Thermodynamic_2020-1

Basic Concepts

NEDHER SÁNCHEZ RAMÍREZ, PhD

07/04/2020
Termodinámica 2020-1 Nedher

Instructores del Curso: Asistente del Curso:

Contactos:

nsanchezr@utec.edu.pe nlopez@utec.edu.pe hmanrique@utec.edu.pe

 Guidelines for virtual sessions:

Tiempo aproximado de la Realizar preguntas a través del chat,

sesión 100 minutos habrá un profesor y/o un asistente
atento a las dudas planteadas

Levantar la mano si desea hacer uso

del micrófono y exponer alguna
duda

Al inicio entrarás con el

video en off, puedes
habilitar tu video cuando
sea pedido.

3
 Horas de atención - Nedher Sánchez Ramírez

Jueves: 4 a 6 pm

( https://utec.zoom.us/meeting/register/tJUtce6gqTwqHNAGSvKcSU38MeW_o_trfo76)
Horas de atención -Herbert Jhordy Manrique
Jueves: 9 am a 1 pm
https://utec.zoom.us/meeting/register/tJwvcu-
vrj0iE9zmM3EE8ZJlcHUd62u4dTgp
 QUIZ (Prueba Virtual de Entrada): “Yachay”

SEMANA 1

Días SABADO ( 5 DE SEPTIEMBRE), DOMINGO Y LUNES desde las 19:00 hasta las 10:30 pm

SEMANA 2

Días MARTES ( 8 DE SEPTIEMBRE), MIERCOLES Y JUEVES, desde las 19:00 hasta las 10:30
pm

SEMANA 3 EN ADELANTE

Días DOMINGO ( 13 DE SEPTIEMBRE), LUNES Y MARTES, desde las 19:00 hasta las 10:30 pm
Session 1:
• Explain the basic concepts of thermodynamics
such as system, state, equilibrium, process,
cycle, state property, among others.
• To study the state property: Pressure.
• To study the state property: Temperature.
 Thermodynamics?
Thermo_ heat _ dynamics _ movement

https://gfycat.com/gifs/search/caveman+fire
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/739505201286748042/
 Thermodynamics?
Thermo_ heat _ dynamics _ movement

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lyuwBW9lNa8
 Thermodynamics?
Thermo_ heat _ dynamics _ movement

https://es.phoneky.com/gif-animations/?id=s3s187461
13
Thermal Power Plant _ Wood Thermal Power Plant _ Nuclear

Hydroelectric
Cars

14
 Thermodynamics?
Power cycle

https://www.123rf.com/photo_21930696_typical-refrigeration-cycle-diagram.html
 Thermodynamics?
Thermo_ heat _ dynamics _ movement
Thermodynamics involves the storage,
transfer ,transformation and of energy
of a system .

EK OF
Q W (Surroundings) WHEELS

16
 Thermodynamics?
Lithium Ion Battery
Discharge
Charge

e- e-

Li+ Li1-xAB
LixC6
Graphite AB: Transition metal
Li+
oxide.

Organic solvents,
LiPF6, EC, DEC, Additives

[1] Sanchez-Ramirez N, Assresahegn BD, Torresi RM, Bélanger D. Producing high-performing silicon anodes by tailoring ionic liquids as electrolytes. Energy Storage Mater 2020;25:477–86. 17
 Thermodynamics?
Thermodynamics involves the storage, transformation,
and transfer of energy of a system .

A fundamental property of nature that is

transferred between systems and usually It is a part of the universe that is selected to be
regarded as the capacity for doing work analyzed.

18
 Closed
Open
SYSTEMS _Summary
Energy can transfer between the
System and the Surroundings, but
Mass and Energy can transfer NOT mass.
between the System and the
Surroundings.

Isolated
Neither Mass nor Energy can transfer between
the System and the Surroundings.

19
 CLOSED • Fixed amount of mass
SYSTEM OR
CONTROL • Mass CANNOT cross the boundaries
MASS

• If energy cannot cross the boundaries, the

system is called ISOLATED SYSTEM

THERMODYNAMIC
SYSTEMS

• Region of the space

OPEN
SYSTEM OR • Mass CAN cross the boundaries
CONTROL
VOLUME • Its boundaries are called control surfaces

20
 Boundaries: real or imaginary

Rigid or flexible

CLOSED
•
•
Fixed amount of mass
Mass CANNOT cross the boundaries W Surroundings
SYSTEM OR • If energy cannot cross the
CONTROL boundaries, the system is called
MASSS
ISOLATED SYSTEM
Q W

THERMODYNAMIC
AIR AIR
SYSTEMS Q
• Region of the space
OPEN
• Mass CAN cross the boundaries
SYSTEM OR
• Its boundaries are called control
CONTROL
surfaces
VOLUME

Surroundings

W
Surroundings + System = Universe Q W

AIR AIR
Q

21
 Open system

• Fixed amount of mass

CLOSED SYSTEM OR • Mass CANNOT cross the boundaries
CONTROL MASSS • If energy cannot cross the boundaries, the system is called
ISOLATED SYSTEM

THERMODYNAMIC
SYSTEMS

OPEN • Region of the space

SYSTEM OR • Mass CAN cross the boundaries
CONTROL • Its boundaries are called control
VOLUME surfaces

22
Open system 𝑊ሶ

𝑚ሶ 3
𝑚ሶ 4

𝑊ሶ
𝑚ሶ 2

𝑚ሶ 4

𝑄ሶ

23
Is this figure an open or closed system?
Let's choose only water (which runs through a cycle)

Is this an open or closed system ???

𝑄ሶ in

𝑊ሶ Pump 𝑊ሶ Turbine or locomotive

Mass Control:
Water

𝑄ሶ out 24
Thermodynamics is built on 3 empirical laws

0th Law ⇒ Defines Temperature (T)

1st Law ⇒ Defines Energy (E,U)

2nd Law ⇒ Defines Entropy (S)

25
How can a doctor save lives without sophisticated technology tools?

• Temperatures (T) • Pressure (P)

Macroscopic view of a system:

• Temperatures (T)
• Pressure (P)
• v
• h
• u
29
 Two ways to look at thermodynamics
Classical Statistical
Macroscopic view of a system: Microscopic view:
They are the
• Temperatures (T) • Atoms
result of
• Pressure (P) • Molecules
• v • Molecular interactions
• h
• u This course!
• s

30
 Properties and State of a System
Property or State Property
Is any quantity that serves to describe a system.
They are INDEPENDENT of the HISTORY of the
SYSTEM at a particular instant.
The State of a System at Equilibrium
Is its condition defined by the state properties (p, T, v,…)
For a one-component system, all that is required is 2
intensive state properties to define the state of a system
All other properties then follow:
v = f( p,T) or h = g(v,T),.....u...s..
The State of a System at Equilibrium: It is
a condition that can be represented on a
plane (For a one-component system):
31
 Kind of properties

Extensive Intensive

Vary directly with the mass: Independent of the amount of mass:

Do you notice Temperature, pressure, specific
mass, volume , energy…… anything? volume, specific energy…..

CAPITAL LETTER: LOWER CASE:

U (kJ), V (m3), E (kJ), u (kJ/kg),v (m3/kg), e (kJ/kg),
H (kJ)… h (kJ/kg)…….

32
 Equilibrium
CONCEPTS Process
A condition of balance characterized by the
absence of driving potential within the system. A transition from one state to
another.

2
∆T/∆t ∆P /∆t
1

Process path
The succession of states during a
process*.
Normally in thermodynamics we are interested….?

1
33
 CONCEPTS
Process path Quasi-equilibrium
A process in which each
The succession of states during a intermediate state is only
process*. infinitesimally removed from
equilibrium.

34
 CONCEPTS
Process path Kind of process?

The succession of states during a • Isothermal.

process*.
• ..
2
• ..

35
Isochoric Process (Constant Volume Process) Isobaric Process (Constant Pressure Process)

An Isobaric process is a thermodynamic process in

An Isochoric process is a thermodynamic which the pressure stays constant: ΔP = 0.
process during which the volume of the
system undergoing such a process remains constant.

36
 Isothermal Process
This will happens when the working substance
remains in a perfect thermal contact with the
surroundings.
Adiabatic Process
A process, in which the working substance neither
receives nor gives out heat to its surrounding, during its
expansion or compression is called an adiabatic
process.

P> Patm

37
 CONCEPTS

Quasi-equilibrium, Why?

• Work producing devices deliver the

most work when in quasi-equilibrium. It
serves as standard to compare actual
processes.

• Easy to calculate.
International units system
PRESSURE_STATE PROPERTY

41
 How we measure the pressure?
1644 EVANGELISTA TORRICELLI

https://gfycat.com/ethicalveneratedgelding

42
PRESSURE_STATE PROPERTY
PRESSURE_STATE PROPERTY
 How we measure the pressure?

Difference?

In most thermodynamic investigations we are concerned with absolute pressure. Most

pressure and vacuum gauges, however, read the difference between the absolute pressure and
the atmospheric pressure existing at the gauge. This is referred to as gauge pressure.
How we measure the pressure?
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPSz5mia9J0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShSxUg4Yyws&t=537s 1.33
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MYAmPRQ4eWo
1:15 o 10 s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShSxUg4Yyws&t=537s Min 4
SUMMARY
Example 1.2. Calculate the pressure due to a fluid column
A manometer shows a pressure difference of 0.50 m of a liquid whose density is 25000 kg/m3. Find ∆P in kPa and in
mmHg.
ρ = 25000 kg/m3 .

The pressure difference ∆𝑃 is:

∆P = ρgL
L = 0.5m ∆P
kg m
∆P = 25000 × 9.81 × 0.5m
m3 s2

∆𝐏 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝐏𝐚 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝐤𝐏𝐚

𝟕. 𝟓𝐦𝐦𝐇𝐠
∆𝐏 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟐𝟓𝐤𝐏𝐚 × = 𝟗𝟏𝟗. 𝟔𝟖𝟕 𝐦𝐦𝐇𝐠
𝟏𝐤𝐏𝐚
 Example 2.2-Calculating the absolute pressure
You dive 10.0 m down in the ocean. What is the
absolute and manometric pressure there (kPa)?
Density water: 1000 kg/m3

Absolute pressure is the sum of atmospheric pressure plus the hydrostatic pressure(gauge)
Hydrostatic pressure (manometric):
∆P = ρgH
kg m
∆P = 1000 × 9.81 × 10.0m = 98100Pa = 98.1kPa
m3 s2
Atmospheric pressure:
P0 = 101.325kPa
Absolute pressure is:
𝐏 = 𝐏𝟎 + ∆𝐏 = 101.325 + 98.1 = 𝟏𝟗𝟗. 𝟒𝟑 𝐤𝐏𝐚
 Example 3.2. -Calculating the absolute pressure
(Hg) manometer is used to measure the pressure in a vessel as
shown in Fig. The mercury has a density of 13590 kg/m3, and
the height difference between the two columns is measured to
be 10 cm. We want to determine the absolute pressure inside
the vessel (kPa, atm). Assume Patm= 750 mm Hg.

The pressure inside the vessel is the same as the pressure in A. Because A and B are at the same level, their
pressures are also equal. Therefore, calculating the pressure in B gives us the pressure inside the vessel.
Pressure in B is:
PB = Patm + ∆P = Patm + ρgH
101.325kPa 13590 × 9.81 × 0.10
PB = 750mmHg × + kPa = 99.99 + 13.33
760mmHg 1000
𝐏𝐁 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟐𝐤𝐏𝐚
𝟏𝐚𝐭𝐦
𝐏𝐁 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟐𝐤𝐏𝐚 × = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝐚𝐭𝐦
𝟏𝟎𝟏.𝟑𝟐𝟓𝐤𝐏𝐚
 Example 4.1

As shown in Figure, a gas is contained in a

piston–cylinder assembly. The piston mass and
cross-sectional area are denoted m and A,
respectively. The only force acting on the top of the
piston is due to atmospheric pressure, patm.
Assuming the piston moves smoothly in the
cylinder and the local acceleration of gravity g is
constant, show that the pressure of the gas acting
on the bottom of the piston remains constant as
gas volume varies. What would cause the gas
volume to vary?
 Since the piston should move in equilibrium, all forces going upwards
Example 4 should cancel with those going downwards, in other words:

Fatm + Fgrav = Fgas

The body free diagram for the
piston is: Atmospheric and gas pressures can be expressed in terms of pressure
and cross-sectional area and gravity force depends on piston mass,
therefore:

Patm A + mpiston g = Pgas A

mpiston g
Pgas = Patm + V=A∗L
A

Gas pressure depends on atmospheric pressure, the piston mass,

gravity acceleration and cross-sectional area which remain constant
during the piston movement. Therefore, the gas pressure remains
constant.

Volume change occurs as the gas is heated or cooled.

Example 5.2

As shown in the figure, a piston–cylinder

assembly whose piston is resting on a set
of stops contains 0.5 kg of helium gas,
initially at 100 kPa and 25°C. The mass of
the piston and the effect of the
atmospheric pressure acting on the piston
are such that a gas pressure of 500 kPa is
required to raise it. If the piston area is
0.1m2, how much must be the force on the
stops at the state shown in the picture?
 At the state shown in picture, the equilibrium for the piston shows:
Example 5.2 Patm A + mg = PgA + FN

The body free diagram for the To move the piston smoothly within the cylinder, the force exerted by the gas
piston is: should be equal to the resisting force composed of the piston weight and the
force exerted by the atmospheric pressure. At that point, the force on the
stops must be zero, That is:
Patm A mg

𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎 𝐀 + 𝐦𝐠 = 500000 × 0.1 + 0 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐍

when 𝐏𝐠 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐤𝐏𝐚 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐏𝐚, we have other situation:

PgA FN 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎 𝐀 + 𝐦𝐠 = PgA + FN

50000 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 0.1 + F N

𝐅N = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐍
Example 7.1:
For the device in the figure,
deduce an expression for the
pressure inside (P) as a
function of the volume (V).
Notice that this linear spring
exerts no force on the piston 𝑥

when it is at the bottom of

the cylinder (equilibrium Equilibrium position
position). In a distance “x” A
from the bottom the system
is also in equilibrium.
 For the equilibrium:
Example 7.1: PA = P0 A + Kx + mg

Kx mg
The body free diagram for the P = P0 + +
A A
piston is:
Kx mg
P = P0 + +
mg A A
P0 A K𝑥
mg Kx A
P = P0 + + ×
A A A

mg K𝐕
PA P = P0 + + 2
A A
Pressure is a linear
𝐏 = C1 + C2 𝐕
function of volume

WHAT HAPPENED WITHUOT THE SPRING?

TEMPERATURE_STATE PROPERTY
 ZERO’th LAW of Thermodynamics

Consequence of the zero’th law:

How many temperature scales do you know?

SI
ENERGY_STATE PROPERTY
 ENERGY
• Since a system is a quantity of matter and it has energy,
it is logical to think about quantifying it.
 ENERGY
• Since a system is a quantity of matter and it has energy,
it is logical to think about quantifying it.
Thanks!