Desarrollo folicular temprano 73

BIOLOGIA Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA DEL DESARROLLO FOLICULAR TEMPRANO

Gustavo A Palma

Introducción

El desarrollo in vitro de los ovocitos está íntimamente relacionado con la aptitud que adquieren
durante su etapa folicular temprana. El folículo es una estructura ovárica con 2 sorprendentes
funciones, la producción de hormonas y de ovocitos aptos para ser fecundados. Las mismas son
llevadas a cabo por los folículos antrales, los cuales poseen una pared interna de células de la
granulosa que se apoyan sobre la membrana basal. Esta matriz extracelular separa las capas
epiteliales del mesénquima y afecta la migración celular, proliferación y diferenciación de las células
que se apoyan en ella.
El folículo se compone del ovocito cubierto de células pregranulosas o granulosas (Fig 1, foto
1-5). Los ovocitos de los mamíferos domésticos se desarrollan y alcanzan la madurez ovulatoria
dentro de los folículos. El desarrollo de los ovarios comienza entre las 3 y 6 semanas después de la
concepción, en las cuales tienen lugar numerosos eventos celulares, como la masiva colonización del
ovario fetal con células mesonéfricas precursoras de las células foliculares (McNatty y col., 2000), la
migración de las células germinales primordiales, la diferenciación sexual gonádica, la mitosis y
apoptosis de las células germinales. El desarrollo y atresia folicular se inician y completan durante la
vida fetal en los animales domésticos y primates.

El proceso de formación del ovocito en el folículo incluye 7 pasos:

i) La generación de las células primordiales germinales (PGCs)

ii) La migración de PGCs a las gónadas primitivas
iii) La colonización de las gónadas por las PGCs
iv) La diferenciación de las PGCs a oogonias
v) La proliferación de las oogonias
vi) La iniciación de meiosis y
vii) El arresto en la fase del diplotene de profase de la meiosis.
74 Palma
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