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HUSI :
FACULDADE AGRICULTURA
UNIVERSIDADE NASIONAL TIMOR LOROSA’E
ANO LECTIVO
2021
1
4 Proteina, ácido nucléicos no
composto nitrogenados seluk
4.1 Proteina
4.2 Amino acido
4.3 Peptideos
4.4 Strutura proteina
4.5 Propriedade proteina
4.6 Classifickasaun proteina
4.7 Asidu nucléicos
4.8 Outro kompostu nitrogenados
4.9 Nitratus
4.10 Alkaloides
4.1 PROTEINA
Proteina mak kompostu organikku komplexu iha alto peso molekular. Ho maneira
komum ho karbohidratu no bokur sira kontem karbono, hidrogenio no oxigenio,
maybe ida ne’e sira kontem nitrogenio geralmente enxofre.
Proteina hetan iha selula moris sira, iha ne’ebé sira iha koneksaun ho faze
aktividade hotu ne’eb’e konstitui vida selula . Kada espesie iha proteina espesifiku
rasik, no organismo ida iha proteina barak ne’ebé mak la hanesan iha selula no
tesidu nia laran. Tan ida ne’e, numeru bo’ot husi proteina akontese iha natureza.
2
Amino acids
atomo carbon ne’ebé besik ho grupu carboxilus, no bele reprezenta formula geral
mak:
NH2
R C H
COOH
Exceçã o prolina, ne’ebé iha grupu imino (–NH) la’os grupu amino. Natureza
grupu R, ne’ebé bolu hanesan cadeia lateral, varia ba aminoacidu ne’ebé mak
diferente. Ida ne’e dalaruma atomo hidrogenio deit, hanesan iha glisina, ka
dalaruma radikal ne’ebé komplexu tebes ne’ebé kontem, ezemplu grupu fenil.
Estrutura kimika husi 20 aminoacidus ne’ebé mak sempre hetan iha proteina
natural hatudu iha tabela 4.1 .
CH2NH2
CHOH
CH2
HO CH CH2
CH CH2
CH2 COOH
NH
NH2CHCOOH
Hydroxyproline Hydroxylysine
I I
H
HO O
CH2 C COOH
NH2
I
Triiodothyronine
3
Amino acids
Monoamino-monocarboxylic acids
CH2OH
Glycine
NH2CH2COOH Serine NH2CHCOOH
CH3
Alanin
e NH2CHCOOH CH3
HCOH
Valine NH2CHCOOH
CH3 CH3
CH2 CH3
CH3 CH
CH
CH2
Leucine Isoleucine NH2CHCOOH
NH2CHCOOH
Sulpur-containing amino acids
CH3
CH2
CH2SH CH2
COOH
COOH CH2
CH2 CH2
CO NH2
CO NH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
55
Chapter 4 Proteins, nucleic acids and other nitrogenous compounds
CH2NH2 HC N
CH2 CH
CH2 C NH
CH2 CH2
Lysine NH2CHCOOH Histidine NH2CHCOOH
NH2
N NH
NH
(CH2)3
Arginine NH2CHCOOH
OH
CH2 CH2
CH
HC C CH2 CH COOH
C CH NH2
N
Tryptophan H
HC
C
CH
CH2 CH2
CH2 CH COOH
N
Proline H
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Amino acids
I H
CH2 C COOH
HO O
NH2
Tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine)
HOOC COOH
CH
CH2
NH2CHCOOH
-Carboxyglutamic acid
NH2CH2CH2CH2COOH
-Aminobutyric acid
CH2 S S CH2
NH2CHCOOH NH2CHCOOH
Cystine
57
Chapter 4 Proteins, nucleic acids and other nitrogenous compounds
R C H
–
COO
58
Amino acids
Iha solusaun acidu forte, aminoacidu eziste parte boot hanesan kation, enkuantu
solusaun alcallina okore prinsipalmente hanesan â nion. Eziste valor pH atu
determina aminoacido ne’ebé mak central eletricamente neutron; valor ida ne’e
konesidu hanesan ponto isoeletrico. Tan ida ne’e natureza anfoterica, aminoacido
bertindak hanesan buffer, resite mudans pH.
-amino acido hotu kecuali glicina aktivu ho maneira opticamente. Akontese
hanesan carboidratos ( hare cap. 2 ), aminoacido bele foti forma rua especulares, D-
no L-.
COOH COOH
H C NH2 NH2 C H
R R
Arginina Methionina
Histidina Phenylalanina
Isoleucina Threonina
Leucina Tryptofano
Lysina Valina
Manu oan presiza suprimento alimentar iha aminoacido 10 listadu iha leten,
maibe, ida ne’e, presiza iha fonte dietetica glicina. Manu presiza arginine tamba nia
metabolism la inklui iha siklu ureia ( hare cap. 9 ), normalmente fornese
amminoacido. Lista aminoacidos esensial exige husi fahi semelhante iha laho,
kecuali arginine, ne’eb’e mak bele sintetiza husi fahi. Hatoo ona katak animal
ne’ebé mak kresimentu lais bele responde arginine tamba metabolism ativu tebes
iha figadu rezulta iha fahi aminoacido disponivel iha circulasaun geral . Busa
presiza suplai hahan arginine, tamba capasidade limitadu atu sintetiza ornitina
apartir glutamate, defisiensia arginine rezulta ac’umulo amonio apartir
aminoacidos desnaturados iha ran. Busa hanesan mos aminoacido -sulphonic
taurina iha dieta, pois hanesan
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Peptides
incapazes sintetiza apartir cisteina. Taurina necesario konjuga iha acido biliar ( hare
pag. 49). Manu domestica iha kapasidade limitada atu sintetiza prolina. Nesecidade real
aminoacidos esenciais iha dieta depende ba prezensa amminoacidos seluk. Por ezeplo
nesesidade metionina depende parcialmente conteudu cisteina iha dieta (harepag.312).
Iha kazu ruminantes, amminoacidos esencial hotu bele sintetiza husi
microorganism ruminais, ho cara teoritis halo klasse animal ne’e independente iha
fonte alimentar, microorganism ruminais. Maibe amino acido husi proteina
microba iha kuantidade no kualidade limitada ba taxas maximas iha kresimentu
animal joven no ba maxi-iproteina limitada konteudu los aminoacidos esenciais,
particularmente licina suplementu ho suprimentu alimentus dieteticos
aminoacidos, alimentus ou aminoacidos sinteticos, la degradados husi
microorganism rumen. Valor biologiku ( hare cap. 13 ) tionina microbiana. ba
produtividade maxima proteina adekuada bele adekua iha forma cap. 8 ).
4.3 PEPTIDES
Peptideo hanesan forma husi aminoacidos iha meio ligasaun entre α- carboxyl,
aminoacido iha grupu α- amino iha acido seluk, hanesan hatudu iha kraik ne’e:
H R O
H R1 O
OH + H N C C OH
H N C
H
CH
H R O
H R1 O
N C OH + H2O
H N C
CH
CH
Tipu ligasaun ne’e konesidu hanesan ligasaun peptidika; iha ezemplu ne’eb’e
mak hatudu, dipeptideo produs husi amminoacidos rua. Numeru boot aminoacido
bele unido ho meio ida ne’e, ho eliminasaun molekula bee iha kada ligasaun, atu
produz polipeptideoss.
Alem sai blok importante iha konstrusaun proteina, peptide balun iha aktividade
biologika rasik. Susu, partikularmente, hanesan fonts peptideos biologikamnete
ativo. Hidroloze enzimatiku iha proteina casein husi susuben libera peptideos
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opioids,
Chapter 4 Proteins, nucleic acids and other ne’eb’e
nitrogenous mak possui
aktividade farmacologikas hanesan analgesia.
compounds
peptideos seluk deria caseina envolve iha fluxo kalsiu iha tesidu modifikasaun
resposta sistema imunologiku.
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4.4 STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS / ESTRUTURA PROTEINA
Bele konsidera mó s estrutura proteína ne'ebé konveniensia iha kategoria bazika haat.
H O H O
HR
N C C N C
C N C C
RH H R
H O
O H
HR HR
C C N C
C N C
O RH
H HO
61
Chapter 4 Proteins, nucleic acids and other nitrogenous compounds Classification of proteins
Quaternary structure
Proteína sira iha estrutura ki'ik ne'ebé iha ai-riin ida de'it. Forsa ne'ebé estabiliza
agregadu sira-ne'e mak hanesan korrente idrogen no lasu elektrostika ka masin sira
ne'ebé forma entre residu sira iha korrente Poló nia sira-nia ninin.
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Chapter 4 Proteins, nucleic acids and other nitrogenous compounds
62
Nucleic acids
Sira bele klasifika ba kategoria prinsipá l lima iha orden aumentu ba densidade:
chylomicrons, lipoproteins ne'ebé nakonu liu (vldl), lipoproteins ne'ebé menus-
densidade (ldl), intermediate-densidade (idl) no lipoproteins (haree kap. 3).
Fenosfop telefone, ne'ebé kontein fenosforiku nu'udar grupu protetiku, inklui kazu
susuben (haree P. 406) no phosvitin iha manu-tolun yolk.
Protesaun ne'e iha fahi-luhan nu'udar grupu jeodeziku. Ezemplu mak hanesan
haemoglobin no sitochromes, iha-neebe grupu jeodeziku ne'e hanesan besi-matan
ne'ebé halo haem barak, no flavoproteins, ne'ebé kontein flavopins (haree P. 90).
Pyrimidine
NH2
O O
N HN CH3 HN
O N O N O N
H H H
Cytosine Thymine Uracil
Adenine and guanine are the principal purine bases present in nucleic acids.
NH2 O
N N N
N N HN
NH NH NH
N N H2N N
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Chapter 4 Proteins, nucleic acids and other nitrogenous compounds
Fatin sira ne'e harii liu husi liga nitrogen iha leten ba pentosc ne'e halo ho
nukleosidu .por ezemplu:
NH2
NH2
N CH2OH O OH
N
N N
+ C H H
+ H2O
C NH C N
N
H C
N H
OH OH
CH2OH O
C H H C
H C C
H
OH OH
Se nuklear hanesan adenosine mak esterior ho asidu phosfariku ne'ebé sira forma asidu
nuklear e.g adenosine,monophosforiku (APM):
NH2
N
N
N
N
H2O3POCH2 O
CH H C
H C C
H
OH OH
Baibain iha ne'e rihun ba rihun ne'ebé uza bomba nuklear ne'e mak aimoruk neebe
todan tebes,iha nuklear nia knosenedoasidu nuklear (RNA) ida neebe kontein
deoxyrobose bolu nu'udar deoxyrobose asidu nuklear (DNA).
nuklear sira halo modelu ida babain DNA kompostu husi manu futu ho helik
(figura.4.2). Sira ida-idak kompostu husi unidade alternativu sira husi deoxyribose no
grupu phosfate sira . Ne'ebé iha ligasaun ho masin midar no grupu ida-idak iha basia
haat(4) siktosine ,thymine,adenine,ka guanine. The se- quence of bases along these
strands carries the genetic information of the living cell (see p. 217). DNA is found
in the nuclei of cells as part of the chromosome structure. There are several distinct
types of ribonucleic acid, which are defined in terms of molecular size, base
composition and functional properties.They differ from DNA in
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Nucleic acids
A T
D P
P D
TA
P
D
D
P
G C P
D
D
P
A T P
D
D
P
C G
P
D D
P P
Fig. 4.2 Diagrammatic representation of part of the ladder-like DNA molecule, showing the two strands
of alternate phosphate (P) and deoxyribose (D) molecules. The horizontal rods represent the pairs of
bases held by hydrogen bonds (represented by dotted lines).
A = adenine, T = thymine, C = cytosine, G = guanine.
Natureza husi sira nia masin midar sianulu ,nomos tipu nia nitrogen oioin.iha tempu
ne'ebá irman ida naran RNA husi hetan naran pyrimide uracil.iha evidensia barak
ne'ebé hatudu katak la hanesan ho DNA ne'ebé naok-teen barak moris iha dalan ne'ebé
uniku korrente tahan sira halo arranju ho runguranga .Iha RNA iha formulariu
importante tolu manu aman termedia knosomal RNA no ferramenta RNA.funssun husi
tipu tolu ne'e sei ko'alia iha seksaun sintese proteina iha kapitulo 9 .
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Chapter 4 Proteins, nucleic acids and other nitrogenous compounds
Amines
Hanesan tee oan fatin bá zika ne'ebé aprezenta iha montante kiik iha aihoris no animal
barak.no barak mak mosu nu'udar produtu dekompozisaun iha assunto organiku no iha
propriedade atuxiku .mikroorganismu lubuk ida ne'e mak bele produz tua fatin husi
decarboxylasaun aminu asidu(tabela 4.2) ai-han sira ne'e bele halo ho kondisaun ne'ebé di'ak
no bele hamosu iha ai-han sira hanesan keiju,tua uvas,no seluk tan.ekipamentus sira ne'e tein
biojeniku tersu no bele hamosu sintomas physiolojiku ,hetamine pur ezemplu forma amines
ida husi aminu asidu storydine no iha kazu sira ne'ebé rezulta soke anafylactika mosu iha faan
no montante ne'ebé relatimente boot.omitidu mó s implika iha migraine dyetary ne'ebé
kauza.husi foho oan sira ne'ebé iha toos uvas no baibain iha hahá n ne'ebé di'ak hare husi tee
oan (hare iha kapitulo 19).
La hanesan ho tua fatin ne'ebé at iha ai Poló nia sira tau markus spimidina no spermina
presiza atu la'o ba oin iha dalan ne'ebé di'ak liu nomos spermino .sira envolve iha DNA iha
sigaru no proteina tegulamentu kona-ba espresaun genealogias atividade enzime,selula
proliferasaun no selula sira .se kompara ho nunsiu ba dalan (e.g.lipidu goabolism katine no
carnitine shyntese )grupu metustus no hirak ne'e bele hetan husi choline ka
metulasemaun .iha prosesu tranetylasaun ,betaine,amines terseiru ,forma husi choline iha
karau aman sira.betaine bele aumenta tan ba dieta atu atua hanesan fornese direta liu ba
grupu metusalemaun ,ho nune'e bele sidi choline ba funsaun seluk tan hodi bele hetan
suffering husi injurry no formasaun sigarru no metus proteina.betaine mosu iha beet masin-
midar.
Table 4.2 Some important amines and their parent amino acids
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Nitrates
Amides
Aspiragen no glutamine importante mak aminu deriv alternativu husi aminu asidu as
counterpartic asidu no glutamine asidu.amides rua ne'e mos klasifika hanesan aminu
asidu(tabela 4.1) no akontese hanesan komponente proteina .buat sira ne'e mó s
akontese nu'udar ema ne'ebé livre no hala'o knaar importante ida iha reasaun
transamentu.
Uric hanesan amides ida ne'ebé mak produtu prinsipá l husi nitrogen metabolismu
iha mam-malus ,maibé ida ne'e mó s akontese iha aihoris barak no detekta ona
trigu,soya bean,no potato no cobbage.
NH2
O C
NH2
Urea
Iha tempu ne'ebá uric asidu mak rezultadu husi purinu nia metabolismu no hetan
iha urina.Animal kiik sira ne'e mak animal kiik ne'ebé Marsu aman atu dada animal sira
ne'e.
iha manu fuik sira uric asidu,mak produtu prinsipá l husi nitrogen metabolismu no
nune'e koresponde ho nitrogen nia funsaun too ureia iha mamals.
O
H
H
N O N
N H2N C
O O
N N
O N O N
H H
H H H
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Chapter 4 Proteins, nucleic acids and other nitrogenous compounds
4.10 ALKALOIDS
Oinsá atu uza didisk sasá n sira ne'e tanba ema barak iha sasá n ne'ebé beneno iha
aihoris sira ne'e governu bandu sira nia prezensa .lista iha tabela 4.3 isplika kona-ba
oinsá atu hala'o moris ho di'ak .pur ezemplu kuandu ida kona moras aat ruma nia ataks
aten ba parte barak husi orgaun ne'e antes sintomas mosu .nutrisaun ida seluk no
signifika ba alcohol sira mak ergot nia komgus ne'ebé aumenta ba gravasaun sereal
nian(hare iha kapitulo 22).
Name Source
Coniine Hemlock
Nicotine Tobacco
Ricinine Castor plant seeds
Atropine Deadly nightshade
Cocaine Leaves of coca plant
Jacobine Ragwort
Quinine Cinchona bark
Strychnine Seeds of Nuxvomica
Morphine Dried latex of opium poppy
Solanine Unripe potatoes and potato sprouts
SUMMARY
1. Proteins are complex organic compounds of high 5. Proteins have colloidal properties and can be
molecular weight containing carbon, hydrogen, denatured by heat, creating new linkages be- tween
oxygen, nitrogen and generally sulphur. the chains, some of which are resistant to hydrolysis.
2. Proteins are made up from a pool of 20 amino acids, 6. Proteins may be simple, either fibrous or globular,
about ten of which are essential (indispensable) for or conjugated to a non-protein molecule.
non-ruminants.
7. Nucleic acids act as a store of genetic informa- tion
3. Amino acids join together by a peptide link- age when arranged to form DNA and RNA.
between the α-carboxyl group of one acid and the
8. Amines are derivatives of amino acids and some
α-amino group of another.
possess physiological activity.
4. The primary structure of a protein refers to the
9. Urea is an important member of the amide group
sequence of amino acids in the polypep- tide chain;
of compounds.
the conformation of the chain as a result of hydrogen
bonding is the second- ary structure; folding of the 10. Nitrate is converted to the toxic nitrite in the rumen.
chain gives the tertiary structure; the quaternary
11. Alkaloids are poisonous nitrogen-containing
structure refers to the configuration of those pro-
compounds formed by some plants and fungi.
teins with more than one polypeptide chain.
68