sabamis musikalur intonaciebTan erTad, mi marTa
laTinur enas, rac avtoris azriT, nawarmoebis mkacr,
arqaul kolorits qmnis1.
antikur tragediasTan miaxloebuli didi musi-
kalur-dramatuli kompoziciis realizebisas stra-
vinskim mimarTa barokos epoqis oratoriis da pasionis
Janrebs (hendelis da baxis modelebi). swored amis gamo,
monumentur gundebTan erTad, stravinskis farTod
aqvs gamoyenebuli XVIII saukunis operasa da oratoriaSi
gavrcelebuli ariebis, ariozoebis, duetebis tipebi,
romlebsac win uZRvis reCitativebi. aseTebia, magaliTad,
kreontis, iokastes, tiresiasis ariebi, oidiposis ariebi
da ariozoebi, oidiposis da iokastes duetebi.
oratoriis Janris da antikuri Teatris tradi-
ciis gaTvaliswinebiT, nawarmoebSi mniSvnelovani roli
ekisreba gunds (choro), romlis funqciac metad mraval-
1
amasTanave, ciceronis droindeli klasikuri laTinuris foneti-
ka, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, irRveva wminda musikaluri mosazrebebiT
– stravinskis surda `araitaliuri~ JReradobis miReba da amitom
laTinuri «C» nacvlad teqstSi gamoyenebulia «K».

114
ferovania. kerZod, igi esalmeba TiToeul personaJs, ko-
mentars ukeTebs moqmedebas. opera-oratoriis sagundo
scenebidan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia finali, sadac
macnes oTxjerad sabediswero replikas pasuxobs gundi,
romlis JReradobac TandaTanobiT dinamizacias ganic-
dis. gundis mier aseve komentirebulia duetebic, magram
moqmedebis uSualo monawile igi Tavad arsad xdeba.
saxe-simboloebis dapirispirebisas stravinski Ti-
Toeuli maTganisTvis reliefur musikalur daxasiaTe-
bas iyenebs. ase, magaliTad, kreontis daxasiaTebaSi xaz-
gasmulia naTeli koloriti. misdami ironiul damokidebu-
lebas avtori afiqsirebs sayviris brwyinvale tembriT da
piccolo klarnetis gamyivani JReradobiT. oidiposis mono-
logebi pirvel moqmedebaSi mSvidia da `civi~ iubilaciebi-
Taa Selamazebuli, riTac kompozitori xazs usvams gmiris
Tavdajerebulobas da, zogjer, TviTkmayofilebasac. amis
sapirispirod misi ukanasknelo ariozos intonaciuri
wyoba Zalze meryevia: paTetikuri SeZaxilebi bolosken
daRmavali mwuxare intonaciebiT icvleba.
opera-oratoria oidipos mefeSi, miuxedavad
imisa, rom igi neoklasicizmis erT-erTi tipuri nimu-
Sia, stravinskis stilisTvis iseT aratipur Tvisebebs
vxvdebiT, rogorebicaa gaSlili melodiebi, struqtu-
rebis kvadratuloba. Tumca, rasakvirvelia, yuradRebas,
upirveles yovlisa, ipyrobs misi individualuri stilis
iseTi Tavisebureba, rogorebicaa dominantis arideba,
ostinaturi kvartuli svlebi banSi, cvalebadi metri,
kulminaciur momentebSi politonaluri daSrevebebi da

115
sxv. aseve aRsaniSnavia zogadad stravinskis neoklasi-
cizmisTvis iseTi saxasiaTo Tvisebebi, rogoricaa maRa-
li xmebis (gundSi da, nawilobriv, orkestrSi) uaryofa,
gaucxoebuli xasiaTi, epikuri simkacre, rac mniSvnelo-
vanwilad miRweuli iqna rogorc musikis araemociurobiT,
aseve laTinuri enis gamoyenebiT.
neoklasicisturi periodis kidev erTi mniSvnelo-
vani nawarmoebia fsalmunebis simfonia1 (1930), romelic
avtors bostonis simfoniuri orkestris 50 wlis iubiles
aRsaniSnavad daukveTa orkestris mTavarma diriJorma
sergei kusevickim. am nawarmoebisTvis stravinskim SearCia
daviTis sami fsalmuni (38, 39 da 150), romelTa teqsti aseve
laTinurad sruldeba. aRsaniSnavia simfoniis tembruli
Tavisebureba: orkestrSi gamoricxulia maRali simebiane-
bi (rac ukve tradiciad iqca), violinoebi da violebi, aseve,
klarnetebi. amavdroulad, Seyvanilia ori fortepiano,
xolo sagundo partiaSi maRal xmebs, avtoris moTxovniT,
biWunaTa gundi unda asrulebdes, raTa gamoiricxos yo-
velgvari emociuroba, eqspresia, vneba.
simfoniis pirveli nawili (EXAUDI) ori Temis safuZ-
velzea agebuli: dramatuli pirveli Tema saorkestro
akordebis (sforzando) da mervedebis Tanazomieri moZrao-
bisgan Sedgeba; meore ki (c. 4) – ostinaturi Tanxlebis
fonze mJReri gundis mkacri sekunduri intonaciebisgan.
meore nawili (EXPECTANS) iwyeba elegiur-pasto-
raluri saorkestro (sasule sakravebi) SesavliT, ro-
1
fsalmunebis simfonia, Symphony of Psalms (ingl.) – premiera: 1930,
13 dekemberi; briuseli; diriJori – ernest anserme (Ernest Ansermet,
1883-1969); 1930, 19 dekemberi; bostoni; diriJori – sergei kusevicki
(Serge Koussevitzky, 1874-1951).
116
melsac gundis Tema mosdevs (c. 5). am nawilis forma
stravinskim gansazRvra, rogorc `fugebisgan Semdgari
gadatrialebuli piramida~.
gundis SeZaxiliT ALLELUIA iwyeba mesame nawili (Lau-
date Dominum), romelic sazeimod, himnurad JRers da mTe-
li ciklis grandiozul dagvirgvinebad warmogvidgeba.
finali ori – meditaciuri da qmediTi – sawyisebis mo-
nacvleobazea agebuli da gundis da orkestris partiaSi
zarebis rekvis imitaciiT bolovdeba.
ori tradiciuli Janris – simfoniis da fsalmunis
am uCveulo sinTezis Sesaxeb stravinski werda: „es araa
simfonia, romelSic me samReri fsalmunebi movaTavse,
aramed piriqiT, esaa, swored rom fsalmunTa mRera, ro-
melTa simfonizebac movaxdine~1.
stravinskis Semoqmedebis neoklasicistur periods
agvirgvinebs opera qarafSutas Tavgadasavali2. rom-
lis Sesaxeb kompozitori xazgasmiT aRniSnavda: „es aris
ariebis, reCitativebis, gundebis da ansamblebis opera.
misi musikaluri struqtura, am formebis gamoyenebis
koncefcia, tonalobebis Tanafardobebic ki, klasikur
tradicias Seesabameba“3.
msgavseba da Sesabamisoba „klasikur tradiciasTan“
sxvadasxva aspeqtSi iCens Tavs da, operis struqturis
1
Стравинский, И. (2005). Хроника моей жизни. Москва: Композитор. – c. 370
2
qarafSutas Tavgadasavali, The Rake’s Progress (ingl.) – premiera: 1951,
11 seqtemberi, veneciis Teatro La Fenice; libreto – uisten odeni, Cester
kalmani uiliam hogartis graviurebis ciklis mixedviT. opera qarafSu-
tas Tavgadasavlis libreto da misi qarTuli Targmani komentarebiT
ix.: bolaSvili, q.; sigua, m. XX saukunis musikis istoria. libretoebi.
3
Stravinsky on the American premiere of The Rake’s Progress. Quoted. In: Eric Wal-
ter White, E. W. (1979). Stravinsky: the Composer and his Works, 2nd edn. London:
Faber and Faber, p. 452.
117
garda, vlindeba personaJebis tipaJebSi, scenur situa-
ciebSi, gmirebis musikalur daxasiaTebebSi, operis
mTavar konfliqtSi da sxv. am mxriv, ikveTeba kavSirebi:
adreul italiur operasTan (monteverdi), barokos epo-
qis operebTan, oratoriebTan da kantatebTan (hendeli da
baxi), XIX saukunis operasTan (veberi, doniceti, verdi),
magram gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania kavSiri mocart-
Tan, kerZod mis don jovanisTan da Cosi fan tu e-sTan, raze-
dac Tavad kompozitori miuTiTebs dialogebSi robert
kraftTan1. aqve davamatebT, rom qarafSuta stravinskis
erT-erTi yvelaze masStaburi nawarmoebia, romelmac,
marTalia, garegnulad lirikul-romantikuli opera
SeiZleba mogvagonos, magram dramaturgiis Tavisebure-
biT, nomruli struqturiT da sxva TvisebebiT opera-buf-
fa-s da kidev ufro dramma giocoso-sTanaa axlos. amiT
kompozitori kidev erTxel usvams xazs Tavis principul
antivagnerianelobas. wminda musikaluri asociaciebis
garda, qarafSutas TavgadasavalSi aseve bunebrivad
ibadeba literaturuli asocoaciebi, kerZod, msgavseba
goeTes faustTan, Tumca absoluturad sxva aqcentebiT
da, Sesabamisad, koncefciiT.
qarafSutas Tavgadasavals safuZvlad daedo
ingliseli grafikosi uiliam hogartis graviurebis cik-
li, romlebic mogviTxroben moulodnelad gamdidrebu-
li axalgazrda provincielis mwuxare ambavs. operis sami
mTavari personaJi – tomi, nik Sedou da eni (Tom Rakewell,
Nick Shadow, Anne Trulove) sam urTierTdapirispirebul
1
ix. Stravinsky, I.; Cra , R. (1959). Conversa ons with Igor Stravinsky. London:
Faber and Faber.
118
sawyiss ganasaxiereben. nik Sedou1 boroti Zalaa, eSmaki,
romelic (jariskacis ambavis personaJis msgavsad)
gamoucdel axalgazrdas acdunebs da mis suls daepa-
troneba; mas upirispirdeba eni – siyvarulis da keTilSo-
bilebis gansaxiereba; xolo rac Seexeba mTavar persinaJs
– toms, igi meryeobs keTilsa da borots Soris da Tavisi
am TvisebiT mraval saopero personaJs mogvagonebs.
operaSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, stravinskim aaRorZina
XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mijnis komikuri operis tipi, Ziri-
Tadi dramaturgiuli Taviseburebebi, agebuleba. ope-
raSi farTodaa gamoyenebuli tradiciuli reprizuli
formebi, kerZod, ariebi da capo, didi finalebi, klasiku-
ri operisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Janrebis monacvleoba:
mwuxare aria lamento-s mosdevs aqtiuri kabaleta (pirveli
aqtis mesame scenis dasawyisi) da sxv. mravlad gvxvdeba
tradiciuli saansamblo scenebic da reCitativebi secco
Cembalos TanxlebiT.
amgvarad, opera qarafSutas TavgadasavalSi
stravinskim absoluturi srulyofilebiT warmoaCina neo-
klasicizmis SesaZleblobebi, ori gansxvavebuli epoqis ti-
puri niSnebis SeerTebis, sinTezirebis saSualebebi. amasTa-
nave, nawarmoebis premieris Semdeg avtori werda: `es gzis
dasasrulia~. da marTlac, qarafSutas TavgadasavalSi
kompozitorma amowura neoklasicizmis SesaZleblobebi
da amis Semdeg stravinskis stilur evoluciaSi kidev erTi
radikaluri cvlileba moxda, Tumca axali stilis niSnebi
(neoklasicizmis msgavsad) jer kidev 40-iani wlebis or
nawarmoebSi, mesaSi da kantata babilonSi gamoikveTa.
1
Shadow (ingl.) – Crdili
119
 Semoqmedebis bolo periodSi stravinski dainteres-
da seriuli meTodiT, magram misi interesi momdinareobs
ara imdenad Tanamedrove kompozitorebis (Sonbergi,
veberni) Semoqmedebidan, aramed Zveleburi musikidan.
mTavari impulsi stravinskisTvis iyo evropuli `arqaika~
– kontrapunqtuli teqnika, intervaluri struqturebis
gardaqmnis saSualebebi (rac seriuli teqnikis konstruq-
ciul safuZvelsac warmoadgens).
stravinskis Semoqmedebis gviani periodis nawarmoebe-
bis umetesoba seriis da misi modifikaciebis tradiciuli
urTierTobebis safuZvelzea Seqmnili, magram, amasTanave,
igi Sorsaa Sonbergiseuli dodekafoniis ZiriTadi principis
– atonalobisgan. stravinskis seriebi ufro Tavisufladaa
gaazrebuli da garkveulad centralizebulic. misTvis
arc Tormettonianoba warmoadgens aucilebel pirobas.
ase magaliTad, sam simReraSi Seqspiris teqstebze
seria 4-bgeriania, kantataSi dilan Tomasis xsovnas
– 5-bgeriani, xolo pasakaliaSi septetidan ki – 16-ia-
ni. stravinski aRniSnavda, rom mis gviandel nawarmoebeb-
Si pirveladi biZgi, impulsi umTavresad melodiuri da
intervaluri konstruqciebia. stravinskis gviani perio-
dis nawarmoebebis klasifikacias axdenen ramdenime para-
metriT: TematikiT da JanrebiT, gamoyofen sasuliero,
scenur da instrumentul nawarmoebebs (Cvenc swored am
princips virCevT winamdebare monakveTis ganxilvisas).
meore principi musikaluri enis Taviseburebidan gamom-
dinareobs, ris safuZvelzec 1951 wlis Semdeg Seqmnili
nawarmoebebis dayofa xdeba Semdegnairad: diatonuri

120
(araseriuli), diatonur-seriuli, aradiatonur-seriuli,
12-toniani da rotaciis principze dafuZnebuli 12-toniani
nawarmoebebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom es midgoma ar iZleva mwyob-
ri klasificirebis saSualebas, radgan xSiria erT nawar-
moebSi ori sxvadasxva principis gamoyenebis magaliTebi,
kerZod, kantatasa da septetSi araseriuli da seriuli
diatonika, agonsa da Seqspiris sam simReraSi – dia-
tonuri da aradiatonuri seriuloba da a. S.1
Semoqmedebis bolo TxuTmetwliani periodis manZil-
ze stravinski upiratesobas aniWebda vokalur Janrebs,
kamerul Semadgenlobebs da maradiul, ZiriTadad, bibliur
siuJetebs da maTTan dakavSirebul sasuliero Janrebs.
sasuliero Janris nawarmoebebs Soris aRsaniSnavia
THRENI (winaswarmetyveli ieremias godeba), romlis
arqauloba monodiuri tipis vokaluri intonaciiT, he-
terofoniiT, fsalmodirebiT da Zveleburi polifoniuri
Janrebis (riCerkari, kancona, izoritmuli moteti) gamo-
yenebiTaa xazgasmuli.
THRENI-sTan SedarebiT, stilisturad ufro mra-
valferovania CANTICUM SACRUM-is musika. veneciis bienal-
es dakveTiT 1955 wels Seqmnili da wminda markozisadmi
miZRvnili nawarmoebi mis saxelze agebuli veneciis taZris
Taviseburi musikaluri analogia. CANTICUM SACRUM-is
kompozicia konusiseburia, romlis SigniTac kidev erTi,
ufro mcire konusia (mesame nawili) moTavsebuli (am nawar-
moebis kompoziciur-dramaturgiuli gegma fsalmunebis
simfoniis meore nawilis da mesis msgavsia).
1
dawvrilebiT ix.: Cross, J. (Ed.). (2003). The Cambridge Companion to Stravinsky.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press – pp. 149-174.
121
 stravinskis gviani stilis erT-erTi kulminaciaa
misi ukanaskneli nawarmoebi REQUIEM CANTICLES (1965-66).
es Txzuleba xasiaTdeba saocari lakonizmiT da ganu-
meorebeli koloritiT, cxadi musikaluri eniT. rekviemis
cxranawiliani kompozicia Janris iseT aucilebel nawilebs
Seicavs, rogorebicaa: DIES IRAE, TUBA MIRUM, REX TREMENDAE,
LACRYMOSA, LIBERA ME. maT garda, nawarmoebSi mniSvnelovani
adgili eTmoba sam saorkestro nomers (preludia, inter-
ludia da postludia), sam sayrdens, romlebzec ganTav-
sebulia es gasaocrad myari, gawonasworebuli kompozi-
cia. stravinskis es erT-erTi yvelaze tradiciuli Janris
nawarmoebi ramdenime aspeqtiT arRvevs dadgenil normebs
da wesebs, iqneba es rekviemis Janri, Semadgenloba Tu se-
riuli principis gamoyenebis Tavisebureba. ganvixiloT
TiToeuli.
rekviemi samgloviaro mesaa da, Sesabamisad, mas-
Si upirvelesad mesis kanonikuri nawilebi unda iqnes
gamoyenebuli, magram stravinski ifargleba mxolod im
nawilebiT, romlebic sakuTriv rekviemis Janrs gansazRv-
raven. aseTi gadawyvetilebis erT-erT mizezad SeiZleba
davasaxeloT is, rom, mesisgan gansxvavebiT, rekviemi
daiwera sakoncerto SesrulebisTvis. Semadgenlobis
TvalsazrisiT, istoriulad Camoyalibda rekviemis ori
nairsaxeoba: a cappella rekviemi (renesansis epoqaSi) da
solistebis, gundis da orkestrisTvis, iseTebi, rogo-
rebicaa, magaliTad, mocartis an verdis rekviemebi.
stravinski aqac arRvevs tradicias da rekviems wers ori
solistis (kontralto da baritoni), Sereuli gundis

122
da instrumentuli ansamblisTvis: 4 fleita, 2 fagoti,
4 valtorna, 2 sayviri, 3 tromboni, timpani, qsilofoni,
vabrafoni, zarebi, arfa, fortepiano, Celesta da simebia-
nebi. rac Seexeba rekviemSi gamoyenebul seriul teqnikas,
aq, upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom rekviemSi
gamoyenebulia 2 12-toniani seria da stravinskis mier
SemuSavebuli rotaciis principi: 12-tonian rigs da mis
modifikaciebs igi heqsaqordebad yofs da maT SigniT ax-
dens rotacias (bgerebis wriul gadaadgilebas).
stravinskis rekviemis nawilebs Soris gamoirCeva
Libera me, sadac gundis TiToeuli xma oradaa gayofili:
nawili mReris, nawili ki reCitirebs locvis teqsts. sain-
teresod aris gadawyvetili saorkestro nawilebis temb-
ruli Seferiloba. preludia, interludia da postludia
sxvadasxva SemadgenlobisTvisaa dawerili: preludia –
simebianebisTvis, interludia – CasaberebisTvis, xolo
postludiaSi dominireben klaviSiani da dasartyami
sakravebi. postludiis TavSekavebul eqspresiulobas
qmnis sazeimo JReradobis qoralebis da farTo ganlage-
bis akordebis, romlebsac zogjer „sikvdilis akordebs“
uwodeben, moulodneli monacvleoba.
rogorc aRvniSneT, Semoqmedebis bolo periodSi stra-
vinski did yuradRebas uTmobda sasuliero Janrebs da Te-
mebs, magram ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos qmnilebebis kidev ori
jgufi. esenia scenuri da sakoncerto Janris nawarmoebebi.
pirveli jgufidan aRsaniSnavia baleti agoni (1957), ro-
melSic TamaSis, Sejibrebis idea dominirebs. nawarmoebis
saerTo koloriti sazeimoa, rac sayvirebis fanfarebiT

123
da sxvadasxvagvari instrumentuli SeTanxmebiT miiRweva.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa baletis meore suraTi, rom-
lisTvisac modelad stravinskim, baletis damdgmeli
qoreograf jorj balanCinis ideis gaTvaliswinebiT,
XV-XVI saukuneebis cekvebi (sarabanda, galiarda, branli)
gamoiyena. epoqis koloritis Sesaqmneled ki orkestrSi
fortepianos da arfasTan erTad Seyvanilia mandolina,
qsilofoni, kastanetebi da sami tamtami. garda amisa,
garegnulad neoklasicisturi agonis musikaluri ena
Zvelis – tonaloba (diatonika) da axlis – 12-tonianoba
(qromatika) Tavisufal monacvleobas efuZneba.
baletis saxelwodeba (agon – berZnulad TamaSs
niSnavs) da ZiriTadi idea gansazRvravs masSi TamaSis
esTetikis upiratesobas. igive principia ganmsazRvreli
warRvnisTvis1 (1961-62), romlis modelia Sua saukuneeb-
Si gavrcelebuli miraklis Janri. warRvnaSi epizodebi
kaleidoskopurad enacvleba erTmaneTs – seriozuls mos-
devs groteskuli, sakultos – yofiTi, qmediTs – stati-
kuri, vokalurs – instrumentuli. amgvari mravalepizo-
duroba, garkveulwilad, mogvagonebs i. bosxis ferwerul
tiloebs, sadac gansxvavebuli Janris scenebi erTi tilos
sivrceSi mis sxvadasxva iaruszea ganlagebuli.
stravinskis gviani periodis instrumentul kom-
poziciebs Soris aRsaniSnavia moZraobebi fortepia-
nos da orkestrisTvis (1959), variaciebi orkestris-
Tvis (1963-64), romlebic koncertirebis principiTaa
ganmsWvaluli.

1
daiwera CBS telearxis dakveTiT. eTerSi gavida: 1962, 14 ivnisi.

124
 igor stravinskis megobari da Tanamoazre jorj
balanCini aRniSnavda, rom kompozitors uyvarda goeTes
vilhelm maisteris citireba: „yvelafer gonivrulze
ukve aris nafiqri; Cveni amocanaa kidev erTxel vcadoT
dafiqreba“1. es fraza SeiZleba CaiTvalos stravinskis
mxatvruli azrovnebis ZiriTad principad, mis Semoqmede-
biT devizad. arsebulze dafiqreba, arsebulis xel-
meored gamogoneba, axlis Seqmna Zvelis safuZvelze,
magram misi sruli reorganizaciis gziT.
igor stravinskis, rogorc XX saukunis musikis
da zogadad msoflio kulturis gamorCeul figuras,
udidesi adgili ukavia, vinaidan mis SemoqmedebaSi aisaxa
ara mxolod misi individualuri SemoqmedebiTi manera,
aramed Tanamedroveobis yvela ZiriTadi movlena.

ZiriTadi nawarmoebebis sia

1903-04, safortepiano sonata fis-moll
1907, op. 1, simfonia Es-dur
1907, op. 2, favni da mwyemsi qali [Фавн и пастушка] meco-sopra-
nos da orkestrisTvis
1907, pastorali sopranos da fortepianosTvis
1908, op. 3, fantastikuri skerco [Scherzo fantas que]
1908, op. 4, foierverki [Feu d’ar fice], fantazia orkestrisTvis
1908, op. 7, oTxi etiudi fortepianosTvis
1910 (red. 1919), faskunji [L’Oiseau de feu], erTaqtiani baleti
1911 (red. 1947), petruSka [Петрушка], erTaqtiani baleti

1
Goethe, J. W. Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre. Band 2. h ps://www.gutenberg.
org/cache/epub/2410/pg2410.html

125
1912, varskvlavTmefe [Le Roi des étoiles] mamakacTa gundis da
orkestrisTvis
1913, sami leqsi iaponuri lirikidan [Trois poésies de la lyrique
japonaise] xmis da instrumentuli ansamblisTvis
1913 (red. 1947/1967), saRvTo gazafxuli [Le Sacre du printemps],
erTaqtiani baleti
1914, araki melaze, katasa da cxvarze [БАЙКА ПРО ЛИСУ, КОТА
ДА БАРАНА] xmis da instrumentuli ansamblisTvis
1914, bulbuli [Le Rossignol], samaqtiani opera
1917-18, regTaimi [Rag me] TerTmeti instrumentisTvis
1918, jariskacis ambavi [Histoire du Soldat] mkiTxvelis da in-
strumentuli ansamblisTvis
1919, PIANO-RAG-MUSIC
1920, pulCinela [Pulcinella], baleti
1920 (red. 1947), simfoniebi [Symphonies] sasule instrumente-
bisTvis
1921, xuTi TiTi [Les Cinq Doigts] fortepianosTvis
1921, petruSka [Trois mouvements de Petrouchka], sami fragmenti
fortepianosTvis
1922, mavra [Mavra / Мавра], erTaqtiani opera
1923, qorwili [Les Noces / Свадебка], qoreografiuli scenebi
1923 oqteti [Octet] sasule instrumentebisTvis
1923-24/1951, koncerti [Concerto] fortepianos da sasule inst-
rumentebisTvis
1924, sonata [Sonata] fortepianosTvis
1926 (red. 1949), mamao Cveno [Pater Noster], gundi a cappella
1927, oidipos mefe [Oedipus rex], oraqtiani opera-oratoria
1928 (red. 1947), apolon musageti [Apollon musagète], baleti
1928 (red. 1950), feriis ambori [Le Baiser de la fée], baleti

126
1929/1949, kapriCio [Capriccio] fortepianos da orkestrisTvis
1930(red. 1948), fsalmunebis simfonia [Symphony of Psalms] gun-
dis da orkestrisTvis
1931, saviolino koncerti in D [Violin Concerto in D]
1932 (red. 1964), mrwamsi [Credo], gundi a cappella
1933, persefona [Perséphone], melodrama
1934 (red. 1949), RvTismSobelo [Ave Maria], gundi a cappella
1935, koncerti ori fortepianosTvis [Concerto per due pianofor soli]
1936, banqos TamaSi [Jeu de cartes], baleti
1938, koncerti in Es Dumbarton Oaks [Concerto in E-flat Dumbarton
Oaks] kameruli orkestrisTvis
1940, simfonia in C [Symphony in C]
1942, cirkis polka: norC spilos [Circus Polka: For a Young Ele-
phant] orkestrisTvis
1942, sakoncerto cekvebi [Danses concertantes] kameruli
orkestrisTvis
1942, oTxi norvegiuli ganwyoba orkestrisTvis
1943, oda [Ode] orkestrisTvis
1943, sonata ori fortepianosTvis [Sonata for Two Pianos]
1944, babiloni [Babel], kantata mamakacTa gundis, mkiTxvelis
da orkestrisTvis
1944-48, mesa [Mass] Sereuli gundis da ormagi sasule kvinte-
tisTvis
1945, Savi koncerti [Ebony Concerto] klarnetis da jaz-bendisTvis
1945, simfonia sam nawilad [Symphony in Three Movements]
1946, koncerti in D [Concerto in D] simebiani orkestrisTvis
1947, orfevsi [Orpheus], baleti
1951, qarafSutas Tavgadasavali [The Rake’s Progress], samaq-
tiani opera

127
1951-52, kantata [Cantata] XV-XVI saukuneebis ucnobi ingliseli
avtorebis teqstebze
1953, septeti [Septet] klarnetis, valtornis, fagotis, forte-
pianos, violinos, violas da CelosTvis
1953, sami simRera u. Seqspiris teqstze [Three Songs from William
Shakespeare] meco-sopranos, fleitis, klarnetis da violasTvis
1954, dilan Tomasis xsovnas [Memoriam in Dylan Thomas] teno-
ris, simebiani kvartetis da oTxi trombonisTvis
1955, sakraluri sagaloblebi [Can cum Sacrum] solistebis,
gundis da orkestrisTvis
1957, agoni [Agon], baleti
1958, godeba [Threni] solistebis, gundis da orkestrisTvis
1958/1959, moZraobebi [Movements] fortepianos da orkest-
risTvis
1960, monumenti jezualdo di venozas [Monumentum pro
Gesualdo di Venosa]
1961, qadageba, igavi da locva [A Sermon, a Narra ve and a Prayer]
solistebis, mkiTxvelis gundis da orkestrisTvis
1962, anTemi [Anthem], gundi a cappella
1962, warRvna [The Flood], satelevizio opera
1963, abraami da isaaki [Abraham and Isaac] maRali baritonis
da kameruli orkestrisTvis
1963/1964, variaciebi oldos haqslis xsovnas [Varia ons
Aldous Huxley in Memoriam] orkestrisTvis
1964, elegia [Elegy for J.F.K.] baritonis, ori klarnetis da altis
klarnetisTvis
1965, INTROITUS (T. s. eliotis xsovnas) [Introitus (T. S. Eliot in
Memoriam)] mamakacTa gundis da kameruli ansamblisTvis
1966 rekviemi [Requiem Can cles] solistebis, gundis da kame-
ruli orkestrisTvis
128
 bela bartoki
(1881-1945)

XX saukunis pirveli naxevris udides kompozi-

tor-reformatorTa Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili
ukavia ungrel kompozitor bela bartoks, romelmac
saukunis TviTmyofadi da mravalferovani suli gadmos-
ca. bartokis SemoqmedebiTi figura gancalkevebiT dgas
misi Tanamedroveebisgan. erTi mxriv, igi modernizmis
epoqis xelovnebis yvela ZiriTad Tvisebas iziarebda,
Tumca arc erTi mxatvruli mimarTulebiT ar izRudebo-
da; meore mxriv ki, tradiciuli faseulobebis da, upir-
ve les yovlisa, arqauli folkloris monapovrebis
erTguli iyo.
bela bartoki – kompozitori, pianisti da eTnomusi-
kologi – TiTqmis arafers werda sakuTari Semoqmede-
biTi principebis Sesaxeb da samarTlianad miiCnevda, rom
xelovnebis WeSmariti deklaracia – sakuTriv Semoqmede-
baa. bartokis Semoqmedebidan SegviZlia amovikiTxoT,
rom igi iyo Tamami eqsperimentatori, saocrad Rrma
moazrovne, pirvelqmnili bunebis da xalxuri Semoq-
medebis motrfiale.
bartokis sakompozitoro memkvidreoba uSualodaa
dakavSirebuli misi moRvaweobis sxva sferoebTan.
folkloris Rrma codnam mniSvnelovani gavlena
moaxdina bartokis musikalur azrovnebaze. igi iSvia-
Tad mimarTavda xalxuri simReris citirebis xerxs
da STagonebis wyaros xalxuri Semoqmedebis uZvelesi
129
SreebisTvis damaxasiaTebel kanonzomierebebSi povebda.
garda amisa, bartokisTvis, stravinskis msgavsad, metad
mimzidveli iyo arqauli, pirvelqmnili stiqiuri Zalebi,
rac gansakuTrebuli simZlavriT mis erT-erT saukeTeso
safortepiano piesaSi ALLEGRO BARBARO gamovlinda.
folkloruli arqaikis kilouri da ritmuli kanon-
zomierebebisadmi interesis garda, bartoki klasikuri
epoqis SemoqmedebiTi miRwevebiT sazrdoobda. Semoq-
medebiTi stimulis misaRebad igi mimarTavda baxis, be-
Thovenis, italieli polifonistebis Semoqmedebas. ufro
axlo epoqidan misTvis gansakuTrebiT axloblebi iyvnen
listi da debiusi. erT-erT interviuSi bartoki pirda-
pir miuTiTebda sami kompozitoris c baxis, beThovenis
da debiusis mniSvnelobaze sakuTari da, zogadad, axali
musikis formirebisTvis: `debiusim xelmeored gauxsna
yvela musikoss akordis arsi; igi imdenadve mniSvnelo-
vania, ramdenadac beThoveni, romelmac gviCvena formis
ganviTarebis gzebi da baxi, romelmac kontrapunqtis
uzenaesi sibrZne gaxsna~1.
marTlac, baxis polifoniurma ostatobam udidesi
gavlena moaxdina bartokis Semoqmedebaze, mowifuli pe-
riodis instrumentul mis stilze. kerZod, unda aRiniS-
nos, rom bartoki, Sonbergis, hindemitis, SostakoviCis da,
nawilobriv, stravinskis msgavsad, farTod mimarTavda
polifoniur teqnikas, polifoniur formebs da Janrebs. am
TvalsazrisiT, SesaZlebelia garkveuli paralelebis gav-
leba neoklasicizmTan, magram, tipuri neoklasicistebis-

1
ix.: Нестьев, И. (1969) Бела Барток: Жизнь и творчество. Москва. – с. 682.
130
bela bartoki

131
gan (magaliTad, stravinskisgan) gansxvavebiT, bartoks
arasodes miumarTavs modelirebis meTodisTvis.
bartoks beThovenSi, adreuli asakidan usayvarles
kompozitorSi, aRafrTovanebda logika azrovnebaSi,
lakonizmi azris gadmocemaSi da siTamame da sibrZne
formis agebaSi.
sakmaod mniSvnelovania SemoqmedebiTi kavSirebi
bartoks da lists Soris. unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavisi didi
winamorbedisgan bartokma, upirveles yovlisa, aiTvisa
monoTematizmis principi, romelmac farTo gamoyeneba
da Semdgomi ganviTareba pova bartokis SemoqmedebaSi.
Zalze mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli bartoki debiu-
sisTan. erTi SexedviT, maTi stilisturi manera radika-
lurad gansxvavebulia, magram bartoks, iseve rogorc
sxva winamorbedebTan mimarTebaSi, izidavda ara debiusis
esTetika, misi stili da individualuri manera, aramed am
ostatis novaciebi harmoniis, kilos, bgeris xarisxisa da
tembris sferoSi.

***

bela bartoki daibada 1881 wels ungreTis samxreTiT

mdebare patara transilvaniur qalaq nadsentmikloSSi.
biWs bavSvobidanve aswavlidnen fortepianoze dakvras
da 1892 wels Sedga misi pirveli sajaro koncerti, sadac
man sakuTari piesac Seasrula. 1899 wels Sedga bartokis
debiuti budapeStSi, romlis Semdegac igi Cairicxa buda-
peStis f. listis saxelobis musikis akademiis fortepia-
nos da kompoziciis klasebSi. studentobis periodiTaa
daTariRebuli, agreTve, bartokis pirveli seriozuli
133
nawarmoebebi. 1905-06 wlebSi zoltan kodais (Kodály Zoltán,
1882-1967) gavleniT bartoki interesdeba folkloriT.
20-iani wlebi da 30-iani wlebis dasawyisi gansa-
kuTrebuli SemoqmedebiTi intensivobiT gamoirCeva.
am periodSi daiwera bartokis saukeTeso nawarmoebTa
umetesoba. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom esaa misi sakoncer-
to moRvaweobis mwvervalic. mniSvnelovnad garTulda
bartokis cxovreba 30-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, rode-
sac, germaniaSi saxelmwifos saTaveSi nacistebis mosvlis
Semdeg, ungreTis mTavrobam maTdami erTgulebis Sesa-
xeb gaakeTa gancxadeba. germaniis msgavsad, ungreTSic
daiwyo ebraelebis, originalurad da progresulad
moazrovne adamianebis devna da 1940 wels bartoki iZu-
lebuli gaxda, wasuliyo emigraciaSi amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi, niu-iorkSi, sadac igi 1945 wels gardaicvala.

***

bela bartokis 46-wliani SemoqmedebiTi gzis pe-

riodizacia sxvadasxva mkvlevris naSromebSi sxvadasxva-
gvaria, magram umravlesoba mis Semoqmedebas oTx periodad
yofs. pirveli periodi (1899-1907) – gvian romantizmTan
mWidro kavSiriT xasiaTdeba; meore periodi (1907-1919) –
ukavSirdeba kompozitoris erovnuli stilis Camoyalibebas;
mesame (1919-dan 30-iani wlebis pirvel naxevramde) – Tamami
eqsperimentebis xanaa, iseTi nawarmoebebis Seqmnis periodia,
rogorebicaa, magaliTad, simebiani kvartetebi # 3 da
#4, safortepiano koncerti # 2; ukanasknel, meoTxe
periodSi (1938-45 ww.) – sinTezis da stilis Serbilebis
tendencia SeiniSneba.
134
 xangrZlivi SemoqmedebiTi evoluciis procesSi
Camoyalibda bartokis metad originaluri, Sinaganad
mTliani da, amasTanave, mravalferovani sakompozitoro
stili. kompozitorma TiTqmis yvela musikalur Janrs
mimarTa, magram calkeuli Janrebisadmi interesi (magali-
Tad, safortepiano musika, simebiani kvarteti) man mTeli
SemoqmedebiTi gzis manZilze SeinarCuna, sxvebis mimarT
ki – calkeuli periodebis mixedviT. kerZod, musikalur
Teatrs bartokma mxolod 10-ian wlebSi mimarTa, xolo
simfoniur Janrs – Semoqmedebis bolo periodSi (gamonak-
lisia adreuli simfonia Es-dur).
bela bartoki Tavisi drois erT-erTi brwyinva-
le pianisti iyo, ramac mis Semoqmedebaze didi gavlena
iqonia. mis SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovani wili swored sa-
fortepiano Txzulebebs ukavia. aqve SeiZleba aRvniSnoT,
rom bartoki specifikurad instrumentulad azrovneb-
da, xolo safortepiano Janrebi ki misi Semoqmedebis Ta-
viseburi laboratoria iyo, sadac xdeboda novatoruli
ideebis, axali gamomsaxveli xerxebis aprobireba. maT
Soris aRsaniSnavia: registrebis specifikurad bartoki-
seuli dapirispireba, moulodneli naxtomebi, mSrali
martellato da sxv. fortepianos bartoki (iseve rogorc
stravinski da prokofievi), umetesad, dasartyam instru-
mentad gaiazrebda da xazs usvamda mis koloristul,
`saorkestro~ SesaZleblobebs.
bartokis mravalricxovan safortepiano nawarmoe-
bebs Soris aRsaniSnavia misi: ALLEGRO BARBARO, siuitebi,
ungruli da ruminuli cekvebi, cikli mikrokosmo-

135
si, sonata ori fortepianos da dasartyamebisT-
vis, sami safortepiano koncerti.
cikli mikrokosmosi (1926-1939), romelic 153
piesisgan Sedgeba, msoflio safortepiano literaturis
unikalur movlenas warmoadgens. Tavdapirvelad cikli
Cafiqrebuli iyo, rogorc saxelmZRvanelos xasiaTis
piesebi damwyebi musikosebisTvis, magram muSaobis pro-
cesSi Tavdapirveli Canafiqri Seicvala da cikli sakom-
pozitoro-stilur xerxTa Tavisebur enciklopediaSi
gadaizarda. am miniatiuruli piesebis ciklSi kompozi-
tori farTod mimarTavs bitonalobas, sxvadasxva rTul
polifoniur xerxebs, Tavisufali modulirebis princips,
ostinatur ritmebs, klasterebs da a. S., raTa axalgazrda
musikosebi Tanamedrove JReradobis atmosferoSi Seiy-
vanos. amasTanave, piesaTa didi nawili (ciklis TiTqmis
naxevari) garkveuli pianisturi Cvevebis gamomuSavebas
emsaxureba (magaliTad, piesebi CRESCENDO-DIMINUENDO,
sinkopebi, terciebi da sxv). Tumca kompozitori viwro
pedagogiuri amocanebis CarCoebs scildeba da iSviaTi
gamomsaxvelobis lakoniur Sedevrebs qmnis. ungreTidan
emigraciamde ramdenime xniT adre Tavis erT megobars
bartokma gauziara mikrokosmosis Seqmnis istoria:
„mikrokosmosis erTi piesa, sxva cxra msgavsTan erTad,
daibada 1926 wels. jer kidev maSin mxiblavda damwyebTaT-
vis Zalian martivi safortepiano musikis daweris idea.
am samuSaos seriozulad movekide mxolod 1932 wlis
zafxulSi: maSin daaxloebiT 40 piesa davwere, 1933-34
wlebSi _ kidev 40, xolo momdevno wlebSi kidev 20-mde.

136
sabolood, 1938 wels asze meti amgvari piesa damigrov-
da. magram mainc vgrZnobdi, rom raRac maklda. es TeTri
laqebi bolos da bolos SarSan Sevavse (emigraciamde erTi
wliT adre – q. b.), rodesac, sxva piesebis garda, davwere
pirveli rveulis pirveli naxevari. masalis praqtikuli
gamocdis SesaniSnavi saSualeba momeca. 1933 wels Cemma
Svilma peterma gvTxova, misTvis fortepianoze dakvra
gveswavlebina. seriozuli dafiqrebis Semdeg xeli
movkide CemTvis am uCveulo saqmes. simReris da dakvris
teqnikisTvis aucilebeli savarjiSoebis garda, bavSvi
mxolod mikrokosmoss ukravda da, imedia, aman mas sarge-
beli moutana; magram namdvilad SemiZlia vaRiaro, rom am
eqsperimentis dros me bevri ram viswavle“1.
gansakuTrebuli adgili bartokis safortepiano
SemoqmedebaSi ukavia sonatas ori fortepianos da
dasartyamebisTvis2 – nawarmoebs, romelic, erTi mxriv,
uCveulo SemadgenlobisTvisaa dawerili, magram, meore
mxriv, XX saukunis musikisTvis Zalze tipuria. am nawar-
moebSi bartokma SeaerTa ori fortepiano da Tormeti
dasartyami sakravi da am tembruli resursebiT orkestris
SemWidrovebuli varianti Seqmna.
sonatis Semadgenlobis aseTi arCevani SemTxveviTi
araa. amis Sesaxeb bartoki wers bazelis Na onal Zeitung-Si:
`mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi vapirebdi Semeqmna piesa

1
Уйфалуши, Й. (1971). Бела Барток. Жизнь и творчество. Будапешт: Корвина,
– c. 291.
2
sonata daiwera 1937 wels. premiera: 1938, 16 ianvari, Tanamedrove
musikis saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis saiubileo koncerti. Sems-
ruleblebi: fortepiano – bela bartoki, dita pastori-bartoki;
dasartyamebi – fric Siseri, filip riulingi.
137
fortepianosa da dasartyamebisTvis, magram nel-nela
mimtkicdeboda azri, rom fortepiano da dasartyamebi,
romlebic xSirad sakmaod mkveTrad JRers, saTanadod ver
gaawonasworeben erTmaneTs. amitom Seicvala Cemi sawyisi
warmodgenebi im TvalsazrisiT, rom erTi fortepianos
nacvlad dasartyamebs davupirispire ori~1. marTlac,
orma fortepianom da didi raodenobis dasartyamma
instrumentma, romlebzec ori virtuozi Semsrulebe-
li ukravs, kompozitors saSualeba misca, farTod da
mravalferovnad gamoeyenebina rTuli polifoniuri teq-
nika, mieRwia tembrulad, artikulaciurad, ritmulad da
harmoniulad uCveulo JReradobebisTvis.
amgvarad, Canafiqris gaqanebiT, JReradobis masSta-
biT igi scildeba kameruli musikis farglebs da bar-
tokis simfoniuri musikis iseT nawarmoebs uaxlovdeba,
rogoricaa musika simebianebis, dasartyamebis da
CelestasTvis. sonatis JReradobis monumenturoba
ganacvifrebs msmenels, gansakuTrebiT, mrisxane, agresi-
ul epizodebSi. rac Seexeba lirikul sferos (magaliTad,
pirveli nawilis damxmare partia, Lento-s dasawyisi, fina-
lis koda), gamWvirvale, natifi JReradoba aq miiRweva
rogorc mReradi melodikiT, ise saocrad rafinirebuli
tembruli da artikulaciuri xerxebiT.

***

bartokis SemoqmedebiT memkvidreobaSi, safortepi-

ano JanrebTan erTad, centraluri adgili ukavia mis eqvs
1
Уйфалуши, Й. (1971). Бела Барток. Жизнь и творчество. Будапешт: Корвина,
– c. 302.
138
simebian kvartets. bartokis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarTa
umetesoba samarTlianad miiCnevs, rom misi kvartetebis
Seswavla, romlebic 30 wlis manZilze iqmneboda, saSuale-
bas iZleva Tvali gavadevnoT kompozitoris Semoqmedebi-
Ti evoluciis rTul process.
kvartetebSi bartoki warmogvidgeba, rogorc
Tamami eqsperimentatori (gansakuTrebiT, 20-iani wle-
bis kvartetebSi) da poeti-lirikosi, romelic ufaqizes
sulier gancdebs gadmogvcems. bartokis kvartetebis-
Tvis tipuria gamomsaxvel saSualebaTa ekonomiuroba,
ganviTarebuli polifoniuri faqtura, melodiuri
azrovnebis Tavisufleba, Tema-formulebis aforis-
tuloba, ciklis agebis Tavisebureba.
eqvs simebian kvartetSi1 gansakuTrebiT mkafi-
od aisaxa bartokis mier warmoebuli eqsperimentebi
da mniSvnelovani SemoqmedebiTi mignebebi, maT Soris,
kilo-tonaluri azrovnebis sferoSi. adrindel kvar-
tetebSi SenarCunebulia tradiciuli maJor-minoruli
sistema, Tumca ukve pirvel da meore kvartetebSi
igi garTulebulia kontrapunqtuli daSrevebebiT;
20-30-iani wlebis kvartetebSi (gansakuTrebiT, mesame,
meoTxe kvartetebSi) ki bartoki xSirad gadis tonalo-
bis farglebs miRma da misi azrovneba TiTqmis mTlianad
eqceva atonalur, qromatul sivrceSi.
1
kvarteti N 1, 1909, op.7, Sz. 40, BB 52, premiera: 1910, 19 marti, bu-
dapeSti; kvarteti N 2, 1917, op.17, Sz. 67, BB 75, premiera: 1918, 3 marti,
budapeSti; kvarteti N 3, 1927, Sz. 85, BB 93, premiera: 1929, 19 Teberva-
li, londoni; kvarteti N 4, 1928, Sz. 91, BB 95, premiera: 1929, 20 marti,
budapeSti; kvarteti N 5, 1934, Sz. 102, BB 110, premiera: 1935, 8 aprili,
vaSingtoni; kvarteti N 6, 1939, Sz. 114, BB 119, premiera: 1941, 20 ianvari,
niu-iorki.
139
 20-iani wlebis bartokis ori kvarteti (#3 da #4,) kom-
pozitoris yvelaze rTul, eqsperimentul nawarmoebebs
ganekuTvneba. Teodor adorno1 mesame kvartets bartokis
Semoqmedebis kulminaciur punqts uwodebs, xolo hans
mersmani ki aRniSnavs, rom mesame da meoTxe kvartetebi
`Tanamedrove musikis centrSia moqceuli~2.
orive kvartetSi, gansakuTrebiT ki mesameSi, Sei-
niSneba garkveuli stilisturi msgavseba arnold Son-
bergis atonalur TxzulebebTan. kerZod, igulisxmeba
musikaluri qsovilis totaluri polifonizacia, hori-
zontaluri da vertikaluri struqturebis unificireba
(Tviseba, romelic aseve akavSirebs debiusisTan), maTi erTi
bgeraTsimaRlebrivi birTvidan amozrda, yvela elementis
sruli erTianoba. am nawarmoebebSi bartoki uars ambobs
gaSlil Temebze da upiratesobas mokle Tema-formulebs
aniWebs, romlebic rTuli polifoniuri qsovilis saSen ma-
salad iqceva. marTalia, bartoki ar mimarTavs kompoziciis
seriul meTods, magram misi am periodis kompoziciis teqni-
ka Tavisi arsiT uaxlovdeba Sonbergisas. amasTanave, araa
nivelirebuli arc bartokis individualuri stilis Zir-
iTadi Tvisebebi, maT Soris, interesi ungruli folklo-
ris arqauli SreebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli intonaciebis,
musikaluri peizaJis, bunebis mimarT.
orive kvartetis mkacri kompoziciuri gegma miu-
TiTebs bartokis swrafvaze, Seqmnas arqiteqtonulad

1
ix.: Adorno, Th. (1929). Béla Bartók: Dri es Streichquarte . Komposi onskri k.
In: Musikblä er des Anbruch. H. 9-10, S. 358-360.
2
Mersmann, H. In: Melos, 1920 # 11. citata ix.: Нестьев, И. (1969) Бела Барток:
Жизнь и творчество. Москва. – с. 398.

140
dasrulebuli, myari, simetriuli konstruqciebi. mesame
kvartetis erTnawiliani struqtura Sinaganad or kont-
rastul epizodad iyofa, romlebsac mosdevs sawyisi
masalis dabruneba da bolos – meore epizodis masala-
ze agebuli koda. meoTxe kvartetSi ki gamoyenebulia
simetriuli xuTnawiliani sqema neli nawiliT (Andante)
centrSi, romelic ori skercoTi (meore da meoTxe na-
wilebi) da ori swrafi nawiliTaa (pirveli da mexuTe)
Semofargluli. orive kvartetSi bartoki uars ambobs
tradiciul sonaturobaze da upiratesobas kontrastu-
li monakveTebis Tavisufal monacvleobas aniWebs.
bartokis mexuTe kvarteti misi erT-erTi yvela-
ze monumenturi nawarmoebia, ara mxolod JReradobis
xarisxis TvalsazrisiT, aramed mxatvruli Canafiqris
masStabiTac. masSi urTierTkontrastuli mxatvruli
saxeebis mTeli galereaa warmodgenili – tragizmidan
melanqoliur lirikamde. kvartetis simetriuli struq-
tura imeorebs meoTxe kvartetisas, magram nawilebis
sxvagvari TanmimdevrobiT (Allegro – Adagio molto – Scherzo
– Andante – Finale). mTeli nawarmoebis centri ori neli
nawilia, romelTa saocrad mdidari lirikuli samyaro
Janrul-sacekvao skercoTia (alla bulgarese – bulgarul
stilSi) `gaxleCili~. am rTuli, mravalmniSvnelovani
centris garSemo ki ori swrafi nawilia moTavsebuli,
romlebic msgavs intonaciur masalazea damyarebuli.
gansakuTrebiT mkafiod es SeiniSneba finalis fugato-
Si, romelic pirveli nawilis mTavari Temis masalidanaa
amozrdili. amgvari rTuli monoTematuri kavSirebisken

141
swrafva xSirad gvxvdeba bartokis Semoqmedebis cent-
ralur da gvian periodebSi da uSualod aris dakavSi-
rebuli listis tradiciasTan.
meeqvse simebian kvartets (1939) mkvlevrebi
xSirad bartokis anderZs uwodeben, vinaidan es iyo ung-
reTSi dawerili bolo nawarmoebi. masSi, winamorbedi
kvartetebis msgavsad, wamyvania rTulad organizebuli
polifoniuri qsovili, kilo-tonaluri sayrdenebis
xangrZlivi arideba, Temebis Zalze Taviseburi aRnagoba.
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa kvartetis neli nawilebis
emociuri tonusi. aq dominirebs pirquSi melanqolia,
romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi daundobeli satiriTaa gamZaf-
rebuli. am TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia groteskuli marSi
(meore nawili), romelic samyaroSi arsebuli negatiuri
sawyisis simbolodaa gaazrebuli. sayuradReboa, rom
kvarteti meore msoflio omis dawyebis welsaa dawerili
da, amdenad, marSi, samxedro marSi, omis saSinelebebsac
winaswarmetyvelebs. kvartetis meore satiruli centria
burleta (Burle a, mesame nawili) – ugemovnobis, iaffasia-
nobis simbolo. amasTanave, kvarteti gajerebulia xal-
xur stilSi dawerili TemebiT, spetaki, gasxivosnebuli
saxeebiT, romlebic kompozitoris samSoblos bunebas,
xalxur yofas, bartokiseuli `idealuri soflis~ saxes
gvixataven. bartokis meeqvse kvartetis TematizmTan
dakavSirebiT davamatebT: kompozitoris musikis mkvle-
vari ioJef uafaluSi miuTiTebs, rom pirveli nawilis
swrafi Tema da meores Marcia-s Temis punqtiruli ritmi

142
axlosaa beThovenis didi fugis op. 133 da op. 101 sonatis
TemebTan1.
meeqvse kvarteti bartokis Semoqmedebis erT-er-
Ti TvalsaCino nimuSia, romlis rTuli, mravalferovani
mxatvruli samyaros srulyofili realizebisTvis ga-
momsaxveli xerxebis `arsenalis~ sruli mobilizeba iyo
aucilebeli. kompozitori aq simebian sakravTa dinamikur
da artikulaciur resursebs maqsimaluri datvirTviT
iyenebs da iseT uCveulo JReradobebs aRwevs, rom xSirad
iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos nawarmoebSi ara mxolod
simebianTa tembrebia gamoyenebuli, aramed sxva jgufis
sakravebisac.
sazogadod, bela bartokis kvartetebTan mimarTeba-
Si gansakuTrebiT xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos kompozitoris
novatoroba tembrul-artikulaciur sferoSi. igi Tama-
mad amdidrebs simebiani kvartetis gamomsaxvel resursebs
da axali Strixebis gamoye ne biT mis JReradobas xan
saorkestro monumenturobas, xan dasartyam, xan ki Casa-
ber sakravTa tembrs amsgavsebs. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
tembrul-artikulaciuri siTamame da sakravTa axleburi
gaazreba bartokis sxva Janris nawarmoebebSic gvxvdeba.

***

bela bartokis Semoqmedebis saintereso, Tumca

sakmaod mcirericxovan, nawils warmoadgenen misi sim-
foniuri partiturebi. am Janrs man Semoqmedebis adreul
periodSi mimarTa da xangrZlivi pauzis Semdeg, Semoq-
1
Уйфалуши, Й. (1971). Бела Барток. Жизнь и творчество. Будапешт: Корвина,
– c. 327.
143
medebis gvian periodSi miubrunda. am periodSi bartokma
simfoniuri musikis iseTi Sedevrebi Seqmna, rogorebicaa:
musika simebianebis, dasartyamebis da Celestas-
Tvis da koncerti orkestrisTvis.
musika simebianebis, dasartyamebis da Ce-
lestasTvis1 oTxnawiliani ciklia, romelSic vxvde-
biT qromatuli, Tormettoniani tonalobis da folk-
loruli elementebis (kilo-intonaciuri sfero da
ritmi), rTuli polifoniuri faqturis da diatonuri
harmoniuli enis uCveulo sinTezs. Zalze sainteresoa
nawarmoebis saorkestro palitra, romlis mravalfe-
rovneba sxvadasxva xerxis gamoyenebiT miiRweva: simebiani
sakravebi JReradobiT xSirad dasartyamebs da Casaberebs
uaxlovdebian; farTodaa warmodgenili uCveulo Sexam-
ebebi – magaliTad, fortepianos `dartymebi~ simebianTa
pizzicato-sTan erTad, simebianebis da timpanebis gadaZaxi-
lebi; simebianebis da dasartyamebis aratradiciuli
artikulaciiT Casaberebis kompensireba da sxv. `musikis“
tembruli da artikulaciuri mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb
pier bulezi wers: „bartoki mudam SesaniSnavad werda
fortepianosTvis, Tavisi sayvareli instrumentisTvis
da, aseve, simebianebisTvis. Celestas da qsilofonis
gamoyeneba masTan yovelTvis efeqturia, Celestas arpe-
jioebi feriT amdidreben simebianebis tremoloebs da
trelebs, xolo qsilofoni xazs usvams da „mSral“, dasar-
1
Musique pour instruments à cordes, ba erie et célesta (1936, Sz. 106, BB 114)
daiwera paul zaxeris dakveTiT bazelis kameruli orkestris 10
wlis saiubileod. premiera: 1937, 21 ianvari; Semsruleblebi: bazelis
kameruli orkestri, diriJori – paul zaxeri (Paul Sacher, 1906-1999).

144
tyamTa msgavs JReradobas aniWebs fortepianos. simebia-
nebze bartoki iyenebs yvela arsebul efeqts da aseve ise-
Tebs, romlebic adre iSviaTad gamoiyeneboda (maT Soris
aris misi saxeliT cnobili pizzicato, romlis drosac simi
grifs exeba) da didi ostatobiT axdens am JReradobebis
varirebas. xemi ibrunebs mkveTr, agresiulsac ki, a acca-s,
romelic dakarga romantikul musikaSi. fortepiano
umTavresad gamoiyeneba rogorc dasartyami, martellato-s
TvisebiT, ufro iSviaTad, ungruli cimbalonis msgavsi
trelis efeqtisTvis da kidev ufro iSviaTad, sakravis
rezonansuli Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, kantilenuri
miznebisTvis“1.
musikis simebianebis, dasartyamebis da Celes-
tasTvis pirveli nawili, romelsac mxolod simebianebi
asruleben, pirquS qromatul Temaze dawerili fugaa.
nawili xasiaTdeba mkacri polifoniuri logikiT, for-
mis erTianobiT da musikaluri qsovilis totaluri Te-
matizaciiT (fugis intermediebic Temis intonaciebzea
agebuli). aqve unda aRiniSnos fugis Temis mniSvneloba
mTeli ciklisTvis. ritmulad da kilourad modificire-
buli saxiT igi ciklis sxva nawilebSic gvxvdeba. amgva-
rad, aqac, mexuTe kvartetis msgavsad, nawilebs Soris
farTo monoTematuri kavSirebi gamoiyeneba.
pirveli nawilis Rrmad subieqtur da erTgvarovan xa-
siaTs upirispirdeba sonaturi formiT dawerili meore na-
wili (Allegro). masSi erTmaneTs aqtiurad upirispirdeba si-
xaruli da SfoTva, aqtiuri moqmedeba da udardeli TamaSi
1
Boulez, B. (1986). Bartók: Music for strings, percussion and celesta. In: Boulez, P.
Orienta ons. Cambridge, Massachusse s: Harvard University Press. – p. 347.
145
da bartokisTvis damaxasiaTebel barbaro-s warmoadgens.
meore nawilis Tematizmi avlens mWidro kavSirs folklo-
rul wyaroebTan. cxadia, aq, iseve rogorc bartokis sxva
nawarmoebebSi, ar gamoiyeneba konkretuli folkloruli
citatebi, aramed ungruli forlklorisTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli kiloebi da calkeuli intonaciebi dominirebs.
amasTanave, meore nawilis orive Tema (mTavari da damxmare)
pirveli nawilis, fugis Temidanaa amozrdili.
ciklis mesame nawili (Adagio) bartokis esTetikis
erT-erT centralur mxatvrul saxes, e.w. Ramis musikas
(Rameul xmebs) warmoadgens. igi koncentruli formiTaa
dawerili, sadac upiratesoba ara Tematuri damuSavebis
princips, aramed tembrul-artikulaciur gamomgoneb-
lobas eniWeba. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom bartokis mraval
nawarmoebSi gamoyenebuli koncentruli forma (ABCBA) aq
modificirebuli saxiTaa mocemuli, gafarToebuli Sua
epizodiT (ABCDBA)1.
musikas simebianebis, dasartyamebis da Ce-
lestasTvis agvirgvinebs Janruli finali, romelSic
sacekvao ritmebi dominirebs. gvxvdeba, xalxuri ferxu-
lebis JReradobis imitirebac.
bartokis musika simebianebis, dasartyamebis
da CelestasTvis novatoruli nawarmoebia, razec
gansakuTrebiT mkafiod metyvelebs misi uCveulo Se-
madgenloba da aranakleb Taviseburi ganlageba scenaze
(simebianebi or jgufadaa gayofili da scenis or mxares

1
am nawilis da koncentruli formis Sesaxeb ix.: bolaSvili, q.;
WitaZe, q. (2017). musikaluri nawarmoebebis analizi: XX saukune. leq-
ciebi. Tbilisi _ gv. 105-112.
146
ganawilebuli, dasartyamebi da klaviSianebi ki – centr-
Sia ganTavsebuli), rac am saorkestro partituris ste-
reofonul JReradobas uzrunvelyofs.
bartoki-simfonistis SemoqmedebiTi miRwevebi Se-
jamebulia koncertSi orkestrisTvis 1, romelic
Janruli TvalsazrisiT, iseve rogorc musika simebia-
nebis, dasartyamebis da CelestasTvis, aratradici-
uladaa ganmartebuli. Tavad kompozitori am nawarmoebis
Sesaxeb werda: `am simfoniis msgavsi saorkestro nawarmoe-
bis saxelwodeba dakavSirebulia miswrafebasTan, orkes-
tris calkeuli instrumenti sakoncerto, solo maneraSi
iyos gaazrebuli. aseTi `virtuozuli~ gaazreba SesamCne-
via, magaliTad, pirveli nawilis damuSavebis fugatoSi
(spilenZis CasaberebTan) an finalis mTavari Temis perpetu-
um mobile pasaJebSi, magram gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos
meore nawili, sadac sakravTa wyvilebi Tanmimdevrulad
asruleben brwyinvale pasaJebs~2. amgvarad, avtoriseuli
komentaridan gamomdinare SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq ori
Janris, simfoniis da koncertis sinTezia mocemuli, rac,
erTi mxriv, sazogadod XX saukunis pirveli naxevris
dasavleTevropuli musikis ganviTarebis erT-erT Ziri-
Tad princips ukavSirdeba (igulisxmeba simfoniis Janris
kamerizacia), xolo meore mxriv, sakuTriv bartokis sti-
lis stabiluri maxasiaTebelia.

1
koncerti orkestrisTvis (Concerto for Orchestra) Sz. 116, BB 123, 1943
(red. 1945); premiera: 1944, 1 dekemberi; Semsruleblebi: bostonis sim-
foniuri orkestri, diriJori _ sergei (serJ) kusevicki (Serge (Sergey)
Koussevitzky, 1874-1951).
2
saavtoro ganmarteba, dabeWdili bostonis orkestris programaSi
1944 wlis 10 dekembers.
147
 koncerti orkestrisTvis xuTnawiliani ciklia:
Allegro – Scherzo – Andante – Scherzo – Finale (meoTxe kvartetis
msgavsi dramaturgiuli principi), sadac ZiriTadi drama-
turgiuli RerZi, ciklis arsi kent nawilebSia gaxsnili:
aRelvebuli Sesavlidan tragikuli Andante-s gavliT sazei-
mo finalisken. ori skerco ki Taviseburi intermediebia.
skercoebis intermediuloba xazgasmulia TamaSis esTe-
tikiT (II nawili) da citatiT franc leharis operetidan
„mxiaruli qvrivi qali“ (Franz Lehár, 1870-1948, Die lus ge Witwe)
IV nawilSi. amgvarad, cikli mxatvrul saxeTa didi mraval-
ferovnebiT gamoirCeva. aq vxvdebiT rogorc Janrul-sacek-
vao Temebs, ise mZafrad konfliqtur, dramatul saxeebs.

***

bartokis SemoqmedebaSi SedarebiT mokrZalebuli

adgili ukavia musikalur Teatrs. igi am Janris sul sami opus-
is, ori baletis da erTi operis avtoria, romlebic erT
periodSi, 10-ian wlebSia dawerili. mxatvruli amocanis
garkveuli msgavsebis miuxedavad, isini gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisgan Janruli TvalsazrisiT: opera lurjwve-
ra hercogis cixe-darbazi1 – simbolisturi dramaa
eqspresionistuli Teatris niSnebiT, xis ufliswuli2
– ironiuli zRapari, xolo saocari mandarini3 ki –
groteskuli eqspresionistuli drama.

1
lurjwvera hercogis cixe-darbazi, A kékszakállú herceg vára (ungr.).
premiera: 1918, 24 maisi, budapeStis opera.
2
xis ufliswuli, A fából farago királyfi (ungr.). premiera: 1917, 12 maisi,
budapeStis opera.
3
saocari mandarini, A csodálatos mandarin (ungr.). premiera: 1926,
27 noemberi, kelnis opera.

148
 operas lurjwvera hercogis cixe-darbazi
safuZvlad udevs Sarl peros zRapris motivebze Se-
qmnili ungreli poetis bela balaJis (Béla Balázs) drama.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saukuneebis mijnaze peros zRapris
siuJeti metad popularuli aRmoCnda. igi safuZvlad
daedo moris meterlinkis dramas. swored mis motivebzea
Seqmnili balaJis libreto. imavdroulad, poets surda
leqsTwyobiT ungruli baladebis sulis aRorZineba anu
bartokis msgavsi miznebi hqonda – xelovnebis ganaxleba
ZirZvel tradiciaze dayrdnobiT.
opera lurjwvera hercogis cixe-darbazi erT-
aqtiani dramaa, romelsac win uZRvis prologi – mkiTxve-
lis mimarTva publikisadmi. amis Semdeg iwyeba sakuTriv
opera, romelic ori personaJis – hercogis (bani) da
misi axalgazrda coli iudiTis (meco-soprano) vrcel
reCitatiul dialogs warmoadgens. bartokis musikaSi
Tavisufladaa gaerTianebuli ramdenime stilisturi
Sre: rTuli, feradovani, uwyvet ganviTarebaze agebuli
saorkestro partia avlens msgavsebas debiusis stilTan;
operis intonaciuri wyoba ungruli folkloridanaa aR-
mocenebuli, kerZod, epikuri baladebis parlando rubato-s
gamomsaxveli intonaciebidan. orive gmiris musikaluri
portretebi gamoirCeva mkveTri fsiqologiuri kontras-
tebiT pasiuri unebisyofobidan mgznebare nevrozulo-
bamde, rac nawarmoebis saerTo idumal pirquS atmosfe-
rosTan erTad mas eqspresionistul elfers aniWebs.
operis mravalferovan musikalur masalas aerTia-
nebs laitmotivebi, Tumca bartoki mxolod erT gamWol

149
Temas iyenebs, esaa `sisxlis Tema~, danarCenebi ki loka-
luri mniSvnelobisaa da mxolod erTi scenis farglebSi
moqmedebs da TiToeuli daxuruli karis miRma arsebul
saidumloebas ganasaxierebs, magaliTad, Zalauflebas,
ganZs, cremlebis tbas da a. S.
opera lurjwvera hercogis cixe-darbazi
XX saukunis musikis zogadad da kerZod, ungruli musi-
kaluri kulturis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani etapia.
dabolos, unda iTqvas, rom udidesi ungreli kompo-
zitoris bela bartokis Semoqmedeba XX saukunis pirveli
naxevris evropuli kulturis SesaniSnavi movlenaa. aq
mravali gansxvavebuli (xSirad urTierTgamomricxavic
ki) SemoqmedebiTi principi sinTezur mTlianobadaa gaer-
Tianebuli, rac qmnis bartokis mkafiod individualur,
ganumeorebel stils. rogorc pier bulezi wers: „iqneba
es brutalurad Semtevi JReradobebi Tu mSvidi sinaze,
romelic Wriala xmovanebebidan anaTebs cisartyelis
ferebiT gaciskrovnebuli, bartoki rCeba Seudarebel
ganumeorebel kompozitorad“1.

ZiriTadi nawarmoebebis sia

1903, koSuti [Kossuth], simfoniuri poema
1904, op. 1, rafsodia [Rhapsody] fortepianos da orkestrisTvis
1904, op. 2, skerco (burleska) [Scherzo (Burlesque)] fortepianos
da orkestrisTvis
1905 (red. 1920), op. 3, siuita #1 [Suite N 1] orkestrisTvis

1
Boulez, B. (1986). Bartók: Music for strings, percussion and celesta. In: Boulez, P.
Orienta ons. Cambridge, Massachusse s: Harvard University Press. – p. 348.

150
1905-7 (red. 1920, 1943), op.4, siuita #2 [Suite N 2] kameruli or-
kestrisTvis
1907-8, koncerti [Violin Concerto N 1] violinos da orkest-
risTvis #1
1907-11, op. 5, ori portreti [Két portré] orkestrisTvis
1908, op. 6, ToTxmeti bagateli [14 Bagatelles] fortepianosTvis
1908, op. 7, simebiani kvarteti #1 [String Quartet N 1]
1910, op. 10, ori suraTi [Két kép] orkestrisTvis
1911, ALLEGRO BARBARO fortepianosTvis
1911 (red. 1912, 1918), op.11, lurjwvera hercogis cixe-
darbazi [A Kékszakállú herceg vára], erTaqtiani opera
1912, op. 12, oTxi piesa orkestrisTvis [Pieces]
1914-6, op. 13, xis ufliswuli [A fából farago királyfi], erTaqtiani
baleti
1916, op. 14, siuita [Suite] fortepianosTvis
1915-7, op. 17, simebiani kvarteti # 2 [String Quartet N 2]
1917, ruminuli xalxuri cekvebi [Román népi táncok] orkest-
risTvis
1918, op. 18, etiudebi [Studies] fortepianosTvis
1918-9 (red. 1924, 1926-31), op. 19, saocari mandarini [A csodálatos
mandarin], pantomima
1921, sonata [Violin Sonata N 1] violinos da fortepianosTvis # 1
1922, sonata [Violin Sonata N 2] violinos da fortepianosTvis # 2
1923, sacekvao siuita [Táncszvit] orkestrisTvis
1926, koncerti [Piano Concerto N 1] fortepianos da orkest-
risTvis # 1
1926, sonata [Piano Sonata] fortepianosTvis
1926, Ria cis qveS [Szabadban] fortepianosTvis

151
1926, sami sofluri scena [Tri dedinské scény] qalTa 4 (an 8) xmis
da kameruli orkestrisTvis
1926, 1932-9, mikrokosmosi [Mikrokosmos] fortepianosTvis
1927, simebiani kvarteti #3 [String Quartet N 3]
1928, rafsodia [Rhapsody for Violin and Piano N 1] violinos da
fortepianosTvis #1
1928 (red. 1944), rafsodia [Rhapsody for Violin and Piano N 2] vio-
linos da fortepianosTvis # 2
1928, simebiani kvarteti # 4 [String Quartet N 4]
1930, CANTATA PROFANA cxra jadosnuri iremi [Akilenc cso-
daszarvas] tenoris, baritonis, ormagi gundis da orkestrisTvis
1930-1, koncerti [Piano Concerto N 2] fortepianos da orkest-
risTvis # 2
1931, 44 dueti [44 Duos for Two Violins ] ori violinosTvis
1931, transilvanuri cekvebi [Erdélyi táncok] orkestrisTvis
1931, ungruli eskizebi [Magyar képek] orkestrisTvis
1933, ungruli glexuri simRerebi [Magyar parasztdalok]
orkestrisTvis
1933, 5 ungruli xalxuri simRera [Magyar népdalok] xmis da
orkestrisTvis
1934, simebiani kvarteti # 5 [String Quartet N 5]
1936, musika simebianebis, dasartyamebis da
CelestasTvis [Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta]
1937, sonata ori fortepianos da dasartyamebisTvis [Sonata
for Two Pianos and Percussion]
1937-8, koncerti [Violin Concerto N 2] violinos da orkestris-
Tvis # 2
1938, kontrastebi [Contrasts] violinos, klarnetis da forte-
pianosTvis
152
1939, divertismenti [Diver mento] simebiani orkestrisTvis
1939, simebiani kvarteti # 6 [String Quartet N 6]
1940, koncerti [Concerto for Two Pianos, Percussion and Orchestra]
ori fortepianos da orkestrisTvis (redaqcia sonatis ori
fortepianos da dasartyamebisTvis)
1943 (red. 1945), koncerti [Concerto for Orchestra] orkestrisTvis
1944, sonata [Sonata for Solo Violin] solo violinosTvis
1945, koncerti [Piano Concerto N 3] fortepianos da orkest-
risTvis # 3
1945, koncerti [Viola Concerto] violas da orkestrisTvis

153
 paul hindemiti
(1895-1963)

paul hindemiti or msoflio oms Soris moRvawe ga-

moCenili germaneli kompozitori, diriJori, violaze
Semsrulebeli da musikis Teoretikosia, romlis Sesaxeb
misi musikis mkvlevari vilibald gurliti rimanis leq-
sikonSi werda: „hindemitis xelovnebaSi cocxlobs Zvel
ostatTagan momdinare raRac – xelosnuris, teqnikuris
da SemoqmedebiTis is ganuyofeli erToblioba, romelsac
romanul enebSi ar giano da ar s an ewodeba. hindemitis xe-
lovneba gamoirCeva yovelive xelosnuris da teqnikuris
Tanamedrove aTvisebiT, instrumentebze dakvra iqneba es,
Tu kompoziciis agebis ostatoba. igi Tavis pirovnebaSi
aerTianebs musikos-Semoqmeds da musikos-Semsrulebels“1.
SemoqmedebiTi gza hindemitma daiwyo bramsis da rege-
ris tradiciebis gagrZelebiT da ara klasikuri musikis
safuZvlebis `ngreviT~, da amiT, logikur dasasrulamde
miiyvana germanuli musikis ganviTarebis winamorbedebis
mier dasaxuli mimarTuleba. bramsis da regeris msgavsad,
misTvis ucxo iyo gviani romantizmis is tendenciebi, romle-
bic vagneris da maleris Semoqmedebidan amoizarda da Semd-
gom venis axali skolis kompozitorebTan pova ganviTareba.
hindemitis SemoqmedebaSi mkafiod SeiniSneba sxva-
dasxva, xSirad erTmaneTis sapirispiro gavlenebi, romelTa
urTierTobac kompozitoris stilis fenomens qmnis. ar
1
cit. ix.: Левая, Т.; Леонтьева, О. (1974). Пауль Хиндемит: Жизнь и творчество.
Москва: Музыка – c.17.
154
paul hindemiti

155
SeiZleba hindemitis da brukneris simfoniebs da sasu-
liero musikas Soris arsebuli kavSirebis uyuradRebod
datoveba da, aseve, vagneriseuli saorkestro stilis ze-
gavlenis uaryofa, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavad hindemiti
polemikurad uaryofs yovelive vagneriseuls. masTan
aseve vxvdebiT 1900-iani wlebis modernis stilis musika-
luri enisTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebsac. debiusis
musikiT axalgazrdulma gatacebam hindemitis simwifis
periodis nawarmoebebis tembrul da harmoniul nova-
ciebze moaxdina gavlena. amgvarad, hindemitis indivi-
dualuri stili, romelic pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg
Camoyalibda, mraval da zogjer urTierTsapirispiro
principebs aerTianebs da maTi gadaazrebidan ibadeba.
paul hindemitis Semoqmedebis adreuli periodisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli meamboxe suli, ironia, skefsisi, grotes-
ki – XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis xelovnebis maxasiaTeb-
lebi, mniSvnelovnad iyo ganpirobebuli epoqis saerTo
suliskveTebiT da axali esTetikuri mimarTulebiT, ro-
melic cnobilia saxelwodebiT `axali sagnobrioba~ (Neue
Sachlichkeit). pirvel msoflio omSi damarcxebul germaniaSi
axalma sulierma klimatma daisadgura, romelmac roman-
tikuli idealebis uaryofa da axali msoflmxedvelobis
Camoyalibeba ganapiroba. igi ara uaxloes, aramed Soreul
warsulze iyo orientirebuli. ase Camoyalibda neokla-
sicizmi, mimarTuleba, romelic pirveli msoflio omis
periodSi dakarguli sulieri wonasworobis aRdgenas
tradiciul faseulobaTa sistemaze, barokos da adreu-
li klasicizmis xelovnebaze dayrdnobiT cdilobda.

157
musikaluri neoklasicizmic imave periodis Janrul da
stilistur modelebs mimarTavs, magram yoveli kompozi-
toris SemoqmedebaSi misi esTetika individualuradaa
gardatexili. hindemiti, sxva kompozitor-neoklasi-
cistebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelTaTvis SemoqmedebiTi
urTierToba gansxvavebul stilebTan da epoqebTan nay-
ofieri iyo (magaliTad, i. stravinski), upiratesobas Sua
saukuneebis da barokos epoqis germanul polifoniur
skolas aniWebda. amasTanave, baxis da hendelis Semoqmedeba
misTvis sulieri, eTikuri sayrdeni iyo. magram hindemi-
tis Semoqmedebis umTavresi principi, iseve rogorc
sazogadod neoklasicizmisTvis, warsulis dabrunebis
mcdeloba ki araa, aramed misi axal niadagze gadmonergva
da gansxvavebul pirobebSi warmoCenaa. hindemitiseu-
li neoklasicizmisTvis 20-ian wlebSi damaxasiaTebeli
iyo qristianuli humanizmis religiur-eTikuri Tema,
inteleqtualuri problemebi, rac sakompozitoro da
samecniero TxzulebebSi `samyaros harmoniis~, uzenaesi
wesrigis kategoriebze dayrdnobaSi gamoixata.
amgvarad, hindemitis Semoqmedebis erT-erT umTav-
res amosaval punqts warmoadgens `antiromantizmi~, rac
adreuli periodis SemoqmedebaSi Tanamedrove qalaqis
xmauris, manqanebis samyaros, jazis, sayofacxovrebo
musikisadmi interesSi gacxadda. mogvianebiT ki, rogorc
aRvniSneT, klasikuri tadiciis aRorZinebaSi gamoixata.

***

paul hindemiti daibada 1895 wels germaniis qalaq

hanauSi. man 11 wlis asakSi daiwyo violinoze dakvra. Sem-
158
deg Caabara mainis frankfurtis konservatoriaSi, rome-
lic 1915 wels violinos da kompoziciis specialobebiT
daamTavra. hindemiti-kompozitoris formirebaze mniSv-
nelovani gavlena moaxdina misma monawileobam 1921 wels
daarsebul Tanamedrove kameruli musikis festivalebSi
donaueSengenSi, sadac igi, rogorc `amar-kvartetis~
(Amar-Quarte ) wevri (viola), axal nawarmoebebs asruleb-
da. aqve Sedga misi ori simebiani kvartetis (op. 16 da
op. 22) premiera. sayuradReboa, rom am periodSi hindemiti
ZiriTadad kamerul ansamblebs qmnida, romelTa saer-
To maxasiaTebelia mZafri polemika gvianromantikuli
stilis gadaWarbebul emociurobas da paTetikasTan.
amas axalgazrda kompozitorma daupirispira jazisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli ritmis stiqiuroba, gamWvirvale faqtu-
ra, mkafio formebi. yvela es Tviseba damaxasiaTebelia
hindemitis nawarmoebebisTvis, romelTa Janri kompozi-
torma gansazRvra, rogorc kameruli musika (Kam-
mermusik). am tipis nawarmoebTa ciklSi gaerTianebulia
rva partitura, romlebSic kameruli muzicirebis kla-
sicizmamdeli formebia gamoyenebuli. TiToeuli Kam-
mermusik Taviseburi Concerto grosso-a, sadac am JanrisTvis
tipuri xerxebia gamoyenebuli: solo-s da tu -s, tembrebis,
tempebis da Janrebis dapirispireba. amasTanave, hindemi-
ti farTod mimarTavs stiluri dapirispirebis xerxsac,
kerZod, Semohyavs sayofacxovrebo Janrebi, im dros po-
pularuli simRerebis da cekvebis melodiebi. am mxriv
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos kameruli musika #1,
romelmac gancvifrebaSi moiyvana msmeneli xis Casabe-

159
rebis da sayviris uCveuli melodiuri aqtiurobiT da
simebianebis daqvemdebarebuli funqciiT, finalSi 1921
popularuli foqstrotis Temis Wilm, wilm gamoyenebiT.
kamerul musikas mohyva patara kameruli musika
xuTi sasulesTvis op. 24 (1922) da safortepiano
siuita 1922, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia msubuqi
ironia, mWidro kavSiri sayofacxovrebo JanrebTan da,
rac mniSvnelovania, aq gamovlinda kompozitoris mier
sakravebis teqnikuri SesaZleblobebis virtuozuli
floba, swrafva melodiis gaTavisuflebisken harmoniu-
li vertikalis dogmatisgan, Tavisufali improvizaciis
da ganviTarebis polifoniuri xerxebis prioriteti.
20-ian wlebSi hindemiti musikaluri Teatris Janrs
mimarTavs. am periodSia dawerili misi opera kardilia-
ki, musikaluri sketCebi, farsebi, parodiebi nuS-nuSi,
mkvleli – qalebis imedi, win da ukan, dRis axali
ambebi.
operaSi kardiliaki (1926) kompozitori uaryofs
vagneriseul Teatralur koncefcias da XIX saukunis
musikaluri dramisTvis damaxasiaTebel dramaturgiul
principebs. musikas da sityvas Soris istoriulad ar-
sebul dapirispirebaSi hindemiti upiratesobas musikas
aniWebs da dramaturgiis da calkeuli scenis agebule-
baSi paradoqsul-polemikurad usvams xazs kavSirs Zvel
italiur operasTan, hendelTan da mocartTan. igi qmnis
`operas muzicirebisTvis~, romelSic garRveva musikas da
teqsts Soris xazgasmulia kontrastiT musikis aradrama-
tulobas da siuJetis mZafr dramatizms Soris.

160
 operaSi kardiliaki mniSvnelovania literatu-
ruli pirvelwyaros SerCevis sakiTxi. iseve rogorc
hindemitis erTaqtiani operebi (nuS-nuSi, mkvleli
qalebis imedi, wminda susana), kardiliakic saSi-
nelebaTa dramaa. operis centrSi dgas moZalade, mkvleli,
magram ara Cveulebrivi damnaSave, aramed romantikuli
gmiri-simbolo, demonuri vnebis gansaxiereba. es antiro-
mantikuli opera e. t. a. hofmanis (E. T. A. Hoffmann, 1776-1822)
siuJetzea1 dawerili, xolo Tavad kardiliaki hofma-
niseuli romantizmis tipuri gmiri da romantikuli xe-
lovnebis, romantikuli azrovnebis, romantikuli eTikis
simboloa. amasTanave, operis musikaluri Sre mTlianad
gaucxoebis efeqtzea damyarebuli. nawarmoebis musi-
kaluri masala agebulia barokos epoqis operis modelze,
romelic warmoadgens himnuri tipis gundebis, lirikuli
ariebis da sxvadasxvagvari ansamblebis Tanmimdevrobas.
hindemitis musikaluri azrovnebis ganviTarebis
mniSvnelovani etapia 30-iani wlebi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom
germaniaSi 30-ian wlebSi saxelmwifos saTaveSi movid-
nen nacional-socialistebi kancler adolf hitleris
meTaurobiT, ramac uaRresad negatiuri gavlena moaxdina
qveynis kulturul cxovrebaze. xelovanTa umetesoba,
romelic an `araariuli~ warmoSobisa iyo, an reJimisad-
mi araloialobaSi iyo eWvmitanili, iZulebuli gaxda
wasuliyo emigraciaSi. emigrantTa Soris aRmoCnda paul
hindemitic, romelsac sul ufro mZafrad afasebdnen
axali reJimis mimarT loialuri kritikosebi da poli-
1
operis libretos safuZvlad daedo e. t. a. hofmanis novela `mad-
muazel de skiuderi~ (Mademoiselle de Scudéri, 1819).
161
tikosebi. maT mier hindemitis musika Sefasda, rogorc
„kulturbolSevikuri“. erTaderTi, vinc mxarSi amoudga
hindemits da mis musikas, iyo vilhelm furtvengleri.
1934 wlis 25 noembris sagazeTo statiaSi „Der Fall Hin-
demith“ („hindemitis saqme“)1 man hindemiti gamoacxada
Tanamedroveobis sanimuSo musikosad. magram sul male
propagandis raixsministrma iozef gebelsma (Joseph Goeb-
bels) gaakeTa mesame raixis kulturis politikis Sesaxeb
saprogramo gancxadeba, romelmac hindemits miaRebina
emigrirebis gadawyvetileba. hindemitma Tavi jer Sveica-
rias Seafara, Semdeg ki aSS-Si gaemgzavra.
30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi hindemiti mimarTavs
fi losofiur Tematikas da muSaobas iwyebs operaze
mxatvari matisi2 (1934 w.). mxatvari matisi misi Se-
moqmedebis erT-erTi mwvervalia, romelSic, wina wlebis
nawarmoebebisgan gansxvavebiT, upiratesoba eniWeba dia-
tonikas, modalur azrovnebas, arqaul intonaciebs, da-
maxasiaTebels Sua saukuneebis germanuli folkloris da
saeklesio musikisTvis, musikaluri azris ganviTarebis
variaciul da polifoniur xerxebs, romlebic SemdgomSi
ganmsazRvreli gaxdeba hindemitis stilisTvis.
opera mxatvari matisis mTavari gmiri izenhaimis
(Isenheim) saxelganTqmuli taZris mxatvari maTias grune-
valdia (Ma hias Grünewald, daaxl. 1480-1530) – XV saukunis
germanuli reformaciis da glexTa omebis gmiri. operis
libreto kompozitoris mieraa Sedgenili istoriuli
1
Furtwängler, W. Der Fall Hindemith. In: Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, Berlin, 25.
November 1934.
2
mxatvari matisi, Mathis der Maler (germ.). libreto – paul hindemiti.
premiera: 1938, 28 maisi; ciurixis opera.
162
qronike bis safuZvelze, Tumca Janris specifikidan
gamomdinare, mis mier Setanilia calkeuli cvlileba.
mxatvar matisSi, kardiliakis msgavsad, dasmulia
xelovanis da sazogadoebis problema, magram amjerad
gadatanili konkretul istoriul pirobebSi. swored
istoriulma masalam ganapiroba kompozitoris mier
saopero dramaturgiis, musikaluri Teatris, ufro
konkretulad, saopero formebis mi marT sakuTari
damokidebulebis gadaxedva. 20-iani wlebis erTaqtiani
operebisgan gansxvavebiT, mxatvari matisi masStaburi
epikuri musikaluri dramaa, romelic gamWoli ganvi-
Tarebis princips efuZneba, rasac mniSvnelovanwilad
ganapirobebs laitmotivi – XVI saukunis xalxuri simRe-
ris Tema ES SUNGEN DREI ENGEL (sami angelozi galobda)1.
operisTvis hindemitma SearCia dramaturgiuli ga-
dawyvetis, scenuri moqmedebis Zalze originaluri for-
ma – yoveli scena, moqmedi gmirebis saxeebi STagonebulia
maTias grunevaldis ferweriT. nawarmoebis musikaluri
masala ki XV-XVI saukuneebis germanuli xalxuri musikis da
luTeranuli qoralisTvis damaxasiaTebel arqaul inton-
aciebzea agebuli. swored amitomaa, rom operaSi domini-
rebs linearuli ganviTarebis logika, modaloba, xolo
vertikalur struqturebSi Warbobs kvarta-kvinturi da
sekunduri Tanxmovanebebi.

1
simfoniaSi hindemitma gamoiyena Sua saukuneebis xalxuri simReris
melodia, romelic reformaciis Semdeg Secvlili teqstiT gadaiqca
saeklesio himnad da am saxiT aris fiqsirebuli 1605 wlis Mainzer Can-
tual-Si (sagaloblebis wigni maincidan). himnis saxeSecvlili teqsti
da melodia aseve gamoiyena gustav malerma vokalur ciklSi „biWis
jadosnuri buki“ (Des Knaben Wunderhorn) da mesame simfoniaSi.
163
 operisTvis SerCeuli istoriuli siuJeti imxanad
Zal ze aqtualuri aRmoCnda, rac hindemitis ope ris
warmatebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo.
operaze muSaobis paralelurad, misi libretos
dasrulebamde, hindemitma Seqmna simfonia mxatvari
matisi. simfoniaSi gamoyenebuli Temebi Semdeg opera-
Sia Sesuli da mis ZiriTad Tematizms udevs safuZvlad.
aRsaniSnavia, rom hindemitis simfonia mxatvari matisi,
sxva avtorebis analogiuri nawarmoebebisgan gansxvave-
biT, aris ara siuita operis Temebze, aramed damoukide-
beli nawarmoebi sakuTari mxatvruli koncefciiT.
samnawiliani simfoniis TiToeuli nawili grune-
valdis mier Seqmnili izenhaimis karedis musikalur-filo-
sofiuri versiaa: angelozebis koncerti, saflavad
dadeba da wminda antoniusis cduneba Engelkonzert;
Grablegung; Versuchung des heiligen Antonius . simfoniis pir-
vel nawils win uswrebs Sesavali, romelsac safuZv-
lad udevs ope ris laitmotivi, Tema sami angelozi
galobda. sakuTriv sonaturi formis Temebi sakmao Tav-
SekavebulobiT da sidinjiT, musikaluri qsovilis gra-
fikulobiT da ganviTarebis polifoniurobiT xasiaTde-
ba. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom sonaturi forma da misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli binaruli opoziciuroba hintemitis
azrovnebisTvis araa niSandoblivi, ris gamoc simfoniis
pirvel nawilSi Warbobs gadmocemis eqspoziciuri tipi
da koncertirebis principi.
meore nawili – saflavad dadeba – mTeli ciklis
lirikul-filosofiuri centria. simebianebis sawyisi

164
elegiuri Tema ganviTarebis procesSi ganicdis drama-
tizacias, TandaTanobiT ufro eqspresiuli xdeba, rac
miiRweva Semcirebuli kilos, linearuli ganviTarebis
Sedegad warmoebuli disonirebuli Tanxmovanebebis far-
To gamoyenebiT. Tumca nawilis bolos daZabuloba mkveT-
rad klebulobs da igi mTavrdeba Cis-dur samxmovanebiT.
simfoniuri ciklis yvelaze aqtiuri, qmediTi da ga-
momsaxveli nawilia misi finali – wminda antoniusis
cduneba. aq kompozitoris mier saorkestro xerxebiT
ostaturadaa gadmocemuli grunevaldis fer weris
xatovaneba da dinamika. simfoniis am nawilis Teatrali-
zebuli demonuri Sinaarsi, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT,
mogvagonebs analogiur saxeebs romantikosebis Semo-
qmedebaSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT aqve unda iTqvas, rom
30-iani wlebis Semdgom hindemitis mraval nawarmoebSi
SeiniSneba garkveuli kavSirebi axlo warsulTan, roman-
tizmTan, rac wina periodSi mis mier principulad iyo
uaryofili. stilisturi orientaciis aseTma Secvlam,
misma Serbilebam mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina nawi-
lis arqiteqtonikazec: hindemitisTvis tipuri mkacri
struqturuli logika Seicvala Tavisufali, gamWoli
formiT, romelic (nawilis saerTo Sinaarsidan gamomdi-
nare) Zi riTadi Temebis mravalferovan gardaqmnas
efuZneba. finalis bolos boroti Zalebis damarcxebis
simbolod JRers fsalmodia, agebuli Toma akvinelis
sagaloblis motivze LAUDA SION SALVATOREM1, romelic
ganviTarebis procesSi himnur xasiaTs iZens.
1
Lauda Sion Salvatorem, sion, adide macxovari – sagalobeli, romlis
teqstis avtoria wm. Toma akvineli, musikis avtori ucnobia.
165
 simfonia mxatvari matisis triumfaluri pre-
mieris Semdeg1 kompozitori, winamorbedi periodisgan
gansxvavebiT, upiratesobas e. w. did simfonias aniWebs
da qmnis simfonias in Es, romelic bramsis da brukneris
simfonizmis tradiciebs agrZelebs.
1937-39 wlebSi hindemiti muSaobs kompoziciis sa-
xelmZRvaneloze, romelSic Teoriulad asabuTebs sa-
kuTar SemoqmedebiT meTods2 da tonaluri, centralize-
buli sistemis universalurobas. sami wlis Semdeg sakuTar
Teorias hindemiti praqtikulad asabuTebs da qmnis sa-
fortepiano polifoniur cikls LUDUS TONALIS (tonalo-
baTa TamaSi), romelic gafarToebuli tonalobis da
to na lobaTa urTi erTobis hindemitiseul variants
efuZneba3.
Sveicariidan 1940 wels hindemiti sacxovreblad ga-
davida aSS-Si, sadac intensiur pedagogiur moRvaweobas
ielis universitetSi eweoda. 1946 wels igi aSS-s moqalaqe
gaxda.
1
simfonia Mathis der Maler. premiera – 1934, 12 marti; Semsruleblebi:
berlinis filarmoniuli orkestri, diriJori – vilhelm furtveng-
leri (Wilhelm Furtwängler, 1886-1954).
2
1. Unterweisung im Tonsatz sam tomad. I – Teoriuli nawili (Scho , Mainz
– 1937): II da III – savarjiSoebi or- da samxmianobaSi (Scho , Mainz – 1939;
1970).
3
ciklSi LUDUS TONALIS fugebi, tonalobebis TvalsazrisiT, Semdeg-
nairadaa ganlagebuli: pirveli fuga mTavar tonalobaSia dawerili
(in C), Semdegi fugebi misgan srulyofili konsonansiTaa daSorebuli
(in G da in F), meoTxe-meeqvse – arasrulyofili konsonansebiT da bo-
los – disonirebuli intervalebiT (meTormete fuga – in Fis). LUDUS
TONALIS-is analizi ix.: maruaSvili, l. (2008). leqciebi polifoniaSi:
didi polifoniuri cikli XX saukunis kompozitorTa SemoqmedebaSi.
Tbilisi: Tsk.; Vlahopol, G. (2010). Baroque Reflec ons in Ludus Tonalis by Paul
Hindemith. AMTA’10: Proceedings of the 11th WSEAS interna onal conference on
acous cs & music: theory & applica ons. – pp. 171-175.
166
 hindemitis mier amerikaSi Seqmnili msxvili nawar-
moebebidan aRsaniSnavia 20-ian wlebSi dawerili operebis
kardiliakis da dRis axali ambebis axali redaqcie-
bi, opera da simfonia samyaros harmonia.
opera samyaros harmonia1 hindemitis msoflmxed-
velobrivi koncefciis Taviseburi anareklia. nawarmoe-
bis idea efuZneba XVII saukunis germaneli filosofosis
da astronomis iohanes kepleris (Johannes Kepler, 1571-1630)
Sexedulebebs samyaroze da mis mier antikur Teoriebze
dayrdnobiT Seqmnil mistikur kosmogonias, samyaros
harmoniis koncefcias. keplerma traqtatSi Harmonice
Mundi wamoayena planetebis moZraobis axali Teoria
da Seqmna samyaros heliocentristuli suraTi. amave
traqtatSi keplerma ganaviTara piTagoras idea ciuri
sxeulebis moZraobis harmoniulobaze.
opera samyaros harmonia monumenturi xuTaqtia-
ni kompoziciaa, romelSic yvelaze Tanmimdevruladaa
realizebuli kompozitoris Sexedulebebi gafarToebul
tonalobaze. mTeli operis tonaluri centria E, xolo
yoveli axali centri asaxavs konkretul scenur situacias
da konkretuli personaJis mimarTebas keplerTan, samyaros
harmoniis miseul koncefciasTan, romelic bgera E-sTanaa
dakavSirebuli. hindemitis Teoriis Sesabamisad, E-sgan
yvelaze daSorebuli tonaluri centri aris B, romelic
ukavSirdeba iseT dramatul scenebs, rogorebicaa: keple-
ris da kaizer rudolfis dialogi, kepleris eklesiisgan
1
samyaros harmonia, Die Harmonie der Welt. libreto – paul hindemiti.
premiera – 1957, 11 agvisto, miunxenis princ regentis Teatri (Prinz-
regententheater).

167
gankveTa. tonalur centrebTan erTad operaSi mniSvnelo-
van rols asrulebs motivebis semantika. gansakuTrebiTaa
xazgasmuli patara terciis intervali, romliTac kom-
pozitori axasiaTebs keplerTan dapirispirebul perso-
naJebs (magaliTad, kaizer rudolfi, mRvdeli hicleri),
aseve aRmavali naxtomi wminda kvintaze, romelic adamianis
gonebis yovlisSemZleobis simboloa, kepleris rwmeniT.
grandiozuli xuTmoqmedebiani samyaros harmo-
nia tipurad neoklasicisturi nawarmoebia, romelic
mravalricxovan da, amasTanave, gansxvavebul is to-
riul analogiebs badebs: ariis, ariozos da ansamblis
tradiciuli formebi aq Tanaarseboben scenuri poli-
foniis axlebur formebTan, barokos epoqas nawarmoebi
ukavSirdeba tonaluri da motivuri simbolikis farTo
gamoyenebiT da masalis ganviTarebis variaciul-strofu-
li tipiT, operis grandiozuli xuTaqtiani kompozicia
liulis droindel frangul operas mogvagonebs, xolo
ormagi finali ki – monteverdis orfevss.
opera samyaros harmoniaze hindemiti TiTqmis
aTi weli muSaobda, magram mis saboloo dasrulebamde
Seqmna operis simfoniuri varianti, simfonia samyaros
harmonia1, romelic (operisgan gansxvavebiT) erT-erTi
repertuaruli nawarmoebi gaxda.
simfonia samyaros harmonia, mxatvari matisis
msgavsad, samnawiliani ciklia, romlis TiToeuli nawi-
li samyaros harmoniis kepleriseuli koncefciis erT
komponents ganasaxierebs. kepleris (aseve piTagoras)
1
simfonia samyaros harmonia, Symphonie Die Harmonie der Welt (germ.).
premiera –1952, 25 ianvari, bazeli.
168
Tanaxmad, samyaro harmoniis erTian universalur kanons
eqvemdebareba da, Sesabamisad, misi yvela Semadgeneli
nawilic harmoniul urTierTobas unda eqvemdebare-
bodes. aqedan gamomdinare, kepleris Tanaxmad, samyaros
harmonia sami ZiriTadi elementisgan Sedgeba. pirveli
– esaa yvelaze realurad mJReri musika, Musica instrumenta-
lis, yvelaze dabali Sre; meore – is harmoniaa, romelic
adamianis Sinagan samyaros ganasaxierebs da romlis xmo-
vaneba realurad ar ismis – Musica humana; da mesame – TviT
samyaros harmoniaa, romelic ciuri sxeulebis moZraobas
ganagebs, anu Musica mundana. amrigad, samyaroSi arsebu-
li sami tipis harmoniuli urTierTobebis Sesabamisad,
nawarmoebi iyofa sam nawilad.
pirveli nawili iwyeba neli, pirquSi SesavliT, rome-
lic operis Sesavals Seesabameba da kompozitorisTvis ti-
pur Tema-Teziss warmoadgens. SesavalSi sawyisi Tema-Tezi-
si cametjer meordeba bgeraTsimaRlebrivi TvalsazrisiT
ucvlelad, magram mudmivad ganaxldeba misi tembruli saxe.
Sesavals mosdevs energiuli, sazeimo mTavari partia, rome-
lic eqspoziciaSive viTardeba. mas upirispirdeba kontras-
tuli damxmare Tema. Temebis amgvari dapirispireba uCveu-
loa hindemitis simfoniebisTvis, magram, miuxedavad amisa,
mainc ara aqvs adgili Temebis konfliqtur urTierTobas –
am nawilSi arsad gvxvdeba Temebis urTierTqmedeba, radgan,
hindemitis azrovnebis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, so-
naturoba masTan opoziciurobis principze dafuZnebuli
forma ki araa, aramed romeliRac sxva formasTan erTad
arsebuli struqtura: ufro metad sqema, vidre `cocxali

169
organizmi~. swored amgvari damokidebuleba ganapirobebs
samyaros harmoniis pirvel nawilSi damuSavebis nacvlad
ormagi fugis gamoyenebas.
meore nawili pirvelis damxmare partiis saxeobriv
sferos afarToebs. aqac gamoyenebulia ganviTarebis po-
lifoniuri xerxebi, gansakuTrebiT samnawiliani formis
Sua epizodSi.
simfonias agvirgvinebs finali – erT Temaze dawer-
ili grandiozuli pasakalia da fuga. pasakalia, romelic
masStabiT fugas bevrad aRemateba, preludiis funqcias
asrulebs. finalis saerTo JReradoba arqaulobis niS-
nebs atarebs da kidev erTxel aaSkaravebs kompozitoris
genetikur kavSirs dasavluri profesiuli musikis iseT
fundamentTan, rogoricaa grigoriseuli qorali. amav-
droulad, sakmaod mkafioa SedarebiT axlo kavSirebic
– gviani beThoveni da bramsi.
50-ian wlebSi hindemiti, Tavisi emigranti kolege-
bisgan gansxvavebiT, brundeba evropaSi da intensiur
SemoqmedebiT saqmianobas aq agrZelebs: qmnis bolo pe-
riodis iseT nawarmoebebs, rogorebicaa opera da sim-
fonia samyaros harmonia, pitsburgis simfonia,
madrigalebi, mesa da sxv. agreTve aRsaniSnavia misi
pedagogiuri moRvaweoba ciurixSi da sadiriJoro ga-
mosvlebi evropis da amerikis sxvadasxva qalaqSi, sadac
hindemiti asrulebda ara mxolod sakuTar nawarmoebebs,
aramed misi repertuari moicavda avtorTa farTo Camon-
aTvals jovani gabrieliT da klaudio monteverdiT
dawyebuli igor stravinskimde da luiji dalapikolamde.

170
 paul hindemiti gardaicvala 1963 wels mainis
frankfurtSi.

ZiriTadi nawarmoebebis sia

1912/13, sonata [Sonate für Violine und Klavier] violinos da forte-
pianosTvis d-moll
1915, op. 2, simebiani kvarteti # 1 [Streichquarte N 1] C-Dur
1915-1916, op. 3, koncerti [Konzert für Violoncello] Celos da orkes-
trisTvis Es-Dur
1916, op. 4, mxiaruli simfonieta [Lus ge Sinfonie a]
1917, op. 7, safortepiano kvinteti [Quinte für Klavier und Stre-
ichquarte ] e-moll
1918, op. 10, simebiani kvarteti # 2 [Streichquarte N 2] f-moll
1918, op. 11 Nr. 1, sonata fortepianos da violinosTvis [Sonate
für Klavier und Violine] in Es
1918, op. 11 Nr. 2, sonata fortepianos da violinosTvis [Sonate
für Klavier und Violine] in D
1919, op. 12, mkvleli, qalebis imedi [Mörder, Hoffnung der
Frauen], erTaqtiani speqtakli
1919, op. 11 Nr. 3, sonata [Sonate für Violoncello und Klavier] Celos da
fortepianosTvis
1919, op. 11 Nr. 4, sonata [Sonate für Bratsche und Klavier] violas da
fortepianosTvis
1919, op. 11 Nr. 5, sonata [Sonate für Bratsche solo] solo violasTvis
1920, op. 20, nuS-nuSi [Das Nusch-Nuschi], erTaqtiani opera
1920, op. 16, simebiani kvarteti # 3 [Streichquarte N 3]
1921, op. 22, simebiani kvarteti # 4 [Streichquarte N 4]
1921, op. 21, wminda susana [Sancta Susanna], erTaqtiani opera
1922, op. 28, demoni [Der Dämon], sacekvao pantomima or scenad
171
1922, op. 24a, kameruli musika # 1 [Kammermusik Nr. 1]
1922, op. 24 Nr. 2, patara kameruli musika xuTi xis Casaberi
instrumentisTvis [Kleine Kammermusik für fünf Bläser]
1922, op. 25 Nr. 2, patara sonata [Kleine Sonate] viola d’amuris
da fortepianosTvis
1922, op. 26, siuita 1922 [Suite 1922] fortepianosTvis
1922, op. 25 Nr. 1, sonata [Sonate für Bratsche solo] solo violasTvis
1922, op. 25 Nr. 4, sonata [Sonate für Bratsche und Klavier] violas da
fortepianosTvis
1923, op.30, kvinteti [Quinte für Klarine e und Streichquarte ] klar-
netis da simebiani kvartetisTvis
1923, op. 32, simebiani kvarteti # 5 [Streichquarte N 5]
1923, op. 25 Nr. 3, sonata [Sonate für Violoncello solo] solo CelosTvis
1923, op. 31 Nr. 4, sonata [Sonate für Bratsche solo] solo violasTvis
1924, op. 36 Nr. 1, kameruli musika # 2 [Kammermusik Nr. 2] forte-
pianos da 12 solo instrumentisTvis
1924, op. 31 Nr. 1, sonata [Sonate für Violine solo] solo violinosTvis
1924, op. 31 Nr. 2, sonata [Sonate für Violine solo] solo violinosTvis
1925, op. 36 Nr. 2, kameruli musika # 3 [Kammermusik Nr. 3] Celos
da 12 solo instrumentisTvis
1925, op. 36 Nr. 3, kameruli musika # 4 [Kammermusik Nr. 4] solo
violinos da kameruli orkestrisTvis
1925, op. 38, koncerti orkestrisTvis [Konzert für Orchester]
1925-1926, op.39, kardiliaki [Cardillac], samaqtiani opera
1926, op.41, sakoncerto musika [Konzertmusik] sasuleebisTvis
1927, op.36 Nr. 4, kameruli musika # 5 [Kammermusik Nr.5] solo
violas da kameruli orkestrisTvis
1927, op. 46 Nr. 1, kameruli musika # 6 [Kammermusik Nr. 6] viola
d’amuris da kameruli orkestrisTvis

172
1927, op. 46, kameruli musika #7 [Kammermusik Nr.7] organis da
kameruli orkestrisTvis
1927, op.45a, win da ukan [Hin und zurück], sketCi musikiT
1928-1929, dRis siaxleni [Neues vom Tage], samaqtiani opera
1930, op. 48, sakoncerto musika [Konzertmusik] solo violas da
kameruli orkestrisTvis
1930, op. 49, sakoncerto musika [Konzertmusik] fortepianos,
spilenZis Casaberebis da arfebisTvis
1930, op. 50, sakoncerto musika [Konzertmusik] simebianebis da
spilenZis CasaberebisTvis
1931, usasrulod [Das Unau örliche], oratoria
1932, filarmoniuli koncerti [Philharmonisches Konzert]
1933-1934, mxatvari matisi [Mathis der Maler], simfonia
1934-1935, mxatvari matisi [Mathis der Maler], opera 7 scenad
1935, koncerti violas da orkestrisTvis Der Schwanendreher
[Der Schwanendreher, Konzert nach alten Volksliedern für Bratsche und
kleines Orchester]
1935, sonata violinos da fortepianosTvis in E [Sonate für Brat-
sche und Klavier]
1936, safortepiano sonata # 1 [Klaviersonate N 1]
1936, safortepiano sonata # 2 [Klaviersonate N 2]
1936, safortepiano sonata # 3 [Klaviersonate N 3]
1936, samgloviaro musika [Trauermusik] violas da simebiani
orkestrisTvis
1936, sonata [Sonate für Flöte und Klavier] fleitis da fortepianosTvis
1937 simfoniuri cekvebi [Symphonische Tänze]
1937, sonata [Sonate für Orgel N 1] organisTvis # 1
1937, sonata [Sonate für Orgel N 2] organisTvis # 2
1937, sonata solo violasTvis [Sonate für Bratsche solo]

173
1938, kvarteti [Quarte für Klarine e, Violine, Violoncello und Klavier]
klarnetis, violinos, Celos da fortepianosTvis
1938, sonata [Sonate für Fago und Klavier] fagotis da fortepi-
anosTvis
1938, sonata [Sonate] fortepianosTvis oTx xelSi
1938, sonata [Sonate für Oboe und Klavier] hobois da fortepia-
nosTvis
1938, ukeTilSobilesi xilva [Nobilissima Visione], sacekvao
legenda eqvs suraTad
1939, koncerti [Konzert für Violine] violinos da orkestrisTvis
1939, sonata [Sonate für Klarine e und Klavier] klarnetis da forte-
pianosTvis in B
1939, sonata [Sonate für Trompete und Klavier] sayviris da forte-
pianosTvis
1939, sonata [Sonate für Harfe] solo arfisTvis
1939, sonata [Sonate für Horn und Klavier] valtornis da forte-
pianosTvis
1939, sonata [Sonate für Bratsche und Klavier] violas da fortepi-
anosTvis
1939, sonata [Sonate für Violine und Klavier] violinos da forte-
pianosTvis in C
1940, koncerti [Konzert für Violoncello] Celos da orkestrisTvis
1940, simfonia in Es [Symphonie]
1940, sonata [Sonate über alte Volkslieder für Orgel] organisTvis
Zveleburi xalxuri simRerebis mixedviT
1940, Tema variaciebiT. oTxi temperamenti [Thema mit vier
Varia onen. Die vier Temperamente], baleti
1941, sonata [Sonate für Englischhorn und Klavier] inglisuri qaraxsis
da fortepianosTvis

174
1941, sonata [Sonate für Posaune und Klavier] trombonis da forte-
pianosTvis
1942, Ludus tonalis fortepianosTvis
1942, sonata [Sonate] ori fortepianosTvis
1943, amuri da fsiqea [Amor und Psyche], uvertiura
1943, karl maria veberis Temebis simfoniuri metamor-
fozebi [Symphonische Metamorphosen über Themen von Carl Maria
von Weber]
1943, simebiani kvarteti # 6 in Es [Streichquarte N 6]
1944, herodiada [Hérodiade], saorkestro reCitacia
1945, koncerti [Konzert für Klavier] fortepianos da orkestrisT-
vis
1945, simebiani kvarteti [Streichquarte N 7] # 7 in Es
1946, rodesac ezoSi, saxlis win yvaoda iasamani [When
lilacs last in the door-yard bloom’d], rekviemi
1946, serena [Serena], simfonia
1947, koncerti [Konzert für Klarine e] klarnetis da orkestrisTvis
1947, moulodnelad dRe gaTendeba [Apparebit repen na dies],
kantata
1948, sasule septeti [Septe ]
1948, sonata [Sonate für Violoncello und Klavier] Celos da forte-
pianosTvis
1949, koncerti [Konzert für Horn] valtornis da orkestrisTvis
1949, koncerti [Konzert für Holzbläser und Harfe] xis Casaberebis,
arfis da orkestrisTvis
1949, sonata [Sonate für Kontrabass und Klavier] kontrabasis da
fortepianosTvis
1949/1952, koncerti [Konzert für Trompete, Fago und Streichorchester]
sayviris, fagotis da simebiani orkestrisTvis

175
1949-1950, simfonieta in E [Sinfonie a]
1951, samyaros harmonia [Die Harmonie der Welt], simfonia
1951, simfonia [Symphony in B] in B
1952, kardiliaki (meore redaqcia) [Cardillac], oTxaqtiani opera
1952, sonata [Sonate für 4 Hörner] oTxi valtornisTvis
1953/55, gafrindiT, angelozebo [Ite, angeli veloces], kantata
1953-1954, dRis siaxleni (meore redaqcia) [Neues vom Tage],
oraqtiani opera
1955, sonata [Sonate für Basstuba und Klavier] tubas da fortepia-
nosTvis
1956-1957, samyaros harmonia [Die Harmonie der Welt], xuTaqtiani
opera
1958, oqteti [Okte ]
1958, pitsburgis simfonia [Pi sburgh Symphony]
1960-1961, xangrZlivi saSobao trapezi [Das lange Weihnachtsmahl],
erTaqtiani opera
1962-1963, koncerti [Konzert für Orgel] organis da orkestrisTvis

garda amisa:
mravalricxovani simRera, gundi sxvadasxva avtoris teqstebze
musika Teatris da kinosTvis
sxvadasxva Janris mcire formis nawarmoebebi solo instru-
mentebis da ansamblebisTvis

176
XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnis amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis musika da Carlz aivzi
(1874-1954)

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, rogorc damoukidebe-

li saxelmwifo, msoflio politikur rukaze sakmaod
gvian gaCda, magram man swrafad daimkvidra mniSvnelovani
da gavleniani saxelmwifos statusi rogorc politikis,
ise kulturis sferoSi. evropis ramdenime mniSvnelovani
qveynis _ didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, espaneTi _ kolo-
niebma XVIII saukunis bolos damoukidebloba moipoves da
1787 wlis 17 seqtembers sakuTari konstituciis miRebiT
cameti damoukidebeli Statisgan Semdgari axali saxelm-
wifos _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis _ dabadeba auwyes
msoflios. 1789 wels amas mohyva pirveli prezidentis,
jorj vaSingtonis (George Washington) arCevnebi. ra Tqma
unda, koloniebis mier damoukideblobis gamocxadebam
metropoliis mZafri reaqcia gamoiwvia da 1812 wels bri-
taneTsa da amerikas Soris daiwyo omi, romelic 1815 wels
dasrulda, xolo 1818 wels es ori qveyana sabolood
SeTanxmda sazRvrebze. axaldabadebulma saxelmwifom
nel-nela sakuTari sazRvrebis gafarToeba daiwyo da uax-
loes aTwleulebSi SeierTa: texasis, oregonis, arizonis,
niu-meqsikis da sxva teritoriebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-s konstituciaSi dekla-
rirebuli iyo demokratiis principebi, qveyanaSi gabato-
nebuli iyo monaTmflobeloba, ramac sazogadoebis uk-
mayofilebis TandaTanobiTi zrda da sxvadasxva terito-

177
riaze ajanyebebi gamoiwvia monobis gauqmebis moTxovniT.
am lokaluri ajanyebebis Sedegi iyo didi politikuri
krizisi, romelic CrdiloeTis da samxreTis Statebs So-
ris (1861-1865 ww.) samoqalaqo omSi gadaizarda. samoqala-
qo omi CrdiloeTis gamarjvebiT da monaTmflobelobis
gauqmebiT (prezidenti abraham linkolni, [Abraham Lincoln,
1809-1865]) dasrulda.
amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis mopovebisTanave msoflio kulturis
rukaze adgilis damkvidrebisken swrafva daiwyo. aSS-s
musikaluri kultura sxvadasxva wyaroTi sazrdoobda.
upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos metropoliidan ga-
moyolili musikaluri tradiciebi:
ವ XVI saukunis inglisuri protestantuli simRe-
rebi;
ವ e. w. sofluri folklori, ZiriTadad warmod-
genili baladis JanriT, romlis roli amerikis
musikaluri kulturis formirebaSi ganusazRv-
relad didia;
ವ puritanuli himnebi, romlebic xalxuri Semoq-
medebis gavlenas ganicdis da XVI-XVII saukunee-
bis inglisis religiur-politikuri moZraobis
Sedegad Camoyalibda. `axal inglisSi~ gamoqvey-
nebuli himnebis pirveli wigni TariRdeba 1640
wliT. esaa „fsalmunebis sruli krebuli keTil-
sindisierad naTargmni inglisur metrze“ (The
Whole Booke of Psalmes Faithfully Translated into English
Metre), romelmac SemdgomSi „masaCusetis fsalmu-

178
 nebis wignis“ saxelwodeba miiRo. aqve unda vaxse-
noT uiliam bilingsi (William Billings, 1746-1800), ame-
rikeli kompozitori, romlis stili XIX saukunis
sagundo himnebs daedo safuZvlad.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, rogorc multieTni-
kur qveyanaSi, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli sxvadasxva
xalxebis folklori. maTgan didi TviTmyofadobiT ga-
moirCeoda Savkanianebis musika, romelic warmogvidgeba
saeklesio (Spirituals, Spiritual music) da saero JanrebiT, um-
Tavresad _ simRerebiT da cakvebiT. monaTmflobelobis
periodSi Savkanianebis dacinvam dabada e. w. minstrelebis
warmodgenebi (Minstrel show, igive minstrelsy), jer calkeuli
inscenirebuli simRerebis, mogvianebiT ki, XIX saukunis
bolosTvis, srulfasovani warmodgenebis saxiT. am e. w.
minstrel-SouebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia: komikuri
siuJeti, romelsac TeTrkaniani msaxiobebi Savkanianis
grimiT ganasaxierebdnen, simRerebi cekvis TanxlebiT,
xSirad gundis monawileobiT, akrobatuli nomrebi, e. w.
wriuli svla (walk-around, romelsac mogvianebiT cake-walk
ewoda). yvela am nomers aerTianebda wamyvani, romelic
warmodgenis dasawyisSi scenaze or Tanamosaubre-mu-
sikosTan erTad gamodioda da musikalur Tu sacekvao
nomrebs Soris pauzebs parodiuli Sinaarsis mokle rep-
likebiT an vrceli monologebiT avsebda.
adreul minstrel-SouebSi (XIX saukunis 30-iani
wlebi) gamoikveTa am Janris stereotipuli personaJebi
_ jim qrou (Jim Crow) da zip kuni (Zip Coon), mogvianebiT,
40-ian wlebSi, gardaiqmna Teatralur warmodgenad,

179
Soud, xolo ganviTarebis kulminaciur periodSi cvli-
leba ganicada misma Sinaarsma _ parodia Caanacvla sen-
timentalurma da tragikulma Sinaarsma. es cvlileba
ukavSirdeba kompozitor stiven fosteris (Stephen Foster,
1826-1864) saxels, romelic musikis istoriaSi Sevida,
rogorc aSS-s pirveli profesionali kompozitori. man
minstrelebis simRerebi gardaqmna, Souebi gaamdidra
Savkanianebisadmi TanagrZnobis da Tanagancdis, liri-
kul-romantikuli, satrfialo-sentimentaluri Sinaar-
sis simRerebiT. fosteris yvelaze cnobili simRerebia:
Nelly was a Lady (neli iyo qalbatoni), My old Kentucky Home
(Cemi Zveli saxli kentukiSi), Oh! Susanna (o, suzana!), Old
Folk at Home (xandazmulebi sakuTar miwaze) da sxv.
aRsaniSnavia, rom fosteris Semdgom periodSi min-
strel-Souebma nel-nela degradacia daiwyes da maTi
maxasiaTeblebi sxva Teatralur Janrebs Seerwya.
wminda amerikul minstrel-SouebTan erTad, XIX sau-
kuneSi aSS-Si viTardeba evropuli tipis akademiuri musi-
ka, romelsac umTavresad gansazRvravdnen: evropidan
Casuli musikosebi da Teatraluri dasebi, eklesiebis
organistebi, musikis maswavleblebi, xolo adgilo-
brivi mosaxleoba am periodSi, rogorc wesi, msmenelis
funqciiT Semoifargleboda. mniSvnelovani gardaqmna
moxda XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi, rodesac evropaSi
1848 wlis revoluciis damarcxebis Semdeg amerikaSi
germaneli imigrantebis didi nakadi Cavida. swored maT
Cauyares safuZveli umaRles profesiul musikalur
ganaTlebas aRmosavleT Statebis universitetebSi da,

180
sabolood, maTi pirveli mowafeebi pirveli amerikeli
kompozitorebi gaxdnen.
srulfasovani sakompozitoro skolis Camoyalibe-
bas win uswrebda saSemsruleblo praqtikis gamravalfe-
rovneba. evropeli artistebis turneebis paralelurad,
safuZveli Caeyara adgilobriv simfoniur orkestrebs,
niu-iorkSi `metropoliten operas~ (Metropolitan Opera,
1883) da sxvadasxva did Tu mcire ansambls.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis akademiuri musikis
pirveli kera iyo e. w. `axali inglisis1 sakompozitoro
skola~, romelic XIX saukunis bolos Camoyalibda. axal
inglisSi musikaluri xelovnebis aqtiuri ganviTareba
swored germaneli imigranti musikosebis saxels ukavSir-
deba, romlebmac safuZveli Cauyares musikis swavlebas
bostonidan niu-iorkamde da upiratesobas bramsis
tradiciebs aniWebdnen. swored bramsianelebad moiaz-
rebian pirveli amerikeli kompozitorebi: jorj Cedviki,
horacio parkeri, emi biCi, artur futi, jon noulz peini
da, aseve, erTaderTi vagnerianeli eduard makdoueli.
maT bostonis eqvseuls2 uwodeben. yovelma maTganma
ganaTleba miiRo amerikasa da evropaSi, umTavresad
germaniaSi, Semdeg ki samSobloSi dabrundnen, raTa saku-
Tari musika SeeqmnaT da SeesrulebinaT da axalgazrda
musikosebi aRezardaT.
1
axali inglisi (New England) _ CrdiloeT amerikis 6 Statis: koneq-
tikuti, meni, masaCusetsi, niu-hempSiri, rod-ailendi da vermonti _
gamaerTianebeli saxeli. teritoria, sadac 1620 wlis Semdeg pirvelma
ingliselma piligrimebma daiwyes dasaxleba.
2
Boston Six: George Chadwick (1854–1931), Hora o Parker (1863–1919), Amy Beach
(1867–1944), Arthur Foote (1853–1937), John Knowles Paine (1839–1906), Edward
MacDowell (1861–1908).
181
`bostonis eqvseulis~ principebi ara marto amerikul
musikalur ganaTlebas gansazRvravda pirvel msof-
lio omamde, aramed sarepertuaro politikasac awesri-
gebda da publikis gemovnebasac ayalibebda. amgvarad,
maTi SemoqmedebiTi principebis fundaments, calkeuli
erovnuli da individualuri Taviseburebebis gaTva-
liswinebiT, evropuli akademizmis tradiciebi qmnida.
swored amitom da kidev gamokveTili SemoqmedebiTi
individualobis, uCveulo SemoqmedebiTi biografiis
gamo, bostonis, zogadad axali inglisis, sakompozito-
ro skolaSi gamoirCeva Carlz aivzi, kompozitori, ro-
melic ara mxolod Tavisi Tanamemamuleebisgan dgas gan-
calkevebiT, aramed zogadad gansakuTrebuli movlenaa
musikis mTel istoriaSi.

***

Carlz aivzi daibada 1874 wels qalaq denberSi

(koneqtikuti) samxedro orkestris kapelmaisteris
ojaxSi. 13 wlidan eklesiaSi organze ukravda, xolo
90-iani wlebidan musikis wera daiwyo. 1894-98 wlebSi
aivzi swavlobda ielis universitetSi kompoziciis
(horacio parkeri) da organis klasebSi, magram, rogorc
Tavad kompozitori aRniSnavda, misi erTaderTi realuri
maswavlebeli iyo mamamisi _ jorj aivzi, romelic Svils
adreuli asakidan uRvivebda interess axlis Ziebis, eqs-
perimentis mimarT. profesiuli musikaluri ganaTlebis
miRebis miuxedavad, 1898 wlidan aivzma muSaoba sadazRve-
vo kompaniaSi daiwyo da am sferoSi did warmatebasac
miaRwia. amieridan musika misTvis Taviseburi hobi gaxda,
182
Carlz aivzi

183
romelsac mxolod Tavisufal dros Tu uTmobda, xolo
1926 wlis Semdeg TiTqmis aRaraferi dauweria. gulis
avadmyofobis gamo 30-iani wlebidan sadazRvevo kompa-
niaSi muSaobasac Tavi daaneba. 40-ian wlebamde misi nawar-
moebebi TiTqmis ar Sesrulebula. pirveli mniSvnelovani
premiera mxolod 1947 wels Sedga: Sesrulda misi mesame
simfonia (daiwera 1911 w.), romlisTvisac aivzs pulice-
ris premia mieniWa1.
Carlz aivzi gardaicvala 1954 wels niu-iorkSi.

***

Carlz aivzi uCveulo bedis kompozitoria. misi

mxatvruli azrovneba radikalurad gansxvavebuli kom-
ponentebisgan Sedgeba: tradiciuli romantikuli nawar-
moebebis gverdiT gvxvdeba ukiduresad eqsperimentuli.
aivzs xSirad amerikuli profesiuli musikis eqsperi-
mentuli mimarTulebis fuZemdeblad miiCneven, magram
misi eqsperimentalizmi, romelic mravali kompozito-
risTvis gaxda samagaliTo, gamiznuli ki ar iyo, aramed
spontanuri xasiaTi hqonda. swored amitomaa, rom aivzi
XX saukunis musikis erT-erTi Rrmad individualuri da
paradoqsuli movlenaa. gansxvavebiT Tanamedrove evro-
peli kompozitorebisgan, romelTa Semoqmedebasac aivzi
praqtikulad ar icnobda, man Seqmna samyaros unikaluri
modeli, Taviseburi universumi, romelic absoluturad
Tavisufalia yovelgvari reglamentaciisgan, musika-
1
puliceris premia (ingl. Pulitzer Prize) _ aSS-Si erT-erTi prestiJu-
li premia, romelic 1903 wlis 17 agvistodan gaicema gansakuTrebuli
miRwevebisTvis literaturis, Jurnalistikis, musikis da Teatris
sferoebSi.
185
lur-esTetikuri Teoriebis normebis da dogmebisgan.
aivzis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba im dros arsebuli
arc erTi mxatvruli mimarTulebis CarCoebiT ar ifarg-
leba da, amave dros, Seicavs maT niSnebs. rasakvirvelia,
aq ar igulisxmeba raime gavlenebi, aramed mxolod para-
lelizmi. miT umetes, rom aivzis SemoqmedebiTi mignebebi
xSirad dros uswreben da Semdgomi Taobis kompozitorTa
eqsperimentebs winaswarmetyveleben.
Carlz aivzis Semoqmedebis erT-erTi mkvlevari,
cnobili amerikeli pianisti jon kirkpatriki (John Kirkpat-
rick, 1905-1991) kompozitoris Sesaxeb werda: `is saocrad
paradoqsuli bunebisa iyo. misi cnobiereba yovlismom-
cveli iyo da mas TiTqos qaosur movlenaTa usazRvro
mravalferovnebis aRqmis unari hqonda. imavdroulad, is
yovelTvis afiqsirebda maT WeSmarit, realur urTier-
Tobebs misTvis mosaxerxebeli yovelgvari xelovnuri
kavSirebis Seqmnis gareSe~1. aqve SeiZleba moviyvanoT
arnold Sonbergis sityvebi: `am qveyanaSi cxovrobs
didebuli adamiani _ kompozitori, romelmac sakuTari
pirovnuli da SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebis SenarCunebis
urTulesi amocana gadaWra. igi garSemo myofTa gul-
grilobas gaucxoebiT pasuxobs da yurs ar ugdebs arc
qebas da arc lanZRvas. misi saxelia _ aivzi~2. da kidev,
XX saukunis gamoCenili amerikeli diriJoris da kompozi-
toris leonard bernstainis sityvebi: `moulodnelad
1
ix.: Perlis, V. (1974). Charles Ives Remembered. New Haven, London. – p. 124.
2
Ross, A. (2007). The Rest Is Noise: Listening to the TwenƟeth Century. New York:
Farrar, Straus and Giroux. – p. 143.

186
Cven aRmovaCineT mark tvenis, emersonis da linkolnis
musikaluri ekvivalenti~1.
aivzis SemoqmedebaSi aisaxa amerikuli kulturis
Sokis momgvreli heterogenuloba _ masTan organul
mTlianobadaa Serwymuli sakraluri da sekularuli,
yoveldRiuri da maradiuli problemebi, yofiTi Janrebi
da e. w. maRali musika. mis musikalur azrovnebaze iseTma
faqtorebma moaxdines gavlena, rogorebicaa:
ವ revivalizmi2, rac gamovlinda saeklesio himnebis
citirebaSi, masobrivi saeklesio SekrebebisT-
vis damaxasiaTebel amaRlebul ganwyobaSi.
ವ transcendentalizmis filosofia _ konkor-
dis skolis (emersoni, olkoti, Toro, hoTorni3)
msoflmxedveloba, msoflSegrZneba da ZiriTa-
di principebi aivzis musikis arsobriv Tvisebebs
asaxavs: musika misTvis filosofiis sinonimi
iyo, yoveldRiuri cxovreba ki _ musikis.
ವ musika, rogorc samyarosTan urTierTobis for-
ma da pasuxis Zieba kiTxvebze `ra?~ da `ratom?~.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aivzs ar miaCnda Tavi profe-
sional kompozitorad da, albaT, es iyo erT-erTi mizezi,
ris gamoc misi Semoqmedeba, mxatvruli Rirebulebis
TvalsazrisiT, xasiaTdeba araTanmimdevrulobiT da ara-
erTgvarovnebiT, Seicavs mraval eskizs, mitovebul da

1
Ives, C. E. (Composer). (1963). Annota on by Ph. Ramey. [N. Y. Orchestra, Performer,
& L. Bernstein, Conductor] On Holidays. US: Columbia – MS 7147.
2
revivalizmi, (Revivalism (ingl.) revival – gamoRviZeba, aRorZineba),
igive Great Awakening – moZraoba amerikul protestantul eklesiaSi.
3
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882), Amos Bronson Alco (1799-1888), Henry David
Thoreau (1817-1862), Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864).
187
dausrulebel nawarmoebs, xolo misi novatoroba ki spon-
tanuri da eqsperimetulia. aivzis Semoqmedebis yvelaze
nayofieri periodi moicavs 1902-1919 wlebs, rodesac man
saukeTeso nawarmoebebi Seqmna. kerZod: axali inglisis
sami adgili (Three Places in New England), meore, mesame
da meoTxe simfoniebi, sami safortepiano da oTxi
saviolino sonata, mravali simRera da sxv. momdevno
aTwleulSi SemoqmedebiTma nayofierebam sagrZnoblad
iklo, xolo 1929 wlis mZime avadmyofobis Semdeg aivzs
TiTqmis araferi dauweria. erTaderTi nawarmoebi, romel-
sac igi periodulad ubrundeboda, iyo simfonia UNIVERSE
(muSaoba daiwyo 1915 wels, magram sabolood daumTavrebe-
li darCa) _ musikaluri utopia, romelSic avtors surda
aRebeWda `samyaros musika~.

***

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi problema, romelic

aivzis Semoqmedebis kvlevasTan dakavSirebiT wamoiWreba,
aris tradiciis da novatorobis Tanafardobis sakiTxi.
cxadia, igi nebismier mxatvrul movlenasTan mimarTebaSi
aqtualuria, magram aivzis azrovnebis Tavisebureba mas
gansakuTrebuls xdis. rogorc amerikuli musikis mkvle-
vari jilbert Ceizi aRniSnavs: `warsuls igi iseve srulyo-
filad asaxavda, rogorc momavals, radgan absoluturad
ganzavebuli iyo Tavisi garemocvis tradiciul kultura-
Si. da rac ufro metad iZireboda aivzi tradiciaSi, miT
ufro Tamamad SeeZlo momavlis ganWvreta~1.
1
Chase, G. (1955). America’s Music: From the Pilgrims to the Present. New York:
Ncgraw-Hill Book Company. _ p. 677.
188
 tradiciuli aivzis musikaSi, upirveles yovli-
sa, dakavSirebulia wminda amerikul sayofacxovrebo
JanrebTan _ himni, simRera, marSi, regTaimi. amasTanave,
misTvis arc evropuli musikaa ucxo. aivzi mimarTavs
rogorc evropuli akademiuri musikis tradiciul Jan-
rebs _ sonata, simfonia da sxv., aseve, udidesi evropeli
kompozitorebis calkeul Tema-simboloebs. magaliTad,
gvxvde ba citatebi: beThovenis mexuTe simfoniidan,
vagneris tristan da izoldadan, hendelis, bramsis,
Caikovskis da sxvaTa nawarmoebebidan, romlebic garkveu-
li kulturuli cnobierebis niSnebad aRiqmeba da, amasTa-
nave, mis individualur musikalur enas absoluturad
organulad erwymis. amasTan erTad, mTlianobaSi, aivzis
musika Sorsaa tradiciulobisgan, ufro zustad, im aka-
demiuri tradiciisgan, romlis principebsac nergav-
da ielis universitetSi aivzis kompoziciis pedagogi
horacio parkeri.
aivzis musikaluri azrovneba, misi mravalplaniani
da mravalkomponentiani musikaluri ena eqsperimentuli
bunebisaa da yovelgvari Sinagani SezRudvebis gareSe
aerTianebs Zvels da axals, qmnis iseTs, rac aqamde aravis
mosvlia azrad, magram, evropeli kompozitorebisgan
gansxvavebiT, es xdeba yovelgvari racionaluri siste-
matizaciis gareSe spontanuri SemoqmedebiTi eqsperimen-
tis saxiT. amis Sesaxeb XX saukunis udidesi kompozitori
igor stravinski werda: `aivzma tonalobis sazRvrebi
Sonbergamde 10 wliT adre gadalaxa, politonaloba
petruSkaze TiTqmis ori aTeuli wliT adre gamoiyena,

189
xolo poliorkestrul jgufebTan misma eqsperimentebma
naxevari saukuniT gauswro Stokhauzenisas~1.
aivzis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarTaTvis uaRresad
sainteresoa dakvirveba mis simRerebze, radgan es aris
is Janri, romelsac kompozitori aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi
moRvaweobis yvela periodSi mimarTavda da, Sesabami-
sad, masSi stilis yvela damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba gamov-
linda. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom aivzma 114 simReris
krebuli sakuTari iniciativiT da saxsrebiT 1922 wels
gamoaqveyna. krebuli aerTianebs 1887-1921 wlebSi dawe-
ril simRerebs, romlebic retrospeqtuli principiTaa
dalagebuli. krebulis pirveli gamocemis boloTqmaSi
vkiTxulobT: `zogierTebi weren wignebs fulisTvis, me
_ ara; zogierTebi didebisTvis, me _ ara; sxvebi, siyvaru-
lis gamo, me _ ara... me saerTod ar damiweria wigni. me
mxolod oTaxi davalage. yvelaferi, rac vipove, gamovi-
tane da sarecxis Tokze gavfine~2. aqve unda iTqvas, rom,
simRerebis krebulis garda, aivzma sakuTari saxsrebiT
da arakomerciuli miznebiT aseve gamoaqveyna meore sa-
fortepiano sonata konkordi.
aivzis simRerebis Tematika Zalian mravalferova-
nia. aq gvxvdeba mcire ciklebad gaerTianebuli simRe-
rebi, kerZod:
• simRerebi religiuri himnebis Temebze _ ## 44-47:
Watchman, At The River, His Exalta on, The Camp-Mee ng;
• samxedro da politikuri _ ## 49-51: In Flanders
Fields, He is There! Tom Sails Away;
1
Стравинский, И. (1971). Диалоги. (Р.Крафт, Ed.) Ленинград. _ c. 121.
2
Ives, C. E. (1975). Pos ace to 114 Songs. New York: Associated Music Publishers. _ p. 262.
190
 • quCis da/an iumoristuli scenebi _ ## 52-56: Old
Home Day, In the Alley, A Song of a Gambolier, Down East,
The Circus Band;
• sentimentaluri baladebi _ ## 85-92: Dreams,
Omens and Oracles, An Old Flame, A Night Song, A Song – For
Anything, The World’s Highway, Karen, Marie.
krebulSi farTod gvxvdeba imave Tematikis calkeu-
li simRerebic: religiuri _ # 20 Hymn, politikuri
pamfleti _ # 1 Majority an lirikul-filosofiuri _ # 48
Thoreau; maT gverdiT ki daxvewili musikaluri peizaJi _
# 15 The Housatonic at Stockbridge, mistikuri Seferilobis
Canaxati _ # 57 Mists, parodia, iumiristuli scena da
mravali sxv.
simRerebisTvis aivzi sxvadasxva avtoris teqstebs
mimarTavda. maT Soris iyvnen evropelebi: haine, goeTe,
miltoni, baironi, Seli da amerikeli poetebi: longfelo,
emersoni, uitmeni. xSirad sakuTar leqsebsac iyenebda
(daaxloebiT 50 simRerisTvis). misi poeturi Semoq-
medebis orientiri transcendentalistebis stili iyo
_ filosofiuri lirika, zogjer idumalebis elferiT.
mravalferovania aivzis simRerebis vokaluri da
instrumentuli partiebi. vokaluri intonireba, teqs-
tidan da saerTo Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, mraval gra-
dacias warmogvidgens kantilenidan deklamaciamde.
fortepianos partiac uaRresad mdidari da mravalfero-
vania. gvxvdeba rogorc martivi akompanementi minimaluri
harmoniuli sirTuleebiT da tonaluri cvlilebebiT, ise
rTuli harmoniuli eniT dawerili safortepiano partia,

191
dafuZnebuli politonalur da klasterul Tanxmovane-
bebze, romelic vokalur partiasTan rTul saansamblo
urTierTobaSia.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom simRerebSi aivzi farTod
iyenebs sxvadasxva citatas, amave dros, simRerebi xSi-
rad sxva Janris misive nawarmoebebis Tematizmis wyaro
xdeba, kerZod, saviolino da safortepiano sonatebis,
saorkestro nawarmoebebis.

***

Carlz aivzis SemoqmedebaSi didi wili mis saforte-

piano nawarmoebebze modis. sayuradReboa, rom aivzi
bavSvobidan swavobda fortepianosa da organze dakvras.
siymawvileSi igi solo koncertebs marTavda da aRiarebu-
li iyo, rogorc amerikuli popularuli musikis, saeklesio
da evropuli akademiuri musikis virtuozi Semsrulebeli.
am sakravebisTvis daweril mis nawarmoebebs Soris aRsaniS-
navia: variaciebi Temaze America organisTvis (1891);
safortepiano sonata sam furcelze (Three Page Sonata,
1905); safortepiano sonata # 1 (1909); safortepiano
sonata # 2 konkordi. masaCusetsi, 1840-60 (Concord,
Mass., 1840-60, 1915); meoTxedtoniani sami piesa ori
fortepianosTvis (Three Quarter-Tone Pieces for Two Pianos,
1924); etiudebi (Studies1), marSebi, eskizebi, Canaxatebi da sxv.
CamoTvlil nawarmoebebs Soris gansakuTrebiT
gamoirCeva ori: sonata # 2 da meoTxedtoniani sami
piesa ori fortepianosTvis.
1
aivzis musikis mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, rom mas dawerili aqvs 27
etiudi, romelTagan 8 dakargulia.
192
 sonata Concord, Mass., 1840-60 _ masStaburi oTxnawi-
liani ciklia: I. emersoni (Emerson), II. hoTorni (Hawthorne),
III. olkotebi (The Alco s1), IV. Toro (Thoreau), romlis Ti-
Toeuli nawili aivzis saTayvanebeli transcendentalis-
tebis, konkordis skolis warmomadgenlebis musikaluri
portretebia.
sonatis musikaluri ena uaRresi mravalferovnebiT
gamoirCeva. mas axasiaTebs mravalSriani faqtura, rTuli
ritmi (eskizebSi aivzi taqtebad dayofis xerxs xSirad ar
iyenebs), politonaluri da atonaluri harmoniuli ena,
klasterebi. nawarmoebis musikaluri qsovili gajere-
bulia sxvadasxvagvari citatebiT. upirveles yovlisa,
aRsaniSnavia motivi beThovenis V simfoniidan, romelic
yvela nawilSi JRers da sonatis Tavisebur laitmotivs
warmoadgens. aseve gamoyenebulia motivebi Hammerkla-
vier-idan, baxis kantatidan Es ist genug, stiven fosteris
simReridan, sxvadasxva monograma _ ВАСН, aseve, sakuTeri
da ojaxis wevrebis da sxv.
sonatis Taviseburebas isic qmnis, rom, tradiciuli
solo sonatebisgan gansxvavebiT, mas Tan erTvis sxva
sakravebis ad libitum2 Sesasrulebeli partiebi: I nawilSi
_ viola da IV-Si _ fleita.
konkord-sonatis mxatvruli Sinaarsis ukeT gage-
bisTvis sainteresod migvaCnia misi TiToeuli nawilis
`mTavari gmiris~ Sesaxeb aivzis mosazrebebis gacnoba,
1
igulisxmebian eimos bronson olkoti _ pedagogiuri eseebis
avtori da misi qaliSvili luiza mei _ sabavSvo mwerali.
2
ad libitum (laT.) _ survilis mixedviT. teqsti, romelic Semsruleb-
lis surviliT an sruldeba, an ara.

193
radgan isini asaxaven aivzis mxatvrul samyaros, imas,
Tu ras aniWebda kompozitori upiratesobas. avtoris
ganmartebebi mocemulia mis eseebSi sonatis daweramde
(Essays before sonata).
I nawili _ Emerson _ sonaturi formis elementebs
Seicavs. emersonze aivzi werda: `samyaros sazRvrebi man
ara axali obieqtebis aRmoCeniT gaafarTova, aramed arse-
bulSi axali kavSirebis, axali potencialis gamovleniT~1.
II _ Hawthorne _ Tavisufali formis fantastikuri
skerco. `hoTornis xelovneba gajerebulia siurrealo-
biT, fantastikuriT, mistikuriT... misTvis mniSvnelova-
nia ara is, Tu ra moxda, aramed is, Tu rogor moxda es...
ase iqceva xolme moulodnelad SuaRames piraduli _
universalurad~2.
III. The Alco s _ lirikuli, mSvidi. `veravin Cauvlis
beber Telebs, olkotebis saxls rom gadaafines totebi
da TiTqos adastureben, rom warsuli cocxalia... saRa-
moobiT aq ismoda musika, ojaxi himnebs mReroda, olko-
tis qaliSvilebi Zvel spinetze ukravdnen... am saxlSi
saocari keTilSobileba sufevda~3.
IV. Thoreau _ meditaciuri rondoseburi finali.
henri Torosadmi miZRvnili nawilis aRwerisTvis aivzs
am didi moazrovnis sityvebi mohyavs: `minda adamianebs
velaparako yovelgvari jebirebis gareSe, rogorc axl-
gaRviZebulma sxva Cemnairebs~ da amatebs: `emersonisgan

1
Ives, C. E. (1969). Essays Before a Sonata: The Majority and Other WriƟngs.
(H. Boatwright, Ed.) Knickerbocker Press. _ p. 11.
2
Ibid. _ p. 39.
3
Ibid. _ p. 45.

194
gansxvavebiT, Toro doqtrinebis ganmtkicebisken ar is-
wrafoda. misi azrovneba metismetad farToa amisTvis~1.
amgvarad, konkord-sonatis oTxi nawili marTlac
oTxi portretia, romlebic amerikuli transcenden-
talizmis `mamebis~ ara imdenad garegnul daxasiaTebas
warmoadgens, aramed samyaroze maTi warmodgenebidan
gamomdinareobs da, amasTanave, aivzis msoflmxedvelobas
da stils gansazRvravs.
Carlz aivzis safortepiano Semoqmedebis kidev
erTi gamorCeuli nimuSia meoTxedtoniani sami piesa
ori fortepianosTvis _ misi erT-erTi ukiduresad
novatoruli Txzuleba. piesebis Seqmnas win uswrebda
rTuli akustikuri gaangariSebebi da miRebuli Tanx-
movanebebis gamomsaxvelobaze dakvirvebebi. meoTxed-
toniani eqsperimentebi aivzisTvis, upirvels yovlisa,
swored axali gamomsaxvelobis miRwevis surviliT iyo
ganpirobebuli. aqve unda iTqvas, rom misi samagido wigni
iyo herman helmholcis moZRvreba smeniT SegrZne-
bebze, rogorc musikis Teoriis fiziologiuri
safuZveli (On the sensa ons of tone as a physiological basis for
the theory of music). aivzi, am moZRvarebaze dayrdnobiT,
iswrafoda bgeriTi samyaros gafarToebisken, temperi-
rebuli wyobis marwuxebisgan misi ganTavisuflebisken,
raSic, misi azriT, e. w. `gafarToebuli piTagoruli wyo-
ba~ unda daxmareboda. meoTxedtoniani piesebi swored
am miznis misaRwevad Seqmnili nawarmoebebia. ciklis
pirveli da mesame piesebi (Largo da qorali) dawerilia im
1
Ibid. _ p. 54.

195
dros konstruirebuli ormanualiani fortepianosT-
vis, magram meoris (skerco-regTaimi) faqtura imdenad
rTulia, rom misi Sesruleba SesaZlebelia mxolod or
fortepianoze, romlebic meoTxedtoniani sxvaobiTaa
awyobili. aivzs meoTxedtoniani wyobis upiratesobad
miaCnda is, rom `zusti gameorebebis monotonurobisgan~
gaTavisuflebaSi exmareboda1.

***

aivzis Semoqmedebis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens

kameruli nawarmoebebi: 4 saviolino sonata (kirkpatri-
kis cnobiT _ 5), safortepiano trioebi, kvartetebi
da sxvadasxva Semadgenlobis instrumentuli ansamblebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom maTgan yvelaze tradiciuli, musikalu-
ri enis da Janris gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT, aris sonatebi,
Sualeduri pozicia ukaviaT kvartetebs da trioebs, xolo
ansamblebi _ aivzis Semoqmedebis yvelaze Tamami eqsperi-
mentebis sferos miekuTvneba. swored aq gvxvdeba tradi-
ciuli kontrapunqtis principebze dafuZnebuli axali,
Sreebis polifonia (mag.: fuga oTx tonalobaSi [Fugue
in Four Keys], Spilebidan da mTebidan [From the Steeples
and the Mountains], Largo risoluto ## 1, 2), politonaluri da
atonaluri kanonebia gamoyenebuli upasuxod darCenil
kiTxvaSi (The Unanswered Ques on). amave da sxva nawarmoe-
bebSi gvxvdeba tonalobis da atonalobis sxvadasxvagvari
kombinaciebi, uCveulo ritmuli da bgeraTsimaRlebrivi
progresiebi, struqturuli palindromebi da sxv.

1
Ibid. _ p. 116.
196
 ***

Carlz aivzi oTxi simfoniis, simfoniis axali

inglisis dResaswaulebi (A Symphony: New England
Holidays), daumTavrebeli simfoniis Universe, ramdenime
saorkestro siuitis, uvertiurebis, marSebis avtoria,
magram, miuxedavad am Janris nawarmoebebis simravlisa,
mas kompozitor-simfonistebis rigs ver mivakuTvnebT.
amis mizezia is, rom XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnis didi sim-
fonistebis _ bramsis, sibeliusis, malerisgan gansx-
vavebiT, aivzis simfoniuri ciklebis TiToeuli nawili
TiTqos ara erTi monoliTuri mTlianis ganviTarebis
sxvadasxva etapia, aramed erT ciklSi gaerTianebuli
damoukidebeli nawarmoebebi. simfonia mas gaazrebuli
aqvs, rogorc sim-phonia anu Tana-JReradoba: Tanxmovane-
bebis usasrulo raodenoba, romlebic samyaros models
qmnian. es Tanxmovanebebi SeiZleba iyos: calkeuli bge-
rebi da akordebi, melodiebi, Temebi, masStaburi Sreebi,
citata-simboloebi da sxv.
sakuTari simfoniebis formas aivzi mTaSi gaseirne-
bas adarebda: `musikaSi mimdinare procesebi SeiZleba
SevadaroT mwvervalze asvlas. ai, mTa, misi Ziri, mwverva-
li, ai, xeoba. adamiani Cerdeba da zeviT an qveviT iyureba.
xedavs xeobas, magram ara zustad iseve, aramed axla ukve
sxva kuTxiT, yovel nabijTan erTad icvleba mwvervali,
ca. da maSinac ki, Tu is ubralod dgas da adgilidan ar
iZvris, miwas da cas uyurebs, misi xedva arsebobis yovel
momentSi gansxvavebuli iqneba... asevea musika...~1.
1
Ives, C. E. (1991). Memos. (J. Kirkpatrick, Ed.) New York, London: W. W. Norton &
Company, Inc. _ p.196.
197
 aivzis simfoniuri stili araerTgvarovania: pirvel
da meore simfoniebs tradiciasTan mWidro kavSiri axa-
siaTebT, rac bramsisebr gaorkestrebaSi iCens Tavs, mesame
kameruli SemadgenlobisTvisaa dawerili da amiT XX sauku-
nis pirvel aTwleulebSi prioritetul kamerul-sakon-
certo simfonizms uaxlovdeba, meoTxe da gviani periodis
sxva simfoniuri nawarmoebebis umetesoba dawerilia didi
Semadgenlobis orkestrisTvis, romelic mcire jgufebad
aris dayofili anu orkestri gaazrebuli aqvs, rogorc
solistebis ramdenime ansamblis erToblioba.
aivzisTvis musika, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aris
samyarosTan urTierTobis gansakuTrebuli forma da
pasuxis Zieba iseT maradiul kiTxvebze, rogorebicaa `ra?~
da `ratom~. gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT es kiTxvebi gaismis
mis centralur nawarmoebSi, meoTxe simfoniaSi, kerZod,
pirvel nawilSi, xolo ciklis danarCeni sami nawili _
sami gansxvavebuli pasuxia. pasuxebi, cxadia, ukiduresad
abstraqtulia, magram TiToeuli maTgani, konteqstidan
gamomdinare, simbolizirebs awmyos (II nawili), warsuls
(III nawili) da momavals (finali). meoTxe simfoniis urTu-
les, mravalkomponentian musikalur qsovilSi, gansxvave-
buli tembrul-akustikuri Sreebis dapirispirebaSi, sxva-
dasxva intensivobis mqone drois nakadebis TanafardobaSi
gansxeulebulia `samyaros harmoniis~ ideis aivziseuli
modeli. aivzis musikaluri samyaro, iseve rogorc misi
Tanamedrove realoba, araerTgvarovani mTlianobaa,
romlis mravali, xSirad TiTqos urTierTgamomricxavi,
komponentebi bunebrivadaa Serwymuli.

198
 aivzis msoflmxedvelobis ZiriTadi principebi
Tavmoyrilia mis daumTavrebel simfoniaSi UNIVERSE1. igi
Cafiqrebuli iyo, rogorc samnawiliani cikli (I nawili
_ warsuli, II _ awmyo, III _ momavali) ori an meti orkest-
risTvis. misi faqtura 20-mde damoukidebel xazs aer-
Tianebs, TiToeuls sakuTari metriT, romlebic, avtoris
Canafiqris Tanaxmad, ganasaxiereben bunebis sxvadasxva
movlenas, gansxvavebul landSaftebs, kontinentebs da
a. S. partituris eskizebSi aivzi aRniSnavs, rom `surs...
daxatos dabadeba, uflis da adamianis mier Seqmnili
yvela sagnis gaCenis saidumlo, raTa tonaluri anabeWde-
bis meSveobiT Tvalyuri miadevnos sicocxlis, bunebis,
adamianis arsebobis evolucias, maradiulobis mTavari
sayrdenebidan, diadi Seumecneblidan diad codnamde~2.

***

amgvarad, Carlz aivzi XX saukunis pirveli naxevris

erT-erTi gansakuTrebuli movlenaa: kompozitori-bi-
znesmeni, amerikuli da msoflio musikis e. w. eqsperi-
mentuli frTis erT-erTi lideri, romelmac mravali
siaxle iwinaswarmetyvela. mokled CamovTvliT aivzis
musikalur „winaswarmetyvelebebs“:
_ aivzis partiturebis rTuli, poliritmuli struq-
turebis analogs vxvdebiT igor stravinskis, dierd lige-
tis partiturebSi;
1
arsebobs aivzis eskizebis safuZvelze simfoniis rekonstruqcia,
romelic amerikelma kompozitorma joni rainhardma (Johnny Reinhard,
*1956) 1996 wels ganaxorciela da Seasrula.
2
Kirkpatrick, J. Charles E. Ives. In S. Sadie (Ed.), The New Grove DicƟonary of Music
and Musicians. London: Macmillan. Vol. IX _ pp. 414-429.
199
 _ gansxvavebuli sididis poliostinatur plastebs
_ olivie mesianTan;
_ nawarmoebis principuli dausruleblobis ideam
realizeba pova jon keijis, karlhainc Stokhauzenis,
pier bulezis da sxvaTa aleatorikaSi;
_ ori da meti saorkestro jgufis sivrculi JRera-
doba karlhainc Stokhauzenis da ianis qsenakisis 60-iani
wlebis stereofoniul kompoziciebs ganWvrets.
es CamonaTvali arasrulia, Tumca esec sakmarisia
imis konstataciisTvis, rom Carlz aivzis musikis samya-
ro, misi azrovneba metad originaluri movlenaa, romlis
msgavsic musikis istoriaSi TiTqmis ar moiZebneba. aivzis
musikaluri `aRmoCenebi~ _ musikaluri procesebis axle-
buri gaazreba, nawarmoebis rTuli teqsti, gansxvavebuli
stilisturi Sreebis sinqronuli SeerTeba, citirebuli
mravalgvari masalis specifikuri gaazreba, kompoziciis
mTliani struqturis agebis kinematografiuli principi
da sxva mis SemoqmedebiT figuras gansakuTrebuls xdis
da XX saukunis musikis istoriaSi mis sakvanZo adgils
gansazRvravs.

ZiriTadi nawarmoebebis sia

1892, variaciebi Temaze amerika [Varia ons on America] orga-
nisTvis
1897-1900, simebiani kvarteti #1: xsnis armiidan [String
Quartet N 1: From the Salva on Army]
1898-1901, simfonia # 1 [Symphony N 1] d-moll
1899-1902, simfonia # 2 [Symphony N 2]

200
1904-1913, simfonia: axali inglisis dResaswaulebi [A
Symphony: New England Holidays]
1905, sonata sam furcelze [Three Page Sonata]
1906, 1909, centraluri parki sibneleSi [Central Park in the
Dark] kameruli orkestrisTvis
1908 (red. 1934), upasuxod darCenili kiTxva [The Unan-
swered Ques on] instrumentuli ansamblisTvis
1908-1910, simfonia # 3: Sexvedra banakSi [Symphony N 3: The
Camp Mee ng]
1909-1916, safortepiano sonata # 1 [Piano Sonata N 1]
1909-1910 (red. 1914-15), safortepiano trio [Trio]
1910-1914 (red. 1924), saviolino sonata #1 [Violin Sonata N 1]
1910-1914 (red. 1929), axali inglisis sami adgili [Three Places
in New England (Orchestral Set N 1)] orkestrisTvis (saorkestro
siuita #1)
1911, bgeriTi bilikebi # 1 [Tone Roads N 1] orkestrisTvis
„yvela gzas centrisken mivyavarT“ ["All Roads Lead To the Center"]
1911-1914, uvertiura robert brauningi [Robert Browning
Overture]
1911-1916, saviolino sonata # 4 „bavSvTa dRe banakSi
Sexvedraze“ [Children’s Day at the Camp Mee ng]
1912-1918 (red. 1924-1926), simfonia # 4 [Symphony N 4]
1912-1915, 11 siuita kameruli orkestrisTvis [11 Sets for
chamber orchestra]
1913-1915, simebiani kvarteti # 2 [String Quartet N 2]
1914-1917, saviolino sonata # 2 [Violin Sonata N 2]
1914-1917, saviolino sonata # 3 [Violin Sonata N 3]
1915 (?), bgeriTi bilikebi # 2 [Tone Roads N 2] (dakargulia)
1915, bgeriTi bilikebi # 3 [Tone Roads N 3]

201
1915-1919, saorkestro siuita # 2 [Orchestral Set N 2]
1916-1919, safortepiano sonata # 2 konkordi, masaCu-
setsi, 1840-60 [Piano Sonata N 2: Concord, Mass., 1840-60]
1915-1928, simfonia samyaro [Universe Symphony] (daumTavre-
beli)
1887-1921, 114 simRera [114 Songs]
1923-1924, meoTxedtoniani sami piesa ori fortepia-
nosTvis [Three Quarter Tone Piano Pieces]
1919-1926, saorkestro siuita # 3 (daumTavrebeli) [Orches-
tral Set N 3]
garda amisa,
nawarmoebebi instrumentuli ansamblebsTvis, organisTvis,
sxvadasxva marSebi, calkeuli piesebi, sagaloblebi da sxv.

202
 edgar varezi
(1883-1965)

edgar varezi evropuli modernizmis epoqis ga-

morCeuli kompozitoria. misi musikis mxatvruli samya-
ro, SemoqmedebiTi impulsebi, musikaluri ena, kerZod,
damokidebuleba iseTi faqtorebis mimarT, rogorebicaa:
harmonia, ritmi, tembri, formaqmnadoba, Semoqmedebis
masStabebi da sxv., ganasxvavebs mas Tanamedroveebisgan.
mkvlevrebi mas, umTavresad, eleqtronuli musikis wina-
morbedad, Tavisebur winaswarmetyveled moixsenieben.
momdevno Taobis kompozitorebis garkveuli nawilisTvis
ki varezi siaxlis, axali musikaluri samyaros aRmoCenis
simbolo gaxda.
varezis mxatvruli samyaros dasayrdenia musika,
gaazrebuli, rogorc mecniereba xelovnebis Sesaxeb, rome-
lic yvelaze axlosaa maTematikasTan da ara adamianis
fsiqo-emociur samyarosTan. aq ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT
musikis analogiuri gaazreba Zvel saberZneTSi da Sua
saukuneebis evropaSi. varezis mTavari sazrunavi iyo bge-
ris ganTavisufleba temperirebuli wyobis, simaRlis da
diapazonis marwuxisgan da axali harmoniuli, melodiu-
ri, tembruli, ritmuli da dinamikuri urTierTobebis
Seqmna. eleqtronuli musikis teqnikuri da esTetikuri
principebis Camoyalibebamde varezi ramdenime aTwleuliT
adre mimarTavda droSi Sebrunebis, siCqaris da registris
Secvlis, bgeris sinTezis xerxebs.

203
 pier bulezi wers: „varezs ar miaCnda, rom val-
debulia daicvas da misdios romelime tradicias (da es
zustad asea). man sabolood uaryo orkestris da tona-
lobis, Tanabari temperaciisac ki, klasikuri (akademiu-
ri) koncefcia da mis nacvlad moaxdina iseTi ansamblis
xelaxali formireba, romelic musikis „sivrcobrivi“ da
„ritmuli“ moTxovnebis Sesatyvisi iqneboda. es niSnavda
arqetipuli „romantikuli“ orkestris uaryofas, sime-
bianebze uaris Tqmas da dinamikuri elementis dasart-
yamebis uzarmazari seqciiT gaZlierebas“1.
varezis SemoqmedebiTi figura sxvebisgan imiTac
gansxvavdeba, rom safrangeTSi dabadebul emigrants xSi-
rad amerikelad moixsenieben2. es SemTxveviTi araa, radgan
Cvenamde moRweuli misi nawarmoebebis TiTqmis absolutu-
ri umravlesoba amerikis SeerTebul StatebSia dawerili
da, aivzis msgavsad, am qveynis kulturis garkveuli Sris
iseTi saxasiaTo Tvisebebis matarebelia, rogorebicaa:
eqsperimentalizmi, spontanuroba, tradiciis uaryofa,
individualuri mxatvruli samyaros formirebisken
swrafva.
amgvarad, varezis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, misi mizani
iyo: `bgeris ganTavisufleba, musikaSi axali universumis
aRmoCena~3.

1
Boulez, P. (1986). Varèse: Hyperprisme, Octandre, Intégrales. In: Boulez, P. Orienta ons.
Cambridge, Massachusse s: Harvard University Press. – p. 370.
2 aqve SegaxsenebT, rom evropidan aSS-Si meore msoflio omis win da
uSualod omis dros emigrirebuli Sonbergi, stravinski, bartoki, hin-
demiti da sxvani sakuTari mxatvrul-esTetikuri principebis erTgulni
darCnen. emigracias maT Semoqmedebaze gavlena TiTqmis ar mouxdenia.
3
Ouelle e, F. (1966). Edgard Varèse. Paris: Seghars – p. 83.
204
edgar varezi

205
 ***

edgar varezi daibada 1883 wels parizSi. mogvia-

nebiT ojaxi dasaxlda italiaSi, turinSi. swored am
qalaqTanaa dakavSirebuli momavali kompozitoris pir-
veli musikaluri STabeWdilebebi (aq man moismina sezar
frankis, pol diukas, rixard Strausis, ian sibeliusis
da klod debiusis nawarmoebebi). turinSive miiRo varez-
ma profe siuli musikaluri ganaT le ba adgilobrivi
konservatoriis direqtor jovani bolzonis (Giovanni
Bolzoni, 1841-1919) harmoniis da kontrapunqtis klasSi.
bolzonis rekomendaciiT varezma daiwyo muSaoba sao-
pero TeatrSi dasartyam sakravebze Semsruleblad.1904
wels biZaSvilis, alfred kortos (Alfred Cortot, 1877-1962),
rekomendaciiT varezma Caabara parizis Scola Cantorum-Si
(vensan d’endis, alber ruselis da Sarl bordis klasSi),
xolo erTi wlis Semdeg gadavida parizis konservatoria-
Si Sarl-mari vidoris klasSi. 1908 wels sakuTari mu-
sikaluri miswrafebebis Sesatyvisi garemos ZiebaSi va-
rezi gaemgzavra berlinSi, sadac daiwyo muSaoba operaze
oidiposi da sfinqsi (Oedipus und die Sphinx)1. pirveli
msoflio omis wlebSi varezma datova evropa da emigra-
ciaSi gaemgzavra aSS-Si, sadac igi bostonis filarmo-
niuli orkestris imdroindelma diriJorma karl mukma
(Karl Muck, 1859-1940) miiwvia.1919 wels varezma daaarsa
axali simfoniuri orkestri, romlis mTavari mizani iyo
Tanamedrove musikis Sesruleba. mogvianebiT man datova

1
aRsaniSnavia, rom nawarmoebis eskizebs maRali Sefaseba misca
r. Strausma.

207
am orkestris diriJoris Tanamdeboba (igi sergei rax-
maninovma Secvala). miznebis realizebis meore mcdeloba
iyo 1921 wels daarsebuli kompozitorTa saerTaSoriso
gildia da masTan arsebuli orkestri, romlebmac 1927
wlamde iarsebes. organizaciis daSlis mizezi iyo is, rom
man Seasrula Tavisi amocana: msmenelSi gaaRviZa interesi
Tanamedrove musikis mimarT.
edgar varezi gardaicvala 1965 wels. Semoqmedebis
bolo periodSi mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis miR-
wevebma mas sakuTari novatoruli ideebis realizebis
saSualeba misca or ukanasknel nawarmoebSi – udabnoebi
(Déserts) da eleqtronuli poema (Poème électronique), erT-
erT pirvel TxzulebebSi, sadac musikalur kompoziciaSi
gamoyenebulia eleqtronuli resursebi.

***

edgar varezis uprecedentod mcirericxovani Semoq-

medeba (igi sul Tormeti Txzulebis avtoria) erTi – JRe-
radobis axali xarisxis miRwevis ideiTaa ganmsWvaluli. am
mizans kompozitorma mxolod 50-iani wlebis nawarmoebeb-
Si – udabnoebSi da 1958 wlis briuselis msoflio ga-
mofenisTvis daweril eleqtronul poemaSi miaRwia.
varezs sakuTari novatoruli ideebis realizebisTvis,
XX saukunis sxva kompozitorebisgan (magaliTad, a. Son-
bergi, p. hindemiti, o. mesiani da sxv.) gansxvavebiT, ar
Seuqmnia bgeraTsimaRlebrivi masalis organizebis siste-
ma, radgan miznebis misaRwevad igi iyenebda yvelafers,
rac mis interesebs Seesabamebod – tonalobasac da ato-

208
nalobasac. rogorc mwerali da varezis musikis mkvleva-
ri alexo karpentieri (Alejo Carpen er, 1904-1980) aRniSnavs,
`varezi ar fiqrobs samxmovanebaze da iyenebs mas. upirve-
les yovlisa, mas ainteresebs bgeriTi masebis moZraoba,
gansxvavebuli Sreebis mniSvneloba, moculobaTa maTem-
atikurad zusti dozireba~1. varezi mudmivad eZebda
axal xmovanebebs, magram mas ar akmayofilebda sayovel-
Taod miRebuli xerxebi, romlebsac misi Tanamedroveebi
mimarTavdnen, radgan isini ver aRwevdnen im akustikur
Sedegs, romelsac kompozitori gulisxmobda. varezis
SemoqmedebiTi miswrafebebi nawilobriv daakmayofila
SemoqmedebiTma urTierTobam lev termenTan (Лев Термен,
Lev Termen, igive Leon Theremin, 1896-1993), Tumca sabolood
verc is daexmara sasurveli Sedegebis miRebaSi. amitomac
kompozitori iZulebuli gaxda gaefarToebina bgeriTi
sivrce sxva xerxebiT, kerZod, erTi mxriv, arsebuli
sakravebis resursebiT, xolo meore mxriv, egzotikuri
sakravebis, ZiriTadad dasartyamebis, gamoyenebiT.
varezi or saorkestro jgufs aniWebda upirate-
sobas – Casaberebs da dasartyamebs. pirveli maTgani mis
yuradRebas sufTa tembrebiT da iseTi faqtorebisgan
SedarebiTi TavisuflebiT ipyrobda, rogoricaa vibrato
da simebianebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli JReradobis farTo
zona. Casaberi sakravebi bgeris artikulaciis SecvliT
misi gaZlierebis an moxsnis saSualebas iZleva, xolo
ansamblis dros maT tembrebs aqvT rogorc urTierT-
gamijvnis, ise Serwymis unari. dasartyamebi ki mas iseTi
1
Карпентьер, А. (1990). Этот музыкант, который живет во мне... В журн. СМ,
№ 3 – с. 127.
209
specifikuri Tvisebebis gamo xiblavda, rogorebicaa
xSir SemTxvevaSi zusti simaRlis uqonloba da, imavdrou-
lad, ganusazRvreli ritmuli mravalferovneba.
varezis musikis umniSvnelovanesi esTetikuri wina-
piroba nawarmoebisTvis instrumentuli Semadgenlobis
SerCevaa. igi gamomdinareobs musikis WeSmariti arsidan,
romelic ukavSirdeba ara temperirebuli sistemis bgeraT-
simaRlebriv urTierTobebs, aramed bunebaSi arsebul
bgerebs, musikis bunebriv masalas. amgvarma SemoqmedebiTma
poziciam ganapiroba varezis mier uSualo Tanagancdis,
lirikis gadalaxva da gaucxoebuli emociuri mdgomareo-
bis prioritetuloba, risTvisac, misi azriT, absoluturad
Seusabamo iyo simebian sakravTa JReradoba. `Cveni dro
– aqtiuri moqmedebis, siswrafis droa da ara simebianTa
vibratosi~, – werda kompozitori1. amitomac orkestris
tradiciuli Semadgenloba masTan Zalze iSviaTad gvxvde-
ba. misi Txzulebebidan mxolod sami – AMERIQUES, ARCANA da
ECUATORIAL aris dawerili didi simfoniuri orkestrisTvis,
danarCenebi ki sxvadasxva Semadgenlobis instrumentuli
ansamblebisTvis, sadac simebiani sakravebi TiTqmis ar
gvxvdeba. gamonaklisebia OFFRANDRES (simebianTa kvinteti)
da OCTANDRE (kontrabasi). aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom varezs
bolomde arc Casaber sakravTa resursebi akmayofilebda.
misi azriT, Casaber sakravTa SezRuduli teqnikuri da reg-
istruli resursebi kompozitors garkveul uxerxulobas
uqmnis. varezi aSkara upiratesobas aniWebda dasartyam
sakravebs, romlebsac iyenebda ara tradiciulad, xmova-
1
Charbonnier, G. (1970). Entre ens avec Edgard Varèse. Suivi d’une etude de l’œuvre
dar Harry Halbreich. Paris. – p. 85.
210
nebis gaZlierebisTvis, aramed, rogorc TviTkmar sakravebs.
kompozitors miaCnda, rom dasartyam sakravebs aqvT is
gamomsaxveloba, romelsac sxvebi moklebulni arian da
gamoirCevian tembruli simdidriT, moculobiT, bgeris
gamokveTili a acca-Ti, tradiciuli melodiuri Tvisebebis
uqonlobiT. `dasartyamebs sicocxlis imgvari Zala aqvT,
rogorsac sxva sakravebi moklebulni arian. upirveles
yovlisa, maT iseTi moculoba aqvT, romelic ar axasiaTebT
sxva sakravebs, maTi bgeriTi aspeqti ufro cocxalia. bgeris
a acca ufro mkafio da ufro swrafia~1.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom dasartyam sakravTa ro-
lis da funqciis gazrda zogadad XX saukunis musikis
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia, dakavSirebuli
umTavresad ritmis, rogorc musikaluri qsovilis, erT-
erTi ZiriTadi parametris gaazrebasTan.
bgeras da mis xarisxobriv Tvisebebs varezi ganixi-
lavda, rogorc musikaluri qsovilis arsobriv maxasia-
Teblebs da maT aniWebda upiratesobas tradiciuli
harmoniis da melodiis nacvlad. amgvarad, ganviTareba
misTvis iyo am sawyisi bgeris (an bgeraTa kompleqsis) ma-
xasiaTeblebis Tanmimdevruli da diferencirebuli Se-
mecnebis procesi. nawarmoebebis dramaturgiul mTlia-
nobas ki varezi aRwevda sayrdeni bgerebis variantuli
gameorebis xarjze, rodesac icvleba ucvleli simaRlis
mqone bgeris sxvadasxva parametri – xangrZlioba, tembri,
dinamika, faqturuli organizebis konkretuli forma.
forma, varezis azriT, bgeriTi substanciis sivrceSi

1
Charbonnier G. Op. cit. – p. 43

211
ganviTarebis gziT unda iqmnebodes. kompozitori wer-
da: `formas sawyis wertilad ganixilaven, modelad,
romelsac unda mivyveT, samuzeumo yalibad, romelic
unda Seivsos. yoveli Cemi nawarmoebi Tavisi sakuTari
formiTaa dawerili... rodesac musikalur formas pro-
cesis Sedegad ganvixilav, STagonebas maniWebs analogia
Cemi kompoziciebis formis Seqmnas da kristalizaciis
fenomens Soris~1.
amrigad, bgeris, rogorc feris, gaazrebiT varezi
aRwevs mis ganTavisuflebas mkacrad gansazRvruli si-
maRlis da ritmis tradiciuli rolisgan da mTlians
damoukidebel elementad gadaaqcevs. tembris mimarT
amgvar damokidebulebas adasturebs kom po zitoris
sityvebi, romlebic man 1936 wels santa-feSi (Santa Fe)
wakiTxul erT-erT leqciaze Tqva: `feris anu tembris
roli aRaraa SemTxveviTi, epizoduri, grZnobadi an su-
raTovani; is sxvadasxva sibrtyed da sivrced dayofil
rukaze gansxvavebuli ferebis gamosaxvis qmediT Zalad
da formis gamaerTianebel faqtorad gadaiqca~2.
varezis stilis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis mokle
SejamebisTvis kvlav moviyvanT pier bulezis sityvebs:
„tradiciasTan kavSiri varezma ritmis da, Sesabamisad,
formis TvalsazrisiTac gawyvita. erTi mxriv, vxedavT
imas, rasac SeiZleba melodiuri ritmi vuwodoT _ qro-
matuli melodiuri procesebis uaRresad detalizebuli
artikulacia; aqcentebis funqciis mqone polusebs Soris

1
Charbonnier, G. Op. cit. – p. 85
2
ix.: Simms, B. R. (1986). Music of the Twen eth-Century: S le and Structure.
N.Y., L. – p. 128
212
ganlagebuli calkeul xazTa axleburi plastika (hobois
solo OCTANDRE-s dasawyisSi, anda INTÉGRALES bolo na-
wilSi); bgeraTsimaRlebrivi qromatizmis paraleluri
ritmuli qromatizmi.
meore mxriv, am Tvisebebs varezma logikurad sa-
pirispiro mniSvneloba mianiWa, bgeraTsimaRlebrivi
ostinatoze, ganmeorebiT bgerebze da a acca-s saxeobebis
mudmiv cvalebadobaze damyarebuli kontrapunqtuli
ritmi. mTeli ansambli TiTqos dasartyamebis TvisebebiT
aris ganmsWvaluli“1.

***

varezis mcirericxovani SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreo-

ba ZiriTadad instrumentuli ansamblis Janrs ganekuTv-
neba. marTalia, Cven moklebulni varT SesaZleblobas,
vimsjeloT varezis Semoqmedebis adreul, pirvel msof-
lio omamdel periodze, magram 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
Seqmnili OFFRANDES (Sesawiri) (1921) kompozitoris
SemoqmedebiT mignebebze garkveul warmodgenas gviqm-
nis. varezis es Txzuleba pirvelia sami dasrulebuli
vokaluri nawarmoebidan. OFFRANDES-is pirveli nawili
(Cilel poet v. uidobros [Vicente Huidobro, 1893-1948] leq-
sis mixedviT) avlens kavSirs bgerweris debiusiseul
manerasTan feradovani gaorkestrebiT, `mcocavi~ har-
moniebiT, romlebic wylis stiqiis imitirebas axdenen.
imavdroulad, nawarmoebis meore nawilis egzotikurma
Tematikam, romelsac safuZvlad daedo meqsikel poet
1
Boulez, P. (1986). Varèse: Hyperprisme, Octandre, Intégrales. In: Boulez, P. Orien-
ta ons. Cambridge, Massachusse s: Harvard University Press. – p. 371.
213
x. x. tabladas (José Juan Tablada, 1871-1945) leqsi, gana-
piro ba uC veulo ritmuli struqturebis da ufro
xisti harmoniuli enis gamoyeneba. vokaluri intonacia
agebulia tradiciuli vokalizaciis, mReris arqauli
maneris da Sprechgesang-is sinTezis safuZvelze. teqsti
TiTqos nel-nela ganzavdeba musikalur qsovilSi da mis
damatebiT komponentad iqceva.
aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoxsenebuli stilistika Semdgom
TiTqmis aRaraa damaxasiaTebeli varezisTvis da, Sesabami-
sad, es ornawiliani cikli kompozitoris stilisturi
evoluciis adreuli etapis Sesaxeb garkveul warmodge-
nas gviqmnis. igi imaze migviTiTebs, rom am etapze, sava-
raudod, varezis stilze gavlena moaxdina debiusim. am
varauds amyarebs varezis Semoqmedebis mTavari amosava-
li wertili – bgera, rogorc akustikuri fenomeni, rac,
bunebrivia, upirveles yovlisa, debiusis musikasTanaa
genetikurad dakavSirebuli.
varezis Semdegi nawarmoebi – AMÉRIQUES (ameri-
kebi 1921-22) dawerilia simfoniuri orkestris didi
SemadgenlobisTvis, romelic dasartyamTa gigantu-
ri jgufiTaa gafarToebuli (21 dasartyami sakravi).
mkvlevarTa umetesoba aRniSnavs, rom amerikebs va-
rezis SemoqmedebaSi igive adgili ukavia, rac saRvTo
gazafxuls stravinskis SemoqmedebaSi. am TxzulebaSi
ukve saboloodaa gadalaxuli romantikuli tipis ga-
momsaxveloba da Camoyalibebulia axali, wminda va-
reziseuli poetika. nawarmoebis Sesaxeb kompozitori
werda: `mis mTavar Temas warmoadgens fiqri, esaa uc-

214
xoelis STabeWdileba, romelic Tqveni axali civili-
zaciis Sesaxeb svams kiTxvebs~1.
varezis stili pirvelad sruli saxiT warmodgenilia
HYPERPRISM-Si (hiperprizma, 1922-1923) nawarmoebSi,
romelSic dasartyami sakravebi dominireben. esaa kom-
pozitoris erT-erTi yvelaze lakoniuri piesa, misi
pirveli gamoqveynebuli nawarmoebi. es nawarmoebi gvaZ-
levs mkafio warmodgenas varezis musikaSi intonaciuri
da ritmuli Taviseburebis, specifikurad vareziseuli
stabilurobis da variantulobis sinTezis Sesaxeb. aR-
saniSnavia, rom dasartyami sakravebis mravalferovani
gamoyeneba qmnis sxvadasxvagvar sivrcul efeqtebs.
varezisTvis hiperprizmaSi dasartyamebis gamoyeneba
araa dakavSirebuli mxolod JReradobis feradovnebis
miRwevasTan. am sakravTa jgufi qmnis cocxali, natifi,
fluqtuaciebiT aRsavse musikaluri organizmis STabeW-
dilebas, Tavisebur musikalur kosmoss. maTi garkveuli
Tu gaurkveveli simaRleebi mkafio sivrcul efeqtebs
qmnian.
hiperprizmaSi varezma msoflio musikis istoria-
Si pirvelad gamoiyena dasartyam sakravTa aseTi didi
jgufi da, rac mTavaria, axleburad gaiazra isini.
OCTANDRE (oqtandri, 1923) novatori kompozito-
ris tradiciasTan urTierTobis nimuSia. am samnawilian
ciklSi, romlis nawilebSi vlindeba garkveuli kavSirebi
tradiciul Janrul modelebTan (pirveli – preludiis,
meore – skercos Janrebs, xolo mesame fugas mogvagonebs)

1
Ouelle e, F. (1966). Edgard Varèse. Paris. _ p. 66.

215
imavdroulad, mkafiod vlindeba varezis SemoqmedebiTi
azrovnebis mTavari principi – kristalizacia. swored
igi ganapirobebs dinamikuri tembrul-intonaciuri kon-
struqciebis, Taviseburi simetriuli `kristalebis~
warmoqmnas da maT safuZvelze mTeli nawarmoebis struq-
turuli mTlianobis Seqmnas. es konstruqciebi imave
princips eqvemdebarebian, romelsac bunebaSi arsebuli
kristalebi, da es nawarmoebis saTaurSia aRbeWdili –
oqtandri, oqtaedri, rvakuTxedi kristalebis struqtu-
ris erT-erTi nairsaxeobaa. Sida mikrostruqturebis gar-
da, saxelwodebasTan kidev erTi faqtoria dakavSirebuli
– raodenobrivi: nawarmoebi rva sakravisTvisaa dawerili
[fleita (+pikolo), hoboi, B klarneti (+Es), valtorna,
fagoti, sayviri, tromboni, kontrabasi].
momdevno nawarmoebis, INTÉGRALES (integralebi,
1924) Sesaxeb varezi werda: `integralebi Cafiqrebu-
li iyo sivrculi proeqciisTvis. es nawarmoebi Sevqmeni
garkveuli akustikuri saSualebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
romlebic jer ar arsebobda, magram mwamda, rom adre
Tu gvian maT aRmoaCendnen da gamoiyenebdnen... gasagebi
rom gaxdes – vinaidan Tvali ufro swrafia da discip-
linirebuli, vidre yuri – gadavitanoT Cemi koncefcia
vizualur sferoSi da geometriuli figuris cvalebadi
proeqciis gegma ganvixiloT, rodesac is mo Zraobs,
magram yoveli gadaadgilebis da brunvis sa kuTari
cvalebadi, varirebuli siCqariT. forma proeqciis ama
Tu im wams ganisazRvreba geometriul figuras da gegmas
Soris TanafardobiT. geometriuli figuris da gegmis

216
Tavisufali gadaadgilebisas proeqciaSi warmoiqmneba
ukiduresad rTuli da winaswar ganusazRvreli gamo-
saxuleba~1. rogorc moyvanili citatidan Cans, integ-
ralebi mkafiod warmoaCenen kompoziciis vareziseul,
`samecniero xelovnebis~ meTods, romlis sizuste da
inteleqtualuri koncentraciis done maTematikuri
gaTvlebis logikis msgavsia. musikaluri struqturis
amgvari ageba, bgeris TiToeuli parametris sizuste
asaxulia imgvar bgeriT konstruqciebSi, sadac yoveli
mJReri obieqti sivrcul kanonzomierebebs eqvemdeba-
reba da erTis, klarnetis sawyisi motivis, anarekls,
gadaadgilebas, gadanacvlebas warmoadgens. simaRlis,
intensivobis, tembris, xangrZlivobis Secvla kompozi-
toris mier gaazrebulia, rogorc musikaluri sxeulebis
oTxganzomilebian kontinuumSi gadaadgilebebi.
varezis Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi idea – bgeriTi sam-
yaros gafarToeba, rogorc aRvniSneT, sxvadasxva saSua-
lebiT miiRweva. erTi mxriv, igi ukavSirdeba sakravTa
aratradiciuli Semadgenlobebis gamoyenebas da dasar-
tyamebis rolis mniSvnelovan gazrdas, meore mxriv ki,
bgeris warmoebis aratradiciuli wyaros Ziebas.
varezis SemoqmedebiTi mignebebi am TvalsazrisiT
yvelaze mkafiod aisaxa IONISATION-Si (ionizacia, 1931),
nawarmoebSi, romelic dawerilia 35 dasartyami sakravis
da ori sirenisTvis. amasTanave, dasartyamebis SerCevi-
sas kompozitori upiratesobas aniWebda ganusazRvreli
simaRlis mqone sakravebs da, Sesabamisad, maTi meSveobiT

1
Ouele e, F. (1966). Edgard Varèse. Paris: Seghars. – p. 93-94.

217
tradiciuli struqturuli funqciebis – Temis, Tanx-
lebis da a. S. – imitirebas ki ar axdens, aramed qmnis rTul
kompleqsur xmovanebebs, erTi jgufis sxvadasxva zomis
sakravebis meSveobiT tembrulad erTgvarovan akusti-
kur zonebs, romlebic xasiaTdeba sxvadasxva simkvriviT,
intensivobiT, moZraobis mimarTulebiT da feriT. amg-
varad, faqturaSi warmoiqmneba rTuli, polifoniurad
organizebuli bgeriTi Sreebi, romlebSic TiToeul
sakravs sakuTari ritmuli naxazi aqvs, magram igi emsa-
xureba ara misi tembris Tu motivis individualizebas,
aramed individualuri sawyisis maqsimalur nivelirebas,
raTa wina planze wamovides JReradobis axali, sonoruli
xarisxi. `Cems nawarmoebebSi, – wers varezi, – Zveleburi
mkacri kontrapunqtis nacvlad SesaZlebelia bgeriTi
masebis da planebis monaxva, romlebic varirebs simkvri-
vis da dinamikis mixedviT~1.
TavisTavad cxadia, amgvari aratradiciuli Semo-
qmedebiTi amocanebis gadasawyvetad varezs aratradi-
ciuli resursebi esaWiroeboda da swored am mizniT –
JReradobis axali xarisxis misaRwevad dainteresda rene
bertranis (René Bertrand) dinafoniT (dynaphone). varezi ase
aRwers am sakravs: `eleqtromusikaluri instrumenti
dinafoni, Seqmnili 1927-28 wlebSi, garkveuli Tvalsaz-
risiT termenis, Jivles da martenos instrumentebis
msgavsia. magram principi da funqcionireba sruliad
gansxvavdeba da msgavseba mxolod garegnulia. me Semdegi
Sedegebis imedi maqvs:
a) miviRo sufTa uobertono bgerebi;

1
Charbonnier G. Op. cit. – p. 73.
218
 b) miviRo axali tembrebi maTze obertonebis seriis
daSrevebiT;
g) vifiqro axali bgerebis miRebaze ori an meti
dinafonis gamoyenebiT, romlebic erT kombinirebul
sakravs Seqmnian;
d) gavafarTovo sakravTa registri, raTa miviRo
maRali sixSireebi, romlebsac damakmayofilebeli in-
tensivobiT verc erTi sxva instrumenti ver qmnis. am
samuSaos praqtikuli Sedegi iqneba musikosebis da musi-
kologebis SemoqmedebiTi moTxovnebis Sesatyvisi axali
instrumenti~1.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Catarebulma eqsperimentebma ar
daakmayofila varezi da es gaxda mizezi, rom 30-ian wlebSi
mas TiTqmis araferi dauweria. gamonaklisia misi erTader-
Ti nawarmoebi solo sakravisTvis DENSITY 21.5 (simkvrive
21.5, 1936). nawarmoebi dawerilia fleitist JorJ bareris
(Georges Barrère, 1876-1944) SekveTiT misi platinis flei-
tisTvis, im droisTvis uCveulo masalidan damzadebuli
axali sakravisTvis. nawarmoebis saxelwodeba platinis
simkvrivis fizikur maxasiaTebels asaxavs da bgeris
axali xarisxis da sakravis SesaZleblobebis Tavisebur
gamocdas warmoadgens.
eqsperimentebi axali bgeriTi samyoros aRmoCenis
sferoSi varezma ganaaxla 50-ian wlebSi, rodesac teqni-
kurma progresma kompozitors saSualeba misca mieRwia im
xmovanebebisTvis, romlebzec ocnebobda. 1950-54 wlebSi
varezma Seqmna masStaburi simfoniuri nawarmoebi, ro-

1
Ouelle e F. Op.cit. – p. 141-142.
219
melSic gamoyenebulia konkretuli musika1 audioCana-
weris saxiT. am nawarmoebs kompozitorma uwoda DÉSERTS
(udabnoebi), rac ara bunebis suraTs, aramed martoobaSi
myofi adamianis sulier mdgomareobas ukavSirdeba. es
Taviseburi `Sinagani peizaJia~.
udabnoebSi simfoniuri orkestris JReradoba
gamravalferovnebulia firze Cawerili da Semdeg spe-
cialurad damuSavebuli sxvadasxvagvari xmaurebiT.
masalas am CanarTebisTvis varezi agrovebda 1952-54
wlebSi da Semdeg parizis eleqtronuli studiis erT-
erT xelmZRvanel pier Seferis miwveviT gaemgzavra ev-
ropaSi misi specialuri damuSavebisTvis. udabnoebis
kompozicia metad uCveuloa: simfoniuri orkestris
JReradobas samjer enacvleba Canaweri, konkretuli
musika, romelic instrumentul partias oTx monakveTad
yofs. amasTanave, Canaweri bgeraTsimaRlebrivi, tembru-
li, ritmuli da dinamikuri TvalsazrisiT `cocxal~ JRe-
radobas ki ar upirispirdeba, aramed avsebs, agrZelebs
da afarToebs mas.
udabnoebis Semdeg varezma miiRo SekveTa, ro-
mel zec mTeli cxovreba ocnebobda – xmis Camweri
aparaturis firma `Philips~-is xelmZRvanelobam mas dau-
kveTa nawarmoebi, romelic uaxles eleqtroakustikur
aparaturaze unda gaJRerebuliyo 1958 wlis briuselis
msoflio gamofenaze. specialurad am aparaturis sa-
1
konkretuli musika, Musique concrète (fr.) – eleqtronuli musikis
aRmniSvneli erT-erTi termini, gavrcelebuli safrangeTSi. konk-
retuli musikis nimuSebis Sesaqmnelad ufro xSirad gamoiyeneboda
magnitofonis firze Cawerili da Semdeg damuSavebuli bunebaSi ar-
sebuli bgerebi, xmebi, xmaurebi da a. S.
220
demonstraciod aSenda pavilioni, romlis proeqtic
Tanamedroveobis udides arqiteqtor le korbuzies (Le
Corbusier, 1887-1965) atelies daukveTes. pavilioni dRis
sinaTlisgan izolirebuli unda yofiliyo da dRis man-
Zilze iq mravaljer unda momxdariyo audiovizualuri
warmodgenis Cveneba, romelic ganaTebis, feris, ritmis
da bgeris sinTezze iqneboda dafuZnebuli. swored am
ideebis musikaluri realizeba SesTavazes edgar varezs,
romelmac Seqmna POÈME ÉLECTRONIQUE (eleqtronuli
poema). nawarmoebis Seqmnaze varezi rva Tve muSaobda
studiaSi. poemis akustikuri masala sxvadasxvagva-
ria – aqaa studiaSi sinTezirebuli bgerebi, Cawerili
musikaluri bgerebi, magaliTad, zaris, sxva dasartyami
sakravebis, organis, gundis xmovaneba, manqanebis xmauri
da a. S. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom `filipsis~ pavilioni, sa-
dac Sedga eleqtronuli poemis premiera, daapro-
eqta berZenuli warmoSobis frangma kompozitorma da
arqiteqtorma ianis qsenakisma (Iannis Xenakis, 1922-2001),
romlisTvisac amosavali misive simfoniuri nawarmoebi
METASTASEIS (metastazisi) iyo.
amgvarad, edgar varezi, romelsac xSirad `musi-
kalur winaswarmetyvels~ uwodebdnen, iyo XX saukunis
pirveli naxevris erT-erTi TvalsaCino kompozitori,
romelmac pirveli nabijebi gadadga sivrculi musikisken,
axali saSemsruleblo xerxebis aRmoCenisken, man jer
kidev 20-iani wlebis SemoqmedebaSi iwinaswarmetyvela
konkretuli da eleqtronuli musikisTvis damaxasiaT-
ebeli JReradobebi. igi samyaros im axali bgeriTi mode-

221
lis erT-erTi avtoria, romlis aqtualizeba XX saukunis
meore naxevarSi, omis Semdgomi musikaluri avangardis
warmomadgenelTa SemoqmedebaSi moxda.

ZiriTadi nawarmoebebis sia

1918-1921 (red. 1927), amerikebi [Amériques] didi simfoniuri
orkestrisTvis
1921, Sesawiri [Offrandes] sopranos da kameruli orkestrisTvis
1922-1923, hiperprizma [Hyperprism] Casaberebis da dasartya-
mebisTvis
1923, oqtandri [Octandre] Casaberebis da kontrabasisTvis
1924-1925, integralebi [Intégrales] Casaberebis da dasartya-
mebisTvis
1925-1927, saidumlo [Arcana] didi simfoniuri orkestrisTvis
1929-1931, ionizacia [Ionisa on] dasartyamebisTvis
1932-1934, ekvatoriuli [Ecuatorial] banis, Casaberebis, organis,
dasartyamebis da termenvoqsisTvis (red. martenos talRe-
bisTvis)
1936, simkvrive 21.5 [Density 21.5] solo fleitisTvis
1950-1954, udabnoebi [Déserts] Casaberebis, dasartyamebis da
CanawerisTvis
1957-1958, eleqtronuli poema [Poème électronique] eleqtro-
akustikuri
1961, Ramis [Nocturnal] sopranos, mamakacTa gundis da orkest-
risTvis

222
 franguli `eqvseuli~ da
artur onegeri
(1892 -1955)

XX saukunis pirveli naxevris safrangeTis musi-

kaluri kultura mxatvrul mimarTulebaTa mraval-
ferovnebiT xasiaTdeboda. impresionizmi Secvala
neoklasicizmma, fovizma, kubizmma da sxva mxatvrul-
esTetikurma mimarTulebebma; Camoyalibda sxvadasxva-
gvari dajgufebebi da Seiqmna manifestebi. xelovnebis
ganaxlebis mTavari `medroSe~ omis Semdgom parizSi axal-
gazrda musikosTa dajgufeba iyo, romelic msoflio
musikis istoriaSi `eqvseulis~ (Les Six) saxeliT Sevida.
am jgufSi Sediodnen: darius miio, artur onegeri, JorJ
oriki, fransis pulenki, lui durei da Jermena taiferi1,
xolo sulisCamdgmeli da ideologi iyo poeti, publi-
cisti, dramaturgi, scenaristi, mxatvari da moyvaruli
musikosi Jan koqto2, romelmac 1918 wels Seqmna mani-
festi mamali da arlekini (Le Coq et l’Arlequin). swored
es manifesti aRmoCnda im axali Taobis kompozitorTa
SemoqmedebiTi principebis deklaracia, romelTa idea-
lebi omis Semdgom, racionalizmis xanaSi, sayovelTao
Senebis da pragmatizmis epoqaSi yalibdeboda.
mokled SevexoT `eqvseulis~ mxatvrul-esTetikur
principebs.
1
Darius Milhaud (1892-1974), Arthur Honegger (1892-1955), Georges Auric (1899-
1983), Francis Poulenc (1899-1963), Louis Durey (1888-1979), Germaine Tailleferre
(1892-1983).
2
Jean Cocteau (1889-1963).
223
 `eqvseulis~ wevrebs Tavdapirvelad mxolod megob-
roba akavSirebda. f. pulenki werda: `Cven TandaTanobiT
Camogviyalibda saerTo ideebi, romlebmac mWidrod
dagvakavSira erTmaneTTan, magaliTad, iseTebi, rogore-
bicaa – yovelive bundovanis uaryofa, melodiis da kon-
trapunqtis dabruneba, swrafva ubraloebis da mkafio-
bisken. Semdgom satis da koqtos gavleniT, braziliidan
dabrunebul miiosTan erTad, gaverTiandiT <...> Cven maSin
eqvsni viyaviT, magram arasodes dagviTvlia raodenoba. es
anri kolem1 gaakeTa da `eqvseuli~ gviwoda~2.
`eqvseulis~ wevrTaTvis principulad miuRebeli
iyo impresionizmi, misi esTetika da teqnika. koqto mani-
festSi mamali da arlekini mouwodebda axalgazrda
kompozito rebs jansaRi, agresiuli, cxadi da uxeSi
xelovnebis Seqmnisken da musikaSi amgvari xelovnebis
beladad e. satis [Erik Sa e (1866-1925)] miiCnevda.
aranakleb mZafri damokidebuleba hqondaT maT sa-
frangeTSi momravlebuli vagnerianelebisadmi. `eqvseu-
lis~ wevrebs miaCndaT, rom vagneris musikis esTetika
franguli kulturisTvis ucxo da miuRebelia.
sawyis etapze axalgazrda frangi kompozitorebi
misaRebad mxolod ori kompozitoris SemoqmedebiT
gamocdilebas miiCneven – igor stravinskis da erik sa-
tis, radgan maTTan xedaven siaxlis im xarisxs da tips,
romelsac Tavadac aRiareben. gansakuTrebul aRtacebas
gamoTqvamdnen stravinskis balet saRvTo gazafxulis,

1
Henri Collet (1885-1951) – kompozitori da kritikosi.
2
Poulenc Fr. Entre ens avec Claud Rostand. Paris, 1954, p. 31. cit. ix.: Филенко Г.
Французская музыка первой половины ХХ века. Л., 1983
224
Jan koqto da “eqvseulis” wevrebi

225
misi pirvelqmnili barbarosuli sulis sidiadis, saocari
energiis da uCveulo musikaluri enis da gamomsaxveli
xerxebis mTeli sistemis misamarTiT. rac Seexeba satis,
cxadia, stravinskis gverdiT am kompozitoris dayeneba
sakmaod Znelia, vinaidan misi SemoqmedebiTi figura ufro
mokrZalebulia, magram misi ideebis gavlena `eqvseul-
ze~ Zalze Zlieri iyo. sati izadavda axalgazr debs
ukompromisobiT, Canafiqrebis novatorulobiT, enis
xazgasmuli ubraloebiT. koqtos mier deklarirebuli
`miwieri, yoveldRiuri musikis~ idea swored masTan iyo
srulad realizebuli. aqedanve gaCnda interesi jazis da
miuzik-holis, cirkis da aRlumebis mimarT. `eqvseulis~
interesis sagani agreTve iyo didi qalaqis tempi, misi
xmauri da manqanebis samyaro. am gatacebis Sedegia musi-
kaSi sportis da manqanebis kultis danergva. am da sxva
msgavsi lozungebis sapasuxod iwereba: miios sasoflo-
sameurneo manqanebis katalogi, pulenkis moZrao-
bebi da gaseirnebebi, onegeris ragbi da pasifik 231.
aranaklebi iyo `eqvseulis~ interesi musikaluri Teat-
risadmi, magram ara misi tradiciuli Janrebis, aramed
farsis da bufonadisadmi. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia satis
baleti aRlumi, `eqvseulis~ erToblivi nawarmoebi
axaldaqorwinebulebi eifelis koSkze (Les mariés
de la tour Eiffel), miios baletebi: xari saxuravze (Le Bœuf
sur le toit), salaTi (Salade), samyaros Seqmna (La créa on du
monde) da sxv.
amgvarad, `eqvseulis~ wevrebi SemoqmedebaSi upira-
tesobas aniWebdnen ubraloebas da sicxades. maTTvis musi-

227
kaSi umTavres Rirebulebas warmoadgenda melodia, magram
ara romantizmisTvis tipuri vrceli melodia, romelic
Tavis TavSi intensiur ganviTarebas Seicavs, aramed mokle,
mkafio melodiuri formulebi, zogjer trivialuric ki,
romelic zustad miuTiTebs konkretul pirvelwyaros –
sayofacxovrebo cekvas an simReras, metyvelebis intonaci-
as. melodiuri azrovnebis primatma da mravali mxatvruli
saxis erTdrouli Cvenebisken swrafvam gamoiwvia faqturis
linearuloba, ramdenime melodiuri xazis erTdrouli da
damoukidebeli ganviTareba, rac vertikalis xazgasmul
simkveTres da disonirebulobas qmnis. musikaluri ganvi-
Tarebis am xerxis gamoyenebam `eqvseulis~ wevrTa umeteso-
bis SemoqmedebaSi sxvadasxvagvari poli-movlenebi gamoi-
wvia, kerZod: politonaloba, polikilooba, polifunqcio-
naloba. sawyis etapze jgufis wevrTa umravlesoba (onege-
ris garda) uaryofs musikalur ganviTarebas tradiciuli
gagebiT da upiratesobas musikaluri azris gadmocemis
eqspoziciur tips aniWeben, ris gamoc maTi nawarmoebebis
umetesobaSi an mxolod erTi mxatvruli saxea warmodgeni-
li, an, Tu ramdenimea, maSin mocemulia gansxvavebul saxeTa
Tanmimdevroba yovelgvari urTierTobis gareSe. amgvari
azrovnebis tipis bunebrivi Sedegia interesi miniatiuris,
ciklis, siuitis Janrebis mimarT. tradiciuli Janrebidan
gvxvdeba ukiduresad sqematizebuli sonatinebi, Concerto
grosso da sxva. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom `eqvseulis~ wevrebs
aerTianebs msgavsi damokidebuleba orkestris mimarT.
kerZod, prioritetuli mniSvneloba eniWeba solistTa
mcirericxovan ansamblebs, aqcenti keTdeba Casabereb-

228
ze (jazidan momdinare Tavisebureba) an monotembrul
orkestrebze (magaliTad, mxolod simebianebi an mxolod
Casaberebi).
amgvarad, 1917-22 wlebSi franguli `eqvseuli~
Camoyalibda, rogorc garkveuli SemoqmedebiTi gaer-
Tianeba, romlis wevrTa Semoqmedebac, met-naklebad ga-
mokveTil individualobasTan erTad, saerTo Tvisebeb-
iTac xasiaTdeba. umTavresad es exeba saerTo esTetikur
pozicias, garkveul gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs.
20-iani wlebis miwurulidan `eqvseulis~ wevrebis
SemoqmedebiTi gzebi gaiyo. 30-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis
TiToeuli maTganis stili sagrZnob evolucias ganicdis
da, Sesabamisad, `eqvseuli~ wyvets arsebobas, rogorc er-
Tiani Sexedulebebis mqone kompozitorTa gaerTianeba.
`eqvseulis~ wevrTa Soris gamokveTili Semoqmede-
biTi individualobiT, maSinac ki, rodesac es gaerTianeba
maqsimalurad erTiani iyo, gamoirCeoda artur onegeri.

***

XX saukunis gamoCenili frangi (warmoSobiT

Sveicarieli) kompozitori artur onegeri daibada
1892 wels havrSi da dawyebiTi musikaluri ganaTleba
aqve miiRo. 1909-11 wlebSi igi swavlobda jer ciurixis,
xolo Semdeg parizis konservatoriebSi (violinos, kon-
trapunqtis, kompoziciis da diriJorobis klasebSi).
axalgazrda kompozitoris mxatvrul-esTetikuri Se-
xedulebebis formirebaze didi gavlena moaxdina ro-
gorc frangulma, ise avstriul-germanulma musikam, rac

229
garkveulwilad misi Sveicariuli warmoSobiTac aixsneba.
swavlis wlebSi onegeris interesebis sfero ZiriTadad
germanuli romantikuli musikiT _ r. vagneris, r. Strau-
sis da m. regeris SemoqmedebiT Semoifargleboda, Tumca
amave periodSi man gaicno k. debiusis da g. fores nawar-
moebebi, romlebmac, Tavad kompozitoris aRiarebiT,
didi gavlena miaxdines masze. parizis konservatoriaSi
onegeri Sexvda J. taifers, J. oriks da d. miios, mogvi-
anebiT gaicno J. koqto da e. sati, romlebTan urTier-
Tobac misTvis Zalze nayofieri aRmoCnda misTvis 10-iani
wlebis miwuruls da 20-ianebis dasawyisSi. swored maTTan
urTierTobam gansazRvra onegeris Semoqmedebis aR-
niSnuli periodis Tavisebureba, rodesac igi `eqvseulis~
wevrad moiazreboda, Tumca misi SemoqmedebiTi naturis
masStabebma ganapiroba is, rom onegeris SemoqmedebaSi
`eqvseulis~ esTetika yvelaze naklebad aisaxa.
onegeris musikaluri azrovneba, miuxedavad imi-
sa, rom axalgazrdobaSi kompozitori radikaluri
SemoqmedebiTi dajgufebis wevri iyo, mWidrodaa da-
kavSirebuli tradiciasTan. es, upirveles yovlisa, exeba
mis damokidebulebas am periodSi mimdinare musikaluri
enis ganaxlebis procesisadmi. onegerisTvis ucxoa Ta-
visufali atonaloba da dodekafonia. igi tradiciuli,
Tumca garTulebuli, tonaluri sistemis erTguli
rCeba. imavdroulad, misTvis arc satis da misi Tanamoaz-
reebisTvis tipuri ukiduresad gamartivebuli tonaluri
struqturebia misaRebi. `me ar var arc politonalisti,
arc atonalisti da arc dodekafonisti, – werda kompozi-

230
artur onegeri

231
tori, – Cveni musikaluri masala qromatuli bgeraTrigis
12 naxevar tons efuZneba, romlebiTac Cven iseve Tavisuf-
lad vsargeblobT, rogorc poeti anbanis aso-bgerebiT an
mxatvari – sinaTlis speqtris yvela feriT~1.
analogiuri damokidebuleba aqvs onegers Janris
da formis mimarT. kompozitori iswrafvis klasikur-
romantikuli tradiciis SenarCunebisken da, amasTanave, mas
axali SinaarsiT ganaaxlebs. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTre-
biT unda aRiniSnos oratoriis da simfoniis Janrebi. ro-
gorc aRiniSna, `eqvseulis~ wevrebi upiratesobas miniatiu-
rebs aniWebdnen. maTgan gansxvavebiT, onegerisTvis priori-
tetuli swored didi forma da konceftualuri Janrebi
iyo. simfoniis JanrSi onegeri evropuli, ufro zustad ki
XIX saukunis meore naxevris franguli tradiciis gam-
grZeleblad gvevlineba. misi oratoriebi ki am JanrSi
Seqmnil saukeTeso nimuSebzea orientirebuli. amas-
Tanave, onegeri aRniSnul JanrebSi XX saukunis nova-
ciebsac ar ugulebelyofdnen. kerZod, igulisxmeba
oratoriaSi Teatralizaciis garkveuli elementebis
Semotana, rac gvxvdeba stravinskis, mogvianebiT karl
orfis SemoqmedebaSi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom mxatvrul
saxeTa xatovaneba, Teatraluroba sazogadod axasia-
Tebs onegeris Semoqmedebas. onegeris rogorc scenuri,
ise instrumentuli nawarmoebebis TemaTa umetesoba
gamokveTili saxierebiT xasiaTdeba.
mokled SevexoT onegeris orkestrs. kompozito-
ris saorkestro stils safuZvlad udevs musikaluri

1
Honegger, A. (1966) I am a Composer. New York: St. Mar n’s Press – p. 83.

233
qsovilis polifoniuri struqtura. masTan tembri mudam
Temis, Tematuri ganviTarebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani,
magram daqvemdebarebuli, parametria. onegeris nawar-
moebebSi Tema, rogorc wesi, erTi saorkestro jgufis
tembruli resursebiTaa eqsponirebuli da es tembri
mTeli struqturuli erTeulis manZilze SenarCunebu-
lia. tembri mxolod monakveTebis sazRvarze icvleba,
erTi saorkestro jgufidan meoreSi gadadis. tembru-
li ganviTarebis aseTi logika onegeris simfonizmis
Taviseburebidan gamomdinareobs da mis programul,
Teatralizebuli tipis simfonizmTanaa dakavSirebuli:
axali sakravebis gamoCena xazs usvams ganviTarebis axal
stadiaze gadasvlas.

***

onegeris SemoqmedebaSi centraluri adgili ukavia

musikalur-dramatuli Janris nawarmoebebs. operis da
oratoriis Janrebs kompozitori maTi masStaburobis,
sinTezurobis da dramatizmis gamo aniWebs upiratesobas.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom onegeris SemoqmedebiTi
novatoroba swored musikalur-scenur JanrebSi ga-
movlinda. mkacrad Tu mivudgebiT Janris Tavisebure-
bebs, mis arqetipul Tvisebebs, aRmovaCenT, rom onege-
ris scenuri nawarmoebebi arc operis da arc oratoriis
Janrs ar ganekuTvneba da, amave dros, orive Janris Tvise-
bebs Seicavs. amgvarad, onegeris scenuri nawarmoebebis
umetesoba aris opera-oratoria, Tumca yovel konkret-
ul SemTxvevaSi JanrTaSorisi urTierTobebis balansi xan

234
erTisken ixreba, xan ki – meorisken. Tavad kompozitori
yoveli nawarmoebis Taviseburebas gansakuTrebulad
aRniSnavs: mefe daviTi (Le Roi David) – simfoniuri fsal-
muni, ivdiTi (Judith) – bibliuri drama, antigone (An -
gone) – lirikuli tragedia da a. S. operis da oratoriis
Janrebis sinTezi onegerTan dafuZnebulia epikuri Tea-
tris tradiciebze da, umTavresad, gmirul-patriotul
Tematikaze. siuJetebisTvis igi ufro xSirad mimarTavs
Zvel aRTqmas (mefe daviTi, ivdiTi), antikur trage-
dias (antigone), safrangeTis istorias (Jana d’arki
koconze [Jeanne d’Arc au bûcher]) da sxv.
mefe daviTi (Sveicariel poet rene moraqsis [René
Morax, 1873-1963] dramis mixedviT) onegeris am Janris pir-
veli nawarmoebia. mas safuZvlad udevs bibliuri ambavi
israelis mefe daviTis Sesaxeb. Tavdapirvelad nawar-
moebi daiwera, rogorc musika dramatuli speqtaklis-
Tvis1 gundis da instrumentuli ansamblisTvis (17 Sem-
srulebeli), Semdeg gadamuSavda sakoncerto oratoriad
orkestris tradiciuli Semadgenlobis da mkiTxvelisT-
vis, romelic movlenebs ganmartavs da bolos Seiqmna
mesame redaqcia – scenuri varianti.
opera-oratoria Sedgeba sami nawilisgan, romle-
bic 27 nomrad iyofa. nawarmoebi aigeba ramdenime dra-
maturgiuli planis – epikur-TxrobiTis, aqtiur-qme-
diTis da lirikul-dramatulis – urTierT qme debis
safuZvelze, magram dominirebs epikuri Txrobis stili,
rasac, upirveles yovlisa, mTxrobelis mdore, auCqa-
1
premiera: 1921, 11 ivnisi; lozanis maxloblad saxalxo Teatri
`Jora~ (Théâtre du Jorat).
235
rebeli tempi ganapirobebs. mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs
suraTovneba farTo gagebiT, Taviseburi `ganwyobilebis
suraTebi~, romlebic SeiZleba iyos rogorc instrumen-
tuli, ise vokaluri – lirikuli simRerebi da ariebi.
opera-oratoriis, am grandiozuli Txzulebis
gamTlianebisTvis kompozitori mimarTavs laitmoti-
vebs, ufro zustad, Tematur gadaZaxilebs. ase, magali-
Tad, daviTisadmi mimarTvaSi, simRera-fsalmunSi (# 6)
Tematurad mzaddeba gundi aleluia, romelic kvlav
meordeba finalSi da a. S.
mefe daviTis pirveli nawili (daviTi – mwyemsi)
agebulia, rogorc mcire Caketili nomrebis Tanmimdev-
roba da aSkarad Seicavs oratoriis Janruli invarian-
tis niSan-Tvisebebs. pirveli nawilis sapiris pi rod
meore (daviTi – mtris mZleveli) da mesame (daviTi
– mbrZanebeli) nawilebi saopero dramaturgiis Tvise-
bebsac atareben. upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos
grandiozuli masobrivi scenebi, romlebSic xalxi iRebs
monawileobas. es scenebi yoveli nawilis bolosaa gan-
Tavsebuli da saopero finalebis funqcias asruleben.
magram, operis JanrTan garkveuli siaxlovis miuxeda-
vad, nawarmoebSi centraluri adgili gundebs ukavia,
romelTac sxvadasxvagvari gamomsaxvelobiTi funqcia
akisriaT. aqaa: TxrobiTi da qmediTi gundebi, Janruli da
suraTovani, mokle, erTi frazisgan Semdgari da vrceli,
didi scenebi. gundebis umetesoba gmiruli xasiaTisaa,
magaliTad, pirveli nawilis ori gundi (# 3 da # 4), sadac
jer momavali gamarjvebis molodinia, xolo Semdeg axal-

236
gazrda gmiris gandideba. nawarmoebis dramaturgiaSi
Zalze mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben qoralebi (i. s. ba-
xis pasionebis msgavsad), romlebic mis filosofiur
plans ukavSirdebian. qoralebSi ixsneba gmirTa sulieri
mdgomareoba: esaa locvebi, maTi meSveobiT igebs xalxi
RmerTis nebas. amgvarad, gundebi-komentarebi onegerTan
tradiciul funqcias asruleben, iseTives, rogorsac
klasikur oratoriebSi bibliur siuJetebze (magaliTad,
g. f. hendelTan) da pasionebSi.
mefe daviTi vokaluri intonirebis tipebis didi
mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. upirveles yovlisa, aR-
saniSnavia deklamirebis sxvadasxvagvari xerxebi – Cur-
Culidan cremlnarev vedrebas da sasowarkveTil yviril-
amde. mkiTxvelis sametyvelo partia xSirad orkestris
partiazea daSrevebuli da TandaTan, reCitatiuli sta-
diis gavliT, tradiciul kantilenad gadaiqceva.
mTlianobaSi opera-oratoria mefe daviTi, one-
geris am Janris pirveli nawarmoebi, mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs misi Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi principebis Camoy-
alibebaSi – formaqmnadobis dinamikaSi, dramaturgiis
tipis, simfoniuri ganviTarebis Taviseburebis da sxva
TvalsazrisiT.
20-iani wlebis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan na-
warmoebad Tavad kompozitori miiCnevda antigones1
(1924-27). aRsaniSnavia, rom onegeris es Txzuleba i. stra-
vinskis oidipos mefis paralelurad iwereboda da
maT Soris garkveuli msgavsebis aRmoCenaa SesaZlebeli.
upirveles yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom orive nawarmoebi
1
premiera: 1927, 28 dekemberi; briuselis opera La Monnaie.
237
sofokles tragedias efuZneba, romelic Jan koqtos mie-
raa gadamuSavebuli; orive kompozitori irCevs opera-
oratoriis Janrs. magram, orive kompozitoris neokla-
sicisturi orientaciis miuxedavad, maT gansxvavebuli
SemoqmedebiTi prioritetebi hqondaT da, Sesabamisad,
gansxvavebul Sedegs miaRwies: stravinskisTvis models
warmoadgenda hendelis oratoriebis da opera-seriebis
stilistika, onegers ki antigone gaazrebuli hqonda,
rogorc musikaluri tragedia, dafuZnebuli eTikur kon-
fliqtze despoti mmarTvelis mier danergil kanonebs da
zogadsakacobrio morals Soris.
antigoneSi onegeri miznad isaxavda vokaluri
intonirebis reformirebas. partituris winaTqmaSi man
ase Camoayaliba Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi principebi:
`1. drama iseTi simfoniuri musikiT unda iyos `Se-
mosili~, rom moqmedebis ganviTareba ar daamZimos;
2. reCitativi imgvari vokaluri melodikiT Seicva-
los, romelSic ar iqneba didi grZliobis bgerebi maRal
registrSi (es xels SeuSlis teqstis mkafio warmoTqmas)
da instrumentuli saqcevebi; piriqiT, sasurvelia iseTi
melodiuri xazis Seqmnisken swafva, romelic uSualod si-
tyvidan, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli plastikidan daibadeba
da gavlenas moaxdens mis kontursa da reliefze;
3. saWiroa sityvis zusti artikulaciis Zieba, upir-
veles yovlisa, sawyisi Tanxmovanebis metruli gamokve-
TiT, Cveuli prosodiis sapirispirod, romelSic sityva
garetaqtiT an susti droiT iwyeboda~1.

1
ix.: Honegger, A. An gone. Opera score. Paris: Salabert.

238
 antigoneSi musika mudmiv ganviTareba-ganaxlebas
ganicdis da gamoirCeva dinamizmiT da gamomsaxvel sa-
SualebaTa saocari koncentraciiT. musikaluri qsovili
Sedgeba wminda vokaluri warmoSobis mravalricxovani
Tematuri birTvebisgan, romelTac gamTlianebis mniS-
vnelovani funqcia akisriaT. orkestri zedmiwevniT
mihyveba teqsts da zustad reagi rebs yvela scenur
detalze. amasTanave, saorkestro partia moklebulia
aRweriTobas, misi yvela detali dramis arsis gadmocemas
emsaxureba.
onegeris SemoqmedebiTi evoluciis mniSvnelovani
etapia 30-iani wlebi da am periodSi dawerili centralu-
ri nawarmoebi Jana d’arki koconze.
vidre konkretulad Janaze SevCerdebodeT, orio-
de sityviT 30-iani wlebis zogad tendenciebs SevexoT. am
periodSi safrangeTis sazogadoebaSi gaCnda interesi Sua
saukuneebis xelovnebis mimarT1. gansakuTrebuli aqtivo-
biT am sferoSi gamoirCeodnen sorbonis universitetis
studentebi, romelTac ramdenime dadgma ganaxorcieles,
maT Soris iyo adamis da evas ambavi. am speqtakls 1934
wels daeswro cnobili mocekvave qali ida rubinSteini,
romelsac daebada idea, msgavsi misteriuli drama dadg-
muliyo safrangeTis gmir Jana d’arkze, sadac is mTavar
rols Seasrulebda. am Canafiqris gansaxorcieleblad
msaxiobma mimarTa dramaturg pol klodels (Paul Claudel,
1868-1955) da artur onegers. nawarmoebis premiera Sedga
1938 wels bazelSi.
1
aRsaniSnavia, rom amgvari interesis `meore talRa~ XX saukunis
60-70-ian wlebs ukavSirdeba.
239
 Jana d’arki, mefe daviTis da antigones msgav-
sad, sinTezuri Janris nawarmoebia. Tavad kompozitori
aRniSnavda, rom es scenuri nawarmoebia, magram ara opera,
aramed yvela Teatraluri Janris sinTezi sametyvelo
teqstiT. nawarmoebis mTavari personaJebi – Jana da beri,
Zma dominiki mxolod saubroben, magram, dramatuli di-
alogis rolis didi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, mTavari
nawarmoebSi musika, grandiozuli sagundo scenebia.
Jana d’arkis dramaturgia originalurobiT ga-
moirCeva: Janas cxovrebis Sesaxeb Txroba sarkiseburi
TanmimdevrobiT xdeba – eSafotze myofi Jana Zma dominik-
Tan saubarSi warsuls ixsenebs, jer axlo warsuls, Sem-
deg ki Soreuls. eSafotze mibmuli Jana mTeli nawarmoe-
bis Taviseburi refrenia, radgan yoveli axali epizodis,
mogonebis Semdeg kvlav mas vubrundebiT. aRsaniSnavia
isic, rom Tavad Jana d’arki moqmedebaSi ar monawileobs,
is TiTqos Soridan akvirdeba sakuTar cxovrebas, rome-
lic safrangeTis istoriis mniSvnelovan periodTanaa
dakavSirebuli. amgvar retrospeqtul dramaturgiul
principTan erTad gamoiyeneba kinodramaturgiisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli `kadrebis~ erTmaneTze zeddebis, wa-
fenis xerxic.
opera-oratoriaSi, mTavari gmirebis garda, sxva
personaJebic iReben monawileobas: mefeebi, mosamarT-
leebi, alegoriuli personaJebi (sisulele, pativmo-
yva reoba, garyvniloba, sixarbe), wmindanebi, Janas
mfarvelebi – RvTismSobeli, wminda margarita da wminda
katerina. garda amisa, aris krebiTi personaJic, xalxi

240
(`Cemi xalxi~, rogorc mas Jana moixseniebs), romelic
araerTgvarovnadaa daxasiaTebuli: erTi mxriv, rogorc
misi erTguli TanamebrZoli, romelic Tavs gawiravs
samSoblos, mefis da JanasTvis, xolo meore mxriv, ro-
gorc brbo, romelmac Janas Ralati daijera da mzadaa,
koconze dasawvavad gawiros igi. swored es dramaturgiu-
li xazi – Jana da xalxi – iRebs nawarmoebSi yvelaze re-
liefur, mdidar da mravalferovan ganviTarebas.
Jana d’arkis kidev erTi, metad kolorituli, pa-
rodiuli dramaturgiuli plani ukavSirdeba mosamarT-
leebs, romlebic daxasiaTebulia, rogorc alegoriuli
samxece – mTavari mosamarTle, episkoposi koSoni1, sa-
samarTlos mdivani – viri, nafici msajulebi – cxvris
fara. parodiuli teqstis garda, aq xazgasmiT unda aRin-
iSnos onegeris mier Seqmnili ostaturi karikaturuli
musikaluri daxasiaTeba.
Jana d’arkis musikaluri masala didi mravalfe-
rovnebiT gamoirCeva. kompozitori iyenebs stilistu-
ri TvalsazrisiT sxvadasxvagvar elementebs da maT
erTian, mTlian musikalur enad gardaqmnis. kerZod,
grigoriseuli qoralisTvis tipur fsalmodiebs da iu-
bilaciebs, sagundo polifoniis sxvadasxva formebs,
realur xalxur Temebs (maT Soris, yvelaze aqtiurad
gamoyenebulia sabavSvo simRera trimazo (Trimazo), rome-
lic Janas bavSvobasTan asocirdeba) da kompozitoris
mier Seqmnil stilizaciebs, parodias saopero ariozul
1
Cochon (fr.) – Rori. pier koSoni (Pierre Cauchon, 1371-1442) boves
episkoposi, Jana d’arkis inkviziciis sasamarTlos organizatori da
Tavmjdomare iyo.

241
stilze da jazur ritmebs. aqedan gamomdinare, gamWvir-
vale diatonika erwymis rTul bgeriT kompleqsebs, xSi-
rad politonalurs.
pol klodelis poemis msgavsad, opera-oratoriis
musikis saerTo toni Txrobis – epikuris, dramatulis,
lirikulis – xasiaTs atarebs. gansakuTrebiT mkafiod
epikuri sawyisi vlindeba prologSi da finalur, me-
TerTmete scenaSi, xolo maT Soris ganTavsebul epi-
zodebSi wamyvania lirikuli da Janruli sawyisebi.
nawarmoebis yovel scenas aqvs qvesaTauri, romelic mis
arss gansazRvravs: pirveli – zeciuri xmebi, meore _
wigni, mesame – miwis xmebi, meoTxe – mxecebis xelSi
Cavardnili Jana , mexuTe – Jana samarcxvino svet-
Tan, meeqvse – mefeni anu banqos TamaSi, meSvide –
katerina da margarita, merve – mefe miemarTeba
reimsSi, mecxre – Janas xmali, meaTe – trimazo, me-
TerTmete – almodebuli Jana. nawarmoebis TerTmeti
scena Semdegnairadaa dajgufebuli: prologi da finali
nawarmoebis Tavisebur epikur CarCos qmnian, pirveli
ori scena eqspoziciaa, momdevno oTx scenaSi warmod-
genilia JanasTan dapirispirebuli Zalebi, meSvide da
merve scenebi – Janas gmirobis etapebia, xolo mecxre da
meaTe misi gmirobis moralur-fsiqologiur motivacias
warmoaCenen. TiToeul am jgufs sakuTari kulminacia
aqvs – borotebis ZalTa kulminaciaa sasamarTlos scena,
naTeli Zalebis – merve nawili (mefe miemarTeba reims-
Si), safrangeTis samxreTis da CrdiloeTis gaerTianebis
sazeimo suraTi. nawarmoebSi aseve aris `Cumi~, liri-

242
kuli kulminacia meaTe nawilSi trimazo, sadac Tavad
Jana mReris am xalxur simReras, dabolos nawarmoebs
agvirgvinebs generaluri kulminacia finalSi.
opera-oratoriaSi mTavar gmir Jana d’arkis saxe
sxvadasxva tipis musikaluri TemebiTaa daxasiaTebuli,
romelTagan ramdenime Tavisebur Tema-simbolod iqceva,
maT Sorisaa ZaRlis ymuilis Tema, romelic tanjvis da
fizikuri tkivilis simbolocaa, sikvdilis Tema, bunebis
Tema, romelsac fleitis solo asrulebs da bulbulis
galobas mogvagonebs, am TemasTan intonaciurad axlos
myofi trimazos Tema da sxv. aRniSnuli Temebi musi-
kaluri masalis ganviTarebis procesSi TandaTan yal-
ibdeba da am grandiozul vokalur-simfoniur tilos
amTlianebs.
onegeris opera-oratorias Jana d’arki koconze
Temis gaxsnis da mxatvruli Canafiqris siRrmiT mniSv-
nelovani adgili ukavia ara mxolod kompozito ris
SemoqmedebaSi, aramed XX saukunis pirveli naxevris
dasavleTis musikalur kulturaSi.
gansxvavebul tips miekuTvneba onegeris Semdgom
wlebSi dawerili vokalur-instrumentuli Janris na-
war moebebi – oratoria-kantata sikvdilis rokva
(La danse des morts, 1938) da dramatuli legenda nikola
fludan (Nicolas de Flue, 1939). pirvel maTgans safuZvlad
daedo p. klodelis teqsti, romelic h. holbainis saxel-
ganTqmuli freskis mixedviT Seqmnili graviurebiT iyo
STagonebuli. nawarmoebis koncefcia tragikulia da
bgerebiT apokalifsur suraTebs gvixatavs. sruliad

243
gansxvavebuli xasiaTis nawarmoebia nikola fludan,
romelic Sveicariis konfederaciis daarsebis 650 wlis-
Tavis aRsaniSnavad Seiqmna. dramatul legendas safuZvlad
daedo deni de ruJmonis (Denys de Rougemont, 1906-1985)
libreto, romelSic cxadad da lakoniuradaa asaxuli
Sveicariis istoriis epizodi _ brZola damoukideblobis
da erTianobisTvis.
***

artur onegeris SemoqmedebaSi msxvil vokalur-in-

strumentul JanrebTan erTad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
simfoniuri musika. onegeris simfoniuri Semoqmedeba or naw-
ilad SeiZleba gaiyos – sakuTriv simfoniebi da mcire formis
saorkestro nawarmoebebi.
simfoniuri musikis Janrs onegeri SemoqmedebiTi gzis
sxvadasxva periodSi mimarTavda. pirvelad am JanriT igi 20-
ian wlebSi dainteresda, rodesac onegeri `eqvseulis~ wev-
rad moiazreboda da am SemoqmedebiTi jgufis esTetikur
idealebs iziarebda, magram, `eqvseulis~ sxva wevrebTan da
satisTan siaxlovis miuxedavad, onegeris musika Canafiqris
meti siRrmiT, mxatvrul saxeTa reliefurobiT gamoirCe-
va. aseT nawarmoebTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba misi zafxulis
pastorali (Pastorale d’été), sixarulis simRera (Chant de
joie) da sxv. amasTanave, `eqvseulis~ urbanistuli miswrafe-
bebi vlindeba onegeris e. w. simfoniur moZraobebSi, mcire
saorkestro piesebSi: ragbi (Rugby), pasifik 231 (Pacific
231), simfoniuri moZraoba #3 (Mouvement symphonique
N 3). am mcire, 5-6 wuTian piesebSi, rogorc wesi, domini-
rebs erTi mxatvruli saxe da moZraobis garkveuli tipi,

244
musika moklebulia romantikul emociurobas. wamyvani
mniSvneloba eniWeba motorulobas, energiulobas da aq-
tiur moqmedebas. imavdroulad, TiToeuli am piesaTagani
onegeris simfoniebs amzadebs da ganviTarebis xerxebis
mravalferovnebiT, saorkestro palitris da formis
originalurobiT xasiaTdeba.
axali ideebi da mxatvruli saxeebi Cndeba onegeris
30-iani wlebis simfoniur SemoqmedebaSi. am periodidan
moyolebuli igi prioritets aniWebs simfoniis Janrs, Tumca
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom mis pirvel simfonias jer ki-
dev Sualeduri pozicia ukavia. SemdgomSi kompozitoris
simfoniuri stili kidev ufro ixveweba da, rac mTavaria,
Rrmavdeba konceptualuri mxare. mis mowiful simfo-
niebSi upiratesoba eniWeba tragikul saxeebs: boroteba
da Zaladoba sinaTlis, sikeTis da momavlis rwmenis wi-
naaRmdeg ibrZvis da xSirad imarjvebs kidec (ix. mesame
da mexuTe simfoniebi). am mxriv gamonaklisia meoTxe sim-
foniis pastoraluri saxeebi, Taviseburi `amosunTqva~
mesame da mexuTe simfoniebis daZabul dramatizms Soris.
onegeris SemoqmedebaSi gamoyenebuli simfoniis
Janris tipi agrZelebs sezar frankis simfonizmis tra-
diciebs. frankis msgavsad, igi uars ambobs tradiciul
oTxnawilian ciklze da upiratesobas lakoniur sam-
nawilianobas aniWebs, sadac nawarmoebis centraluri
idea ciklSi gamWol ganviTarebas ganicdis. pirveli
sami simfonia Semdeg principebs emyareba: pirveli nawi-
li – dramatuli Allegro, romelic daZabulad warmoaCens
ZiriTad konfliqts, meore – Adagio, pirveli nawilis

245
filosofiuri gaazreba da finali – ciklis umniSvne-
lovanesi nawili, romelSic xdeba pirveli ori nawilis
problematikis Sejameba da maTi axal rakursSi, ganzoga-
debis ufro maRal doneze Cveneba. bolo or simfoniaSi
kompozitori mimarTavs skercos Janrsac, magram ara
tra diciul kon teqstSi – meoTxeSi skerco finalis
erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia, xolo mexuTeSi skerco
ciklis meore nawilia, Adagio ki – pirveli.
onegeris simfoniuri Semoqmedebis centraluri
qmnilebaa mesame simfonia, liturgiuli (Liturgique,
1946). misi nawilebis qvesaTaurebi: I – Dies irae1, II – De pro-
fundis clamavi2, III – Dona nobis pacem3 samgloviaro mesidan,
rekviemidanaa nasesxebi da nawarmoebis saerTo tragikul
koncefcias, meore msoflio omis Temas ukavSirdeba. es
Txzuleba gamoirCeva masStaburobiT, Canafiqris monu-
menturobiT, Rrma pesimizmiT da, amasTanave, naTeli
momavlis imediT.
mxatvrul saxeTa kontrastulobis miuxedavad,
mesame simfonia saocari mTlianobiT gamoirCeva, rac
ganviTarebis organulobiT, misi erTiani xaziT, gamWoli
mniSvnelobis mqone Tema-simboloebiT ganisazRvreba.
aseTia: `frinvelis Tema~, romelic rwmenis da imedis sim-
boloa da pirveli nawilidan finalamde sxvadasxvagvar
saxes iRebs, da Adagio-s mwuxare Tema, romelic ganvi-
Tarebis procesSi ufro naTel JReradobas iZens. garda
1
Dies irae – risxvis dRe (kaTolikuri locvis teqsti).
2
De profundis clamavi – ufskrulidan SemogRaRadeb, ufalo (kaToli-
kuri locvis teqsti).
3
Dona nobis pacem – mSvidoba maradiuli gviwyalobe Cven (kaTolikuri
locvis teqsti).
246
amisa, simfoniis sxva Temebic intonaciurad mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan, rac mas monoliTurobas da
erTianobas aniWebs.
liturgiuli simfoniis pirveli nawili (Allegro mar-
cato) lakoniuri da Zalze dinamikuri sonaturi formiTaa
dawerili, rac esoden tipuria onegeris simfoniuri Semo-
qmedebisTvis. misi ZiriTadi Temebi swrafad enacvlebian
erTmaneTs da erTian, dinamikur, motorul JReradobas
qmnian. eqspoziciis Temebi erT Tematur kompleqsad
SeiZleba warmovidginoT, romlis calkeuli elementi
erTimeoridan gamomdinareobs. simfonia iwyeba simebi-
anebis da xis Casaberebis mkveTri pasaJebiT, romelTa
fonzec gaJRerdeba mTavari Tema (qromatuli es-moll).
yuradRebis Rirsia mTavari Temis ritmuli Tanxleba, ker-
Zod rTulad organizebuli polifonia, rac stravinskis
musikaluri azrovnebis garkveul gavlenaze metyvelebs.
damxmare Tema mTavars mkveTrad ar upirispirdeba, igi
misi Taviseburi gagrZelebaa, Tumca sxva aspeqtSi. Ce-
loebis eqspresiuli, metyveli melodia sinkopirebuli
ritmis uwyveti pulsaciis fonze JRers. damxmare partias
mosdevs akorduli faqturis daskvniTi, romlis bolo 3
taqti amzadebs damuSavebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom, vinaidan
damuSavebiTobiT ukve eqspozicia xasiaTdeba, sakuTriv
damuSavebis monakveTi Zalze lakoniuria. masSi mxolod
erTi dinamikuri talRaa, romelSic umTavresad mTavari
partiis musikaluri masalaa gamoyenebuli. nawilis kulmi-
nacia miiRweva reprizis dasawyisSi. sakuTriv repriza-
Si, rogorc es onegerisTvisaa tipuri, Temebi sakmaodaa

247
gardaqmnili: mTavari Tema SedarebiT naTeli kolo-
ritiT xasiaTdeba, transformacias ganicdis melodiac
– wyvetil reCitatiul frazebs cvlis struqturulad
Camoyalibebuli melodia. aseTi cvlilebebis miuxedavad,
reprizis saerTo JReradoba sakmaod daZabulia. mxolod
nawilis bolos gamoCenili `frinvelis Tema~ ganmuxtavs
dramatizms. es diatonuri, kilo-tonalurad myari Tema
kontrastulad upirispirdeba negatiuri saxeebis amsax-
vel eqspoziciis Tematizms.
simfoniis meore nawili, vrceli Adagio, organuladaa
CarTuli simfoniis dramaturgiis ganviTarebis erTian
xazSi. pirveli nawilis daZabulobas, texil melodiur
xazs, qromatul kilo-harmoniul enas aq upirispirdeba
myari tonaluri safuZveli, diatonika da kantilenuri
melodika. nawilis mokle SesavalSi `Tezisurad~ gaismis
Adagio-s yvela ZiriTadi Tema: pirveli monakveTis, De pro-
fundis-is da `frinvelis~ Temebi. Adagio-s ori axali Temis
ZiriTadi birTvi pirveli nawilis Temebis msgavs into-
naciebzea agebuli, magram gansxvavebuli kilo-tonaluri
konteqsti ganasxvavebs maT Sinaarsobrivad. sawyisi Tema,
mdore kantilenuri melodia, erTgvarovani tembrebiTaa
intonirebuli, rac mis mSvid, TavSekavebulad lirikul
xasiaTs usvams xazs. meore nawilis Sua monakveTi pirvelis
mimarT kontrastulia. aq axali pirquSi Tema Cndeba, ro-
melic nawilis ZiriTad azrs gadmogvcems. Tema De profundis
moaxloebuli samgloviaro msvlelobis saxes gvixatavs
da TandaTan maRal registrSi gadadis. misi JReradoba
sul ufro daZabuli xdeba, dinamika matulobs da po-

248
lifoniuri xerxebis gamoyenebiT rTuldeba. reprizaSi
kvlav brundeba sawyisi Tema, magram Secvlili tembruli
iersaxiT: igi gatarebulia orkestris yvela jgufis sakra-
vebis maRal, kaSkaSa registrSi, Tumca pirvel monakveTTan
SedarebiT, misi naTeli ganwyoba dramatizacias ganicdis
violinoebis da fleitebis partiaSi Sua epizodis Temis
gamoCeniT. nawilis bolos fleitis partiaSi kvlav gaismis
`frinvelis~ Tema, rogorc imedis Taviseburi simbolo.
liturgiuli simfoniis finali ciklis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani nawilia, romelic, erTi mxriv, dramatuli
konfliqtis kulminacias, xolo meore mxriv, winamorbedi
nawilebis ideur da Tematur Sejamebas warmoadgens.
finalis struqtura sakmaod rTuladaa organizebuli
da erTdroulad sonaturi formis da rondos niSnebs
atarebs, Tumca Zalze aratradiciulad gaazrebuls.
finali iwyeba yru Tanabari ostinaturi `darty-
mebiT~ fortepianos da timpanebis partiaSi, romelTa
fonze JRers e. w. robotebis marSis Tema. mis Sesaxeb Tavad
kompozitori wers: `me Sevqmeni tlanqi marSis xazgasmiT
idioturi Tema, romlis eqsponirebas banis klarneti ax-
dens. esaa robotebis marSi civilizebuli kacobriobis
winaaRmdeg~1. robotebis marSs upirispirdeba sxva marSis
Tema, romelic usulo, meqanikur samyarosTan dapirisp-
irebis simboloa. meore marSis Tema, romelic solo val-
tornis partiaSia eqsponirebuli, sasimRero xasiaTisaa
da tonalurad myaria (a-moll). finalis mesame Tema SeiZleba
davaxasiaToT, rogorc Civilis, tkivilis Tema.
1
Tappolet, W. (1954). Arthur Honegger. Zürich: Atlan s Verlag. - p. 204.

249
 TemaTa intensiuri ganviTareba damuSavebaSi momxda-
ri katastrofis STabeWdilebas qmnis, magram simfoniis
Sedegi katasrofa rodia. nawarmoebis mxatvruli koncef-
ciis Sejameba mis kodaSi xdeba, romlis ZiriTad saxes `fr-
invelis~ Tema warmoadgens – imedis, mSvidobis simbolo.
amgvarad, onegeris liturgiuli simfonia Tema-
tizmis reliefurobiT da mravalferovnebiT, mTliani
dramaturgiiT, originaluri tembruli mignebebiT xa-
siaTdeba da msoflio simfoniuri musikis mniSvnelovan
monapovars warmoadgens.
mesame liturgiuli simfoniis tragikul xazs
onegeri mexuTeSi agrZelebs. DI TRE RE (sami re-s) sim-
fonia (1950) kompozitoris erT-erTi yvelaze pirquSi
Txzulebaa, romelic misi sxva nawarmoebebisgan uCveu-
lod gamoirCeva pozitiur idealTa simciriT, saerTo
tragikuli koncefciiT.
mTlianobaSi, onegeris simfonizmi misi mxatv-
rul-esTetikuri poziciis SesaniSnavi gamoxatulebaa.
kompozitori werda: `Tu musikas ar surs Tavisi mniSvn-
eloba fonamde daiyvanos, man kvlav unda moipovos didi
socialuri mniSvneloba, mimarTos procesiebs, saxalxo
warmodgenebs <...> is unda exmarebodes xalxs~1.

ZiriTadi nawarmoebebis sia

1914, safortepiano trio f-moll [Trio pour violon, violoncelle et piano]
1916, tokata da variaciebi fortepianosTvis [Toccata et
Varia ons]
1
Delannoy, M. (1953), Honegger. Paris: Édi ons Horay - p. 227.

250
1917, nigamonis simRera [Le Chant de Nigamon] orkestrisTvis
1917, simebiani kvarteti [Quatuor à cordes N 1] #1 c-moll
1918, sonata [Sonate pour violon et piano N 1] violinos da forte-
pianosTvis #1 cis-moll
1919, sami piesa: preludia. eZRvneba ravels. cekva. [Pré-
lude, Hommage à Maurice Ravel, Danse] fortepianosTvis
1919, sonata [Sonate pour violon et piano N 2] violinos da forte-
pianosTvis # 2 in B
1920, himni [Hymn], b-moll 10 simebianisTvis
1920, sarabanda [Sarabande] fortepianosTvis
1920, simarTle? sicrue? [Vérité? Mensonge?], baleti
1920, sonata [Sonate pour violoncelle et piano] Celos da fortepia-
nosTvis d-moll
1920, sonata [Sonate pour alto et piano] violas da fortepianosT-
vis
1920, sonatina [Sona ne pour deux violons] ori violinosTvis
1920, Svidi mokle piesa [Sept pièces brèves] fortepianosTvis
1920, zafxulis pastorali [Pastorale d’été] orkestrisTvis
1921, gamarjvebuli horaciusi [Horace victorieux], simfoniuri
pantomima
1921, mefe daviTi [Le Roi David], oratoria
1921, Txis cekva [La Danse de la Chèvre] solo fleitisTvis
1922, fantazia [Fantasio], baleti
1922, sonatina [Sona ne pour clarine e et piano] klarnetis da
fortepianosTvis
1923, pasifik 231 [Pacific 231], simfoniuri moZraoba #1
1923, preludia u. Seqspiris qariSxlisTvis [Prélude pour La
Tempête] orkestrisTvis
1923, sixarulis simRera [Chant de joie] orkestrisTvis

251
1923, Sveicariuli rveuli [Le Cahier romand] fortepianosTvis
1924, koncertino [Concer no pour piano et orchestre] fortepianos
da orkestrisTvis
1925, ivdiTi [Judith], opera-seria
1926, antigone [An gone], musikaluri tragedia
1927, ivdiTi [Judith], oratoria
1928, amuris da fsiqeas qorwineba [Les Noces d’Amour et de
Psyché], baleti
1928, eZRvneba alber rusels [Hommage à Albert Roussel] forte-
pianosTvis
1928, liTonis vardebi [Roses de métal], baleti
1928, ragbi [Rugby], simfoniuri moZraoba # 2
1929, amfioni [Amphion], melodrama
1929, koncerti [Concerto pour violoncelle] Celos da orkestrisTvis
C-dur
1930, mefe pozolis Tavgadasavali [Les aventures du roi Pausole],
opereta
1930, simfonia [Symphonie N 1] #1 in C
1931, lamazmani mudonidan [La Belle de Moudon], opereta
1931, samyaros yvirili [Cris du monde], oratoria
1932, preludia, ariozo da fugeta BACH-is Temaze [Prélude,
arioso et fughe e sur le nom de BACH] fortepianosTvis
1932, sonatina [Sona ne pour violon et violoncelle] violinos da
CelosTvis e-moll
1933, simfoniuri moZraoba # 3 [Mouvement symphonique N 3]
1934, patara siuita [Pe te Suite] ori sakravis da fortepianosTvis
1934, semiramida [Sémiramis], baleti
1935, ikarosi [Icare], baleti
1935, Jana d’arki koconze [Jeanne d’Arc au bûcher], oratoria

252
1935, simebiani kvarteti # 2 [Quatuor à cordes N 2] in D
1936, noqtiurni [Nocturne] orkestrisTvis
1937, patara kardinalebi [Les Pe tes Cardinales], opereta
1937, qebaTa qeba [Le Can que des can ques], baleti
1937, simebiani kvarteti #3 [Quatuor à cordes N 3] in E
1937, TeTri frinveli gafrinda [Un Oiseau blanc s’est envolé],
baleti
1938, sikvdilis rokva [La Danse des morts], oratoria
1939, nikola fludan [Nicolas de Flue], oratoria
1940, feris dabadeba [La Naissance des couleurs], baleti
1940, sonata [Sonate pour violon seul] solo violinosTvis d-moll
1941, simfonia [Symphonie N 2] # 2 in D simebianebis da sayvirisTvis
1943, mTebis Zaxili [L’Appel de la montagne], baleti
1945, serenada anJelikas [Sérénade à Angélique] orkestrisTvis
1945, SoTa rusTaveli [Chota Roustaveli], baleti
1946, jadoqroba [Sor lèges], baleti
1946, simfonia # 3, liturgiuli [Symphonie N 3, ou Symphonie
Liturgique]
1946, simfonia # 4 in A [Symphonie N 4]
1948, kameruli koncerti [Concerto da camera] fleitis, ing-
lisuri qaraxsis da simebianebisTvis
1950, simfonia # 5, sami re [Symphonie N 5 Di tre re] in D
1951, arqauli siuita [Suite archaïque] orkestrisTvis
1951, monopartita [Monopar ta] orkestrisTvis
1953, romansi [Romance] fleitis da fortepianosTvis
1953, saSobao kantata [Une Cantate de Noël]

musika dramatuli speqtaklebis, radiodadgmebis da kino-

filmebisTvis

253
 XX saukunis pirveli aTwleulebis
ruseTis musikaluri kultura:
`rusuli avangardi~
XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnis dasavluri kulturis
mxatvruli principebi da ZiriTadi esTetikuri pos-
tulatebi TandaTan centraluri evropis qveynebidan
(safrangeTi, avstria, germania) periferiaze (CexeTi, po-
loneTi, ruseTi, fineTi) gavrcelda. am qveynebis kompoz-
itorebis garkveulma nawilma axali musikaluri ideebis
didi gavlena ganicades, magram ufro mniSvnelovania,
rom maT es gavlena dasZlies da axali ideebi sakuTari
kulturuli tradiciis Sesatyvis principebad aqcies.
XIX-XX saukunis mijnis mxatvrul movlenaTa rigSi
gamoirCeva rusuli kultura, romelic XVIII-XIX sauku-
neebis mijnaze Camoyalibda, sakuTari saxe glinkas da
nawilobriv dargomiJskis SemoqmedebaSi miiRo, saukunis
meore naxevarSi ganviTarda da, erovnulTan erTad, ev-
ropuli musikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi SeiZina1,
xolo XX saukunis pirvel aTwleulebSi iseT magistra-
lur mxatvrul mimarTulebebs dauaxlovda, rogorebi-
caa: impresionizmi, eqspresionizmi, simbolizmi da sxv.
rusuli xelovnebis da gansakuTrebiT rusuli
poeziis am periods xSirad „vercxlis xanas“ uwodeben2.
1
SegaxsenebT, rom XIX saukunis meore naxevris rusul sakompozi-
toro skolaze gavlena moaxdina listma, nawilobriv vagnerma. aqve
unda aRiniSnos rusuli musikis gavlena dasavlurze, kerZod, fran-
gul musikaze, gansakuTrebiT _ debiusize.
2
terminis avtorobaze pretenzias acxadebdnen: filosofosi niko-
lai berdiaevi (Николай Бердяев, 1874-1948), poeti vladimer maiakovski
(Владимир Маяковский, 1893-1930), poeti, mTargmneli da kritikosi
nikolai ocupi (Николай Оцуп, 1894-1958).
254
sxva gvarad am, da gansakuTrebiT meore aTwleulis,
rusul xelovnebas, romelic Semoqmedebis radikalur
ganaxlebazea orientirebuli, „avangards“, ufro zus-
tad, „rusul avangards“, „pirvel rusul avangards“ an
„adreul rusul avangards“ uwodeben, riTac xelovne-
baTmcodneebi xazs usvamen mis gansxvavebas evropuli
avangardisgan1.
XX saukunis dasawyisis rusul kulturaSi mimdin-
are cvlilebebi, iseve rogorc avstriaSi, germaniaSi,
nawilobriv safrangeTsa da italiaSi, pirveli msoflio
omis wina socialuri da politikuri krizisiT iyo ganpi-
robebuli, rasac sakuTriv msoflio omi mohyva, magram am
zogadevropul kriziss ruseTSi lokaluric daemata _
revoluciebis da sxvadasxva masStabis gadatrialebebis
(da gadatrialebebis mcdelobebis) mTeli wyeba, ramac
qveyana sabolood axal politikur, ideologiur da
ekonomikur realobamde miiyvana.
amgvarad, axali Taobis xelovanTa SemoqmedebiTi
individualobis formirebaze iseTma faqtorebma moax-
dines gavlena, rogorebic iyo: pirveli msoflio omis
periodis rTuli sociluri da politikuri mdgomareo-
ba evropasa da ruseTSi, omis mimdinareobisas, 1917-Si
momxdari ori politikuri krizisi: Tebervlis bur-
Juaziul-demokratiuli da oqtombris socialisturi
revoluciebi, romlebmac ruseTis monarqiuli imperiis
ngreva, samoqalaqo omi, masobrivi msxverpli, SimSili
da sxva ubedurebebi gamoiwvia, sabolood ki xelovnebis
1
avangards da moderns Soris gansxvavebis Sesaxeb ix. winamdebare
wignis Sesavali (gv. 8-9).
255
ganviTarebis veqtoris sruli Secvlis da dasavleT ev-
ropis qveynebisgan gansxvavebuli Sedegebis mizezi gaxda.
Tavdapirvelad ruseTis artistul wreebSi, ro-
gorc xSirad xdeba, am socialurma cvlilebebma eifo-
ria da aRtaceba gamoiwvia. bevrma maTganma socialuri
revolucia sakuTari mxatvruli ideebis Tavisufali ga-
moxatvis saSualebad aRiqva, magram maleve realobasTan
Sejaxebis Sedegad enTuziazmi ganelda da revoluciuri
aRtyinebis kvalic ki aRar darCa. metic, saukuneebis
mijnis Taobis xelovanTa bedi, umeteswilad, sakmaod
dramatuli aRmoCnda. maTi erTi nawili iZulebuli gax-
da, samSoblo daetovebina, meore nawilma politikuri
represiebis an maTi SiSis gamo e. w. „Sinagani emigracia“
arCia, zogierTma ki uari Tqva sakuTar SemoqmedebiT
principebze da axal reJims da axal ideologias da-
morCilda. yvela SemTxvevaSi, mxatvruli azrovnebis
sistemis bunebrivi ganaxlebis da ganviTarebis procesi
Seferxda. metic, es procesi ver gasrulda.
swored am istoriul pirobebSi Camoyalibda ruseTSi
modernizmis erT-erTi mimarTuleba „rusuli avangardi“.
misma principebma _ swrafvam siaxlisken, tradiciis uaryo-
fam, epataJma xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargSi gansxvavebuli
intensivobiT iCina Tavi. gansakuTrebuli ZaliT siax-
lisken swrafva da tradiciis ngreva gamovlinda saxviT
xelovnebaSi, kerZod, vasili kandinskis abstraqcionizmSi,
kazimir maleviCis suprematizmsa da vladimir tatlinis
konskruqtivizmSi; swored maTi SemoqmedebiTi principebi
gamoxatavda ZiriTad avangardistul ideebs. amgvarad, epo-
qis sxva radikalur mxatvrul mimarTulebebTan „rusul
256
avangards“ aerTianebs: uSualo winamorbedebis mxatvruli
gamocdilebis uaryofa (antiromantizmi), e. w. „momavlis
xelovnebis“ principebis damkvidreba da maTi deklarire-
ba manifestebSi1, mxatvruli enis, formis da nawilobriv
Janris arsebuli sistemebis revoluciuri ganaxleba.
amasTan erTad, Tu saxviT xelovnebasa da literaturaSi,
gansakuTrebiT poeziaSi, es principebi aSkarad da mkafiod
gamovlinda, musikalur xelovnebaSi ukiduresi siaxlis
damkvidreba ase SesamCnevi ar yofila. amis erT-erT mizezad
gveCveneba am periodSi moRvawe kompozitorebis Semoq-
medebiTi figurebis masStaburoba da, aseve, Semoqmedeb-
iTi evoluciisTvis aucilebeli bunebrivi procesebis
Sewyveta. igulisxmeba ukve naxsenebi emigracia, realuri
Tu „Sinagani“.
aseTi rTuli pirobebis miuxedavad, XX saukunis
pirveli naxevris rusuli xelovnebis Sesaxeb sruli su-
raTis Sesaqmnelad aucileblad migvaCnia iseTi kompoz-
itorebis Semoqmedebis mokle daxasiaTeba, rogorebic
arian: e. w. postskriabinistebi _ nikolai roslaveci,
nikolai obuxovi, ivan viSnegradski da futuristebi _
artur lurie, aleqsandr mosolovi, nikolai matiuSini.

***

XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze ruseTSi ori korife

moRvaweobda: sergei raxmaninovi da aleqsandr skriabini,
romelTa saxelebi rusuli musikaluri xelovnebis ganvi-
Tarebis or mimarTulebasTan asocirdeba. raxmaninovi _
1
ix.: (Авт.-сост.) Воробьев, И. (2008). Русский Авангард. Манифесты, декларации,
программные статьи (1908-1917). СПб.: Композитор.
257
Tavisi drois erT-erTi udidesi pianisti, rogorc kom-
pozitori, aRiqmeba gviani romantizmis epoqis erT-erT
ukanasknel warmomadgenlad, romlis individualuri,
Rrmad lirikuli, feradovani stili Caikovskis, rims-
ki-korsakovis, listis da sxvaTa musikis da mxatvruli
esTetikis safuZvelze Camoyalibda. xolo skriabini,
aseve pianisti da kompozitori, mxolod Semoqmedebis
adreul periodSi ganicdida romantizmis esTetikis
zegavlenas. misi saxeli novatorobas, ruseTSi mod-
ernizmis esTetikis damkvidrebas da musikaluri enis
reformirebas ukavSirdeba. skriabinis musikas, Rrma da
natif lirizmTan erTad, Semtevi Zala da apokalifsuri
misticizmi axasiaTebs. misi rTuli msoflmxedvelobis da
individualuri musikaluri stilis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi
axalgazrda Taobis kompozitorebis mTavari dasayrdeni
da SemoqmedebiTi orientiri gaxda.
qvemoT swored skriabinis ideebiT STagonebuli
kompozitorebis SemoqmedebiTi biografiis mokle mi-
moxilvas gTavazobT.

kompozitori, Teoretikosi da mevioline nikolai

roslaveci (Николай Рославец, 1881-1944) daibada glexis
ojaxSi. musikis swavla 8 wlidan TviTnaswavli mevio-
line biZis daxmarebiT daiwyo. 16 wlisa Cairicxa rusuli
musikaluri sazogadoebis (Русское музыкальное общество
_ РМО) violinos, elementaruli Teoriis da harmoniis
klasebSi, mogvianebiT moskovis konservatoriis studen-
ti gaxda. 1913-1919 wlebSi man Camoayaliba e. w. bgerebis

258
nikolai roslaveci nikolai obuxovi

aleqsandr mosolovi ivan viSnegradski

259
organizebis axali sistema, romelsac 20-iani wlebis
nawarmoebebSi srulyofda. am sistemis arsi roslavec-
ma 1924 wels gamoqveynebul avtobiografiul narkvevSi
axsna. kompoziciis am meTodis centraluri elemnti
aris e. w. `sinTet-akordi~, eqvsi, rva an meti bgerisgan
Semdgari Tanxmovaneba da sxvadasxvagvari gadaadgilebiT
miRebuli misi variantebi. magaliTad, nawarmoebis bger-
aTsimaRlebrivi organizeba SeiZleba efuZnebodes aseT
Tanxmovanebas: C-B-E-A-D-G. es pirvelelementi Tormetto-
niani qromatuli sistemis sruli aTvisebis SesaZleblo-
bas iZleva, ris gamoc kritikosma leonid sabaneevma mas
„rusi Sonbergi“ uwoda. magram realurad roslavecis
sistema ufro axlosaa gviani skriabinis harmoniul enas-
Tan, vidre Sonbergis sistemasTan.
nikolai roslavecis Semoqmedebas maRal Sefasebas
aZlevdnen misi Tanamedroveebi. misi ramdenime nawarmoe-
bi (maT Soris muzebis sagazafxulo kontrsaagento
[Весеннее контрагентство муз]), futuristi poetebis, mxatv-
rebis da prozaikosebis nimuSebTan erTad, gamoqveynda
or krebulSi.
nikolai roslaveci, romelic revolucias didi en-
TuziazmiT Sexvda, sxvadasxva oficiaulr organizaciaSi
TanamSromlobda. igi, rogorc Tanamdebobis piri, Tana-
medrove musikis asociaciis (ACM) daarsebis erT-erTi
iniciatori iyo da misi nawarmoebebi am organizaciis mier
gamarTuli koncertebis programebSi sistematurad xvde-
boda. magram mogvianebiT, 1927 wlidan roslavecis musika
ruseTis proletari musikosebis asociaciis (РАПМ) mZafri

261
kritikis obieqti gaxda, igi formalizmsa da dekadansSi
daadanaSaules da daatovebines Tanamdeboba ganaTlebis
saxalxo komisariatSi (Наркомпрос). 30-ian wlebSi rosla-
vecma kompozitorTa kavSiridan ramdenime SekveTa miiRo,
magram TandaTan misi nawarmoebebi sul ufro iSviaTad
xvdeboda sakoncerto programebSi da bolos saerTod
gaqra.
roslaveci sxvadasxva Janris nawarmoebebis avtoria,
rogorc simfoniuri da sakoncerto, ise kamerul-voka-
luris da kamerul-instrumentulis. aqve unda aRiniSnos,
rom misi simfoniuri partiturebis didi nawili dakar-
gulia.

nikolai obuxovi (Николай Обухов [Nicolas Obouhov],

1892-1954) _ kompozitori, Teoretikosi, axali musi-
kaluri sakravebis da notaciis axali sistemis Semqmneli,
swavlobda jer moskovis, Semdeg peterburgis konser-
vatoriebSi (kompozicia, fortepiano, kontrapunqti).
misi warmatebuli debiuti 1913 wels Sedga. amave peri-
odiT TariRdeba notaciis sakuTar sistemaze muSaobis
dawyebac1. obuxovis saazrovno sistemaSi centraluri
adgili ekava harmonias, rac mas aleqsandr skriabinis
da sxva postskriabinelebis SemoqmedebiT principebTan
aaxloebs. obuxovs sakuTari Sexeduleba harmoniaze
1
notaciis reformis ideiT am periodis sxva kompozitorebic iyvnen
gatacebulebi. obuxovis sistemis msgavsi Seqmna efim goliSevma (Ефим
Голышев, 1897-1970). notaciis gansxvavebuli sistemis avtoria iozef
matias haueri (Josef Ma hias Hauer, 1883-1959). musikaluri damwerlobis,
ufro zustad, sadiriJoro partituris, axlebur Caweraze fiqrobda
arnold Sonbergi.

262
formulirebuli aqvs „traqtatSi tonaluri, atonalu-
ri da totaluri harmoniis Sesaxeb“, romelic 1947 wels
gamoqveynda safrangeTSi (Traité d’harmonie tonale, atonale et
totale). aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom obuxovi XX sukunis im kom-
pozitorTa rigs ekuTvnis, romlebmac ganumeoreblobis
principze damyarebuli 12-toniani sistema Camoayalibes.
1918 wels obuxovma ojaxTan erTad datova sam-
Soblo, emigraciaSi wavida safrangeTSi da parizis Se-
mogarenSi dasaxlda. rTuli materialuri pirobebis
daZlevaSi obuxovs moris raveli daexmara, romelmac
rekomendacia gauwia gamomcemelTan, Tumca man mxolod
ramdenime nawarmoebi gamouqveyna. aRsaniSnavia, rom
20-ian wlebSi parizSi Sesrulda obuxovis ramdenime na-
warmoebi, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos
sicocxlis wignis winaTqma (Предисловие Книги Жизни)
sergei kusevickis diriJorobiT.
sicocxlis wigni _ obuxovis Opus Magnum daum-
Tavrebeli musikaluri utopiaa, romlis ideebi axlosaa
skriabinis misteriasTan. kompozitori am Txzulebas
uwodebda „yovlisSemZle mmarTveli mwyemsis saRvTo
qmedebas“ (l’ac on sacrée du pasteur tout-puissant regnant), rome-
lic yovelwliurad aRdgomis meore dRes unda Sesrule-
buliyo. nawilobriv dakarguli am partituris erT-erTi
versia 2000-gverdiania da vrceli Sesavlis da aseTive
masStaburi daskvnisgan Sedgeba. Sesavali arqaul enaze
wasakiTxi teqstia, xolo damasrulebeli monakviTis par-
titura jvris da wris formisaa. igi Camagrebulia oqroTi,
vercxliT, wiTeli abreSumiT da lalis TvlebiT morTul

263
zardaxSaSi. arsebuli partitura obuxovis musikaluri
enis erTgvarovnebas warmoaCens: saorkestro partia,
umTavresad qoraluri, arpejirebuli da zarebis rekvis
msgavsi xmovanebebis ritmulad rTul kontrapunqts war-
moadgens, xolo vokaluri partiebi gamoirCeva farTo di-
apazoniT, masStaburi glisandoebiT da mravalferovani
artikulaciiT CurCulidan yvirilamde.
sicocxlis wignSi obuxovs gamoyenebuli aqvs
rogorc wm. ioanes gamocxadebasa da apokrifebze
dafuZnebuli sakuTari, ise rusi mistikosis, poet da
publicist vladimir soloviovis (Владимир Соловьев,
1853-1900) da poet-simbolist konstantin balmontis
(Константин Бальмонт, 1867-1942) teqstebi.
nikolai obuxovis saxels aseve ukavSirdeba axali
eleqtronuli sakravebis gamogoneba. esenia: eTeri, ro-
melsac infra- da ultrabgerebis generireba unda SeZle-
boda, Tumca arasodes agebula, kristali, talRebi da
yvelaze cnobili mJReri jvari (Croix Sonore) _ sferoze
damagrebuli jvari, romelzec Sesrulebis teqnika ter-
menvoqsis msgavsia.

ivan viSnegradskim (Иван Вышнеградский [Ivan Wysch-

negradsky], 1893-1979) pirveli musikaluri STabeWdilebebi
ojaxSi miiRo, Semdeg gaagrZela mecadineoba harmoniaSi,
gaorkestrebasa da kompoziciaSi rimski-korsakovis
mowafe nikolai sokolovTan (Николай Соколов, 1859-1922).
amave periodSi igi dainteresda skriabinis musikiT da
harmoniis organizebis miseuli principebiT, romlebic

264
Semdgom sakuTar SemoqmedebaSi ganaviTara. am mxriv
aRsaniSnavia viSnegradskis sadiplomo namuSevari, mis-
teriis tipis nawarmoebi arsobis dRe (День Бытия [La
Journee de l’Existence]) mkiTxvelis, gundis da simfoniuri
orkestrisTvis.
musikis garda, viSnegradski swavlobda samarTals,
filosofias, indoariul kulturas, Teosofias, fizikas,
maTematikas, qimias. misi uaRresad farTo interesebi
ukavSirdeba xelovnebis, mecnierebis da sulierebis
gaerTianebisken swrafvas.
10-iani wlebiT TariRdeba vinSnegradskis mier
temperirebuli wyobis reformirebis pirveli cdebi.
kerZod, man Caifiqra e. w. „ultraqromatuli“ sinT-
ezis sqema anu oqtavis meoTxed, meeqvsed, meTormeted
tonebad dayofa. es idea ganxorcielebulia mis adreul
nawarmoebebSi, kerZod, aRsaniSnavia mwuxare simRera
da etiudi op. 6 (Chant douloureux et etude, 1918) violinos da
fortepianosTvis, romlis Sesasruleblad ori forte-
piano meoTxedtoniani sxvaobiT unda iyos awyobili,
xolo violinoze sruldebodes 1/3, 1/4, 1/6 da 1/8-toniani
intervalebi.
1920 wels viSnegradski dasaxlda parizSi. aq man ar-
aerT firmas mimarTa meoTxedtoniani fortepianos age-
bis TxovniT, magram Gaveau, Erard da Pleye-sgan uari miiRo.
amis Semdeg viSnegradski daukavSirda berlinSi mcx-
ovreb Cex kompozitor aloiz habas (Alois Hába, 1893-1973),
mikroqromatuli wyobis erT-erT Semqmnels. erToblivi
ZalebiT da firma August Forster-is daxmarebiT 1924 wels pr-

265
aRaSi daamzades pirveli mikroqromatuli fortepiano
viSnegradskis mier SemuSavebuli sammagi klaviaturiT,
romelic intervalebis regulirebis saSualebas iZle-
oda (1/3, 1/4, 1/12). am wminda praqtikuli saqmianobis garda,
viSnegradskim ramdenime Teoriuli naSromi Seqmna, maT
Soris: meoTxedtoniani harmoniis saxelmZRvanelo
(Manuel d’harmonie à quarts de ton, 1932), pansonorulobis
kanonzomiereba (La loi de la pansonorite, 1924-1925, gamoq-
veynebulia 1996) da sxv.
sakuTari 505-toniani temperaciis sistema viSne-
gradskim gamoiyena iseT nawarmoebebSi, rogorebicaa:
kosmosi op. 28 (Cosmos, 1939-1940) oTxi meoTxedtonuri
fortepianosTvis, simkvriveebis da moculobebis
etiudi op. 39a (Etudes sur les densités et les volumes, 1956) ori
meoTxedtoniani fortepianosTvis, wriuli moZraobe-
bis etiudi op. 45a (Etude sur les mouvements rotatoires, 1961)
ori meoTxedtoniani fortepianosTvis.

***

roslavecis, obuxovis da viSnegradskis Semoq-

medebasa da mxatvrul moswrafebebSi postskriabinizmi
gansakuTrebuli siZlieriTaa gamoxatuli, magram, am
mimarTulebis garda, aRsaniSnavia ramdenime kompozi-
toris Semoqmedeba, romlebic ufro axlos iyvnen fu-
turizmTan, mimarTulebasTan, romelic amave periodis
safrangeTsa da gansakuTrebiT italiaSi ganviTarda.
luries, mosolovis, matiuSinis da sxvaTa Semoqmedebis
garkveul periodebSi mTeli sicxadiT swored futur-
istuli ideebi vlindeba.
266
 artur lurie

mixail matiuSini, kazimir maleviCi da

aleqsei kruCionixi

267
 artur lurie (namdvili saxeli naum lurie (luria)
Наум Лурье (Лурья), fsevdonimi Arthur an Arthur-Vincent1 Lourié,
1892-1966) ruseTSi dabadebuli kompozitori da musi-
kaluri kritikosia, romelic 1921 wels sacxovreblad
gadavida jer berlinSi, Semdeg, 1924 wels _ parizSi,
dabolos, 1941 wels aSS-Si dasaxlda.
luries Semoqmedeba uaRresad ekleqturia: igi jer
futuristebis ideebis musikaSi gavrcelebis erT-erTi
iniciatori iyo, Semdeg, berlinSi yofnisas, feruCo
buzonis dauaxlovda da neoklasicizmis mimdevari gax-
da, mogvianebiT mis nawarmoebebSi arqauli modalobis
niSnebs vxvdebiT. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa
luries Semoqmedebis da moRvaweobis adreuli periodi.
10-20-ian wlebSi igi iyo rusi futuristebis TavSeyris
adgilis, kafe `mawanwala ZaRlis~ (Бродячая собака) musi-
kaluri xelmZRvaneli. misi iniciativiT daarsda Tana-
medrove musikis asociacia (АСМ). 1914 wels benediqt
livSicTan da georgi iakulovTan (Бенедикт Лившиц, Георгий
Якулов) eraTad monawileoba miiRo gamocemaSi Cven da
dasavleTi (Мы и Запад). es iyo peterburgeli futuris-
tebis pasuxi marinetisadmi (Filippo Tommaso Marine , 1876-
1944, italiuri futurizmis ideologi)2.
luries am periodSi Seqmnili nawarmoebebis gark-
veulma nawilma maRali Sefaseba daimsaxura. atonalobas-
Tan anu „uzenaes qromatizmTan“, rogorc lurie uwodebs,
1
luriem fsevdonimad saxelebi arturi da vinsenti aiRo artur
Sopenhaueris (zogierTebis cnobiT, artur rembos) da vinsent van-go-
gis pativsacemad.
2
ufro dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb ix.: leqciebis meore nawili.

269
erTad, mis yuradRebas musikis sivrceSi ganawilebis
sakiTxebi izidavda. pirveli jgufis nawarmoebebidan ga-
moirCeva xuTi nazi preludia (Пять Хрупких Прелюдий),
berZnuli simRerebi (Греческие песни), xolo meoridan
c pikasosadmi miZRvnili formebi haerSi (Формы в
воздухе). am nawaroebis partituraSi gamoyenebulia Cawe-
ris axleburi manera _ sanoto teqsti Sedgeba calkeuli
izolirebuli blokebisgan, xolo pauzebis adgilas sa-
noto sistema waSlilia, ris gamoc partitura kubistur
naxats emsgavseba.
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom, marTalia, luries xSirad aigi-
veben „adreul rusul avangardTan“, mis SemoqmedebaSi
ar gvxvdeba radikalizmi, axlis aRmoCenis daJinebuli
survili, xelovnebis sazRvrebis gafarToebisken swrafva.

aleqsandr mosolovi (Александр Мосолов, 1900-1973)

_ kompozitori da pianisti, dawyebiTi musikaluri ganaT-
leba ojaxSi miiRo, mogvianebiT, samoqalaqo omis Semdeg,
romelSic 1918-1920 wlebSi monawileobda, Caabara mosko-
vis konservatoriaSi kompoziciis (nikolai miaskovski
[Николай Мясковский, 1881-1950]) da fortepianos (konstan-
tin igumnovi [Константин Игумнов, 1873-1948]) klasebSi.
1925 wels Tanamedrove musikis asociaciis (ACM) wevri
gaxda. mosolovi SemoqmedebiTad gansakuTrebiT aqtiu-
ri da produqtiuli 1924-1928 wlebSi iyo. am periodis
nawarmoebebs axasiaTebT: interesi urbanizmis da konst-
ruqtivizmis mimarT, rac gansakuTrebuli siZlieriT
gamovlinda mis qarxanaSi (Завод) orkestrisTvis, Ra-

270
mis qalaqis dramatuli peizaJis mimarT (safortepiano
sonatebi, dakarguli simfoniuri poema bindi [Сумерки]),
misTvis aseve damaxasiaTebelia parodiuloba (oTxi sa-
gazeTo gancxadeba [Четыре газетных объявления]).
1927-1931 wlebSi mosolovis Semoqmedebas modern-
izmis gamo mZafrad da daundoblad akritikebda pro-
letari musikosebis asociacia (РАПМ), ris Sedegadac
man jer didi xniT Sewyvita SemoqmedebiTi aqtivoba da
Semdeg mkveTrad Secvala stili: misi musika melodiurad
gamokveTili, harmoniulad martivi da „keTilxmovani“
gaxda. 1938 wels mosolovi daapatimres da kontrrevo-
luciur saqmianobaSi daadanaSaules. erTi wlis Semdeg
ganTavisuflebuli aleqsandr mosolovi sicocxlis
bolomde did dros uTmobda samxreT, mogvianebiT ki
CrdiloeT ruseTis folkloris Segrovebas. am wlebSi
daweril, umetesad didi formis, nawarmoebebSi rusuli
xalxuri musikis elementebis _ melodia, harmonia, po-
lifonia _ farTo gamoyenebas vxvdebiT.

am Tavis bolos yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT kompozi-

tor, Teoretikos da mxatvar mixail matiuSinze (Михаил
Матюшин, 1861-1934). matiuSinma akademiuri musikaluri
ganaTleba peterburgis konservatoriaSi (violinos kla-
si) miiRo da sanqt-peterburgis samefo karis orkestris
mevioline gaxda. misi adrindeli nawarmoebebi _ romanse-
bi da saviolino piesebi _ romantikul-sentimentaluri
xasiaTisaa. 1900-iani wlebis miwuruls matiuSini daqor-
winda poet da ilustrator elena guroze (Елена Гуро, 1877-
1913), romelmac mis mxatvrul gemovnebasa da interesebze
271
didi gavlena moaxdina. gurom mas futuristebi gaacno da
amiT eqsperimentul xelovnebas aziara. kerZod, nikolai
kulbinis (Николай Кульбин, 1868-1917) xelovnebis sxvada-
sxva dargis sinTezis koncefciis gavleniT matiuSinma
daiwyo bunebrivi xmebis meoTxedtoniani sistemebis meS-
veobiT Cawera da Seqmna violinoze tonis meoTxedis
Seswavlis saxelmZRvanelo (Руководство к изучению
четвертей тона для скрипки).
matiuSinis SemoqmedebiTi biografiis mTavari mov-
lena 1913 wels moxda. dramaturg aleqsei kruCionixTan
(Алексей Крученых, 1886-1968) da mxatvar kazimir maleviCTan
(Казимир Малевич, 1879-1935) erTad Seqmna opera mzeze
gamarjveba1 (Победа над солнцем), romelic rusuli fu-
turizmis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili da skandaluri
Teatraluri warmodgena gaxda. es nawarmoebi Cafiqrebu-
li iyo, rogorc trilogiis nawili: mzeze gamarjveba,
omze gamarjveba (Победа над войной), imperializmze
gamarjveba (Победа над империализмом). marTalia, na-
warmoebis Janri gansazRvrulia, rogorc „opera“, tra-
diciul operasTan mas TiTqmis araferi aqvs saerTo.
ma tiuSinis musikas umTavresad kruCionixis Znelad
gasagebi dialogebis da maleviCis Savi kvadratis
fonis funqcia hqonda. imas, rom nawarmoebSi musika
daqvemdebarebul funqcias asrulebda, isic amtkicebs,
rom instrumentuli Tanxleba fortepianos partiiT
Semoifargleboda. partituraSi kompozitorma aseve
Seitana: zarbaznis gasrolis xma, motorebis xmauri, sxva
1
premiera Sedga v. komisarJevskaias Teatr „luna-parkis“ (Луна-парк)
scenaze 1913 wlis 3 da 5 dekembers.
272
bgeriTi efeqtebi. mzeze gamarjvebis SesrulebaSi,
avtorebis Canafiqris Tanaxmad, monawileoba miiRes
araprofesionalebma, umTavresad studentebma, rasac
imdroindeli sazogadoebrivi gemovnebis gamowvevad
ganixilavdnen.
Cvenamde moaRwia operis sanoto teqstis mxolod
nawilma, romelic gamoqveynebuli iyo premierisTvis
gamocemul libretoSi sanoto fragmentebiT, xolo
Sesavlis notebi _ elena guros xsovnisadmi miZRvnil
krebulSi samni (Трое). zogierTi mkvlevari varaudobs,
rom sanoto teqsti srulad fiqsirebuli arc yofila,
radgan mniSvnelovani roli improvizacias ekisreboda.

***

amgvarad, XX saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTSi centra-

luri da dasavleT evropis qveynebis msgavsi mxatvrul-
esTetikuri procesebi mimdinareobda, Tumca erovnuli
kulturis tradiciiT Seferili da specifikuri isto-
riuli movlenebiT ganpirobebuli.

273
 sergei prokofievi
(1891-1953)

sergei prokofievi XX saukunis pirveli naxev-

ris sabWoTa periodis rusuli sakompozitoro skolis
erT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia, romelmac
mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana am qveynis musikaluri
xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi. misi Semoqmedeba xasiaTdeba
individualobiT da mTlianobiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom
misi stilisTvis, misi nawarmoebebis musikaluri enis
da SinaarsisTvis Sinagani cvlilebebi da mkveTri kon-
trastebia damaxasiaTebeli. amgvari kontrastebiT xSi-
rad xasiaTdeba misi erT periodSi Seqmnili nawarmoebebi
da maT aseve vxvdebiT erTi nawarmoebis farglebSic ki,
gansakuTrebiT adreul periodSi: gamaogneblad mkveTri
`barbarizmebi~ da epikuri TavSekavebuloba, natifi, na-
zi lirizmi da isteria, musikaluri qsovilis ukiduresi
datvirTuloba da gamWvirvaloba, grafikuloba.
sergei prokofievis SemoqmedebiTi principebi, rom-
lebic XX saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi Camoyalibda, avlenen
garkveul paralelizms am periodSi evropaSi mimdinare
procesebTan musikaluri azrovnebis gardaqmnis sferoSi,
gansakuTrebiT stravinskis da bartokis SemoqmedebasTan,
nawilobriv _ eqspresionistul esTetikasTan.
sergei prokofievi, uwinares yovlisa, XIX sauku-
nis rusuli musikis tradiciis memkvidrea. mis uSualo
winaprebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos `mZlavri jgufi~, gan-
sakuTrebiT: rimski-korsakovi, borodini da musorgski;
274
sergei prokofievi

275
SeiniSneba, agreTve, gauSualoebuli kavSiri glinkas
da Caikovskis SemoqmedebasTan. rimski-korsakovisgan
prokofievma aiTvisa interesi zRapruli siuJetebis
da peizaJuri bgerweriTobisadmi; borodinisgan – sa-
zeimo, sadResaswaulo epikuroba, rac gansakuTrebiT
aqtiurad vlindeba prokofievis 30-40-iani wlebis Semo-
qmedebaSi; musorgskisgan, iseve rogorc SostakoviCma,
prokofievmac, upirveles yovlisa, vokaluri Janrebis
gaazrebis Tavisebureba da misi stilis erT-erTi um-
niSvnelovanesi maxasiaTebeli – vokaluri intonirebis
reCitatiul-deklamaciuri manera aiTvisa. glinkasTan
kavSiri imdenadaa aRsaniSnavi, ramdenadac TiTqmis yve-
la rusi kompozitori, romelTa musikaluri azrovneba
erovnul niadagzea dafuZnebuli, genetikurad swored
am kompozitorTanaa dakavSirebuli. kerZod, unda aRin-
iSnos, rom Semoqmedebis gvian periodSi prokofievi
mimarTavda swored glinkadan momdinare farTomasSta-
bian saxalxo scenebs da istoriul siuJetebs. xolo rac
Seexeba Caikovskis, am ori kompozitoris Semoqmedebis
gadakveTis wertili, umTavresad mocarti, zogadad venis
klasikosTa da franguli rokokos stilis aRorZinebaa.
evropuli musikaluri tradiciidan prokofievi
gansakuTrebul siaxloves avlens venis klasicizmTan,
rac misi Semoqmedebis neoklasicistur orientaciaze
miuTiTebs. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom neoklasicisti kom-
pozitorebis umetesoba SemoqmedebiTi modelebis SerCe-
visas upiratesobas barokos an klasicizmis frangul da
italiur modelebs aniWebda (magaliTad: stravinski, hin-

277
demiti, nawilobriv raveli da sxva). am mxriv prokofievi
gamonaklisia. misi da venis klasikosebis stilis siaxlove
vlindeba ara mxolod im nawarmoebebSi, sadac xazi aqvs gas-
muli epoqis Janrul Tu struqturul modelebs, aramed
mTeli SemoqmedebiTi gzis manZilze. kerZod, igulisxmeba
kompozitoris erTguleba klasikurad cxadi formebis,
harmoniul enaSi disonirebuli Tanxmovanebebis gverdiT
mkafiod gamoxatuli centralizebuli sistemis arseboba,
romelic maJorul da minorul samxmovanebebs efuZneba.
XX saukunis pirveli aTwleulebis rusul kultu-
raSi, e. w. vercxlis xanis xelovanTa Soris, axalgazrda
prokofievis Semoqmedeba gamoirCeoda iSviaTi sulieri
sijansaRiT, optimisturi msoflaRqmiT, aqtiuri Semoq-
medebiTi poziciiT.

***

sergei prokofievi daibada 1891 wlis 11 (23) aprils

soncovkaSi. dawyebiTi musikaluri ganaTleba miiRo ojax-
Si. 1904 wels Cairicxa peterburgis konservatoriaSi,
sadac misi pedagogebi iyvnen: a. liadovi (kompozicia), n.
rimski-korsakovi (sakravTmcodneoba), a. esipova (forte-
piano). 1914 wlidan TanamSromlobda s. diagilevis dasTan.
1918-38 wlebSi kompozitori cxovrobs da moRvaweobs
sazRvargareT, jer aSS-Si, Semdeg safrangeTSi, marTavs
sagastrolo turneebs msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi,
maT Soris, samSobloSic. 1938 wels brundeba ruseTSi,
sadac agrZelebs intensiur saSemsruleblo (pianisti da
diriJori) da sakompozitoro moRvaweobas. prokofievi
gardaicvala 1953 wlis 5 marts.
278
 ***

prokofievis Semoqmedeba iSviaTi Janruli mraval-

ferovnebiT gamoirCeva. igi Tanabar mniSvnelobas ani-
Webs vokalur, instrumentul Tu scenur Janrebs, didi
Tu mcire formis nawarmoebebs, magram gansakuTrebul
rols prokofievis SemoqmedebaSi asrulebs musikalur-
Teatraluri nawarmoebebi. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom
Teatraluroba prokofievis stilis erT-erTi zogadi
maxasiaTebelia – misi instrumentuli nawarmoebebis Te-
mebi xSirad wminda Teatraluri saxeobriobiT gamoirCeva
da konkretuli saxe-xasiaTebis asociaciebs badeben.
musikaluri Teatri, romelic prokofievis Semoqme-
debaSi operis da baletis JanriTaa warmodgenili, adreu-
li asakidan izidavda kompozitors. misi SemoqmedebiTi
pozicia, iseve rogorc XX saukunis pirveli naxevris
kompozitorTa umetesobis, SeiZleba davaxasiaToT `an-
tivagnerianelad~, Tumca, magaliTad, stravinskisgan
gansxvavebiT, prokofievi imdenad ki ar uaryofda vag-
neris musikaluri dramis principebs, ramdenadac maTi
gadalaxvisken iswrafoda. vagneris musikis garkveuli
gavlena SeiniSneba prokofievis adrindel opera ma-
dalenaSi1 (Маддалена, 1911), rac deklamaciuri tipis
axali kantilenis da orkestris partiis gamaerTianebel,
formaqmnad rolSi vlindeba. prokofievis am nawarmoe-
bis sayrden RerZs warmoadgens konfrontacia sikeTis

1
prokofievs opera madalena ar gauorkestrebia. kompozitoris
memkvidreebis TxovniT igi gaaorkestra britanelma kompozitorma
da diriJorma edvard daunsma (Edward Downes, 1924-2009). premiera: 1981,
28 noemberi, gracis saopero Teatri.
279
da borotebis Zalebs Soris, romlebic erT mTavar per-
sonaJSia Tavmoyrili. mTavari gmiris xasiaTis amgvari
interpretacia, erTi mxriv, rusuli xelovnebis e. w.
vercxlis xanis da, meore mxriv, imdroindeli maskul-
turiT, kinematografis esTetikiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
madalenam moamzada prokofievis Semoqmedebis
erT-erTi mwvervali – opera moTamaSe1 (Игрок, 1915).
moTamaSes libretos safuZvlad daedo f. dostoevskis
(Федор Достоевский, 1821-1881) romani-novela2 da swored aman
ganapiroba operis vokaluri partiis reCitatiul-deklam-
aciuri stili, romelic mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli musorg-
skis operebis da Caikovskis pikis qalis (Пиковая дама)
stilistikasTan. Caikovskis am qmnilebasTan prokofievis
operas siuJeturi xazic akavSirebs – orive nawarmoebis
mTavari gmiri banqos TamaSis vnebiTaa Sepyrobili, Tumca,
germanisgan gansxvavebiT, moTamaSes gmiri aleqseisTvis
TamaSi gamdidrebis saSualeba ki ara, cxovrebis arsia, rac
mas srulebiT akargvinebs realobis SegrZnebas. gmiris
sulieri samyaro da mis prizmaSi gardatexili realoba
groteskul saxes iZens da mTel samyaros arabunebrivs xdis
– operis personaJebi da ruletenburgSi gabatonebuli
atmosfero mistikur iersaxes iZenen. erTaderTi realoba
siyvarulis da, amavdroulad, siZulvilis grZnobaa, rome-
lic mTavar gmirebs aleqseis da polinas akavSirebs. swored
gmirTa amgvari urTierTobebi warmoSobs maT mZafr dialo-
1
premiera: 1929, 29 aprili, briuselis saopero Teatri La Monnaie.
2
aq unda aRiniSos, rom, marTalia, dostoevskis nawarmoebebis
safuZvelze sxva avtorebic qmnidnen operebs, magram prokofievis
opera moTamaSe originalis prozauli teqstis safuZvelze Seqmnili
pirveli nawarmoebi iyo.
280
gebs, sadac TiToeuli intonacia ukiduresadaa daZabuli.
aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT analogiuri dinamikis da simZafris
scenebi r. Strausis salomedan (salomes da ioqanaanis
dialogi), bergis vocekidan da luludan da sxv.
operis melodiur-deklamaciuri stilis Tavise-
bureba swored dialogebis agebis principidan momdi-
nareobs – isini Sinagani emociurobis ukiduresi daZabvis
momentSi gantvirTvis nacvlad axal situaciad gardai-
qmnebian, romelic axal konfliqts qmnis da axali daZab-
ulobisken mivyavarT. gansakuTrebuli adgili operaSi
ukavia finalur scenas, gigantur ansambls, romelic
personaJebis mcire replikebisgan aigeba. aRsaniSnavia,
rom yovel personaJs kompozitori metyvelebis indi-
vidualuri maneriT, Taviseburi `intonaciuri niRbiT~
(m. tarakanovi) axasiaTebs. am grandiozuli saansamblo
scenis gamaerTianebel faqtors warmoadgens tempi da
ritmi: Cqari tempi da Tanabari ritmuli suraTi sirbilis
asociacias warmoqmnis. aq asaxulia ara realur sivrceSi
gadaadgileba, aramed ruletkis burTis SeuCerebeli
brunva da gmiris gamarjvebis, mogebisken swrafvis,
miznis miRwevis survili. ukve saorkestro antraqtSi,
romelic am scenas amzadebs, mkvidrdeba aCqarebuli
pulsi, romelic jer mxolod mTavari gmiris, Semdeg ki
samorineSi myofTa saerTo mdgomareobas asaxavs.
sikeTis da borotebis dapirispirebis zneobrivi
problema safuZvlad udevs prokofievis Semdeg operas
cecxlovani angelozi1 (Огненный ангел, 1928), dawerili

1
premiera: 1955, 14 seqtemberi, veneciis opera La Fenice.

281
rus simbolist poet valeri briusovis (Валерий Брюсов,
1873-1924) mixedviT. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom cecxlovani
angelozi, iseve rogorc moTamaSe, xangrZlivi perio-
dis manZilze TiTqmis ar idgmeboda saopero Teatrebis
scenaze, gansakuTrebiT kompozitoris samSobloSi,
vinaidan qveynis sulier klimats ar Seesabameboda da man
mxolod XX saukunis damlevs moipova saTanado aRiareba.
cecxlovani angelozis koncefcia Zalze rTu-
lia – nawarmoebis bolomde gaugebari rCeba operis
mTavar gmir renatas siyvarulis obieqtis, cecxlova-
ni angelozi madielis arsi. aseve gaugebaria, sikeTis
Zalebs emsaxurebian inkvizitori da saxelganTqmuli
magi agripa neteshaimeli (Agrippa von Ne esheim, 1486-1535)
Tu borotebisas. arc operas finali gvaZlevs saboloo
pasuxs kiTxvaze: rogori Tanafardobaa adamianis bedSi
individualur Tavisuflebas da fatalur winaswargan-
pirobebulobas Soris? aRniSnuli problemebi operaSi
gardatexilia mTavari gmiris saxeSi, mis idumalebiT
aRsavse ambavSi, romelsac dinamikur finalur scenam-
de mivyavarT. am operis finalic, moTamaSes finalis
msgavsad, emociuri daZabulobis TandaTanobiTi zrdis
princips emyareba, rasac xangrZlivi ostinato ganapiro-
bebs. egzorcizmis1 ritualSi CarTuli sagundo jgufebi
da inkvizitoris monotonuri intonaciebi mZlavr emo-
ciur-akustikur efeqts qmnis.
rac Seexeba operis gmirTa vokalur daxasiaTebas,
aRsaniSnavia, rom, moTamaSesTan SedarebiT, cecx-
1
egzorcizmi – Sua saukuneebis evropaSi gavrcelebuli eSmakis
gandevnis rituali.
282
lovan angelozSi deklamaciasTan erTad farTodaa
gamoyenebuli ariozul-sasimRero tipis intonaciebi.
es ori sawyisi erTmaneTs ara mxolod vokaluri intoni-
re bis tipiT, aramed kilo-harmoniuli or ganizebis
principiTac upirispirdeba, rogorc diatonika da qro-
matika.
calkeuli scenebis organizebisas, gansakuTrebiT
kulminaciur zonebSi, prokofievi farTod mimarTavs
ostinatos, rac eqspresiis ukidures gamZafrebas iwvevs.
amgvar emociurad daZabul epizodebs upirispirdeba say-
ofacxovrebo scena – faustis da mefistofelis Sexved-
ra ruprextTan duqanSi, romelic finalis win musikis
dramatizms droebiT gantvirTavs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom operaSi mravladaa masStaburi
scenebi, upiratesoba eniWeba ori mTavari gmiris – rena-
tas da ruprextis monologebs da dialogebs. swored es
Tavisebureba, saboloo jamSi, ganapirobebs operis sta-
tikurobas da scenuri realizebis garkveul sirTuleebs.
prokofievis Semoqmedebis adreuli periodis ope-
rebidan yvelaze warmatebuli scenuri bedi ergo sami
forToxlisadmi siyvaruls1 (Любовь к трём апельсинам,
1919), nawarmoebs, romelic kompozitoris Tavisebur sa-
vizito baraTad iqca.
sami forToxlisadmi siyvaruli warmodgenis
Teatris saxeobas ganekuTvneba da arsobrivad uaxlo-
vdeba im periodis ruseTSi damkvidrebul Teatralur
esTetikas, romlis realizebis RirSesaniSnavi nimuSebia

1
premiera: 1921, 30 dekemberi, Cikagos opera (Chicago Civic Opera).

283
v. meerxoldis balagani (Балаган), e. vaxtangovis turan-
doti (Турандот). prokofievis operaSi, am Teatraluri
speqtaklebis msgavsad, upiratesoba eniWeba scenuri
moqmedebis pirobiTobas, SemsrulebelTa nawilobriv
improvizacias, garkveul parodiulobas, `warmodgenis~
upiratesobas `gancdaze~. amgvar kanonikas iTvaliswinebs
prokofievis opera-feeria, romelsac safuZvlad daedo
karlo gocis (Carlo Gozzi, 1720-1806) zRapari, Janrul mod-
elad ki avtorma ara opera buffa, aramed italiuri niRbebis
komedia (Commedia dell’ arte) da misi tradiciuli persona-
Jebi, magaliTad, trufaldino, SearCia, rac am nawarmoebs
mxiaruli musikaluri warmodgenis saxes aniWebs.
Janruli modelis SerCevam, niRbebis Teatris piro-
biTobam gansazRvra vokaluri intonirebis tipi, kerZod,
personaJebi xasiaTdebian stabiluri ritmul-inton-
aciuri kompleqsebiT, romlebic xSirad Segnebulad
imeoreben saukuneebis manZilze SemuSavebul saopero
kliSeebs. magaliTad, jadoqar CeCilias daxasiaTeba
mogvagonebs samiels veberis Tavisufali msroleli-
dan, princis vokaluri partia _ tradiciul lamento-s,
komikuri efeqtis Sesaqmnelad kompozitori iseT xerxs
mimarTavs, rogoricaa swrafsalaparako banis partiaSi,
romelic kidev ufro imiTaa gamZafrebuli, rom am par-
tias asrulebs mzareuli qali da sxva. yovelive amasTan
erTad, situaciuri gaugebrobebi, moqmedebis swrafi
tempi saerTo skercozulobas qmnis.
emigraciidan samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg, 30-40-
ian wlebSi, saopero Janris ganviTarebam prokofievis

284
SemoqmedebaSi sakmaod rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi saxe
miiRo, rac gansakuTrebiT mkafiod gamovlinda operaSi
semion kotko (Семен Котко)1 (v. kataevis [Валентин Катаев,
1897-1986] moTxrobis mixedviT). es aSkarad koniunqturu-
li siuJeti kompozitorma literaturuli pirvelwya-
rosgan gansxvavebulad warmoaCina: masSi dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi personaJebis daxasiaTebebi radikalurad
gamijnuli ar aris, kerZod, axali xelisuflebis mowi-
naaRmdege tkaCenkos saxe Zalze reliefuri vokaluri
partiiTaa daxasiaTebuli, rac mis fsiqologiur port-
rets mravalferovnebas da amis Sedegad araerTmniSvne-
lovnebas aniWebs. sxva personaJebis daxasiaTebisas pro-
kofievi xSirad mimarTavs ukrainuli folklorisTvis
damaxasiaTebel sasimRero intonaciebs da mkafio voka-
lur deklamacias, romelic operis TiToeuli gmiris
xasiaTis anabeWds atarebs. operis scenebs Soris gansa-
kuTrebuli eqspresiulobiT gamoirCeva III moqmedebis
finali, ostinatos principze agebuli grandiozuli
scena, sadac meorexarisxovani personaJi lubka tragi-
kuli gmiris masStabs aRwevs.
socialurad angaJirebuli nawarmoebis Semdeg
prokofievi mimarTavs klasikur siuJets _ r. Seridanis
(Richard Sheridan, 1751-1816) komedias da wers operas niSnoba
monasterSi (duenia)2 (Обручение в монастыре [Дуэнья]),
romelSic mocartiseuli opera-buffa-s tradiciebi osta-
turadaa Serwymuli personaJTa lirikul grZnobebTan.
1
premiera: 1940, 23 ivnisi, moskovis k. stanislavskis saxelobis
saopero Teatri.
2
premiera: 1946, 3 noemberi, leningradis opera.

285
Tavad kompozitori ase aRwers Seridanis komediisadmi
sakuTar interess: igi miizida `natifma iumorma, mom-
xibvlelma lirikam, personaJTa mkafio daxasiaTebam,
moqmedebis dinamikam, siuJetis warmtacma ganviTarebam~1.
amave dros, siuJetiT gatacebis miuxedavad, kompozi-
torma upiratesoba mianiWa ara sami forToxlisadmi
siyvarulis msgavs bufonadas, aramed yuradReba gaamax-
vila mTavar gmirTa ori wyvilis – luizas da antonios,
erTi mxriv, da klaras da ferdinandis, meore mxriv –
satrfialo, lirikul urTierTobebze, xolo komikuri
situaciebi am SemTxvevaSi mxolod fonuri funqciisaa.
operis oTxive mTavar parsonaJs individualuri
vokaluri daxasiaTeba aqvs. am nawarmoebSi kompozitori
ar Ralatobs sakuTar SemoqmedebiT principebs da or-
ganulad aerTebs kantilenur melodikas da sametyvelo
intonaciebs.
mTavari gmirebis lirikul urTierTobebs fons
uqmnian saxasiaTo personaJebi, romlTa Tvisebebic Zi-
riTadad sxvadasxvagvar komikur situaciebSi ixsneba.
gansakuTrebuli reliefurobiT gamoirCeva duenias2
saxe, romlis intrigebs bednier finalamde mivyavarT.
amgvarad, yalibdeba rosinis da Cimarozas opera-buffa-
sTvis tipuri dramaturgia, sadac gmirTa portretuli
daxasiaTebebi icvleba vrceli saansamblo scenebiT, rom-
lebic moqmedebis swraf ganviTarebazea agebuli da xSi-
rad scenuri situaciis radikalur Secvlas emsaxureba.
1
Прокофьев С. Материалы, документы, воспоминания. М., 1961 – с. 242.
2
Dueña (esp.) espaneTSi da espanurenovan qveynebSi xandazmuli qali,
xSirad Sinabera, romlis movaleobaa axalgazrda aristokrati gogo-
nas aRzrda da sistematurad mis gverdiT yofna.
286
 prokofievis momdevno, 40-ian wlebSi dawerili
opera Janris, Tematikis, masStabis, saopero dramatur-
giis principebis TvalsazrisiT sruliad gansxvavebulia
winamorbedisgan. esaa giganturi opera-epopea omi da
mSvidoba (Война и мир)1, dawerili rusuli literaturis
erT-erTi Sedevris, l. tolstois (Лев Толстой, 1828-1910)
romanis mixedviT. literaturuli pirvelwyaros masS-
tabebma, dramaturgiulma sirTulem, misma mravalpla-
nianobam, personaJTa raodenobam rTuli amocanis winaSe
daayenes kompozitori. cxadia, gardauvali iyo siuJetis
mniSvnelovani Sekveca, ramac operis libretos sqematizmi
gamoiwvia. kerZod, siuJetidan `gaqra~ ramdenime perso-
naJi, sakmaod SezRudulia andrei bolkonskis da pier
bezuxovis daxasiaTeba, vinaidan CrdilSi aRmoCnda maTi
sulieri samyaro, xolo im movlenebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
uSualodaa dakavSirebuli maTTan, xSirad meorexarisx-
ovani personaJebisgan vigebT. darRveulia balansi omis
da mSvidobis amsaxvel scenebs Sorisac. or speqtaklze
ganawilebul saopero moqmedebaSi (prokofievis omi da
mSvidoba dilogiaa) pirvel nawilSi Warbobs mSvidobis
amsaxveli scenebi da individualuri daxasiaTebebi, xolo
meoreSi – omi da masobrivi sagundo scenebi.
yvelaze mkafiod da mravalmxrivad operaSi daxa-
siaTebulia nataSa rostova. mis dasaxasiaTeblad kom-
pozitori iyenebs ramdenime laitTemas, romelebic mas
sxvadasxva situaciaSi warmogviCenen. laitTemebs Soris
1
pirveli nawilis (8 suraTi) premiera: 1946, 12 ivnisi, leningradis
mcire saopero Teatri. pirveli sruli dadgma: 1959, 15 dekemberi,
moskovi, `bolSoi~.

287
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba valsis Temas, rome-
lic uSualodaa dakavSirebuli mis grZnobebTan andrei
bolkonskis mimarT – pirvelad valsis Tema Cndeba nataSas
pirvel mejlisze, sadac is bolkonskis gaicnobs da, Sesa-
bamisad, valsi maTi siyvarulis simbolod iqceva. valsis
Tema mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ganicdis operis manZilze
da gmiris sulier mdgomareobas yvelaze zustad swored
valsis es Tema asaxavs. am rakursSi mniSvnelovania anatol
kuraginiT gatacebis scena, sadac valsi gmiris Sinagan
SfoTvas, yoymans, vnebas da saboloo imedgacruebas asa-
xavs. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom opera cekvis, moZraobis
stiqiiTaa gajerebuli. aq igulisxmeba ara mxolod sa-
kuTriv sacekvao Janrebis siuxve, aramed tempis da ritmis
erTianoba, rac am giganturi saopero tilos gaerTianebis
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani pirobaa.
operis meore dramaturgiuli xazi, romelic omis
TemasTanaa dakavSirebuli, ZiriTadad monumenturi, sta-
tikuri sagundo epizodebiTaa mowodebuli. aq kompozi-
tori yvelaze axlosaa rusuli operis tradiciebTan,
kerZod glinkas da borodinis SemoqmedebasTan da, maT
msgavsad, dapirispirebul banakebs da maT meTaurebs
kontrastuli intonaciebiT axasiaTebs. rusi xalxi op-
eraSi, kantata aleqsandre nevelis (Александр Невский)
msgavsad, ZiriTadad himnuri, paTetikuri JReradobis
TemebiTaa warmoCenili. msgavsia kutuzovis daxasiaTebac
mis ariaSi samxedro sabWos scenaSi, sadac igi moskovis
frangebisTvis Cabarebis gadawyvetilebas miiRebs. sa-
pirispirodaa daxasiaTebuli frangi jariskacebi – maTi

288
portretis Sesaqmnelad kompozitori mxolod uaryofiT
Tvisebebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.
opera omi da mSvidoba SeiZleba CaiTvalos pro-
kofievis saopero Semoqmedebis Semajamebel nawarmoebad,
romelSic Serwymulia sxvadasxva doneze – kompoziciur,
dramaturgiul, intonaciurze – kompozitoris mraval-
wliani gamocdilebis manZilze SemuSavebuli xerxebi da
principebi.
amgvarad, prokofievis saopero Semoqmedeba mkafiod
metyvelebs kompozitoris mxatvruli azrovnebis plu-
ralizmze. aRniSnuli TiTqos srulyofil STabeWdilebas
unda qmnides misi Semoqmedebis prioritetebze, magram
mxolod am erTi JanriT prokofievis musikalur Teatrze
saubari srulyofili ar iqneboda, radgan kompozitoris
mniSvnelovani SemoqmedebiTi miRwevebi balets ukavSir-
deba. baletisadmi yuradRebas prokofievi operasTan
SedarebiT gvian, evropaSi emigraciis wlebSi iCens, rac
uSualodaa dakavSirebuli 10-20-iani wlebis rusuli
musikalur-Teatraluri sferos udides moRvawis sergei
diagilevis saxelTan.
prokofievis sazRvargareTis periodis baletebSi
vlindeba Sexebis wertilebi, erTi mxriv, stravinskis rusuli
periodis baletebTan rusuli zRaprebis siuJetebis gamoy-
enebis TvalsazrisiT (zRapari masxaraze, romelmac
Svidi masxara gaamasxarava [Сказка про шута, семерых шутов
перешутившего]), meore mxriv, 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi fran-
guli xelovnebis dainteresebasTan meqanizmebis, indust-
riis, `manqanebis musikis~ samyaroTi (foladis naxtomi

289
[Стальной скок]). am ori baletis musikaluri ena, principuli
gansxvavebebis miuxedavad (erTSi Warbobs folkloruli
intonaciebi, meoreSi – mkveTri disonansebi), mraval
msgavsebasac Seicavs: msubuq skercozulobas, calkeul
SemTxvevaSi grotesksac, specifikur prokofieviseul
melodiurobas, romelic mkveTrad disonansur harmo-
niul enasTan Tanaarsebobs. msagvsi Tvisebebi axasiaTebs
mesame baletsac uZRebi Svili (Блудный сын), Tumca masSi
ukve SeiniSneba Semoqmedebis Semdgom periodSi momxdari
stilisturi cvlilebebi – pozitiuri idealis gaCena,
harmoniul enaSi diatonikis prioriteti, gaSlili, farTo
sunTqvis melodiebis upiratesoba da sxva.
samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg prokofievma Seqmna
baleti, romelic aRiarebulia misi Semoqmedebis erT-erT
mwvervalad – romeo da julieta1 (Ромео и Джульетта, 1936)
u. Seqspiris tragediis mixedviT. aRsaniSnavia, rom proko-
fievamde sabaleto JanrSi praqtikulad ar gamoiyeneboda
msoflio klasikuri literaturis nimuSebi, miT umetes
baletisTvis ucxo iyo Seqspiris tragediebi; romeo da
julietas Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT sabWoTa kompozi-
torebis SemoqmedebaSi, amgvari siuJetebi sakmaod xSirad
gamoiyeneboda baletis libretos Sesaqmnelad.
prokofievis romeo da julieta, misive adreu-
li baletebisgan gansxvavebiT, samaqtiani kompozicaa,
romlis dramaturgiaSi mZafrad konfliqturi scenebi
adgils uTmoben lirikul-fsiqologiur epizodebs,
dinamikuri, dramatuli epizodebi – divertismentebs.

1
premiera: 1938, 30 dekemberi, brnos (Cexoslovakia) Mahenovo divadlo-Si.

290
 romeo da julietaSi ori kontrastuli samyaros
mTavari personaJebis siyvarulis da mtrobis, Zaladobis
– dapirispireba laitTemebSia koncentrirebuli. esenia:
mtrobis mrisxane Tema, romelic JRers pirvelsave moq-
medebaSi moedanze montekebis da kapuletebis pirveli
Sejaxebisas, Semdeg mejlisze „raindebis cekvis“ Temad
gadaiqceva. am wris Temebis Sesaqmnelad prokofievi
mimarTavs uxeS tembrul Seferilobas, dabal registrs,
politonalur Tanxmovanebebs. msgavsi maxasiaTeblebi
aqvs hercogis brZanebis Temasac. sruliad sxva xerxebs
mimarTavs kompozitori romeos da julietas da maTi
siyvarulis dasaxasiaTeblad: am personaJebis Tematuri
masala gamoirCeva sicxadiT, gamWvirvalebiT, melodi-
urobiT, upiratesoba eniWeba maRal registrs. romeos
da julietas Temebis msgavsia im personaJTa daxasiaTeba,
romlebic maT TanaugrZnoben, kerZod, padre lorencos,
merkucios da julietas gadiasi.
baletSi reliefuradaa daxatuli Janruli, fonuri
xasiaTis scenebi. aq gvxvdeba rogorc quCis atmosferos
amsaxveli cekvebi, ise daxvewili, aristokratuli menue-
ti da gavoti, romlebic julietas megobar gogonebs,
mejlisis atmosferos da sxva situaciebs aRweren.
amgvarad, Teatraluri, gansakuTrebiT ki sacek-
vao, sawyisis dominireba – prokofievis SemoqmedebiTi
individualobis erT-erTi stabiluri maxasiaTebeli
– yvelaze srulad da bunebrivad sabaleto JanrSi ga-
movlinda. mxatvruli saxis, konkretuli musikaluri
Tematizmis plastikuri xedva, rac prokofievis inst-

291
rumentuli nawarmoebebisTvisacaa damaxasiaTebeli, mis
sabaleto partiturebs gansakuTrebul mimzidvelobas
da daxvewilobas aniWebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom kompozitori
xSirad mimarTavs tradiciul sacekvao Janrebs da maT ti-
pur formulebs, magram misi baletebis musikis plastika
axali tipisaa – sakuTriv musikis sintaqsiTaa ganpirobe-
buli moZraobis axleburi dinamika, is TviTon karnaxobs
musikis qoreografiul wakiTxvas, Jestikulaciis Ta-
viseburebas. amgvarad, prokofievi plastikuri saxis
musikalur ekvivalents qmnis, romelSic musikaluri enis
yvela komponentis moqmedebaa mniSvnelovani: ritmis da
melodikis, ritmis da harmoniis, ritmuli energiis da
tembruli faqturis logikuri Tanaarseboba.
prokofievis SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili
ukavia Svid simfonias. misi am Janris nawarmoebebi Zalze
mravlferovania: pirvelSi kompozitori warmogvidgeba
`wminda wylis~ klasikosad, meore – yvelaze ufro ra-
dikalurad novatorulia, mesames da meoTxes warmoSoba
uSualodaa dakavSirebuli Teatralur musikasTan (mesame
– opera cecxlovan angelozTan, meoTxe – balet uZReb
SvilTan), mexuTe simfonia, prokofievis Semoqmedebis
erT-erTi mwvervali, XX saukunis rusul musikaSi epikuri
simfonizmis mniSvnelovan nimuSs warmoadgens, meeqvse
xasiaTdeba kompozitorisTvis uCveulo dramatizmiT,
konfliqturobiT, xolo ukanaskneli meSvide, Taviseburi
simfonieta – lirizmiT, sixalisiT da sisadaviT.
prokofievis simfoniuri musika datvirTulia mka-
fiod gamomsaxveli, Teatralurad gamokveTili mxatv-

292
ruli saxeebiT. Tematizmis eqsponireba umTavresad
dominirebs ganviTarebaze, romelic meTodiT ara da-
muSavebas, aramed sawyisi masalis suraTovan-TxrobiT
gaSlas warmoadgens. es ukanaskneli ki ganapirobebs
formis met-naklebad Caketili epizodebis, `kadrebis~
monacvleobis principze agebas da sonaturi formis gaaz-
rebis axlebur princips – mravalTemiani, gansxvavebuli
xasiaTis da Sinaarsis Tema-saxeebis Tanmimdevrobisgan
agebul struqturas. swored amitom zogierT SemTx-
vevaSi, magaliTad, mesame simfoniis I nawilSi, meeqvsis
II nawilSi, centraluri adgili damuSavebaSi Tematurad
axal epizods ukavia. amgvarad, ikveTeba principuli gansx-
vaveba prokofievis da SostakoviCis sonatur-simfoniur
ciklebSi, damuSavebis rolis TvalsazrisiT: Tu proko-
fievTan upiratesoba eqspoziciurobas eniWeba, Sosta-
koviCi piriqiT, damuSavebas aniWebs prioritets, romelic
Temis Cvenebis stadiazeve, eqspoziciaSi iCens Tavs.
eqspoziciurobis wina planze wamoweva xels uwyobs
prokofievis instrumentul nawarmoebebSi rondose-
burobis principis farTo gamoyenebas, rac Tavs iCens
rogorc erTi nawilis, ise ciklis doneze.
prokofievis simfoniur SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTre-
buli adgili ukavia mis mexuTe simfonias1 (B-dur, op. 100).
meore msoflio omis wlebSi dawerili es oTxnawiliani
cikli rusuli epikuri simfonizmis tradiciebs ganagr-
Zobs. es principi gansakuTrebiT mkafiod vlindeba simfo-
niis I nawilSi (Andante, B-dur), sadac Temebis intonaciuri

1
premiera: 1945, 13 ianvari, moskovi.

293
masala mdored da auCqareblad iSleba da sabolood Cam-
oyalibebuli Temebi mravaljer meordeba. epikur mTavar
partias avsebs lirikuli, sasimRero damxmare. eqspozici-
aSi, am Temebis garda, simfoniis dramaturgiaSi mniSvnelo-
van rols asrulebs daskvniTi partia, gansakuTrebiT ki
misi skercozuli motivi. am Temis Tavisebur ganviTarebas,
mxatvrul saxeTa TvalsazrisiT, warmoadgens simfoniis
II nawili, skerco (Allegro marcato, d-moll). II nawilis Tema
mniSvnelovan metamorfozebs ganicdis nawilis manZilze:
dasawyisSi msubuqi, daxvewili, mxiaruli Tema TandaTan,
mravaljeradi variantuli gameorebis Sedegad (rTuli
samnawiliani formis ganapira nawilebSi Tema tardeba
36-jer), mrisxane xasiaTis xdeba da avismomaswaveblad
JRers. amasTanave, is inarCunebs sawyis tokatur-sacekvao
moZraobas da warmoadgens, Temis pirvelsaxis Seuclelad,
xasiaTis cvlilebis saintereso magaliTs.
gasxvavebul emociur samyaros warmoaCens ciklis
III nawili (Adagio, F-dur). samnawiliani formis ganapira
monakveTebis lirikul peizaJs Sua epizodis mwuxare
xasiaTi upirispirdeba. samgloviaro msvlelobis Te-
masTan ostaturadaa Serwymuli pirveli nawilis Temis
motivi, romelsac mkvlevrebi samSoblos Temas uwodeben.
swored es dramaturgiuli xerxi usvams xazs nawarmoe-
bis garkveul programul qveteqsts – omis Temisadmis
miZRvnas. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom, meore msoflio omiT
STagonebuli SostakoviCis meSvide simfoniisgan gansx-
vavebiT, prokofievis mexuTeSi araa uSualo da pirda-
piri asociaciebi am konkretul istoriul periodTan,

294
ar gvxvdeba Zaladobis amsaxveli Temebi. igi zogadad
borotebiT da masTan dapirispirebuli simSvidis, bu-
nebiT tkbobis, imediT gamowveuli emociis amsaxvelia.
konfliqti aRniSnul saxeobriv sferoebs Soris praq-
tikulad nivelirebulia simfoniis finalSi (Allegro giocoso,
B-dur), romelic TiTqmis mTlianad (gamonaklisi Sesavlis
lirikul-epikuri Temaa, romlis intonaciebi kvlav gais-
mis kodaSi) mxiaruli, daxvewili, graciozuli sacekvao
Temebis monacvleobazea agebuli.
amgvarad, prokofievis mexuTe simfoniis dramatur-
giisTvis damaxasiaTebelia msxvili, SedarebiT Caketili
nagebobebis dapirispireba, ciklis Sua nawilebSi wina plan-
zea simetriul samnawilianobaSi realizebuli saxeobrivi
orplanianoba. swored amgvari, dramatul konfliqturo-
bas moklebuli Tematuri ganviTareba aniWebs am simfonias
obieqtur epikurobas.
termin `epikuri simfonizmis~ gaCena prokofievis Se-
moqmedebasTan mimarTebiT swored mexuTe da meeqvse sim-
foniebma ganapirobes. samecniero literaturaSi kompo-
zitoris stilis amgvar cvlilebas sxvadasxvagvarad
xsnian, Tumca saerTo azric ikveTeba – prokofievis
SemoqmedebaSi dominirebs `axali ubraloebis~ esTetika.
xangrZlivi Ziebebis Sedegad man miaRwia Sinagan wonaswo-
robas da stilis sicxades.
gawonasworebuli, obieqturi, amasTanave lirikuli
da axalgazrduli SemarTebiTaa aRsavse Semoqmedebis
bolo periodSi Seqmnili meSvide simfonia1 (cis-moll,
1
premiera: 1952, 12 oqtomberi, moskovi, diriJori _ samuil samosu-
di (Самуил Самосуд, 1884-1964).
295
op. 131, 1951-52). am oTxna wi liani ciklis struqtura
periodulia: kenti nawilebi neli, lirikulia, imavdrou-
lad pirvelSi sustad SeiniSneba dramatizmi, mesameSi
– epikuroba, xolo wyvili nawilebi moZravi, Janruli
xasiaTisaa.
simfoniis pirveli nawili tradiciulad sonaturi
formiTaa dawerili, magram masSi prioriteti eniWeba
ganviTarebis variaciul da ara damuSavebiT princips –
eqspozicia da repriza Cafiqrebuli, TxrobiTi, farTo
sunTqvis diatonuri mTavari da zRaprul-fantastikuri
daskvniTi partiebis Tavisufali variaciebia. Temebis
amgvarma ganviTarebam bunebrivad Seamcira damuSavebis
masStabebi da misi funqcia.
II nawili (Allegretto) prokofievisTvis tradiciad
qceul cekvis stiqias eTmoba. esaa sazeimo, brwyinva-
le valsi, romelic pirveli nawilis TemebTanaa in-
tonaciurad dakavSirebuli da nawilis lirikul saxeTa
Janrul aspeqts warmoaCens.
simfoniis III nawils (Andante espressivo) poeturi oc-
nebebis sferoSi SevyavarT. am nawilis ZiriTadi Tema
avtoris mier erTxel ukve iyo gamoyenebuli musikaSi
speqtaklisTvis a. puSkinis evgeni oneginis mixedviT,
sadac misi saSualebiT daxasiaTebulia tatiana. am konk-
retuli lirikuli gmiris daxasiaTeba simfoniaSi ganzo-
gadebul, amaRlebuli Cafiqrebis saxes iZens.
tradiciis Tanaxmad, romelic damkvidrda rogorc
zogadad simfoniis JanrSi, ise prokofievis simfoniur
ciklebSi, finali mxiaruli rondo-sonataa sawyisi Temis
mravaljeradi dabrunebiT. eqspoziciis Temebi (mTavari,
296
damxmare da daskvniTi) galopis sxvadasxva nairsaxeobaa
da, amdenad, maT Soris mxolod dinamikuri kontrasti
arsebobs. realur kontrasts mxolod Sua epizodi qmnis,
romelic ori Temisgan Sedgeba – kantilenuri da axal-
gazrduli SemarTebiT aRsavse marSisgan. finalis kodaSi,
romelic ajamebs ara mxolod nawils, aramed mTel sim-
fonias, iqmneba Tematuri TaRi – JRers pirveli nawilis
damxmare partiis lirikul-himnuri Tema da daskvniTi
partiis motivi.
amgvarad, meSvide simfiniis dramaturgiaSi kom-
pozitori upiratesobas aniWebs sxvadasxvagvari mdgo-
mareobis monacvleobas da ara garkveuli musikaluri
movlenebis urTierTdapirispirebas, maT konfliqtur
urTierTobas.
prokofievis SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia
safortepiano musikas. mas Seqmnili aqvs rogorc tradiciuli
Janris nawarmoebebi fortepianosTvis – sonatebi (9 sonata),
koncertebi (5 safortepiano koncerti), ise miniatiurebi
da miniatiuraTa ciklebi. fortepiano kompozitorisTvis
TviTgamoxatvis erT-erTi usayvarlesi saSualebaa, romelsac
igi mTeli SemoqmedebiTi gzis manZilze mimarTavda. amitom
swored safortepiano musika warmoaCens yvelaze srulad
misi stilis evoluciis yvela ZiriTad etaps. XX saukunis sxva
kompozitorebis, magaliTad, bartokis msgavsad, prokofievi
safortepiano musikaSi feradovnebis, kantilenis, daxvewili
koloritis nacvlad, win wamowevs Semtev ritms, tokatur
moZraobebs, mkafio faqturas, pirvelqmnil stiqiurobas,
martellato-s farTo gamoyenebas. amasTanave, ar SeiZleba ar
aRiniSnos tipurad prokofieviseuli farTo sunTqvis da
297
didi diapazonis mqone melodiebi, romlebsac kompozitori
faqizi, lirikuli saxeebis warmosaCenad mimarTavs.
amgvarad, sergei prokofievis Semoqmedeba tradi-
ciis da novatorobis sinTezirebis erT-erTi saintere-
so nimuSia. igi, erTi mxriv, rusuli klasikuri musikis,
glinkas, musorgskis, rimski-korsakovis, borodinis
memkvidrea, xolo meore mxriv, XX saukunis musikis sakma-
od organuli movlena, romlis SemoqmedebiTi mignebebi
SeiZleba ganvixiloT saerTo konteqstSi stravinskis,
franguli `eqvseulis~, bartokis SemoqmedebasTan.

ZiriTadi nawarmoebebis sia

1909, op. 1, sonata fortepianosTvis # 1 [Соната N 1], f-moll
1909, op. 2, oTxi etiudi [Четыре этюда] fortepianosTvis
1909-10, op. 7, ori leqsi qalTa gundisTvis [Два стихотворения для
женского хора] k. balmontis teqstze
1909-1914, op. 5, simfonieta [Симфониетта] A-dur
1911-12, op. 10, koncerti [Концерт для фортепиано N 1] fortepianos
da orkestrisTvis # 1, Des-dur
1911-1913, op. 13, madalena [Маддалена], erTaqtiani opera
1912, op. 14, sonata [Соната N 2] fortepianosTvis # 2, d-moll
1912, op. 11, tokata [Токката] fortepianosTvis, C-dur
1912-14, op. 17, sarkazmebi [Сарказмы] fortepianosTvis
1913-23, op. 16, koncerti fortepianos da orkestrisTvis # 2
[Концерт для фортепиано N 2] g-moll
1914, op. 20, ala da loli, skviTuri siuita [Ала и Лоллий, Скиф-
ская сюита]
1914, op. 18, saZageli ixvis Wuki [Гадкий утенок] xmis da forte-
pianosTvis
298
1915-16 (red. 1927), op. 24, moTamaSe [Игрок], oTxaqtiani opera
1915-17, op. 22, wamierebani [Мимолетности] fortepianosTvis
1915-1920, op. 21, zRapari masxaraze, romelmac Svidi masxa-
ra gaamasxarava [Сказка про шута (семерых шутов перешутившего)],
oTxaqtiani baleti
1916, op. 27, a. axmatovas xuTi leqsi [Пять стихотворений А. Ахма-
товой] xmis da fortepianosTvis
1916-17, op. 25, simfonia # 1, klasikuri [Симфония N 1: Класси-
ческая] D-dur
1916-17, op. 19, koncerti violinos da orkestrisTvis # 1 [Кон-
церт для скрипки N 1] D-dur
1917, op. 28, sonata fortepianosTvis # 3 [Соната N 3], a-moll
1917, op. 29, sonata fortepianosTvis # 4 [Соната N 4], c-moll
1917-21, op. 26, koncerti fortepianos da orkestrisTvis #3
[Концерт для фортепиано N 3], C-dur
1918, op. 31, moxuci bebias zRaprebi [Сказки старой бабушки]
fortepianosTvis
1919, op. 33, sami forToxlisadmi siyvaruli [Любовь к трем
апельсинам], oTxaqtiani opera
1919-27, op. 37, cecxlovani angelozi [Огненный ангел], xuT-
aqtiani opera
1921, op. 36, k. balmontis xuTi leqsi [Пять стихотворений К. Баль-
монта] xmis da fortepianosTvis
1923, op. 38, sonata fortepianosTvis # 5 [Соната N 5], C-dur
1924, op. 40, simfonia # 2 [Симфония N 2] d-moll
1925, op. 41, foladis naxtomi [Стальной скок], erTaqtiani baleti
1928, op. 46, uZRebi Svili [Блудный сын], samaqtiani baleti
1928, op. 44, simfonia # 3 [Симфония N 3] c-moll
1930, op. 51, dneprze [На Днепре], erTaqtiani baleti

299
1930, op. 50, simebiani kvarteti [Струнный квартет N 1] h-moll
1930, op. 47, simfonia # 4 [Симфония N 4] C-dur (pirveli red.)
1931, op. 53, koncerti fortepianos da orkestrisTvis # 4
[Концерт для фортепиано N 4 (для левой руки)] B-dur (marcxena xelis-
Tvis)
1932, op. 55, koncerti fortepianos da orkestrisTvis # 5
[Концерт для фортепиано N 5] G-dur
1932, op. 56, sonata ori violinosTvis [Соната для двух скрипок] C-dur
1933-38, op. 58, koncerti Celos da orkestrisTvis [Концерт для
виолончели] e-moll
1935, op. 63, koncerti violinos da orkestrisTvis # 2 [Концерт
для скрипки N 2] g-moll
1935-36, op. 64, romeo da julieta [Ромео и Джульетта], oTxaq-
tiani baleti
1936, op. 67, petia da mgeli [Петя и волк], simfoniuri zRapari
bavSvebisTvis
1938-39, op. 78, aleqsandre neveli [Александр Невский], kantata
1938-46, op. 80, sonata violinos da fortepianosTvis #1 [Соната
для скрипки и фортепиано N 1] f-moll
1939, op. 81, semion kotko [Семен Котко], xuTaqtiani opera
1939-40, op. 82, sonata fortepianosTvis # 6 [Соната N 6] A-dur
1939-42, op. 83, sonata fortepianosTvis # 7 [Соната N 7] B-dur
1939-44, op. 84, sonata fortepianosTvis # 8 [Соната N 8] B-dur
1940, op. 86, niSnoba monasterSi [Обручение в монастыре], oTx-
aqtiani opera
1940-44, op. 87, konkia [Золушка], samaqtiani baleti
1941, op. 92, simebiani kvarteti # 2 [Струнный квартет N 2] F-dur
1941-52, op. 91, omi da mSvidoba [Война и мир], xuTaqtiani opera
1943, op. 94, sonata fleitis da fortepianosTvis [Соната для
флейты и фортепиано] D-dur
300
1944, op. 94 bis, sonata violinos da fortepianosTvis # 2 [Соната
для скрипки и фортепиано N 2] D-dur
1946, op. 100, simfonia # 5 [Симфония N 5] B-dur
1947, op. 103, sonata fortepianosTvis #9 [Соната N 9] C-dur
1945-47, op. 111, simfonia # 6 [Симфония N 6] es-moll
1947, op. 115, sonata violinosTvis solo [Соната для скрипки
соло] D-dur
1947, op. 112, simfonia # 4 [Симфония N 4] C-dur (axali red.)
1947-48, op. 117, ambavi namdvil adamianze [Повесть о настоящем
человеке], oTxaqtiani opera
1948-50, op. 118, zRapari qvis yvavilze [Сказ о каменном цветке],
oTxaqtiani baleti
1949, op. 119, sonata Celos da fortepianosTvis [Соната для
виолончели и фортепиано] C-dur
1950-52, op. 125, simfonia-koncerti [Симфония-концерт] Celos
da orkestrisTvis e-moll
1951-52, op. 131, simfonia # 7 [Симфония N 7] cis-moll
1952, op. 132, koncertino [Концертино] Celos da orkestris-
Tvis g-moll

musika dramatuli speqtaklebis da kinofilmebisTvis.

301
 dimitri SostakoviCi
(1906-1975)

musikalur xelovnebaSi dimitri SostakoviCis

moulodnelma da triumfalurma gamoCenam brwyinvale
`sastarto~ pozicia mianiWa leningradis konservatoriis
kursdamTavrebuls. misi sakompozitoro debiuti, pir-
veli simfonia, romelic 20 wlis avtoris pirveli se-
riozuli Txzuleba iyo, imTaviTve damkvidrda sakoncer-
to repertuarSi da avtors warmateba mouta na ara
mxolod samSobloSi, aramed sxva qveynebSic. amasTanave,
aRsaniSnavia, rom am pirveli didi warmatebis Semdgom
SostakoviCi ar SeCerebula ukve miRweulze. misi Semoq-
medebis evolucia Zalze dinamikuri da intensiuri iyo1.
SostakoviCis stili, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mra-
valferovnebiT da imavdroulad stabilurobiT xasiaT-
deba. upirvelesi, rasac xazi unda gaesvas, misi tradiciona-
lizmia, magram termini `tradicia~ ar unda gavigoT,
rogorc konkretuli epoqis stilisturi niSnebis ga-
moyeneba, an rogorc neoklasicisturi esTetikisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Janrebis da formebis modelireba.
SostakoviCisTvis tradiciis cneba warsulTan Semoq-
medebiTi urTierTobebis farTo speqtrs, memkvidreo-
biTobas ukavSirdeba2, rac musikaluri xelovnebis iseTi
1
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT Semoqmedebis adreul pe-
riodSi, aRiniSneboda mkveTri, naxtomiseburi cvlilebebic, ro-
desac maRalmxatvruli Rirebulebis mqone nawarmoebebis gverdiT
iqmneboda aSkarad angaJirebuli Txzulebebi, romelTa mniSvneloba
`erTi dRiT~ Semoifargleboda.
2
amis aRniSvna mniSvnelovania SostakoviCis Tanamedrove evropeli
kompozitorebis SemoqmedebiTi Ziebebis da mignebebis aspeqtSi.
302
dimitri SostakoviCi

303
fundamenturi kategoriebis erTgulebas gulisxmobs,
rogoricaa: intonacia, melodia, harmonia, Janri, tipuri
forma. imavdroulad, yvela es parametri masTan mkafiod
individualuradaa gaazrebuli: SostakoviCis musikis
melodiur-intonaciuri da harmoniuli ena, misi struq-
turuli azrovneba tradiciuli faseulobebis ganaxle-
bas, maT axlebur, individualur gaazrebas gulisxmobs.
ufro farTo gagebiT, SostakoviCi im didi tradiciis
uSualo memkvidrea, romelic XVIII-XIX saaukuneebis ev-
ropul kulturaSi Camoyalibda da iseT JanrTanaa daka-
vSirebuli, rogoricaa simfonia. SostakoviCis musikis
mxatvruli samyaro aaRorZinebs im idealebs, romlebic
Camoyalibda beThovenis simfonizmSi da ganviTarda
malerTan. ufro metic, misi simfoniuri Semoqmedebis
evolucias yuradRebiT Tu davakvirdebiT, cxadi gaxdeba,
rom gansxvavebul epoqaSi, gansxvavebuli idealebis da
socialur-kulturuli konteqstis pirobebSi man maler-
is SemoqmedebiTi miRwevebis rekonstruireba moaxdina:
gaiara gza did simfoniidan kamerulisken. SostakoviCis
musikaSi, iseve rogorc mis winamorbedebTan, upiratesoba
eniWeba, erTi mxriv, mTlianis Semadgenel erTeulTa did
raodenobas da, meore mxriv, swrafvas maTi sinTezisken,
rac swored simfonizmis mxatvruli meTodis erT-erTi
mdgradi maxasiaTebelia1.
tradiciis gagrZelebis TvalsazrisiT, ar SeiZleba ar
vaxsenoT Caikovski, romelTanac SostakoviCs akavSirebs
maqsimalurad daZabuli emociuri tonusi, pirovnebis
1
aRsaniSnavia, rom es principi zogadad SostakoviCis stils da ara
mxolod mis simfoniebs axasiaTebs.
305
Sinagan samyaroze fokusireba, intonaciis warmoqmnis da
misi gardaqmnis specifika.
aranakleb mniSvnelovania SostakoviCis memkvid-
reobiTi kavSirebi musorgskisTan, misi musikis Rrma
eqspresiasTan, saxeebTan, specifikur sametyvelo in-
tonaciasTan.

***

dimitri SostakoviCi daibada peterburgSi 1906

wels. 1923 wels daamTavra leningradis konservatoria
fortepianos (l. nikolaevis [Леонид Николаев, 1887-1942]
klasi), xolo 1925 wels kompoziciis (m. Steinbergis
[Максимилиан Штейнберг, 1883-1946] klasi) specialobebiT.
1937 da 1943-48 wlebSi igi iyo leningradis da mosko-
vis konservatoriebis profesori. sxvadasxva wlebSi
SostakoviCi dajildovda saxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso
premiebiT, iyo mravali universitetis sapatio doqtori.
gardaicvala 1975 wels moskovSi.

***

SostakoviCis Semoqmedebis centraluri Janri,

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aris simfonia. kompozitori am
Janrs mTeli SemoqmedebiTi gzis manZilze mimarTavda da
swored simfonia gaxda misTvis azris gamoTqmis ZiriT-
adi forma. zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, SostakoviCis
interesi simfoniis mimarT iZulebiTi iyo, vinaidan mis
opera mcenskis mazris ledi makbetis samTavrobo
kritikis Semdeg saopero Janrisken mibruneba saxifaTo
iyo. realurad, didi dramaturgiuli talantis miuxe-
306
davad, SostakoviCma sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi mrwamsi
srulad swored simfoniur da kamerul-instrumentul
SemoqmedebaSi gamoavlina. igi WeSmaritad kompozito-
ri-simfonistia, romlisTvisac Zalze mniSvnelovania am
Janris iseTi Tavisebureba, rogoricaa inteleqtualuri,
Rrma, ganzogadebuli koncefciis musikiT realizeba.
SemoqmedebiTi gzis manZilze simfoniis Janrs
SostakoviCi yvela etapze mimarTavda da swored masze,
kamerul-instrumentuli ansamblis JanrebTan erTad,
mkafiod aisaxa kompozitoris stilis evolucia. pirve-
li simfoniis Semdgom Seqmnili partiturebi (II, III sim-
foniebi) xasiaTdeba masobrivi Janrebis, revoluciuri
marSebis da pionerTa simRerebis gavleniT Tematizmis
formirebaze, musikaluri azris ganviTarebis danawev-
rebulobiT, socialuri angaJirebiT. mowifuli stilis
zRvari meoTxe simfoniaa, romelic winamorbedTagan ga-
moirCeva rTuli filosofiur-tragikuli koncefciiT,
giganturi proporciebiT, mkveTri kontrastebiT, rac
maleris tradiciebis aTvisebaze miuTiTebs. Semoqmedebis
erT-erTi pirveli mniSvnelovani mwvervali ki mexuTe sim-
foniaa, nawarmoebi, romelic aRsavsea mZafri dramatuli
kontrastebiT, xasiaTdeba struqturuli simwyobriT,
dramaturgiuli mTlianobiT, simfoniuri koncefciis
realizebis srulyofilebiT. momdevno simfoniebi (VI,
VII, VIII) meore msoflio omis wina wlebSi da sakuTriv omis
periodSia dawerili. maTgan gamoirCeva meSvide da merve,
romlebic konkretulad omis da, zogadad, Zaladobis
winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli. omis Semdgom periodSi Seqmnili

307
mecxre da meaTe simfoniebi mkveTrad gansxvavdebian erT-
maneTisgan SinaarsiT: simfonia-skercod wodebul mecxres
mosdevs lirikul-epikuri meaTe. momdevno oTxi simfonia
programuli simfonizmis tips ganekuTvneba. maTgan XI da
XII revoluciur Tematikas ukavSirdeba da, Sesabamisad,
gajerebulia revoluciuri simRerebis intonaciebiT,
XIII da XIV ki vokaluri simfoniebia. calkeuli garegnuli
maxasiaTeblebis msgavsebis miuxedavad, es ori nawarmoebi
principulad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan: XIII simfonia
(e. evtuSenkos [Евгений Евтушенко, 1932-2017] leqsebze) Ta-
viseburi simfonia-oratoriaa, romlis stilistika mzad-
deba grandiozuli vokalur-simfoniuri poemiT stepan
razinis sikvdiliT dasja (КАЗНЬ СТЕПАНА РАЗИНА) da,
imavdroulad, Tavisebur simfonia-igavs warmoadgens,
romelSic ori azrobrivi Sre Tanaarsebobs – realu-
rad gacxadebuli da dafaruli, alegoriuli. sruli-
ad gansxvavebulia XIV simfonia (lorkas, apolineris,
kiuxelbekeris da rilkes1 leqsebze). esaa kameruli tipis
simfonia, romlis ciklis aRnagoba principulad gansx-
vavdeba SostakoviCis sxva simfoniebis struqturisgan.
igi mravalnawiliani (TerTmeti nawili) ciklia, romel-
Sic kamerul-ins tru mentuli da ka merul-vokaluri
Janrebis Tvisebebia sinTezirebli. avtoris aRniSvniT,
XIV simfonia musorgskis sikvdilis simRerebiT da
cekvebiT (Песни и пляски смерти) iyo STagonebuli. orive
am Txzulebis mTavari Tema sikvdili, Zaladoba da masTan
dapirispirebaa.
1
Federico García Lorca, 1898-1936; Guillaume Apollinaire, 1880-1918; Вильгельм
Кюхельбекер, 1797-1846; Rainer Maria Rilke, 1875-1926.
308
 SostakoviCis simfoniur Semoqmedebas agvirgvinebs
XV simfonia, romelSic sinTezirebulia yvela ZiriTadi
SemoqmedebiTi principi. erTi mxriv, ukanaskneli simfo-
nia tradiciuli simfoniuri ciklia nawilTa raodenobis,
maTi formis, gaazrebis da funqciis TvalsazrisiT da, am
mxriv, SostakoviCis Semoqmedebis centralur periodSi
Seqmnil nawarmoebebs emsgavseba, magram, meore mxriv,
Sinaarsis siRrmiT, kamerulobiT, gamWvirvale JRera-
dobiT, musikaluri enis sirTuliT _ gviani periodis
erT-erTi tipuri nimuSia.
amgvarad, erTi SexedviT, SostakoviCi simfoniis
tradiciul paradigmas aniWebs upiratesobas. marTlac,
misi simfoniebis struqtura metwilad tradiciulia (aq
igulisxmeba ara klasikuri tradicia, aramed simfoniis
struqturis is mravalferovani tipebi, romlebic XIX-XX
saukuneebis mijnisTvis Camoyalibda), magram amasTanave
ganicdis siRrmiseul ganaxle bas da Janris arsebiT
Sreebs moicavs. upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia Sosta-
koviCis simfoniebis dramatul-tragikuli koncefcia,
ramac gamoiwvia cvlilebebi Cqar da nel nawilTa propor-
ciebSi da eqspoziciuri da damuSavebiTi monakveTebis
TanafardobaSi.
mniSvnelovania SostakoviCis simfoniebis pirveli
nawilebis agebis Tavisebureba. maTSi ciklis ZiriTadi,
konceptualurad centraluri problemebia dasmuli,
magram isini tradiciisgan gansxvavebulad, umTavre-
sad nel tempSia mocemuli, vinaidan individualuri,
pirovnuli sawyisi swored pirveli nawilebis mTavari

309
partiis eqsponirebis zonaSia koncentrirebuli. Sesa-
bamisad, SostakoviCis simfoniebis umetesobis mTavari
partiebi (an mTeli pirveli nawilebis, rogorc, magaliT-
ad, meeqvse simfoniaSi) nel an zomier tempSia mocemuli.
esaa melodiuri Temebi, sadac dominirebs piano da soli.
absoluturad gansxvavebuladaa warmodgenili mis mi-
marT dapirispirebuli – koleqtiuri, masobrivi sawyisi,
romelic, rogorc wesi, Cqari tempiT, sayofacxovrebo
JanrebiT, forƟssimo da tuƫ-iTaa gadmocemuli. amgvarad,
m. aranovskis azriT1, es opoziciuri wyvili SeiZleba
gavaigivoT antiTezasTan _ `me – anti-me~, romelic ga-
daiqceva damuSavebiTi monakveTebis da, sabolood, mTe-
li simfoniuri ciklis mTavar dramaturgiul RerZad.
SostakoviCis simfoniuri dramaturgiis moyvanili
zogadi principebi SemoqmedebiTi evoluciis manZilze
srulyofas da TandaTanobiT daxvewas ga nicdidnen.
misi Semoqmedebis pirvel periodSi, XX saukunis 30-ian
wlebSi, Seqmnil sam simfoniaSi kompozitori umTavre-
sad gamomsaxveli xerxebis da mxatvruli saxeebis indi-
vidualuri sistemis Seqmnaze muSaobs. mxolod meoTxe
simfoniis Semdeg gadainacvla kompozitoris Ziebebis
centrma arqiteqto nikis, dra maturgiis, musikalu-
ri azris ganviTarebis principebis daxvewis sferoSi.
am TvalsazrisiT, saetapo mniSv neloba aqvs mexuTe
simfonias, romelSic aTvisebulia is principebi, rom-
lebic damaxasiaTebeli gaxdeba momdevno aTwleulebSi
dawerili simfoniebisTvis (VII-X). Semoqmedebis mesame
1
ix.: Арановский М. (1997). Музыкальные «антиутопии» Шостаковича. В кн.:
Русская музыка и ХХ век. М.
310
periodSi dawerili sami simfonia _ XI-XIII programuli
simfoniebis tips ganekuTvneba, Tumca programa maTSi
sxvadasxvagvaradaa gaazrebuli: Tu XI da XII simfoniebi
aSkarad angaJirebuli nawarmoebebia (XI – 1905 weli,
XII – 1917 weli), XIII ki Taviseburi simfonia-igavi, sim-
fonia-qadagebaa, romelSic mxilebulia yovelgvari
boroteba. Semoqmedebis gvian periodSi dawerili ori
simfonia, erTmaneTisgan radikalur gansxvavebasTan
erTad, msgavsebasac Seicaven: orive maTgani kameruli
simfonizmis nimuSebia. es ori Txzuleba, amave periodSi
daweril kamerul-instrumentul nawarmoebebTan erTad
(gviani kvartetebi, sonata violas da fortepianosTvis),
kompozitoris Semoqmedebas ajamebs da stilis yvelaze
saxasiaTo Tvisebebs Seicavs.
amgvarad, SostakoviCis simfonizmi mravalferovani
da rTuli movlenaa, romelSic musikaluri azrovnebis
sxvadasxva parametris erToblioba mTliani koncefciis
Seqmnazea orientirebuli.
gamomsaxveli xerxebis sistemaSi mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs ritmis da melodikis, harmoniis da tembris,
faqturis da ganviTarebis principebis erToblioba, rac
SostakoviCis stils gansazRvravs. rogorc ukve aRvniS-
neT, negatiuri, individualur sawyisTan dapirispirebu-
li saxe, boroteba umTavresad motoruli ritmiTaa daxa-
siaTebuli. ukve pirvel simfoniaSi SeiniSneba motoruli
da sacekvao ritmebis, galopis da marSis tipis Temebis
prioriteti. magram, Tu pirvel simfoniaSi moZravi Te-
mebi jer araa gamokveTilad dakavSirebuli negatiur

311
saxeebTan, Semdgomi periodebis nawarmoebebSi aRniSnu-
li semantika sul ufro mkafio xdeba. es Seexeba meoTxe
simfoniis finals, mexuTis skercos, meeqvsis da mecxris
finalebs da sxva. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos meqan-
ikuri, avtomatizebuli ritmis dramaturgiuli roli
Zaladobis amsaxvel epizodebSi. tradiciulad, amgvar
epizodebs omis Temas ukavSirebdnen, magram realurad es
ara mxolod gare mtris, aramed yovelgvari borotebis
saxea, romelic pirovnebas, mis individualur `me~-s
upirispirdeba da amdenad, es ara mxolod gare mtris,
aramed sazogadod saxelmwifo manqanis, imdroindeli
saxelmwifo sistemis saxed SeiZleba warmovidginoT. ase-
Ti epizodebia _ `Semosevis epizodi~ meSvide simfoniis
I nawilidan, tokata mervedan, meaTe simfoniis skerco,
fugato meTerTmetes daxvretis epizodidan, amave sim-
foniis finali.
ritmis paralelurad mniSvnelovan dramatur-
giul funqcias asrulebs tembri. am TvalsazrisiT,
SostakoviCi tradiciulad azrovnebs da evropeli kom-
pozitorebis mignebebi tembris emansipaciis sferoSi
SostakoviCisTvis ucxoa. gamonaklisi mxolod adreuli
periodia, kompozitoris gataceba dasartyami sakravebis
SesaZleblobebiT (magaliTad moviyvanT antraqts opera
cxviridan). 30-iani wlebidan moyolebuli SostakoviCi
saorkestro jgufebis funqciebis tradiciul ganaw-
ilebas aniWebs upiratesobas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
ZiriTadad monotembrulad eqsponirebuli Temebi Ser-
Ceul fers xSirad nawarmoebis bolomde inarCuneben, rac

312
tembris personifikaciis kompozitoriseul meTodTanaa
dakavSirebuli.
Zalze specifikuria SostakoviCis melosi. mis me-
lodiebs safuZvlad xSirad sametyvelo, deklamaciu-
ri, TxrobiTi intonaciebi udevs, riTac vlindeba kom-
pozitoris memkvidreobiTi kavSiri musorgskisTan. maT
gverdiT gvxvdeba kantilenuri, sasimRero melodiebic,
romlebic, rogorc wesi, nel nawilebSi, individualuri
sawyisis batonobis zonebSi iCens Tavs. aseTia: mexuTe sim-
foniis neli nawilis Tema, meSvide da merve simfoniebis
I nawilebis damxmare partiebi, mecxris II nawili, meaTis
I nawilis mTavari partia da sxva.
ganviTarebis xerxebs Soris gansakuTrebuli aR-
niSvnis Rirsia SostakoviCis mier polifoniis farTo
gamoyeneba. igi baxis stilisTvis damaxasiaTebel po-
lifoniis principebs aniWebs upiratesobas da misi
interesi polifoniis mimarT adreuli periodidanve
SeiniSneba. polifoniur formebs kompozitori umTav-
resad nel nawilebSi mimarTavs. amasTanave, ganviTarebis
polifoniuri xerxebiTaa gajerebuli SostakoviCis
simfoniebis damuSavebebi. calke jgufad SeiZleba ga-
moiyos pasakaliis tipis formebi, rac Rrma Cafiqrebis,
eqspresiis da, imavdroulad, azris ganviTarebis mkacri
disciplinis niSania. sakuTriv pasakalia SostakoviCs ga-
moyenebuli aqvs VIII simfoniaSi, Tumca msgavsi xerxebi da
ganviTarebis principebi gvxvdeba XIII da XV simfoniebis
nel nawilebSi, aseve, XIV-s I nawilSi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom
polifoniis, rogorc ganviTarebis polifoniuri xerxe-

313
bis, ise zogadad azrovnebis polifoniurobis aRorZine-
ba swored XX saukuneSi moxda da, am mxriv, SostakoviCi
epoqis ZiriTad, magistralur xazs misdevs.
SostakoviCis simfoniebis pirveli nawilebi, rom-
lebic umTavresad sonaturi formiTaa dawerili, Tavise-
buradaa gaazrebuli, rac konfliqtis gamovlenasTanaa
dakavSirebuli. mis simfoniur TxzulebebSi ori tipis
konfliqts vxvdebiT – Sinagans da garegans. Sinagani
konfliqti vlindeba Temebis SigniT, Sinagani dialogis
saxiT, romlis drosac xdeba individualuri `me~-s Tan-
daTanobiTi Camoyalibeba. garegani – Temebs Soris, mag-
ram, tradiciisgan gansxvavebiT, konfliqti eqspoziciis
stadiaze, rogorc wesi, mxolod miniSnebiT vlindeba da
gansakuTrebul simZafres eqspozicias da damuSavebas
Soris iZens. imavdroulad, konfliqtur sawyisebs So-
ris mkafio Tematuri kavSirebi iCens Tavs, rac cikls
amTlianebs.

***

SostakoviCis SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili

ukavia saopero Janrs. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi mxolod
ori operis avtoria, man XX saukunis pirveli naxevris
rusul saopero musikaSi mniSvnelovani kvali datova.
am JanrSi SostakoviCis pirvelma nawarmoebma mwvave
polemika gamoiwvia. oficialuri kritika SostakoviCs Ta-
namedrove evropuli operebis apologetikaSi adanaSauleb-
da, Tanamoazreebi ki masSi Tanamedrove rusuli musikis
mniSvnelovan monapovars xedavdnen.

314
 SostakoviCis opera cxviri1 (Нос, op. 15, 1927-28,
n. gogolis [Николай Гоголь, 1809-1952] mixedviT) ope-
ra-satiraa, romelSic ada mian Ta xasiaTis Tvisebebi
ukiduresobamde deformirebuli da absurdamde gamZa-
frebulia. aRsaniSnavia, rom kompozitoris Canafiqri ar
ewinaaRmdegeba mwerlis Canafiqrs, romlis mizani misi Ta-
namedrove sazogadoebis mwvave mxileba iyo. amasTanave,
operis dramaturgia – epizodebis swrafi monacvleoba,
kontrastuli scenebis dapirispireba, scenuri situ-
aciis ukiduresi pirobiToba – v. meerxoldis (Всеволод
Мейерхольд, 1874-1940) Teatraluri principebis did gav-
lenaze metyvelebs2. amgvarad, groteski operaSi, lit-
eraturuli pirvelwyaros msgavsad, Tanamedrove yofis
uazrobis, misi mankierebis gadmocemiskenaa mimarTuli.
amgvarma SemoqmedebiTma amocanam ki ganapiroba, rom
operis arc erT gmirs ar Seswevs realuri grZnobebis
gancdis unari, rac kidev ufro amZafrebs nawarmoebis
satirulobas.
gogolis moTxrobis da meerxoldis Teatris garda,
SostakoviCma Tanamedrove evropul operazec aiRo orient-
acia. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom 20-ian wlebSi petrogradis
(leningradis) saopero TeatrSi daidga bergis voceki,
krJenekis, r. Starusis da sxvaTa nawarmoebebi, romelTa-
gan swored bergis operis mimbaZvelobaSi daadanaSaules
kompozitori, magram realurad msgavseba metia ernst
krJenekis opera Crdilze gadaxtomasTan (Ernst Křenek, Der

1
premiera: 1930, 18 ianvari, leningradis mcire saopero Teatri.
2
cnobilia, rom SostakoviCi aRtacebuli iyo gogolis revizoris
(Ревизор) meerxoldis mier Teatr ТиМ-s scenaze dadgmiT.
315
Sprung über den Scha en) da ara vocekTan. cxvirSi, krJenekis
am Txzulebis msgavsad, upiratesoba eniWeba grotesks,
xolo socialuri konteqsti1, romelic bergis operebis
da kerZod vocekis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani arsobrivi
Tvisebaa, aq sruliad ignorirebulia. orive nawarmoebSi da
gansakuTrebiT cxvirSi, SesaZloa pirvelad operis isto-
riaSi, mTlianadaa ignorirebuli pozitiuri ideali, arc
erTi personaJi ar iwvevs simpaTias da TanagrZnobas. ope-
ris scenuri situaciebi, misi gmirebic deformirebulni,
maxinjni, arabunebrivni arian, rac, erTi mxriv, ganumeore-
bel, Zalze STambeWdav efeqts qmnis, meore mxriv ki, audi-
toriaSi dacinvis garda araviTar sxva emocias ar badebs.
ZiriTadi xerxi, romliTac miiRweva dasmuli SemoqmedebiTi
amocana – rusuli metyvelebis bunebrivi intonaciebis hip-
erbolizebuli gamZafrebaa da maTTvis zustad Sesatyvisi
musikaluri intonaciebis misadageba. am mxriv, aRsaniSnavia
operis mTavari gmiris, maior kovaliovis sasowarkveTili
godeba dakarguli cxviris gamo an dalaqis colis Tav-
zardamcemi kivili cxviris povnisas, kovaliovis msaxuris
moulodneli da moCvenebiTi galanturoba an `kvartalnis~2
vokaluri partia, romelic TiTqos mosalodneli dabali
xmis nacvlad tenor-altinos daekisra, ramac satiruli
efeqti gaamZafra.
aranakleb efeqturia operis masobrivi scenebi.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom rusul operaSi xalxis sa-

1
aq SegaxsenebT, rom bergis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarma h. redlixma
`voceks~ `socialuri TanagrZnobis drama~ uwoda.
2
`kvartalni~ – policielis Tanamdeboba mefis ruseTSi, ubnis
zedamxedveli.

316
xe tradiciulad keTilSobili, pozitiuri idealis
matarebeli iyo. gamonaklisia rimski-korsakovis oqros
mamali (Золотой петушок), sadac xalxi usaxo brbodaa
warmodgenili. SostakoviCis cxvirSi swored es xazia
ganviTarebuli da warmoCenilia masis midrekileba spon-
tanuri fsiqozebisadmi, romlis damorCilebac mxolod
policielis sastvens an ganrisxebuli maRalCinosnis
SeZaxils SeuZlia. amgvar epizodebs Soris gansakuTre-
biT STambeWdavia e. w. `absurdis ansambli~, meezoveebis
oqteti V suraTidan, romlebic sxvadasxva sagazeTo
gancxadebas erTdroulad kiTxuloben.
SostakoviCis cxviri 20-iani wlebis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani monapovaria, romelic warmoadgens ru-
suli operis ganviTarebis Tvisobrivad axal safexurs.
marTalia, kompozitors am mimarTulebiT muSaoba ar
gaugrZelebia, magram am nawarmoebSi Camoyalibebuli
calkeuli principebi – groteskuli saxeebis Seqmna – mis
Semdgom Semoqmedebaze, kerZod simfoniis Janrze, axdens
gavlenas.
SostakoviCis saopero Semoqmedebis meore, bolo
qmnilebaa masStaburi drama mcenskis mazris ledi
makbeti (Леди Макбет Мценского уезда) (meore redaqciiT
katerina izmailova [Катерина Измайлова]), misi am Jan-
ris kulminacia da epoqis erT-erTi yvelaze Rirebuli
nawarmoebi. operis premiera Sedga 1934 wlis 22 ianvars
leningradSi.
SostakoviCis es opera principulad gamoirCeoda
30-iani wlebis sxva sabWoTa operebisgan musikaluri

317
portretebis mravalferovnebiT, mxatvruli da ma-
jereblobiT da siRrmiT, dramaturgiis mTlianobiT,
novatorobiT da, amasTanave, tradiciasTan mWidro
kavSiriT. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, erTi mxriv,
siaxlove Caikovskis pikis qalTan, rac tragediul kon-
cefciaSi vlindeba, xolo meore mxriv, musorgskis musi-
kalur dramebTan sagundo scenebis simravliT, vokaluri
partiis reCitatiul-deklamaciuri stiliT da satiruli
personaJebis daxasiaTebis specifikiT. Tanamedrove sa-
opero literaturidan katerina izmailova yvelaze
axlosaa bergis vocekTan. am or qmnilebas eqspresion-
izmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli pirquSi atmosfero, gmirTa
fsiqologiuri portretebi da calkeuli personaJebis
groteskul-parodiuli daxasiaTeba aaxloebs.
SostakoviCis katerina izmailova epoqis erT-er-
Ti saukeTeso nimuSia, Tumca, amave dros, operam sabWoTa
reJimis mZafri kritika daimsaxura da am periodSi Seqm-
nili sxva, naklebi Rirebulebis mqone nawarmoebebTan
erTad, samTavrobo dadgenilebiT dadanaSaulebuli iyo
formalizmSi1.
katerina izmailovas kompozitorma tragedia-
satira uwoda da amiT xazi gausva nawarmoebis Janruli
arsis or mxares. masSi Tanaarsebobs tragizmi da mZafri
groteski, natifi fsiqologizmi da mouxeSavi bufonada.
dramatuli konfliqti Tanmimdevruladaa gaxsnili operis
saxeobriv-intonaciur sferoSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom op-
eraSi, cxviris msgavsad, realurad dadebiTi personaJebi

1
ix.: Сумбур вместо музыки. gazeTi „Правда“ 1936, 28 ianvari.

318
ar arian, kompozitori imgvarad axasiaTebs katerinas, rom
igi msmenelis TanagrZnobas imsaxurebs da pozitiur per-
sonaJad moiazreba, yvela danarCenisgan gansxvavebiT, rom-
lebic swored musikaluri saSualebebiT arian mxilebulni.
WeSmaritad adamianuri emociebis matarebeli katerina
garSemortymulia boroti, ugulo, daundobeli samyaroTi da
bolos am samyaros msxverpli xdeba. misi daxasiaTeba sasimRe-
ro intonaciebzea dafuZnebuli, rogorc xalxuri simReris,
ise romansis tipis saqcevebze da Rrma, gulwrfeli lirizmi-
Taa ganmsWvaluli. katerinas pirveli monologi, romliTac
iwyeba opera (`О, боже мой, какая скука~1), aRsavsea usasoobiT da
sevdiT da ganmsWvalulia rusuli sasimRero intonaciebiT,
romlebic gamdidrebulia kompozitoris individualuri
stilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli modaluri saqcevebiT. meore
monologi (`Много вы, мужики, о себе возмечтали~2, meore su-
raTi) gansakuTrebuli ubraloebiT da, amasTanave, didi
Sinagani vnebiT xasiaTdeba. masSi deklamaciuri intona-
ciebi dominirebs, rac musorgskis saopero tradiciebTan
siaxloveze miuTiTebs. katerinas partiaSi gansakuTre-
buli lirizmiT da kantilenuri melodikiT xasiaTdeba
ariozo `Я однажды в окошко увидела~3 (pirveli moqmedeba).
tragikul kulminacias katerinas saxis ganviTareba aR-
wevs operis finalSi, sadac gmirs ori monologi aqvs: `Не
легко после почета да поклонов перед судом стоять~4 da `В лесу, в

1
О, боже мой, какая скука – o, RmerTo Cemo, ra mowyenilobaa.
2
Много вы, мужики, о себе возмечтали – kacebo, ra didi azris xarT
sakuTar Tavze.
3
Я однажды в окошко увидела – erTxel fanjridan davinaxe.
4
Не легко после почета да поклонов перед судом стоять – advili araa Tay-
vaniscemis Semdeg sasamarTlos winaSe dgoma.
319
самой чаще, есть озеро~1. pirveli maTgani mwuxare Txrobis
xasiaTs atarebs, meore ki – srul garindebas, realobis
adekvatur aRqmas moklebuli, TiTqmis SeSlili adamianis
saxes warmogvidgens.
operis sxva personaJebi ZiriTadad reCitatiul-de-
klamaciuri vokaliT arian daxasiaTebulni. gamonaklisia
sergeis partia, gansakuTrebiT operis dasawyisSi, magram
misi kantilena hipertrofirebulia da xazgasmiT yalbi,
Teatralizebuli grZnobebis gadmocemas emsaxureba.
meorexarisxovani personaJebis daxasiaTebisas
farTodaa gamoyenebuli sayofacxovrebo Janrebis in-
tonaciebi. magram unda aRiniSnos, rom maTi gamoyenebis
konteqsti katerinas partiisgan gansxvavdeba – xazgasmiT
banaluri, groteskulad damaxinjebuli, – ris gamoc maTi
musikaluri portretebi negatiur Tvisebebs iZenen.
operis mTavari uaryofiTi personaJebi – boris
timofeeviCi, zinovi borisoviCi, sergei – cxviris gmi-
rebisgan gansxvavebiT, ara saxe-niRbebs, aramed realis-
tur fsiqologiur portretebs warmoadgenen, romlebic
mravalmxrivad arian warmoCenilni. amgvarad, saxeTa
satiruli daxasiaTeba maT xasiaTebs mxolod amZafrebs.
amave sazarel, daundobel da pirquS samyaros ganekuT-
vnebian meorexarisxovani personaJebic – mRvdeli, `kvar-
talni~, policieli, `zadripani muJiConka~. aqve unda
aRiniSnos, rom maTi da gansakuTrebiT policielebis
daxasiaTebisas kompozitori upiratesad groteskul xe-
rxebs mimarTavs da Tavisi bufonaduri xasiaTiT scenaSi

1
В лесу, в самой чаще, есть озеро – daburul tyeSi tba aris.
320
`В полицейском участке~1 garemomcveli scenebis tragizms
kidev ufro amZafrebs.
operis dramaturgia damyarebulia daZabulobis
TandaTanobiT zrdaze, romelic kulminacias merve su-
raTSi aRwevs. finalur moqmedebas simZafres aniWebs ara
mxolod gmirTa daxasiaTeba, aramed katorRaze mimaval-
Ta gundi. am scenebze saubrisas kompozitori aRniSnavda,
rom aq aRwerilia daTrgunuli, dabeCavebuli, gawkepli-
li ruseTi da paralels avlebda T. dostoevskis mkvda-
ri saxlis CanawerebTan (Записки из Мёртвого дома).
operaSi mniSvnelovani roli ekisreba saorkestro
partias, vrcel saorkestro antraqtebs, romlebic movle-
naTa ganzogadeba-gaazrebas warmoadgenen. saorkestro epi-
zodebs Soris unda aRiniSnos scena, sadac sergei sardafSi
miaTrevs mokluli zinovi borisoviCis cxedars, katerina
ki mas gzas sanTliT unaTebs. es Cumi marSi mTavari gmiris
ganwirulobas ganasaxierebs. erTi mxriv, man TiTqos mi-
aRwia sanatrels, meore mxriv ki – igi ufskrulis pirasaa,
romlis iqiT damcireba, Zaladoba da uimedobaa. meore
mniSvnelovani saorkestro epizodia antraqti mexuTe
suraTis win, romelic pasakaliis formiTaa dawerili
da SostakoviCis simfoniebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvi-
sebebiT – azris koncentraciiT, musikaluri masalis
intensiuri ganviTarebiT, dinamizmiT da mTlianobiT
xasiaTdeba. saorkestro partiis rolis TvalsazrisiT,
katerina izmailova bergis Sedevrs uaxlovdeba.
amgvarad, dramaturgiuli mTlianobiT, gmirTa da-
xasiaTebis reliefurobiT da fsiqologiuri damajereb-
1
`policiis ganyofilebaSi~.
321
lobiT SostakoviCis katerina izmailova XX saukunis
pirveli naxevris erT-erTi saukeTeso rusuli operaa.
amrigad, dimitri SostakoviCi XX saukunis gamoCeni-
li rusi kompozitoria, romelmac mniSvnelovani kvali da-
tova msoflio musikis istoriaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki iseTi
Janris ganviTarebaSi, rogoricaa simfonia. SostakoviCis
Semoqmedeba uzarmazaria Janruli da Tematuri Tvalsaz-
risiT da praqtikulad yvela tradiciul Janrs moicavs.
imavdroulad, misTvis tipuria arsebuli tradiciis gar-
dasaxva da axal TvisobriobaSi gadayvana.

ZiriTadi nawarmoebebis sia

1923, op. 8, safortepiano trio # 1 [Фортепианное трио N 1]
1924-1925, op. 10, simfonia #1 [Симфония N 1] f-moll,
1926, op. 12, safortepiano sonata #1 [Соната N 1] D-dur
1927, op. 14, simfonia # 2 H-dur oqtombers [Симфония N 2: Октябрю]
1927-1928, op. 15, cxviri [Нос], samaqtiani opera
1929, op. 20, simfonia #3 Es-dur sapirvelmaiso [Симфония N 3:
Первомайская]
1929-1930, op. 22, oqros xana [Золотой век], samaqtiani baleti
1930-1931, op. 27, WanWiki [Болт], samaqtiani qoreografiuli
speqtakli
1930-1932, op. 29, mcenskis mazris ledi makbeti [Леди Макбет
Мценского уезда], oTxaqtiani opera
1932-1933, op. 34, 24 preludia [24 Прелюдии] fortepianosTvis
1933, op. 35, koncerti fortepianos da orkestrisTvis # 1
[Концерт для фортепиано N 1] c-moll
1934, op. 40, sonata Celos da fortepianosTvis [Соната для
виолончели и фортепиано] d-moll
322
1934-1935, op. 39, naTeli nakaduli [Светлый ручей], samaqtiani
komikuri baleti prologiT
1935-1936, op. 43, simfonia # 4 [Симфония N 4] c-moll
1937, op. 47, simfonia # 5 [Симфония N 5] d-moll
1938, op. 49, simebiani kvarteti # 1 [Струнный квартет N 1] C-dur
1939, op. 54, simfonia # 6 [Симфония N 6] h-moll
1940, op. 57, safortepiano kvinteti [Фортепианный квинтет] g-moll
1941, op. 60, simfonia # 7: leningradis [Симфония N7: Ленин-
градская], C-dur
1941-1942, moTamaSeebi [Игроки], opera (daumTavrebeli)
1943, op. 61, safortepiano sonata # 2 [Соната N 2] h-moll
1943, op. 65, simfonia # 8 [Симфония N 8] c-moll
1944, op. 68, simebiani kvarteti # 2 [Струнный квартет N 2] A-dur
1944, op. 67, safortepiano trio # 2 [Фортепианное трио N 2]
e-moll
1945, op. 70, simfonia # 9 [Симфония N 9] Es-dur
1946, op. 73, simebiani kvarteti # 3 [Струнный квартет N 3] F-dur
1947-1948, op. 77, koncerti violinos da orkestrisTvis #1 [Кон-
церт для скрипки N 1] a-moll
1948, op. 79, ebrauli xalxuri poeziidan [«Из еврейской
народной поэзии»] sopranos, altis, tenoris da fortepianosTvis
1949, op. 83, simebiani kvarteti # 4 [Струнный квартет N 4] D-dur
1950-1951, op. 87, 24 preludia da fuga [24 Прелюдии и фуги]
fortepianosTvis
1952, op. 92, simebiani kvarteti # 5 [Струнный квартет N 5] B-dur
1953, op. 93, simfonia # 10 [Симфония N 10] e-moll
1953-1962, op. 224, katerina izmailova [Катерина Измайлова]
(opera mcenskis mazris ledi makbetis meore redaqcia)
1956, op. 101, simebiani kvarteti # 6 [Струнный квартет N 6] G-dur

323
1956-1957, op. 103, simfonia # 11:1905 weli [Симфония N 11: 1905
год] g-moll
1957, op. 102, koncerti fortepianos da orkestrisTvis # 2
[Концерт для фортепиано N 2] F-dur
1957-1958, moskovi, CeriomuSkebi [Москва, Черёмушки], samaq-
tiani opereta
1959, op. 107, koncerti Celos da orkestrisTvis # 1 [Концерт
для виолончели N 1] Es-dur
1959-1961, op. 112, simfonia # 12: 1917 weli [Симфония N 12: 1917
год], d-moll
1960, op. 109, satirebi, xuTi romansi saSa Cernis teqstebze
[Сатиры, пять романсов на стихи Саши Черного] sopranos da for-
tepianosTvis
1960, op. 108, simebiani kvarteti # 7 [Струнный квартет N 7]
fis-moll
1960, op. 110, simebiani kvarteti # 8 [Струнный квартет N 8] c-moll
1962, op. 113, simfonia # 13 [Симфония N 13] b-moll
1964, op. 119, stepan razinis sikvdiliT dasja [Казнь
Степана Разина], vokalur-simfoniuri poema banis, gundis da
orkestrisTvis
1964, op. 117, simebiani kvarteti # 9 [Струнный квартет N 9] Es-dur
1964, op. 118, simebiani kvarteti # 10 [Струнный квартет N 10]
As-dur
1966, op. 126, koncerti Celos da orkestrisTvis # 2 [Концерт
для виолончели N 2] G-dur
1966, op. 122, simebiani kvarteti # 11 [Струнный квартет N 11]
f-moll
1967, op. 129, koncerti violinos da orkestrisTvis # 2 [Кон-
церт для скрипки N 2] cis-moll

324
1968, op. 134, sonata violinos da fortepianosTvis [Соната для
скрипки и фортепиано]
1968, op. 133, simebiani kvarteti #12 [Струнный квартет N 12]
Des-dur
1969, op. 135, simfonia 14 [Симфония N 14]
1970, op. 138, simebiani kvarteti # 13 [Струнный квартет N 13]
b-moll
1971, op. 141, simfonia # 15 [Симфония N 15] A-dur
1973, op. 142, simebiani kvarteti # 14 [Струнный квартет N 14]
Fis-dur
1973, op. 143, marina cvetaevas eqvsi leqsi [Шесть стихотворе-
ний Марины Цветаевой] kontraltos da fortepianosTvis
1974, op. 144, simebiani kvarteti # 15 [Струнный квартет N 15]
es-moll
1974, op. 145, siuita miqelanjelo buanarotis teqstze
[Сюита на слова Микеланджело Буонаротти] banis da fortepianosTvis
1975, op. 147, sonata violas da fortepianosTvis [Соната для
альта и фортепиано]

musika 20-mde dramatuli speqtaklis da 40-mde kinofilmisTvis

325
 olivie mesiani
(1908-1992)

olivie mesiani XX saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze

idumali SemoqmedebiTi figuraa, romlis mxatvrul sam-
yaros raRac mistikuri xibli aqvs, rac stilis saocari
erTianobiT da, amasTanave, uCveulo mravalferovnebiT
aixsneba.
mesianis msoflmxedveloba koncentrirebulia mara-
diul filosofiur-eTikur problemebze, kacobriobis
udides kulturul monapovrebze (evropulsa da araev-
ropulze), sulier meditaciaze, romelic TviTSemecne-
bis da TviTCaRrmavebis saukeTeso saSualebaa, bunebis
harmoniul da xalas samyaroze. kompozitori-novatori
olivie mesiani mravali SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis da aRmoCe-
nis saTaveebTan idga da musikaluri azrovnebis sazRvre-
bi mniSvnelovnad gaafarTova.
kompozitoris saxeli safrangeTis musikalur wre-
ebSi 30-iani wlebis bolos gaxda cnobili da mogvianebiT,
ukve 40-iani wlebidan, msoflio aRiareba moipova.
mesianis musika, misi Semoqmedebis esTetika uSua-
lodaa dakavSirebuli frangul tradiciasTan, rac kon-
kretulad saorkestro weris maneris feradovnebas, gar-
kveul Teatralurobas, saocar daxvewilobas, zomierebas
da gemovnebas ukavSirdeba. amasTanave, mesianis musikaSi
sainteresodaa gardatexili sxva kulturul tradicia-
Ta Taviseburebebi. kerZod, is xSirad mimarTavda indur
musikalur tradiciebs, perus folklors da sxv. mesianis
326
olivie mesiani

327
SemoqmedebaSi organuladaa sinTezirebuli antikuri
metri, grigoriseuli qorali, induri ritmi, izorit-
muli moteti, debiusiseuli feradovneba, frinvelebis
galoba, ritmuli varirebis stravinskiseuli teqnika,
motivuri damuSavebis klasikuri meTodi. amasTanave,
Tavad kompozitori aRniSnavs, rom misi moRvaweobis
mTavari mizania, `daamkvidros kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis
WeSmaritebani~.
kompozitoris, pianistis, organistis, pedagogis1
da Teoretikosis olivie mesianis Semoqmedeba Janruli
mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. misi nawarmoebebis kat-
alogSi gvxvdeba saorgano, safortepiano, saansamblo,
saorkestro, kamerul-vokaluri, sagundo Txzulebebi da
erTi opera wminda francisk asizeli. mesianis nawar-
moebebis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli Tvisebaa Rrma Sinaarsi,
ganumeorebeli individualoba da gulwrfeli emoci-
uroba. kiTxvaze, ratom wers musikas, klod samiuelTan2
saubarisas mesianma ase upasuxa: „vwer imisTvis, rom
raRac gamovxato da raRac ganvsazRvro. yoveli axali
nawarmoebi axali problemebis winaSe mayenebs, romlebic
sul ufro rTuldeba Cvens epoqaSi, mravali sakamaTo
esTetikuri poziciis arsebobis pirobebSi. vcdilob
gavacnobiero isini, magram vrCebi maT miRma“3 da Semdeg
sakuTari Semoqmedebis ZiriTad esTetikur sayrdenebs

1
sxvadasxva wels mesianis mowafeebi iyvnen: pier bulezi, karlhainc
Stokhauzeni, ianis qsenakisi, dierd kurtagi, tristan miurai, Jerar
grize, jorj benjamini da mravali sxv.
2
Claude Samuel (1931-2020) _ frangi musikologi, kritikosi.
3
Messiaen, O. (1994). Music and Color. Conversa ons with Claude Samuel. Trans.
by E. Thomas Clasow. Portland (Oregon): Amadeus Press _ p. 20.
329
azurstebs: „Cemi musika aerTianebs kaTolikur rwmenas,
miTs tristan da izoldaze da frinvelebis maRalganvi-
Tarebul galobas. masSi aseve viyeneb berZnul metrikas,
Zveli indoeTis ‘deçi-talas’-is provinciis ritmebs, ram-
denime sakuTar ritmul teqnikas, iseTebs, rogorebicaa
ritmuli personaJebi, Seuqcevadi ritmebi, simetriuli
permutaciebi. bolos unda aRvniSno feradovneba _ Cemi
musikaluri enis yvelaze mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli“1.
olivie mesiani daibada 1908 wels avinionSi. 1919
wels Caabara parizis erovnul konservatoriaSi, sadac
11 weli swavlobda. misi am periodis nawarmoebebi ukve
warmoaCenen mis ZiriTad SemoqmedebiT miswrafebebs
– religiuri Tematika (daviwyebuli Sesawiri [Les
Offrandes oubliées]), induri ritmi, grigoriseuli qorali,
frinvelTa galoba da, amasTanave, eqsperimentalizmi.
30-ian wlebSi Seqmnil nawarmoebTa Soris aRsaniSnavia
amaRleba (L’ascension), uflis dabadeba (La Nativité du
Seigneur) da sxva Txzulebebi, romlebic aseve religiur
Temazea dawerili. mesianis religiuri nawarmoebebis
wyaro mudam wminda werilis teqstebia, ris gamoc mis
SemoqmedebaSi xSirad gvxvdeba erTi da igive Temebi, siu-
Jetebi da personaJebi. mesianis 30-iani wlebis nawarmoe-
bebi aRsaniSnavia im TvalsazrisiTac, rom maTSi TiTqmis
srulyofiladaa Camoyalibebuli kompozitoris specifi-
kuri manera, kompoziciis teqnika, romelic Semoqmedebis
momdevno etapebze mxolod mcireoden cvlilebas, ufro
zustad, mcireoden gafarToebas ganicdis. Semoqmedebis

1
Ibid. _ p. 21.

330
sxvadasxva periodSi erT-erTi maTgani ikavebs wamyvan
adgils da swored es principia amosavali mesianis Semo-
qmedebis periodizaciisas. aqedan gamomdinare: pirveli,
adreuli periodi, 30-iani da 40-iani wlebis pirvel naxe-
vars moicavs da religiur TematikasTanaa dakavSirebuli;
meore (1945-1952 ww.) – e. w. egzotikuri periodis Tametikas,
umTavresad, araevropuli kulturebis mimarT mZafri
interesi gansazRvravs; mesame periodi (50-iani wlebis
dasawyisi) xasiaTdeba sxvadasxvagvari eqsperimentebiT
bgeris parametris – grZliobis, artikulaciis, tembris,
dinamikis sferoSi; 50-iani wlebis meore naxevridan mesian-
is SemoqmedebiTi interesebis centrSi buneba, kerZod fr-
invelTa galoba eqceva, ris gamoc Semoqmedebis am periods
panTeisturi ewoda; dabolos, 60-iani wlebis miwurulidan
90-ian wlebamde grZeldeba mesianis Semoqmedebis bolo,
sinTezuri periodi, romelSic gaerTianebulia wina peri-
odebis SemoqmedebiTi mignebebi.
mesianis Semoqmedebis pirveli periodi imiTacaa
aRsaniSnavi, rom igi gaxda kompozitorTa gaerTianeba
`axalgazrda safrangeTis~ wevri (sxva wevrebi iyvnen: i.
bodrio, a. Jolive, d. lesiuri1), magram am gaerTianebam
sul cota xani iarseba da istoriaSi umTavresad swored
mesianis gamo Sevida.
1940 weli mniSvnelovani TariRia mesianis biogra-
fiaSi. am wels igi gaiwvies jarSi, xolo ramdenime TveSi
tyved Cavarda da giorgicis (Görlitz) samxedro tyveTa
banakSi aRmoCnda. banakis araadamianur pirobebSi me-

1
Yves Baudrier (1906-1988), André Jolivet (1905-1974), Daniel Lesur (1908-2002).

331
sianma sulis iSviaTi simtkice gamoiCina: aq man dawera
kvarteti JamTa dasasrulze violinos, klarnetis,
Celos da fortepianosTvis.
cnobilia, rom meore msoflio omis tragediam
mravali udidesi xelovanis SemoqmedebaSi pova asaxva.
sakmarisia gavixsenoT: p. pikasos ferweruli tilo ger-
nika (Guernica), T. manis sajaro werili-mowodeba jansaRi
azrisken (Deutsche Ansprache. Ein Appell an die Vernun ), d.
SostakoviCis meSvide leningraduli (Ленинградская) sim-
fonia. maT gverdiT dgas olivie mesianis absoluturad
unikaluri nawarmoebic kvarteti JamTa dasasrul-
ze (Quatuor pour la fin du temps). nawarmoebis unikaluroba
imaSia, rom igi ara ubralod mieZRvna omis Temas, aramed
daiwera banakSi.
kvartetis uCveulo Semadgenloba imiTaa ganpiro-
bebuli, rom giorlicis banakSi kompozitor da pianist
olivie mesianis garda sami musikosi iyo – mevioline,
klarnetisti da Celisti. banakis umZimes pirobebSi
kompozitorma sulis iSviaTi simtkice gamoiCina da koS-
marul sinamdviles Tavisi profesiiT daupirispirda.
rogorc Tavad mesiani aRniSnavda, kvarteti dawerilia
imisTvis, rom `gavqceodi Tovls, oms, tyveobas da sa-
kuTar Tavs~1. kvartetis pirveli Sesruleba iqve, gior-
licis banakSi 30-gradusian yinvaSi 1941 wlis 15 ianvars
patimrebis ZalebiT ganxorcielda.
zemoT CamoTvlili nawarmoebebisgan gansxvave-
biT, mesianis kvartetSi araa uSualod asaxuli omis

1
ix.: Goléa, A. (1960). Rencontres avec Olivier Messiaen. Paris – p. 72.

332
saSineleba an gaanalizebuli am globaluri katastro-
fis mizezebi da Sedegebi. igi apokalifsis wignis meaTe
Tavis erTi monakveTiTaa STagonebuli1 da ara mxolod
meore msoflio omis saSinelebaTa winaaRmdeg galaSqre-
bad gvevlineba, aramed zogadsakacobrio idealebis
simbolod, maradiulobis da ukvdavebis didebad war-
mogvidgeba.
kvartetis pirveli nawili kristalis liturgia
(Liturgie de cristal), romelSic frinvelebis galobaa gamoye-
nebuli, `JamTa misteriis~ Taviseburi introduqciaa.
igi TiTqos drois, Jamis absoluts ganasaxierebs. aseT
STabeWdilebas qmnis e. w. vitraJis efeqti (mesianis ter-
mini), melodiuri, harmoniuli da ritmuli pedalebis
arasinqronuli gameoreba. meore nawili vokalizi Jam-
Ta dasasrulis mauwyebel angelozisa (Vocalise, pour
l’Ange qui annonce la fin du temps) transcedenturi xasiaTis
da drois usasrulobis simboloa. mesame nawili frin-
velebis qveskneli (Abîme des oiseaux) solo klarnetis-
Tvisaa dawerili. `qveskneli esaa Jami, misi ubedurebiT
da mwuxarebiT~, – werda avtori.
ciklis meSvide nawilis kulminacia ukve meeqvseSi
mzaddeba. Svidi sayviris mrisxanebis cekva (Danse
de la fureur, pour les sept trompe es) – ase ewodeba nawils,
romelSic kvartetis esqatologiuri koncefcia gansa-

1
da angelozman man, romeli-igi vixile queyanasa zeda da zRuasa
zeda mdgomare, aRiRo Neli TMsi marjuene zecad.
da fuca misa, romeli-igi cxovel ars ukuniTi ukunisamde, romelman
dahbada caL da raL ars mas Sina, da qveyaneL da raL ars mas Sina, da zRuaL
da raL ars mas Sina, viTarmed: Jami arRa iyos.
gamocxadeba ioanesi. 10: 5, 6.
333
kuTrebiT mkafiodaa realizebuli. masSi oTxive sakravi
unisonSi ukravs, riTac kompozitori apokalifsuri sa-
yvirebis xmovanebas gadmogvcems. mZlavrad da aqtiurad
mJRer kulminaciur nawilebs mosdevs finali – Sesxma
iesos ukvdavebisa (Louange à l’Immortalité de Jésus). Tavisi
xasiaTiT igi Sors dgas tradiciuli finalebisgan. es Ta-
viseburi `ariaa~ violinos da fortepianosTvis, romelic
amaRlebul, ganwmendil mxatvrul samyaros warmoadgens.
meore msoflio omis periodi, msoflio da, kerZod,
franguli kulturis ganviTarebis es mniSvnelovani etapi,
mesianis SemoqmedebaSi apokalifsuri saxeebis da religi-
uri Tematikis niSniT warimarTa. amasTanave, unda aRiniS-
nos isic, rom omis Temas ar gamouwvevia misi stilis da mx-
atvruli samyaros cvlileba. kvartetis Semdeg mesianma
Seqmna iseTi mniSvnelovani nawarmoebebi, rogorebicaa:
oci xilva yrma iesosi (Vingt Regards sur l’Enfant Jésus)
fortepianosTvis (1944), sami patara liturgia (Trois
pe tes Liturgies) qalTa gundis da orkestrisTvis (1944). am
nawarmoebebSi dominirebs sami ZiriTadi mxatvruli saxe:
lirikuli, romelic neli, zogjer eqstaturi, zogjer
ki sazeimo-himnuri TemebiTaa warmodgenili; pirquSi,
groteskuli – uxeSi, waxnagovani TemebiT gadmocemuli;
bgerweriTi – frinvelebis WikWiki, zaris rekva, mzis
sinaTlis kaSkaSa da mocimcime Temebi.
meore msoflio omis (tyveobidan gaTavisuflebis
Semdeg) da omis Semdgom wlebSi mesiani intensiur peda-
gogiur moRvaweobas eweoda. amave wlebSia Seqmnili misi
Teoriuli naSromi Cemi musikaluri enis teqnika

334
(Technique de mon langage musical), romelSic ganzogadebulia
kompozitoris novatoroba musikaluri enis sferoSi.
kerZod, am traqtatSi dawvrilebiTaa gaanalizebuli
mesianis harmoniuli ena (dominantis akordi, romel-
ic maJoruli kilos yvela bgeras Seicavs; rezonansis
akordi, romelic Seicavs obertonuli rigis bgerebs da
kvartuli akordi), mesianis mier Seqmnili e. w. SezRu-
duli transpoziciis kiloebi da, rac mTavaria, ritmi.
mesianis ritmuli azrovnebis baziss induri ritmebi da
ritmis da metrisadmi araevropuli midgoma ganapirobebs
(igulisxmeba ritmuli progresiebi). aqve kompozitori
saubrobs damatebiTi grZliobis da Seuqcevadi (simetri-
uli) ritmebis fenomenze.
1945 wels diriJorma sergei kusevickim mesians
SesTavaza, daewera nawarmoebi bostonis simfoniuri
orkestrisTvis. ase Seiqmna turangalila-simfonia
(Turangalîla-Symphonie), romelsac mesiani Tavis erT-erT
centralur nawarmoebad miiCnevda. simfonias mesiani
„tristanebis cikls“ miakuTxvnebs da sakuTar pozicias
ase ganmartavs: „me adamiani var da rogorc nebismieri
adamianisTvis, CemTvisac araa ucxo adamianuri siyvar-
uli, romlis gamoxatvac mindoda Cems sam nawarmoebSi
siyvarulis udidesi miTis, tristan da izoldas miTis
meSveobiT“1 da Semdeg ganagrZobs: „me sami erTmaneTis-
gan gansxvavebuli „tristani“ davwere; qronologiurad
pirveli aris iaravi (Harawi – Chant d’amour et de mort),
erTsaaTiani cikli xmis da fortepianosTvis; meore –
1
Messiaen, O. (1994). Music and Color. Conversa ons with Claude Samuel. Trans.
by E. Thomas Clasow. Portland (Oregon): Amadeus Press – p. 21.
335
simfonia- turangalilaa (Turangalîla-Symphonie) marte-
nos talRebis, solo fortepianosTvis da Zalian didi
orkestrisTvis, daaxloebiT saaTi da 15 wuTis xangr-
Zlovobis, dabolos 20-25 wuTiani xuTi sagalobeli
(Cinq rechants) 12-xmiani gundisTvis“1. amdenad, mesianisT-
vis „tristani“ Zvelkelturi legendis siuJets ki ar
gulisxmobs, aramed sabediswero siyvarulis simboloa,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, erTaderTi WeSmariti siyvarulis,
RvTaebrivi siyvarulis anareklia.
grandiozuli aTnawiliani simfonia oTxi Temis
cikluri gameorebis safuZvelzea agebuli. esenia: qan-
dakebis Tema, yvavilis Tema, siyvarulis Tema da akordis
Tema, romlebic ciklis manZilze ZiriTadad variaci-
ul-variantulad viTardeba. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
mesianis azrovnebas axasiaTebs ara dialeqtikur-proce-
sualuri, aramed variacul-variantuli ganviTarebis xe-
rxebis primatoba, sawyisi mxatvruli saxis gradaciulad
gardaqmnebis principi. swored amis gamo misi nawarmoebe-
bi, kerZod ki simfonia, agebulia ara tradiciulad Zir-
iTadi ideis xarisxobrivi gardaqmnis principze, aramed
garkveul mdgomareobaSi yofnis demonstrirebaa. ufro
zustad, mTlianoba warmoiqmneba, rogorc gansxvavebul
mdgomareobaTa Tanmimdevroba, romelTac erTgvarovani,
stabiluri musikaluri maxasiaTeblebi aqvT – ritmi,
bgeraTsimaRlebrioba da sxv.
gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia turangali-
la-simfoniis tembruli Tavisebureba. nawarmoebi

1
Ibid. – p. 30.

336
dawerilia didi simfoniuri orkestrisTvis, romlis
Semadgenloba gafarToebulia solo fortepianoTi,
dasartyami instrumentebiT da martenos talRebiT.
orkestris msgavsi Semadgenloba stabilurad gvxvdeba
mesianis Semdgomi periodis saorkestro partiturebSi.
turangalilas tembruli dramaturgia ori prin-
cipis dapirispirebidan amoizrdeba. erTi mxriv, farTod
gvxvdeba sakravTa soloebi, sufTa tembrebi, xolo meore
mxriv, rTuli zemravalxmiani faqturuli Sreebi, rom-
lebic xSirad ramdenime Temas aerTianebs da JReradobis
gansakuTrebul xarisxs qmnis.
1949-52 wlebi mesianis SemoqmedebaSi intensiuri eqs-
perimentebiT xasiaTdeba. am periodSi Seqmnil nawarmoe-
bebSi (kanteiojaia [Cantéyodjayâ] da oTxi ritmuli eti-
udi [Quatre Études de rythme] fortepianosTvis, saorgano
samebis dRis mesa da wigni organisTvis [Livre d’orgue],
Savi SaSvi [Le Merle noir] fleitis da fortepianosTvis
da konkretuli musikis nimuSi tembrebi-grZliobebi
[Timbres-durées]) aisaxa kompozitoris seriozuli Ziebebi
rogorc teqnikis, ise esTetikis sferoSi.
oTxi ritmuli etiudi1 mesianis erT-erTi yve-
laze racionalisturi nawarmoebia. es oTxnawiliani
cikli uaxlesi teqnikuri da struqturuli principebis
(ara mxolod mesianis SemoqmedebisTvis, aramed omis
Semdgomi avangardisTvis) Taviseburi enciklopediaa.
aq, kerZod meore etiudSi (grZliobebis da inten-
sivobebis modusi [Mode de valeurs et d’intensités]), mesianis
1
termini etiudi aq ara teqnikur-instruqciuli tipis savarjiSos,
aramed Canaxatis aRmniSvnelia.
337
mier pirveladaa gamoyenebuli musikaluri qsovilis
integraciis principi, romelic safuZvlad daedo to-
talur serializms.
mesianis 50-60-iani wlebis SemoqmedebaSi panTeistu-
ri Tema dominirebs, rac iseT nawarmoebebSi aRibeWda,
rogorebicaa: frinvelebis gamoRviZeba (Réveil des oi-
seaux) fortepianos da orkestrisTvis (1953), egzotikuri
frinvelebi (Oiseaux exo ques) solo fortepianos, sasule
da dasartyam instrumentTa ansamblisTvis (1955), fr-
invelebis katalogi (Catalogue d’oiseaux) fortepianos-
Tvis (1956-58), qronoqromia (Chronochromie) simfoniuri
orkestrisTvis (1960), saorkestro siuita Svidi haiku
(Sept haïkaï) (1962). am nawarmoebTa winasityvaobebSi kom-
pozitori zustad miuTiTebs, sad da rodis Cawera ama Tu
im frinvelis galoba, magram, imavdroulad, mesianisTvis
mTavaria ara konkretul frinvelTa galobis amocnoba
(rac praqtikulad SeuZlebelia), aramed wminda musi-
kaluri Sedegi, mxatvrulad ganzogadebuli konkretika,
romelic realobaze gacilebiT maRla dgas.
frinvelTa Sesaxeb mesiani werda: `SesaZloa, frin-
velebi arian am planetis udidesi musikosebi~1; da kidev:
`mZime da kaeSnian fiqrTa moZalebis Jams, rodesac gansa-
kuTrebuli simZafriT vgrZnob Cems usargeblobas, rode-
sac ena nebismieri musikisa – klasikuri iqneba is, antiku-
ri, egzotikuri, Tanamedrove Tu ultramodernistuli
– mxolod daJinebul, Tumca arsebiTad amao, ZiebaTa
nayofad mesaxeba, sxva ra gza da gamosavali arsebobs, Tu
1
Messiaen, O. (1994). Music and Color. Conversa ons with Claude Samuel. Trans.
by E. Thomas Clasow. Portland (Oregon): Amadeus Press – p. 85.
338
ara miaxloeba frinvelTa galobasTan tyeSi, mindvrebSi,
mTebsa Tu zRvis sanapiroze?~1
mesianis Semoqmedebis Semdegi periodi (60-80-iani
wlebi) wina wlebis miRwevebis sinTezs warmoadgens. ukve
qronoqromiaSi SeiniSneba sinTezisken swrafva, magram
gansakuTrebiT mkafiod es tendencia gamovlinda simfo-
niur partitura zeciuri qalaqis ferebSi (Couleurs
de la Cité céleste) da mesianis Semoqmedebis kulminaciur
nawarmoebSi, opera wminda francisk asizelSi (Saint
François d’Assise). bolo periodis nawarmoebebSi erT mTlia-
nobadaa Serwymuli mesianis Semoqmedebis sami ZiriTadi
Tema – religia, siyvaruli, buneba.
rogorc aRvniSneT, mesianis Semoqmedebas ag-
virgvinebs grandiozuli qmnileba – opera wminda fran-
cisk asizeli, misi erTaderTi scenuri Txzuleba. ope-
ris libreto, romelSic gamoyenebulia Tavad francisk
asizelis teqstebi, aseve Seicavs citatebs bibliidan,
kerZod, fsalmunebidan, apokalifsisis wignidan da sxva
kanonikuri teqstebidan, kompozitors ekuTvnis. garda
amisa, operis TiToeul suraTs (sul 8 suraTi) win uZRvis
avtoris detaluri anotaciebi, romlebSic aRwerilia
personaJebis kostiumebi, dekoraciebi da moqmed pirTa
moZraoba scenaze. mesianis CanafiqriT speqtaklSi aseve
gamoiyeneba kinoproeqcia da lazeruli sxivebi.
opera uCveulo statikurobiT, `umoqmedobiT~
gamoirCeva. misi mTavari personaJebi2 ZiriTadad saub-
1
Messiaen, O. (1994). Music and Color. Conversa ons with Claude Samuel. Trans.
by E. Thomas Clasow. Portland (Oregon): Amadeus Press – p. 85.
2
operis personaJebi arian: francisk asizeli, Svidi beri, keTrovani
da angelozi (erTaderTi qalis xma).
339
roben, loculoben da qadageben. es Taviseburi ope-
ra-misteriaa, romlis Janrul winamorbedad ara marto
Sua saukuneebis misteriebi SeiZleba miviCnioT, aramed,
aseve, klod debiusis misteria wminda sebastianis
martviloba (Le Martyre de saint Sébas en, 1911). igi aske-
turobiT, TavSekavebulobiT da simkacriT gamoirCeva,
magram calkeul epizodebSi musikaluri qsovili saoc-
rad mdidari da mravalferovani xdeba. es, upirveles
yovlisa, exeba meeqvse suraTs `qadageba frinvelebs~ (Le
Prêche aux oiseaux) da gansakuTrebiT meSvides `stigmatebi~
(Les S gmates), sadac orkestris da uxilavi gundis meSve-
obiT warmoCenilia franciskis stigmatebi, macxovris
iarebi, romlebic wmindanis sxeulze Cndeba.
opera wminda francisk asizeli1 mesians 1975
wels daukveTa parizis saopero Teatris imdroindelma
direqtorma rolf libermanma (Rolf Liebermann, 1910-1999).
kompozitorma Tavad SearCia siuJeti. xangrZlivi da
intensiuri muSaobis Semdeg, 1983 wels Sedga operis pre-
miera, romelic safrangeTis musikaluri cxovrebis erT-
erT centralur, umniSvnelovanes movlenad aRiares.
operaze muSaobis Sesaxeb komozitori werda:
`wminda francisk asizelze daaxloebiT rva wlis
ganmavlobaSi vmuSaobdi. libretos wera 1975 wlis zaf-
xulSi daviwye, musika 1975/79 wlebSi iqmneboda, 1979/83
wlebSi gavaorkestre da Semdeg partituris rva tomi
gavamzade.

1
premiera: 1983, 28 noemberi. parizis opera (Opéra Garnier). diriJori:
seiji ozava (Seiji Ozawa, *1935); francisk asizelis partia Seasrula
Joze van damma (José van Dam, *1940).
340
 yovelTvis veTayvanebodi wminda francisks – wmin-
dans, romelic yvelaze metad hgavs qristes. garda amisa,
pirovnuli mizezic arsebobs: igi xom frinvelebs esau-
breboda, me ki orniTologi var da am siuJetis SerCeva
CemTvis savsebiT bunebrivi iyo.
Cems libretos araviTari literaturuli pretenzia
ar SeiZleba hqondes. igi mxolod musikis literaturuli
safuZvelia. varCevdi umetesad wminda franciskis mier
moxdenil saocrebaTa ambebs da frinvelebis galobasTan
dakavSirebul siuJetebs <...> franciskTan kontrastisT-
vis davamate Zma elia, brwyinvale organizatori, romlis
ideebi, SesaZloa, antifranciskanulic ki iyo (es Fiore -s
Tvalsazrisicaa). libretoSi gamoviyene wminda francis-
kis Sesaxeb dawerili naSromebi. pirvelyovlisa, Toma da
Celano Vita Prima da Vita Secun, Semdeg wminda bonaventuras
ori wigni – Legenda Major, Legenda Minor. aris mravali Tana-
medrove naSromic. vaxseneb mxolod erTs, romelic ga-
moviyene da romelic gansakuTrebiT miyvars – Lire FranÇois
D’Assis (francisk asizelis qnari) – kapucinel mama lui
antuanis mier dawerili. STagonebis mTavari wyaroebi ki
iyo FIORETTI (yvavilni) da wminda franciskis CANTIQUE DES
CRÉATURES (qmnilebaTa simRera)~.
Semdeg kompozitori agrZelebs: `operaSi yovel
personaJs aqvs Tavisi Tema da Tan axlavs ama Tu im frin-
velis galoba. asobiT sxvadasxva akordidan TiToeuli
warmoadgens bgeraTa kompleqss, romelsac, imave dros,
ferTa garkveuli kompleqsic Seesabameba. warmosaxvaSi
iqmneba lurjis, wiTlis, iisfris, narinjisfris, mwvanis,

341
mewamulis da oqrosfris uwyveti moZraoba, raTa Cemi
musika, pirvel yovlisa, qmnides mosmena-xilvis STabe-
Wdilebas. da es STabeWdileba ferTa SegrZnebebs unda
emsaxurebodes.
me ueWvelad Semaxseneben, rom francisk asizeli
Raribi iyo; rom igi Tavis patara senaks sicocxlis bo-
lomde qalbaton siRaribes da das – wminda simwires
uyofda; rom siRaribe iyo misi arsebis erT-erTi ganmsaz-
Rvreli niSani, xolo Warbad feradovani gaorkestreba,
bgeraTa kompleqsebis rTuli sistemebi, romlebic ima-
vdroulad ferTa kompleqsebicaa – yovelive es uadg-
ilod da zedmetad mdidrulad gamoiyureba.
marTalia, franciski Raribi iyo da, albaT, uRari-
besic, magram man SeinarCuna bavSvuri aRtaceba yovelive
mSvenieriT, rac ki mis garSemo iyo; igi mdidari iyo mziT,
mTvariT da varskvlavebiT, cis da Rrublebis ferebiT,
xeebiT, balaxiT, yvavilebiT da qaris xmauriT, cecxlis
ZaliT da wylis gamWvirvale siwmindiT. is am yvelafriT
iyo mdidari, Tumca aRaraferi gaaCnda. misi biografebic
amas amboben da amasve gvimowmebs CANTIQUE DES CREATURES
(qmnilebaTa simRera). tembruli mravalferovneba, fe-
radovneba, bgeraTa grZliobebis da bgeriTi kompleqsebis
rTuli musika, Cemi azriT, mas sulac ar Seuracxyofs; da
Seesatyviseba kidec mis WeSmarit Sinagan bunebas~1.
operaSi wminda francisk asizeli mesiani mTlia-
nad aris fokusirebuli mTavar personaJze, xolo danar-

1
avtoris komentarebi CD-s winasityvaobidan: Cybelia ASIN: B00008EY-
FR. ix. `Tbilisi 2008 – Tanamedrove musikis saRamoebi~, festivalis
bukleti, gv. 26-27.
342
Cenebi, maT Soris gundi, franciski eqvemdebarebian. ga-
monaklisia mxolod gundis roli meSvide suraTSi, sadac
igi macxovris xmas ganasaxiarebs.
operis TiToeuli personaJi xasiaTdeba sakuTari
TemiT, tembriT da ama Tu im frinvelis „xmiT“ da mxolod
franciski da angelozia daxasiaTebuli erTdroulad
ramdenimeTi. laitmotivebis garda operaSi farTod
gvxvdeba sxvadasxva Tema-simbolo, magaliTad: jvris,
sixarulis da sxv.
rac Seexeba vokalur partiebs, isini mdore deklam-
aciuri tipis melodiebs warmoadgenen. sainteresoa, rom
kompozitori operis mTavari gmiris vokaluri partiis
dasaxasiaTeblad migviTiTebs orientirebs: „golos mgzne-
barebiT da boris godunovis sazeimo deklamaciurobiT“.
operis musikaluri ena simdidriT da mravalfe-
rovnebiT gvacvifrebs da mesianis stilis yvela ZiriTad
elements aerTianebs: frinvelebis galobas da grigori-
seuli qoralis kanonzomierebebs, araevropul kiloebs
da mxolod mesianisTvis damaxasiaTebel rTul akordul
kompleqsebs, ritmis specifikur gaazrebas da debiusidan
momdinare saocrad feradovan tembrul palitras.
francisk asizelis Semdeg mesians aRar Seuqmnia
aseTi didmasStabiani nawarmoebebi. rogorc misi musikis
mkvlevari qristofer dingli aRniSnavs, analogiurad
koncentrirebulia mciremasStabian Janrebze 50-ian
wlebSi, rodesac giganturi turangalilas Semdeg man
mniSvnelovnad Seamcira nawarmoebebis masStabi da kvlav
daiwyo zrunva musikaluri enis mowesrigebaze. magram „Tu

343
1949 wels igi xazs usvamda yvelafer progresuls, 1985-Si
im elementebs arCevda, romlebic misTvis yvelaze ufro
axlobeli iyo da TandaTan gaafarTova sakompozitoro
TvalTaxedva meti egzotikuri elementiT da sxvadasx-
vagvari SezRudviT“1. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom operis Semdeg
dawerili yvela misi Txzuleba ufro adrindelebis Tav-
iseburi Post Scriptum-ebia, magaliTad, frinvelebis pa-
tara eskizebi (Pe tes esquisses d’oiseaux) fortepianosTvis
frinvelebis katalogis damateba, saorgano wminda
ziarebis wigni (Livre du Saint Sacrement) – cxra med-
itaciis (Médita ons). magram aris gamonaklisic – mesianis
erT-erTi ukanaskneli saorkestro partitura imieri
samyaros elvareba (Eclairs sur l’Au-delà)2 . es grandiozuli
TerTmetnawiliani saorkestro partitura, erTi mxriv,
agrZelebs da agvirgvinebs mesianis saorkestro stils,
meore mxriv – iseT gamomsaxvel xerxebs Seicavs, rom-
lebic adre ar Segvxvedria. ufro zustad, kompozitori
yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe warmoaCens orkestris vir-
tuozul flobas: solo da tutti JReradobebis uCveulo
kombinirebas, sxvadasxva saorkestro jgufis daxvewil
SeTanxmebebs, tembris, harmoniis saocar sinatifes da a. S.
olivie mesiani XX saukunis msoflio musikaluri
kulturis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani figuraa, romlis
TviTmyofadi Semoqmedeba ganacvifrebs msmenels sao-
cari fantaziiT, individualuri maneriT. mis nawarmoe-

1
Dingle, Ch. (2016). Messiaen’s Final Works. London and New York: Routledge – p. 311.
2
niu-iorkis filarmoniuli orkestris dakveTa orkestris 150 wlis
iubiles aRsaniSnavad. premiera: 1992, 5 noemberi, linkoln centri,
diriJori – zubin meTa (Zubin Mehta [*1936]).
344
bebSi wamoWrili eTikuri da esTetikuri problemebi
warmoaCens mas, rogorc Rrma moazrovnes, romlisTvisac
`musika – esaa Teologiis komentari~.

ZiriTadi nawarmoebebis sia

1917, qalbatoni Salotidan [La Dame de Shalo ] fortepia-
nosTvis
1921, vilonis ori balada [Deux ballades de Villon] xmisa da
fortepianosTvis
1925, maRali da wminda zecis mwuxareba [La Tristesse d’un Grand
Ciel Blanc] fortepianosTvis
1927, modaluri eskizebi [Esquisse modale] organisTvis
1928, fuga [Fuga] d-moll orkestrisTvis
1928, sulTa gulmowyale mbrZanebeli [L’Hôte aimable des
Âmes] organisTvis
1928, ziarebis sagalobeli [La Banquet Eucharis que] orkest-
risTvis
1928, preludia [Prélude] organisTvis
1928, Sotlandiuri variaciebi [Varia ons écossaises] organis-
Tvis
1928-29, preludiebi [Préludes] fortepianosTvis
1930, diptiqi [Diptyque] organisTvis
1930, ricxvis sikvdili [La Mort du Nombre] sopranos, tenoris,
violinosa da fortepianosTvis
1930, daviwyebuli Sesawiri [Les Offrandes oubliées] orkestris-
Tvis (versia fortepianosTvis)
1930, ubralo simRera sulisTvis [Simple Chant d’une Âme]
orkestrisTvis
1930, sami melodia [Trois mélodies] xmisa da fortepianosTvis
345
1930/35, wminda ziarebis Sesawiri [Offrande au Saint Sacrement]
organisTvis
1931, brwyinvale akldama [Le Tombeau resplendissant] orkest-
risTvis
1932, maradiuli eklesiis gamocxadeba [Appari on de l’Église
éternelle] organisTvis
1932, fantazia burleski [Fantaisie burlesque] fortepianosTvis
1932, wminda ziarebis himni [Hymne au Saint Sacrament] orkest-
risTvis
1932, Tema da variaciebi [Thème et varia ons] violinosa da
fortepianosTvis
1932-33, amaRleba [L’ascension] orkestrisTvis
1933, fantazia [Fantasie] violinosa da fortepianosTvis
1933, mesa gundisa da orkestrisTvis
1933-34, amaRleba [L’ascension] organisTvis
1934, piesebi [Morceau] fortepianosTvis
1935, uflis dabadeba [La Na vité du Seigneur] organisTvis
1935, piesa pol diukas xsovnas [Pièce pour le Tombeau de Paul
Dukas] fortepianosTvis
1935, vokalizi [Vocalise] xmisa da fortepianosTvis
1936, poemebi mis [Poèmes pour mi] sopranosa da fortepianos-
Tvis
1937, zeimi wyalTa mSvenierTa [Fêtes des belles eaux] martenos
talRebisTvis
1938, zecis da miwis simRera [Chants de Terre et de Ciel] sopra-
nosa da fortepianosTvis
1938, ori meoTxedtoniani monodia [Deux Monodies en quarts
de ton] martenos talRebisTvis
1939, uxrwneli sxeulebi [Les Corps glorieux] organisTvis

346
1940-41, kvarteti JamTa dasasrulze [Quatuor pour la Fin du
Temps] violinos, klarnetis, Celosa da fortepianosTvis
1941, gundebi Jana d’arks [Choeurs pour une Jeanne d’Arc] gundisa
da orkestrisTvis
1942, musika oidiposis scenisTvis [Musique de scène pour un
Œdipe] martenos talRebisTvis
1943, rondo [Rondeau] fortepianosTvis
1943, sityva aminis saxeebi [Visions de l’Amen] ori fortepianos-
Tvis
1943-44, sami patara liturgia ufali CvenTan ars [Trois
pe tes Liturgies de la Présence Divine] gundisa da orkestrisTvis
1944, oci xilva yrma iesosi [Vingt Regards sur l’Enfant Jésus]
fortepianosTvis
1945, haravi [Harawi] sopranosa da fortepianosTvis
1945, piesa [Piéce] hoboisa da fortepianosTvis
1945, tristan da izolda [Tristan et Yseult] organisTvis
1946-48, turangalila-simfonia [Turangalîla-Symphonie] orkest-
risTvis
1948, xuTi sagalobeli [Cinq Réchants] gundisa da orkestrisTvis
1949, kanteiojaia [Cantéyodjyâ] fortepianosTvis
1949-50, samebis dRis mesa [Messe de la Pentecôte] organisTvis
1949-50, oTxi ritmuli etiudi [Quatre Études de rythme] forte-
pianosTvis
1951, wigni organisTvis [Livre d’Orgue]
1952, Savi SaSvi [Le Merle noir] fleitisa da fortepianosTvis
1952, tembrebi-grZliobebi [Timbres-Durées] eleqtronuli musika
1953, frinvelebis gamoRviZeba [Réveil des Oiseaux] forte-
pianosa da orkestrisTvis
1955-56, egzotikuri frinvelebi [Oiseaux Exo ques] forte-
pianosa da orkestrisTvis
347
1956-58, frinvelebis katalogi [Catalogue d’Oiseaux] forte-
pianosTvis
1959-60, qronoqromia [Chronochromie] orkestrisTvis
1962, Svidi haiku [Sept Haïkaï] orkestrisTvis
1963, zeciuri qalaqis ferebi [Couleurs de la Cité Céleste] or-
kestrisTvis
1963, monodia [Monodie] organisTvis
1964, moveli aRdgomasa mkvdreTiT [Et Expecto Resurrec onem
Mortuorum] orkestrisTvis
1965-69, feriscvaleba uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi [La
Transfigura on de Notre Seigneur Jésus] xmisa da orkestrisTvis
1969, meditaciebi wminda samebis misteriaze [Médita ons
sur le Mystère de la Sainte Trinité] organisTvis
1971-74, kanionebidan varskvlavebisken [Des Canyons aux
Étoiles] fortepianosa da orkestrisTvis
1975-83, wminda francisk asizeli [Saint-François d’Assise] opera
sam moqmedebad. 8 suraTad
1986, simRera mocartis stilSi [Chant dans le Style Mozart]
klarnetisa da fortepianosTvis
1986, vitraJi da frinvelebi [Un vitrail et des oiseaux] orkest-
risTvis
1987, zeciuri qalaqi [La Ville d’en-Haut] orkestrisTvis
1988-92, imieri samyaros elvareba [Eclairs sur l’au-delà] orkest-
risTvis
1989, Rimili [Un Sourire] orkestrisTvis
1990-91, koncerti oTxisTvis [Concert à Quatre]
1991, piesa fortepianos da simebiani kvartetisTvis
[Pièce pour piano et quatuor à cordes]

348
 rekomendebuli literaturis sia

ortega i gaseti, x. (1992). xelovnebis dehumanizacia. (mTargm.

b. bregvaZe) Tbilisi: lomisi. / Ortega y Gasset, J. (1968; 2009).
The Dehumaniza on of Art and Other Essays on Art, Culture, and
Literature. Princeton: Princeton University Press. / Ортега-и-Гассет,
Х. (1991). «Дегуманизация искусства» и другие работы. Эссе о
литературе и искусстве: Сборник. Москва: Радуга.
bolaSvili, q. (2016). baroko/XX saukune: ramdenime parale-
li. krebulSi: saeklesio da Teoriuli musikologiis
aqtualuri problemebi: samecniero Sromebi. – gv. 139-
150.
bolaSvili, q.; WitaZe, q. (2017). musikaluri nawarmoebebis
analizi: XX saukune. leqciebi. Tbilisi: Tsk.
Bekker, P. (1923). Neue Musik. In: Gesammelte Schri en, Bd. III. Stu gart:
Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. _ S. 87-118.
Burkholder, J. P.; Grout, D. J.; Palisca, C. V. (2019). A History of Western
Music. 10th ed. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Cook, N.; Pople, A. (Eds.). (2004). The Cambridge History of Twen eth-Cen-
tury Music. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Cooke, M. (Ed.). (2005). The Cambridge Companion to Twen eth-Centu-
ry Opera. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cope, D. (1977). New music composi on. London: Collier Macmillan.
Häusler, J. (1969). Musik im 20. Jahrhundert. Von Schönberg zu Penderecki.
Bremen: Schünemann.
Leeuw, T. D. (2005). Music of the Twen eth Century. Amsterdam: Amster-
dam University Press.
McHard, J. L. (2008). The Future of Modern Music: A Philosophical Explo-
ra on of Modernist Music in the 20th Century and Beyond. Livonia,
Michigan: American Publishing Group.
Mitchell, D. (1963, 1966). The Language of Modern Music. New York: St.
Mar n’s Press.
349
 Paddison, M., & Deliège, I. (Eds.). (2010). Contemporary Music: Theore -
cal and Philosophical Perspec ves. Ashgate e-BOOK.
Perle, G. (1991). Serial Composi on and Atonality: An Introduc on to the
Music of Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern. Sixth Edi on, Revised. Berk-
ley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press.
Re , R. (1958). Tonality, Atonality, Pantonality: A Study of Some Trends
in Twen eth Century Music. Rockliff: Macmillan. / Рети, Р. (1968).
Тональность в современной музыке. Ленинград: Музыка.
Simms, B. R. (1986). Music of the Twen eth Century: Style and Structure.
New York, London: Schirmer.
Taruskin, R. (Ed.). (2009). Oxford History of Western Music (Vols. 4-5). Ox-
ford etc.: Oxford University Press.
Wi lich, G. E. (Ed.) (1975). Aspects of Twen eth-century Music. New York:
Pren ce-Hall.
Когоутек, Ц. (1976). Техника композиции в музыке XX века. Пер. Ю. Рагс.
Москва: Музыка.
Орлов, Г. (1992). Древо музыки. Вашингтон, Санкт-Петербург: Н. А. Fra-
ger & Со, Советский Композитор.
Ценова, В. (Ed.). (2007). Теория современной композиции. Москва:
Музыка.

venis axali skola:

arnold Sonbergi, alban bergi, anton veberni

bolaSvili, q. (2022). alban bergis musikaluri dramaturgiis

zogierTi Tavisebureba. GESJ: Musicology and Cultural Science.
2021 | No.2(24) [2021.12.31]. http://gesj.internet-academy.org.ge/
download.php?id=3444.pdf&t=1
sigua, m. (2013). miTisa da kaTarsisis sakiTxi alban bergis
operaSi „lulu“. krebulSi: saxelovnebo procesebi.
1960-2000. mesame wigni seriisa XX saukunis xelovneba.
gamomcemel-redaqtori: nato gengiuri. Tbilisi: ken-
tavri. _ gv. 363-371.

350
Adorno, T. W. (1949). Philosophie der neuen Musik. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr.
/ Адорно, Т. (2001). Философия новой музыки. Пер. с нем. Б. Ску-
ратов. Москва: Логос.
Adorno, T. W. (1968). Alban Berg. Der Meister des kleinsten Übergangs.
Wien: Lafite & ÖBV.
Adorno, T. W. (1978). Die Funk on des Kontrapunkts in der neuen Musik.
In T. W. Adorno, Klangfiguren. Musikalische Schri en I (pp. 145-170).
Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag.
Bailey, K. (2006). The Twelve-Note Music of Anton Webern: Old Forms in a
New Language. Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press.
Bailey, K. (Ed.). (1996). Webern Studies. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Berg, A. (1928). Das Opernproblem. Neue Musik-Zeitung, 49/9. S. 285-287.
/ Berg, A. (1930). Das “Opernproblem”. Musikblä er des Anbruch,
XII (2).
Berg, A. (1981). Glaube, Hoffnung und Liebe. Schri en zur Music. Leipzig.
Berg, A. (2014). Pro Mundo – Pro Domo. (B. R. Simms, Ed.) Oxford Univer-
sity Press.
Boulez, P. (1979). “Lulu” _ Die zweite Oper. Alban Berg. Lulu, 415489-2.
(J. Häusler, Trans.) Deutsche Grammophon.
Boulez, P. (1990). Orienta ons: Collected Wri ngs. Harvard University
Press. / Булез, П. (2004). Антон фон Веберн. В кн.: Ориентиры I.
Избранные статьи. Логос-Альтера.
Cerha, F. (1977). Zum III. Act von Alban Bergs Lulu. Österreichische Musik-
zeitschri , 32. S. 396-401.
Eimert, H., Stockhausen, K. (Eds.). (1955). Anton Webern. In: Die Reihe. H.
2. Wien: Universal Edi on.
Floros, C. (2014). Alban Berg: Music as Autobiography. (E. Bernhardt-Ka-
bisch, Trans.) Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang GmbH.
Gerlach, R. (1985). Musik und Jugends l der Wiener Schule, 1900-1908.
Laaber: Laaber-Verlag.
Hoskisson, D. (2017). Anton Webern: A Research and Informa on Guide.
New York, London: Routledge.

351
 Kolneder, W. (1961). Anton Webern: Einführung in Werk und S l. Roden-
kirchen/Rhein.
Leibowitz, R. (1947). Schoenberg et son école: l’étape contemporaine du
langage musical. Paris: J.B. Janin. / Leibowitz, R. (1949). Schoenberg
and His School: The Contemporary Stage in the Language of Music.
(D. Newlin, Ed.) New York: Philosophical Library.
MacDonald, M. (2008). Schoenberg. Oxford and New York: Oxford Univer-
sity Press.
Perle, G. (1962, reprint 1991). Serial Composi on and Atonality: An Intro-
duc on to the Music of Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern. University of
California Press.
Perle, G. (1995, 2001). Style and Idea in the Lyric Suite of Alban Berg. Pen-
dragon Press.
Perle, G. (1980). The Operas of Alban Berg. Vol. 1: Wozzeck. California:
University of California Press.
Perle, G. (1985). The Operas of Alban Berg. Vol. 2: Lulu. California: Univer-
sity of California Press.
Pople, A. (Ed.). (1997). The Cambridge Companion to Berg. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Redlich, H. F. (1957). Alban Berg, the Man and His Music. London: John
Calder.
Reich, W. (1963). Alban Berg: Leben und Werk. Zürich. / Reich, W. (1982).
The Life and Work of Alban Berg. Da Capo Press.
Rosen, C. (1975). Arnold Schoenberg. New York: Viking Press.
Schoenberg, A. (1964). Le ers. (E. Stein, Ed.) St. Mar n’s Press. / Шенберг,
А. (2001). Письма. (Пер. В. Шнитке). Санкт-Петербург: Композитор.
Schoenberg, A. (1967). Fundamentals of Musical Composi on. (L. S. Gerald
Strang, Ed.) NY, NY, USA. / Шенберг, А. (2000). Основы музыкальной
композиции. Москва: Московская консерватория.
Schoenberg, A. (1984). Style and Idea. Berkeley and Los Angeles. University
of California Press. / Schönberg, A. (1976). S l und Gedanke: Aufsätze
zur Musik. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer Verlag. / Шенберг, А. (2006).
Стиль и мысль: Статьи и материалы. Москва: Композитор.

352
Shaw, J.; Auner, J. (Eds.). (2011). The Cambridge Companion to Schoen-
berg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Simms, B. R. (Ed.). (1999). Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern: A Companion to
the Second Viennese School. Westport, Connec cut; London: Green-
wood Press.
Stockhausen, K. (1963). Weberns Konzert für neun Instrumente op. 24. In
K. Stockhausen, Texte zur elektronischen und instrumentalen Musik
(pp. 24-31). Köln: M. DuMont Schauberg.
Webern, A. (1960). Der Weg zur Neuen Musik. Wien: Universal Edi on. /
Webern, A. (1963). The Path to the New Music. (W. Reich, Ed.; L. Black,
Trans.) London etc.: Universal Edi on / Веберн, А. (1975). Путь к
новой музыке. Лекции. Москва: Музыка.
Асафьев, Б. (1967). «Воццек» Альбана Берга. В кн.: Асафьев Б.
Критические статьи и рецензии. Москва-Ленинград: Музыка.
Векслер, Ю. (2009). Альбан Берг и его время: Опыт документальной
биографии. Санкт-Петербург: Композитор.
Власова, Н. (2007). Творчество Арнольда Шёнберга. Москва:
Издательство ЛКИ.
Тараканов, М. (1976). Музыкальный театр Альбана Берга. Москва:
Советский композитор.
Холопова, В.; Холопов, Ю. (1999). Музыка Веберна. Москва:
Композитор.
Холопова, В.; Холопов, Ю. (1984). Антон Веберн: Жизнь и творчество.
Москва: Советский композитор.
Ценова, В.; Жисупова Ж. (1998). Драма сердца и 12 звуков: О Лиричес-
кой сюите Альбана Берга. Москва: Московская консерватория.

igor stravinski

Rvinjilia, g. (2012). Janruli invariantis Taviseburebebi

igor stravinskis nawarmoebSi “Requiem Can cles”. quTai-
sis akaki wereTlis saxelobis universitetis amerik-
ismcodneobis VI saerTaSoriso konferenciis krebuli.
quTaisi _ gv. 242-254.
Rvinjilia, g. (2014). igor stravinskis „fsalmunTa simfoniis“
Taviseburebebi. Tbilisis S. rusTavelis saxelobis Teat-
353
 risa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis saxelovnebo
mecnierebaTa Ziebani. 2 (59). Tbilisi: kentavri. gv. 61-81;
gv. 198-200. https://dziebani.tafu.edu.ge/pdf/archive/2014/zie-
bebi_2_(59)_2014.pdf
Adorno, T. W. (1949). Philosophie der neuen Musik. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr.
/ Адорно, Т. (2001). Философия новой музыки. (Пер. Б. Скуратов)
Москва: Логос.
Cross, J. (Ed.). (2003). The Cambridge Companion to Stravinsky. Cam-
bridge: Cambridge University Press.
Griffiths, P. (1992). Stravinsky. London: Dent.
Ghvinjilia, G. (2019). Signs of chris an ecumenism in Igor Stravinsky’s
“Symphony of Psalms”. GESJ: Musicology and Cultural Science. 2019
| No.2(20) [2019.12.31] http://gesj.internet-academy.org.ge/en/
list_aut_artic_en.php?b_sec=&list_aut=3468
Jers, N. (1976). Igor Strawinskys späte Zwöl onwerke: 1958 - 1966. Re-
gensburg: Bosse.
Joseph, C. M. (2002). Stravinsky and Balanchine: A Journey of Inven on.
New Haven, London: Yale University Press.
Levitz, T. (Ed.). (2016). Stravinsky and his world. Princeton and Oxford:
Princeton University Press.
Stravinsky, I. (1947). Poe cs of Music in the form of Six lessons. (A. Knodel;
I. Dahl, Trans.) Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Stravinsky, I.; & Cra , R. (1959). Conversa ons with Igor Stravinsky. New
York: Doubleday & Co., Inc. / Стравинский, И. (1971). Диалоги. (Ред.
Р. Крафт). Ленинград: Музыка.
Stravinsky, Igor (1936). Chronicle of My Life. London: Gollancz. / Стравин-
ский, И. (1963). Хроника моей жизни. Ленинград: Государственное
музыкальное издательство.
Taruskin, R. (1996). Stravinsky and the Russian Tradi ons: A Biography of the
Works through Mavra. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press.
White, E. W. (1984). Stravinsky: The Composer and His Works. Berkeley,
Los Angeles: University of Califormia Press.
Друскин, М. (1982). Игорь Стравинский. Москва, Ленинград: Совет-
ский композитор.
354
Савенко, С. (2001). Мир Стравинского. Москва: Композитор.

bela bartoki

xatiaSvili, n. (1995). bela bartokis kvartetebi. Jurnali

„xelovneba“, ## 4-5-6. Tbilisi: samSoblo.
Antokoletz, E.; Susanni, P. (2011). Béla Bartók: A Research and Informa on
Guide. New York: Routledge.
Bartók, B. (1971). Le ers. (P. Balaban; I. Farkas, Trans.) London: Faber &
Faber.
Bartók, B. (1976). Essays. The New York Bartók Archive Studies in Musicol-
ogy, No. 8. London: Faber & Faber.
Bayley, A. (Ed.). (2001). The Cambridge Companion to Bartók. Cambridge,
New York: Cambridge University Press.
Cooper, D. (2015). Béla Bartók. New Haven, London: Yale University Press.
Griffiths, P. (1988). Bartók. London: JM Dent & Sons Ltd.
Laki, P. (Ed.). (1995). Bartók and His World. New Jersey: Princeton Univer-
sity Press.
Сабольчи, Б.; Бониш, Ф. (1963). Жизнь Белы Бартока в иллюстрациях.
(пер. с венг.) Будапешт.
Уйфалуши, Й. (1967). Бела Барток. Жизнь и творчество. (пер. с венг.)
Будапешт: Корвина.

paul hindemiti

maruaSvili, l. (2008). didi polifoniuri cikli XX saukunis

kompozitorTa SemoqmedebaSi. leqciebi polifoniaSi.
Tbilisi: Tsk.
Briner, A. (1971). Paul Hindemith. Zürich: Atlan s-Verlag; Mainz: Scho .
Desbruslais, S. (2018). The Music and Music Theory of Paul Hindemith.
Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer.
Hindemith, P. (1937; 1940). Unterweisung im Tonsatz, I: Theore scher Teil.
Mainz: Scho . / The Cra of Musical Composi on, I: Theory. (Eng.
trans. 1942; 1948).

355
 Hindemith, P. (1939). Unterweisung im Tonsatz, II: Übungsbuch für den
zweis mmigen Satz. Mainz: Scho . (Eng. trans. 1941).
Hindemith, P. (1952). A Composer’s World, Horizons and Limita ons. Cam-
bridge: Harvard University Press.
Hindemith, P. (1970). Unterweisung im Tonsatz, III: Ubungsbuch für den
dreis mmigen Satz. Mainz: Scho .
Kemp, I. (1970). Hindemith. Oxford Studies of Composers 6. London, New
York: Oxford University Press.
Neumeyer, D. (1986). The Music of Paul Hindemith. New Haven: Yale Uni-
versity Press.
Левая, Т.; Леонтьева, О. (1974). Пауль Хиндемит: Жизнь и творчество.
Москва: Музыка.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis musika da

Carlz aivzi

bolaSvili, q. (2002). Carlz aivzis musikaluri azrovnebis

paradoqsuloba. amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi:
Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba. _ gv. 342-348.
Bernstein, L. (1967, Feb 23). Charles Ives: American Pioneer. (Amberson
Holdings LLC). Retrieved Feb 19, 2022, from Leonard Bernstein Office:
https://leonardbernstein.com/lectures/television-scripts/young-peo-
ples-concerts/charles-ives-american-pioneer
Chase, G. (1955). America’s Music: From the Pilgrims to the Present. New
York: Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.
Cooke, A. (2016). Charles Ives and His Road to the Stars. Infinity Publishing.
Cowell, H. (1930). New musical resources. New York: Alfred Knopf.
Cowell, H.; Cowell, S. (1955). Charles Ives and His Music. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Ives, C. E. (Composer). (1963). Annota on by Ph. Ramey. [N. Y. Orchestra,
Performer, & L. Bernstein, Conductor] On Holidays. US: Columbia –
MS 7147.
Ives, C. E. (1969). Essays Before a Sonata: The Majority and Other Wri ngs.
(H. Boatwright, Ed.) Knickerbocker Press.

356
Ives, C. E. (1991). Memos. (J. Kirkpatrick, Ed.) New York, London: W. W.
Norton & Company, Inc.
Nicholls, D. (Ed.). (1998). The Cambridge History of American Music. Cam-
bridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ивашкин, А. (1991). Чарльз Айвз и музыка XX века. Москва: Советский
композитор.
Манулкина, О. (2007). Американские Композиторы ХХ века. Санкт-
Петербург: Издательство Санкт-Петербургского Государственного
Политехнического Университета.

edgar varezi

Bernard, J. (1987). The Music of Edgard Varèse. New Haven and London:
Yale University Press.
Charbonnier, G. (1970). Entre ens avec Edgard Varèse. Paris: Belfond.
Charbonnier, G.; Halbreich, H. (1970). Entre ens avec Edgard Varèse. Suiv-
is d’une étude de l’œuvre. Paris: P. Belfond.
Jonathan, B. (1987). The Music of Edgard Varèse. New Haven and London:
Yale University Press.
Ouelle e, F. (1966). Edgard Varèse. Paris: Seghars.
Varèse, E. (1966). The Libera on of Sound. Perspec ves of New Music , 5
(1).
MacDonald, M. (2003). Varèse: Astronomer in Sound. London: Kahn &
Averill.
Carpen er, A. (1980). Varèse vivant. Paris: Le Nouveau Commerce.
Meyer, F.; Zimmermann, H. (Eds.). (2006). Edgard Varèse: Composer,
Sound Sculptor, Visionary. Basel: Boydell Press.
Карпентьер, А. (1990). Этот музыкант, который живет во мне... В журн.:
Советская музыка (3), c. 123-126.

`eqvseuli~ da artur onegeri

Cocteau, J. (1918). Le Coq et l’Arlequin: Notes autour de la musique. Paris:

Édi ons de la Sirène. (Reprint 2018, Forgo en Books). / Кокто, Ж.
(2000). Петух и Арлекин. Либретто. Воспоминания. Статьи о
музыке и театре. Москва: Прест.
357
 Fonda on Erik Sa e (Ed.). (1990). Le Groupe des Six et ses amis: 70e anni-
versaire. Paris: Placard.
Honegger, A. (1957). Je suis compositeur. Paris: Édi ons du Conquistador. /
Онеггер, А. (1979). О музыкальном искусстве. (Пер. В. Александ-
ровa, В. Быков). Ленинград: Музыка.
Nichols, R. (2002). The Harlequin Years: Music in Paris 1917-1929. Berke-
ley, Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Shapiro, R. (2011). Les Six: The French Composers and their Mentors Jean
Cocteau and Erik Sa e. London, Chicago: Peter Owen.
Spra , G. K. (1987). The Music of Arthur Honegger. Dublin: Cork University
Press.
Tchamkerten, J. (2005). Arthur Honegger. Geneve: Papillon.
Раппопорт, Л. (1967). Артур Онеггер. Ленинград: Музыка.

„rusuli avangardi“

Савенко, С. (2008). История русской музыки ХХ столетия: От Скря-

бина до Шнитке. Москва: Музыка.
Воробьев, И. (Авт.-сост.). (2008). Русский авангард. Манифесты, дек-
ларации, программные статьи (1908-1917). Санкт-Петербург:
Композитор.
Зайцева, М. (2016). Эксперименты композиторов эпохи русского
авангарда в области синтеза искусств. В журн.: Траектория науки:
Электронный научный журнал. N 4(9). www.pathofscience.org
Старостина, Т.; Польдяева, Е. (1997). Звуковые открытия раннего русско-
го авангарда. Русская музыка и XX век. Ред.-сост. М. Арановский.
Москва.

sergei prokofievi

Нестьев, И. (1957; 1973). Прокофьев. Москва: Музгиз. / Nestyev, I.

(1961). Prokofiev. (Florence Jonas, Trans). Stanford: Stanford Univer-
sity Press.
Орджоникидзе, Г. (1962). Фортепианные сонаты С.Прокофьева.
Москва: Музгиз.
358
Прокофьев, С. (1982). Автобиография. Москва: Советский компози-
тор.
Прокофьев, С. (1961). Материалы, документы, воспоминания.
Москва: Музгиз.
Тараканов, М. (1997). Прокофьев: многообразие художественного со-
знания. Русская музыка и XX век. Ред.-сост. Арановский. Москва.
Jaffé, D. (1998; 2008). Sergey Prokofiev. London: Phaidon Press.
Morrison, S. (2009). The People’s Ar st: Prokofiev’s Soviet Years. Oxford,
UK and New York: Oxford University Press.
Nice, David (2003). Prokofiev: From Russia to the West 1891–1935. New
Haven: Yale University Press.
Robinson, H. (1987). Prokofiev: A Biography. New York: Viking Penguin.

dimitri SostakoviCi

qavTaraZe, m. (2010). pirovnebis TviTidentifikaciis prob-

lema dmitri SostakoviCis SemoqmedebaSi. antropolo-
giuri kvlevani. (red.: n. abakelia; q. xuciSvili). Tbili-
si: universali. _ gv. 134-142.
qavTaraZe, m. (2006). xelovani da dro _ ebrauli Tema dmitri
SostaloviCis SemoqmedebaSi. Jurn.: musikaluri saqa-
rTvelo, # 5-6 _ gv. 6.
qavTaraZe, m. (2015). sabWoTa musika: miTi Tu realoba. kul-
tura da xelovneba: kvleva da marTva. saerTaSoriso kon-
ferenciis moxsenebaTa krebuli. baTumi. _ gv. 265-270.
qavTaraZe, m. (2014). musika da xelisufleba drois konteqst-
Si. dro, xelovani, xelisufleba: SoTa rusTavelis saxe-
lobis Teatraluri universitetis samecniero Srome-
bis krebuli. Tbilisi.
Арановский, М. (1997). Симфония и Время. Русская музыка и XX век.
Ред.-сост. Арановский. Москва.
Арановский, М. (1997). Музыкальные «антиутопии» Шостаковича. Рус-
ская музыка и XX век. Ред.-сост. Арановский. Москва.
Данилевич, Л. (1980). Дмитрий Шостакович: Жизнь и творчест-
во. Москва: Советский композитор.
359
 Дигонская, О.; Ковнацкая, Л. (Ред.-сост.) (2005; 2007; 2011; 2012). Дмитрий
Шостакович. Исследования и материалы. тт. 1-4. Москва: DSCH.
Шостакович, Д. (1980). Шостакович: о времени и о себе. Москва: Со-
ветский композитор. / Shostakovich, D. (1981). Shostakovich: About
Himself and His Times. (Angus; Neilian, Trans.) Roxburgh. Moscow:
Progress Publishers.
Fairclough, P.; Fanning, D. (Eds.). (2008). The Cambridge Companion to
Shostakovich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

olivie mesiani

Dingle, Ch. (2007). The Life of Messiaen. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.
Dingle, Ch.; Simeone, N. (Eds.) (2007). Olivier Messiaen: Music, Art and
Literature. Burlington: Ashgate.
Goléa, A. (1960). Rencontres avec Olivier Messiaen. Paris, 1960
Griffiths, P. (1985). Olivier Messiaen and the music of me. London: Faber.
Hill, P. (Ed.). (1995). The Messiaen Companion. London: Faber & Faber.
Hirsbrunner, T. (1988). Messiaen: Leben und Werk. Laaber Verlag.
Massin, B. (1989). Olivier Messiaen: une poé que du merveilleux. Aix-en-
Provence: Alinea.
Messiaen, O. (1944). Technique de mon language musical. Paris: Alphonse
Leduc. / Messiaen, O. (1956). The Technique of My Musical Language.
(J. Sa erfield, Trans.). Paris: Alphonse Leduc. / Мессиан, О. (1995).
Техника моего музыкального языка. Москва: Греко-латинский
кабинет Ю.А. Шичалина.
Reverdy, M. (1988). L’oeuvre pour orchestre d’Olivier Messiaen. Paris: Al-
phonse Leduc.
Rössler, A. (1986; 1993). Beiträge zur geis gen Welt Olivier Messiaens. Duis-
burg: Gilles und Francke.
Samuel, C. (1967). Entre ens avec Olivier Messiaen. Paris: Belfond. / Sam-
uel, C. (1976). Conversa ons with Olivier Messiaen. (F. Aprahamian,
Trans.) London: Stainer & Bell.
Екимовский, В. (1987). Оливье Мессиан. Москва: Советский компо-
зитор.

360
 danarTi

XX saukunis pirveli naxevari:

mniSvnelovani mxatvruli da istoriuli
movlenebis qronologia

1901
• 1 ianvari _ XX saukunis kalendaruli dasawyisi.
• gardaicvala juzepe verdi.
• dasaxeldnen nobelis premiis pirveli laureatebi.
• maqs plankma samecniero sazogadoebas kvanturi
Teoria warudgina.

1902
• kubam aSS-gan damoukidebloba moipova.
• daiwyo saudis arabeTis gaerTianeba.

1903
• gardaicvala hugo volfi.
• Zmebi raitebis aparatis pirveli marTvadi frena.

1904
• gardaicvala antonin dvorJaki.
• iaponia Tavs daesxa port-arturs _ ruseT-iaponiis omis
dasawyisi.
• daiwyo panamis arxis mSenebloba.
• dasrulda transcimbiruli magistralis mSenebloba.
• ingliss da safrangeTs Soris (Entente cordiale) gaformda
SeTanxmeba koloniebis Sesaxeb.
• afrikis tomebis hereros da namakas genocidis dasawyisi.

361
 1905
• revoluciuri gamosvlebi ruseTSi.
• norvegiam SvedeTisgan damoukidebloba moipova.
• dasrulda ruseT-iaponiis omi.
• ainStainma fardobiTobis specialuri Teoria waradgina.

1906
• damangreveli miwisZvrebi san-franciskosa (kalifornia)
da valparaisoSi (Cile).
• aSS kubis okupacias iwyebs.

1907
• gardaicvala edvard grigi.
• sparseTSi Camoyalibda parlamenti.
• Seiqmna pirveli sinTetikuri plastmasi.
• parlamentis arCevnebi fineTSi: pirveli qali-
kandidatebi da pirvelad arCevnebis sayovelTao
ufleba.

1908
• gardaicvala nikolai rimski-korsakovi.
• gardaicvala pablo sarasate.
• tungusSi (cimbiri) meteoriti Camovarda.
• avstria-ungreTis imperiam bosnia daipyro (bosniis krizisi).
• bulgareTma damoukidebloba moipova.
• damangreveli miwisZvra samxreT italiaSi.
• pirveli komerciuli radiogadacemebi.
• afrikis tomebis hereros da namakas saboloo genocidi.

1909
• gardaicvala isaak albenisi.
• osmaleTis imperiaSi kontrgadatrialeba damarcxda.

362
• sparseTis Sahi taxtidan gadadga.
• aSS-m jarebi kubadan gamoiyvana.

1910
• aSS-Si skautebis organizacia dafuZnda.
• dabrunda haleis kometa.
• iaponia Tavs daesxa koreas.
• ajanyeba albaneTSi.
• pakistanma espaneTisgan damoukidebloba gamoacxada.
• revolucia portugaliaSi _ gamocxadda portugaliis
respublika.
• revolucia meqsikaSi.

1911
• gardaicvala gustav maleri.
• roald amudsenma samxreT poluss miaRwia.
• daiwyo italia-TurqeTis omi.
• revolucia CineTSi.
• ernest rezerfordma atomis birTvis arseboba daamtkica.

1912
• gardaicvala Jiul masne.
• CineTis imperiis dasasruli. gamocxadda CineTis
respublika da Seiqmna CineTis nacionalisturi partia _
gomindani.
• titanikis daRupva.
• balkaneTis pirveli omi.
• Sonbergis mTvaris pieros premiera.

1913
• saxelmwifo gadatrialeba osmaleTis imperiaSi.
• stravinskis saRvTo gazafxulis premiera.

363
 • Ford Motor Company pirvel konveierul warmoebas qmnis.
• nils bori atomis birTvis models qmnis da amiT gzas
uxsnis kvantur meqanikas.

1914
• erchercog ferdinandis mkvleloba saraevoSi.
• daiwyo pirveli msoflio omi.
• marnis brZola da dasavleTis frontis gaxsna.
• gaixsna panamis arxi.

1915
• gardaicvala aleqsandr skriabini.
• brZola iprTan da masobrivi ganadgurebis qimiuri
iaraRis pirvelad gamoyeneba.
• somxebis deportacia konstantinopolidan (osmaleTi)
da genocidis dasawyisi.

1916
• gardaicvala maqs regeri.
• saaRdgomo ajanyeba irlandiaSi.
• mZime sabrZolo teqnikis (tankis) pirveli gamoyeneba.
• CikagoSi gaixsna pirveli didi savaWro centri Market Square.

1917
• Tebervlis da oqtombris revoluciebi ruseTSi.
samoqalaqo omis dasawyisi.
• aSS msoflio omSi erTveba.
• puliceris premiis pirveli laureatebi.
• fineTma damoukidebloba gamoacxada.
• monrealSi (kanada) hokeis erovnuli liga Seiqmna.

364
 1918
• gardaicvala klod debiusi.
• ruseTis imperiaSi Semavalma qveynebma _ poloneTi,
ukraina, belorusi, saqarTvelo, somxeTi, azerbaijani _
damoukidebloba gamoacxades.
• samoqalaqo omi fineTSi.
• somxeT-azerbaijanis omi.
• revolucia germaniaSi.
• ruseTis imperator nikoloz II-s da misi ojaxis mkvleloba.
• germaniis kaizeri vilhelm II gadadga.
• kompienis zavi.
• „espanuri gripis“ pandemia daiwyo.

1919
• poloneTs da sabWoTa ruseTs Soris omi daiwyo.
• irlandiis omi damoukideblobisTvis.
• masobrivi mkvleloba CrdiloeT indoeTSi.
• versalis zavi da pirveli msoflio omis dasasruli.
• evropis qveynebis sazRvrebis gadaxedva.
• germaniis revoluciis damarcxeba.
• vaimaris respublikis Camoyalibeba.
• ernst rezerfordma protoni aRmoaCina.
• arTur edingtonma eqsperimentulad daasabuTa
fardobiTobis Teoria.

1920
• erTa ligis Seqmna.
• aSS-m „mSrali kanoni“ miiRo.
• ruseTis wiTeli armia azerbaijansa da somxeTSi SeiWra.
azerbaijanma da somxeTma damoukidebloba dakarges.
• mahaTma gandis `TanamSromlobaze uaris Tqmis~ moZraoba.
• saberZneTSi referendumis Sedegad monarqia aRdga.
• „espanuri gripis“ pandemia dasrulda.
365
 1921
• gardaicvala kamil sen-sansi.
• ruseTis wiTeli armia saqarTveloSi SeiWra.
saqarTvelom damoukidebloba dakarga.
• germaniaSi nacisturi partiis fiureri adolf hitleri
gaxda.
• benito musolinim italiis erovnuli faSisturi partia
Camoayaliba.
• saxelmwifo gadatrialeba iranSi.
• ukraina-ruseTis omi dasrulda.

1922
• gamoqveynda jeims joisis ulise.
• egviptem gaerTianebuli samefosgan damoukidebloba
moipova.
• dasrulda samoqalaqo omi ruseTSi.
• yofili ruseTis imperiis teritoriaze Seiqmna axali
saxelmwifo _ sabWoTa socilisturi respublikebis
kavSiri (ssrk).
• irlandiaSi samoqalaqo omi daiwyo.
• benito musolini italiis premier-ministri gaxda.
• hovard karterma tutanhamonis samarxi aRmoaCina.
• mahaTma gandim `TanamSromlobaze uaris Tqmis~ moZraoba
gaauqma.

1923
• irlandiaSi samoqalaqo omi dasrulda.
• damangreveli miwisZvra iaponiaSi.
• TurqeTSi damoukideblobisTvis brZola dasrulda.
TurqeTis respublikis pirveli prezidenti qemal
aTaTurqi gaxda.
TurqeTis dedaqalaqi ankaraSi gadaitanes.

366
• daarsda uolt disneis kompania.
• ludis putCi miunxenSi da hitleris dapatimreba.
• edvin hablma galaqtikebis buneba gamoikvlia.

1924
• gardaicvala feruCo buzoni.
• gardaicvala jakomo puCini.
• gardaicvala vladimer lenini.
• lev trockis da ioseb stalinis brZola sabWoTa kavSiris
liderobisTvis.
• safrangeTSi pirveli olimpiuri TamaSebi gaimarTa
sportis zamTris saxeobebSi.
• ajanyeba saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRsadgenad.

1925
• pirveli satelevizio translacia.
• gamoqveynda adolf hitleris avtobiografia MEIN
KAMPF (Cemi brZola).
• lokarnos xelSekrulebebi da dasavleT evropis
sazRvrebis xelSeuxeblobis deklarireba.
• gamoqveynda frensis skot ficjeraldis romani didi
geTsbi.
• sergei eizenSteinma gadaiRo filmi javSnosani
potiomkini.

1926
ವ saxelmwifo gadatrialeba poloneTSi.
ವ saxelmwifo gadatrialeba portugaliaSi.
ವ samxedro gadatrialeba saberZneTSi.

1927
ವ kanberaSi (avstralia) pirvelad Seikriba parlamenti.
ವ saudis arabeTma damoukidebloba gamoacxada.

367
 ವ pirveli pirdapiri gadafrena niu-iorkidan parizSi.
ವ pirveli xmovani filmi THE JAZZ SINGER.
ವ ioseb stalini ssrk-s lideri gaxda.

1928
ವ mikrobiologma aleqsandr flemingma SemTxveviT
aRmoaCina penicilini.
ವ kelog-brianis paqtis xelmowera parizSi _ koleqtiuri
usafrTxoebis pirveli xelSekruleba.
ವ saReWi rezinis gamogoneba.
ವ „daibada“ miki mausi.

1929
ವ xelSekruleba romis paps da benito musolinis Soris:
vatikani damoukidebel saxelmwifod gamocxadda.
ವ aSS-s kinematografiis akademiis premia `oskaris~
pirveli gadacema.
ವ daiwyo „didi depresia“.

1930
ವ amerikelma astronomma klaid tombom plutoni aRmoaCina.
ವ mahaTma gandis „marilis marSi“: indoeTSi samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobis moZraobis dasawyisi.
ವ fexburTis pirveli msoflio Cempionati urugvaiSi.
ವ indoeT-did britaneTs Soris gaimarTa pirveli
konferencia mrgval magidasTan.
ವ sabWoTa kavSirSi didi SimSiloba daiwyo (gagrZelda
1933-mde).
ವ luis bunuelma gadaiRo filmi oqros saukune.

1931
ವ aSS-s saxelmwifo himni The Star-Spangled Banner gaxda.
ವ vatikanis radiom mauwyebloba daiwyo.

368
ವ dasrulda 102-sarTuliani Empire State Building-is mSeneb-
loba.
ವ gamocxadda espaneTis meore respublika.
ವ katastrofuli wyaldidoba CineTSi.
ವ iaponia manjJuriaSi SeiWra.
ವ mao Zedunma CineTis centraluri provinciebi sabWoTa
respublikad gamoacxada da mas saTaveSi Caudga.
ವ rio de JaneiroSi (brazilia) macxovris qandakebis
mSenebloba dasrulda.

1932
ವ samxedro gadatrialeba CileSi.
ವ jeims Cedvikma neitroni aRmoaCina.
ವ karl andersonma aRmoaCina pirveli antinawilaki _
pozitroni.
ವ warumatebeli samxedro operacia avstraliaSi veluri
bunebis winaaRmdeg: emus didi omi.
ವ BBC-is saerTaSoriso samsaxuris mauwyeblobis dasawyisi.
ವ nacisturi partiis gamarjveba germaniis parlamentis
arCevnebSi.
ವ gamoqveynda oldos haqslis romani-antiutopia saocari
axali samyaro.

1933
ವ xanZari raixstagSi (berlini).
ವ germaniis kanclerad adolf hitleri dainiSna.
ವ iaponiam erTa liga datova.
ವ erTa liga datova germaniam, versalis xelSekrulebiT
dadgenili SeiaraRebis kvotis gazrdis moTxovnaze
uaris gamo.
ವ aSS-s 32-e prezidenti franklin delano ruzvelti gaxda.
ವ aSS-Si „mSrali kanoni“ gauqmda.

369
 1934
ವ samoqalaqo omi avstriaSi.
ವ avstriis saTaveSi nacional-socialisturi partia movida.
ವ aSS-Si policiam boni da klaidis avtomobili dacxrila.
ವ adolf hitlerma sakuTari Tavi germaniis fiurerad
gamoacxada.
ವ mao Zedunis diadi samxedro marSi CineTis samxreTidan
CrdiloeTisken.
• gamoqveynda henri mileri romani kirCxibis tropiki.

1935
ವ daarsda kompania 20th Century Fox.
ವ Sahi reza TxovniT mimarTavs saerTaSoriso Tanamegob-
robas, mis qveyanas uwodon „irani“ da ara „sparseTi“.
ವ niurnbergis rasobrivi kanonebis miReba.
ವ italia-abisiniis meore omi da abisiniis dapyroba.

1936
ವ eduard VIII britaneTis Tanamegobrobis axali mefe da
indoeTis imperatori gaxda.
ವ espaneTSi samoqalaqo omi daiwyo.
ವ eduard VIII 11-Tviani mefobis Semdeg taxtze uari Tqva da
taxtze misi Zma jorj VI avida.
ವ daiwyo stalinis reJimis „didi wmenda“.
ವ ebraelTa imigraciis sawinaaRmdego ajanyeba palestinaSi.
ವ Carli Caplinma gadaiRo filmi axali droeba.

1937
ವ xanZari diriJabl „hindenburgze“ da diriJablebis epo-
qis dasruleba.
ವ iaponia Tavs esxmis CineTs: meore msoflio omis dasawyisi
aRmosavleTSi.
ವ kiiCiro toiodam kompania „toiota“ daaarsa.
370
ವ nankinis (CineTi) xocva-Jleta.
ವ pirveli srulmetraJiani animaciuri filmi fifqia da
Svidi juja.
ವ germaniis Sromis frontma Volkswagen daaarsa.

1938
ವ avstriis anSlusi.
ವ miunxenis SeTanxmeba da Cexoslovakiis germaniisTvis
gadacema.
ವ „brolis Rame“ _ ebraelebis darbeva germaniaSi.
ವ ungrelma Jurnalistma da redaqtorma laslo birom
gamoigona burTuliani kalami.
ವ germaniidan devnili ebraelebis gadasarCenad evianis
konferencia gaimarTa.
ವ Jurnal Time-ma adolf hitleri wlis adamianad gamoacxada.
ವ ssrk-Si dasrulda „didi wmenda“.

1939
ವ espaneTSi samoqalaqo omi dasrulda.
ವ fransisko franko espaneTis diqtatori gaxda.
ವ ribenTrop-molotovis paqti ssrk-s da germanias Soris.
ವ germaniam „poloneTis kampania“ daiwyo da Tavs daesxa
poloneTs.
ವ britaneTis da safrangeTis ultimatumi germanias da
meore msoflio omis dasawyisi dasavleTSi.
ವ ssrk-s jaris SeWra poloneTSi.
• enco ferarim kompania Ferrari daaarsa.
ವ qarwaRebulnis premiera.

1940
ವ CeCnebis ajanyeba ssrk-Si.
ವ ruseT-fineTis „zamTris omi“.

371
 ವpoloneli jariskacebis masobrivi ganadgureba katinSi.
ವbaltiispira qveynebis sabWoTa okupacia.
ವuinston CerCili britaneTis premier-ministri gaxda.
ವkaliforniaSi korporacia McDonald’s dafuZnda.
ವmeqsikaSi lev trocki mokles.
ವgermania Tavs daesxa safrangeTs, niderlandebs, danias,
norvegias da sahaero ieriSi miitana britaneTze.
• disneis fantaziis premiera.
• Carli Caplinma gadaiRo filmi didi diqtatori.

1941
ವ germania Tavs daesxa ssrk-s.
ವ ssrk-fineTis meore omi.
ವ germaniis jaris pirveli didi marcxi afrikaSi.
ವ leningradis blokadis dasawyisi.
ವ operacia „rainhardi“ _ eTnikuri wmendis gegma
germaniaSi.
ವ disneis dambos premiera.
ವ iaponia Tavs daesxa perl-harbors: aSS meore msoflio
omSi CaerTo.
ವ dasrulda raSmoris mTis erovnuli memorialis ageba
(aSS, samxreT dakota).
ವ orson uelsma gadaiRo filmi moqalaqe keini.

1942
ವ bataanis (filipinebi) sasikvdilo marSi.
ವ marjnis zRvis (avstraliis maxloblad) brZola.
ವ el alameinis (egvipte) brZola.
ವ stalingradis brZola.
ವ iaponelebis internireba aSS-Si.
ವ birTvuli iaraRis SeqmnisTvis daarsebuli mecnierTa
jgufi „manhetenis proeqti“.

372
 1943
ವ dasrulda pentagonis mSenebloba.
ವ dasrulda stalingradis brZola da nacisturma jarma
ukan daixia.
ವ ajanyeba varSavis getoSi damarcxda.
ವ kurskis brZola da gardatexa aRmosavleTis frontze.
ವ Teiranis konferencia: ruzvelti, CerCili, stalini.
ವ didi SimSiloba bengaliaSi.

1944
ವ dasrulda leningradis blokada.
ವ CeCnebis ajanyeba da CeCneTis mTeli mosaxleobis
deportacia.
ವ pirveli kompiuter Colosus-is dakavSireba internetTan.
ವ mokavSireTa desantis gadmosxma normandiaSi.
ವ ssrk-m wamoiwyo operacia „bagrationi“ da nacisturi
jarze yvelaze did gamarjvebas miaRwia.
ವ SeTqmuleba hitleris winaaRmdeg.
ವ parizis ganTavisufleba.

1945
ವ ialtis konferencia: ruzvelti, CerCili, stalini.
ವ britaneTis da aSS-s sahaero Zalebi drezdens bombaven.
ವ manilis brZola.
ವ okinavas brZola.
ವ gardaicvala franklin delano ruzvelti.
ವ brZola berlinisTvis.
ವ benito musolinis sikvdiliT dasja.
ವ adolf hitleris TviTmkvleloba.
ವ evropaSi meore msoflio omis dasruleba.
ವ dafuZnda gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia.

373
 ವ potsdamis konferencia: trumeni, CerCili, stalini
_ omis Semdgomi evropis sazRvrebis da zegavlenis
sferoebis gadanawileba.
ವ atomuri bombebis Camogdeba hirosimasa da nagasakiSi
(iaponia).
ವ iaponiis kapitulacia da meore msoflio omis dasruleba
aziaSi.
ವ mikrotalRur Rumelze patenti gaica.
ವ saxelmwifo gadatrialeba braziliaSi.
ವ vietnamis damoukidebeli demokratiuli respublikis
gamocxadeba.
ವ gamoqveynda jorj oruelis romani cxovelTa ferma.

374
daibeWda Tbilisis vano sarajiSvilis saxelobis
saxelmwifo konservatoriis stambaSi