Guia de Ingles

1.
Greet
Greetings Saludos
Hello hola (formal)
Hi hola (informal)
Hey hola (informal)
Good morning buenos días
Good afternoon buenas tardes
(a media tarde)
Good evening buenas tardes
Dear Mr. Smith Estimado señor Smith
(para cartas)
Ask:
How are you? ¿qué tal? ¿cómo estás? (formal)

How are you doing? ¿qué tal? ¿cómo estás? (informal)
Answer:
How are you? ¿Cómo estás?

Could be worse Podría estar peor
Could be better Podría estar mejor
(I am) not bad No va mal
(I am) not too bad No me va demasiado mal
(I am) fine Bien
(I am) great Fenomenal
(I am) wonderful Maravillosamente
Ask:
What's up? ¿qué hay de nuevo? (informal)
Answer:
Not much No mucho
2. Presentations
Introduce oneself Presentarse a uno mismo
My name is John Mi nombre es John
I am John Soy John
This is John Soy John (se utiliza esta forma
habitualmente al teléfono)
Introduce someone else Presentaciones

Could I introduce you to Mrs. Cruz? ¿Me permite presentarle a la señora Cruz? (formal)
May I introduce Mr. Spielberg to you? ¿Me permite presentarle al señor Spielberg? (formal)
This is Sam Este es Sam (informal)
Answer:
Introduce someone else Presentaciones

(It is) nice to meet you Encantado de conocerle
Pleased to meet you Encantado de conocerle
3. Farewells
Farewells Despedidas
Bye adiós (informal)
Good bye adiós
See you nos vemos
See you later hasta luego
See you soon hasta pronto
Good night buenas noches
Take care cuídate (informal)
Have a nice day que tenga un buen día (formal)
Best regards saludos cordiales (para cartas o e-mails)
4. Give thanks and kindness

To express thanks Dar las gracias
Thank you Gracias (formal)
Thank you very much Muchas gracias (formal)
Thanks Gracias (informal)
You are welcome De nada (contestación a gracias)
Excuse me Disculpe
5. Communication problems
I do not understand No entiendo
Could you repeat that for me? ¿Me puede repetir?
Could you speak slowly? ¿Puede hablar más despacio?
6. Ask the years
How old are you ¿Cuántos años tienes?
7. Say age
I am twenty years old Tengo veinte años
8. Language skills
Do you speak English? ¿Hablas inglés?

I speak a little English Hablo un poco de inglés
9. Congratulations
Happy new year! Feliz año nuevo

Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year! feliz Navidad y próspero año nuevo
10. On your phone
Appear:
This is John speaking Soy John
Request a wait:
Wait just a moment, please Espere un momento, por favor

Wait one moment, please Espere un momento, por favor
Ask for someone:
I would like to speak to Mary Me gustaría hablar con Mary

1. Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns fulfill the function of subject of the sentence and are:
Persona Pronunciación Significado

I [ai] yo
you [yu:] tú
he [ji] él
she [shi] ella
it [it] ello
we [güi] nosotros
you [yu:] vosotros
they [déi] ellos/ellas
To take into account:

✓ I (yo) is always capitalized.
✓ In English there is currently no equivalent to the form of courtesy "usted" and "you" is always used.
Examples:
✓ I sing Yo canto
✓ He drinks coffee Él toma café
Object pronouns
Numerous verbs complement their meaning with an object:

me [mi:] me
you [yu:] te
him [jim] lo
her [jer] la
it [it] lo
us [as] nos
you [yu:] os
them [de:m] los/las
Example:
✓ I will buy it (the car) Lo compraré (el coche)
Possessive adjectives
They serve to indicate the possession of a noun:

my [mai] mi
your [yo:r] tu
his [jis] su
her [jers]
its [its]
our [är] nuestro
[au:r]
[auar]
your [yo:r] vuestro
their [de:r] su
Example:
✓ My mother is a teacher Mi madre es profesora
Possessive pronouns
If a possessive is isolated (without a noun) it is a possessive pronoun:

mine [máin] mio
yours [yo:rs] tuyo
his [jis] suyo
hers [jers] suya
its [its] suyo
ours [au:rs] nuestro
yours [yo:rs] vuestro
theirs [de:rs] suyo
Example:
✓ This bycicle is mine Esta bicicleta es mía
A common mistake of those of us who learn English is to confuse possessive adjectives and possessive
pronouns.
The golden rule is:

✓ Possessive adjectives are followed by a noun.
✓ Possessive pronouns are isolated
Reflexive pronouns
Some verbs in both English and Spanish require a reflexive pronoun when the action falls on the same person
performing it:

myself [maiself] yo mismo
yourself [yurself] tú mismo
himself [jimself] él mismo
herself [herself] ella mismo
itself [itself] ello mismo
ourselves [örselv] nosotros mismos
yourselves [yurselv] vosotros mismos
themselves [deiselv] ellos/ellas mismos
Example:
✓ Save me from myself Sálvame de mi mismo
✓ Let me introduce myself Permíteme presentarme
Demonstrative pronouns
The demonstrative pronouns are:
✓ this (este)
this [dis] este, esto, esta
these [di:s] estos, estas
Example:
✓ These apples are delicious Estas manzanas están deliciosas
✓ that (ese)
that [dat] ese, eso, esa
those [dóus] esos, esas
Indefinite pronouns

everyone [ebriguan] todo el mundo
everything [ebrizin] todo (cosas)
everybody [ebribadi] todos (personas)
everywhere [ebriguer] en todos los lugares
someone [samguan] algunos (personas)
something [samzin] algunas cosas
somebody [sambadi] algunos (personas)
somewhere [samguer] algunos lugares
anyone [eniguan] algunos (personas)
anything [enizin] algunas cosas
anybody [enibadi] algunos (personas)
anywhere [eniwer] algunos lugares
no one [noguan] nadie
nothing [nazin] nada
nobody [noubadi] nadie
nowhere [nogüer] en ningún lugar
Example:
✓ Everybody wants to be rich Todo el mundo quiere ser rico
2. Nouns
Usual plural: 's'

The vast majority of words form the plural simply by adding an 's'.
Sustantivo Plural Significado
phone phones teléfono
bird birds pájaro
car cars coche
Plural of Words in 'es'

Nouns ending in 'ch', 's', 'sh', 'x' and 'z' form the plural with 'es' instead of 's'. The reason is that if a single "s"
were added it would be impossible to pronounce.
bench benches banco (de sentarse)
kiss kisses beso
wish wishes deseo
box boxes caja
quiz quizzes concurso
Plural rule '-ies' (consonant) + 'y' ➜ '-ies'

lady ladies señora
baby babies bebe
Plural of (consonant) + 'o' ➜'-oes'

Singular Plural Significado
domino dominoes dominó
dominos
buffalo buffaloes búfalo
buffalo
buffalos
potato potatoes patatas
tomato tomatoes tomate
echo echoes eco
echos
embargo embargoes embargo
halo haloes aureola
halos/
hero heroes héroe
junco juncoes junco
juncos
volcano volcanoes volcán
volcanos
tornado tornadoes tornado
tornados
torpedo torpedoes torpedo
torpedos
zero zeroes cero
zeros
Plurals in '-f' or '-fe' ➜ '-ves'

Some words ending in '-f' or '-fe' form the plural irregularly in '-ves':
calf calves ternero
elf elves elfo
half halves la mitad
knife knives cuchillo
life lives la vida
loaf loaves pan
thief thieves ladrón
wife wives esposa
wolf wolves lobo
Unfortunately, they are not all, since numerous words ending in '-f' or '-faith', form the plural on a regular basis:
brief briefs carta
chef chefs cocinero
chief chiefs jefe
giraffe giraffes jirafa
gulf gulfs golfo
sheriff sheriffs jefe de policía
There are even words that can form the plural in both ways:
scarf scarves bufanda
wharf wharves muelle (de barco)
wharfes
Plural-invariant words
Some words have the same form in the singular as in the plural, many of them are animals:
Singular / Plural Significado
bison bisón
cod bacalao
deer ciervo
fish pez
moose alce
salmon salmón
sheep oveja
swine cerdo
trout trucha
offspring descendiente
Example:
✓ He caught 2 fish Él cogió 2 peces
Exception:
✓ If we refer to fish different species the plural of fish is fishes
Irregular plurals
foot feet pie
goose geese ganso
louse lice piojo
man men hombre
mouse mice ratón
tooth teeth diente
woman women mujer
Plural '-sis' -> '-ses'

analysis analyses análisis
axis axes eje
basis bases base
crisis crises crisis
parenthesis parentheses paréntesis
3. Verbs
Verb Tenses
Present Tenses
Tiempo Verbal Ejemplo
Present Simple I sing
Present Continuous I am dancing
Conditional simple I would dance
Conditional Continuous I would be dancing
Present simple
Conjugation of the present simple

The construction of the present simple is really easy, it has the structure:
SUBJECT + VERB (in infinitive without to)
To take into account:

✓ If the subject is 3rd person of the singular, an "-s" is added to the verb.
✓ Let's see as an example the conjugation of the verb "to live" in the simple present:
Conjugación Significado
I live yo vivo
you live tú vives
he / she / it lives él / ella / ello vive
we live nosotros vivimos
you live Ustedes viven
they live ellos/ellas viven
Special case: "-es" for the 3rd person
For verbs ending in "-o","-sh", "-ch", "-ss", "-x", "-z", "-y" "-es" is added instead of "-s for the 3rd person singular".
Let's see below some examples:
Verbo Tercera persona Significado
to go he goes él va
to wish he wishes él desea
to reach he reaches él alcanza
to express he expresses él expresa
to fix he fixes él arregla
to kiss he kisses él besa
to buzz he buzzes él murmulla
Special case: "-ies" for the 3rd person
Additionally, verbs ending in "-y" when the "y" is not preceded by a vowel, form the third person in "-ies"

to occupy he occupies él ocupa
to study he studies él estudia
But beware if the "-y" is preceded by a vowel, the third person is formed with an "-s"
to buy he buys él compra
Negation in the present simple
SUBJECT + do(es) + not + VERB
Examples:
✓ I do not sing Yo no canto
✓ He does not sing Él no canta
✓ They do not play Ellos no juegan
In English the "do + not" is contracted to "don't" and "does + not" are contracted to "doesn't".
Examples:
✓ I don’t sing Yo no canto
✓ He doesn’t sing Él no canta
✓ They don’t play Ellos no juegan
Interrogation in the present simple
Interrogative sentences also use the auxiliary verb to do. Putting it before the subject.
The structure of closed or yes/no questions (those that do not have an interrogative particle) is:
Do(es) + SUBJECT + VERB ?
Examples:
✓ Do you like music? ¿Te gusta la música?
✓ Does he speak English? ¿Él habla inglés?
The structure of open questions (those that have interrogative particles) is:
INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE + do(s) + SUBJECT + VERB ?
Examples:
Why do you like music? ¿Por qué te gusta la música?
✓ When do you come back? ¿Cuándo vuelves?
Use of the present simple
The "present simple" is used to:
✓ Routines
- I work in a silver mine Trabajo en una mina de plata
✓ Permanent situations
- She has a car Ella tiene un coche
✓ Natural or physical laws
- The Sun appears in the East El Sol sale por el este
Special cases
Irregular verb "to be"

Conjugación Significado Conjugación Significado
I am yo soy I'm yo soy
you are tú eres you're tú eres
he is él es he's él es
she is ella es she's ella es
it is ello es it's ello es
we are nosotros somos we're nosotros somos
you are Ustedes son you're Ustedes son
they are ellos/ellas son they're ellos/ellas son
The verb to be forms negation and interrogation without the need for the auxiliary verb to do
Modal verbs
The modal verbs can, must , may:

✓ They do not add the "-s" in the 3rd person.
✓ They form negation and interrogation without auxiliary verb.
Present continuous
Conjugation of the present continuous
SUBJECT + am/are/is (verb to be) + VERB WITH -ING (gerund)
I am singing yo estoy cantando
you are singing tú estás cantando
he is singing él está cantando
we are singing nosotros estamos cantando
you are singing Ustedes están cantando
they are singing ellos están cantando
Construction of the gerund
Gerund in verbs ending in -ie

The ending "-ie" is replaced by "-ying".
Verbo Gerundio
die dying
lie lying
Gerund in verbs ending in -e

The final "-e" is replaced by "-ing"
Verbo Gerundio
use using
have having
Bending of the final consonant in the formation of the gerund

Numerous verbs fold their final consonant for the formal gerund:
Verbo Gerundio
get getting
set setting
forbid forbidding
For the bending to be carried out, these 3 conditions must be met:

✓ That the word ends in a single consonant (other than r, w, x or y) Example: set
✓ That the last consonant be preceded by a single vowel. Example: let
✓ That the word is monosyllaba or that the accent falls on the last syllable or that the word ends in "L"
Negation in the present continuous
SUBJECT + am/are/is (verb "to be") + not + VERB WITH -ING
Examples:
✓ I'm not singing Yo no estoy cantando
✓ He's not singing Él no está cantando
Interrogation in the present continuous
Am/are/is + SUBJECT + VERB WITH -ING ?

am I singing? ¿estoy cantando?
are you singing? ¿estás cantando?
is he singing? ¿está cantando?
are we singing? ¿estamos cantando?
are you singing? ¿están cantando?
are they singing? ¿están cantando?
Use of the present continuous
✓ Actions that are being done at the same time as being spoken
- I'm eating an apple Me estoy comiendo una manzana
✓ Cyclical situations in a defined period of time

- I'm getting up soon this month Me estoy levantando pronto este mes
Conditional simple
For non-modal verbs the simple conditional is formed:
SUBJECT + would / should + VERB IN INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO

Would can always be used while should is only used for the first person of the singular and plural.
I should clean yo limpiaría
I would clean
you would clean tú limpiarías
he would clean él limpiaría
we should clean nosotros limpiaríamos
we would clean
you would clean ustedes limpiarían
they would clean ellos limpiarían
Conditional progressive
SUBJECT + would / should + be + VERB WITH -ING
I would be cleaning yo estaría limpiando
I should be cleaning
you would be cleaning tú estarías limpiando
he would be cleaning él estaría limpiando
we would be cleaning nosotros estaríamos limpiando
we should be cleaning
you would be cleaning ustedes estarían limpiando
they would be cleaning ellos estarían limpiando
Negation of the conditional
SUBJECT + would/should + not + VERB
Examples:
✓ If I were you, I would not drink alcohol
- Si yo fuera tú, no bebería alcohol
✓ We would not have bought a car if we knew then what we know now
- Nosotros no habríamos comprado un coche si hubiéramos sabido lo que sabemos ahora
Interrogation in the conditional
Would/Should + SUBJECT + VERB?
Example:
✓ If you were rich, would you be happy? Si tu fueras rico, ¿serías feliz?
INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE + would + SUBJECT + VERB?
Example:
✓ What would you do if you suddenly had superpowers?
- ¿Qué harías si de repente tuvieras superpoderes?
The conditional with modal verbs
The modal verbs can and may do not construct the conditional with would but have a conjugation of their own:
Verbo Condicional Condicional Conditional perfect

Present simple Present continuous
can I could clean I could be cleaning I could have cleaned
yo podría limpiar yo podría estar limpiando yo podría haber limpiado
may I might clean I might be cleaning I might have cleaned
Use of the conditional
✓ To denote a chance of an action happening

- Would you eat an octopus? ¿Te comerías un pulpo?
✓ In the indirect style when something was narrated about the future:
- She said that we would go out tomorrow Ella dijo que saldríamos mañana
Past Tenses

Present Perfect I have danced
Present Perfect Continuous I have been dancing
Past Simple I danced
Past Continuous I was dancing
Past Perfect I had danced
Past Perfect Continuous I had been dancing
Conditional Perfect I would have danced
Conditional Continuous Perfect I would have been dancing
Present perfect
Conjugation of the present perfect
SUBJECT + have/has + VERB PARTICIPLE
I have played yo he jugado
you have played tú has jugado
he has played él ha jugado
we have played nosotros hemos jugado
you have played ustedes han jugado
they have played ellos han jugado
Construction of the participle
Regular verbs form the participle by adding "-ed".

play➜played
Although we must take into account some considerations:

✓ Irregular verbs
Auxiliary verbs: In English there are 3 auxiliary verbs and all 3 are irregular:
Verbo Formas Pasado Participio Significado

en Presente
to be am was been ser
is were estar
are (muy irregular)
to do do did done hacer
does
to have have had had tener
has
Modal verbs: In English are irregular.

en Presente
can can could been able* poder
(habilidad o capacidad)
may may might been allowed to poder
(permiso o posibilidad)
must must had to* had to* deber
(obligación)
Irregular verbs
Verbo Pasado Participio Significado

become became become llegar a ser
begin began begun empezar
break broke broken romper
bring brought brought traer
llevar
build built built construir
edificar
buy bought bought comprar
catch caught caught coger
choose chose chosen elegir
come came come venir
cost cost cost costar
cut cut cut cortar
drink drank drunk beber
eat ate eaten comer
fall fell fallen caer
find found found encontrar
get got gotten conseguir
obtener
give gave given dar
go went gone ir
know knew known saber
conocer
learn learned learned aprender
leave left left dejar
abandonar
make made made hacer
fabricar
mean meant meant significar
pay paid paid pagar
put put put poner
colocar
read read read leer
run ran run correr
say said said decir
see saw seen ver
sell sold sold vender
send sent sent enviar
set set set poner
sit sat sat sentarse
sleep slept slept dormir
speak spoke spoken hablar
take took taken tomar
teach taught taught enseñar
win won won ganar
write wrote written escribir
draw drew drawn dibujar

dream dreamt dreamt soñar
drive drove driven conducir
feed fed fed alimentar
feel felt felt sentir
fight fought fought pelear
fly flew flown volar
forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
forget forgot forgotten olvidar
hear heard heard oír
hide hid hidden esconder
hit hit hit golpear
let let let permitir
lie lay lain tumbarse
light lit lit encender
lose lost lost perder
meet met met encontrar
ring rang rung llamar
rise rose risen levantarse
seek sought sought buscar
shake shook shook agitar
shoot shot shot disparar
show showed shown mostrar
shut shut shut cerrar
sing sang sung cantar
spell spelled spelled deletrear
spend spent spent gastar
split split split dividir
partir
swim swam swum nadar
swing swung swung balancear
tell told told decir
contar
think thought thought pensar
throw threw thrown tirar
wake woke woken despertar
wear wore worn llevar puesto
arise arose arisen surgir
plantearse
bear bore born dar a luz
beat beat beaten golpear
vencer
bend bent bent doblar
curvar
bet bet bet apostar
bind bound bound enlazar
atar
bite bit bitten morder
picar
bleed bled bled sangrar
blow blew blown soplar
cast cast cast lanzar
deal dealt dealt negociar
tratar
fit fit fit encajar
ajustar (ropa)
freeze froze frozen helar
grow grew grown crecer
keep kept kept guardar
lay laid laid poner
lead led led dirigir
conducir
lean leaned leaned apoyarse
recostarse
leap leapt leapt saltar
brincar
slide slid slid deslizar
resbalar
spread spread spread difundir
extender
smell smelled smelled oler
olfatear
steal stole stolen robar
bid bid bid Pujar

intentar
breed bred bred criar
broadcast broadcast broadcast emitir
burn burned burned quemar
arder
burst burst burst explotar
estallar
dig dug dug cavar
flee fled fled huir de
escapar
hang hung hung colgar
hold held held agarrar
sostener
hurt hurt hurt herir
kneel knelt knelt arrodillarse
lend lent lent prestar
mistake mistook mistaken equivocarse
ride rode ridden montar
cabalgar
sew sewed sewn coser
shine shone shone brillar
resplandecer
shrink shrank shrunk encoger
sink sank sunk hundir
spit spat spat escupir
spoil spoiled spoiled estropear
deteriorar
stand stood stood estar de pie
stick stuck stuck pegar
sting stung stung pegar
strike struck struck golpear
atacar
strive strove striven esforzarse
procurar
swear swore sworn jurar
sweat sweat sweat sudar
sweep swept swept barrer
tread trod trodden pisar
caminar
weep wept wept llorar
✓ Participle in verbs ending in "-e"

Regular verbs ending in "-e" form their participle by simply adding a "-d"
Verbo Participio Significado
to use used usar
to excuse excused disculpar
Negation in the present perfect
SUBJECT + have/has + not + VERB IN PARTICIPLE
Examples:
✓ He hasn't played well Él no ha jugado bien
✓ I haven't eaten in 2 days No he comido en 2 días
Interrogation in the present perfect
Have/has + SUBJECT + VERB IN PARTICIPLE?

have I done? ¿he hecho?
have you done? ¿has hecho?
has he done? ¿ha hecho?
have we done? ¿hemos hecho?
have you done? ¿han hecho?
have they done? ¿han hecho?
INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE + have + SUBJECT + VERB IN PARTICIPLE?

Example:
✓ What have you done?
- ¿Qué has hecho?
Use of the present perfect
✓ Actions that began in the past and have not yet ended in the present
Example:
✓ I haven't slept in the last 2 days No he dormido en los últimos 2 días
✓ Actions that began and ended in the past but that their effect continues in the present
Example:
✓ I'm not hungry because I've eaten an apple No tengo hambre porque he comido una manzana
The nuance of the previous example is that although we have finished eating the apple, this action has an
impact on the present (we are not hungry in the present because we have eaten the apple)
Example:
✓ I've bought a car He comprado un coche
The nuance of this second example is that although the action of buying is over, the car still belongs to us in the
present (the effect of the action continues).
✓ Actions that began and ended in the past but that the interlocutor has placed the action in an unfinished
time interval. This situation of action in an unfinished time interval forces us to construct the prayer in the
perfect present:
Example:
✓ I've been in USA this year He estado este año en Estados Unidos
Particles used in "Present Perfect"
Just (acabar de)

Example:
✓ We have just eaten and we aren’t hungry Nosotros acabamos de comer y no temenos hambre
Already (ya)
Already means "ya", but only with affirmative sentences and in Present Perfect:
Example:
✓ I’ve already ordered the books Ya he pedido los libros
Yet (ya o todavía)

Yet means “ya” in interrogatives sentences and “todavia” in negatives sentences
Example:
✓ Have you ordered her book yet? ¿Ya has pedido su libro?
✓ No, I have not ordered her book yet No, todavía no he pedido su libro
Ever (alguna vez)

Ever is used in interrogative sentences with the structure "Have you ever ...?" (¿has alguna vez ...?)
Example:
✓ Have you ever seen a camel crying? ¿Has visto alguna vez un camello llorando?
Present Perfect Continuous
Conjugation
SUBJECT + have/has been + VERB WITH -ING

I have been singing yo he estado cantando
you have been singing tú has estado cantando
he has been singing él ha estado cantando
we have been singing nosotros hemos estado cantando
you have been singing Ustedes han estado cantando
they have been singing ellos han estado cantando
Negation in the present perfect continuous
SUBJECT + have/has not been VERB WITH -ING
Example:
✓ I have not been working much on my project No he estado trabajando mucho en mi proyecto
Interrogation in the present perfect continuous
Have/has + SUBJECT + been + VERB WITH -ING?

have I been working? ¿he estado trabajando?
have you been working? ¿has estado trabajando?
has he been working? ¿ha estado trabajando?
have we been working? ¿hemos estado trabajando?
have you been working? ¿han estado trabajando?
have they been working? ¿han estado trabajando?
INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE + have/has + SUBJECT + been + VERB WITH -ING
Example:
✓ Where have you been living lately? ¿Dónde has estado viviendo últimamente?
Use of the present perfect continuous
This verb tense is used when an action that has had a certain duration has just been terminated.
Examples:
✓ I have been spending so much lately
- He estado gastando mucho últimamente
✓ She has been going out with Michael for about a year now
- Ella ha estado saliendo con Michael desde hace aproximadamente un año
Past Simple Tense
SUBJECT + VERB IN PAST, ENDING "-ED"

I worked yo trabajé
you worked tú trabajaste
he worked él trabajó
we worked nosotros trabajamos
you worked Ustedes trabajaron
they worked ellos trabajaron
Construction of the past
As a general rule, to form the past in English, "-ed" is added to a verb.

work➜worked
Although we must take into account some considerations:
✓ Irregular verbs
- For irregular verbs you have to memorize their past form.
Verbo Pasado Significado
to go went ir
to buy bought comprar
to have had tener
to be was/were ser o estar
Example:
✓ I went to the University of Oxford Fui a la Universidad de Oxford
✓ Past in verbs ending in "-e"

- To form the past, the final "-e" is replaced by "-ed".
Verbo Pasado
use used
die died
Negation in the past simple
SUBJECT + did + not + VERB IN INFINITIVE (without to)
Examples:
✓ I didn’t sing Yo no canté
✓ He didn’t sing Él no cantó
Interrogation in the past simple
Did + SUBJECT + VERB IN INFINITIVE (without to)?

did I sing? ¿canté?
did you sing? ¿cantaste?
did he sing? ¿cantó?
did we sing? ¿cantamos?
did you sing? ¿cantaron?
did they sing? ¿cantaron?
INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE + did + SUBJECT + VERB IN INFINITIVE (without to)?
Example:
✓ What did you sing ¿Qué cantaste?
Use of the past simple
Is used for: Actions that started in the past and are already completed.
Example:
✓ I ate an apple yesterday Me comí una manzana ayer
Temporal Complements
Usually is necessary to detail when the action was performed (explicitly or by context).
Example:
✓ I played a match last week Jugué un partido la semana pasada
Complemento Significado
yesterday ayer
two years ago hace dos años
in 2008 en 2008
last year hace un año
on 01/01/2000 el 01/01/2000
in July en julio
Past Continuous Tense
SUBJECT + was/were + VERB WITH -ING

I was working yo estaba trabajando
you were working tú estabas trabajando
he was working él estaba trabajando
we were working nosotros estábamos trabajando
you were working Ustedes estaban trabajando
they were working ellos estaban trabajando
Negation in the past continuous
SUBJECT + was/were not + VERB WITH -ING
Examples:
✓ I wasn’t singing Yo no estaba cantando
✓ He wasn’t singing Él no estaba cantando
Interrogation in the past continuous
was/were + SUBJECT + VERB WITH -ING?

was I singing? ¿estaba cantando?
were you singing? ¿estabas cantando?
was he singing? ¿estaba cantando?
were we singing? ¿estábamos cantando?
were you singing? ¿estabais cantando?
were they singing? ¿estaban cantando?
INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE + was/were + SUBJECT + VERB WITH -ING?
Example:
✓ What were you singing ¿Qué estabas cantando?
Use of the past continuous
Is used for: Actions that began in the past and we want to emphasize that they had a certain duration.
Example:
✓ I was eating an apple, when I fell to the ground
- Me estaba comiendo una manzana cuando caí al suelo
In the example above, the past continuous is used to describe that the action of eating the apple had a certain
duration but that the fall was instantaneous.
Past Perfect Tense
SUBJECT + had + VERB IN PARTICIPLE

I had worked yo había trabajado
you had worked tú habías trabajado
he had worked él había trabajado
we had worked nosotros habíamos trabajado
you had worked Ustedes habían trabajado
they had worked ellos habían trabajado
Negation in the past perfect
SUBJECT + had + not + VERB IN PARTICIPLE
Examples:
✓ I had not sung Yo no había cantado
✓ He had not eaten Él no había comido
Interrogation in the past perfect
Had + SUBJECT + VERB IN PARTICIPLE?

had I sung? ¿había cantado?
had you sung? ¿habías cantado?
had he sung? ¿había cantado?
had we sung? ¿habíamos cantado?
had you sung? ¿habían cantado?
had they sung? ¿habían cantado?
INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE + had + SUBJECT + VERB IN PARTICIPLE?
Example:
✓ What had you sung? ¿Qué habías cantado?
Use of the past perfect
Is used for: Actions that ended in the past and were prior to others referred to.
Example:
✓ The film had not started when I arrived
- La película no había empezado cuando yo llegué
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
SUBJECT + had been+ VERB WITH -ING

I had been sleeping yo había estado durmiendo
you had been sleeping tú habías estado durmiendo
he had been sleeping él había estado durmiendo
we had been sleeping nosotros habíamos estado durmiendo
you had been sleeping ustedes habían estado durmiendo
they had been sleeping ellos habían estado durmiendo
Negation in the past perfect continuous
SUBJECT + had+ not + been + VERB WITH -ING
Examples:
✓ I had not been singing Yo no había estado cantado
✓ He had not been eating Él no había estado comiendo
Interrogation in the past perfect continuous
Had + SUBJECT + been + VERB WITH -ING?

had I been singing? ¿había estado cantado?
had you been singing? ¿habías estado cantado?
had he been singing? ¿había estado cantado?
had we been singing? ¿habíamos estado cantado?
had you been singing? ¿habíais estado cantado?
had they been singing? ¿habían estado cantado?
INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE + had + SUBJECT + been + VERB WITH -ING
Example:
✓ What had you been singing ¿Qué habías estado cantando?
Use of the past perfect continuous
Is used for: Continuing actions that took place in the past and were prior to or simultaneous with others is
referred to.
Example:
✓ I had been working on this problem when she found me
- Había estado trabajando en este problema cuando ella me encontró
Conditional perfect
SUBJECT + would / should + have + VERB IN PARTICIPLE (-ED)
I would have cleaned yo habría limpiado
I should have cleaned
you would have cleaned tú habrías limpiado
he would have cleaned él habría limpiado
we would have cleaned nosotros habríamos limpiado
we should have cleaned
you would have cleaned ustedes habrían limpiado
they would have cleaned ellos habrían limpiado
Conditional progressive perfect
SUBJECT + would / should + have been+ VERB WITH -ING
I would have been cleaning yo habría estado limpiando
I should have been cleaning
you would have been cleaning tú habrías estado limpiando
he would have been cleaning él habría estado limpiando
we would have been cleaning nosotros habríamos estado limpiando
we should have been cleaning
you would have been cleaning ustedes habrían estado limpiando
they would have been cleaning ellos habrían estado limpiando
Negation of the conditional
SUBJECT + would/should + not + VERB
Examples:
✓ If I were you, I would not drink alcohol
- Si yo fuera tú, no bebería alcohol
✓ We would not have bought a car if we knew then what we know now
- Nosotros no habríamos comprado un coche si hubiéramos sabido lo que sabemos ahora
Interrogation in the conditional
Would/Should + SUBJECT + VERB?
Example:
✓ If you were rich, would you be happy? Si tu fueras rico, ¿serías feliz?
INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE + would + SUBJECT + VERB?
Example:
✓ What would you do if you suddenly had superpowers?
- ¿Qué harías si de repente tuvieras superpoderes?
The conditional with modal verbs
The modal verbs can and may do not construct the conditional with would but have a conjugation of their own:
Verbo Condicional Condicional Conditional perfect

Present simple Present continuous
can I could clean I could be cleaning I could have cleaned
may I might clean I might be cleaning I might have cleaned
Use of the conditional
✓ To denote a chance of an action happening

- Would you eat an octopus? ¿Te comerías un pulpo?
✓ In the indirect style when something was narrated about the future:
- She said that we would go out tomorrow Ella dijo que saldríamos mañana
Future Verb Tenses
Future Simple I will dance
Future Continuous I will be dancing
Future going to I am going to dance
Future Perfect I will have danced
Future Perfect Continuous I will have been dancing
Future Simple
SUBJECT + will + VERB

I will/shall work yo trabajaré
you will work tú trabajarás
he will work él trabajarás
we will/shall work nosotros trabajaremos
you will work Ustedes trabajaran
they will work ellos trabajaran
Negation in the future simple
SUBJECT + will + not + VERB

I will/shall not work yo no trabajaré
you will not work tú no trabajarás
he will not work él no trabajará
we will/shall not work nosotros no trabajaremos
you will not work ustedes no trabajaran
they will not work ellos no trabajaran
Interrogation in the future simple
will + SUBJECT + VERB?

will/shall I work? ¿trabajaré?
will you work? ¿trabajarás?
will he work? ¿trabajará?
will/shall we work? ¿trabajaremos?
will you work? ¿trabajareis?
will they work? ¿trabajaran?
Use of the future simple
✓ Used to make promises

- I'll write you soon Te escribiré pronto
✓ Used for decisions made while in conversation

- Ok, I'll call customer service again Vale, llamaré otra vez a atención al cliente
Future Continuous
SUBJECT + will be + VERB WITH -ING

I will be walking yo estaré caminando
you will be walking tú estarás caminando
he will be walking él estará caminando
we will be walking nosotros estaremos caminando
you will be walking vosotros estáis caminando
they will be walking ellos estarán caminando
Negation in the future continuous
SUBJECT + will not be + VERB WITH -ING
Examples:
✓ I will not be working next week
- Yo no estaré trabajando la semana que viene
✓ Tom will not be playing on Sunday

- Tom no estará jugando este domingo
Interrogation in the future continuous
will SUBJECT+ be + VERB WITH -ING
Example:
✓ Will you be studying tomorrow?
- ¿Estarás estudiando mañana?
Use of the future continuous
Is used for: Actions that will take place in the future and have a certain duration
Example:
✓ Tomorrow I will be traveling to Los Angeles
- Mañana estaré viajando a los Ángeles
Future going to
SUBJECT + am/are/is going to +VERB IN INFINITIVE

I am going to eat yo iré a comer
you are going to eat tú irás a comer
he is going to eat él irá a comer
we are going to eat nosotros iremos a comer
you are going to eat Ustedes irán a comer
they are going to eat ellos irán a comer
Example:
✓ Tonight, is going to be a good night
- Hoy va a ser una buena noche
Becomes:
Tonight, is gonna be a good night
Tonight's gonna be a good night
Negation in the future going to
SUBJECT + am/are/is not going to + VERB IN INFINITIVE
Example:
✓ I’m not going to dance tonight
- Yo no voy a ir a bailar esta noche
✓ I'm not going to use the computer for around four hours
- No voy a usar el ordenador en aproximadamente cuatro horas
Interrogation in the future going to
am/are/is + SUBJECT + going to + VERB IN INFINITIVE?
Example:
✓ Are you going to dance tonight? ¿Vas a bailar esta noche?
Use of the future going to
Is used for: Actions planned for the future, usually in the near future.
Example:
✓ He is going to sing tomorrow night Él va a ir a cantar mañana por la noche
Remember that if the action isn’t planned (spontaneous decision), the future simple tense is used.
Passive voice with the future going to
SUBJECT + am/are/is going to be + VERB IN PARTICIPLE

Pasiva Significado
I am going to be honored yo voy a ser premiado
you are going to be honored tú vas a ser premiado
he is going to be honored él va a ser premiado
we are going to be honored nosotros vamos a ser premiados
you are going to be honored Ustedes van a ser premiados
they are going to be honored ellos van a ser premiados
Future Perfect
SUBJECT + will/shall have + VERB IN PARTICIPLE

I shall have finished yo habré terminado
I will have finished
you will have finished tú habrás terminado
he/she/it will have finished él/ella/ello habrá terminado
we shall have finished nosotros habremos terminado
we will have finished
you will have finished Ustedes habrán terminado
they will have finished ellos habrán terminado
✓ I will ➜ I'll
Negation in the future perfect
SUBJECT + will/shall not have + VERB IN PARTICIPLE
I will not have completed yo no habré completado
I shall not have completed
you will not have completed tú no habrás completado
he will not have completed él no habrá completado
we will not have completed nosotros no habremos completado
we shall not have completed
you will not have completed ustedes no habrán completado
they will not have completed ellos no habrán completado
✓ Will not ➜ won’t

✓ Shall not ➜ shan’t
Interrogation in the future perfect
will/shall + SUBJECT + have + VERB IN PARTICIPLE?
will I have studied? ¿habré estudiado?
shall I have studied?
will you have studied? ¿habrás estudiado?
will he have studied? ¿habrá estudiado?
will we have studied? ¿habremos estudiado?
shall we have studied?
will you have studied? ¿habrán estudiado?
will they have studied? ¿habrán estudiado?
Use of the future perfect
Is used to express an event that will be completed in the future.
Examples:
✓ I’ll have paid off my mortgage in less than 3 years
- Habré pagado mi hipoteca en menos de 3 años
✓ By 2020, my company will have created over 1000 new jobs

- Para 2020, mi empresa habrá creado más de 1000 nuevos empleos
Future Perfect continuous
SUBJECT + will/shall have been + VERB WITH -ING
I will have been saving yo habré estado ahorrando
I shall have saving
you will have been saving tú habrás estado ahorrando
he will have been saving él habrá estado ahorrando
we will have been saving nosotros habremos estado ahorrando
we shall have been saving
you will have been saving ustedes habrán estado ahorrando
they will have been saving ellos habrán estado ahorrando
Negation in the future perfect continuous
SUBJECT + will/shall not have been + VERB WITH -ING
I will not have been sleeping yo no habré estado durmiendo
I shall not have been sleeping
you will not have been sleeping tú no habrás estado durmiendo
he/she/it will not have been sleeping él no habrá estado durmiendo
we will not have been sleeping nosotros no habremos estado durmiendo
we shall not have been sleeping
you will not have been sleeping Ustedes no habrán estado durmiendo
they will not have been sleeping ellos no habrán estado durmiendo
Interrogative in the future perfect continuous
will/shall + SUBJECT + have been VERB WITH -ING?
will I have been traveling? ¿habré estado viajando?
shall I have been traveling?

will you have been traveling? ¿habrás estado viajando?
will he have been traveling? ¿habrá estado viajando?
will we have been traveling? ¿habremos estado viajando?
shall we have been traveling?

will you have been traveling? ¿habrán estado viajando?
will they have been traveling? ¿habrán estado viajando?
Use of the future perfect continuous
This verb tense is used to indicate that an event that may have started in the past will continue until a time in
the future. This temporal moment has to be specified for the sentence to make sense.
Example:
✓ When I retire, I will have been working for 40 years
- ¿Cuándo me jubile, habré estado trabajando durante 40 años
Imperative
Persona Conjugación
2ª persona del singular run
You (tú) (corre)
2ª persona del plural run
You (ustedes) (corran)
Extending of the imperative: Let
With the auxiliary verb Let (permitir, dejar) an equivalent to the imperative can be formed for the first person
and the third person:
Let me run permíteme correr
Let him run permítele correr
Let her run
Let it run
Let us run Corramos
Let them run permíteles correr
In practice, Let us is much more widely used than the rest.

Sin contracción Contraído
Let us Let's
Negation of the imperative
Do not + verbo en infinitivo sin to
Example:
✓ don’t eat meat on Fridays No comas carne los viernes

✓ Let's not play No juguemos
Courtesy
The use of the imperative in certain situations can sound impolite. With the word:
Please Por favor
Increases the degree of courtesy of the sentence:

Affirmative sentence:
Please + VERB IN INFINITIVE (without to)
✓ Please come in
- Por favor entre
Negative sentence:
Please + do not + VERB IN INFINITIVE (without to)
✓ Please do not come in

- Por favor no entre
Use of the imperative
Is used to: Give orders or instructions

Example:
✓ Come back ¡Vuelve!
Give advice:
Example:
✓ Don't swim after eating No te bañes después de comer
Infinitive
Constructing the infinitive in English is very simple, just add "to".
Example:
✓ To eat Comer
✓ To do Hacer
As an exception, modal verbs do not have "to" in the infinitive, but fortunately there are only a few of them:
Infinitivo Significado
can poder
may poder
must deber
Use of the Infinitive without "to”

Present Simple I play
yo juego
Para la tercera persona al

infinitivo se le añade una "-s"
Conditional simple I would play
yo jugaría
Past Simple Se usa el infinitivo en oraciones
negativas o interrogativas:
I didn't play
yo no jugué
Future Simple I will play
yo jugaré
Imperative Play
juega
Use of the infinitive with “to”
Future going to I am going to play

yo voy a ir a jugar
Verbs followed by Infinitive
Examples:
✓ I am trying to start my car Estoy intentando arrancar mi coche
✓ I prefer to travel by plane Prefiero viajar en avión
Verbo Significado
agree estar de acuerdo
aim aspirar
appear aparecer
arrange organizar
ask* preguntar
attempt intentar
be able ser capaz de
beg* mendigar
care cuidar
claim reclamar
consent consentir
decide decidir
demand exigir
deserve merecer
expect* esperar
fail fallar
hesitate titubear
hope tener esperanza
learn aprender
manage dirigir
mean significar
need* necesitar
offer ofrecer
plan planear
prefer preferir
prepare preparar
pretend fingir
promise prometer
refuse rechazar
seem parecer
struggle luchar
swear jurar
try intentar
use usar
wait esperar
want* querer
wish desear
Verbs with *, can be constructed with or without object, it is better to see an example:
✓ I want her to love me Yo quiero que ella me ame
✓ I want to love me Yo quiero que me ame
Verbs followed by an object plus the Infinitive
Example:
✓ we don't allow our boys to play with guns
- nosotros no permitimos a nuestros chicos jugar con pistolas
Verbo Significado
allow permitir
cause causar
challenge desafiar
forbid prohibir
force forzar
hire contratar
instruct instruir
invite invitar
order ordenar
permit permitir
require requerir
teach enseñar
tell decir
Gerund
Gerund as Subject of the Sentence
Example:
✓ Studying is so boring Estudiar es tan aburrido
✓ Learning English is fun and easy Aprender inglés es divertido y fácil
Gerund as Adjective
Ejemplo Significado
waiting room sala de espera
programming language lenguaje de programación
Gerund in Verb Conjugation

Present Continuous I am eating
yo estoy comiendo
Conditional Continuous I would be eating
yo estaría comiendo
Past Continuous I was eating
yo estaba comiendo
Past Perfect Continuous I had been eating
yo había estado comiendo
Conditional Continuous Perfect I would been eating
yo habría estado comiendo
Future Continuous I will be eating
yo estaré comiendo
Gerund Completing the Information of another verb
Example:
✓ I enjoy playing guitar Me divierto tocando la guitarra
✓ I avoid driving when I'm tired Evito conducir cuando estoy cansado
Verbs Followed by Gerund
The rule is if the first verb is in the following list, the second verb must be in the gerund:
Verbo Significado
to admit admitir
to anticipate anticipar
to appreciate apreciar
to avoid evitar
to complete completar
to consider considerar
to delay retrasar
to deny denegar
to discuss discutir, debatir
to dislike no gustar
to enjoy disfrutar
to excuse disculpar
to finish acabar
to imagine imaginar
to keep mantener, seguir
to mention mencionar
to mind preocuparse
to miss echar de menos
to postpone posponer
to practice practicar
to quit abandonar
to recall recordar
to recollect recordar
to recommend recomendar
to report informar
to resist resistir
to resume reanudar
to risk arriesgar
to stop parar
to suggest sugerir
to tolerate tolerar
to understand entender
Gerund Formation
The general rule for constructing the gerund is to add the suffix -ing to the verb. But this rule has 3 exceptions:
Consonant Doubling in the Gerund.
Some verbs double their final consonant in the formation of the gerund. This happens when the following
conditions are met:
✓ The verb is monosyllabic or the stress falls on the last syllable or it ends in "L".
✓ The verb ends in a single consonant (without being r, w, x or y).
✓ The last consonant is preceded by a unique vowel.
Verbo Gerundio Significado

to swim swimming nadar
to run running correr
to win winning ganar
Verbs ending in "-ie".

die dying morir
lie lying mentir
tie tying atar
Verbs ending in "-e".

to make making hacer
to cause causing causar
to be being ser
Negating the Gerund
Examples:
✓ I miss not living in Spain Echo de menos vivir en España
✓ Not saving is a bad habit No ahorrar es un mal hábito
Auxiliary Verbs
Verb to be:
The verb "to be" means to “ser o estar”. Among the uses of the verb to be are:
To indicate profession
✓ I am a pilot Yo soy piloto
To express feelings
✓ I am tired Yo estoy cansado
Reporting prices/money
✓ How much is the car? ¿Cuánto cuesta el coche?
Report age
✓ I am ten years old Tengo diez años
Present simple (to be)
SUBJECT + am/are/is
I am yo soy
you are tú eres
he is él es
she is ella es
it is ello es
we are nosotros somos
you are Ustedes son
they are ellos son
Negative sentences
✓ He is not your teacher Él no es tu professor
Interrogative sentences
✓ Are you a student? ¿Eres un estudiante?
Present Continuous (to be)
SUBJECT + am/are/is + being
I am being yo estoy siendo
you are being tú estás siendo
he is being él está siendo
she is being ella está siendo
it is being ello está siendo
we are being nosotros estamos siendo
you are being Ustedes están siendo
they are being ellos están siendo
Past simple (to be)
SUBJECT + was/were
I was yo fui
you were tú fuisteis
he was él fue
she was ella fue
it was ello fue
we were nosotros fuimos
you were vosotros fuisteis
they were ellos fueron
Negative sentences
✓ You weren’t in love with me Tú no estabas enamorada de mi
Interrogative sentences
✓ Where were you last night? ¿Dónde estabas anoche?
Subjunctive (to be)
SUBJECT + were
I were yo fuera
you were tú fueras
he were él fuera
she were ella fuera
it were ello fuera
we were nosotros fuéramos
you were vosotros fuerais
they were ellos fueran
Imperative (to be)
be se/sean
do not be no seas / no sean
Participle (to be)
been estado, sido
Negation with the verb “to be”
✓ He is not an actor Él no es un actor
Interrogation with the verb "to be"
✓ Are you beautiful? ¿eres preciosa?
Contractions of the Present Simple (to be) (affirmation)
Sin contraer Contraído

I am I'm
you are you're
he is he's
she is she's
it is it's
we are we're
you are you're
they are they're
Contractions of the Present Simple (to be) (negation)

I am not I'm not
you are not you're not
you aren't
he is not he's not o he isn't
she is not she's not o she isn't
it is not it's not o it isn't
we are not we're not o we aren't
you are not you're not o you aren't
they are not they're not o they aren't
Contractions of the Past Simple (to be) (negation)

I was not I wasn't
you were not you weren't
he was not he wasn't
she was not she wasn't
it was not it wasn't
we were not we weren't
you were not you weren't
they were not they weren't
To have
The verb "to have" means to “haber o tener”. Among the uses of the verb to be are:
Example:
✓ I have a car Yo tengo un coche
Present simple (to have)
SUBJECT + have/has
I have yo tengo
you have tú tienes
he has él tiene
she has ella tiene
it has ello tiene
we have nosotros tenemos
you have Ustedes tienen
they have ellos tienen
Past simple (to have)
SUBJECT + had
I had yo tuve
you had tú tuviste
he had él tuvo
she had ella tuvo
it had ello tuvo
we had nosotros tuvimos
you had Ustedes tuvieron
they had ellos tuvieron
Imperative (to have)
have tenga
do not have no tengas
Participle (to have)
had tenido / habido
Negation with the verb “to have”
✓ I have not studied in England Yo no he estudiado en Inglaterra

✓ He does not have a girlfriend Él no tiene novia
Interrogation with the verb “to have”
✓ Have you eaten too much? ¿has comido demasiado?
Contractions of the Present Simple (to have) (affirmation)

I have I've
you have you've
he has he's
she has she's
it has it's
we have we've
you have you've
they have they've
Contractions of the Present Simple (to have) (negation)

I have not I haven't
I've not
you have not you've not
you haven't
he has not he hasn't
she has not she hasn't
it has not it hasn't
we have not we haven't
we've not
you have not you haven't
you've not
they have not they haven't
they've not
Contractions of the Past Simple (to have) (affirmation)

I had I'd
you had you'd
he had he'd
she had she'd
it had it'd
we had we'd
you had you'd
they had they'd
Contractions of the Past Simple (to have) (negation)

I had not I hadn't
you had not you hadn't
he had not he hadn't
she had not she hadn't
it had not it hadn't
we had not we hadn't
you had not you hadn't
they had not they hadn't
Modal verbs
Can
"Can" means "poder" in the sense of "tener capacidad"
Example:
✓ The birds can fly Los pájaros pueden volar
It is also used to ask permission. To ask permission in an informal way, the present simple is used:
✓ Can I help you? ¿Puedo ayudarte?
And to ask permission in a more polite way we use the conditional (could):
✓ Could I help you? ¿Podría ayudarle?
Present Simple (can)
Special feature: can does not have an "-s" added to it in the third person singular.
I can yo puedo
you can tú puedes
he can él puede
we can nosotros podemos
you can Ustedes pueden
they can ellos pueden
Past simple (can)
I could yo pude
you could tú pudiste
he could él pudo
we could nosotros pudimos
you could Ustedes pudieron
they could ellos pudieron
Conditional (can)
I could yo podría
you could tú podrías
he could él podría
we could nosotros podríamos
you could vosotros podríais
they could ellos podrían
Contractions of the verb (can)

can not / cannot can't
could not couldn't
The verb "can" lacks the present continuous, nor can it be constructed with the verb "to be able"
To be able
The verb “to be able” is used instead of can in the verb tenses: present perfect, future simple, past continuous,
past perfect and past perfect continuous.
Present perfect (to be able)
I have been able yo he podido
you have been able tú has podido
he has been able él ha podido
we have been able nosotros hemos podido
you have been able Ustedes han podido
they have been able ellos han podido
Future simple (to be able)
I will be able yo podré
you will be able tú podrás
he will be able él podrá
we will be able nosotros podremos
you will be able Ustedes podrán
they will be able ellos podrán
Past continuous (to be able)
I was being able yo estaba pudiendo
you were being able tú estabas pudiendo
he was being able él estaba pudiendo
we were being able nosotros estábamos pudiendo
you were being able Ustedes estaban pudiendo
they were being able ellos estaban pudiendo
Past perfect (to be able)
I had been able yo había podido
you had been able tú habías podido
he had been able él había podido
we had been able nosotros habíamos podido
you had been able vosotros habíais podido
they had been able ellos habían podido
Must
Must means “deber” in the context of obligation:
Example:
✓ You must wash your hands before you eat Tú debes lavarte las manos antes de comer
The conjugation of "must" is special and can only be conjugated in one verb tense: present simple.
Present Simple (must)
As with the rest of the modal verbs, the verb "must" does not have an "-s" added to it in the third person
singular.
I must yo debo
you must tú debes
he must él debe
we must nosotros debemos
you must Ustedes deben
they must ellos deben
Negation in "must" sentences
Example:
✓ You must not go out at night No debes salir por las noches
Contractions of the verb (must)

must not mustn't
To have to
The verb "to have to" is the substitute for the verb "must" in all verb tenses except the present simple:
Present continuous (to have to)
I am having to yo estoy debiendo
you are having to tú estás debiendo
he is having to él está debiendo
we are having to nosotros estamos debiendo
you are having to Ustedes están debiendo
they are having to ellos están debiendo
Present Perfect (to have to)
I have had to yo he debido
you have had to tú has debido
he has had to él ha debido
we have had to nosotros hemos debido
you have had to Ustedes han debido
they have had to ellos han debido
Past simple (to have to)
I had to yo debía
you had to tú debías
he had to él debía
we had to nosotros debíamos
you had to ustedes debían
they had to ellos debían
Future simple (to have to)
I will have to yo deberé
you will have to tú deberás
he will have to él deberá
we will have to nosotros deberemos
you will have to Ustedes deberán
they will have to ellos deberán
Past Continuous (to have to)
I was having to yo estaba debiendo
you were having to tú estabas debiendo
he was having to él estaba debiendo
we were having to nosotros estábamos debiendo
you were having to Ustedes estaban debiendo
they were having to ellos estaban debiendo
Past perfect (to have to)
I had had to yo había debido
you had had to tú habías debido
he had had to él había debido
we had had to nosotros habíamos debido
you had had to vosotros habíais debido
they had had to ellos habían debido
May
May means “poder” in the context of probability or having permission:

✓ I think may be pregnant Creo que puedo estar embarazada
It is used to ask permission in a formal way:

✓ May I help you? ¿Puedo ayudarle?
The conditional form of may (might) is used to formally ask permission:

✓ Might I help you? ¿Podría ayudarle?
The conjugation of may is very special and can only be conjugated in 3 verb tenses: present simple, past simple
and conditional.
Present simple (may)
I may yo puedo
you may tú puedes
he may él puede
we may nosotros podemos
you may vosotros podéis
they may ellos pueden
Past simple (may)
I might yo pude
you might tú pudiste
he might él pudo
we might nosotros pudimos
you might vosotros pudisteis
they might ellos pudieron
Conditional
I might yo podría
you might tú podrías
he might él podría
we might nosotros podríamos
you might vosotros podríais
they might ellos podrían
Contractions of the verb may

may not (no se contrae)
might not (no se contrae)
Expansion of the conjugation of the verb may
May + have + participle

✓ I may have done something wrong Puedo haber hecho algo incorrecto
might + have + participle

✓ I might have been Queen Yo podría haber sido Reina
Irregular verbs
Auxiliar verbs

en Presente
to be am was been ser
is were estar
are (muy irregular)
to do do did done hacer
does
to have have had had tener
has
Modal verbs

en Presente
can can could been able* poder
(permiso o capacidad)
may may might been allowed to poder
(permiso o capacidad)
must must had to* had to* deber
(obligación)
Irregular verbs at a beginner's level

become became become llegar a ser
begin began begun empezar
break broke broken romper
bring brought brought traer
llevar
build built built construir
edificar
buy bought bought comprar
catch caught caught coger
choose chose chosen elegir
come came come venir
cost cost cost costar
cut cut cut cortar
drink drank drunk beber
eat ate eaten comer
fall fell fallen caer
find found found encontrar
get got gotten conseguir
obtener
give gave given dar
go went gone ir
know knew known saber
conocer
learn learned learned aprender
leave left left dejar
abandonar
make made made hacer
fabricar
mean meant meant significar
pay paid paid pagar
put put put poner
colocar
read read read leer
run ran run correr
say said said decir
see saw seen ver
sell sold sold vender
send sent sent enviar
set set set poner
sit sat sat sentarse
sleep slept slept dormir
speak spoke spoken hablar
take took taken coger
teach taught taught enseñar
win won won ganar
write wrote written escribir
Irregular Verbs for Intermediate Level

draw drew drawn dibujar
dream dreamt dreamt soñar
drive drove driven conducir
feed fed fed alimentar
feel felt felt sentir
fight fought fought pelear
fly flew flown volar
forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
forget forgot forgotten olvidar
hear heard heard oír
hide hid hidden esconder
hit hit hit golpear
let let let permitir
lie lay lain tumbarse
light lit lit encender
lose lost lost perder
meet met met encontrar
ring rang rung llamar
rise rose risen levantarse
seek sought sought buscar
shake shook shook agitar
estrechar la mano
shoot shot shot disparar
show showed shown mostrar
shut shut shut cerrar
sing sang sung cantar
spell spelled spelled deletrear
spend spent spent gastar
split split split dividir
partir
swim swam swum nadar
swing swung swung balancear
tell told told decir
contar
think thought thought pensar
throw threw thrown tirar
wake woke woken despertar
wear wore worn llevar puesto
Irregular Verbs for Advanced Level

arise arose arisen surgir
plantearse
bear bore born dar a luz
beat beat beaten golpear
vencer
bend bent bent doblar
curvar
bet bet bet apostar
bind bound bound enlazar
atar
bite bit bitten morder
picar
bleed bled bled sangrar
blow blew blown soplar
cast cast cast lanzar
deal dealt dealt negociar
tratar
fit fit fit encajar
ajustar (ropa)
freeze froze frozen helar
grow grew grown crecer
keep kept kept guardar
lay laid laid poner
lead led led dirigir
conducir
lean leaned leaned apoyarse
recostarse
leap leapt leapt saltar
brincar
slide slid slid deslizar
resbalar
spread spread spread difundir
extender
smell smelled smelled oler
olfatear
steal stole stolen robar
Irregular Verbs for Very Advanced Level

bid bid bid pujar
intentar
breed bred bred criar
broadcast broadcast broadcast emitir
burn burned burned quemar
arder
burst burst burst explotar
estallar
dig dug dug cavar
flee fled fled huir de
escapar
hang hung hung colgar
hold held held agarrar
sostener
hurt hurt hurt herir
kneel knelt knelt arrodillarse
lend lent lent prestar
mistake mistook mistaken equivocarse
ride rode ridden montar
cabalgar
sew sewed sewn coser
shine shone shone brillar
resplandecer
shrink shrank shrunk encoger
sink sank sunk hundir
spit spat spat escupir
spoil spoiled spoiled estropear
deteriorar
stand stood stood estar de pie
stick stuck stuck pegar
sting stung stung pegar
strike struck struck golpear
atacar
strive strove striven esforzarse
procurar
swear swore sworn jurar
sweat sweat sweat sudar
sweep swept swept barrer
tread trod trodden pisar
caminar
weep wept wept llorar
Regular verbs
Verbo Pasado/ Significado

Participio
to answer answered responder
to ask asked preguntar
to believe believed creer
to call called llamar
to dance danced bailar
to follow followed seguir
to happen happened suceder
to help helped ayudar
to hope hoped tener esperanza
to jump jumped saltar
to live lived vivir
to move moved mover
to need needed necesitar
to pay paid pagar
to play played jugar, tocar
to say said decir
to show showed mostrar
to stop stopped parar
to study studied estudiar
to try tried intentar
to use used usar
to walk walked caminar
to want wanted querer
to watch watched mirar
to work worked trabajar
to agree agreed estar de acuerdo
to book booked reservar
to cancel canceled cancelar
to carry carried llevar
to continue continued continuar
to create created crear
to change changed cambiar
to decide decided decidir
to develop developed desarrollar
to die died morir
to earn earned ganar
to explain explained explicar
to finish finished acabar
to fly flied volar
to include included incluir
to kill killed matar
to permit permitted permitir
to produce produced producir
to receive received recibir
to return returned volver
to seem seemed parecer
to share shared compartir
to support supported apoyar
to travel traveled viajar
Linking verbs
List of Copulative Verbs
Example:
✓ I am good in math’s Soy bueno en matemáticas
List of Semicopulative Verbs
to look (ver)
✓ The Moon looked good tonight La luna se veía bien hoy
to smell (oler)
✓ The room smells bad La habitación huele mal
to sound (sonar)
✓ The car sounds loud El coche hace ruido
to taste (saber [de gusto])

✓ Your chicken curry tastes great Tu pollo al curry sabe fenomenal
to feel (sentir)
✓ The jeans feels Good Los vaqueros sientan bien
Passive voice
Passive of direct object
✓ Active voice
Sujeto Verbo C. Directo

AGENTE VOZ ACTIVA PACIENTE
Luis Buys A book
Luis compra Un libro
✓ Passive voice
Sujeto Verbo Complemento

PACIENTE VOZ PASIVA PACIENTE
A book Is bought By Luis
Un libro Es comprado Por Luis
Passive of indirect object
✓ Active voice
Sujeto Verbo Complemento Directo C. Indirecto

AGENTE VOZ ACTIVA
I offer A job To Tom
Yo Le ofrezco Un trabajo A Tom
✓ Passive voice
Sujeto Verbo Complemento Directo Complemento

PACIENTE VOZ PASIVA PACIENTE
Tom Is offered A job (by me)
A Tom Le es ofrecido Un trabajo (por mi)
Verbs with double objects
Verbs that have both direct and indirect objects normally construct the passive with the indirect object. Typical
examples of verbs with 2 objects are:
Verbo Significado
ask preguntar
give dar
offer ofrecer
order pedir
pay pagar
sell vender
send enviar
show mostrar
tell decir
Present Simple (Passive)
SUBJECT + am/are/is + PARTICIPLE
Pasiva Significado
I am beaten yo soy golpeado
you are beaten tú eres golpeado
he is beaten él es golpeado
we are beaten nosotros somos golpeados
you are beaten Ustedes son golpeados
they are beaten ellos son golpeados
Present Continuous (passive)
SUBJECT + am/are/is being + PARTICIPLE
Pasiva Significado
I am being beaten yo estoy siendo golpeado
you are being beaten tú estás siendo golpeado
he is being beaten él está siendo golpeado
we are being beaten nosotros estamos siendo golpeados
you are being beaten Ustedes están siendo golpeados
they are being beaten ellos están siendo golpeados
Present Perfect (passive)
SUBJECT + have/has been + PARTICIPLE
Pasiva Significado
I have been beaten yo he sido golpeado
you have been beaten tú has sido golpeado
he has been beaten él ha sido golpeado
we have been beaten nosotros hemos sido golpeados
you have been beaten Ustedes han sido golpeados
they have been beaten ellos han sido golpeados
Future Simple (passive)
SUBJECT + will be + PARTICIPLE
Pasiva Significado
I will be beaten yo seré golpeado
you will be beaten tú serás golpeado
he will be beaten él será golpeado
we will be beaten nosotros seremos golpeados
you will be beaten Ustedes serán golpeados
they will be beaten ellos serán golpeados
Future Continuous (passive)
SUBJECT + will be being + PARTICIPLE
Pasiva Significado
I will be being beaten yo estaré siendo golpeado
you will be being beaten tú estaré siendo golpeado
he will be being beaten él estará siendo golpeado
we will be being beaten nosotros estaremos siendo golpeados
you will be being beaten Ustedes estarán siendo golpeados
they will be being beaten ellos estarán siendo golpeados
Future going to (passive)
SUBJECT + am/are/is going to be + PARTICIPLE
Pasiva Significado
I am going to be beaten yo voy a ser golpeado
you are going to be beaten tú vas a ser golpeado
he is going to be beaten él va a ser golpeado
we are going to be beaten nosotros vamos a ser golpeados
you are going to be beaten Ustedes van a ser golpeados
they are going to be beaten ellos van a ser golpeados
Past simple (passive)
SUBJECT + was/were + PARTICIPLE
Pasiva Significado
I was beaten yo fui golpeado
you were beaten tú fuisteis golpeado
he was beaten él fue golpeado
we were beaten nosotros fuimos golpeados
you were beaten Ustedes fueron golpeados
they were beaten ellos fueron golpeados
Past continuous (passive)
SUBJECT + were/was being + PARTICIPLE
Pasiva Significado
I was being beaten yo estuve siendo golpeado
you were being beaten tú estuviste siendo golpeado
he was being beaten él estuvo siendo golpeado
we were being beaten nosotros estuvimos siendo golpeados
you were being beaten Ustedes estuvieron siendo golpeados
they were being beaten ellos estuvieron siendo golpeados
Past Perfect (passive)
SUBJECT + had been + PARTICIPLE
Pasiva Significado
I had been beaten yo había sido golpeado
you had been beaten tú habías sido golpeado
he had been beaten él había sido golpeado
we had been beaten nosotros habíamos sido golpeados
you had been beaten Ustedes habían sido golpeados
they had been beaten ellos habían sido golpeados
Past Perfect Continuous (passive)
SUBJECT + had been being + PARTICIPLE
Pasiva Significado
I had been being beaten yo había estado siendo golpeado
you had been being beaten tú habías estado siendo golpeado
he had been being beaten él había estado siendo golpeado
we had been being beaten nosotros habíamos estado siendo golpeados
you had been being beaten Ustedes habían estado siendo golpeados
they had been being beaten ellos habían estado siendo golpeados
The passive voice with modal verbs
SUBJECT + MODAL VERB + be + PARTICIPLE
can
✓ The file cannot be saved El fichero no puede ser guardado
✓ You could be eaten by a lion Tú pudiste ser comido por un león
may
✓ A car may be stolen Un coche puede ser robado
✓ The accident might be caused by poor visibility El accidente pudo ser causado por la poca visibilidad
must
✓ Respect must be earned El respeto debe ser ganado
4. Prepositions
Preposiciones Preposiciones
Básicas Nivel
Intermedio
about by on across
after during over against
as for since along
at from to around
before in with beyond
behind into without circa
between of onto
About: Means "sobre" (Caution: it is not a local preposition).

✓ The Prime Minister spoke about the unemployment rate
- El primer ministro habló sobre la tasa de desempleo
After: Means "después"

✓ He wrote a book about his experiences after the war
- Él escribió un libro sobre sus experiencias después de la guerra
As: Means "como"

✓ What is your role as a teacher?
- ¿Cuál es tu papel como profesor?
At: Means "en", "a"

✓ I am at home
- Estoy en casa
✓ I wake up at 6am every morning
- Me levanto a las 6 de la mañana cada mañana
Before: Means "antes"

✓ What do you do before you go to sleep?
- ¿Qué haces antes de ir a dormir?
Behind: Means "detrás"

✓ What is behind the door?
- ¿Qué hay detrás de la puerta?
Between: Means "entre"

✓ I live between San Francisco and San Jose
- Vivo entre San Fracisco y San Jose
✓ The lamp is between the chair and the sofa
- La lámpara está entre la silla y el sofá
By: Means "cerca" , "por"

✓ I am by your side
- Estoy a tu lado
✓ This book was donated by my wife
- Este libro fue donado por mi mujer
During: Means "durante"

✓ She worked during the 1990’s years as a teacher
- Ella trabajó durante los años 90 como profesora
For: Means "para, por" "durante"

✓ Alex sent me flowers for my birthday
- Alex me envió flores para mi cumpleaños
✓ He has gone to the store for milk
- Él se ha ido a la tienda a por leche
✓ We walk for 45 minutes everyday
- Caminamos 45 minutos todos los días
From: Means "desde"
✓ How can I go from Miami to Orlando?
- ¿Cómo puedo ir de Miami a Orlando?
✓ I'm a student from Spain
- Soy un estudiante de España
In: Means "en"

✓ I live in Córdoba
- Vivo en Córdoba
Inside: Means "en el interior", "dentro"

✓ The guest was inside the room
- El invitado estaba dentro de la habitación
Into: Means "hacia el interior", "dentro" (into tiene un matiz de movimiento)

✓ I just moved into a new apartment
- Me acabo de mudar a un nuevo piso
Of: Means "de" (with the contexts of "belonging" or "material" or "origin").

Material:
✓ This chair is made out of wood
- Esta silla está hecha de madera
Belonging:
✓ The button of the watch is broken
- El botón del reloj está roto
Origin:
✓ I like the lyrics of this song
- Me gusta la letra de esta canción
On: Means "encima" , "en" (Temporary: for specific dates or days of the week).
✓ Your cat was on the roof
- Tu gato estuvo sobre el tejado
Temporary:
✓ I will come back on Sunday
- Volveré el domingo
✓ What can I do on my 18th birthday?
- ¿Qué puedo hacer para mi 18 cumpleaños?
✓ What happened on July 4th?
- ¿Qué pasó el 4 Julio?
Over: Means "sobre" (no contact)

✓ There is a dark cloud over us
- Hay una nube negra sobre nosotros
Since: Means "desde"

✓ I have been a teacher since I was 20 years old
- Yo he sido profesor desde que tenía 20 años
To: Means "hacia" , "para" (indicates direction or purpose)

Direction:
✓ We didn't go to the school yesterday
- Nosotros no fuimos a la escuela ayer
Purpose:
✓ I want to study to be a firefighter
- Yo quiero estudiar para ser bombero
With: Means "con". Abbreviated as "w/".

✓ I traveled with my parents to USA
- Viajé a EEUU con mis padres
✓ I bought the new laptop with a credit card
- Compré el nuevo portátil con la tarjeta de crédito
Without: Means "sin". Abbreviated as "w/o".
✓ I drive without car insurance
- Conduzco sin seguro de coche
Across: Means "a lo largo" o "enfrente"

✓ Calatrava built a bridge across the Grand Canal in Venice
- Calatrava contruyó un puente sobre el gran canal en Venecia
Against: Means "contra"

✓ Real Madrid plays at home against Valencia
- El Real Madrid juega en casa contra el Valencia
Along: Means "a lo largo" (local or Temporary).

Local:
✓ There are several nice restaurants along the road
- Hay varios restaurantes estupendos a lo largo de la carretera
Temporal:
✓ Along the years I learnt an important lesson
- A lo largo de los años aprendí una lección muy importante
Around: Means "alrededor".

✓ The Romans built a wall around the town
- Los romanos construyeron una muralla alrededor de la ciudad
Beyond: Means "más allá".

✓ Beyond good and evil
- Más allá del bien y del mal
Circa: Means "cerca/alrededor de" (is used exclusively with terms that can be measured or counted).
✓ Christopher Columbus was born circa 1450
- Cristóbal Colón nació alrededor de 1450
Onto: Means "encima" (with a sense of movement)

✓ I threw stones onto your roof
- Lancé piedras sobre tu tejado
Differences between "for", "since" and "ago".
For has different meanings, with Present Perfect it means "desde hace" and is used in with structure
FOR + TIME PERIOD
Example:
I have lived in USA for 2 years He vivido en Estados Unidos desde hace 2 años
Other time periods that can be used with for are:
Periodo Temporal Significado

for 3 years hace 3 años
for 2 weeks hace 2 semanas
for 6 days hace 6 días
for 10 hours hace 10 horas
With other verb tenses "for" can mean "durante".
Since means "hace" and is also used in Present Perfect and has the construction:
SINCE + TIME INSTANT
Example:
I have lived in USA since 2010 He vivido en Estados Unidos desde el 2010
Instante Temporal Significado

since 2009 desde el 2009
since Sunday desde el domingo
since January desde enero
since 10 o'clock desde las 10 en punto
Ago also means "does" but is used instead in Past Simple

TIME INTERVAL + AGO
Example:
I lived in USA 2 years ago Viví en Estados Unidos hace 2 años
5. The articles
The definite article
Articulo Definido Significado

the el (masculino)
la (femenino)
lo (neutro)
los (plural)
las (plural)
Examples:
✓ The car is mine El coche es mio
✓ The chair has 4 legs La silla tiene 4 patas
✓ The cabinets are open Los armarios están abiertos
The indefinite article
Articulo indefinido Significado

Singular a un
una
Plural (se omite) unos
unas
Examples:
✓ I have a car Yo tengo un coche
✓ He has a wife and 2 kids Él tiene una mujer y 2 hijos
ATTENTION: In English, the indefinite article is only used in the singular. In the plural it is simply omitted
Examples:
✓ I have a dog
✓ I have dogs
✓ Tengo un perro ➜ Tengo unos perros
Indefinite article: 'an'
If the article is followed by a word beginning (its pronunciation), “an” is used instead of “a” for vowel.
✓ I ate half of an apple/ai eit jaf an apol/ Me comí la mitad de una manzana
But caution:
✓ I am a European /ai am a yeropian/ Yo soy un europeo
Although 'European' begins with a vowel, its pronunciation starts with a consonant, so "an" is not used, but
simply "a".
Omission of article
Materials (uncountable)
✓ Copper is a good conductor El cobre es un buen conductor
Plural when referring to the whole

✓ Children are Innocent Los niños son inocentes (en el sentido de todos los niños)
Hours
✓ I work until 4:00 PM Trabajo hasta las 4 de la tarde
Persons
✓ Mr. Smith went to America in 2009 El señor Smith fue a América en el 2009
Languages
✓ English is hard El inglés es difícil
Academic subjects
✓ I like physics more than chemistry Me gusta más la física que la química
Sports
✓ I play soccer Yo juego al fútbol
6. Conjunctions
Conjunciones Conjunciones
Coordinantes Subordinantes
and after unless
but as until
or because when
so before while
since
And: Means "y".

✓ I am teacher and I live in Spain
- Soy profesor y vivo en España
But: Means "pero".

✓ I am sick but I must work
- Estoy enfermo pero tengo que trabajar
Or: Means "o".

✓ Do you have enough work or do you want more?
- ¿Tienes suficiente trabajo o quieres más?
So: Means "así que"

✓ It is too hard for me, so I need your help
- Esto es muy duro para mí, así que necesito tu ayuda
After: Means "después".

✓ You should switch on the device only after you read the manual
- Deberías encender el equipo sólo después de leer el manual
As: Means "como","mientras".

✓ You can have as much as you wish
- Puedes tener tanto como deseés
✓ They are working as we are speaking
- Ellos están trabajando mientras nosotros hablamos
Because: Means "porque".

✓ I do not work, because I am a student
- No trabajo porque soy estudiante
Before: Means "antes".

✓ I want to know a bit more the product before I buy it
- Quiero conocer un poco más el producto antes de comprarlo
Since: Means "desde".

✓ I cannot eat since I am pregnant
- No puedo comer desde que estoy embarazada
Unless: Means "a menos que".

✓ I will pay you tomorrow unless you tell me otherwise
- Le pagaré mañana a menos que usted me diga otra cosa
Until: Means "hasta que".

✓ I never understood it until you explained it to me
- Nunca lo había entendido hasta que lo explicaste
When: Means "cuando".

✓ We were eating when you called me
- Nosotros estábamos comiendo cuando me llamaste
While: Means "mientras".

✓ I just want to have fun while we are playing
- Yo solo quiero divertirme mientras que jugamos
7. Adjectives
Adjectives in English can have 2 functions:

Attributive Function. That is, they accompany a noun.
✓ I like your blue eyes Me gustan tus ojos azules
✓ Italian pizza is the best La pizza italiana es la mejor
Predicative function. That is to say that they form the predicate, this only happens with the verb to be.
✓ Your eyes are blue Tus ojos son azules
Adjectives vs Adverbs
An adverb complements a verb and an adjective complements a noun (or a copulative verb). We do not have
to confuse them:
Adjetivo Adverbio
good (bueno) well (bien)
bad (malo) badly (mal)
hard (duro) hardly (duramente)
fast (rápido de velocidad) fast (rápidamente)
Adjective:
My sister is a good pianist Mi hermana es una buena pianista
Adverb:
My sister plays the piano very well Mi hermana toca el piano muy bien
The Comparative and Superlative
Adjectives have 3 forms:

✓ Positive
✓ Comparative
✓ Superlative
Positive: Is the adjective without any modification, for example:

big grande
With the positive form of the adjective is formed:

✓ Comparative of Equality
✓ Comparative of Inferiority
✓ Comparative of Equality "as ... as"
as + POSITIVE ADJECTIVE + as
tan + ..................................... + como
Example:
- She is as clever as a fox Ella es tan astuta como un zorro
✓ Comparative of Inferiority
not as + POSITIVE ADJECTIVE + as
Example:
The teacher is not as intelligent as you think El profesor no es tan inteligente como tú crees
Comparative: The comparative form of the adjective is used to construct the comparative of superiority.
There are 3 different ways of constructing the comparative degree in English depending on the adjective:
✓ Adding "-er" to the adjective.

✓ By prefixing "more" to the adjective
✓ With an irregular form
✓ Form ADJECTIVE + "-er"
grado positivo grado comparativo

old older
(viejo) (más viejo)
It is important to keep these points in mind:
- Consonant doubling: The rule is to double the final consonant if the adjective has:
✓ One syllable
✓ Ends in a single consonant
✓ And it is preceded by a single vowel
big (grande) ➜ bigger (más grande)
hot (caliente) ➜ hotter (más caliente)
- Adjectives ending in consonant + "y": If an adjective ends in "y" preceded by a consonant, its comparative
is formed with the rule: y ➜ ier
funny (divertido) ➜ funnier (más divertido)
If the adjective is not preceded by a consonant, its comparative is formed in a regular way:
gray(gris) ➜ grayer (más gris)
- Adjectives ending in "-e": If an adjective ends in "-e" only an "-r" is added.
nice (agradable) ➜ nicer (más agradable)

✓ Form: more + ADJECTIVE
grado positivo grado comparativo

nervous more nervous
(nervioso) (más nervioso)
- Comparative superiority
COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVE + than
Example:
She is poorer than me Ella es más pobre que yo
Superlative: There are 3 different ways of constructing the superlative depending on the adjective
✓ Adding "-est" to the adjective:
big (grande) ➜ biggest (el más grande)
✓ Putting "most" before the adjective:
nervous (nervioso) ➜ most nervous (el más nervioso)
✓ With an irregular form:
bad (malo) ➜ worst (el peor)
The + SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVE
Example:
✓ The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest in Egypt
- La gran pirámide de Giza es la mayor de Egipto
Adjectives with irregular comparatives and superlatives
Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo Significado

bad worse the worst mal, peor, lo peor
far farther the farthest lejos, más lejos,
further the furthest lo más lejano
good better the best bien, mejor, lo mejor
little less the least poco, menos, lo menos
8. Adverbs
Adverbs can modify the meaning of:

A verb:
✓ I never eat fruit Nunca como fruta
An adjective/adverb:
✓ You are so good (adjetivo) Tú eres tan bueno
✓ I spend too much money (adverbio) Gasto demasiado dinero
Position of an adverb modifying a verb
✓ First position of the sentence

- Tomorrow I will fly to London Mañana volaré a Londres
✓ Last position of the sentence

- I returned from New York yesterday Volví de Nueva York ayer
✓ Central position means before the non-auxiliary verb

- I always work hard Siempre trabajo duro
- Do you always wake up so early? ¿Te levantas siempre tan pronto?
✓ As an exception with the verb to be in the present simple and past simple tenses, the adverb follows the
verb:
- I am sometimes lazy A veces soy perezoso
Position of an adverb modifying an adjective/adverb
✓ In this case the adverb is placed before the word it modifies:

- Your house is very nice Tu casa es muy bonita
✓ There are only 2 exceptions to this rule: the adverbs enought and ago:
- I did well enough to pass my exam Lo hice suficientemente bien para aprobar el examen
Types of Adverbs
✓ Adverbs of Time ¿Cuándo? (When?)

Adverbio Significado
Yesterday ayer
Today hoy
Tomorrow mañana
Tonight esta noche
Early temprano
Just recientemente
Late tarde
Now ahora
Soon pronto
Then entonces
Adverbs of Frecuency ¿Con qué frecuencia? (How often?)
Always siempre
Frequently frecuentemente
Often a menudo
Sometimes a vecez
Once una vez
Twice dos veces
Three times tres veces
Rarely rara vez
Seldom rara vez
Never nunca
Daily diariamente
Weekly semanalmente
Monthly mensualmente
Yearly anualmente
Adverbs of Location ¿dónde? (where)
Above encima
Ahead en frente
Back detrás
Behind detrás
Beside al lado de
Beyond más allá
Centrally centralmente
Down abajo
Here aquí
Inside dentro
Outside fuera
Over encima
Rear detrás
Up arriba
Adverbs of situation with the suffix "-where".
Everywhere en todos los lugares
Somewhere en algún lugar
Nowhere en ningún lugar
Adverbs of motion
Upwards hacia arriba
Downwards hacia abajo
Forwards hacia adelante
Backwards hacia detrás
Homeward hacia casa
Uphill cuesta arriba
Downhill cuesta abajo
Adverbs of Manner ¿Cómo? (How?)
well bien
badly mal
fast rápidamente
slowly lentamente
easily fácilmente
properly adecuadamente
wrong incorrectamente
Interrogative Adverb
When? ¿Cuándo?
Where? ¿Dónde?
Why? ¿Por qué?
How? ¿Cómo?
1. Conditional sentences
Tipo de condicional Se usa para

Oraciones Tipo 1 Órdenes
If + Presente + Imperativo
Oraciones Tipo 2 Realidades científicas
If + Presente + Presente
Oraciones Tipo 3 Situaciones posibles
If + Presente + Futuro
Oraciones Tipo 4 Situaciones teóricas
If + Subjuntivo + Condicional
Oraciones Tipo 5 Situaciones no posibles
If + Pasado perfecto + Condicional Perfecto
If + Present Simple + Imperative

Is used to give conditional commands:
Example:
- If there is a problem, call me Si hay un problema llámame
If + Present Simple + Present Simple

Express scientific or empirical realities
Example
- If I can, you can Si yo puedo tu puedes
If + Present Simple + Future Simple

To express events that are possible or threats
Example
- If you are late, I will not wait for you Si tu llegas tarde no te esperaré
If + Subjunctive + Condicional Simple

To express theoretical, less probable situations
Example
- If I were rich, I would buy a ship Si yo fuera rico me compraría un barco
Subjunctive
The subjunctive and the past simple coincide for all verbs except for the verb to be, which for all people is
conjugated as were.
Subjuntivo Significado
I were yo fuera
you were tú fueras
he were él fuera
she were ella fuera
it were ello fuera
we were nosotros fuéramos
you were vosotros fuerais
they were ellos fueran
If + Past perfect+ Perfect Conditional

Express situations that aren’t possible in the present
Example
- If I had been a pilot, I would have bought a plane Si yo hubiera sido piloto me hubiera comprado un avión
2. The Interrogation
The interrogation is marked by inverting the order of the subject and verb:
Example:
✓ Are you ready? ¿Estás listo?
Interrogative Pronouns
Pronombre Significado Observaciones

Who? ¿Quién?
Whom? ¿A quién? Poco usado, en la práctica se usa "who"
Whose? ¿De quién?
What? ¿Qué?
Which? ¿Cuál?
Who: Means "quién?"

✓ Who is your Husband?
- ¿Quién es tu marido?
Whom: Means "a quién?"

✓ Whom did you ask for permission?
- ¿A quién has pedido permiso?
The use of whom denotes very cultured English and is not normal in street language. Who is also commonly
used instead with the meaning of "a quién".
✓ Who did you ask for permission?
- ¿A quién has pedido permiso?
Whose: Means "de quién?"

✓ Whose birthday is today?
- ¿De quién es el cumpleaños hoy?
What: Means "qué?"

✓ What are you reading?
- ¿Qué estas leyendo?
Which: Means "cuál?"

✓ Which car is yours?
- ¿Cuál coche es el tuyo?
Interrogative Adverbs
When? ¿Cuándo?
Where? ¿Dónde?
Why? ¿Por qué?
How? ¿Cómo?
When: Means "¿cuándo?"

✓ When will you finish your book?
- ¿Cuándo acabarás tu libro?
Why: Means "¿por qué?"

✓ Why do you study English?
- ¿Por qué estudias inglés?
Where: Means "¿dónde?

✓ Where do you live?
- ¿Dónde vives?
How: Means "¿cómo?

✓ How are you?
- ¿Cómo estás?
Additionally, the following compound interrogative adverbs can be formed with the adverb How:
How Many: Means "¿cuántos?" (countable)

✓ How many car do you have?
- ¿Cuántos coches tienes?
How Much: Means "¿cuántos?" (uncountable)

✓ How much money do you need to retire?
- ¿Cuánto dinero necesitas para dejar de trabajar?
How Old: Means "¿cuántos años?"

✓ How old are you?
- ¿Cuántos años tienes?
How often: Means "¿con qué frecuencia?"

✓ How often do you study English?
- ¿Con qué frecuencia estudias inglés?
Types of indirect questions
Closed indirect questions: They are formed with the preposition if:
✓ I do not know if I must laugh or cry No sé si debo reír o llorar
Indirect open-ended questions can be constructed with any interrogative particle:

✓ Can you tell me what I should do now? Me puedes decir que debería hacer ahora?
Special case: interrogative pronoun subject of the sentence
If the interrogative particle is subject, great care must be taken not to make a mistake with the placement of
the verb.
Direct interrogation:
✓ Who is your best friend ¿Quién es tu mejor amigo?
Indirect interrogation:
✓ Tell me who is your best friend Dime quién es tu mejor amigo
Question tags
You are 20, aren't you? Tienes 20 años, ¿no?
Construction in Present Simple

Verb "to be:
Ejemplo Significado
I am rich, aren't I? (habitual) yo soy rico, ¿no?
I am rich, am not I? (muy formal)
You are rich, aren't you? tú eres soy rico, ¿no?
He is rich, isn't he? él es rico, ¿no?
She is rich, isn't she? ella es rica, ¿no?
It is rich, isn't it? ello es rico, ¿no?
We are rich, aren't we? nosotros somos ricos, ¿no?
You are rich, aren't you? vosotros sois ricos, ¿no?
They are rich, aren't they? ellos son ricos, ¿no?
Full Verbs (auxiliary "to do")
Ejemplo Significado
I miss the mountains, don't I? yo echo de menos las montañas, ¿no?
You miss the mountains, don't you? tú echas de menos las montañas, ¿no?
He misses the mountains, doesn't he? él echa de menos las montañas, ¿no?
Construction in Past simple

Verb "to be:
Ejemplo Significado
I was handsome, wasn't I? yo era guapo, ¿no?
You were handsome, weren't you? tú eras guapo, ¿no?
He was handsome, wasn't he? él era guapo, ¿no?
With a full verb it would be:
Ejemplo Significado
I ate too much, didn't I? yo comí demasiado, ¿no?
You ate too much, didn't you? tú comiste demasiado, ¿no?
Modal Verbs
Can
✓ You can eat eggs, can't you? Puedes comer huevos, ¿no?
Must
✓ You must learn this lesson, mustn't you? Tú debes aprender esta lección, ¿no?
Other Verb Tenses
The same philosophy is followed with other verb tenses. For example, with the simple future:
✓ You will travel alone, won't you? Tú viajarás solo, ¿no?
Construction of Negative Sentences
Affirmative Sentence:
You are a policeman, aren't you? Eres un policia, ¿no?
Negative Sentence:
You aren't a policeman, are you? No eres un policia, ¿verdad?
3. The negation
Present
Tense Affirmative Negative

Present simple I dance (bailo) I don’t dance (No bailo)
He dances (Él baila) He doesn´t dance (Él no baila)
Present continuous I’m dancing (Yo estoy bailando) I’m not dancing (Yo no estoy
bailando)
Conditional simple I would dance (Yo bailaría) I would not dance (Yo no bailaría)
Conditional continuous I would be dancing (Yo estaría I would not be dancing (Yo no estaría
bailando) bailando)
Past

Present perfect I have danced (Yo he bailado) I have not danced (Yo no he bailado)
He has danced (Él ha bailado) He has not danced (Él no ha bailado)
Past simple I danced (Yo bailé) I didn’t dance (Yo no baile)
Past continuous I was dancing (Yo estaba bailando) I wasn’t dancing (Yo no estaba
bailando)
Past perfect I had danced (Yo había bailado) I hadn’t danced (Yo no había bailado)
Past perfect continuous I had been dancing (Yo había estado I hadn’t been dancing (Yo no había
bailando) estado bailando)
Conditional perfect I would have danced (Yo habría I would have not danced (Yo no habría
bailado) bailado)
Conditional continuous perfect I would have been dancing (Yo habría I would not have been dancing (Yo no
estado bailado) habría estado bailado)
Future

Future simple I will dance (Yo bailaré) I will not dance (Yo no bailaré)
Future continuous I will be dancing (Yo estaré I will not be dancing (Yo no estaré
bailando) bailando)
Future going to I’m going to dance (Yo iré a bailar) I‘m not going to dance (Yo no iré
a bailar)
No vs Not
In addition to the adverb "not" you can also construct the negation with "No" when:
- It is a short answer
✓ Are you married? No, I'm single ¿Estás casado? No, estoy soltero
- A noun without an article is negated. In this case "no" behaves as an adverb
✓ The hotel has not smoking rooms El hotel tiene habitaciones de no fumadores
Never
Another way to construct a negation is with "never":
✓ I was never in love Yo nunca estuve enamorado

4. The Saxon genitive
When the possessor is a person (or animal, etc.):

✓ I love Madonna's new song Me encanta la nueva canción de Madona
For expressions of time:

✓ A Day's Wait Un día de espera
The preposition "of" (and not the Saxon genitive) is mainly used when the possessor is an object and the
possessed is abstract:
✓ I like the size of the iphone Me gusta el tamaño del iphone
In other cases, depending on the expression, sometimes the Saxon genitive is used, sometimes the preposition
"of", and sometimes both forms are possible:
✓ I work in the financial district of New York
✓ I work in New York's financial district Trabajo en el distrito financiero de Nueva York
Formation of the Saxon genitive
✓ My mother's car is broken El coche de mi madre está averiado
To form the Saxon genitive:

- The possessive noun is placed first and 's (mother's) is added.
- Secondly, the noun that is possessed is added.
✓ The car of my mother El coche de mi madre
There is a trick to better understand how the Saxon genitive works, translate 's as "su" or "sus":
✓ My mother's car is broken Mi madre su coche está averiado
Possessors in singular ending in "-s".
If the possessor is singular, the genitive is formed by adding 's, regardless of whether the possessor already
ends in "-s". This rule is sometimes not followed and many natives just add the apostrophe to form the Saxon
genitive.
✓ Our boss's mother was involved in a car accident La madre de nuestro jefe ha tenido un accidente de coche
Possessors in plural ending in "-s".
As we have said, in general, 's is added to form the Saxon genitive, but the possessor comes in plural and already
ends in "-s", only the apostrophe is added.
✓ What do you think about players' salaries? ¿Qué piensas sobre el salario de los jugadores?
Special case: Multiple holders
When there are multiple holders who own different things, each holder has an apostrophe:
✓ Europe's and America's trade with Africa is very low El comercio de Europa y el comercio de América con África es
muy bajo
When multiple possessors possessing the same thing, only the last possessor carries an apostrophe:
✓ John and Jane's child is Alex El hijo de John y Jane es Alex
Special case: Omission
When what is owned is a house or a shop, the apostrophe can be omitted, since it is understood:
✓ I am waiting for you at Sam's (house) Te estoy esperando en la casa de Sam
✓ We were at the hairdresser's (shop) yesterday Nosotros estuvimos en la peluquería ayer
5. I used to
Usage and Meaning of 'used to'.

The structure 'used to' is used to say that something was done in the past and is no longer done:
✓ My wife used to make cookies years ago
- Mi mujer solía hacer galletas hace unos años
Structure
SUBJECT + used to + VERB
If you notice the sentence structure is in past simple and "used" is the past tense of "use".
✓ I used to go swimming every morning

- Yo solía ir a nadar todas las mañanas
REMEMBER: this structure can only be used in "past simple". You cannot say:
✓ I use to go swimming (INCORRECT)

- Yo suelo ir a nadar
Negation with "I used to”

The negation is formed like any sentence in "past simple" with the auxiliary "did" and the adverb "not":
SUBJECT + did not use to + VERB
✓ My mother did not use to read books when I was a child
- Mi madre no solía leer libros cuando yo era joven
Alternatively, the negation can be constructed with other particles such as "never":
SUBJECT + never used to + VERB
✓ I never used to spend money
- Yo no solía gastar dinero
Interrogation with "I used to”

The interrogative is also constructed with the auxiliary "did" following the rules of the "past simple":
Did SUBJECT + use to + VERB?
✓ Did you use to play chess at school?
- ¿Solías jugar al ajedrez en la escuela?
6. Relative sentences
The woman that you saw yesterday is my teacher

La mujer que viste ayer es mi profesora
Relative pronouns
Caso Para personas Para cosas
Sujeto who that wich
Objeto whom
Posesivo whose
That: The relative pronoun that can be used for both things and people, but it is only used in the type of
relative clauses without commas (the most frequent ones).
✓ "Avatar" was the last movie that I watched
- "Avatar" fue la última película que he visto
✓ A great teacher is one that has patience to help every pupil
- Un gran profesor es aquel que tiene paciencia de ayudar a cada alumno
Which: Is the relative pronoun that is only used for things:

✓ I want to buy a house which costs under $100,000
- Quiero comprar una casa que cueste menos de 100.000 Dolares
Who: Is used for persons when it functions as a subject.

✓ The waiter who brought you your meal is my friend
- El camarero que te trajo la comida es amigo mío
✓ The student who I was just talking to is very intelligent
- El estudiante con él que estaba hablando es muy inteligente
Whose: Could be translated as "cuyo", "cuya", "cuyos" o "cuyas". That is, it is the relative pronoun applied
to the genitive case in the case of persons.
✓ I manage a company whose products are marketed in over 100 countries
- Yo dirijo una compañía cuyos productos son distribuidos a más de 100 países
Whom: Is used only with persons with the functions of direct, indirect and prepositional object. The truth
is that it is quite cultured and is used less and less.
✓ I need someone whom I can trust
- Necesito a alguien en quien pueda confiar
Types of Relative Sentences
Defining relative clauses (those that do not have commas and are more frequent):
✓ The next book that I want to read is "War and Peace"
- El siguiente libro que quiero leer es "Guerra y Paz"
Non-defining relative clauses (those with commas)

✓ My husband, who loves me very much, is awesome
- Mi marido, que me quiere mucho, es impresionante
7. Reported Speech
Direct and indirect style

The direct style is used when we express ourselves with our own knowledge:
✓ The Earth is round
- La Tierra es redonda
Indirect style, on the other hand, is when we narrate what someone else has said:
✓ Columbus said that the Earth was round

- Colón dijo que la Tierra era redonda
Changes in reported speech

When we construct a sentence in reported speech we have to perform the following tasks:
- Add a story verb
- Change the verb tense of the sentence
- Change personal pronouns
- Change temporal adverbs
- Change demonstratives
- Change adverbs of place
Verb of story
When we construct sentences in reported speech we have to use a story verb. The most frequent are:
Verbo Significado
to tell decir
to say hablar
to ask preguntar
to answer contestar
to complain quejarse
Example:
✓ She answered that she didn't know him very well
- Ella contestó que no le conocía muy bien
Verb tenses
The verb tense of a sentence changes when we convert it to the indirect style.
Direct style (present continuous):
✓ I am working in a bank
- Yo estoy trabajando en un banco
Indirect style (past continuous):
✓ He said that he was working in a bank
- Él dijo que estaba trabajando en un banco
The verb tense conversion table for reported speech is:
Estilo Directo Estilo Indirecto

Presente Simple Pasado Simple
Presente Continuo Pasado Continuo
Pasado Simple Pluscuamperfecto
Present Perfect
Pluscuamperfecto
Pasado Continuo Pluscuamperfecto continuo
Futuro Simple Condicional
Condicional
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns change from direct to indirect style, and it is not possible to define fixed rules since they
depend on the context:
If we take this sentence in direct style:
✓ I lost my pen
- Yo perdí mi lápiz
There are various possibilities for indirect style.
If I tell it myself:
✓ I said that I had lost my pen
- Yo dije que había perdido mi lápiz
If told by someone else:
✓ He said that he had lost his pen
- Él dijo que había perdido su lápiz
or if you tell me:
✓ You said that you had lost your pen
- Tú dijiste que tú habías perdido tu lápiz
Temporal adverbs
Temporal adverbs change when going from direct to indirect style:
Direct style:
✓ I must work today
- Yo tengo que trabajar hoy
Indirect style:
✓ He said that he had to work that day
- Él dijo que tenía que trabajar ese día
We list the most frequent temporal adverbs and their transformation:
Estilo directo Estilo indirecto

Now Then
(ahora) (entonces)
Today That day
(hoy) (ese día)
Yesterday The day before
(ayer) (el día anterior)
Tomorrow The following day
(mañana) (el siguiente día)
The next week The following week
(la semana que viene) (la siguiente semana)
Demonstratives: Now let's see that the demonstrative "this" also changes.
Direct style:
✓ I will buy this car Me compraré este coche
Indirect style:
✓ He told me that he would buy that car Él me dijo que se compraría ese coche
Estilo directo Estilo indirecto

this that
(este) (ese)
Adverb of place: "here".

Depending on the context, the adverb "here" (aquí) can be transformed into "there" (allí).
Direct style:
✓ I will never eat here again Yo no comeré nunca aquí otra vez
Indirect style:
✓ She told me that she would never eat there again Ella me dijo que ella no comería nunca otra vez allí
That: The particle "that" is optional.
✓ He told me that he was single Él me dijo que era soltero
as without "that":
✓ He told me he was single Él me dijo que era soltero
The meaning being the same.

Aprender inglés desde Cero (inglessencillo.com)
1. The numbers
Cardinals
Inglés Español
0 zero cero
1 one Uno
2 two Dos
3 three Tres
4 four cuatro
5 five cinco
6 six Seis
7 seven siete
8 eight ocho
9 nine nueve
10 ten Diez
11 eleven once
12 twelve doce
13 thirteen trece
14 fourteen catorce
15 fifteen quince
16 sixteen dieciséis
17 seventeen diecisiete
18 eighteen dieciocho
19 nineteen diecinueve
20 twenty veinte
21 twenty-one veintiuno
22 twenty-two veintidós
23 twenty-three veintitrés
24 twenty-four veinticuatro
25 twenty-five veinticinco
26 twenty-six veintiséis
27 twenty-seven veintisiete
28 twenty-eight veintiocho
29 twenty-nine veintinueve
30 thirty treinta
31 thirty-one treinta y uno
40 forty cuarenta
50 fifty cincuenta
60 sixty sesenta
70 seventy setenta
80 eighty ochenta
90 ninety noventa
100 one hundred cien
101 one hundred (and) one ciento uno
102 one hundred (and) two ciento dos
200 two hundred doscientos
300 three hundred trescientos
400 four hundred cuatrocientos
500 five hundred quinientos
600 six hundred seiscientos
700 seven hundred setecientos
800 eight hundred ochocientos
900 nine hundred novecientos
1000 one thousand mil
1001 a thousand (and) one mil uno
1002 a thousand (and) two mil dos
1100 a thousand one hundred mil cien
1101 a thousand one mil ciento uno
hundred (and) one
2000 two thousand dos mil
3000 three thousand tres mil
100000 one hundred thousand cien mil
500000 five hundred thousand quinientos mil
1000000 one million un millón
2000000 two million dos millones
2000001 two million (and) one dos millones uno
Zero in English
To say "0" in English the following words are used depending on the context:
• zero. "zero" is used for most contexts
Today, the temperature is zero degrees (La temperatura es hoy 0 grados)
• oh. It is used for the 0 (not for the number), usually for telephone numbers, hotel rooms, etc. For
example, the room "502" would be said: "five-oh-two".
• nil. It is used for sports. Example: "Valencia beats Chelsea 1-nil" (El Valencia gana al Chelsea 1 a 0).
The Billion Problem in English
Inglés (escala corta) Español (escala larga)

106 million millón
109 billon millardo (mil millones)
1012 trillion billón
1015 quadrillion billardo (mil billones)
1018 quintillion trillón
Ordinals
Número Inglés / English Español / Spanish

1st first primero
2nd second segundo
3rd third tercero
4th fourth cuarto
5th fifth quinto
6th sixth sexto
7th seventh séptimo
8th eighth octavo
9th ninth noveno
10th tenth décimo
11th eleventh undécimo
12th twelfth duodécimo
13th thirteenth décimo tercero
14th fourteenth décimo cuarto
15th fifteenth décimo quinto
16th sixteenth décimo sexto
17th seventeenth décimo séptimo
18th eighteenth décimo octavo
19th nineteenth décimo noveno
20th twentieth vigésimo
21st twenty-first vigésimo primero
22nd twenty-second vigésimo segundo
23rd twenty-third vigésimo tercero
24th twenty-fourth vigésimo cuarto
25th twenty-fifth vigésimo quinto
26th twenty-sixth vigésimo sexto
27th twenty-seventh vigésimo séptimo
28th twenty-eighth vigésimo octavo
29th twenty-ninth vigésimo noveno
30th thirtieth trigésimo
31st thirty-first trigésimo primero
40th fortieth cuadragésimo
50th fiftieth quincuagésimo
60th sixtieth sexagésimo
70th seventieth septuagésimo
80th eightieth octogésimo
90th ninetieth nonagésimo
100th hundredth centésimo
101st hundred and first centésimo primero
102nd hundred and second centésimo segundo
1000th thousandth milésimo
1001st thousand and first milésimo primero
1000000th millionth millonésimo
Abbreviation of ordinal numbers
• -st. If the number ends in 1 (short for first). [Except it ends in 11]
• -nd. If the number ends in 2 (short for second) [Except it ends in 12]
• -rd. If the number ends in 3 (short for third) [Except it ends in 13]
• -th. In other cases.
Fractions

1
/2 a half un medio
11/2 one and a half uno y medio
21/2 two and a half dos y medio
1
/3 a third un tercio
3
/4 three-fourths tres cuartos
4
/13 four-thirteenths cuatro treceavos
3
/123 three over a hundred tres entre ciento
twenty-three veintitrés
Decimals

0.1 zero point one, cero punto uno
point one,
nought point one
0.01 zero point zero one, cero punto cero uno
point zero one,
nought point nought one
0.11 zero point one, cero punto once
point one,
nought point one
2.4 two point four dos punto cuatro
Negative and Positive Numbers

(+2) positive two
Más dos (o dos positivo)
(-3) negative three

Menos tres (o tres negativo)
2. Colors
Color Color Color Color

Light blue celeste Mahogany color Caoba
Beige beige Orange Naranja
Black negro Pink Rosa
Blue azul Purple Morado
Brown marrón Red Rojo
Cinnamon color color canela Teal Azul verdoso
Cream color color crema Violet Violeta
Cyan cian White Blanco
Dark blue azul marino Yellow Amarillo
Dark red rojo oscuro Greennish yellow amarillo verdoso
Garnet color granate Indigo añil
Gray gris Khaki caqui
Green verde Light red rojo claro
Hair color
Hair color Color de pelo

Auburn hair Pelo castaño rojizo
Black hair Pelo moreno
Blond hair Pelo rubio
Brown hair Pelo castaño
Chestnut hair Pelo castaño algo rojizo
Grey hair Pelo gris
Red hair Pelirrojo
White hair Pelo blanco
3. The family
The family of origin
Miembro Significado
Parents Padres
(madre y padre)
Mother Madre
Father Padre
Sib Hermanos
Sibling (hermanas y hermanos)
Sister Hermana
Brother Hermano
Mom Mamá
Dad Papá
How many Siblings do you have?

¿Cuántos hermanos (hermanos o hermanas) tienes?
The second family
Miembro Significado
Wife Esposa
Husband Esposo
Daughter Hija
Son Hijo
He is myhusband Él es mi marido
I have two sons Tengo dos hijos
Grandparents
Miembro Significado
Grandparents Abuelos
(abuelos y abuelas)
Grandmother Abuela
Grandfather Abuelo
Great-grandparents Bisabuelos
Great-grandmother Bisabuela
Great-grandfather Bisabuelo
Grandchildrens
Miembro Significado
Grandchildren Nietos
(nietos y nietas)
Grandson Nieto
Granddaughter Nieta
Uncles and cousins
Miembro Significado
Aunt Tía
Uncle Tío
Cousin Prima
Cousin Primo
The nephews
Miembro Significado
Niece Sobrina
Nephew Sobrino
The in-law family
Miembro Significado
Mother-in-law Suegra
Father-in-law Suegro
Sister-in-law Cuñada
Brother-in-law Cuñado
Daughter-in-law Nuera
Son-in-law Yerno
The second chance family (rebuilt family)
Miembro Significado
Stepmother Madrastra
Stepfather Padrastro
Stepsister Hermanastra
Stepson Hijastro
The children
Miembro Significado
Child Niño (niño o niña)
Baby Bebé
Girl Chica / Niña
Boy Chico / Niño
Twins Gemelos
We have 3 girls Nosotros tenemos 3 niñas
Marital status
Miembro Significado
Single soltero
Married casado
Divorced divorciado
Widowed viudo
The couple
Miembro Significado
Couple Pareja
4. Animals
Domestic animals
Sustantivo Significado
Cat Gato
Dog Perro
Farm Animals
Bull Toro
Cow Vaca
Donkey Burro
Duck Pato
Goat Cabra
Goose Ganso
Hen Gallina
Horse Caballo
Mare Yegua
Pig Cerdo
Rooster Gallo
Sheep Oveja
Mammals
Antelope Antílope
Bat Murciélago
Bear Oso
Camel Camello
Coyote Coyote
Reindeer Reno
Deer Ciervo
Dormouse Lirón
Elephant Elefante
Elk Alce
Ferret Hurón
Fox Zorro
Giraffe Jirafa
Hare Liebre
Lion León
Lynx Lince
Monkey Mono
Mouse Ratón
Otter Nutria
Panther Pantera
Rabbit Conejo
Raccoon Mapache
Rhinoceros Rinoceronte
Squirrel Ardilla
Tiger Tigre
Weasel Comadreja
Wild boar Jabalí
Wolf Lobo
Zebra Cebra
Marine Mammals
Dolphin Delfín
Killer whale Orca
Seal Foca
Sperm whale Cachalote
Walrus Morsa
Whale Ballena
Birds
Blackbird Mirlo
Crane Grulla
Eagle Águila
Falcon Halcón
Ostrich Avestruz
Owl Búho
Partridge Perdiz
Penguin Pingüino
Quail Codorniz
Seagull Gaviota
Sparrow Gorrión
Swallow Golondrina
Swan Cisne
Turkey Pavo real
Buzzard Buitre
Woodpecker Pájaro carpintero
Fish
Anchovy Anchoa
Barbel Barbo
Bass Lubina
Bream Besugo
Cod Bacalao
Eel Anguila
Trout Trucha
Grouper Mero
Herring Arenque
Salmon Salmón
Shark Tiburón
Small hake Pescadilla
Sturgeon Esturión
Reptilian animals
Crocodile Cocodrilo
Lizard Lagarto
Small lizard Lagartija
Snake Serpiente
Turtle Tortuga
Viper Víbora
Amphibians
Frog Rana
Salamander Salamandra
Insects
Ant Hormiga
Bee Abeja
Beetle Escarabajo
Clothes moth Polilla
Cricket Grillo
Dragonfly Libélula
Flea Pulga
Fly Mosca
Glow worm Luciérnaga
Grasshopper Saltamontes
Horsefly Tábano
Ladybug Mariquita
Louse Piojo
Mosquito Mosquito
Plant louse Pulgón
Roach Cucaracha
Termite Termita
Wasp Avispa
Other land animals
Caterpillar Oruga
Centipede Ciempiés
Hedgehog Erizo
Scorpion Escorpión
Snail Caracol
Spider Araña
Worm Gusano
Other Marine animals
Clam Almeja
Crab Cangrejo
Lobster Bogavante
lobster Langosta
Oyster Ostra
Shell Concha
Squid Calamar
Verbs related to Animals
Verbo Significado
Bark ladrar
Bleat balar
Howl aullar
Miaow maullar
Moo mugir
5. Weather time
Climatological terms
Fog Niebla
Hail Granizo
Rain Lluvia
Sky Cielo
Snow Nieve
Sun Sol
Wind Viento
Hailstones (Plural) Granos granizo
Storm Tormenta
Dew el rocío
Rainbow Arcoíris
Thunder Trueno
Cloud Nube
Lightning Relámpago
Verbs applicable to the climate
Verbo Significado
to hail granizar
to nightfall anochecer
to sunrise amanecer
to snow nevar
to rain llover
to lighten relampaguear
to drizzle lloviznar
to freeze helar
to thunder tronar
to pour with rain diluviar
Adjectives about time
Adjetivo Significado
Cloudy nublado
Rainy con lluvia (lluvioso)
Sunny soleado
Windy con viento (ventoso)
Overcast nublado
Adjectives referring to temperature
Adjetivo Significado
Cold frío
Hot caluroso
Mild templado
Common Prayers Referring to the Climate
Frase Significado
I am cold tengo frío
I am hot tengo calor
Today it is cloudy hoy está nublado
Today it is sunny hoy brilla el Sol
6. The trees
Árbol Significado
Almond tree el almendro
Apple tree el manzano
Birch tree el abedul
Cactus el cactus
Cedar el cedro
Chestnut el castaño
Coconut tree el cocotero
Cork oak el alcornoque
Cypress el ciprés
Elm tree el olmo
Fir tree el abeto
Hazel-nut tree el avellano
Lemon tree el limonero
London planetree el plátano de sombra
Maple el arce
Olive tree el olivo
Ox el roble
Peach tree el melocotonero
Pine el pino
Willow el sauce
The parts of the tree
Parte Significado
Branch la rama
Leaf la hoja
Fruit el fruto
Root la raíz
Trunk el tronco
7. Rooms
Habitación Significado
Balcony el balcón
Basement el sótano
Bathroom el baño
Corridor el pasillo
Garden el jardín
Guestroom la habitación de invitados
Hall el vestíbulo
Kitchen la cocina
Library la biblioteca
Lounge salón, sala de estar
Living room
Nursery la habitación de los niños
Dining room el comedor
Wine cellar la bodega
Bedroom dormitorio
8. Fruits
Fruit fruta
Apple manzana
Banana plátano
Cherry cereza
Grape uva
Lemon limón
Melon melón
Orange naranja
Peach melocotón
Pear pera
Pineapple Piña
Strawberry fresa
Watermelon sandía
Blackberry mora
Coconut coco
Fig higo
Plum ciruela
Pomegranate granada
Raspberry la frambuesa
Parts of the fruit
Parte Significado
Shell cáscara
Peel piel
Stone hueso
Seed semilla
9. Nobility
título significado
Emperor Emperador
Empress Emperatriz
King Rey
Queen Reina
Duke Duque
Duchess Duquesa
Prince Príncipe
Princess Princesa
Marquess Marqués
Marchioness Marquesa
Marquise
Count Conde
Earl
Countess Condesa
10. Body parts
Parte del cuerpo Significado

Arm el brazo
Body el cuerpo
Leg la pierna
Trunk el tronco
Head la cabeza
Parts of the head and face
Parte de la cabeza Significado

Beard la barba
Cheek la mejilla
Chin la barbilla
Ear la oreja
Eye el ojo
Eyebrow la ceja
Eyelash la pestaña
Face la cara
Hair el pelo
Lip el labio
Mustache el bigote
Mouth la boca
Nose la nariz
Tongue la lengua
Tooth el diente
Parts of the trunk
Zona del tronco Significado

Anus el ano
Back la espalda
Belly la tripa
Breast la teta
Chest el pecho
Hip la cadera
Navel el ombligo
Neck el cuello
Penis el pene
Shoulder el hombro
Testicle el testículo
Vagina la vagina
Parts of the arm
Parte del brazo Significado

Armpit el sobaco
Elbow el codo
Finger el dedo de la mano
Hand la mano
Nail la uña
The fingers of the hand
Dedos Significado
Thumb el pulgar
Index finger el dedo índice
Middle finger el dedo corazón
Ring finger el dedo anular
Little finger el meñique
The parts of the leg
Zona de la pierna Significado

Foot el pie
Knee la rodilla
Toe el dedo del pie
The Organs
Organ Organo
Blood la sangre
Brain el cerebro
Heart el corazón
Kidney el riñón
Large intestine el intestino grueso
Liver el hígado
Lung el pulmón
Muscle el músculo
Skeleton el esqueleto
Skin la piel
Small intestine el intestino delgado
Spleen el bazo
Stomach el estómago
11. Clothes
Common Clothing
Prenda Significado
Suit traje
Bermuda Shorts bermudas
(plural)
Blouse blusa
Jacket chaqueta
Jeans vaqueros
Pullover jersey
Shirt camisa
Skirt falda
Sweater suéter
Sweatshirt sudadera
Top top
Trousers pantalón
(plural)
T-Shirt camiseta
Vest chaleco
Footwear
Prenda Significado
Shoe zapato
Slipper zapatillas de andar por casa
Boot bota
Sandals sandalia
Warm clothes
Prenda Significado
Gabardine gabardina
Coat abrigo
Accessories
Prenda Significado
Cap gorra
Glove guante
Hat sombrero
Scarf bufanda
Tie corbata
Belt cinturón
Underwear
Prenda Significado
Bra sujetador
Panties bragas
Pair of stockings medias
Thick tights leotardos
Underpants calzoncillos
Undershirt camiseta interior
Boxershorts Bóxer
(plural) (calzoncillos)
Sock calcetín
Swimwear
Prenda Significado
Bathing suit traje de baño
(mujer)
Bikini bikini
Swimming trunks bañador (hombre
(plural)
Raw Materials
Material Significado
Corduroy pana
Cotton algodón
Lacquer charol
Silk seda
Synthetic de fibra química
Wool lana
Clothing components
Parte Significado
Pocket bolsillo
Button fly bragueta de botones
Cuff puño
Lining forro
Zip fly bragueta de cremallera
Characteristics of clothing
Propiedad Significado
Plain liso (de un sólo color)
Polka-dot a lunares
Striped a rayas
12. Math
Addition
2+2=4
the sum of two and two is four

la suma de dos y dos es cuatro
two plus two equals four

dos más dos igual cuatro
two and two makes four

dos y dos hacen cuatro
Subtraction
10 - 3 = 7
five minus one equals four

cinco menos uno igual a cuatro
five minus one makes four

cinco menos uno hacen cuatro
Multiplication
2x3=6
three times four equal twelve

tres por cuatro igual doce
three times four is twelve

tres por cuatro es doce
Division
6/2=3
six divided by two is three

seis dividido entre dos es tres
Término Significado
Numerator el numerador
Denominator el denominador
Quotient el cociente
Remainder el resto
Square root
the square root of four is two

la raíz cuadrada de cuatro es dos
Types of numbers
Even number el número par
Odd number el número impar
Prime number el número primo
Natural number el número natural
Integer el número entero
Rational number el número racional
Real number el número real
Complex number el número complejo
Geometry 2D
Triangle el triangulo
Quadrilateral el cuadrilátero
Trapezium el trapecio
Rhombus el rombo
Parallelogram el paralelogramo
Rectangle el rectángulo
Square el cuadrado
Pentagon el pentágono
Hexagon el hexágono
Heptagon el heptágono
Octagon el octógono
Ellipse la elipse
Circle el círculo
Polygon el polígono
Geometry 3D
Tetrahedron el tetraedro
Cube el cubo
Octahedron el octaedro
Dodecahedron el dodecaedro
Icosahedron el icosaedro
Sphere la esfera
Cylinders el cilindro
Cone el cono
Geometry concepts
Edge la arista
Diagonal la diagonal
Trigonometry Functions
Sine el seno
Cosine el coseno
Tangent la tangente
Cotangent la cotangente
Secant la secante
Cosecant la cosecante
Trigonometry concepts
Side el cateto
Hypotenuse la hipotenusa
Adjacent side el cateto adyacente
Opposite side el cateto opuesto
Angle el ángulo
Right angle el ángulo recto
Pythagorean theorem el teorema de Pitágoras
Coordinate axes
Abscissa la abscisa
x-coordinate
Ordinate la ordenada
y-coordinate
x-axis el eje x
y-axis el eje y
Cartesian coordinate system sistema
de coordenadas
Differential calculus
Slope la pendiente
Tangent line la curva tangente
Derivative la derivada
Differential equation la ecuación diferencial
Integral la integral
Inflection point el punto de inflexión
Limit el límite
Partial derivative la derivada parcial
General vocabulary
Exponent el exponente
Factorial el factorial
Logarithm el logaritmo
Equation la ecuación
13. Computing
General hardware
Computer el ordenador
Laptop el portátil
Server el servidor
Internal hardware
CPU la CPU
Microprocessor el microprocesador
Motherboard la placa base
Harddisk el disco duro
BIOS la BIOS
RAM la RAM
Battery la batería
(de portátil)
Computer case la carcasa (del ordenador)
Computer chassis
CD-ROM drive la unidad de CD
DVD drive la unidad de DVD
Board la tarjeta
Card
Graphic card la tarjeta gráfica
Sound card la tarjeta de sonido
Network interface controller la tarjeta de red
Network interface card
Power supply la fuente de alimentación
Peripheral
Concepto Significado
Keyboard el teclado
Key la tecla
Mouse el ratón
monitor el monitor
display
Printer la impresora
Plotter el plotter
Ink cartridge el cartucho de tinta
Scanner el escáner
Wire el cable
Floppy disk el disquete
DSL ADSL
Memory Stick el pen drive
Loud-speaker el altavoz
Microphone el micrófono
Basic information nouns
Cursor el cursor
Arrow la flecha
Right button mouse el botón primario del ratón
Left button mouse el botón secundario del ratón
File el fichero
Folder el directorio
Directory
Button el botón
Browser el navegador
Double-click el doble click
Backup la copia de seguridad
Background-color el color de fondo
Table la tabla
Column la columna
Row la fila
Cell la celda
Esc key la tecla escape
Delete key la tecla borrar
Tab key el tabulador
Tabulator key
Device el dispositivo
User el usuario
Password la contraseña
Webpage la página de Internet
Virus el virus
Toolbar la barra de herramientas
Query la consulta
(de una base de datos)
Load la carga de trabajo
(de CPU)
Operating system el sistema operativo
Screensaver el salvapantallas
Bandwidth el ancho de banda
Adjectives / Adverbs of Basic Computing
Next adelante
Back atrás
Bold negrilla
Verbs of Basic Computing
to click in hacer click en
to cancel cancelar
to refresh actualizar
to edit modificar
to accept aceptar
to connect conectar
to show visualizar
to hide hacer no visible
to select seleccionar
to insert insertar
to delete borrar
to create crear
to format formatear
to download descargar
to add añadir
to copy copiar
to run ejecutar
to sort ordenar
to surf navegar
to check comprobar
to move mover
Programming
Initial value el valor inicial
Call la llamada
Command el comando
Library la biblioteca
Bug el fallo de programación
Database la base de datos
Binary number el número binario
Property la propiedad
Programmer el programador
Develop environment el entorno de programación
Design el diseño
Breakpoint el punto de interrupción
High-level programming language lenguaje de programación de alto nivel
Class la clase
Constant la constante
Runtime el tiempo de ejecución
Layer la capa
Machine code el código máquina
Method el método
Visualization la visualización
Object el objeto
Object oriented programming la programación orientada a objetos
Parameter el parámetro
Performance el rendimiento
Program language el lenguaje de programación
programming la programación
Source code el código fuente
Loop el bucle
Jump el salto
Struct la estructura
Overfloat el desbordamiento
Inheritance la herencia
14. Countries
Countries of Europe
Country, Nation Países, Naciones

Albania Albania
Andorra Andorra
Austria Austria
Belgium Bélgica
Belorussia Bielorrusia
Bosnia-Herzegovina Bosnia-Herzegovina
Bulgaria Bulgaria
Croatia Croacia
Cyprus Chipre
Czech Republic Chequia
Denmark Dinamarca
Estonia Estonia
Finland Finlandia
France Francia
Germany Alemania
Greece Grecia
Holy See Santa Sede
Hungary Hungría
Iceland Islandia
Ireland Irlanda
Italy Italia
Kosovo Kosovo
Latvia Letonia
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein
Lithuania Lituania
Luxembourg Luxemburgo
Macedonia Macedonia
Malta Malta
Moldova Moldau, Moldavien
Monaco Mónaco
Montenegro Montenegro
Norway Noruega
Poland Polonia
Portugal Portugal
Romania Rumanía
Russia Rusia
San Marino San Marino
Serbia Serbia
Slovakia Eslovaquia
Slovenia Eslovenia
Spain España
Sweden Suecia
Switzerland Suiza
The Netherlands Países Bajos
The Ukraine Ucrania
Turkey Turquía
United Kingdom Reino Unido
Vatican City Vaticano
Countries of America
Country, Nation País, Nación

Antigua and Barbuda Antigua y Barbuda
Argentina Argentina
Bahamas Bahamas
Barbados Barbados
Belize Belice
Bolivia Bolivia
Brazil Brasil
Canada Canadá
Colombia Colombia
Costa Rica Costa Rica
Cuba Cuba
Chile Chile
Dominica Dominica
Dominican Republic República Dominicana
Ecuador Ecuador
El Salvador El Salvador
Greenland Groenlandia
Grenada Granada
Guatemala Guatemala
Guyana Guayana
Haiti Haití
Honduras Honduras
Jamaica Jamaica
Mexico México
Nicaragua Nicaragua
Panama Panamá
Paraguay Paraguay
Peru Perú
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines San Vicente y las Granadinas
St. Kitts und Nevis San Cristóbal y Nieves
Suriname Surinam
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad y Tobago
Uruguay Uruguay
USA (United States of America) Estados Unidos (EEUU)
Venezuela Venezuela
Countries of Africa

Algeria Argelia
Angola Angola
Benin Benin
Botswana Botswana
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso
Burundi Burundi
Cameroon Camerún
Cape Verde Islands Islas de Cabo Verde
Central African Republic República Centroafricana
Comoros Comores
Congo Congo
Chad Chad
Egypt Egipto
Equatorial Guinea Guinea Ecuatorial
Eritrea Eritrea
Ethiopia Etiopía
Gabon Gabón
Gambia Gambia
Ghana Ghana
Guinea Guinea
Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast Costa de Marfil
Kenya Kenia
Lesotho Lesoto
Liberia Liberia
Libya Libia
Madagascar Madagascar
Malawi Malaui
Mali Mali
Mauritania Mauritania
Mauritius Mauricio
Morocco Marruecos
Mozambique Mozambique
Namibia Namibia
Niger Niger
Nigeria Nigeria
Rwanda Ruanda
Senegal Senegal
Seychelles Seychelles
Sierra Leone Sierra Leona
Somalia Somalia
South Africa Sudáfrica
Sudan Sudán
Swaziland Suazilandia
Tanzania Tanzania
Togo Togo
Tunisia Túnez
Uganda Uganda
Zambia Zambia
Zimbabwe Zimbabue
Countries of Asia

Laos Laos
Lebanon Líbano
Afghanistan Afganistán
Armenia Armenia
Azerbaijan Azerbaiyán
Bahrain Bahréin
Bangladesh Bangladesh
Brunei Brunei
Cambodia Camboya
China China
East Timor Timor oriental
Georgia Georgia
India India
Indonesia Indonesia
Iran Irán
Iraq Irak
Israel Israel
Japan Japón
Jordan Jordania
Kazakhstan Kazajstán
Kuwait Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan Kirgisistán
Malaysia Malasia
Maldives Maldivas
Mongolia Mongolia
Myanmar Birmania, Myanmar
Nepal Nepal
North Korea Corea del Norte
Oman Omán
Pakistan Paquistán
Philippines Filipinas
Qatar Qatar
Saudia Arabia Arabia Saudí, Arabia Saudita
Singapore Singapur
South Korea Corea del Sur
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
Syria Siria
Thailand Tailandia
United Arab Emirates Emiratos Árabes Unidos
Uzbekistan Uzbekistán
Vietnam Vietnam
Yemen Yemen
Countries of Oceania
País, Nación País, Nación

Australia Australia
Cook Islands Islas Cook
Marshall Islands Islas Marshall
Solomon Islands Islas Salomón
Kiribati Kiribati
Micronesia Micronesia
Nauru Nauru
New Zealand Nueva Zelanda
Niue Niue
Palau Palaos
Papua New Guinea Papúa nueva Guinea
Samoa Samoa
Tonga Tonga
Tuvalu Tuvalu
Vanuatu Vanuatu
15. Vegetables
Vegetable Significado
Asparagus Esparrago
Avocado Aguacate
Beetroot Remolacha
Sweet pepper Pimiento morrón
Broad bean Haba
Broccoli Brócoli
Cauliflower Coliflor
Celery Apio
Corn Maíz
Cucumber Pepino
Chard Acelga
Chili Chile
Eggplant Berenjena
Escarole Escarola
Garlic Ajo
Lettuce Lechuga
Onion Cebolla
Pea Guisante
Pumpkin Calabaza
Spinach Espinaca
Tomato Tomate
Zucchini Calabacín
Root vegetable
Root vegetable Significado

Carrot Zanahoria
Ginger root Jengibre
Potato Patata
Radish Rábano
16. Spices
Spice Significado
Cardamom cardamomo
Clove clavo
Cumin cominos
Curry curry
Chilli guindilla
Liquorice regaliz
Mustard mostaza
Nutmeg nuez
moscada
Cayenne pimentón
Pepper pimienta
Saffron azafrán
Sesame sésamo
True cinnamon canela
Vanilla vainilla
Fines herbes
Fines herbes Significado

Basil albahaca
Coriander cilantro
Laurel laurel
Lemon balm hierba buena
Mentha menta
Oregano orégano
Parsley perejil
Rosemary romero
Salvia salvia
Thymus tomillo
17. Tools
Tool Herramienta
Scissors Tijeras
Utility knife Cúter
Boxcutter
Axe Hacha
Brush Cepillo
Drill bit Broca
Drill Taladradora
File Lima
Hammer Martillo
Hand saw Serrucho
Hose Manguera
Hydraulic jack Gato hidráulico
Knife Cuchillo
ladder Escalera
Mallet Mazo
Nut Tuerca
Pincers Tenaza
Pipe wrench Llave grifa
Pliers Alicate
Pocket knife Navaja
Pruning shears Podadera
Rope Cuerda
Sandpaper Papel de lija
Screw Tornillo
Screwdriver Destornillador
Spatula Espátula
Tape measure Cinta métrica
Tweezers Pinzas
Vernier caliper Calibre (pie de rey)
Washer Arandela
Wheelbarrow Carretilla
Types of Screwdriver
Types of Tipos de
Screwdriver Destornillador
Flat Plano
Phillips Estrella
Pozidriv Pozidriv
Torx Torx
18. Nationalities
Nationalities of Europe
Gentilicio Significado País

Albanian albano Albania
Andorran andorrano Andorra
Austrian austriaco Austria
Belgian belga Bélgica
Belorussian bieloruso Bielorrusia
Bosnian bosnio Bosnia-Herzegovina
British británico Reino Unido
Bulgarian búlgaro Bulgaria
Croatian croata Croacia
Cypriot chipriota Chipre
Czech checo Chequia
Danish danés Dinamarca
Dutch holandés Países Bajos
Estonian estonio Estonia
Finnish finés Finlandia
French francés Francia
German alemán Alemania
Greek Cypriot greco-chipriota Chipre (parte Griega)
Greek griego Grecia
Hungarian húngaro Hungría
Icelandic islandés Islandia
Irish irlandés Irlanda
Italian italiano Italia
Latvian letonio Letonia
Liechtensteinian liechtensteiniano Liechtenstein
Lithuanian lituano Lituania
Luxembourgish luxemburgés Luxemburgo
Macedonian macedonio Macedonia
Maltese maltés Malta
Moldovan moldavo Moldavia
Monegasque monaqués Mónaco
Montenegrino montenegrino Montenegro
Norwegian noruego Noruega
Polish polaco Polonia
Portuguese portugués Portugal
Romanian rumano Rumanía
Russian ruso Rusia
San Marinese sanmarinense San Marino
Serbian serbio Serbia
Slovak eslovaco Eslovaquia
Slovenian esloveno Eslovenia
Spanish español España
Swedish sueco Suecia
Swiss suizo Suiza
Turkish turco Turquía
Ukranian ucraniano Ucrania
Vanticanien vaticano Vaticano
Nationalities of America

American americano Estados Unidos
Antiguan antiguano Antigua y Barbuda
Argentinian argentino Argentina
Bahamian bahameño Bahamas
Barbadian barbadense Barbados
Belizean beliceño Belice
Bolivian boliviano Bolivia
Brazilian brasileño Brasil
Canadian canadiense Canadá
Colombian colombiano Colombia
Costa Rican costarricense Costa Rica
Cuban cubano Cuba
Chilean chileno Chile
Dominican dominiqués Dominica
(stress on second i)
Dominican dominicano República Dominicana
Ecuadorian ecuatoriano Ecuador
Greenlandian groenlandés Groenlandia
Grenadian granadino Granada
Guatemalan guatemalteco Guatemala
Guianese guayanés Guayana
Haitian haitiano Haití
Honduran hondureño Honduras
Jamaican jamaicano Jamaica
Mexican mexicano México
Nicaraguan nicaraguense Nicaragua
Panamanian panameño Panamá
Paraguayan paraguayo Paraguay
Peruvian peruano Perú
Salvadoran salvadoreño El Salvador
Sanvicentin sanvicentino San Vicente y las Granadinas
Surinamese surinamés Surinam, Suriname
Uruguayan uruguayo Uruguay
Venezuelan venezolano Venezuela
Nationalities of Africa

Algerian argelino Argelia
Angolan angolano Angola
Basotho lesotense Lesoto
Beninese beninés Benin
Botswanian botsuano Botswana
Burquinese burkinés Burkina Faso
Burundese burundés Burundi
Cameroonian camerunés Camerún
Cape Verdean caboverdiano Islas de Cabo Verde
Central African centroafricano República Centroafricana
Comorian comorense Comores
Congolese congoleño Congo
Chadian chadiano Chad
Egyptian egipcio Egipto
Eritrean eritreo Eritrea
Ethiopian etíope Etiopía
Gabonese gabonés Gabón
Gambian gambiano Gambia
Ghanaian ghanés Ghana
Guinean guineano Guinea Ecuatorial
Guinean Guineano Guinea
Guinean guineano Guinea-Bissau
Ivorian marfileño Costa de Marfil
Kenyan keniata Kenia
Laotian laosiano Laos
Lebanese libanés Líbano
Liberian liberiano Liberia
Lybian libio Libia
Magadascan malgache Madagascar
Malawian malauí Malaui
Malian maliense Mali
Mauritanian mauritano Mauritania
Mauritian mauriciano Mauricio
Moroccan marroquí Marruecos
Mozambican mozambiqueño Mozambique
Namibian namibio Namibia
Nigerian nigeriano Niger
Rwandan ruandés Ruanda
Senegalese senegalés Senegal
Seychellois seychelense Seychelles
Sierra Leonean sierraleonés Sierra Leona
Somalian somalí Somalia
South African sudafricano Sudáfrica
Sudanese sudanés Sudán
Swazi suazi Suazilandia
Tanzanian tanzano Tanzania
Togolese togolés Togo
Tunisian tunecino Túnez
Ugandan ugandés Uganda
Zambian zambiano Zambia
Zimbabwean zimbabuense Zimbabue
Nationalities of Asia

Afghani afgano Afganistán
Armenian armenio Armenia
Azerbaijani azerbaiyano Azerbaiyán
Bangladeshi bangladesí Bangladesh
Barhraini bareiní Bahrein
Bruneian bruneano Brunei
Burmese birmano Birmania, Myanmar
Cambodian camboyano Camboya
Ceylonese ceilandés Sri Lanka
Chinese chino China
Georgian georgiano Georgia
Indian indio India
Indonesian indionisio Indonesia
Iranian iraní Irán
Iraqi iraquí Irak
Israeli israelí Israel
Japanese japonés Japón
Jordanian jordano Jordania
Kazakh kazajo Kazajstán
Kuwaiti kuwaití Kuwait
Kyrgyz kirguís Kirguistán
Malayan malayo Malasia
Maldivian maldivo Maldivas
Mongolian mongól Mongolia
North Korean norcoreano Corea del Norte
Omani omanés Omán
Pakistani pakistaní Paquistán
Philippine filipino Filipinas
Qatari catarí Qatar
Saudi saudí Arabia Saudí, Arabia Saudita
Singaporean singapurense Singapur
South Korean surcoreano Corea del Sur
Syrian sirio Siria
Thai tailandés Tailandia
Timorense timorense Timor oriental
Uzbek uzbeco Uzbekistán
Vietnamese vietnamita Vietnam
Yemeni yemení Yemen
Nationalities of Oceania

Australian australiano Australia
Kiribati kiribatiano Kiribati
Marshallese marshalés Islas Marshall
Nauruan nauruano Nauru
New Zealander neozelandés Nueva Zelanda
Niuean niuano Niue
Papuan papú Papúa nueva Guinea
Samoan samoano Samoa
Solomon salomonense Islas Salomón
Tongan tongano Tonga
Tuvaluan tuvaluano Tuvalu
Vanuatuense vanuatuense Vanuatu
19. Furniture
Furniture Significado
Bookcase Librería
Bookshelf
Clothes rack Perchero
Coat rack
Nightstand Mesilla
Bedside table
Showcase Vitrina
shopwindow
Armchair Sillón
Butaca
Beanbag Puff
Bed Cama
Cabinet Armario
Closet Vestidor
Armario Empotrado
Cot Cuna
Countertop Encimera
Cupboard Armario (comida y vajilla)
Chair Silla
Chest of drawers Cómoda
Desk Pupitre
Double bed Cama de Matrimonio
Drawer Cajón
Mirror Espejo
Moses basket Moisés (cuna)
Room divider Biombo
Shelf Estante (de pared)
Sideboard Aparador
Single bed Cama Individual
Sofa Sofá
Couch
Stool Taburete
Table Mesa
Trunk Baúl
Umbrella stand Paragüero
Wall unit Mueble Mural
Wardrobe Armario Ropero
20. Car
Outside parts of the car
Parte Significado
Bumper parachoques
Car body carrocería
Car tire rueda de coche
Exhaust tubo de escape
Fog lamp luces de niebla
Hitch enganche (de remolque)
Hood capó
Hubcap tapacubos
License plate matrícula
Mud guard guardabarros
rear lights pilotos traseros
Rear spoiler alerón trasero
Rim llanta
Roof railing barra (en el techo)
Side mirror retrovisor exterior
Tailgate portón del maletero
Trunk maletero
Turn signal intermitente
Windshield wiper limpiaparabrisas
Windshield parabrisas o luna
Windscreen
Inside parts of the car
Parte Significado
Airbag airbag
Arm rests apoyabrazos
Car key llave de coche
Dashboard salpicadero
Instrument panel panel de instrumentos
On-board computer ordenador de abordo
Rpm counter cuenta revoluciones
Seatbelt cinturón de seguridad
Steering wheel volante
Tachometer tacómetro
Window regulator elevalunas eléctrico
Mechanics and internal parts
Parte Significado
Air filter filtro de aire
Alternator alternador
Brake shoe zapata de freno
Brake freno
Camshaft árbol de levas
Car battery batería del coche
Carburetor carburador
Catalytic converter catalizador
Clutch embrague
Coupling acoplamiento
Crank shaft cigüeñal
Cylinder head culata del motor
Cylinder cilindro
Displacement cilindrada
Fuel tank tanque de combustible
Horn claxon
Ignition coil bobina de encendido
Lambda sensor sonda lambda
Motor oil aceite de motor
Power steering servodirección
Radiator radiador
Spark plug bujía
Suspension suspensión
Transmission caja de cambios
Accesories
Parte Significado
Air conditioning aire acondicionado
Aluminum rim llanta de aleación
Dust filter filtro de polen
Immobilizer inmovilizador
Particulate filter filtro anti-partículas
Rain sensor sensor de lluvia
Seat heating calefacción de los asientos
Spare wheel rueda de repuesto
Winter tires ruedas de invierno
Xenon gas discharge lamp Luces de Xenón
21. Ships
List of ships
Ship Barco
Aircraft carrier portaaviones
Barge bote
Battleship acorazado
Boat barca
Canoe canoa
Cargo boat carguero
Clipper clíper
Coast guard vessel guardacostas
Container ship buque portacontenedores
Corvette corbeta
Cruise ship crucero
Cruiser crucero
Destroyer destructor
Factory ship barco factoría
Ferry ferry
Fishing boat barco pesquero
Flagship buque insignia, nave capitana
Freighter carguero
Frigate fragata
Galley galera
Hospital ship buque hospital
Ice breaker rompehielos
Ironclad ironclad
Junk junco (barco chino)
Liner barco de línea
Merchant ship buque mercante
Minesweeper dragaminas
Passenger ship buque de pasajeros
Patrol boat patrullero
Pirate ship barco pirata
Privateer nave corsaria
River boat riverboat
Sailboat velero
Small boat bote
Rowboat
Steamer barco de vapor
Steamship barco de vapor
Tugboat remolcador
Vessel embarcación
Viking ship barco vikingo
Warship barco de guerra
Whaling ship ballenero
Yacht yate
Professions related to the navy
Profesión Significado
Admiral almirante
Boatman barquero
Buccaneer filibustero
Captain capitán
Commander comandante
Cook cocinero de barco
Fisherman pescador
Helmsman timonel
Pilot (port) práctico (de puerto)
Pirate pirata
Raftsman balsero
Rower remero
Sailor (lowest rank) marinero (escalafón más bajo)
Sailor first class marinero de primera
Sailor, navegante
Seafarer
Seaman marinero
Shipboy grumete
Shipowner armador, naviero
Skipper navegante
Sides of a boat
Lados Significado
Bow proa
Port babor
Starboard estribor
Stern popa
Parts of a ship
Parte Significado
Anchor ancla
Bridge puente del barco
Broadside andanada
Compass brújula
Chimney chimenea
Deck cubierta
Knot nudo
Log book cuaderno de bitácora
Mast mástil
Propeller hélice
Railing barandilla, borda
Rigging cabo
Rope amarra, cabo
Rudder timón
Sail vela
Shroud obenque
Sinker sonda, plomada
Sonar, echo sounder sonar
Waterline línea de flotación
Wing aspa
22. Geography
Continents
Continent Continente
Africa África
America América
Asia Asia
Europe Europa
Oceania Oceanía
Subcontinents
Subcontinent Subcontinente
Western Europe Europa occidental
Eastern Europe Europa oriental
North America Norteamérica
South America Sudamérica
the Middle East Oriente medio
the Far East Lejano oriente
Physical geography
Elemento Significado
Crater Crate
Hill Colina
Lake Lago
Marsh Marisma
Mountain range Cordillera
Mountain Montaña
Plain Llanura
River delta Delta fluvial
River Río
Shore Ribera/orilla
Steppe Estepa
Strait Estrecho
Tundra Tundra
Valley Valle
Volcano Volcán
Waterfall Cascada
Coastal geography
Elemento Significado
Archipelago Archipiélago
Atoll Atolón
Bay Bahía
Beach Playa
Cape Cabo
Cliff Acantilado
Coral reef Arrecife de coral
Cove Ensenada
Channel Canal
Dune Duna
Estuary Estuario
Fjord Fiordo
Gulf Golfo
Inlet Grao
Island Isla
Islet Islote
Isthmus Istmo
Lagoon Laguna
Ocean Océano
Peninsula Península
Reef Arrecife
Sea Mar
Oceans
Ocean Océano
Atlantic Ocean Océano Atlántico
Pacific Ocean Océano Pacífico
Indian Ocean Océano Índico
Antarctic Ocean Océano Antártico
Arctic Ocean Océano Ártico
Seas
Sea Mar
Adriatic Sea Mar Adriático
Aegean Sea Mar Egeo
Caribbean Sea Mar del Caribe
Caspian Sea Mar Caspio
North Sea Mar del Norte
Black Sea Mar Negro
Ionian Sea Mar Jónico
Mediterranean Sea Mar Mediterraneo
Red Sea Mar Rojo
Dead Sea Mar Muerto
Barents Sea Mar de Barent
Baltic Sea Mar Báltico
Sargasso Sea Mar de los Sargazos
Gulfs
Gulf Golfo
Gulf of Mexico Golfo de México
Persian Gulf Golfo Pérsico
Gulf of Saint Lawrence Golfo de San Lorenzo
Gulf of California Golfo de California
Channels
Channel Canal
English Channel Canal de la Mancha
Straits
Strait Estrecho
Bering Strait Estrecho de Bering
Bosporus Bósforo
Strait of Magellan Estrecho de Magallanes
Strait of Gibraltar Estrecho de Gibraltar
Dardanelles Strait Estrecho de los Dardanelos
23. Professions
Medical Professions
Medical Professions Profesiones Médicas

Dentist Dentista
Dentistry Odontología
Nurse Enfermero
Pharmacist Farmacéutico
Physician Médico
Surgeon Cirujano
Veterinarian Veterinario
Commercial professions
Comerciantes Significado
Baker Panadero
Bank clerk Empleado de banca
Butcher Carnicero
Cook Cocinero
Hairdresser Peluquero
Jeweler Joyero
Librarian Librero
Pastry cook Pastelero
Salesclerk Dependiente
Shoemaker Zapatero
Tailor Sastre
Waiter Camarero
Manual Occupations
Manual Profesiones
Occupations Manuales
Bricklayer Albañil
Carpenter Carpintero
Electrician Electricista
Farmer Agricultor
Farmer Granjero
Fisherman Pescador
Gardener Jardinero
Mine-worker Minero
Plumber Fontanero
Special and military corps
Military and Fuerzas armadas y

Special Forces Cuerpos especiales
Captain Capitán
Corporal Cabo
Sergeant
Fireman Bombero
General General
Lieutenant Teniente
Policeman Policía
Soldier Soldado
Government professions
Government Profesiones
Professions de mando
Manager Gerente
Mayor Alcalde
Minister Ministro
Poitician Político
President Presidente
Scientific professions
Scientific Profesiones
Professions Científicas
Archaeologist Arqueólogo
Astronomer Astrónomo
Biologist Biólogo
Chemist Químico
Geologist Geólogo
Mathematician Matemático
Meteorologist Meteorólogo
Physicist Físico
Scientist Científico
Technical professions
Technical Profesiones
Professions Técnicas
Accountant Contable
Architect Arquitecto
Astronaut Astronauta
Engineer Ingeniero
Information Informático
Technologist
Pilot Piloto
Law professions
Law Significado
Professions
Judge Juez
Lawyer Abogado
Notary Notario
Prosecutor Fiscal
Artists
Artists Artistas
Acrobat Acróbata
Actor actor
Actress actriz
Bullfighter Torero
Clown Payaso
Composer Compositor
Dancer Bailarín
Painter Pintor
Sculptor Escultor
Singer Cantante
Writer Escritor
Other Professions
Other Professions Otras Profesiones

Detective Detective
Journalist Periodista
Priest Cura
Teacher Profesor
Secretary Secretaria
Spy Espía
Stewardess Azafata
24. School
School Supplies
School Supplies Material escolar

Backpack Mochila
Cardboard Cartulina
Case Estuche
Clip Clip
Compass Compás
Drafting Triangle Escuadra
Eraser Goma de borrar
Folder Folio
Glue Pegamento
Marker Rotulador
Notebook Cuaderno
Pen Bolígrafo
Pencil Lápiz
Flute Flauta
Ruler Regla
Scissors Tijeras
Set Square Cartabón
Sharpener Sacapuntas
Textbook Libro de texto
Dictionary Diccionario
Subjects
Subject Asignatura
Biology Biología
History Historia
Information Technology Informática
Language Lengua
Math Matemáticas
Music Música
Natural Sciences Ciencias Naturales
Physical Education Educación física
Recess Recreo
Religion Religión
Social Sciences Ciencias Sociales
Literature Literatura
Schools
Schools Centros escolares

College colegio
Institute instituto
University universidad
25. Materials
Materials Materiales
Aluminum aluminio
Brass latón
Brick ladrillo
Bronze bronce
Cardboard cartón
Cement cemento
Ceramic cerámica
Clay arcilla
Coal carbón
Concrete hormigón
Copper cobre
Cotton algodón
Crystal cristal
Fabric tela
Glass vidrio
Gold oro
Gypsum yeso
Iron hierro
Leather cuero
Metal metal
Paper papel
Plastic plástico
Silk seda
Silver plata
Steel acero
Stone piedra
Wood madera
Wool lana
26. Astronomy
Planets
Planet Planeta
Mercury Mercurio
Venus Venus
Earth Tierra
Mars Marte
Jupiter Júpiter
Saturn Saturno
Uranus Urano
Neptune Neptuno
Other astronomy terms
Asteroid Asteroide
Asteroid Belt Cinturón de asteroides
Astronomy Astronomía
Astrophysics Astrofísica
Black hole Agujero negro
Comet Cometa
Galaxy Galaxia
Meteorite Meteorito
Moon Luna
Nebula Nebulosa
Polaris Estrella polar
Satellite Satélite
Shooting star estrella fugaz
Solar System Sistema solar
Star Estrella
Sun Sol
Telescope Telescopio
Lunar phases
Lunar phase Fase lunar

New moon Luna nueva
Crescent Moon Luna creciente
Full moon Luna llena
Waning moon Luna decreciente
V

Guia de Ingles

Cargado por

Información del documento

Título original

Derechos de autor

Formatos disponibles

Compartir este documento

Compartir o incrustar documentos

Opciones para compartir

¿Le pareció útil este documento?

¿Este contenido es inapropiado?

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

Guia de Ingles

Cargado por

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

1.

How are you? ¿qué tal? ¿cómo estás? (formal)

How are you? ¿Cómo estás?

What's up? ¿qué hay de nuevo? (informal)

Not much No mucho

Introduce someone else Presentaciones

Introduce someone else Presentaciones

4. Give thanks and kindness

6. Ask the years

How old are you ¿Cuántos años tienes?

I am twenty years old Tengo veinte años

Do you speak English? ¿Hablas inglés?

Happy new year! Feliz año nuevo

10. On your phone

This is John speaking Soy John

Wait just a moment, please Espere un momento, por favor

Ask for someone:

I would like to speak to Mary Me gustaría hablar con Mary

Persona Pronunciación Significado

To take into account:

Numerous verbs complement their meaning with an object:

Persona Pronunciación Significado

Persona Pronunciación Significado

Persona Pronunciación Significado

The golden rule is:

Persona Pronunciación Significado

Persona Pronunciación Significado

Usual plural: 's'

Plural of Words in 'es'

Plural rule '-ies' (consonant) + 'y' ➜ '-ies'

Plural of (consonant) + 'o' ➜'-oes'

Plurals in '-f' or '-fe' ➜ '-ves'

Plural '-sis' -> '-ses'

Singular Plural Significado

Conjugation of the present simple

To take into account:

Special case: "-es" for the 3rd person

Special case: "-ies" for the 3rd person

Verbo Tercera persona Significado

Negation in the present simple

SUBJECT + do(es) + not + VERB

Interrogation in the present simple

Do(es) + SUBJECT + VERB ?

INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE + do(s) + SUBJECT + VERB ?

Use of the present simple

The "present simple" is used to:

Irregular verb "to be"

The modal verbs can, must , may:

Conjugation of the present continuous

SUBJECT + am/are/is (verb to be) + VERB WITH -ING (gerund)

Construction of the gerund

Gerund in verbs ending in -ie

Gerund in verbs ending in -e

Bending of the final consonant in the formation of the gerund

For the bending to be carried out, these 3 conditions must be met:

Negation in the present continuous

SUBJECT + am/are/is (verb "to be") + not + VERB WITH -ING

Interrogation in the present continuous

Am/are/is + SUBJECT + VERB WITH -ING ?

✓ Cyclical situations in a defined period of time

For non-modal verbs the simple conditional is formed:

SUBJECT + would / should + VERB IN INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO

SUBJECT + would / should + be + VERB WITH -ING