Rules for High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2012

Pt.3 Ch.3 Sec.5 – Page 1

SECTION 5
PLATING AND STIFFENERS

A. General
A 100 Introduction
101 In this section the general requirements for plate thicknesses and local strength of panels of aluminium
alloy are given.
102 Buckling strength requirements are related to longitudinal hull girder stresses. Panels subjected to other
compressive, shear or biaxial stresses will be specially considered.
Table A1 Allowable bending stresses
Item Plate Stiffener
(N/mm2 )
Bottom, slamming load 200 f 1 180 f 1
Bottom, sea load 180 f 1 160 f 1
Side 180 f 1 160 f 1
Deck 180 f 1 160 f 1
Flat cross structure, slamming load 200 f 1 180 f 1
Flat cross structure, sea load 180 f 1 160 f 1
Bulkhead, collision 180 f 1 160 f 1
Superstructure/deckhouse front 160 f 1 140 f 1
Superstructure/deckhouse side/deck 180 f 1 160 f 1
Bulkhead, watertight 220 f 1 200 f 1
Tank bulkhead 180 f 1 160 f 1

A 200 Definitions
201 Symbols:
t = rule thickness of plating in mm
Z = rule section modulus of stiffener in cm3
s = stiffener spacing in m, measured along the plating
l = stiffener span in m, measured along the top flange of the member.
The depth of stiffener on crossing panel may be deducted when deciding the span.
For curved stiffeners l may be taken as the chord length
p = design pressure in kN/m2 as given in Ch.1 Sec.2
 = nominal allowable bending stress in N/mm2 due to lateral pressure (see Table A1)
f1 = see Sec.l A202
 = nominal allowable shear stress in N/mm2.
A 300 Allowable stresses
301 Maximum allowable bending stresses in plates and stiffeners are to be according to Table A1.

B. Plating
B 100 Minimum thicknesses
101 The thickness of structures is in general not to be less than:
t0 + kL s
t = ---------------- -- -- (mm)
f sR


f f
= --------
240
f = yield stress in N/mm2 at 0.2% offset for unwelded alloy.
f is not to be taken greater than 70% of the ultimate tensile strength

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 Rules for High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2012
Pt.3 Ch.3 Sec.5 – Page 2

s = actual stiffener spacing (m)

sR = basic stiffener spacing (m)

= 2( 100 + L)
1000

---s-- is not to be taken less than 0.5 or greater than 1.0.

sR
t0 and k according to Table B1.
Table B1 Values of t0 and k
Item t0 k
Bottom, bilge and side to loaded water line 4.0 0.03
Shell plating Side above loaded water line 3.5 0.02
Bottom aft in way of rudder, shaft brackets etc. 10.0 0.10
Strength deck weather part forward of amidships 3.0 0.03
Strength deck weather part aft of amidships 2.5 0.02
Inner bottom 3.0 0.03
Deck and inner bottom Car deck 4.0 0.03
plating
Accommodation deck 2.0 0.02
Deck for cargo 4.0 0.03
Superstructure and deckhouse decks 1.0 0.01
Collision bulkhead 3.0 0.03
Tank bulkhead 3.0 0.03
Bulkhead plating Other watertight bulkheads 3.0 0.02
Superstructure and deckhouse front 3.0 0.01
Superstructure and deckhouse sides and aft 2.5 0.01
Foundations 3.0 0.08
Other structures
Structures not mentioned above 3.0 0

B 200 Bending
201 The general requirement for thickness of plating subject to lateral pressure is given by:

s C- p
t = ----- - (mm)

C = correction factor for aspect ratio (= s/l) of plate field and degree of fixation of plate edges given in Table B2.
202 The thickness requirement for a plate field clamped along all edges and with an aspect ratio  0.5:
22. 4 s -- p
t = ------ --- - (mm).


B 300 Slamming
301 The bottom plating is to be strengthened according to the requirements given in 302 to 303.

302 The thickness of the bottom plating is not to be less than:

22.4k rk as Ps l
t = (mm)
sl

ka = correction factor for aspect ratio of plate field

= (1.1 − 0.25 s/l)2
= maximum 1.0 for s/l = 0.4
= minimum 0.72 for s/l = 1.0
kr = correction factor for curved plates

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 Rules for High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2012
Pt.3 Ch.3 Sec.5 – Page 3

 1 – 0 .5 s-
=
 r
r = radius of curvature in m
Psl = as given in Ch.1 Sec.2
sl = 200 f 1 (N/mm 2 ).
303 Above the slamming area the thickness may be gradually reduced to the ordinary requirement at side.
For craft with rise of floor, however, reduction will not be accepted below the bilge curvature or chine.
Table B2 Values of C
Degree of fixation of plate edges Aspect ratio < 0.5 Aspect ratio = 1.0
l s x y l s x y
Clamped along all edges 500 342 75 250 310 310 130 130
Longest edge clamped, shortest 500 0 75 250 425 0 140 200
edge simply supported
l = stress at midpoint of longest edge.
s = stress at midpoint of shortest edge.
x = maximum field stress parallel to longest edge.
y = maximum field stress parallel to shortest edge.

C. Stiffeners
C 100 Bending
101 The section modulus of longitudinals, beams, frames and other stiffeners subjected to lateral pressure is
not to be less than:
2
m l sp 3
Z = -------------- (cm )

m = bending moment factor depending on degree of end constraints and type of loading, see also Sec. 6
Table B2.
The m-values are normally to be as given in Table C 1.
The m-values may have to be increased after special consideration of rotation/deflection at supports or variation
in lateral pressure.
The m-values may be reduced, provided acceptable stress levels are demonstrated by direct calculations.
102 The requirement in 101 is to be regarded as a requirement about an axis parallel to the plating. As an
approximation, the requirement for standard section modulus for stiffeners at an oblique angle with the plating
may be obtained if the formula in 101 is multiplied by the factor:
1
cos 

 = angle between the stiffener web plane and the plane perpendicular to the plating.
For -values less than 12° corrections are normally not necessary.
103 When several members are equal, the section modulus requirement may be taken as the average
requirement for each individual member in the group. However, the requirement for the group is not to be taken
less than 90% of the largest individual requirement.
104 Front stiffeners of superstructures and deckhouses are to be connected to deck at both ends with a
connection area not less than:
0 .0 7 2
a = --- -- -lsp (cm )
f1

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 Rules for High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2012
Pt.3 Ch.3 Sec.5 – Page 4

Side and after end stiffeners in the lowest tier of erections are to have end connections.
Table C1 Values of m
Item m
Continuous longitudinal members 85
Non-continuous longitudinal members 100
Transverse members 100
Vertical members, ends fixed 100
Vertical members, simply supported 135
Bottom longitudinal members 85
Bottom transverse members 100
Side longitudinal members 85
Side vertical members 100
Deck longitudinal members 85
Deck transverse members 100
Watertight bulkhead stiffeners, fixed ends 65
Watertight bulkhead stiffeners, fixed one end (lower) 85
Watertight bulkhead stiffeners, simply supported ends 125
Watertight bulkhead horizontal stiffeners, fixed ends 85
Watertight bulkhead stiffeners, fixed one end (upper) 75
Watertight bulkhead horizontal stiffeners, simply supported 125
Tank cargo bulkhead, fixed ends 100
Tank cargo bulkhead, simply supported 135
Deckhouse stiffeners 100
Casing stiffeners 100

C 200 Slamming
201 The section modulus of longitudinals or transverse stiffeners supporting the bottom plating is not to be
less than:
2
m l s ps l 3
Z = ------------ -- (cm )
 sl
m = 85 for continuous longitudinals
= 100 for transverse stiffeners
p sl = slamming pressure as given in Ch.1 Sec. 2
sl = 180 f 1 (N/mm2 ).
The shear area is not to be less than:
6. 7 (l – s)s p
sl 2
AS = ---------------------------------- (cm )
 sl

sl = 90 f 1 (N/mm2 ).

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 Rules for High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2012
Pt.3 Ch.3 Sec.6 – Page 5

SECTION 6
WEB FRAMES AND GIRDER SYSTEMS

A. General
A 100 Introduction
101 In this section the general requirements for simple girders and procedures for the calculations of complex
girder systems are given.
A 200 Definitions
201 Symbols:
s = girder span in m. The web height of in-plane girders may be deducted
b = breadth of load area in m (plate flange) b may be determined from Table A1
p = design pressure in kN/m2 according to Ch. 1 Sec.2
P = design axial force in kN
 = nominal allowable bending stress in N/mm2 due to lateral pressure
 = nominal allowable shear stress in N/mm2
c = critical buckling stress in N/mm2
el = ideal elastic buckling stress in N/mm2
Z = rule section modulus in cm3
AW = rule web area in cm2
A = rule cross-sectional area in cm2
tw = web thickness in mm
h w = web height in mm
b f = flange breadth in mm.
A 300 Minimum thicknesses
301 The thickness of structures are in general not to be less than:
t 0 + kL --s---
t = ----------------- (m m )
f sR


f f
= --------
240
f = yield stress in N/mm2 at 0.2% offset for unwelded alloy. f is not to be taken greater than 70% of the
ultimate tensile strength. For unwelded material, f may be taken as f1 in Sec.2 Tables B1 to B3.
s = actual stiffener spacing in m
sR = basic stiffener spacing in m

= 2- (100 + L)
1000

---s-- is not to be taken less than 0.5 or greater than 1.0.

sR

t0 and k according to Table A2.

Table A1 Breadth of load area
For ordinary girders b = 0.5 (l1 + l2 (m)
l1 and l2 are the spans in m of the supported stiffeners
For hatch side coamings b = 0.2 (B1 - b 2 ) (m)
B1 = breadth of craft in m measured at the middle of the hatchway
b 2 = breadth of hatch in m measured at the middle of the hatchway
For hatch end beams b = 0.4 b 3 (m)
b 3 = distance in m between hatch end beam and nearest deep transverse girder or transverse
bulkhead

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 Rules for High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2012
Pt.3 Ch.3 Sec.6 – Page 6

Table A2 Values of t0 and k

Item t0 k
Bottom centre girder 3.0 0.05
Bottom side girders, floors, brackets and stiffeners 3.0 0.03
Girders and Side, deck and bulkhead longitudinals girders and stiffeners outside the peaks 3.0 0.02
stiffeners Peak girders and stiffeners 3.0 0.03
Longitudinals 3.0 0.03
Double bottom floors and girders 3.0 0.02
Foundations 3.0 0.08
Other structures
Structures not mentioned above 3.0 0
A 400 Allowable stresses
401 Maximum allowable bending stresses and shear stresses in web frames and girders are to be according
to Table A3.
Table A3 Allowable stresses
Item Web frames and girders
Bending stress Shear stress Equivalent stress
(N/mm2 ) (N/mm2 ) (N/mm2 )
Dynamic load 180 f 1 90 f 1 200 f 1
Sea/static load 160 f 1 90 f 1 180 f 1
For watertight bulkheads (excluding the collision bulkhead), allowable stresses may be increased to 200 f 1 , 100
f 1 and 220 f 1 for bending, shear and equivalent stresses, respectively.
A 500 Continuity of strength members
501 Structural continuity is to be maintained at the junction of primary supporting members of unequal
stiffness by fitting well rounded brackets.
Brackets are to extend to the nearest stiffener, or local plating reinforcement is to be provided at the toe of the
bracket.
502 Where practicable, deck pillars are to be located in line with pillars above or below.
503 Below decks and platforms, strong transverses are to be fitted between verticals and pillars, so that rigid
continuous frame structures are formed.

B. Web Frames and Girders

B 100 General
101 The requirements for section modulus and web area given in 400 are applicable to simple girders
supporting stiffeners or other girders exposed to linearly distributed lateral pressure. It is assumed that the
girder satisfies the basic assumptions of simple beam theory and that the supported members are approximately
evenly spaced and similarly supported at both ends. Other loads will have to be specially considered.
102 When boundary conditions for individual girders are not predictable due to dependence of adjacent
structures, direct calculations according to the procedures given in Sec. 9 D will be required.
103 The section modulus and web area of the girder are to be taken in accordance with requirements as given
in the following. Structural modelling in connection with direct stress analysis is to be based on the same
requirements when applicable. Note that such structural modelling will not reflect the stress distribution at local
flange cutouts or at supports with variable stiffness over the flange width. The local effective flange which may
be applied in stress analysis is indicated for construction details in various Classification Notes on «strength
analysis of hull structures)».
B 200 Effective flange
201 The effective plate flange area is defined as the cross-sectional area of plating within the effective flange
width. Continuous stiffeners may be included with 50% of their cross-sectional area. The effective flange width
be is determined by the following formula:
b e = C b (m)
C = as given in Table B1 for various numbers of evenly spaced point loads (r) on the span.

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 Rules for High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2012
Pt.3 Ch.3 Sec.6 – Page 7

If the above method of calculation is used for strength members which support corrugations perpendicular to
the span of the strength member, C is to be reduced by 90%.
Table B1 Values of C
a/b 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
C (r  6) 0.00 0.38 0.67 0.84 0.93 0.97 0.99 1.00
C (r = 5) 0.00 0.33 0.58 0.73 0.84 0.89 0.92 0.93
C (r = 4) 0.00 0.27 0.49 0.63 0.74 0.81 0.85 0.87
C (r  3) 0.00 0.22 0.40 0.52 0.65 0.73 0.78 0.80
a = distance between points of zero bending moments
= S for simply supported girders
= 0.6 S for girders fixed at both ends.
202 The effective plate area is not to be less than the effective area of the free flange within the following
regions:
— ordinary girders: total span
— continuous hatch side coamings and hatch end beams: length and breadth of the hatch, respectively, and an
additional length of 1 m at each end of the hatch corners.
B 300 Effective web
301 Holes in girders will generally be accepted, provided the shear stress level is acceptable and the buckling
strength is sufficient. Holes are to be kept well clear of end of brackets and locations where shear stresses are
high.
B 400 Strength requirements
401 The section modulus for girders subjected to lateral pressure is not to be less than:
2
mS bp 3
Z = -------------- (cm )

 = 160 f 1 (maximum)
m = bending moment factor, m-values in accordance with 403 may be applied.
402 The effective web area of girders subjected to lateral pressure is not to be less than:
10(k s Sbp – ar) 2
AW = ------------------ ------------------ (cm )

k s = shear force factor.
k s -values in accordance with 403 may be applied
a = number of stiffeners between considered section and nearest support
r = average point load in kN from stiffeners between considered section and nearest support
 = 90 f 1 (maximum).
n+-------1 -
The a-value is in no case to be taken greater than --
4
n = number of supported stiffeners on the girder span. The web area at the middle of the span is not to be
less than 0.5 AW.
403 The m- and ks -values referred to in 401 and 402 may be calculated according to general beam theory. In
Table B2 m- and k s-values are given for some defined load and boundary conditions. Note that the greatest m-
value is to be applied to simple girders. For girders where brackets are fitted or the flange area has been partly
increased due to large bending moment, a smaller m-value may be accepted outside the strengthened region.

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 Rules for High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2012
Pt.3 Ch.3 Sec.6 – Page 8

Table B2 Values of m and ks

Load and boundary conditions Bending moment and shear force factors
Positions 1 2 3
1 2 3 m1 m2 m3
Support Field Support ks1 — ks3

85 85
42
0.50 0.50

1.25
0.38 70 0.63

0.50 125 0.50

65 100
43
0.30 0.70

135
0.20 60
0.80

0.33 130 0.67

404 The m- and ks -values referred to in 401 and 402 are normally to be as given in Table B3 for the various
structural items.
Table B3 Values of m and ks for various structural items
Item m ks
Web frames 100 0.63
Bottom: Floors 100 0.63
Longitudinal girders 100 0.63
Longitudinal girders 100 0.54
Web frames, upper end 100 0.54
Side:
Web frames, lower end 100 0.72
Deck girders 100 0.63
Horizontal girders 100 0.54
Bulkhead: Vertical girders, upper end 100 0.54
Vertical girders, lower end 100 0.72
405 The equivalent stress is not to exceed 180 f 1 N/mm2 .
B 500 Girder tripping brackets
501 The spacing ST of tripping brackets is normally not to exceed the values given in Table B4 valid for
girders with symmetrical face plates. For others the spacing will be specially considered.
Tripping brackets are further to be fitted near the toe of bracket, near rounded corner of girder frames and in
line with any cross ties.
502 The tripping brackets are to be fitted in line with longitudinals or stiffeners, and are to extend the whole
height of the web plate. The arm length of the brackets along the longitudinals or stiffeners, is not to be less
than 40% of the depth of the web plate, the depth of the longitudinal or stiffener deducted. The requirement
may be modified for deep transverses.

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 Rules for High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2012
Pt.3 Ch.3 Sec.6 – Page 9

503 Tripping brackets on girders are to be stiffened by a flange or stiffener along the free edge if the length
of the edge exceeds:
0.06 tt (m)
tt = thickness in mm of tripping bracket.
The area of the stiffening is not to be less than:
10 lt (cm2 )
lt = length in m of free edge.
The tripping brackets are to have a smooth transition to adjoining longitudinals or stiffeners exposed to large
longitudinal stresses.
Table B4 Spacing between tripping brackets
Girder type S T (m)
Bottom and deck transverses
Stringers and vertical webs in general 0.02 b f
maximum 6
Longitudinal girders in general
Longitudinal girders in bottom and strength deck for L > 50m within 0.5 L amidships
Stringers and vertical webs in tanks and machinery spaces 0.014 b f
maximum 4
Vertical webs supporting single bottom girders and transverses
If the web of a strength member forms an angle with the perpendicular to the ship’s side of more than 10°,
ST is not to exceed 0.007 b f.
bf = flange breadth in mm
S = distance between transverse girders in m.
B 600 Girder web stiffeners
601 The web plate of transverse and vertical girders are to be stiffened where:
h w > 75 tw (mm)
tw = web thickness in mm,
with stiffeners of maximum spacing:
s = 60 tw (mm)
within 20% of the span from each end of the girder and where high shear stresses.
Elsewhere stiffeners are required when:
h w > 90 tw (mm)
with stiffeners of maximum spacing:
s = 90 tw (mm)
For girders supporting other girders, the end requirements may have to be applied all over the span.
602 Stiffeners are to be fitted along free edges of the openings parallel to the vertical and horizontal axis of
the opening. Stiffeners may be omitted in one direction if the shortest axis is less than 400 mm and in both
directions if length of both axes is less than 300 mm. Edge reinforcement may be used as an alternative to
stiffeners.

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 Rules for High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2012
Pt.3 Ch.3 Sec.7 – Page 10

SECTION 7
PILLARS AND PILLAR BULKHEADS

A. General
A 100 Introduction
101 In this section requirements for pillars and for bulkhead stiffeners substituting pillars are given.
A 200 Definitions
201 Symbols:
L, B, D, T, CB, see Ch.1.
t = thickness of plating in mm
s = stiffener spacing in m, measured along plate
l = length of pillars, cross ties, bulkhead stiffeners etc. between effective supports normal to their axis in m
I = smallest moment of inertia in cm4, including 40 x plate thickness as flange for bulkhead stiffener
A = cross-sectional area in cm2 , including 40 x plate thickness for bulkhead stiffener
p = design pressure as given in Ch.1.

B. Pillars
B 100 Arrangement of pillars
101 Where practicable, deck pillars are to be located in line with pillars above or below.
If arrangement with pillars in line is not possible, deck beams or girders will have to be reinforced.
102 Pillars or equivalent supports are to be arranged below deckhouses, windlasses, winches and other heavy
weights.
103 The engine room casing is to be supported.
104 Doublers are to be fitted on deck and inner bottom. When pillars are subject to tension loads, mainly in
tanks, doublers are not allowed, adequate diamond plates with increased thickness to be fitted as inserts on
girder-/beam flanges. Brackets may be used instead of doublers and diamond plates.
105 Structural reinforcement below pillars will be considered in the individual cases.
B 200 Cross-section particulars
201 The radius of gyration of a member is to be taken as:
Ia
i = (cm )
Aa
Ia = moment of inertia as built in cm4 about the axis perpendicular to the expected direction of buckling
Aa = cross-sectional area as built in cm2 .
If the end conditions are different with respect to the principle axes of the member, the i-value may have to be
checked for both axes.
B 300 Pillar scantlings
301 The cross-sectional area of members subjected to compressive loads is not to be less than:
10 - P
A = -- - (cm 2 )
c
 = -------k---------------
minimum 0,3
1 + -l
 i
P = axial load in kN as given for various strength members in 302 and 303. Alternatively, P may be
obtained from direct stress analysis. See Sec.9 D
l = length of member in m
i = radius of gyration in cm

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 Rules for High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2012
Pt.3 Ch.3 Sec.7 – Page 11

k = 0.7 in general
= 0.6 when design loads are primarily dynamic
F
c = E when E  ------
2
 
=  F 1 – ---------
F  when   ------F
 E
4 E 2
2
 i---------- (N  mm )
2 2
E =  E ------
 
100 l
F = minimum upper yield stress of material in N/mm2
E = modulus of elasticity for aluminium = 69 000 N/mm2.
The formula given for E is based on hinged ends and axial force only.
If, in special cases, it is verified that one end can be regarded as fixed, the value of E may be multiplied by 2.
If it is verified that both ends can be regarded as fixed, the value of E may be multiplied by 4.
In case of eccentric force additional end moments or additional lateral pressure, the strength member is to be
reinforced to withstand bending stresses.
302 The nominal axial force in pillars is normally to be taken as:
P=nF
n = number of decks above pillar. In case of a large number of decks (n > 3), a reduction in P will be
considered based upon a special evaluation of load redistribution
F = the force contribution in kN from each deck above and supported by the pillar in question given by:
F = p AD (kN)
p = design pressure on deck as given in Ch.1 Sec.2
AD = deck area in m2 supported by the pillar, normally taken as half the sum of span of girders supported,
multiplied by their loading breadth.
For centre line pillars supporting hatch end beams (see Fig.1 and Fig.2):
b1
AD = 4(A1 + A2 ) ----when transverse beams
B

b1
= 4(A3 + A4 + A5 )----- when longitudinals
B

b 1 = distance from hatch side to craft's side.

303 The nominal axial force in cross ties and panting beams is normally to be taken as:
P = e b p (kN)
e = mean value of spans in m on both sides of the cross tie
b = load breadth in m
p = the larger of the pressures in kN/m2 on either side of the cross tie (e.g. for a side tank cross tie, the
pressure head on the craft's side may be different from that on the longitudinal bulkhead).
B 400 Pillars in tanks
401 Hollow pillars are not accepted.
402 Where the hydrostatic pressure may give tensile stresses in the pillars and cross members, their sectional
area is not to be less than:
A = 0.07 Adk p t (cm2 )
Adk = deck or side area in m2 supported by the pillar or cross member
p t = design pressure, p in kN/m2 giving tensile stress in the pillar.
The formula may be used also tension control of panting beams and cross ties in tanks.
Doubling plates at ends are not allowed.

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 Rules for High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2012
Pt.3 Ch.3 Sec.7 – Page 12

C. Supporting Bulkheads
C 100 General
101 Bulkheads supporting decks are to be regarded as pillars. Compressive loads are to be calculated based
on supported deck area and deck design loading.
102 Buckling strength of stiffeners are to be calculated as indicated in Sec.10 E101, assuming a plate flange
equal to 40 x the plate thickness when calculating I A, A and i.
Local buckling strength of adjoining plate and torsional buckling strength of stiffeners are to be checked.

Fig. 1
Deck with transverse beams

Fig. 2
Deck with longitudinals

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 Rules for High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2012
Pt.3 Ch.3 Sec.10 – Page 13

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