Tanamedrove arqiteqturis istoria

leqcia 8
funqcionalizmis ganStoebani
funqcionalizmi, romelic Tavdapirvelad amerikeli arqiteqtorebis luis
henri salivanis da frenk loid raitis SemoqmedebaSi Caisaxa da romlis
umTavresi idea iyo `funqcia gansazRvravs formas~, 1920-30-ian wlebSi
farTod gavrcelda evropaSic. misi saxasiaTo niSnebia: upirvelesi aqcenti
Senobis

funqciaze,

mis

daniSnulebaze,

uaris

Tqma

dekoratiul

elementebze, mecnierebisa da teqnikis axali miRwevebis (kerZod, axali

masalebisa

da

asimetriuloba.

teqnologiebis)
Senoba

Seesabameboda

gamoyeneba,

iyofoda

ZiriTad

saarsebo

Tavisufali

Tanmimdevrul
funqciebs.

gegmareba,

zonebad,
esenia:

romlebic

sacxovrebeli,

samuSao, dasasvenebeli da samoZrao zonebi. zonebad dayofis igive

principebi gavrcelda qalaqgegmarebaSic.
safrangeTSi funqcionalizmis principebs anviTarebda le korbiuzie
(namdvili saxeli Sarl eduard Janere), germaniaSi _ `bauhauzTan~ _
arqiteqturisa da dizainis umaRles skolasTan dakavSirebuli arqiteqtorebi
(peter berensi, valter gropiusi, mis van der roe da sxv.), fineTSi _
alvar aalto da sxv.
axali

mimdinareobis

holandiuri

mxatvruli

CamoyalibebaSi

aqtiurad

monawileobdnen

neoplasticizmis

mimdinareobis

warmomadgenlebi, romlebsac maTi Jurnalis saxelwodebis mixedviT `de

stilis~ jgufsac uwodeben. jgufis ideologi iyo mxatvari pit mondriani,
romelic Tvlida, rom nebismieri dizainis universaluri principi mdgomareobs
marTkuTxa

formebis,

gawonasworebuli

horizontaluri

da

vertikaluri

sibrtyeebis da pirveladi ferebis _ wiTlis, lurjis da yviTlis gamoyenebaSi,

TeTr, Sav da nacrisfer fonebze. es principebi gamoiyeneboda rogorc
ferweraSi, aseve dizainsa da arqiteqturaSi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom swored am jgufis ideebis gavleniT Seqmna Tavisi
saxelganTqmuli `saxli CanCqerze~ frenk loid raitma aq xom mTeli
kompoziciis wonasworobas swored marTkuTxa horizontaluri da vertikaluri
sibrtyeebis swori kuTxiT gadakveTa ganapirobebs.
`de stilis~ jgufis arqiteqturuli memkvidreobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
magaliTia arqiteqtorisa da dizaineris gerit ritveldis `Srederis saxli~
1

utrextSi

(1924).

es

nageboba

neoplasticizmis

esTetikuri

idealebis

WeSmarit gansaxierebas warmoadgens: sufTa, kontrastuli pirveladi ferebiT

SeRebili marTkuTxa perpendikularuli moculobebi

erTmaneTisgan aqa-iq

minis zedapirebiTaa gamoyofili. sarkmlebi, fardebis magivrad, aseTive

feradi darabebiT ixureba. saxlis dagegmareba Tavisufalia, igi advilad
icvleba zeda sarTulze aq saerTod ar aris masiuri kedlebi, maT
magivrobas

Txeli

tixrebi

asrulebs,

romlebic

survilisamebr

SeiZleba

gadaaadgilon an saerTod aiRon. interieris dizaini, aveji, kibeebis moajirebi

_ yvelaferi erTiani stiliTaa gadawyvetili, yvela umciresi detalic ki Rrmadaa
gaazrebuli,

praqtikuli

Tanamedrovec.

aveji

da

moxerxebulia

transformeris

da

ameve

principiTaa

dros

uaRresad

gadawyvetili:

misi

nebismier dros Tavisuflad daSla-awyoba SeiZleba. gerit ritveldis mier am

saxlisTvis Seqmnili samferi skami Tanamedrove dizainis erT-erT yvelaze
cnobil nawarmoebad iqca.
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom am periodis arqiteqtorebi Zalze xSirad
dizainis sferoSic muSaobdnen. funqcionalizmis koncefciis Tanaxmad xom
Senoba, infrastruqtura da nivTebi unda iqmnebodes, rogorc erTiani
mTlianoba, sacxovrebeli sivrce, romelic zustad pasuxobs adamianis
moTxovnebs da romelsac xelovani da inJineri erTad qmnian teqnikuri,
socialuri da esTetikuri normebis Sesabamisad.
erT-erTi pirveli xelovani, romelic udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda
arqiteqturisa da sawarmoo dizainis sinTezis ideebs, iyo peter berensi
(1869-1940), ara marto arqiteqtori da dizaineri, aramed gansakuTrebiT
mravalmxrivi niWis adamiani: fermweri, grafikosi,

pedagogi (misi

moswavleebi iyvnen meoce saukunis evropuli arqiteqturis sami yvelaze

gamoCenili warmomadgeneli: valter gropiusi, ludvig mis van der roe da le
korbiuzie).
unda aRiniSnos, rom rodesac 1898 wels darmStadtis mxatvarTa
dasaxlebaSi berensma sakuTari saxli aaSena, man Tavadve daaproeqta
misTvis yoveli wvrilmani, dana-Canglis formebic ki. berenss miaCnda, rom
`warmoebas

ZaluZs

kulturis

Seqmna

xelovnebisa

da

teqnikis

gaerTianebis gziT. maRali esTetikuri Rirebulebebis nivTebis masobrivi

warmoeba daxvewili gemovnebis Sesaxeb warmodgenas Seuqmnis xalxis
farTo masebs~. aqedan cxadia, rom berenss iseve, rogorc ufro adre
inglisuri mimdinareobis, `art end kraftis~ mimdevrebs, miaCnda, rom
2

SesaZlebelia socialuri da kulturuli donis amaRleba sacxovrebeli garemos

(rogorc

arqiteqturis,

aseve

dizainis)

gaumjobesebis

gziT,

magram,

maTgan gansxvavebiT, igi upiratesobas aniWebda ara tradiciul xelobas,

anu xelnakeT nivTebs, aramed maRali xarisxis masobriv warmoebas.
SemTxveviTi araa, rom swored peter berensi iyo `germanuli sawarmoo
gaerTianebis~, anu `verkbundis~ erT-erTi mTavari damaarsebeli da
ideologi. arqiteqtorTa, dizainerTa da mewarmeTa es gaerTianeba miznad
isaxavda

mSeneblobisa

da

sawarmoo

dizainis

reorganizacias

Tanamedrove sawarmoo safuZvelze.

berensis ideebis ganxorcielebisTvis gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli pirobebi
gaCnda maSin, rodesac 1907 wels umsxvilesma germanulma konpaniam
AEG

(Allgemeine

Elektrische

Gesellschaib

eleqtrobis

gaerTianebulma

kompaniam) mas samxatvro direqtoris Tanamdeboba SesTavaza. Ees

udidesi mniSvnelobis faqtia: berensi xdeba pirveli, vinc Camoayaliba axali
dargi teqnikuri esTetika. AEG-isTvis man Seqmna sakuTari, erTiani stili,
romelic

vrceldeboda

ara

marto

yvela

saxis

produqciaze,

aramed

SefuTvaze, reklamaze da sxv.

amave periodSi berensma AEG-isTvis aago mniSvnelovani arqiteqturuli
Zeglebic, maT Soris turbinebis saamqros Senoba berlinSi. mZlavri,
xazgasmulad monumenturi Senobebi TiTqos industriuli Zlevamosilebis
himnad aRiqmeba.
berensi AEG-idan wasvlis Semdegac aproeqtebda sawarmoo Senobebs,
magaliTad, mas ekuTvnis fabrikebis Senobebi oberhauzenSi da
hextSi. igi muSaobda sacxovrebeli arqiteqturis dargSic, mis mieraa
agebuli fabrikis muSaTa dasaxlebebi da calkeuli vilebi.
funqcionalizmis Zalze mniSvnelovani ganStoebaa konstruqtivizmi,
romelic 20-ian wlebSi sabWoTa avangardul xelovnebaSi Caisaxa. misi
principebia: Tanamedrove masalebisa da teqnologiebis gamoyeneba,
Senobis formebisa da konstruqciebis racionaluroba da mizanSewoniloba,
am konstruqciis gamovlena fasadebze da mis safuZvelze axali esTetikis
Seqmna, yuradReba nagebobebis socialuri aspeqtebisadmi. amave dros,
konstruqtivizmis arqiteqturas iseve, rogorc amave periodis avangardul
ferweras, axasiaTebda meti dinamika da eqspresia, vidre dasavleTSi, ufro
Zlieri swrafva yovelive axlisa da originalurisaken. Tumca unda aRiniSnos,
rom aq xSirad iCenda Tavs am periodis xelovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
3

propagandistuli xasiaTic: magaliTad, `oqtombris 10 wlisTavis saxelobis

skolis~ (arq. nikolski da krespini) gegma namglisa da uros formisaa,
konstruqtivizmis Teoretikosebisa da ideologebis, Zmebi vesninebis
proeqti

`mZime mrewvelobis

saxalxo komisariatis Senoba~ leninis

giganturi qandakebiT unda dagvirgvinebuliyo da a.S. es proeqti ar

ganxorcielebula, iseve, rogorc mravali sxva, igi qaRaldze darCa: am
periodSi qveynis materialuri resursebi Zalze SezRuduli iyo. saxsrebis
simwire imis mizezic xdeboda, rom arqiteqtorebi, romlebic erT-erT
umniSvnelovanes

principad

uaxlesi

masalebis

gamoyenebas

miiCnevdnen, iZulebulebi xdebodnen, Tavisi Senobebi tradiciuli, magram

imxanad gacilebiT ufro iafi masalebisagan _ xisa da qvisagan eSenebinaT.
konstruqtivizmis arqiteqtura viTardeboda 30-iani wlebis dasawyisamde,
sanamde arqiteqturaSi iseve, rogorc xelovnebis sxva dargebSi, dakanonda
erTaderTi

stili

socialisturi

realizmi,

sxva

yvelaferi

ki

`burJuaziul

formalizmad~ moinaTla.
erT-erTi pirveli nageboba, romelSic gamoikveTa axali arqiteqturis
principebi, iyo konstantin melnikovis pavilioni `maxorka~ 1923 wlis
sawarmoo gamofenaze moskovSi. es dinamikuri, gonebamaxviluri Senoba
Tavisi mkveTrad gamoweuli konsolebiT, Ria xveuli kibiT da minis
gamWvirvale kuTxeebiT Zlier gamoirCeoda Tavisi novatoruli xasiaTiT. es
koncefcia melnikovma SemdgomSi ganaviTara parizis saerTaSoriso
gamofenis sabWoTa pavilionis SenobaSi.
konstantin melnikovs Sesrulebuli aqvs mravali socialurad orientirebuli
proeqti, maT Sorisaa muSaTa sacxovrebeli kompleqsebi, klubebi, kulturis
saxlebi, garaJebi. misma nagebobebma sakmao gavlena iqonia 20-iani
wlebis moskovis ieris Camoyalibebaze. yoveli maTgani gamoirCeva
moulodneli, originaluri da Tan praqtikulad mizanSewonili gadawyvetiT.
gansakuTrebiT cnobilia Tavisi novatoruli xasiatiT melnikovis sakutari saxli,
romelic warmoadgens or Sezrdil cilindrs mravali fiwiseburi sarkmliT gluv
betonis zedapirze.
xSirad melnikovis proeqtebi warmoudgenlad uswrebs win Tavis
epoqas.

aseTia,

melnikovma

magaliTad,

wamoayena

dinamikuri

arqiteqturis

gamomcemloba

idea,

`leningradis

romelic

pravdis~

Senobis proeqtSi: igi iTvaliswinebda damoukideblad moZrav sarTulebs,

`asxmuls~ centrSi ganlagebul cilindrze, romlis SigniTac ganlagebulia
4

liftebi da kibeebi. es idea ganxorcielda mxolod saukunis Semdeg italieli

arqiteqtoris, devid fiSeris mier agebul `dinamikur caTambjenebSi~.