Plantilla Libro en LaTex - Template Book 6

TEMPLATE BOOK
TEMPLATE BOOK
PHYSICS
MATHEMATICS
Version 2023
i
1 Chapitre 1
Circular Motion
1 Angular quantities 1
2 centripetal force 3
7 Chapitre 2
Trigonométrie
I repérage sur un cercle 7

1 cercle trigonométrique 7
2 enroulement de la droite réelle sur le cercle trigonométrique 7
3 mesure d’un angle en radian 8
Table des matières
4 propriétés 8
9 Chapitre 3
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I ASCOLORBoX 9
II BOX ICON 13
ii
Chapitre : 1
Circular Motion
1.Angular quantities
Circular Motion
Angular quantities
movement or rotation of an object along a circular path is called circular motion
to describe a circular motion, we can use angular quantities, which turn out to be more useful than
linear displacement , linear velocity , etc.
a - angular displacement
angular displacement
angular displacement is angle swiped out by object moving along circular
exmeple
â unit : [θ] rad (natural unit of measurement for angles)
conversion rule : 2π rad 360◦ s
â if two radii form an angle of θ, then length of arc : s rθ
two radii subtending an arc of same length as radius form an θ
r
angle of one radian
angular displacement is angle swiped out by object moving
along circular
b - angular velocity
Exemple
angular velocity describes how fast an object moves along a circular path
exemple
∆θ
angular velocity is defined as angular displacement swiped out per unit time : ω â unit
∆t
of : [ω] rad s−1 , also in radian measures
â angular velocity is a vector quantity
this vector points in a direction normal to the plane of circular motion
but in A-level course, we treat angular velocity as if it is a scalar
1
angular velocity and angular speed may be considered to be the same idea
MVTT
n interval ∆t, distance moved along arc
∆θ v
∆s v ∆t r ∆θ ⇒ ω ⇒ v ωr
∆t r
this relation between linear speed and angular speed holds at any instant
The vector points in the direction perpendicular to the circular motion plane, but in the A-level
course, we treat the angular velocity as a scalar , That is, when we consider angular velocity, we
regard it and linear velocity as the same physical quantity to describe the most circular motion of
an object.
For the constant relationship between linear velocity and angular velocity, we can use linear velocity
to describe the angular velocity, and conversely, we can use angular velocity to describe linear
velocity.
c - Uniform circular motion
Circular Motion
Linear Motion
when studying linear motion, we started from motion with constant velocity v
consider the simplest possible circular motion −→ circular motion with constant ω
Application
analogy with linear motion with constant v
uniform linear motion : s vt v
displacement s ↔ θ, velocity v ↔ ω
for uniform circular motion, one has : θ ωt
â time taken for one complete revolution is called period T v
2π
in one T , angle swiped is 2π, so ω
T
â uniform circular motion is still accelerated motion
speed is unchanged, but velocity is changing
direction of velocity always tangential to its path, so direction v
of velocity keeps changing
in general, any object moving along circular path is accelera-
ting.
- 2π 2π
ω ≈ 0.157 rad s−1 v ωr 0.157 × 2.5 ≈ 0.39 m s−1
T 40
1 What is the angular velocity of the minute hand of a clock ?
2 A spacecraft moves around the earth in a circular orbit. The spacecraft has a speed of
7200 m s−1 at a height of 1300 km above the surface of the earth. Given that the radius
of the earth is 6400 km. (a) What is the angular speed of this spacecraft ? (b) What is
its period ?
2
d - centripetal acceleration
Centripetal acceleration
centripetal acceleration is the acceleration due to the change in direction of velocity vector,
it points toward the centre of circular path
consider motion along a circular path from A to B with constant speed v
under small (infinitesimal) duration of time ∆t a
a. A more rigorous derivation can be given by using diﬀerentiation techniques
∆θ
change in velocity : ∆v 2v sin ≈ v ∆θ (as ∆θ → 0, sin ∆θ ≈ ∆θ)
2
∆v ∆θ ∆θ
acceleration : a ≈v vω (as ω )
∆t ∆t ∆t
consider motion along a circular path from A to B with constant speed v
centripetal acceleration
recall relation v ωr, we
Circular Motion
find centripetal accelera- v
2
A B v
v
tion : ac ω2r
r
â direction of centripe-
tal acceleration : always v
∆v
towards centre of circular ∆θ ∆θ v
path
â centripetal acceleration
is only responsible for the
change in direction of ve-
locity
change in magnitude of ve-
locity will give rise to tangential acceleration
this is related to angular acceleration [1] , which is beyond the syllabus

Questions
A racing car makes a 180◦ turn in 2.0 s. Assume the path is a semi-circle with a radius of 30
m and the car maintains a constant speed during the turn. (a) What is the angular velocity
of the car ? (b) What is the centripetal acceleration ?
2.centripetal force
circular motion must involve change in velocity, so object is not in equilibrium
there must be a net force on an object performing circular motion
[1]. Angular acceleration is analogous to linear acceleration α, defined as rate of change of angular velocity :
dω d2 θ ds dv
α (⋆). Similar to v ωr , the relation a αr also holds.
dt dt2 dt dt
3
Centripetal force
centripetal force (Fc ) is the resultant force acting on an object
â moving along a circular path, and it is always directed towards centre of the circle
â centripetal force causes centripetal acceleration
v2
using Newton’s 2nd law : Fc m mω 2 r
r
Fc is not a new force by nature, it can have a variety of origins

v
Fc is a resultant of forces you learned before (weight, tension, contact force, friction, etc.)
Fc acts at right angle to direction of velocity planet
or equivalently, if Fnet ⊥ v and Fnet is of constant magnitude
gravity
then this net force provides centripetal force for circular motion
(a) What is the orbital speed of the rock ? (b) What is the orbital
period ?
mv 2 star
- weight of object provides centripetal force : mg
√ √ R
orbital speed : v gR 9.81 × 6.4 × 10 ≈ 7.9 × 10 m s−1
6 3
Circular Motion
2πR 2π × 6.4 × 106

period : T ≈ 5.1 × 103 s ≈ 85 min
v 7.9 × 103
but maximum limiting friction possible is : flim µN µmg, there-
fore
√
µg 0.30 × 9.81
f ≤ flim ⇒ mω d ≤ µmg
2
⇒ ω ≤ 2
⇒ ωmax ≈ 2.71 rad s−1
d 0.40
2π 2π
period of revolution : Tmin ≈ 2.32 s
ωmax 2.71
t 60
umber of revolutions in one minute : nmax ≈ 25.9
Tmin 2.32
Exemple
Particle P of mass m 0.40 kg is attached to one end of a light
A
inextensible string of length r 0.80 m. The particle is whirled at
a constant angular speed ω in a vertical plane. (a) Given that the TA
string never becomes slack, find the minimum value of ω. (b) Given mg P ω
instead that the string will break if the tension is greater than 20
N, find the maximum value of ω.
- at top of circle (point A) : Fc TA mg mω 2 r ⇒ TA mω 2 r − O
mg
TB
at bottom of circle (point B) : Fc TB − mg mω 2 r ⇒ TB
mω 2 r mg
tension is minimum at A, but string being taut requires T ≥ 0 at
any point, so TA ≥ 0 B
g mg
mω 2 r − mg ≥ 0 ⇒ ω2 ≥
r
√ √
g 9.81
ωmin ≈ 3.5 rad s−1
r 0.80
4
tension is maximum at B, but string does not break requires T ≤ Tmax , so TB ≤ Tmax
Tmax g
mω 2 r mg ≤ Tmax ⇒ ω2 ≤ −
m r
√ √ θ
Tmax g 20 9.81
ωmax − − ≈ 6.1 rad s−1
m r 0.40 0.80
- vertical component of tension Ty equals weight T
Ty mg ⇒ T cos θ mg
mg 0.12 × 9.81 ball
Fnet
T ≈ 1.3 N
cos θ cos 25◦
net force equals horizontal component of tension Tx
so component Tx provides centripetal force mg
mv 2
Fc Tx ⇒ T sin θ
r
by eliminating T and m, one can find
r tan θ 0.10 × tan 25◦
v 2
⇒ v ≈ 0.069 m s−1
g 9.81
Circular Motion
When the ball reaches lowest point, find its speed and the tension in the string in terms of m and
l.
MVT
- energy conservation : G.P.E. loss = K.E. gain
r m
1 2 √
mgr mv ⇒ v 2gr
2 T
v2
at lowest point : Fc T − mg m
r
v2 2gr mg
T mg m mg m 3mg
r r
Question 0.1 Suggest what provides centripetal force in the
following cases. (a) An athlete running on a curved track. (b)
An aeroplane banking at a constant altitude. (c) A satellite
moving around the earth.
Question 0.2 A turntable that can rotate freely in a horizontal plane is covered by dry mud. When
the angular speed of rotation is gradually increased, state and explain whether the mud near edge
of the plate or near the mud will first leave the plate ?
Question 0.3 A bucket of water is swung at a constant speed and the motion describes a circle of
radius r 1.0m in the vertical plane. If the water does not pour down from the bucket even when it
is at the highest position, how fast do you need to swing the bucket ?
This question is about the design of a roller-coaster.
We consider a slider that starts from rest from a point
P and slides along a frictionless circular track as sket- P T
ched below. P is at the same height as the top of the
track T . (a) Show that the slider cannot get to T .
(b) As a designer for a roller-coaster, you have to
5
make sure the slider can reach point T and continue
to slide along the track, what is the minimum height
for the point of release ?
Question 0.4 A turntable that can rotate freely in a horizontal plane is covered by dry mud. When
the angular speed of rotation is gradually increased, state and explain whether the mud near edge
of the plate or near the mud will first leave the plate ?
Question 0.5 A bucket of water is swung at a constant speed and the motion describes a circle of
radius r 1.0m in the vertical plane. If the water does not pour down from the bucket even when it
is at the highest position, how fast do you need to swing the bucket ?
Newton’s law of gravitation
Newton’s law of gravitation states that gravitational force between two point masses is
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their
Mm
distance (Fgrav ∝ 2 )
r
Circular Motion
6
Chapitre : 2
Trigonométrie
I repérage sur un cercle
1.cercle trigonométrique
Trigonométrie
Définition J
+
Le plan est muni d’un repère orthonormal (O;⃗ı,⃗ȷ)
⃗j
Le cercle trigonométrique est le cercle C de centre O, de rayon 1
orienté dans le sens direct.
O ⃗i I
2.enroulement de la droite réelle sur le Ccercle trigono-

métrique
Introduction
Le plan est muni d’un repère orthonormal (O;⃗ı,⃗ȷ) D
La droite D est tangente en I au cercle trigonométrique
C.
x
A est le point de coordonnées (1; 1). La droite D est munie
du repère (I; A).
J
Par enroulement de la droite réelle D sur le cercle trigo- M b
1 A
nométrique C :
⃗j
â à tout point de la droite d’abscisse x on peut asso-
cier un unique point M du cercle trigonométrique,
O ⃗i I
image du réel x ;
â tout point M du cercle trigonométrique est l’image
d’une infinité de réels. Si le point M est associé à C
un réel x, alors il est associé à tout réel de la forme
x k × 2π où k est un entier relatif.
7
3.mesure d’un angle en radian J
M
Définition ⃗j
Soit C le cercle trigonométrique de centre O, de rayon 1. 1 rad
Un radian est la mesure d’un angle au centre qui intercepte le cercle O ⃗i I
C suivant un arc de longueur 1.
Remarque
Les mesures en radians et en degrés d’un angle géométrique sont proportionnelles :
Degrés 0ř 30ř 45ř 60ř 90ř 120ř 180ř

π π π π 2π
x en radians 0 π
6 4 3 2 3
4.propriétés
Trigonométrie
propriétés
- Pour tout réel x et pour tout entier relatif k, cos (x k × 2π) cos x et sin (x k × 2π) sin x
- Pour tout réel x, −1 cos x 1 et −1 sin x 1
- Pour tout réel x, cos2 x sin2 x 1
Exemple :
√
5 π
Sachant que sin x − avec − x 0, déterminer la valeur exacte de cos x.
3 2
5 4
Pour tout réel x, cos x sin x 1 donc cos2 x 1, soit cos2 x .
2 2
9 9
Il existe deux valeurs possibles du cosinus :
2 2
cos x − ou cos x
3 3
π 2
Comme − x 0, alors cos x 0 donc cos x .
2 3
8
Chapitre : 3
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tuer id, vulputate a, magna. Donec vehicula augue eu neque. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique
senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Mauris ut leo. Cras viverra metus rhoncus
sem. Nulla et lectus vestibulum urna fringilla ultrices. Phasellus eu tellus sit amet tortor gravida
placerat. Integer sapien est, iaculis in, pretium quis, viverra ac, nunc. Praesent eget sem vel leo
ultrices bibendum. Aenean faucibus. Morbi dolor nulla, malesuada eu, pulvinar at, mollis ac, nulla.
Curabitur auctor semper nulla. Donec varius orci eget risus. Duis nibh mi, congue eu, accumsan
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Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis
egestas. Mauris ut leo. Cras viverra metus rhoncus sem. Nulla et lectus vestibulum urna
fringilla ultrices. Phasellus eu tellus sit amet tortor gravida placerat. Integer sapien est,
iaculis in, pretium quis, viverra ac, nunc. Praesent eget sem vel leo ultrices bibendum.
Aenean faucibus. Morbi dolor nulla, malesuada eu, pulvinar at, mollis ac, nulla. Curabi-
tur auctor semper nulla. Donec varius orci eget risus. Duis nibh mi, congue eu, accumsan
2 star
1. item 1
2. item 2
1. item 1
2. item 2
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Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis
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TEMPLATE BOOK

I repérage sur un cercle 7

1 What is the angular velocity of the minute hand of a clock ?

this is related to angular acceleration [1] , which is beyond the syllabus

Fc is not a new force by nature, it can have a variety of origins

2πR 2π × 6.4 × 106

I repérage sur un cercle

2.enroulement de la droite réelle sur le Ccercle trigono-

Degrés 0ř 30ř 45ř 60ř 90ř 120ř 180ř

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