VL@ZGA9 MA L^VZ\NV\ZA FL MA SGFA

A\V@Z9 FAEGLM MLSGE^@E  

Lstl aut`r fgstgehul f`s tgp`s fl plrg`f`s le lm ngnm` vgtam9 m`s plrg`f`s lstajmls , n`e
furangþe letrl slgs y `nd` añ`s, le m`s qul m`s suilt`s vae n`estruylef` su lstruntura fl
vgfa, qul genmuyl rlamgzar lmlnng`els nrungamls y prlpararsl para ma n`estrunngþe fl bltas
partgnumarls; y m`s plrg`f`s fl traesgngþe , le lmm`s m`s suilt`s tlrbgeae uea lstruntura fl
vgfa para n`blezar uea eulva.
Le lstas casls sl pr`funl ma lxpm`rangþe fl p`sgjgmgfafls eulvas y flsn`e`ngfas para lm
nabjg`. Lst`s plrg`f`s tglele uea furangþe fl nuatr` a ngen` añ`s.
Mlvges`e, a partgr fl lsta nmasgcgnangþe, fgstgehugþ ngen` plrg`f`s qul plesab`s p`frâae slr 
n`esgflraf`s n`b` n`eslnuletls a nabjg`s fl lfaf9
1. Vraesgngþe afumta tlbpraea. ^l fa letrl m`s 18-14 y :>-:6 añ`s fl lfaf. Lm suilt`

b`fgcgna sus rlmang`els getlrplrs`eamls y tglefl a lxpm`rar bás lm buef` fl m`s afumt`s.
M`s dlnd`s qul an`etlnle le lstl plrg`f` s`e9 hrafuangþe le ma uegvlrsgfaf, samgfa flm
d`har patlre`.
 :. Letraef` le lm buef` afumt`. @nupa t`fa ma vlgetlea flm suilt`. Le lmma day uea
lxp
lxpm`ra
m`rang
ngþe
þe y ue n`bp
n`bpr`
r`bg
bgs
s` pr`
r`vg
vgsg
sg`e
`eam
am p`
p`rr pa
part
rtl
l flm
flm ge
gefg
fgv
vgf
gfu`
u` qul
qul n`em
n`emml
mlva
va
rlsp`esajgmgfaf. ^l sulmle pr`fungr sunls`s n`b` lm batrgb`eg`, y ma letrafa le lm buef`
maj`ram n`b` n`eslnulenga fl uea lmlnngþe pr`clsg`eam.
>. Vraesgngþe le ma lfaf fl m`s >? añ`s. Vglel muhar letrl m`s :4 y >> añ`s. Le lstl plrg`f`
am suilt` sl ml prlsleta ma `p`rtuegfaf fl b`fgcgnar ma pr`vgsg`eam lstruntura afumta le lm
nas`
nas` fl sl
slet
etgr
grsl
sl lqug
lqugv`
v`na
naf`
f`.. _`
_`rr lmm`
lmm` m`s
m`s an`e
an`etl
tlng
ngbg
bgle
let`
t`s
s qul
qul su
sulm
lmle
le fars
farsl
l s`e9
s`e9
slparangþe ` fgv`rng`, nabjg` fl trajai`, nabjg` fl rlsgflenga.
6. ^letaef` ma najlza. ^l fa letrl prgengpg`s y cgeamls fl m`s >?. Furaetl lsta lfaf sl
sup`el qul lm gefgvgfu` h`za fl uea nglrta lstajgmgfaf, slhurgfaf y n`bpr`bgs`, lstaef`
napa
napang
ngta
taf`
f` pa
para
ra rlam
rlamgz
gzar
ar pmae
pmaegc
gcgn
gnan
ang`
g`el
els
s nara
nara a n`es
n`eslh
lhug
ugrr blta
bltas
s ls
lspl
plnâ
nâcg
cgna
nas.
s. \e
an`etlngbglet`
an`etlngbglet` narantlrâstgn`
narantlrâstgn` y cuefabletambletl
cuefabletambletl le var`els ls ma jùsqulfa
jùsqulfa y rls`mungþe
rls`mungþe
fl uea pr`b`ngþe le lm trajai`.
 

<. Vraesgngþe fl vgfa blfga. N`bprlefl ma fçnafa fl m`s 6?. Ma traesgngþe pulfl slr 
traequgma ` tubumtu`sa, flplefglef` fl mas lxplrglengas p`r mas qul daya pasaf` lm suilt`.
Nuaef` tlrbgea ma traesgngþe n`bgleza ue eulv` plrg`f` fl lstajgmgfaf.

ZLCLZL
ZLCLZLENG
ENGA
A JGJ
JGJMG@
MG@HZA
HZACGN
CGNA9
A9 Slr
Slre`e,
e`e, E y Nam
Namvge,
vge, D. (1777).
(1777). Sgfa y N`enlp
N`enlpt`s
t`s fl
_sgnþm`h`s bás gbp`rtaetls. Bçxgn`9 Vrgmmas .

Ma n`enlpngþe flm flsarr`mm` afumt` fl Faeglm Mlvges`e

Mlvges`e flsfl ma fçnafa fl 178? rlamgzþ uea n`bpmlia slrgl fl gevlstghang`els qul ml
n`efuilr`e a c`rbumar uea n`enlpngþe flm flsarr`mm` afumt` buy rlcgeafa. ^u b`flm` ls
lstrunturamgsta y sl jasa le > pgmarls9 m`s n`enlpt`s fl nurs` vgtam y ngnm` vgtam; lm n`enlpt`
fl lstruntura vgtam y su lv`mungþe furaetl ma afumtlz.
Lm n`enlpt` fl nurs` vgtam (mgcl n`usl) ls ue tlrbge` flsnrgptgv`, qul e` gbpmgna ue amt` egvlm

fl ajstranngþe tlþrgna. Jusna rlsamtar qul ma vgfa lsta le n`estaetl lv`mungþe flsfl lm
eangbglet` dasta ma bulrtl le t`fas mas árlas fl ma vgfa.
Bgletras qul le lm n`enlpt` fl ngnm` vgtam , ”ngnm`‒ gbpmgna qul lxgstl ue `rfle sujyanletl le
lm nurs` vgtam p`r lm qul t`f` dubae` fljl atravlsar. Fletr` fl lstl n`etlxt`, Mlvges`e
flcgel a ma lstangþe (slas`e) ` lra n`b` lm bay`r slhblet` ` fgvgsgþe fletr` flm ngnm` vgtam.
Lm nabjg` tabjgçe sl fa fletr` fl mas lstang`els y mas traesgng`els s`e elnlsargas para
pasar fl uea lstangþe a `tra. Mas lras tglele narantlrâstgnas hlelramls9 a) nafa lra tglel
su n`rrlmat` n`e ue narántlr jg`psgn`s`ngam flcgegf`, j) sl suplrp`ele rlmatgvabletl; n)
nafa lra ` plrg`f` flm flsarr`mm` lbpglza a uea lfaf buy flcgegfa. ^l pr`p`rng`ea ma
lfaf pr`blfg` y e` vargarâa bás fl ± : añ`s (para t`f`s m`s suilt`s); f) ^l tratarâa fl uea
n`estaetl uegvlrsam (1743) fl traylnt`rgas fgclrletls.
Mas lras qul n`ec`rbae ma banr` lstruntura flm ngnm` vgtam le ma n`enlpngþe fl Mlvges`e
s`e ma prlafu
prlafumtlz
mtlz (?-:?), ma afumtlz tlbpraea (18-6<), ma afumtlz blfga (6?-3<) y ma afumtlz
tarfâa (3? le aflmaetl, n`bùebletl fle`bgeaf` vlilz).
Lstruntura vgtam gefgvgfuam (mgcl strunturl) . Lm n`enlpt` fl ”Lstruntura vgtam‒ ls flcgegf` n`b`
”ue patrþe ` fgslñ` sujyanletl fl ma vgfa fl uea plrs`ea le ue b`blet` faf` ‒. Ls ue
n`enlpt` jgsahra letrl m`s fl ”lstruntura s`ngam‒ y lm fl ”lstruntura fl ma plrs`eamgfaf‒

p`rqul m`s getlrrlmang`ea. Le lm b`flm` fl Mlvges`e, ma lv`mungþe fl m`s ”plrg`f`s‒ lqugvaml

 

a m`s plrg`f`s fl lv`mungþe fl mas lstrunturas vgtamls a m` marh` flm nurs` vgtam. Zlquglrl
lxabgear t`fas mas rlmang`els sghegcgnatgvas qul lstajmlnl lm suilt`, nuam ls su patrþe y qul
tarla vgtam lstáe nubpmglef`. _ara m`hrarm` sl fljl getletar rlsp`eflr lstas prlhuetas9
°N`b` ls ma vgfa flm suilt` ad`ra0 °Nuamls s`e mas partls bas gbp`rtaetls fl su vgfa y
n`b` sl getlrrlmang`eae0 °Le qul lbpmla ma bay`r partl fl su tglbp` y lelrhâa0 °Nuamls
s`e
s`e mas
mas rlma
rlmang
ng`e
`els
ls (n`e
(n`e plrs
plrs`e
`eas
as ` gest
gestgt
gtun
ung`
g`el
els)
s) qul
qul qugl
quglrl
rl bli`
bli`ra
rarr y farm
farml
l bás
bás
gbp`rtaenga0 °Day getlrlsls ble`rls qul quglrl v`mvlr bás rlmlvaetls0
_lrg
_lrg`f
`f`s
`s lv
lv`m
`mut
utgv
gv`s
`s le ma af
afum
umtl
tlz
z tl
tlbp
bprae
raea
a y ma af
afum
umtl
tlz
z blfg
blfga
a . ^lhù
^lhùe
e Mlvge
Mlvges`
s`e
e m`s
plrg`f`s lv`mutgv`s sghule uea slnulenga prlflcgegfa y uegvlrsam qul apmgnarâa para t`f`s
m`s suilt`s
suilt`s afumt`s
afumt`s.. Ma slnuleng
slnulenga
a le lst
lstl
l plrg
plrg`f`
`f` ls uea amtlreaeng
amtlreaenga
a fl plrg`f`
plrg`f`s
s fl
n`estrunngþe fl lstruntura y nabjg` fl lstruntura (plrg`f`s traesgng`eamls).
N`estrunngþe fl lstruntura. Ma tarla prgengpam le m`s plrg`f`s fl lsta eaturamlza ls t`bar 
flngsg
flngsg`e
`els
ls nm
nmav
avls
ls para
para nr
nrla
larr uea
uea ls
lstru
truntu
ntura
ra vgtam
vgtam am
amrlf
rlflf
lf`r
`r fl lm
lmmas
mas y mu
mulh
lh`
` ge
getle
tletar 
tar 

s`stlelrmas y amnaezar mas bltas y m`s vam`rls qul e`s pr`pusgb`s. E` ls ue plrg`f` cángm,
s`stlelrmas
s`jrlt`f` nuaef` e`s fab`s nuleta fl qul lsa lstruntura e` lra tae satgscant`rga n`b`
e`s m` dajâab`s gbahgeaf`. Ma furangþe blfga ls fl < a 8 añ`s, lxnlpng`eambletl
pulfle lxtleflrsl dasta 1? añ`s
Nabjg`
Nabjg` fl lstruntura
lstruntura (traesgngþe)
(traesgngþe). Ma tarl
tarla
a aq
aquâ
uâ ls rl
rllv
lvam
amua
uarr y far
far p`r
p`r cg
cgea
eamg
mgza
zafa
fa ma
lstruntura aetlrg`r y nrlar mas p`sgjgmgfafls psgn`mþhgnas para qul suria uea lstruntura
eulva asâ n`b` vlr qul vgajgmgfaf day fl t`bar flngsg`els nmavls. ^u furangþe ls fl <
añ`s. Nasg ma bgtaf fl ma vgfa afumta gbpmgna plrg`f`s fl traesgngþe.
Le suba, ma slnulenga flsnujglrta p`r Mlvges`e `crlnl lm sghugletl pae`raba para ma
afumtlz tlbpraea y blfga9 1) ma traesgngþe afumta tlbpraea; :) n`bglez` fl ma >
lstruntura vgtam para ma afumtlz tlbpraea; >) traesgngþe fl m`s >? añ`s; 6) nglrrl fl ma
lstruntura vgtam para ma afumtlz tlbpraea; <) traesgngþe fl ma bgtaf fl ma vgfa; 3) n`bglez`
fl ma lstruntura vgtam para ma afumtlz blfga; 8) traesgngþe fl m`s <? añ`s; 4) nglrrl fl ma
lstruntura vgtam para ma afumtlz blfga y 7) traesgngþe danga ma afumtlz tarfâa.
 Asplnt`s Blt`f`mþhgn`s. Fgshu
gshust
staf
af`
` n`
n`e
e m`s
m`s bç
bçt`
t`f`
f`s
s m`
m`eh
ehgt
gtuf
ufge
geam
amls
ls y m`
m`s
s tr
trae
aes-
s-
slnng`eamls, Mlvges`e rlnuplra lm bçt`f` jg`hrácgn` para lm trajai` fl gevlstghangþe ya
qul, slhùe çm, ls lm qul bli`r naptura lm cmugr flm nurs` vgtam. Ma plrs`ea rln`estruyl su

dgst`rga vgtam asgheáef`ml

asgheáef`ml sletgf` a nafa ue` fl m`s b`blet`s lv`mutgv`s,
lv`mutgv`s, n`e ayufa, sg ls
 

elnlsarg` flm letrlvgstaf`r. ^l letrlvgstar`e a 6? d`bjrls, 6< builrls y sl aeamgzar`e

aflbás 1?? aut`jg`hracâas sucgngletlbletl rlp`rtafas y sge samt`s tlbp`ramls y `tr`s
rlmat`s fl fgvlrsas culetls lsnrgtas y fgclrletls
fgclrletls numturas y çp`nas dgstþrgnas.
dgstþrgnas. Lm aeámgsgs fl
mas bgsbas ls amtabletl nuamgtatgv`. Mlvges`e rlnamna qul m`s flsnujrgbglet`s fl mas lras
y m`s plrg`f`s culr`e faf`s p`r ma gevlstghangþe y euena sl c`rbumar`e le tçrbge`s fl
dgpþtlsgs a prg`rg fl gevlstghangþe. Asgbgsb`, ma fgclrlenga tlbp`ram letrl ma gevlstghangþe
fl mas ”lstang`els le ma vgfa fl ue d`bjrl‒ y fl mas ”lstang`els le ma vgfa fl uea builr‒
arr`iar`e ma lxgstlenga fl fgclrlengas fl hçelr` le t`re` a ma lmaj`rangþe y jùsqulfa fl
rlamgzangþe flm sulñ`. Lm sulñ` sl flcgel n`b` uea vgsgþe, uea p`sgjgmgfaf gbahgeafa qul
hlelra lb`ngþe, lxngtangþe y vgtamgfaf, aflbás fl ue sletgf` para ma vgfa. Lm sulñ` tglel
uea gbp`rtaenga psgn`mþhgna amta le lm sletgf` fl qul `rhaegza ma nrlangþe fl lstruntura fl
vgfa
vgfa y ca
cangm
ngmgta
gta lm m`h
m`hr`
r` fl satgsc
satgscann
anngþe
gþe plrs`
plrs`eam
eam.. Bglet
Bgletras
ras qul
qul letrl
letrl m`s va
var`e
r`els
ls s`e
s`e
prgengpambletl
prgengpambletl pr`clsg`eamls
pr`clsg`eamls ` s`ngamls, letrl mas builrls lm tlba flm ^ulñ` ls f`bçstgn`

y cabgmgar. Aflbás, Kgttrlmm (1774) rlpasaef` lm trajai` fl Mlvges`e, ahrlha qul narlnâae
fl ue ^ulñ` tam n`b` çm m` n`enlptuamgz
n`enlptuamgzþ
þ ya qul e` hlelraja le lmmas lxngtangþe,
lxngtangþe, lb`ngþe
eg vgtamgf
vgtamgfaf,
af, genm
genmus`
us` letrl
letrl buil
builrls
rls pr`
pr`clsg
clsg`ea
`eamls.
mls. Ma bay`râa
bay`râa fl mas letrlvgs
letrlvgstafa
tafas
s e`
pufglr`e c`rbar ue ^ulñ` eg dajâae lstajmlngf` rlmang`els-blet`r danga lm cgeam flm ma
Vrae
Vraesg
sgng
ngþe
þe Af
Afum
umta
ta Vlbp
Vlbpra
raea
ea (:
(:>
> añ
añ`s
`s).
). Lm bg
bgsb
sb`
` Mlvg
Mlvges
es`e
`e ac
acgr
grbþ
bþ qul
qul ma
mas
s blta
bltas
s
f`blstgn
f`blstgnas
as ”e` hle
hlelraj
lrajae
ae ue sulñ`
sulñ` lstgbuma
lstgbumaetl
etl para
para egehuea
egehuea fl lsas
lsas builrls‒
builrls‒.. Le
n`enmusgþe, lm trajai` n`bparatgv` fl Kgttrlmm n`ecgrba ma lxgstlenga fl fgclrlengas s`ngamls
pr`v`nafas p`r lm hçelr` para ma `rhaegzangþe fl ma tlbp`ramgfaf (Vglbp` GGG).

Le su Vl`râa fl ma Lstruntura fl ma Sgfa , Mlvges`e (1743) gfletgcgnþ ue`s plrâ`f`s flm

flsarr`mm` vgenumaf`s a ma lfaf qul sl vae flspmlhaef` a m` marh` flm tglbp` le uea
slnulenga `rfleafa y uegvlrsam. Gegngambletl nuatr` y p`stlrg`rbletl ngen`, lst`s plrâ`f`s,
lras ` lstang`els sl narantlrgzae p`r b`blet`s fl rlmatgva lstajgmgfaf, bundas vlnls fl
n`rta furangþe y p`r b`blet`s fl traesgngþe, narantlrgzaf`s p`r uea culrtl getlesgfaf
lb`ng`eam.
 

M`s ngen` plrâ`f`s gfletgcgnaf`s p`r Mlvges`e (1743) s`e9

• _rlafumtlz9 Flsfl lm eangbglet` dasta m`s :: añ`s
• Afumtlz tlbpraea9 Fl m`s 18 a m`s 6< añ`s
• Afumtlz blfga9 Fl m`s 6? a m`s 36 añ`s
• Afumtlz tarfâa9 Fl m`s 3? a m`s 4< añ`s
• Afumtlz rlambletl tarfâa9 Fl m`s 4? añ`s le aflmaetl.