‐Mýl ah` Kfbhcthcmrfl ah` Zhrô4 ;:: mýls ah

fcahphcahcbfm―
XCF_H[RFAMA QHBCL@ÒGFBM AH@ ZH[Ô
OF@FM@ @FEM 

HRBXH@M AH FCGHCFH[ÅM

QHEM4

‐HROH[M AH Z@MREM―

BX[RL4 BM@BX@L MZ@FBMAL M@M OFRFBM ;

FCQHG[MCQHR4 [lsm`hs Elctm`vl Amcfh` Zharl

Rm`bhal Glczm`hs Dhmc Bmr`l

[meårhz Guzeíc Vhsh` Krmymc

Bm`sfcm Qfctmym @ufs

@FEM ‒ ZH[X

;:;=

=
 
 

=. AHAFBMQL[FM

Hsth trmkmdl sh `l ahafbmels hc prfehr `ugmr m cuhstrl Afls,

qufhc eh afl ouhrzms hc `ls elehctls eís afoåbf`hs y supl
gufmreh plr h` kuhc bmefcl m phsmr ah `ls prlk`hems quh sh
prhshctmrlc.
Qmekfæc pmrm cuhstrms omef`fms, ym quh grmbfms m h``ls slels `l
quh slels, m cuhstrls pmarhs plr su mplyl fcblcafbflcm`, plr h`
kuhc blcshdl y melr quh supl fepmrtfr pmrm olremrcls. Ah fgum`
emchrm m hsms phrslcms quh supfhrlc mplymrcls h fcbhctfvmrcls
m cl mkmcalcmr bumcal `ms blsms sh pusfhrlc afoåbf`hs.

;
 
 

;. MG[MAHBFEFHCQLR

 M`m Xcfvhrsfama thbcl`ògfbm ah` Zhrô

Hsbuh`m suphrflr ah fcghcfhråm  
 Mgrmahbhels m cuhstrl Zmarh Bh`hstfm`, plr imkhrcls gufmal m
`l `mrgl ah cuhstrms vfams, plr shr ef olrtm`hzm hc `ls elehctls
ah ahkf`fama, krfcamrcls ucm vfam ``hcm ah mprhcafzmdhs, blc `ls
m`tls y kmdls quh hstl fep`fbm.
 Mgrmahzbl ah blrmzòc m cuhstrms omef`fms, qufhc m phsmr ah
cuhstrm blcafbfòc omef`fmr supfhrlc fepmrtfr lrahc, y olremrcls
blel phrslcms ilchstms y blc gmcms ah trfucomr.

2. [HRXEHC

Hsth prlyhbtl, sh kmsm hc fcvhstfgmr `ls hohbtls ah `m h`hbtrfbfama hc `m

hsohrm ah p`msem y su emcfohstmbfòc.  @ms hsohrms ah p`msem slc g`lkls quh sh
f`uefcmc blc shrphctfcms ah p`msem quh frrmafmc ahsah h` bhctrl imstm h` klrah
ah`` g`lk
ah g`lkl
l ah br
brfs
fstm
tm`.`. Rh pu
puha
hahc
hc hc
hcbl
blct
ctrm
rmrr hc bm
bmsf
sf bu
bum`
m`qu
qufh
fhrr tfhc
tfhcam
am ah
clvhamahs, mså blel vmrfls `ugmrhs hc `åchm. Maheís ah sfep`hehcth `ubfr 

klcftms, tmekfæc aheuhstrmc m`gl ah oåsfbm.

2
 
 

Ah mbuhra
mbuhral
l blc Zlwhr@m
Zlwhr@mks,
ks, h` p`m
p`msem
sem,, m ehc
ehcual
ual ahofc
ahofcfal
fal blel ‐h`
bumrtl hstmal ah `m emthrfm― , hs
h s uc
u c ‐gms bm`fhcth flcfzmal― . Hc plbms
pm`mkrms, uc p`msem hs uc gms quh blctfhch pmrtåbu`ms bmrgmams blel `ls
h`hbtrlchs y `ls flchs. @m mp`fbmbfòc ah `m thcsfòc fcfbfm` m trmvæs ah `m ouhcth ah
m`fehctmbfòc brhm uc vl`tmdh lsbf`mcth shbucamrfl slkrh h` h`hbtrlal. Hstl brhm

uc bmepl h`hbtrlemgcætfbl m`thrcmtfvl quh emctfhch m `ls h`hbtrlchs `fkrhs ah

elvhrsh hc h` fcthrflr. Blel `ls h`hbtrlchs lktfhchc hchrgåm suofbfhcth pmrm
rlephr blc h` h`hbtrlal bhctrm`, mbh`hrmc ahkfal m` bmepl h`hbtrlemgcætfbl y `m
hchrgåm quh gmcmc. @m `uz quh hemcm ah ucm blrrfhcth ah p`msem hs h` hxbhsl
ah hchrgåm ah `ls ítlels quh rhgrhsmc m uc hstmal ah ehclr hchrgåm m uc
hstmal hxbftmal. H` bl`lr ah `m `uz ahphcah ah` gms hc h` fcthrflr ah` g`lkl.

H` mbhrbmefhctl ah tukls o`ulrhsbhcths m ucm kl`m ah p`msem (`m bum`

blct
blctfh
fhch
ch gms
gms hcrm
hcrmrh
rhbf
bfal
al fl
flcf
cfzm
zmal
al),
), imbh
imbh qu
quh
h æs
æstl
tlss sh f`f`ue
uefc
fchc
hc sf
sfc
c hs
hstm
tmr 
r 
blchbtmals m cfcgucm ouhcth ah m`fehctmbfòc h fcb`usl hstmcal oucafals.

Zm`mkrm b`mvhs4 p`msem, frrmafm, gms, flcfzmbfòc, hemcm.

MKRQ[MRQ

Qifs prldhbt fs kmsha lc fcvhstfgmtfcg tih hoohbts lo h`hbtrfbfty lc tih p`msem

`mep mca fts emcfohstmtflc. Z`msem km``s mrh g`lkhs timt mrh f``uefcmtha ky
p`msem strhmehrs timt rmafmth orle tih bhcthr tl tih hagh lo tih g`mss g`lkh.
Qihy bmc kh oluca mt m`elst mcy clvh`ty stlrh, ms wh`` ms vmrflus p`mbhs lc`fch.
Khsfahs dust `llnfcg prhtty, tihy m`sl ahelcstrmth sleh piysfbs ms wh``.
 Mbblrafcg tl Zlwhr @mks, p`msem, lothc ahofcha ms "tih olurti stmth lo emtthr,"
fs m "ilt flcfzha gms." Rfep`y put, m p`msem fs m gms timt blctmfcs bimrgha
pmrtfb`hs `fnh h`hbtrlcs mca flcs. Mpp`yfcg tih fcftfm` vl`tmgh mbrlss tih plwhr 
supp`y
supp`y brh
brhmth
mthss m shb
shblca
lcamry
mry lsb
lsbf``
f``mtf
mtfcg
cg vl
vl`tm
`tmgh
gh mbr
mbrlss
lss tih h`h
h`hbtr
btrlah
lah.. Qi
Qifs
fs

brhmths mc m`thrcmtfcg h`hbtrlemgchtfb ofh`a timt nhhps tih h`hbtrlcs orhh tl

1
 
 

elvh fcsfah. Ms tih h`hbtrlcs gmfc hclugi hchrgy tl krhmn tirlugi tih bhcthr 
h`hbtrlah, tihy mbbh`hrmth auh tl tih h`hbtrlemgchtfb ofh`a mca tih hchrgy tihy
gmfc. Qih `fgit hemcmtfcg orle m p`msem strhme fs tih hxbhss hchrgy lo tih
mtles rhturcfcg orle m `lwhr hchrgy stmth tl mc hxbftha stmth. Qih bl`lr lo tih
`fgit ahphcas lc tih gms fcsfah tih km``llc.

Qih mpprlmbi lo o`ulrhsbhct tukhs tl m p`msem km`` (wifbi blctmfcs rmrhofha

flcfzha gms), emnhs tihe `fgit up wftilut khfcg blcchbtha tl mcy plwhr slurbh
mca hvhc wihc tihy mrh eh`tha.

Nhywlra4 p`msem, rmafmths, gms, flcfzmtflc, hemcmths.

CAFBH

Blcthcfal

=. AHAFBMQL[FM....
AHAFBMQL[FM..........................
............................................
............................................
............................................
...............................................
................................;
.......;

;. MG[MAHBFEFHCQ
MG[MAHBFEFHCQLR.................
LR.......................................
............................................
............................................
....................................
...............................
.................2
2
2. [HRXEHC.........
[HRXEHC...............................
............................................
............................................
............................................
.....................................................
.................................1
..1
1. FCQ[LAXBBFL
FCQ[LAXBBFLC......................
C............................................
............................................
............................................
.......................................................7
.................................7
1.=. Z@MCQHMEFHCQ
Z@MCQHMEFHCQL
L AH@ Z[LK@HEM4....................
Z[LK@HEM4..........................................
................................................................
..........................................99
1.;. OL[EX@MB
OL[EX@MBFLC
FLC AH Z[
Z[LK@HEM.......
LK@HEM.............................
............................................
.................................................
......................................
...........9
9
1.2. LKDHQF_LR AH@ Z[LVHBQ
Z[LVHBQL......................
L............................................
............................................
....................................................9
..............................9
1. 2.=. LKDHQF_LR GHCH[M@
GHCH[M@HR4...................
HR4.........................................
............................................
....................................................9
..............................9
1.2.;. LKDHQF_LR HRZHBFOFBLR4....
HRZHBFOFBLR4...........................
.............................................
.................................................................
...........................................99
8. DXRQFOFBMBFLC..
DXRQFOFBMBFLC........................
............................................
............................................
............................................
........................................
................................
..............6
6

?. EM[BL QHL[FBL................
QHL[FBL......................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
..................................=:
............=:

8
 
 

=.= KMRHR QHL[FBMR BFHCQFOFBMR4.....

BFHCQFOFBMR4...........................
............................................
.............................................
....................................=:
.............=:
7. EHQLAL@L
EHQLAL@LGFM
GFM AH @M FC_HRQFGMBFL
FC_HRQFGMBFLC..........................
C................................................
............................................
...................................=2
.............=2
QFZL AH FC_HRQFGMBFLC.......................
.............................................
.............................................
............................................
..................................=2
............=2
CF_H@ AH FC_HRQFGMBFÒ
FC_HRQFGMBFÒC........................
C..............................................
............................................
......................................................=2
................................=2
AFRHÝL AH @M FC_HRQFGMB
FC_HRQFGMBFÒC....................
FÒC..........................................
............................................
..................................................=2
............................=2

7.=. Z[FCBFZFLR BFHCQ

BFHCQFOFBLR
FOFBLR XQF@FTMALR HC @M RL RL@XBFLC..............
@XBFLC.................................................=1
...................................=1
7.;. AHOFCFBFLCHR BLCBHZQX
BLCBHZQXM@HR4................
M@HR4......................................
............................................
....................................
..........................
............=1
=1
7.2. @HVHR EMQHEÍQFBMR
EMQHEÍQFBMR4......................
4............................................
............................................
..........................................................=7
....................................=7
9. Z[HRHCQMBFÒC, MCÍ@FRFR H FCQH[Z[HQMBFÒC
FCQH[Z[HQMBFÒC AH@ Z[LVHBQL.............................................
Z[LVHBQL.............................................;=
;=
9.=. EMQH[FM@HR V IH[[MEFHCQMR
IH[[MEFHCQMR ZM[M IMBH[ XCM KL@M AH Z@MREM BMRH[M...........
BMRH[M..............;=
...;=
9.;. Ahsbrfpbfòc ah` prlyhbtl4......
prlyhbtl4.............................
.............................................
............................................
..............................................;=
........................;=
9.2. Z[LBHAFEFHCQL
Z[LBHAFEFHCQL......................
............................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
......................;2
;2
6. MCÍ@FRFR AH AMQLR L [HRX@QMALR...................
[HRX@QMALR.........................................
............................................
..............................................;8
........................;8
6.=. Mcí`fsfs ah khchobfls ah `m `íepmrm ah p`msem4.................
p`msem4.......................................
.............................................;8
.......................;8

=:. BLCB@XRFLC
BLCB@XRFLCHR....................
HR..........................................
............................................
............................................
.....................................................
...............................;?
;?
==. LKRH[_MBFLC
LKRH[_MBFLCHR4.................
HR4.......................................
............................................
............................................
.....................................................
...............................;9
;9
=;. KFK@FLG[MO
KFK@FLG[MOFM.......................
FM.............................................
............................................
............................................
.....................................................;6
...............................;6

1. FCQ[LAXBBFLC

H` prhshcth prlyhbtl sh kmsm hc `m h`mklrmbfòc ah uc bfrbuftl h`æbtrfbl, hc

alcah `m ouhcth ah h`hbtrfbfama ahkh thchr als threfcm`hs4 ucm threfcm` blc
bmrgm plsftfvm y ucm threfcm` blc bmrgm chgmtfvm.

Rf sh blchbtm h` pl`l plsftfvl ah ucm ouhcth h`æbtrfbm m` pl`l chgmtfvl, sh

brhm uc bfrbuftl. Hctlcbhs `m bmrgm sh blcvfhrth hc hchrgåm bumcal `ls pl`ls
sh blchbtmc, phreftfhcal h` o`udl blctfcul ah hchrgåm bfcætfbm.

@ls h`hbtrlchs sfheprh sh ahsp`mzmríc plr ehafl ah hchrgåm bfcætfbm ah

buhrpls blc bmrgm chgmtfvm imbfm buhrpls blc bmrgm plsftfvm blc bfhrtl
vl`tmdh m trmvæs ah uc våcbu`l l uc puhcth hctrh mekms threfcm`hs quh

?
 
 

usum
usum`e
`ehc
hcth
th ``me
``meme
mels
ls ‐b
‐bfr
frbu
buftftl―
l―.. H` clek
clekrh
rh ‐pls
‐plsftftfv
fvl―
l― l ‐chg
‐chgmt
mtfv
fvl―
l―
ôcfbmehcth sfrvh pmrm fcafbmr h` shctfal ah `ms bmrgms.

@m rhm`fzmbfòc ah bfrbuftl pmrm `m kl`m ah p`msem phreftfrí hxphrfehctmr uc

ohcòehcl blel h` bmepl h`æbtrfbl, ym quh `m bl`lbmbfòc sh ucm emcl bhrbm
ah` brfstm` m`thrm h` bmepl h`æbtrfbl ah m`tm orhbuhcbfm, bmusmcal uc rmyl ah
emylr grlslr ahctrl ah `m hsohrm hc afrhbbfòc m` puctl ah blctmbtl. Bumcal
sh mbhrbm bum`qufhr lkdhtl blcaubtlr m `m hsohrm sh prlaubh ucm blrrfhcth
ucm blrrfhcth h`æbtrfbm> hstl puhah ghchrmr blrtls bfrbuftls, blel h` brfstm`
cl k`lquhm h` afh`æbtrfbl hc uc blcahcsmalr h`æbtrfbl olremal hctrh gms
flcfzmal y, hc hsth bmsl, `m emcl ah `m phrslcm.

1.=. Z@MCQHMEFHCQL AH@ Z[LK@HEM4

Hstm fahm surgfò, ahspuæs ah hstmr rhvfsmcal plr fcthrcht hxphrfehctls ah

Cfnl`m ths`m, mkrfæcalsh ucm vhctmcm blc h` clekrh ah hsohrm ah p`msem.
Zlsthrflrehcth m` threfcmr ah `hhr h` albuehctl, sh sl`fbftò mshslråm pmrm
``hvmr m bmkl `m blcstrubbfòc ah hsth prltltfpl. Zmrm rhm`fzmr`l sh afhrlc
vmrfls fcblcvhcfhcths, ym quh tmctl blel h` blclbfefhctl y `ls emthrfm`hs
cl hstmkmc m cuhstrl m`bmcbh.

1.;. OL[EX@MBFLC AH Z[LK@HEM

¼Buí`hs slc `ls hohbtls ah `m h`hbtrfbfama hc `m `íepmrm ah p`msem y bòel
sh emcfofhstm<

1.2. LKDHQF_LR AH@ Z[LVHBQL

1. 2.=. LKDHQF_LR GHCH[M@HR4

 Ahelstrmr hc quh blcsfsth h` prlyhbtl ah Cfnl`m Qhs`m ‐FCH[Q GMR

AFRBIM[GH QXKH― y æ` plrquh hs blcsfahrmam ucm ah `ms prfehrms
`íepmrms ah m`tm fcthcsfama.

7
 
 

 Fcvhstfgmr slkrh h` m`tl vl`tmdh, sus bmrmbthråstfbms, ph`fgrls y `ms bmusms

ah` plr quæ `m h`hbtrfbfama sh euhvh blc h` tmbtl.

1.2.;. LKDHQF_LR HRZHBFOFBLR4

  Mp`fbmr `ls blclbfefhctls maqufrfals slkrh bfrbuftls h`æbtrfbls hc `m

h`mklrmbfòc oåsfbm ah ucl ah hstls.

 Hxp`fb
Hxp `fbmr
mr hc quæ blcsfs
blcsfstfò
tfò `m fcv
fcvhst
hstfgm
fgmbfò
bfòc
c ah
ah`` bfhctå
bfhctåofb
ofbl
l Cfn
Cfnl`m
l`m Qhs
Qhs`m
`m
``memal ‐FCH[Q GMR AFRBIM[GH QXKH―.
 Ahelstrmr blel fcthrmbtôm uc bmepl h`æbtrfbl, blc lkdhtls blcaubtlrhs
hxthrcls.
 Fcvhstfgmr bòel oucbflcm `ms `íepmrms l hsohrms ah p`msem.

8. DXRQFOFBMBFLC

@m oåsfbm sh hcorhctm m ahthrefcmals prlk`hems buym sl`ubfòc sh kmsm hc `m

mp`fbmbfòc ah `ms `hyhs ah` h`hbtrlemgchtfsel, ah miå `m feplrtmcbfm ah` hstuafl

ah hstm rmem. M` fcvhstfgmr mbhrbm ah hstm feplrtmcth theítfbm surgfhrlc hc
clsltrls afstfctls fcthrrlgmcths rh`mbflcmals blc h` oucbflcmefhctl ah `m hsohrm
ah p`msem,
Hsth prlyhbtl sh rhm`fzm blc h` ofc ah ahelstrmr blel fcthrmbtôm uc bmepl
h`æbtrfbl, blc lkdhtls blcaubtlrhs hxthrcls blel puhah shr ucm emcl, `ha l
o`ulrhsbhcths. m pmrtfr ah `m fcvhstfgmbfòc ah` bfhctåofbl Cfnl`m Qhs`m qufhc tlel
ucm hsohrm fcbmcahsbhcth blc h` h`hehctl blcaubtlr susphcafal y `h mp`fbl m`tl
vl`tmdh brhmcal mså `m ahsbmrgm. Hxp`fbmcal sus bmusms, mp`fbmbflchs y `ls
blclbfefhctls maqufrfals slkrh bfrbuftls h`æbtrfbls, pmrm tlal `l quh rhsphbtm m
su prhvfm h`mklrmbfòc eubims ah hstms auams hstmkmc `fgmams m `ls hohbtls
prlaubfals plr hsth mrthombtl.
Rf kfhc pmrhbh uc sfep`h h`hehctl ahblrmtfvl, `m hsohrm ah p`msem cmbfò blel
ehafl ah ahelstrmbfòc. Hstm hsohrm ahelstrmkm quh hrm bmpmz utf`fzmr blrrfhcth
m`th
m`thrc
rcm
m `fkh
`fkhrm
rmam
am phrl
phrl blct
blctrl
rl`m
`mam
am pmrm
pmrm `l
`lgr
grmr
mr `m trmc
trmcse
sefs
fsfò
fòc
c ah hchr
hchrgå
gåm
m h
fcolrembfòc plr ehafl ah` mfrh l `m tfhrrm.
Qmekfæc tlemrhels hc buhctm, `m blcstrubbfòc pmrm blclbhr oåsfbmehcth `m
hstrub
hstrubtur
turm
m ah`
ah` bfrbu
bfrbuftl
ftl,, ym quh
quh,, hcblct
hcblctrmr
rmrhel
helss vmr
vmrfls
fls bl
blepl
eplchc
chcths
ths ble
blel
l

9
 
 

aflals, blcahcsmalrhs, trmcsolremalr, htb. hc h` quh vm fep`hehctmal pmrm h`

prltltfpl (hsohrm ah p`msem).
Grmbfms m` prlbhsl ah kôsquham ah fcolrembfòc y mp`fbmbfòc ah `ls efsels,
mofmczmrhels cuhstrl blclbfefhctl m `ms ahofcfbflchs maqufrfams aurmcth h`
ahsmrrl``l ah `m fcvhstfgmbfòc.

.
 

?. EM[BL QHL[FBL

=.= KMRHR QHL[FBMR BFHCQFOFBMR4

HROH[M AH Z@MREM

@ls ah
@ls ahst
sth`
h``l
`lss bh
bhct
cth`
h``h
`hmc
mcth
thss sh pr
prla
laub
ubhc
hc pl
plrr `m fl
flcf
cfzm
zmbf
bfòc
òc ah `l
`lss gm
gmsh
shss
hcbhrrmals, amcal `ugmr m p`msem (bumrtl hstmal ah `m emthrfm), sfef`mr m `ls
rmyls. Hstl sh prlaubh plrquh `ls h`hbtrlchs mbh`hrmals plr h` bmepl h`æbtrfbl
brhmal plr h` h`hbtrlal hsoærfbl bhctrm` mrrmcbmc h`hbtrlchs ah `ls ítlels ah`
gms clk`h quh imy hc su fcthrflr, `ls buí`hs, m` rhbmpturmr ltrls h`hbtrlchs,
hefthc `uz, `l quh fcafbm `m trmyhbtlrfm quh vmc sfgufhcal `ls prfehrls, imstm
`åefths ah `m hsohrm ah brfstm`, alcah h` plthcbfm` h`æbtrfbl hs ehclr4 @m
bl`lbmbfòc ah ucm emcl bhrbm ah` brfstm` m`thrm h` bmepl h`æbtrfbl ah m`tm
orhbuhcbfm, bmusmcal uc ôcfbl rmyl ahctrl ah `m hsohrm hc afrhbbfòc m` puctl ah
blctmbtl. H` bl`lr ah `ls rmyls ahphcah ah `m ehzb`m ah `ls gmshs fchrths quh
imy hc su fcthrflr. Hsohrm ah p`msem hs uc afsplsftfvl blc ucm oåsfbm euy
fcthrhsmct
fcthrhsmcth
h blcs
blcstm
tm ah ucm hsohrm ah vfarfl hc `m quh sh im fctrl
fctrlaubfa
aubfal
l uc gms
ôcfbmehcth uc gms clk`h blel ih`fl (Ih) l mrgòc (Mb), l ucm ehzb`m ah
mekls m euy kmdm prhsfòc tåpfbmehcth ucls =:: Zm (pmsbm`hs. plr K`mfsh
Zmsbm`), hs ahbfr, ucm prhsfòc ef` vhbhs ehclr quh `m mtelsoærfbm (=::.:::
Zm). Hc h` bhctrl ah `m hsohrm sh hcbuhctrm ucm klkfcm ah Qhs`m plr Cfnl`m
Qhs`m. su fcvhctlr, quh hs uc trmcsolremalr ah blrrfhcth m`thrcm. H` Zrfcbfpfl ah
Fcaubbfòc ah Omrmamy fepfah quh imym trmcsolremalrhs ah blrrfhcth blctfcum

6
 
 

quh blcsfguh m pmrtfr ah ucm blrrfhcth ah afohrhcbfm ah plthcbfm` ah ;;: _

h`hvmr `m afohrhcbfm ah plthcbfm` hctrh h` h`hbtrlal y `ms pmrhahs ah vfarfl imstm
`ls 6: :::_ Blc hstm afohrhcbfm ah p
plthcbfm`
lthcbfm` hctrh h` h`hbtrlal h
hc
c h` bhctrl ah
`m hsohrm suplcgmels quh ah rmafl =: be y sus pmrhahs ah vfarfl, quh
hstmråmc m uc vl`tmdh bhrl, sh brhm uc bmepl h`æbtrfbl ¨H¨ euy fcthcsl ah`

lrahc ah 6:.::
lrahc 6:.:::: _ afvfaf
afvfafal
al hctrh
hctrh ehtrl.
ehtrl. Bu
Bucal
cal uc h`hbtrò
h`hbtròc,
c, quh puha
puhah
h
prlvhcfr ah bum`qufhr ítlel ah` gms ah `m hsohrm, sh hcbuhctrm hc hsh bmepl
h`æbtrfbl, hxphrfehctm ucm ouhrzm, O, puhstl quh sh trmtm ah ucm pmrtåbu`m blc
bmrg
bmrgm
m h`æb
h`æbtrf
trfbm
bm ch
chgm
gmtftfvm
vm.. fg
fgum
um`` m` pr
prla
laub
ubtl
tl ah
ah`` bm
bmep
epl
l h`
h`æb
æbtr
trfb
fbl
l brhm
brhmal
al,,
eu`tfp`fbmal plr su bmrgm,
O 5 q.H
@m ou
ouhr
hrzm
zm hd
hdhr
hrbf
bfam
am pl
plrr h` bm
bmep
epl
l h`
h`æb
æbtr
trfb
fbl
l sl
slkr
krh
h `m pm
pmrt
rtåb
åbu`
u`m
m brhm
brhmam
am sh
trmcsolrem hc trmkmdl W rhm`fzmal slkrh `m efsem m ehafam quh `m pmrtåbu`m sh
ahsp`mzm ucm afstmcbfm ¨a¨ puhs h` trmkmdl hs fgum` m `m ouhrzm plr `m afstmcbfm
quh hc hsth bmsl hs `m afstmcbfm quh rhblrrh h` h`hbtròc

W5O.a Hs ahbfr W5qHa.

Hsth trmkmdl rhm`fzmal slkrh h` h`hbtròc sh trmaubh hc uc muehctl `m hchrgåm

bfcætfbm fgum` m `m emsm ah` h`hbtròc eu`tfp`fbm plr su vh`lbfama m` bumarmal y
afvfafal tlal plr ; (H` efsel, ah mbuhral blc h` Qhlrhem Qrmkmdl-Hchrgåm l
Qhlrhem ah `ms Ouhrzms _fvms.

W5 N, hs ahbfr qHa5 (ev*;)/;

H` puctl b`mvh pmrm hcthcahr h` oucbflcmefhctl ah `m hsohrm ah p`msem hs h`

sfgufhcth. Zmrm quh eubils h`hbtrlchs pmrtfbfphc hc `m bmrrhrm y sh puham vhr 
h` rmstrl quh vmc ahdmcal m su pmsl, hs chbhsmrfl quh h` prfehr h`hbtròc gl`phh
m uc ítlel ah Ih l Mr blc hchrgåm suofbfhcth blel pmrm mrrmcbmr`h ucl sus
h`hbtrlchs eís hxthrcls `ls ítlels slc côb`hls prltlchs, blc bmrgm h`æbtrfbm
plsftfvm, y chutrlchs, sfc bmrgm h`æbtrfbm, ucfals ehafmcth `m ouhrzm Ouhrth,
rlahmals ah h`hbtrlchs quh sh vmc afsplcfhcal hc bmpms bmam vhz eís

=:
 
 

m`hdmams ah` côb`hl, hctrmcal shgucal h`hbtròc hc `m bmrrhrm- @m hchrgåm quh

sh chbhsftm pmrm blcshgufr`l hc `ls ítlels ah Ih l Mr hs ah ucls =: h`hbtrlc -
vl` quh hs ucm ucfama ah hchrgåm fgum` m` prlaubtl ah `m bmrgm h`hbtròc
eu`tfp`fbmam plr ucm afohrhcbfm ah plthcbfm` ah = _.
Bmam ucl ah hstls als h`hbtrlchs quh milrm hstíc `fkrhs sh mbh`hrmrí y

mrrmcbmrí ltrls als y ym shríc 1 h`hbtrlchs mbh`hrícalsh, y mså 9, =?, 2;, htb.,
subhsfvmehcth imstm thchr uc ah flchs plsftfvls, ítlels m `ls quh `hs om`tm
h`hbtròc, y h`hbtrlchs chgmtfvls. Hsth blcductl ah flchs plsftfvls y h`hbtrlchs
chgmtfvls hs `l quh sh ahclefcm uc p`msem, `l quh am h` clekrh m `m `íepmrm.
 Mså, sf uc h`hbtròc blcsfguh elvhrsh hc hsh bmepl h`æbtrfbl ah 6:.:::
6:.::: v/e `hy
ah fcaubbfòc ah Omrmamy4 (f) sfc côb`hl ah ifhrrl au`bh. Xcm klkfcm olremam
eubims hspfrms ah blkrh sh blchbtmc m ucm pf`m ah _l`tm u ltrl ghchrmalr 
blrrfhcth blctfcum. Bhrbm ah hstm klkfcm, hcbfem. plr hdhep`l, sh bl`lbm ucm
shgucam klkfcm quh bfhrrm uc bfrbuftl blc uc mephråehtrl. Bumcal sh imbh
bfrbu`mr blrrfhcth plr `m prfehrm klkfcm, kusbmcal prlaubfr uc hohbtl emgcætfbl,
sf ucl sh ofdm eubil sh vhrí quh `m mgudm ah` gm`vmcòehtrl sh euhvh uc
plquftl y `uhgl sh ahtfhch. fcb`usl mucquh sfgm bfrbu`mcal blrrfhcth. Bumcal `m
blrrfhcth sh ahsblchbtm hc prfehrm klkfcm, sh lkshrvm tmekfæc uc phquhýl
elvfefhctl ah `m mgudm blc côb`hl ah ifhrrl. @m prfehrm klkfcm sh bl`lbm
milrm hc uc côb`hl ah ifhrrl au`bh mkfhrtl, efhctrms quh `m shgucam klkfcm sh
bl`lbm hc h` `mal lpuhstl ah` côb`hl, bhrrmcal ahspuæs h` côb`hl. Bumcal
milrm sh imbh bfrbu`mr blrrfhcth plr `m prfehrm klkfcm. `m mgudm ah euhvh
eubil y vuh`vh m bhrl. M` ahsblchbtmr h` bfrbuftl `m mgudm sh euhvh eubil y hc
shctfal blctrmrfl m` mcthrflr. @m fcthrprhtmbfòc ah` hxphrfehctl hs quh sl`l `ls
bmepls
bmepls emg
emgcæ
cætfb
tfbls
ls vmrfmk
vmrfmk`hs
`hs hc h` tfhepl
tfhepl fca
fcaubh
ubhc
c blr
blrrfh
rfhcth
cth h`æ
h`æbtr
btrfbm
fbm.. @m
h`hbtrlstítfbm hs `m rmem ah `m oåsfbm quh mcm`fzm `ls hohbtls eutuls quh sh
prlaubhc hctrh `ls buhrpls blel blcshbuhcbfm ah sus bmrgms h`æbtrfbms, hs
ahbfr, h` hstuafl ah `ms bmrgms h`æbtrfbms hc hquf`fkrfl. @m bmrgm h`æbtrfbm hs `m
prlpfhama ah `m emthrfm rhsplcsmk`h ah `ls ohcòehcls h`hbtrlstítfbls buyls
hohbtls mpmrhbhc hc olrem ah mtrmbbflchs y rhpu`sflchs hcth `ls buhrpls quh `m
plshhc.

==
 
 

7. EHQLAL@LGFM AH @M FC_HRQFGMBFLC

QFZL AH FC_HRQFGMBFLC.

Rh im ut
utf`f`fz
fzma
mal
l h` tfpl
tfpl ah fc
fcvh
vhst
stfg
fgmb
mbfò
fòc
c ZX
ZX[L
[L pl
plrq
rquh
uh `m fc
fcol
olre
remb
mbfò
fòc
c
thòrfbm, `ms tæbcfbms, eætlals y `ls hcsmyls elstrmals hc h` prhshcth sh
im tlemal ah `fkrls bfhctåofbls.

CF_H@ AH FC_HRQFGMBFÒC.

H` cfvh`
cfvh` ah fcvhst
fcvhstfgm
fgmbfò
bfòc
c ahs
ahsmrr
mrrl``
l``mal
mal hc h` prlyhb
prlyhbtl
tl fcv
fcvhst
hstfgm
fgmbfò
bfòc
c hs
blrrh`mbflcm` ym quh hsth tfpl ah hstuafl ahsbrfptfvl tfhch blel ofcm`fama
ahthrefcmr h` grmal ah rh`mbfòc l mslbfmbfòc cl bmusm` hxfsthcth hctrh als

l eís vmrfmk`hs. Rh bmrmbthrfzmc plrquh prfehrl sh efahc `ms vmrfmk`hs y

`uhgl, ehafmcth pruhkms ah ifpòthsfs blrrh`mbfòcm`hs y `m mp`fbmbfòc ah
tæbcfbms hstmaåstfbms, sh hstfem `m blrrh`mbfòc. Mucquh `m fcvhstfgmbfòc
blrrh`mbflcm` cl hstmk`hbh ah olrem afrhbtm rh`mbflchs bmusm`hs, hsth tfpl
ah fc
fcvh
vhst
stfg
fgmb
mbfò
fòc
c ah
ahsb
sbrf
rfpt
ptfv
fvm
m kusb
kusbm
m ahth
ahthre
refc
fcmr
mr h` grma
grmal
l ah rh`m
rh`mbf
bfòc
òc
hxfsthcth hctrh `ms vmrfmk`hs.

AFRHÝL AH @M FC_HRQFGMBFÒC

@m fcvhstfgmbfòc sh hcbuhctrm ahctrl ah` afshýl hxphrfehctm` y h` suk cfvh`

bumsf- hxphrfehctm` plrquh m` ahsmrrl``mr `m fcvhstfgmbfòc sh imc tlemal ah
rhohrhcbfm `fkrls, hcsmyls bfhctåofbls quh sh imc mp`fbmal mcthrflrehcth hc
`m hdhbubfòc ah ltrls prlyhbtls y ltrls,

=;
 
 

7.=. Z[FCBFZFLR BFHCQFOFBLR XQF@FTMALR HC @M

RL@XBFLC
• Zrfcbbfpfl
Zrfc fpfl a
ah
h h`
h`hb
hbtr
trls
lstí
títftfbm
bm
• Zrfc
Zrfcbbfpfl
fpfl a
ah
h h`
h`hb
hbtr
trla
lafc
fcíe
íefb fbmm
• Zrfc
Zrfcbf
bfpf
pfl
l ah h`hb
h`hbtr
trle
lemgmgchchtftfse
sel
l

7.;. AHOFCFBFLCHR BLCBHZQXM@HR4

BLCBHZQXM@HR4

Q[MCROL[EMAL[

Xc trmcsolremalr hs ucm eíqufcm h`æbtrfbm quh, kmsícalsh hc `ls prfcbfpfls ah

fcaubbfòc h`hbtrlemgcætfbm,
h`hbtrlemgcætfbm, trmcsofhrh hchrgåm ah uc bfrbuftl h`æbtrfbl m ltrl, sfc
bmekfmr `m orhbuhcbfm.

AFLAL

H` aflal hs uc bleplchcth h`hbtròcfbl quh sl`l phrefth h` o`udl ah `m

h`hbtrfbfama hc uc sl`l shctfal, ahkfal m hstl su oucbflcmefhctl sh pmrhbh m uc
fcthrruptlr h` bum` mkrh l bfhrrm `ls bfrbuftls. Hsth afsplsftfvl hstí blcolremal
plr als tfpls ah emthrfm`hs afohrhcths `ls bum`hs sh trmaubhc m als threfcm`hs,
uc íclal (+) y uc bítlal (-).

=2
 
 

[HRFRQHL[ L [HRFRQHCBFM

@ls rhsfstlrhs slc `ls bleplchcths eís utf`fzmals hc bfrbuftls y afsplsftfvls

h`hbtròcfbls. H` prlpòsftl prfcbfpm` ah uc rhsfstlr hs `feftmr h` o`udl ah blrrfhcth
h`æbtrfbm y emcthchr vm`lrhs hsphbåofbls ah vl`tmdh hc uc bfrbuftl h`hbtròcfbl.
Xc rhsfstlr oucbflcm shgôc h` prfcbfpfl ah `m `hy ah Lie y `m `hy hstmk`hbh quh
h` vl`tmdh m trmvæs ah `ls threfcm`hs ah ucm rhsfsthcbfm hs afrhbtmehcth
prlplrbflcm` m `m blrrfhcth quh o`uyh m trmvæs ah h``m. 
h``m.  

BMZMBFQMAL[ AFH@HBQ[FBL

f `ms afohrhcbfms ah plthcbfm` hc `ms ofgurms

of gurms slc fgum`hs, `ls bmepls h`æbtrfbls
ahctrl ah` bmpmbftlr imc ah shr faæctfbls. Rfc hekmrgl, bmkråm hsphrmr `m
prhshcbfm ah` afh`æbtrfbl pmrm rhaubfr `m fcthcsfama ah` bmepl h`æbtrfbl. Blel
blcb`uyò Omrmamy, `m thcahcbfm ah` afh`æbtrfbl m afsefcufr h` bmepl sh vh
km`mcbhmam plr `m bmrgm mafbflcm` quh `m kmthråm suefcfstrm m `ms p`mbms bumcal
sh fcshrtm h` afh`æbtrfbl.

=1
 
 

KLKFCM AH ;;: _

 M quh rhblramr quh `m

[hsfsthcbfm ah Klkf``m 5 ;;:*;;:/=::5 191 liefls
 Milrm, blel afbh quh hs m`fehctmal plr ucm `fchm
`fchm ah =;8_4
F5 =::/=;8 5:.9 M

BMK@H

Xc bmk`h hs uc blcaubtlr h`æbtrfbl

h`æbtrfbl (ghchrm`ehcth
 (ghchrm`ehcth blkrh) l
blkrh) l blcductl ah h``ls,
ghchrm`ehcth rhbukfhrtl ah uc emthrfm` mfs`mcth l prlthbtlr, = sf kfhc tmekfæc sh
usm h` clekrh ah bmk`h pmrm trmcsefslrhs ah `uz ( bmk`h ah 
ah  ofkrm òptfbm)
òptfbm)   l

hsouhrzl ehbícfbl (bmk`h

(bmk`h ehbícfbl).
ehbícfbl).

=8
 
 

7.2. @HVHR EMQHEÍQFBMR4

@hy ah Blu`lek4 afbh quh `m ouhrzm h`hbtrlstítfbm hctrh als bmrgms puctum`hs

hs prl
prlpl
plrbf
rbflcm
lcm`` m` prl
prlaub
aubtl
tl ah `ms bmr
bmrgms
gms h fcv
fcvhrs
hrsmeh
mehcth
cth prl
prlplr
plrbfl
bflcm`
cm` m`
bumarmal ah `m afstmcbfm quh `ms shpmrm, y tfhch `m afrhbbfòc ah `m `åchm quh `ms
uch.

@hy ah Dlu`h4 Bumcal `m blrrfhcth h`æbtrfbm mtrmvfhsm uc blcaubtlr, æsth sh

bm`fhctm, heftfhcal hchrgåm, ah olrem quh h` bm`lr ahsprhcafal hs afrhbtmehcth
prlplrbflcm` m `m rhsfsthcbfm ah` blcaubtlr, m` tfhepl aurmcth h` quh hstí
bfrbu`mcal `m blrrfhcth y m` bumarmal ah `m fcthcsfama quh `l mtrmvfhsm.

=?
 
 

Qhlrhem ah Qiævhcfc4  hstmk`hbh quh sf ucm pmrth ah uc bfrbuftl h`æbtrfbl `fchm`

hstí bleprhcafam hctrh als threfcm`hs M y K, hstm pmrth hc buhstfòc puhah
sustftufrsh plr uc bfrbuftl hqufvm`hcth quh hstæ blcstftufal ôcfbmehcth plr uc
ghchrmalr ah thcsfòc hc shrfh blc ucm rhsfsthcbfm, ah olrem quh m` blchbtmr uc
h`hehctl hctrh `ls als threfcm`hs M y K, `m thcsfòc quh bmh hc æ` y `m fcthcsfama
quh `l mtrmvfhsm slc `ms efsems tmctl hc h` bfrbuftl rhm` blel hc h` hqufvm`hcth.

Qhlrhem ah suphrplsfbfòc 4 Hsth thlrhem hstmk`hbh quh h` hohbtl quh als l

eís ouhcths tfhchc slkrh ucm fephamcbfm hs fgum`, m `m suem ah bmam ucl ah
`ls hohbtls ah bmam ouhcth tlemals plr shpmrmal, sustftuyhcal tlams `ms
ouhc
ouhcth
thss ah vl
vl`tm
`tmdh
dh rh
rhst
stmc
mcth
thss pl
plrr uc bl
blrt
rtl
l bf
bfrb
rbuf
uftl
tl,, y tl
tlam
amss `m
`mss ou
ouhc
hcth
thss ah
blrrfhcth rhstmcths plr uc bfrbuftl mkfhrtl.

Qhlrhem ah Clrtlc4 Hstmk`hbh quh bum`qufhr bfrbuftl `fchm` sh puhah sustftufr 

plr ucm ouhcth hqufvm`hcth ah fcthcsfama hc pmrm`h`l blc ucm fephamcbfm

hqufvm`hcth.
 M` sustftufr uc ghchrmalr ah blrrfhcth plr ucl ah thcsfòc, h` klrch plsftfvl ah`
ghchrmalr ah thcsfòc ahkhrí blfcbfafr blc h` klrch plsftfvl ah` ghchrmalr ah
blrrfhcth y vfbhvhrsm

@hy ah thcsflchs ah Nfrbiiloo4  Hc uc `mzl bhrrmal, `m suem ah tlams `ms

bmåams ah thcsfòc hs fgum` m `m thcsfòc tltm` suefcfstrmam. Ah olrem hqufvm`hcth,
`m suem m`ghkrmfbm ah `ms afohrhcbfms ah plthcbfm` h`æbtrfbl hc uc `mzl hs fgum`
m bhrl

=7
 
 

@hy ah blrrfhcths ah Nfrbiiloo4 `m suem ah `ms blrrfhcths quh hctrmc plr uc

clal ahkh shr fgum` m `m suem ah `ms blrrfhcths quh sm`hc plr hsh clal.
@hy ah Lie4 hstmk`hbh quh `m fcthcsfama quh bfrbu`m plr uc blcaubtlr bfrbuftl
l rhsfsthcbfm hs fcvhrsmehcth prlplrbflcm` m `m rhsfsthcbfm ([) y afrhbtmehcth
prlplrbflcm` m `m thcsfòc.

@hy ah Wmtt4 `m plthcbfm h`æbtrfbm suefcfstrmam plr uc rhbhptlr hs afrhbtmehcth

prlplrbflcm` m `m thcsfòc ah `m m`fehctmbfòc (_) ah` bfrbuftl y m `m fcthcsfama ah
blrrfhcth (F) quh bfrbu`h plr h`.

@m Qhlråm
Qhlråm H`h
H`hbtr
btrle
lemgc
mgcætf
ætfbm4
bm4 hst
hstm
m thlråm
thlråm prlplc
prlplch
h qu
quh
h `uz
`uz,, emg
emgcht
chtfse
fsel
l y
h`hbtrfbfama slc pmrth ah uc efsel bmepl, ``memal h`hbtrlemgcætfbl, y hc h`
quh sh euhvhc y prlpmgmc hc lcams trmcsvhrsm`hs.

@m Qhlråm
Qhlråm H`h
H`hbtr
btrle
lemgc
mgcætfbm4 hst
ætfbm4 hstm
m thlråm
thlråm prlplc
prlplch
h qu
quh
h `uz
`uz,, emg
emgcht
chtfse
fsel
l y
h`hbtrfbfama slc pmrth ah uc efsel bmepl, ``memal h`hbtrlemgcætfbl, y hc h`
quh sh euhvhc y prlpmgmc hc lcams trmcsvhrsm`hs.

=9
 
 

@hy ah Omrmamy4 @m `hy ah fcaubbfòc h`hbtrlemgcætfbm ah Omrmamy (l

sfep`hehcth `hy ah Omrmamy) hstmk`hbh quh h` vl`tmdh fcaubfal
hc uc bfrbuftl bhrrmal hs afrhbtmehcth prlplrbflcm` m `m rmpfahz blc quh bmekfm
hc h` tfhepl h` o`udl emgcætfbl quh mtrmvfhsm ucm suphrofbfh bum`qufhrm blc h`
bfrbuftl blel klrah.

9. Z[HRHCQMBFÒC, MCÍ@FRFR H FCQH[Z[HQMBFÒC AH@ Z[LVHBQL.

9.=. EMQH[FM@HR V IH[[MEFHCQMR ZM[M IMBH[ XCM KL@M AH Z@MREM

BMRH[M

 Xc trmcsolremalr ah ;;:_ m =;_ ah 2:: eM ✒ ; aflals ah 1::_.

 Xcm rhsfsthcbfm ah ;;: ℯ y ucm ah =:: ℯ, mekms ah 8 wmtts.
 Blcahcsmalr ah ; eO
 Blcahcsmalr bmshrl ah = eO
 Xc phrfstlr

Xc olbl ah ?: wmtts
 Xc plrtm`íepmrms
 Xcm klkfcm ah mrrmcquh
 Bmk`hs

IH[[MEFHCQMR

 Xc sl`amalr h`æbtrfbl
 Ahstlrcf``malrhs

Zfczms y m`fbmths

=6
 
 

 Hstmýl pmrm sl`amr

9.;. Ahsbrfpbfòc ah` prlyhbtl4

@m hsohrm ah p`msem blcstm ah ucm hsohrm ah brfstm` trmcspmrhcth, ``hcm ah

ucm ehzb`m ah gmshs clk`hs l fchrths m kmdm prhsfòc (:,=mte), blc uc
h`hbtrlal hc su bhctrl. Rlkrh hsth h`hbtrlal sh mp`fbm ucm blrrfhcth ah m`tm
orhbuhcbfm (28 nIz) y m`tl vl`tmdh (;-8: Nv), ghchrmam plr uc trmcsolremalr.
@ls ahsth``ls bhcth``hmcths sh prlaubhc plr `m flcfzmbfòc ah` gms hcbhrrmal
hc `m hsohrm y `ls bl`lrhs ahphcahc ah` tfpl ah hsth gms. Hstls ahsth``ls slc
sf
sfef
ef`m
`mrh
rhss m rm
rmyl
ylss ah `m
`mss tl
tlre
rehc
hctm
tms,
s, vmrå
vmråmc
mc bl
blct
ctfc
fcum
umeh
ehct
cth,
h, ah
ahkf
kfal
al `m
fchstmkf`fama ah `ls plthcbfm`hs h`æbtrfbls ah` mekfhcth. @m `uz surgh bumcal
h` hxbhsl ah hchrgåm ah `ls ítlels hxbftmals rhgrhsm m uc hstmal ah
ehclr hchrgåm. Mucquh `m fcth
fcthcsfama
csfama ah bblrrfhcth
lrrfhcth hs euy phquhým pu
puhah
hah
mohbtmr m `ls afsplsftfvls h`hbtròcfbls.

@m bl`lbmbfòc ah ucm emcl bhrbm ah` brfstm` m`thrm h` bmepl h`æbtrfbl y sh

olremc rmyls eís gruhsls, afrfgfals imbfm `ls puctls ah blctmbtl.

Zuhah pmsmr `m blrrfhcth m trmvæs ah vmrfms phrslcms ucfams. Hstl sh puhah

vhr blc ucm `mepmrftm pf`ltl ah chòc. (Hstm `mepmrftm tfhch als h`hbtrlals
ahctrl ah uc tukl ah vfarfl ``hcl ah gms chòc m kmdm prhsfòc, y bumcal sh
mp`fbm ucm thcsfòc hctrh `ls h`hbtrlals, sh vh uc rhsp`mcalr m` prlaubfrsh `m
ahsb
ahsbmr
mrgm
gm h`æb
h`æbtr
trfb
fbm)
m).. Xcm
Xcm phrs
phrslc
lcm
m tl
tlbm
bm `m `í
`íep
epmr
mrm
m y sh uch
uchc
c vm
vmrf
rfms
ms
phrslcms ah `m emcl. Bumcal `ms als ô`tfems
phrslcms ô`tfems sh uchc blc `m `mepm
`mepmrftm
rftm ah
chòc, sh vh quh æstm sh hcbfhcah.

Rf ucm phrslcm tlbm `m `íepmrm blc ucm emcl y blc `m `íepmrm blc ucm
emcl y blc `m ltrm tlbm blc `m `mepmrftm ah chòc hc `m bmrm ah ltrm phrslcm.
Hstm ô`tfem cltm ucm phquhým ahsbmrgm.

@m `mepmrftm ah chòc `ubh bmam vhz eís m` mbhrbmr`m m `m `íepmrm ah

p`msem y eís sf sh plch hcbfem ah ucm `íefcm ah ehtm`. @l efsel `hs
pmsm m `ls o`ulrhsbhcths. Rf m` efsel tfhepl `m emcl tlbm `m kl`m sh pfhrah
hchrgåm y sh f`uefcmc ehcls. Rf sh mbhrbm ucm puctm ehtí`fbm m uc pmph`

;:
 
 

bl`lbmal hcbfem ah pmph` ah m`uefcfl sm`tmc bifspms y quhem uc plbl h`

pmph`.

9.2. Z[LBHAFEFHCQL
Z[LBHAFEFHCQL

➫ Xcfr uc aflal m ucl ah `ls hxtrhels ah `m klkfcm prfemrfm ah`

trmcsolremalr y h` ltrl m ucl ah `ls hxtrhels ah `m klkfcm shbucamrfm

ah` trmcsolremalr.

➫ Rl`a
Rl`ame
mels
ls `m rh
rhsf
sfst
sthc
hcbf
bfm
m ah ;:
;::
: ℯ m` af
afla
lal
l bl
blch
chbt
btma
mal
l m` klkf
klkfcm
cmal
al

prfemrfl y `m rhsfsthcbfm ah =:: ℯ m` ltrl aflal.

➫ Blchbtmels `ls als blcahcsmalrhs m` ltrl hxtrhel ah `m rhsfsthcbfm ah

;:: ℯ mekms ah emchrm pmrm`h`m pmrm quh muehcth `m bmpmbftmcbfm.

➫ Xcfels `ls blcahcsmalrhs y `m rhsfsthcbfm ah =:: ℯ m trmvæs

tr mvæs ah uc

phrfstlr.

➫ H` phrfstlr `l blchbtmels m` trmcsolremalr tmekfæc plr ehafl ah uc

bmk`h. ➫ Zlr ô`tfel, blchbtmels `m klkfcm m ltrl ah `ls hxtrhels ah`

phrfstlr. Blchbtmels `m ouhcth `m ouhcth ah m`fehctmbfòc m `ls bfrbuftls

trmvæs ah` trmcsolremalr.

➫ Blchbtmels m trmvæs ah uc bmk`h `m klkfcm m` olbl ah ?: wmtts y

hcbiuomels `m `íepmrm.

;=
 
 

6. MCÍ@FRFR AH AMQLR L [HRX@QMALR

;;
 
 

@ls amtls lkthcfals ah `m `fthrmturm ouhrlc `ls sfgufhcths4

Lkshrvmr bòel h` mbhrbmefhctl ah tukls o`ulrhsbhcths m ucm kl`m ah

p`msem (`m bum` blctfhch gms hcrmrhbfal flcfzmal), imbh quh æstls sh f`uefchc
sfc hstmr
hstmr blchbt
blchbtmal
malss m cfc
cfcguc
gucm
m ouh
ouhcth
cth ah m`f
m`fehc
ehctmb
tmbfòc
fòc h fcb
fcb`us
`usl
l hst
hstmca
mcal
l
oucafals. Hstls sh hcbuhctrmc hstíc afsplcfk`hs hc eu`tftua ah olrems, sfhcal
`ms eís orhbuhcths hsohrms y bf`fcarls. Mucquh imym eubims vmrfmbflchs hc su
ol
olre
rem,
m, ucm
ucm `íep
`íepmr
mrm
m ah p`
p`ms
msem
em hs plr
plr `l gh
ghch
chrm
rm`` uc
ucm
m hs
hsoh
ohrm
rm ah brfs
brfstm
tm``
trmcspmrhcth.

6.=. Mcí`fsfs ah khchofbfls ah `m `íepmrm ah p`msem4

 Hofbmbfm `ueåcfbm4 =1: `e/W


Qhephrmturm ah bl`lr4 1:::-7::: N
 Åcafbh ah rhcafefhctl brleítfbl4 9?%
 _fam ôtf`4 ?::::Irs y kmdm ahprhbfmbfòc ah` o`udl `uefclsl (0;%, ahspuæs
ah =:.::: ilrms)

 Hbl`ògfbl4 Cl blctfhch ehrburfl y rhqufhrh ah euy plbl emcthcfefhctl

 @uz ucfolreh y krf``mcth blc afstrfkubfòc ah `uz afrhbbflcm`
 Kmdm ghchrmbfòc ah bm`lr
 Kmdl Blcsuel ah Hchrgåm4 [haubh `m hchrgåm hc uc 8:-7:% pmrm `ms
mp`fbmbflchs ah m`tl o`udl `uefclsl
 Afshýl sfep`h sfc h`hbtrlals hc h` fcthrflr ah `m klekf``m
 Kmdl blstl ah prlaubbfòc

Hstm ouhcth ah `uz hs eubil eís phquhým quh ltrms ouhcths trmafbflcm`hs, hc
blepmrmbfòc blc `ms `íepmrms ah ahsbmrgm ah m`tm fcthcsfama (IFA) tfhchc ucm
hofbfhcbfm ah 88%, y `ms `íepmrms o`ulrhsbhcths ah 7:%, `ms `íepmrms ah
p`msem clrem`ehcth tfhchc ucm hofbfhcbfm `uefclsm suphrflr m` 6:%. Zlr alcah
sh kusquh, hstm thbcl`lgåm im blehczmal m rhvl`ubflcmr tlals `ls íekftls ah`
eucal ah `m f`uefcmbfòc, `l bum` plr supuhstl im ghchrmal ucm rhspuhstm ah
`ls grmcah
grmcahss fcv
fcvhrs
hrsflc
flcfst
fstms
ms ah `m thbcl
thbcl`lg
`lgåm
åm @H
@HA,
A, quf
qufhch
hchss imc blcshg
blcshgufa
ufal
l

;2
 
 

blcthchr h` ahsmrrl``l ah hstm thbcl`lgåm y su fcb`usfòc hc h` ehrbmal. Cl

lkstmcth, `m vhrama ‐krf``m plr så efsem―, `ms vhctmdms slc tmc pm`pmk`hs quh
prlkmk`hehcth hc uc outurl bhrbmcl, imk`mr ah @HZ l `uefcmrfms ah p`msem,
ahdmrí ah shr ucm clvhama.

Xcm ah `ms grmcahs vhctmdms ah usmr hstm b`msh ah afsplsftfvls ah f`uefcmbfòc

hs quh cl imbh om`tm hep`hm
hep`hmrr h`hb
h`hbtrlal
trlalss pmrm afrfg
afrfgfr
fr `m hchrgåm m` fcthrf
fcthrflr
lr ah `m
klekf``m, ah elal quh cl rhqufhrh blchxflchs h`æbtrfbms hctrh `m rha y `m
klekf``m.

=:. BLCB@XRFLCHR

@m rhm`fzmbfòc ah bfrbuftls h`æbtrfbls ahkh shr efcubflsm pmrm quh hsth

thcgm uc kuhc oucbflcmefhctl l buep`m h` ofc pmrm h` bum` ouh afshýmal.

 @ms `íepmrms ah m`tm fcthcsfama slc rfhsglsms m bmusm ah` m`tl mephrmdh
quh rhblrrh hc ghchrm` tlal h` bfrbuftl.

 @ms shrpfhcths ah `uz u`trmvfl`htm quh sh hxtfhcahc ahsah h` h`hbtrlal

fcthrflr quh plshh lrfgfcm`ehcth h` klekf``l imstm `ms pmrhahs ah `m
hsohrm ah brfstm`, amcal ucm mpmrfhcbfm sfef`mr m eô`tfp`hs y blcstmcths
rh`íepmgls bl`lrhmals slc hc rhm`fama gms flcfzmal.

 @m kl`m ah p`msem hstí olremam plr gms flcfzmal m kmdm prhsfòc. Bumcal
mbhrbmels h` tukl o`ulrhsbhcth h` gms ah su fcthrflr sh flcfzm y, blel
lburrh sf `l blchbtmels m `m rha, `ls ítlels flcfzmals m` bilbmr blc `m
bmpm o`ulrhsbhcth ah` fcthrflr ah` tukl prlvlbmc `m `uefclsfama. 
`uefclsfama.  

 Rf tlbmels `m kl`m ah p`msem `m ahsbmrgmels (blcaubfels `m blrrfhcth)

mpmgmc.  
y `ls tukls sftumals hc su prlxfefama sh mpmgmc. 

;1
 
 

 Bumcal mgmrrmels h` tukl o`ulrhsbhcth, `m aækf` blrrfhcth pmsm imbfm

clsltrls y ahdmels ucm zlcm ah` tukl ahsbmrgmam y, plr tmctl, mpmgmam.

 @m kl`m hstí ``hcm ah p`msem, ucm hsphbfh ah gms quh puhah shr 
pmrhbh).  
kmstmcth blcaubtlr (ah ihbil, cl hs uc gms, phrl sh `h pmrhbh).

 Hc h` bhctrl ah `m efsem imy ucm mbueu`mbfòc ah bmrgms ah faæctfbl

sfgcl (suplcgmels quh slc bmrgms chgmtfvms). Hc `m hsohrm hxthrflr 
tmekfæc imy bmrgms chgmtfvms hc hxbhsl, phrl hc ehclr bmctfama quh hc
bhctrl. 
h` bhctrl. 

 Rf sh bl`lbm `m emcl slkrh `m pmrth ah mrrfkm ah` g`lkl ah p`msem, `ms

rmef
rmefofofbm
bmbf
bflc
lchs
hs ah p`ms
p`msem
em sh afrf
afrfgf
gfrí
ríc
c im
imbf
bfm
m h`
h``m
`m,, y `m bl
blrr
rrfh
fhct
cth
h sh
ahsbmrgmrí imbfm tfhrrm slkrh `m suphrofbfh ah `m pfh` ah `m emcl ah `m
phrslcm. Rf milrm ltrm phrslcm sh mbhrbm y sumvhehcth rlzm `m pmrth ah
mrrfkm ah `m emcl ah `m prfehrm phrslcm (quh hstí slkrh `m hsohrm)
mekms phrslcms shctfríc uc phquhýl pfblr hc h` puctl ah hcbuhctrl
hctrh `ms als emcls.

==. LKRH[_MBFLCHR4

(=) M` hcbhcahr `m kl`m, fcfbfm`ehcth mpmrhbhc plbls rmyls fcthcsls, y

mpmrhbhc hc `m pmrth fcohrflr. Hc `m pmrth suphrflr sh vhc rmyls euy thcuhs,
phrl hc uc `mpsl ah ucls shgucals (8-=: s), hepfhzmc m mpmrhbhr eís y eís
rmyls, ``hgmcal m` hstmal imkftum` ah oucbflcmefhctl alcah h` rhbfpfhcth sh
``hcm blc ucms 2: m 1: ahsbmrgms. (;) @m hsohrm sh puhah vhr ````hcm
hcm ah rmyls sfc
hsphrmr `ls 8s, sf sh hcbfhcah, mpmgm y vuh`vh m hcbhcahr rípfamehcth.

(2)
(2) Bu
Bumc
mcal
al cl
cl sh tlb
tlbm
m `m h
hso
sohr
hrm,
m, ttla
lals
ls `ls
`ls rmy
rmyls
ls hst
hstíc
íc h
hct
ctrh
rh ``ms
ms a
als
ls
suphrofbfhs fcthrcms, `m pmrth bhctrm` y `m hsohrm emylr.
(1)
(1) @l
@lss rmyl
rmylss hefth
hefthc
c `u
`uzz mzu`
mzu` y sh
sh mkrh
mkrhc
c hc ``ls
ls h
hxt
xtrh
rhel
elss bl
blc
c uc bbl`
l`lr 
lr 
rlsm-v
rlsm-vfl`
fl`htm
htm bm
bmrmb
rmbthr
thråst
åstfbl
fbl.. H` bl
bl`lr
`lr cl bme
bmekfm
kfm grmau
grmaum`e
m`ehct
hcth.
h. Imy sl
sl`l
`l als
bl`lrhs, kfhc ahofcfals, y bmekfmc hc uc puctl kfhc ahthrefcmal ah` rmyl, m

bmsf uc bhctåehtrl (hc hstm `íepmrm) ah `m hsohrm hxthrflr.

;8
 
 

(8)
(8) @l
@lss rmyls
rmyls sl
slc
c fc
fchs
hstm
tmk`
k`hs
hs,, sh ah
ahsp
sp`m
`mzm
zmc,
c, msb
msbfh
fhca
cahc
hc,, ah
ahsm
smpm
pmrh
rhbh
bhc,
c,
vuh`vhc m olremrsh y m`gucls sh mkrhc hc als mcths ah ``hgmr m `m suphrofbfh
emylr. Hc ghchrm`, `ms afvfsflchs ah rmyls sh prlaubhc bhrbm ah `m hsohrm
emylr, dustl mcths ah bmekfmr ah mzu` m` cmrmcdm. @ls rmyls quh mpmrhbhc
afvfafals mprlxfemamehcth hc `m eftma, suh`hc shr als rmyls quh bl`mpsmrlc
hc ucl, quh aurmcth uc krhvh fcstmcth hstíc hc hsth hstmal fcthrehafl alcah
blcshrvmc uc hxtrhel ah `ls als lrfgfcm`hs.

(?) M`g
M`gucl
uclss rmyls
rmyls quh sh a
afrfg
frfghc
hc i
imbf
mbfm
m `m pmrth
pmrth ffcoh
cohrfl
rflr,
r, p
pmrh
mrhbhc
bhc "bmhr"
"bmhr"
hc h` mgudhrl fcthrflr, ah ucls 1 be ah afíehtrl.

(7))
(7 H` hx
hxtr
trhe
hel
l ah bmam
bmam rmy
rmyl
l qu
quh
h ````hg
hgm
m m `m pmrt
pmrth
h bh
bhct
ctrm
rm`` bl
blc
c h` bl`l
bl`lr 
r 
rlsm, hstí rlahmal ah uc bårbu`l lksburl y m su vhz, hsth bårbu`l hstí rlahmal
ah` bl`lr cmrmcdm. Hstm zlcm ah bl`lr hstí shpmrmam ah `ms zlcms ah bl`lr ah
ltrls rmyls, plr orlcthrms lksburms.

(7
(7)) Bu
Bumc
mca
al sh mbhrb
bhrbm
m `m emcl
emcl ims
imstm bms
bmsf tlbm
tlbmrr (l im
imsstm tl
tlbm
bmr)
r) `m
suphrofbfh, `ls rmyls sh blcbhctrmc y `ls eís pròxfels ahsmpmrhbhc y sh olrem
= l ; eís fcthcsls, y puhahc quhamr m`gucls rmyls m`hdmals, hc `m zlcm
lpuhstm.

(9))
(9 @l
@lss rmyls
rmyls bl
blcb
cbhc
hctr
trma
mals
ls "s
"sfg
fguh
uhc"
c" `m emcl
emcl y sh mk
mkrh
rhc
c imb
imbfm
fm h`
h``m
`m,,
tlrcmcal `m suphrofbfh ah prlxfefama (l ah blctmbtl) ah` bl`lr vfl`htm.

(6))
(6 @l
@lss rmyls
rmyls vh
vhrt
rtfb
fbm`
m`hs
hs qu
quh
h sh olre
olremc
mc hc `m pm
pmrt
rth
h su
suph
phrf
rflr
lr bumc
bumcal
al
hstí `m emcl, slc kmstmcth hstmk`hs, efhctrms quh tlals `ls rmyls quh tfhchc
m`gucm bleplchcth ilrfzlctm`, msbfhcahc.

;?
 
 

=;. KFK@FLG[MOFM

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;7