Tavi

Tavi
zogadi mimoxilva
Tavis ConCxs Seadgens qala _ brtyeli formis Zvlebisagan aris
cranium. igi Sedgeba 31 Zvlisagan. Semdgari.
am ZvalTa umetesoba miekuTvneba Tavis qalas Zvlebs Soris
Sereuli formis Zvlebs da mxolod zogierTi Seicavs Rrus, romelic
zogierTi maTgani aris brtyeli praqtikulad Rublisebri nivTierebis
formis. _ diploes ujredebis gaganierebas
namdvili brtyeli formis warmoadgens da romelSic haeria
Zvali maT Soris aris mxolod erTi moTavsebuli. radgan es Rruebi
_ Txemis Zvali (wyvili); igi garedan xvrelebiT dakavSirebulia cxviris
da Signidan warmodgenilia mkvrivi RrusTan, amitom am sivrceebs
Zvlovani nivTierebiT _ lamina atmosferosTan mudmivi kavSiri
compacta externa et interna, romelTa gaaCnia. am Taviseburebis gamo aseT
Soris Tavsdeba Rrublisebri Zvlebs haerovani Zvlebi _ ossa
nivTiereba. Txemis Zvlis ganiv pneumatica, maT Rruebs ki wiaRebi _
ganakveTze es faqti Cans sruliad sinuum ewodeba.
naTlad. Rrublisebr nivTierebas
brtyeli Zvlis sisqeSi diploe ewodeba. haerovan Zvlebs ekuTvnis:
garedan Txemis Zvali, ise, rogorc solisebri Zvali, misi wiaRia _
qalas yvela danarCeni Zvali, sinus sphenoidalis;
mofenilia ZvlisazrdelaTi, Sublis Zvali, misi wiaRia _ sinus
romelsac qalaze pericranium ewodeba. frontalis;
dabadebis Semdeg Zvlisazrdela cxavis Zvlis labirinTis
Zvlis Signidan TandaTan Sordeba ujredebi _ cellulae ethmoidales;
Zvals, sqeldeba, mkvrivdeba da qmnis zedayba, misi wiaRia _ sinus
tvinisaTvis e.w. magar garss. maxillaris (haimoris Rru)
qalas brtyeli Zvlebis SigniTa safeTqlis Zvali, misi dafis
mkvrivi, e.w. kompaqturi nivTiereba Rrua _ cavum tympani
elvare zedapirs warmoadgens, metad dvrilisebri ujredebi _ cellulae
fxvieria, advilad skdeba da mas mastoideae.
minisebri firfita _ lamina vitrea qalas Zvlebis umravlesoba
ewodeba. erTmaneTTan mkvidrad aris
Txemis Zvlebis garda, brtyeli SeerTebuli nakerebis _ suturae _
Zvlovani nawilebi aqvs qalas sxva saSualebiT.
Zvlebsac; am nawilebs qicvebs nakerebi, romlebic
uwodeben. aseT Zvlebs ekuTvnis: ZvalTaSorisi fibrozuli SeerTebis
Sublis Zvlis qicvi, kefis Zvlis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens, SeiZleba
qicvi, safeTqlis Zvlis qicvi da iyos samgvari xasiaTis:
solisebri Zvlis didi frTebi. am dakbiluli nakeri _ sutura
nawilebis gaerTianeba Txemis dentata (serata),
ZvlebTan qmnis tvinis kolofis qicvisebri nakeri _ sutura
kedlebs, romlebic, amgvarad, squamosa,

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 Tavi

brtyeli (harmoniuli) nakeri _ 10. sasmeni Zvlebi (sami wyvili):

sutura plana ( harmonica). CaquCi _ malleus, grdemli _
incus, uzangi _ stapes.
Tavis qalas pirobiTad yofen
or nawilad: tvinis qala _ cranium Tavis qalas ganviTareba
cerebrale da saxis qala _ cranium axalSobilis qalas mravali
vuscerale. damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba aqvs; tvinis
tvinis qala Seicavs Tavis tvins qalasa da saxis qalas Soris
da erTvis xerxemlis arxs didi gansxvaveba naTlad aris gamoxatuli,
xvrelis – foramen magnum _ radgan tvini da grZnobis organoebi
saSualebiT. ufro metad da Cqara izrdeba, vidre
saxis qala Seicavs saWmlis saReWi aparati; qalasarqveli _
momnelebeli da sasunTqi sistemebis calvaria _ ufro ganviTarebulia, vidre
dasawyis nawilebs da, agreTve, qalas fuZe; qalasarqvelis nakerebi
grZnobaTa organoebs. am dros jer ar arsebobs da es
Zvlebi SeerTebulia boWkovani
tvinis qalas Zvlebia SemaerTebelqsovilovani mkvrivi
1. solisebri (kenti) Zvali _ os firfitebiT. Sublisa da Txemis
sphenoidale borcvebi kargad aris ganviTarebuli
2. kefis (kenti) Zvali _ os occipitale da, amitom, zemodan rom davxedoT,
3. Sublis (kenti) Zvali _ os qalas TiTqmis oTxkuTxedi
frontale moyvaniloba aqvs; Sublis Zvali jer
4. cxavis (kenti) _ os ethmoidale or nawiladaa gayofli; haerovani
5. Txemis (wyvili) Zvali _ os Zvlebis sinusebs Soris mxolod
parietale zedaybis ZvalSi aris ganviTarebuli
6. safeTqlis (wyvili) Zvali _ os Rru; kefis Zvali oTxi nawilisagan
temporale Sedgeba da es nawilebi jer kidev
xrtiliT aris SeerTebuli; solisebr
saxis Zvlebia ZvalSi didi frTebi jer ar aris
1. zedayba (wyvili) _ maxilla Sezrdili sxeulTan; cxavis Zvlis
2. qvedayba (kenti) _ mandibula labirinTebi SeerTebulia jer
3. sasis (wyvili) Zvali _ os mxolod xrtiliT, safeTqlis Zvali
palatinum jer kidev danawilebulia da mis sam
4. saxnisi (kenti) _ vomer nawils Sua naTlad moCans Ria
5. cxviris (wyvili) _ os nasale napralebi.; dvrilisebri morCi ar
6. sacremle (wyvili) _ os lacrimale arsebobs; ar arsebobs agreTve
sasmeni xvreli, radganac safeTqlis
7. cxviris qveda niJara (wyvili) _
Zvlis dafis nawili jer
concha nasalis inferior
warmodgenilia dafis rgolis _
8. yvrimalis (wyvili) Zvali _ os
annulus tympanicus _ saxiT; zeda- da
zygomaticus
qvedaybaze jer ar aris
9. inis Zvali, anu, enisqveSa Zvali
ganviTarebuli sakbile morCebi;
(kenti) _ os hyoideum
qvedayba ori naxevrisagan Sedgeba;
misi totebi mokle da dabalia da
sxeulTan blagv kuTxeebs qmnis.

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axalSobilis qalas horizontaluri Semdeg qalas Zvlis nakerebi

garSemoweriloba, sxeulis sxva TandaTanobiT Sezrdas ganicdis
nawilebTan SedarebiT, ufro didia, (sinostozi). qalas bevri nakeri,
magram, amave dros, xelovnurad winaT mkafiod gamoxatuli,
Seqmnil meqanikur dawola- moxazulobas kargavs. yvelaze uwin
Seviwroebas ufro advilad sagitaluri nakeris Sezrda iwyeba
emorCileba; axalSobilis Tavis qalas Rrus SigniTa mxridan.
aseTi zomebi aixsneba tvinis mZlavri zogierT SemTxvevaSi adamians
ganviTarebiT, romlis simZimec udris SeiZleba nakerebi SerCes Rrma
axalSobilis sxeulis masis 14%-s. siberemde, xandaxan ki nakerebi
mozrdili adamianis tvinis simZime ki SeiZleba Seizardos naadrevad.
udris misi sxeulis masis mxolod nakerebis aseTi naadrevi Sezrda
2%-s. iwvevs qalas formis cvlilebas da,
dabadebis Semdeg qalas Tu es Sezrda erTmxrivi an
ganviTareba sam periodad iyofa: nawilobrivia, maSin qala
pirveli _ dabadebidan Svid wlamde asimetriulad izrdeba da maxinjdeba.
grZeldeba; pirveli wlis moxucebuli adamianis qalas
gamnavlobaSi qalas yvela nawili yvela nakeri Sezrdilia da qalas
Tanazomierad izrdeba, meore wlidan danawileba Semadgenel Zvlebad
tvinis qala da, agreTve, saxis qalac sruliad SeuZlebelia; radgan
izrdeba umTavresad siganeze. meeqvse moxucebuls kbilebi scviva, misi
da meSvide wlis ganmavlobaSi qalas ybebis sakbile morCebi atrofias
fuZe izrdeba da, amis gamo, saxis ganicdis da, saerTod, saxis qala
qalas sigrZe da sigane TandaTan TandaTanobiTi reduqciis gzas
matulobs. qalas ganviTarebis adgeba: saxis qala TandaTan
pirveli wlis dasasruls ZvalTa pataravdeba, qalas Zvlebi xdeba
zogierTi nawilebis zrda ukve ufro fxvieri.
damTavrebulia. magaliTad, amgvar qalas Zvlebis ganviTareba
Zvlovan nawilebs ekuTvnis: adamianis organizmSi xdeba imave
solisebri Zvlis sigrZe, kefis didi gziT, rogorc sxva ZuZumwovari
xvrelis odenoba, solisebri Zvlis cxovelebis organizmSi. qalas
frTisebr morCTaSorisi manZili, pirvandel saZirkvels qmnis e.w.
safeTqlis Zvlis kldovani nawilis zurgis simi _ chorda dorsalis, romlis
moculoba da cxavis Zvlis zemo bolo aRwevs tvinis danamats.
dacxriluli firfitis sigane. amasTan erTad, tvini garedan da
meore xana Svidi wlidan 16 zemodan dafarulia mezenqimiT,
wlamde grZeldeba; am dros qala romelic e.w. apkisebr qalas qmnis
Tavis orive nawilSi siganeze tvinis garSemo.
izrdeba. gansakuTrebiT aCqarebuli dabali safexuri xerxemliani
zrda etyoba kefis, Txemis da Sublis cxovelebis qala, Cveulebriv,
Zvlebs, yvrimalis rkalebi mkveTrad mravali Zvlisagan Sedgeba. am
idrikeba, saxis qala grZeldeba, sanam cxovelebis qalaSi bevri iseTi
ar miaRwevs Tavis saboloo zomebs. Zvalia, romelic viTardeba rogorc
mesame xanaSi izrdeba qalas qalas calke Zvali; adamianis qalaSi
Sublis nawili da oci wlis asakis ki es Zvlebi aRar moipoveba, radgan

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 Tavi

isini Sezrdas ganicdis da e.w. xrtilovan safexurs), ekuTvnis

kompleqsur Zvlebs warmoadgens. Semdegi Zvlebi:
adamianis qalas amgvar kompleqsur 1. Sublis Zvali,
Zvlebs ekuTvnis: kefis, safeTqlis, 2. Txemis Zvlebi,
solisebri da sxva Zvlebi. 3. kefis Zvlis qicvis zemo
osteologiis zogadi nawilidan nawili,
viciT, rom qalas sxvadasxva Zvali 4. safeTqlis Zvlebis qicvi da
Tavisi ganviTarebis istoriaSi dafis wili,
gaivlis gansakuTrebul gzas: 5. cxviris Zvlebi,
erTi gziT Zvali BboWkovani 6. cremlis Zvlebi,
SemaerTebeli qsovilisagan jer 7. saxnisi,
xrtilad gadaiqceva da Semdeg am 8. zedayba,
xrtilis niadagze Zvali viTardeba. 9. sasis Zvlebi,
meore gza imaSi mdgomareobs, 10. yvrimalis Zvlebi,
rom Zvali pirdapir boWkovani 11. solisebri Zvlis frTisebri
SemaerTebeli qsovilisagan morCis SigniTa firfita,
viTardeba. 12. qvedayba,
Canasaxis ganviTarebis mesame 13. solisebri Zvlis niJarebi.
Tvis pirvel naxevarSi xrtilovani rogorc ganviTarebis istoria
qala _ cranium primordiale _ aRwevs gviCvenebs, qalas zogierTi
Tavis uaRres ganviTarebas da qmnis Zvali
naTlad gamoxatul ramdenime tipuri da martivia, zogi ki rTulia
xrtilovan kafsulas, romlebic da warmoadgens qalas sxvadasxva
erTmaneTSi uwyvetad aris Zvlebis kompleqss.
SeerTebuli. xrtilovan qalas, e.i. im yvela am Zvlis ganviTareba
Zvlebs, romlebic xrtilis niadagze warmoebs TandaTanobiT, gaZvalebis
viTardeba, Semdegi Zvlebi ekuTvnis: wertilidan _ punctum ossificationis,
1. kefis Zvali (misi qicvis romelic, Cveulebriv, Zvlis Sua
zemo nawilis gamoklebiT), nawilSia moTavsebuli. am procesis
2. solisebri Zvali zegavleniT qalas Zvlebis periferia
(frTisebri morCis SigniTa uaxlovdeba erTimeores da, bolos,
firfitis gamoklebiT), Zvlebi sruliad Seizrdeba, ise, rom
3. safeTqlis Zvlis kldovani xrtili rCeba mxolod zogierT
nawili, dvrilisebri da Zvals Sua, da, bolos, aqac
sadgisisebri morCebi, TandaTanobiT iqceva Zvlad. xrtilis
4. cxavis Zvali, Canafeni samudamod rCeba mxolod
5. cxviris qvemo niJara, qalas or adgilas: kldovan-kefis
6. CaquCi, grdemli, uzangi, napralSi _ fissure petrooccipitalis da
7. inis Zvali. solisebr-kldovan napralSi _ fissure
apkisebr qalas _ cranium sphenopetrosa.
membranaceum, e.i. im qalas, romlis qalas fuZis gaZvalebis
Zvlebic viTardeba pirdapir procesis paralelurad warmoebs
SemaerTebeli qsovilisagan qalasarqvelis Zvlebis gaZvaleba. aq
(maSasadame, moklebulia ganviTarebis gaZvalebis wertilebi jer
daSorebulia SemaerTebeli

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qsoviliT, magram TandaTanobiT es centri gaZvalebis wertilia, misi

wertilebi izrdeba, Zvlovani sxivebi ki gaZvalebis procesis
nivTiereba uaxlovdeba erTimeores, mimarTulebas gviCvenebs.
ise, rom maT Soris bolos rCeba am umTavresi, centraluri
mxolod mcire odenobis apkisebri gaZvalebis wertilis garda, Zvlis
forakebi, romlebsac uwodeben periferiaze SeiZleba aRmoCndes sxva
yiflibandebs _ fonticuli cranii. bavSvs gaZvalebis wertilebic. es wertilebi
dabadebis Semdeg pirveli wlis SemdegSi an uerTdeba umTavres
ganmavlobaSi amgvari yiflibandi wertils, an kidev rCeba ase
ramdenime aqvs. maT Soris yvelaze gancalkevebuli samudamod. am
mniSvnelovania: SemTxvevaSi viTardeba axali, qalas
wina yiflibandi _ fonticulus aramudmivi Zvali, romelsac uwodeben
anterior mdebareobs qalas Sua xazze, qalas nakerTa Zvlebs _ ossa suturarum.
Sublisa da Txemis Zvlebis SeerTebis am Zvlebis forma da odenoba
adgilze. metad cvalebadia. am ZvlebSi ar unda
ukana yiflibandi _ fonticulus avurioT qalas damatebiTi Zvlebi,
posterior _ Sua xazze, Txemis da kefis romlebic zogjer gansazRvrul
SeerTebis adgilZe. adgilebSi Segvxvdeba xolme.
solisebri (wina gverdiTi) mamakacis qalasa da qalis
yiflibandi _ fonticulus sphenoidalis qalas Soris gansxvavebis aRniSvna
(anteriolateralis) _ Txemis Zvlis wina metad Znelia, Tumca sxvaobis
gareTa kuTxesa da solisebri Zvlis zogierTi niSani maT Soris arsebobs:
did frTas Soris. 1. mamakacis qala ufro mZimea da
dvrilisebri (ukana gverdiTi) tvinis qalas Rru moculobiT
yiflibandi _ fonticulus mastoidea meti, vidre qalisa.
(posreriolateralis) _ Txemis Zvlis ukana 2. qalis saxis qala (metadre
gareTa kuTxesa da safeTqlis qvedayba), SedarebiT tvinis
dvrilisebr morCs Soris. qalasTan, ufro naklebad aris
yiflibandebis gaZvaleba ganviTarebuli.
warmoebs weliwadnaxevris 3. dvrilisebri morCi da, agreTve,
ganmavlobaSi. yvela kunTovani morCi da xazi,
rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, qalis qalaze ufro sustad aris
qalasarqvelis ZvlebSi Zvlovani gamoxatuli, vidre mamakacis
nivTiereba izrdeba erTimeorisadmi qalaze.
opoziciis wesiT; axalSobilis qalas 4. Tvalbudis Rru qalisa ufro
brtyel Zvalze naTlad Cans, rom vrcelia, vidre mamakacisa.
gaZvalebis wertilidan es procesi 5. zedaybisa da Sublis wiaRebi,
warimarTeba yoveli mimarTulebiT, agreTve xoanebi, qalis qalaSi
rogorc sxivebi, da es sxivebi Zvalze ufro viwro da dabalia, vudre
Cans rogorc wvrili, Txeli da nazi mamakacis qalaSi.
xazebi. 6. qalis qala ufro dabalia, qlas
amgvarad, Zvlovan nivTierebas fuZe ufro moklea da viwro.
Zvlis ganviTarebis pirvel xanaSi 7. qalis qalaSi Txemi ufro
sxivisebri mimarTuleba aqvs, misi brtyelia da Sublis da kefis

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Zvlebi erTimeoreSi gadadis aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom qalas

ufro naTlad gamoxatuli ganviTarebis yvela am maCvenebels
kuTxis qveS. mamakacis qalaSi inteleqtis ganviTarebisaTvis
Sublis da kefis xazi ufro mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
momrgvalebulia.

tvinis qalas Zvlebi

solisebri Zvali _ os sphenoidale solisebri Zvlis sxeulis wina

kedelSi aris ori xvreli, romelTa
solisebri Zvali (ZiriTadi saSualebiT cxviris Rrudan haeri
Zvali) qalas fuZis Sua Zvals Sedis solisebr wiaRSi. mTlian
warmoadgens da erTvis TiTqmis yvela qalaSi es xvrelebi daxurulia
mis danarCen Zvals. mis centralur Txeli, modrekili Zvlovani
nawils sxeuli _ corpus warmoadgens; firfitebiT, romlebsac ewodeba
misgan warzidulia wyvilwyvili solisebri niJarebi _ conchae
mcire frTebi _ ala minor, didi sphenoidales.
frTebi _ ala major da frTisebri solisebri wiaRi or nawiladaa
gayofili Zvlovani ZgidiT, romelic
morCebi _ processus pterygoideus.
Tavisi wina napiriT win aris
solisebri Zvlis sxeuli Seicavs
gamoweuli da Seadgens wvetian
Rrus _ solisebr wiaRs _ sinus
fskers, e.w. solisebr fskers _
sphenoidalis. zemodan solisebri Zvlis
rostrum sphenoidale.
sxeuli Tavisi moyvanilobiT hgavs
solisebri Zvlis sxeuls orive
unagirs da hqvia Turquli kexi _ sella
gverdze mibmuli aqvs ori didi
turcica. Turquli kexis centralur
frTa.
nawilSi mdebareobs hipofizis foso
did frTebze arCeven oTx
_ fossa hypophysialis, romelSic tvinis
zedapirs: tvinis _ facies cerebralis,
danamati _ hypophisis cerebri aris
Tvalbudis _ facies orbitalis, zedaybis _
moTavsebuli. fosos win kargad
facies maxillaris da safeTqlis _ facies
gamoxatuli SemaRlebaa kexis
temporalis. tvinis zedapirze, frTebisa
borcvis _ tuberculum sellae saxiT,
da sxeulis sazRvarze zedized sami
romlis gverdebzec ganlagebulia
xvreli Zevs: 1) mrgvali xvreli _
wina daxrili morCebi _ processus
foramen rotundum, 2) ovaluri xvreli _
clinoideus anterior. borcvis win kargad
foramen ovale da 3) wvetiani xvreli _
gamoxatuli jvaredinis Raria _ sulcus
foramen spinosum. safeTqlis zedapiri
chiasmatis. fosos uknidan mosazRvravs
didi frTebis lateraluri
kexis zurgi _ dorsum sellae, romlis daboloebaa da safeTqlis
gverdebzec aris ukana daxrili fososkenaa mimarTuli. es
morCebi _ processus clinoideus posterior. ukanaskneli safeTqelqvemo qediT _
sxeulis gverdiTi zedapiris crista infratemporalis iyofa zemo
gaswvriv, ukanidan win miemarTeba (safeTqlis) da qvemo (frTisebr)
saZile Rari _ sulcus caroticus. nawilebad. did frTaze ganirCeva

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solisebri Zvlis wveti _ spina ossis
sphenoidalis, sasmeni milis Rari _
sulcus tubae auditivae da oTxi gverdi:
yvrimalis _ margo zygomaticus, Sublis
_ margo frontalis, Txemis _ margo
parietalis da qicvis _ margo squamosus.
solisebri Zvlis zemo
zedapiris wina nawilidan gamodis
ori Zvlovani morCi, romlebsac
mcire frTebs _ ala minor uwodeben. es
morCebi modrekilia xmlis msgavsad
da moTavsebulia didi frTis zemo
gverdis gaswvriv. mcire frTis or
fexs Soris aris momrgvalo
mxedvelobis arxi _ canalis opticus,
xolo didsa da mcire frTebs Soris
rCeba naprali, romliTac Tvalbudis
da tvinis Rruebi erTmaneTs erTvis.
am naprals Tvalbudis zeda naprali
_ fissura orbitalis superior ewodeba.
solisebri Zvlis sxeulis qvemo
zedapiridan, vertikalurad, qveviT,
miimarTeba mesame wyvili morCi, e.w.
frTisebri morCebi _ processus
pterygoideus. yoveli aRniSnuli morCi
Sedgeba ori firfitisagan: SigniTa
firfita _ lamina medialis da gareTa
firfita _ lamina lateralis, romlebic
wina napirebiT dakavSirebulia
erTmaneTTan. es firfitebi mxolod
qvemo boloSia daSorebuli
erTmaneTisagan frTisebri
amonaWdeviT _ incisura pterygoidea.
firfitebs Soris, ukanidan, iqmneba
ormo, romelsac frTisebr fosos _
fossa pterygoidea _ uwodeben. frTisebr
morCs wina mxareze aqvs
vertikalurad mimarTuli sada frTa-
sasis Rari _ sulcus pterygopalatinus.
medialuri firfita viwro da
grZelia da boloze Tavdeba Txeli
kaviani morCiT _ hamulis pterygoideus.
frTisebr morCs, ZirSi, solisebri
Zvlis sxeulis qveviT, aqvs ukanidan
win mimavali orpiri mili, e.w.
frTisebri arxi _ canalis pterygoideus.
frTisebri arxis ukana xvreliT
zemoT Zevs e.w. solisebri Zvlis naqi
_ lingula sphenoidalis, mis qveviT ki,
frTisebri morCis Zirze _ patara,
ovalurad Cadrekili frTisebri
foso _ fossa pterygoidea.
kefis Zvali _ os occipitale
kefis Zvali 4 nawilisagan
Sedgeba: ZiriTadi _ pars basilaris, ori
gverdiTi _ pars lateralis da qicvi _
squama occipitalis, romlebic
moTavsebulia didi xvrelis _
foramen magnum garSemo. am xvrelis
saSualebiT Tavis qalas Rru erTvis
xerxemlis arxs.
kefis Zvlis ZiriTadi nawili
solisebri Zvlis sxeulTan erTad,
qalas fuZeze, SigniTa zedapirze
qmnis Tavqves _ clivus. sxeulis qvemo
zedapiri ufro xorkliania da Sua
adgilas aqvs kargad ganviTarebuli
e.w. xaxis borcvi _ tuberculum
pharingeum.
ZiriTadi nawili gadadis or
gverdiT nawilSi _ partes laterales. aq
tvinis zedapiris mxareze, erTimeoris
axlos, mdebareobs Semdegi
anatomiuri warmonaqmnebi: sauRle
borcvi _ tuberculim jugulare, sauRle
amonaWdevi _ incisura jugularis da
sauRle morCi _ processus jugularis.
gverdiT nawilebs qveda zedapirze
aqvT ori msxvili morCi, darTuli
sasaxsre zedapirebiT, romlebiTac
kefis Zvali esaxsreba kisris pirvel
malas; am morCebs uwodeben kefis
rokebs _ condylus occipitalis; amasTan,
roksa da sauRle morCs Soris aris
arxi, romelSic gaivlis enisqveSa
arxi _ canalis hypoglossialis. sasaxsre
morCis ukan mozrdili rokisebri

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fosoa _ fossa condylaris, romelic gaswvrivi mimarTulebiT, Suaze,

xSirad Tanamosaxele arxSi _ canalis
condylaris _ gadadis.
kefis Zvlis ukana nawili
qicvia _ squama occipitalis. mas ori
zedapiri aqvs: gareTa da SigniTa.
gareTa zedapirze, TiTqmis Sua
adgilas, arsebobs mudmivi, mkafiod
gamoxatuli kefis gareTa SemaRleba
_ protuberentia occipitalis externa, romlis
yvelaze gamoSveril nawils inioni _
inion ewodeba. qvemoT, didi xvrelis
napirisaken, miimarTeba sxvadasxva
xarisxiT gamoxatuli kefis gareTa
qedi _ crista occipitalis externa. aqedan
ganze miimarTeba mkafio xorkliani
xazebi: qedis zemdebare xazi _ linea
nuchae suprema, qedis zeda xazi _ linea
nuchae superior da qedis qveda xazi _
linea nuchae inferior.
kefis gareTa SemaRlebas qicvis
SigniTa zedapirze upirispirdeba
kefis SigniTa SemaRleba _ processus zygomaticus. yvrimalis morCis
protuberentia occipitalis interna, romelic
zogjer warmodgenilia kefis SigniTa
qedis _ crista occipitalis interna saxiT. es
is adgilia, sadac erTmaneTs xvdeba
e.w. jvaredina maRlobis _ eminentia
cruciformis qedebi. am adgilidan zeviT
miemarTeba zeda sagitaluri sinusis
Rari _ sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris da
ori ganivi Rari _ sulcus sinus transverse
et sigmoidei, xolo qveviT _ kefis
SigniTa qedi _ crista occipitalis interna.
Sublis Zvali _ os frontale
Sublis ZvalSi arCeven sam
nwils: Sublis qicvi _ squama frontalis,
cxviris nawili _ pars nasalis da
wyvili Tvalbudis nawilebi _ pars
orbitales. yvelaze msxvili nawili
qicvia. mas aqvs oTxi zedapiri:
SigniTa, gareTa, Tvalbudisa da
safeTqlis. qicvis gareTa zedapirze,
xSirad SeiZleba bavSvobis dros
arsebuli Sublis nakeris _ sutura
frontalis kvalis naxva. Tu es nakeri
SemdegSi ar Seizarda da darCa
samudamod, aseT qalas metopiur
qalas uwodeben.
am xazis gverdiT mdebareobs
kargad gamoxatuli wyvili Sublis
borcvi _ tuber frontalis. am borcvebis
qvemoT da Sua xazze, e.w. warbzeda
rkalebs _ arcus superciliaris _ Soris
mdebareobs brtyeli samkuTxa foraki,
romelsac ewodeba glabela _ glabella.
qicvi qvemodan mosazRvrulia
Tvalbudis zeda kidiT _ margo
supraorbitalis. Tvalbudis zeda kideze,
SigniTa bolosTan, mdebareobs
Tvalbudis zeda xvreli an naWdevi _
foramen seu incisura supraorbitalis.
Tvalbudis zemo napirebi gadadis
gareTa masiur yvrimalis morCebSi _
erT-erTi kide adis zeviT da ukan,
rkaliviT idrikeba da qmnis e.w.
safeTqlis xazs _ linea temporalis,
romelic Sublis qicvze warmoadgens
gareTa da safeTqlis zedapirebis
sazRvars.
qicvis SigniTa zedapiri
Sedrekilia da Suaze aqvs zeda
sagitaluri sinusis Rari _ sulcus
sinus sagittalis superior, romelic qvemoT
bolovdeba wvetiani Sublis qediT _
crista frontalis, Sublis qedis qvemo
bolos ukan Zevs brma xvreli _
foramen cecum.
Sublis Zvlis Tvalbudis
nawilebi gayofilia YRrma cxavis
naWdeviT _ incisura ethmoidalis,
romelSic CaWedilia cxavis Zvlis
horizontaluri firfita. Tvalbudis
nawilebis zemo zedapirebi usworo
moyvanilobisaa. maTze arsebul

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CaRrmavebebs hqvia TiTisebri mamlis bibilos frTebiT _ ala cristae

CanaWdevi _ impressiones digitatae, xolo galli.
maT gamyof Zvlovan qedebs ewodeba perpendikularuli firfita
satvine SemaRlebebi _ juga cerebralia. monawileobas iRebs cxviris Zvlovani
Tvalbudis medialuri kideebis Zgidis SeqmnaSi. dacxriluli
gaswvriv, qvevidan, mdebareobs firfitis gverdiT napirebTan
sxvadasxva odenobis ramdenime ormo. mimagrebulia ori Zvlovani kolofi,
cxavis ormoebi _ foveolae e.w. cxavis labirinTebi _ labirinthi
ethmoidales dauSlel qalaSi zevidan ethmoidales. labirinTebi Sedgeba
faraven cxavis Zvlis labirinTis Txelikedliani, e.w. cxavis
ujredebs. wina maTgani ufro Rrmaa ujredebisagan _ cellulae ethmoidales.
ukanebze da grZeldeba Sublis medialuri kedeli mimarTulia
wiaRSi _ sinus frontalis, romelic cxviris Rrusaken da darTulia ori
glabelas ukan mdebareobs. moxrili Zvlivani firfitiT,
Tvalbudis nawilis qvemo zedapiris romelTac uwodeben cxviris zemo da
gareTa kidesTan Zevs sakmaod Rrma Sua niJarebs _ concha nasalis superior et
sacremle jirkvlis foso _ fossa media.
glandulae lacrimalis. labirinTis gareTa kedeli
Sublis Zvlis Sua nawili, Txeli, sada da prialaa da hqvia
romelsac winidan uerTdeba cxviris Tvalbudis firfita _ lamina orbitalis.
Zvlebi, xorkliania, usworoa da igi monawileobs Tvalbudis
misgan qvemoT da win miemarTeba e.w. medialuri kedlis SeqmnaSi.
cxviris wveti _ spina nasalis. labirinTis wina kedlidan
warizideba Txeli da nazi morCi,
cxavis Zvali _ os ethmoidale mimarTuli ukan da gareT. igi ganivad
cxavis Zvali Sedgeba ori mdebareobs zedaybis wiaRis Sesaval
urTierTperpendikularuli xvrelTan da hqvia kavisebri morCi _
firfitisagan: dacxriluli _ lamina processus uncinatus.
cribrosa da perpendikularuli _
lamina perpendicularis.
dacxriluli firfita _ lamina Txemis Zvali _ os parietale
cribrosa CarTulia Sublis Zvlis
cxavis amonaWdevSi da Tavis Txemis Zvali wyvilia, ekuTvnis
zedapirze mravali xvreli aqvs ( brtyel Zvlebs da aqvs ori zedapiri:
swored amis gamo mas uwodeben gareTa _ gamodrekili, da SigniTa _
dacxrilul firfitas). Sedrekili (tvinis).
perpendikularuli firfita _ gareTa zedapirze, lateraluri
lamina perpendicularis; misi mcire zemo napiris gaswvriv, midis ori rkaliviT
nawili Seadgens sakmaod msxvil, modrekili zeda da qveda safeTqlis
gamoburTul da wvetian morCs, xazi _ linea temporalis superior et inferior.
romelic moTavsebulia qalas RruSi amave zedapirze, TiTqmis Sua
da hqvia mamlis bibilo _ crista galli; adgilas, aris e.w. Txemis borcvi _
igi Tavdeba win ori brtyeli, e.w. tuber parietale, romelic kargad aris
gamoxatuli bavSvebSi.

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Txemis Zvalze ganirCeva oTxi SemosazRvrulia winidan sasaxsre

gverdi: wina dakbiluli Sublis _ borcviT _ tuberculum articulare.
margo frontalis, SigniTa dakbiluli safeTqlis Zvlis qicvs aqvs ori
sagitaluri _ margo sagittalis, ukana zedapiri: gareTa anu safeTqlis facies
dakbiluli kefis _ margo occipitalis da temporalis da SigniTa anu satvine –
gareTa qicvis _ margo squamosus. facies cerebrelis. qicvis SigniTa, satvine
aRniSnuli gverdebis SeerTebiT zedapirze aRiniSneba arteriuli
miiReba oTxi kuTxe: Sublis - Rarebi _ sulci arteriosi.
frontalis, kefis – occipitalis, solisebri safeTqlis Zvlis kldovani
_ sphenoidalis da dvrilisebri – nawili Tavisi moyvanilobiT
mastoideus. Txemis Zvlis SigniTa piramidas emsgavseba. misi mwvervali
zedapiri reliefuria da masze _ apex mimarTulia SigniT da win da
kargad SeimCneva tvinisa da Sedis kefisa da solisebr Zvlebs
sisxlZarRvebis Sesabamisi kvali, Soris darCenil sivrceSi. kldovan
romelTagan aRsaniSnavia sagitaluri nawils aqvs sami zedapiri: wina,
kidis gaswvriv zeda sagitaluri ukana, romlebic mimarTulni arian
(venuri) sinusis Rari – sulcus sinus qalas Rrusaken, da qvemo, romelic
sagittalis superior. mimarTulia qveviT da qalas fuZis
gareTa zedapiris SeqmnaSi
monawileobs.
safeTqlis Zvali _ os temporale wina zedapirze, mwvervalidan
moyolebuli, Zevs Semdegi
safeTqlis Zvali Sedgeba sami warmonaqmnebi: mwvervalTan aris
nawilisagan: qicvis nawili _ pars samwvera nervis CanaWdevi - impressio
squamosa, kldovani nawili (piramida) trigemini - samwvera nervis
_ pars petrosa (pyramis) da dafis nawili kvanZisaTvis. mis ukan aris rkalovani
_ pars tympanica yvela es nawili SemaRleba – eminentia arcuata- da kvlav
gareTa sasmeni xvrelis – porus Sevakebuli dafis sarqveli _ tegmen
acusticus externus – irgvliv aris tympani (am ukanasknelTa qveS smenis
ganlagebuli. organoebi da dafis Rrua moqceuli).
qicvis nawili sagitalur rkalovani SemaRlebis win ixsneba
sibrtyeSi mdebare Zvlovani wyvili mcire zomis e. w. didi da
firfitaa, romlis Tavisufali mcire kldovani nervis arxis
napiri momrgvalebulia da erTvis napralebi – hiatus canalis n. petrosi
Txemis Zvals da solisebri Zvlis majoris et hiatus canalis n. petrosi minoris,
did frTas. qicvis gareTa romlebic Sesabamis RarebSi (sulcus n.
zedapiridan TiTqmis petrosi majoris et sulcus n. petrosi minoris)
horizontalurad win warizideba grZeldebian. wina zedapiris ukana
rkaliviT modrekili yvrimalis kidis gaswvriv mdebareobs zeda
morCi _ processus zygomaticus. yvrimalis kldovani sinusis Rari _ sulcus sinus
morCis fuZesTan, qicvis qvemo petrosi superioris.
zedapirze moTavsebulia qveda ybis kldovano nawilis ukana
foso _ fossa mandibularis sasaxsre zedapirze, daaxloebiT SuaSi,
zedapiriT _ facies articularis, romelic moTavsebulia SigniTa sasmeni xvreli

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_ porus acusticus internus. mis zemoT da mastoideae, romlebic erTvian dafis

odnav gareT, zemo napirTan axlos, Rrus _ Sua yurs.
moTavsebulia rkalqveSa foso _ fossa dvrilisebr morCis medialurad
subarcuata. mis gareT da qvemoT Cans aris sadgisisebri morCi _ processus
wvrili naprali, romelic styloideus; am or morCs Soris
warmoadgens karibWis wyalsadenis moTavsebulia sadgis-dvrilisebri
gareTa naCvrets _ aperture externa xvreli _ foramen stylomastoideum,
aquaduqtus vestibuli. ukana zedapiris romelic saxis arxis gamosavalia da
qvemo kidis gaswvriv aris sauRle Sesabamisad masSi saxis nervi gadis .
naWdevi _ incisura jugularis da qveda am xvrelis medialurad sauRle
kldovani sinusis Rari _ sulcus sinus fosoa _ fossa jugularis. am fosoSi
petrisi inferioris. am ukanasknelis gareTa iwyeba wvrili arxi, e.w. dvrilisebri
bolosTan moTavsebulia lokokinas milaki _ canaliculus mastiodeus. sauRle
milakis gareTa naCvreti _ apertura fosos win da medialurad saZile
externa canaliculi cochleae. arxis gareTa xvrelia _ foramen
kldovani nawilis qvemo caroticum externum. sauRle fososa da
zedapiri rTulreliefiania. msxvili, gareTa saZile xvrels Soris mdebare
momrgvalebuli dvrilisebri morCi _ qedSi moTavsebulia kldovani foraki
processus mastoideus gareTa sasmeni _ fossula petrosa, romlis ZirSic
xvrelis ukan Tavsdeba. aRniSnuli ixsneba dafis milaki _ canaliculus
morCi kldovani nawilisagan gamoyo- tympanicus.
filia, Rrma dvrilisebri naWdeviT _ Tu safeTqlis Zvals
incisura mastoidea, romlis medialurad movabrunebT mwvervaliT Cvensken,
mdebareobs kefis arteriis Rari _ davinaxavT, rom safeTqlis Zvlis
sulcus arteriae occipitalis. kldovan da qicvis nawilebs Soris
dvrilisebri morCis SigniTa mdebareobs xvreli, romelic Zvlis
zedapirze Zevs Rrma, laTinuri aso sisqeSi grZeldeba kunT-lulis arxSi
S-magvarad modrekili Rari, _ canalis musculotubarius da ixsneba
romelsac sigmoiduri sinusis Rari _ dafis RruSi. es arxi Zvlovani
sulcus sinus sigmoidei ewodeba. igi ZgidiT iyofa or nawilad: zeviTa,
warmoadgens kefis Zvlis ganivi dafis gamWimavi kunTis arxi _
Raris gagrZelebas da Tavdeba qalas semicanalis musculi tensoris tympani da
sauRle xvrelTan. dvrilisebri qveviTa - sasmeni lulis arxi _
morCis gareTa zedapiris ukana semicanalis tubae auditivae. piramidis
nawilSi moTavsebulia xvreli, mwvervalze ixsneba saZile arxis
romelic mometebul SemTxvevaSi SigniTa xvreli _ foramen caroticum
ixneba sigmoiduri Raris SigniTa internum.
zedapirze. am xvrels ewodeba safeTqlis Zvlis yvelaze mcire
dvrilisebri xvreli _ foramen nawili dafis nawilia _ pars
mastoideum. pympanica, romelic Zvlovani firfitaa
dvrilisebri morCis gareTa da sazRvravs winidan, qvemodan da
zedapiri xorkliania; mis ganaxerxze ukanidan gareTa sasmen xvrels _
vnaxulobT mraval wvril Rrus, e.w. porus acusticus externus da sasmen mils _
dvrilisebr ujredebs _ cellulae meatus acusticus externus. dafis nawilis

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wina kide safeTqlis Zvlis piramidas saSualebiT qalas RruSi Sedis

ekvris. dafis nawilsa, qicvsa da SigniTa saZile arteria.
piramidas Soris moTavsebulia daf- saxis nervis arxi _ canalis nervi
kldovani naprali _ fissura facialis _ iwyeba SigniTa sasmeni milis
petrotympanica. dafis nawilis ukana siRrmeSi, misgan didi kldovani
kide ekvris dvrilisebr morCs da nervis napralis gamoyofamde
gamoyofilia misgan daf-dvrilis miemarTeba horizontalurad, ris
napraliT _ fissure tympano-mastoidea. Semdeg, qmnis saZile arxis muxls,
sadgisisebri morCis fuZesTan mkveTrad uxvevs ukan da qvemoT,
dafisebri nawili qmnis sadgisisebri eSveba TiTqmis vertikalurad qalas
morCis budes _ vagina processus styloidei. fuZis gareTa zedapiramde da
sadgis-dvrilisebri xvreliT
safeTqlis Zvlis arxebi mTavrdeba. safeTqlis Zvlis. saxis
saZile arxi _ canalis caroticus _ nervis arxidan, sadgis-dvrilisebri
ixsneba safeTqlis Zvlis piramidis xvrelis maxloblad, mieemarTeba
qveda zedapirze gareTa saZile kidev erTi patara arxi, romelsac
xvreliT; Zvlis nivTierebaSi igi ewodeba dafis simis milaki _
idrikeba SigniT da ixsneba piramidis canaliculus chordae tympani, romelic
mwvervalTan SigniTa saZile xvreliT. gaivlis dafis RruSi da tovebs mas
am arxis modrekil nawilze daf-kldovani napraliT. dafis simis
moTavsebulia wvrili xvrelebi _ milakSi gaivlis mcire, magram
daf-saZile milakebi _ canaliculi mniSvnelovani nervi, e.w. dafis simi
caroticotimpanici. aRniSnuli arxis (Suamdebare nervis toti).

saxis qalas Zvlebi

zeda yba _ maxilla qvemo SigniTa napiridan

zedaybis Zvali wyvilia. mas horizontaluri mimarTulebiT midis.
aqvs centraluri nawili _ sxeuli _ zedaybis sxeulis wina
corpus, romelic Seicavs zedaybis zedapiri, romelic amave dros,
wiaRs _ sinus maxillaris. zedaybis Zvlis warmoadgens saxis zedapirs,
sxeulidan warimarTeba oTxi morCi: 1. mosazRvrulia zevidan Tvalbudis
Sublis morCi _ processus frontalis, qvemo kidiT _ margo infraorbitalis; am
romelic sxeulis wina kuTxidan kidis qvemoT moTavsebul mozrdil
midis, 2. yvrimalis morCi _ processus ormoSi, romelsac ewodeba eSvis
foso _ fossa canina, ixsneba Tvalbudis
zygomaticus _ sxeulis msxvili
lateraluri morCia, 3. sakbile morCi qveda xvreli _ foramen infraorbitale.
_ processus alveolaria sxeulis qveda zedaybis wina zedapiris sakbile
morCze naTlad Cans gamodrekili
zedapiridan modis, 4. sasis morCi _
kbilbudeTa SemaRlebani _ juga
processus palatinus, romelic sxeulis
alveolaria. wina zedapiris SigniTa kide

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mosazRvrulia cxviris naWdeviT _ win warziduli cxviris wina wvetiT

incisura nasalis. _ spina nasalis anterior.
zedaybis sxeulis gareTa kide sasis morCis wina nawilSi,
yvrimalis morCis qveS gadadis ukana pirveli saWreli kbilis budis ukan,
zedapirSi da mimarTulia safeTqlis zevidan qvemoT midis saWreli arxi _
fososaken. zedaybis sxeulis ukana canalis incisivus, romelic qveviT, piris
zedapirze aris kargad gamoxatuli RruSi, ixsneba kenti saWreli
zeda ybis borcvi _ tuber maxillae, xvreliT _ foramen incisiva.
romelzec SeiniSneba alveoluri zedaybis sxeulis zeviTa
xvrelebi _ foramina alveolaria _ zeda zedapiri mimarTulia Tvalbudis
ybis kbilebis sisxlZarRvebisaTvis Rrusaken, sadaa, samkuTxa
da nervebisaTvis. moxazulobisaa da Tavisi ukana
zedaybis SigniTa, cxviriskena napiriT sazRvravs qvemodan
zedapiri miqceulia cxviris Rrusaken Tvalbudis qveda naprals _ fissure
da qmnis cxviris Rrus lateralur orbitalis inferor, romlis naxvac
kedels. masze aRiniSneba niJaris qedi SeiZleba mxolod mTlian qalaze. am
-crista conchalis (qveda niJaris napiridan midis win da qvemoT
mimagrebis adgili), sacremle Rari – Tvalbudis qveda arxi _ canalis
sulcus lacrimalis da zeda ybis naprali infraorbitalis, romelic zedaybis wina
hiatus maxillaris. zedapirZe ixsneba Tvalbudis qvemo
Sublis morCi adis zeviT. mis xvreliT.
SigniTa zedapirze Cans sacremle
naWdevi – incisura lacrimalis – sacremle qveda yba _ mandibula
ZvalTan dasakavSireblad da cxavis qvedaybis Zvals aqvs Sua nawili
qedi _ crista ethmoidalis; xolo _ sxeuli _ corpus da ori toti _
lateralurad – rkaliviT modrekili rami mandibulae. sxeulis wina
wina sacremle qedi _ crista lacrimalis. zedapirze, qvemo kidis axlos, Cans
sakbile morCi mimarTulia nikapis SemaRleba _ protuberencia
qveviT, modrekilia rkaliviT _ arcus mentalis.
alveolaris da Seicavs rva kbilbudes _ sxeulis gareTa zedapirze,
alveoli dentales _ kbilebis aRniSnuli SemaRlebis zeviT da ukan,
fesvebisaTvis; kbilbudeebi nikapis xvrelia _ foramen mentale; mas
gamoyofilia erTimeorisagan misdevs aswvriv totze amavali iribi
kbilbudeTa ZgideebiT _ septa xazi _ linea obliqua. qvedaybis sxeulis
interalveolaria. sakbile nawili Seicavs 16 budes,
sasis morCi monawileobas iRebs gayofils erTimeorisagan ZgideebiT.
magari sasis SeqmnaSi da sazRvravs saWreli kbilebis midamoebSi naTlad
qvevidan cxviris Rrus. misi qveda Cans kbilbudeTa maRlobebi _ juga
zedapiri xorkliania, zeviTa ufro alveolaria. sxeulis ukana zedapiris
sadaa da Sedrekili. sasis morCi SuaSi mdebareobs nikapis wveti _
SigniTa napiriT uerTdeba spina mentalis. mis qveS da gverdiT Zevs
mopirdapire Zvlis Tanamosaxele foso ormucela kunTis
morCs, cxviris Rrus mxridan qmnis misamagreblad _ ormucela foso _
cxviris qeds _ crista nasalis da Tavdeba fossa digastrica. mis zeviT, qvedaybis

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totisaken, iribi mimarTulebiT midis Cven SevexebiT mxolod

qvedayb-inis xazi _ linea mylohyoidea. qvedaybis cvlilebebs, Tumca unda
aswvrivu toti, romelic sxeultan aRiniSnos, rom is morfologiuri
erTad qmnis qvedaybis kuTxes _ anguli momentebi, romlebic qvedaybis
mandibulae, ganier Zvlovan firfitas asakobriv cvlilebebs axasiaTebs,
warmoadgens, romlis zeviTa zogierTi Taviseburebis garda,
napiridan warimarTeba ori morCi: zedaybazec vrceldeba.
wina _ gvirgvinisebri morCi _ axalSobilis qvedaybas aqvs
processus coronoideus da ukana sasaxsre ganviTarebuli mxolod sxeuli; mas
morCi _ procrssus condylaris, romliTac srulebiT ara aqvs sakbile morCi,
igi safeTqlis Zvals enawevreba; am vinaidan jer arc erTi kbili ar
morCze ganirCeva qvedaybis Tavi _ gaaCnia; sarZeve kbilebis Canasaxebi
caput mandibulae, yeli _ collum sxedan qvedaybis sxeulSi. am dros
mandibulae da SigniTa zedapirze qvedaybas mxolod odnav aqvs
aRbeWdili nikapis borcvi. qvedayba
frTisebri ormo _ fovea phterygoidea.
ori naxevrisgan Sedgeba, romelTa
aRniSnul or morCs Soris
Sexorcebis procesi savsebiT ar aris
moTavsebulia qvedaybis naWdevi _
damTavrebuli. qvedaybis sxeuli da
incisura mandibulae. aswvrivi totis
qvedaybis totebi qmnian mkafiod
SigniTa zedapirze, daaxloebiT
gamoxatul blagv kuTxes.
Suaze, moTavsebulia qvedaybis
meSvide Tvidan dawyebuli
xvreli _ foramen mandibulae, romelic
bavSvs TandaTan amosdis da 30
mosazRvrulia winidan Zvlovani
TvisaTvis ukve yvela sarZeve (20)
morCiT _ qvedaybis naqiT _ lingula
kbili aqvs. aseT mdgomareobaSi
mandibulae. qvedaybis xvreli gadadis
qvedayba rCeba 7 wlamde. TandaTan,
milSi, romelic Zvlis sisqeSi aris
kbilebis amosvlasTan erTad, ybebic
moTavsebuli da cnobilia rogorc
izrdeba, sqeldeba da mZlavrdeba. am
qvedaybis arxi _ canalis mandibulae; es dros qvedayba erT mTlian Zvals
arxi bolos ixsneba misi sxeulis warmoadgens. nikapis borcvi
gareTa zedapirze, ukve cnobili gamoxatulia, Tumca jer kodev mcire
nikapis xvreliT. warmonaqmnia. sakbile morCi arsebobs,
Tumca dabalia da Seicavs mxolod 10
ybebis asakobrivi cvlilebebi patara sarZeve kbls. qvedaybis kuTxis
saxis qalas ZvlebSi yvelaze siblagve Semcirebulia.
msxvili da mniSvnelivani aris 7 wlis Semdeg sarZeve kbilebi
zedayba da qvedayba. ybebi kbilebis bavSvs scviva da maT adgils iWers
matarebelia da maTTan erTad sareWi mudmivi kbilebi. es procesi ufro
aparatis mTavar nawils warmoadgens. xangZlivia da 19-20 wlamde
kbilebi adamians orjer ecvleba; grZeldeba.
amisda mixedviT icvleba ybebis mozrdili adamianis
moyvaniloba, rac mkveTr zegavlenas Camoyalibebuli e.w. mTliani yba
axdens ara mxolod saxis qalaze, Seicavs ukve ganviTarebul maRal
aramed mTlianad qalas rkalovan sakbile morCs, romelSiac
moyvanilobaze. Camjdaria msxvili, mudmivi 16 kbili.
nikapis borcvi mkveTrad aris

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ganviTarebuli, riTac adamianis

qvedayba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sasis Zvali _ os palatinum
cxovelis qvedaybisagan. qvedaybis sasis Zvali wyvilia. igi
kuTxe msxvili da mZlavri xorkliani Sedgeba ori firfitisagan:
warmonaqmnia da udris TiTqmis swor horizontaluri _ lamina horizontalis da
kuTxes. perpendikularuli _ lamina
moxucebulobis xanaSi adamians, perpendicularis.
sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo, TandaTan horizontaluri firfita
scviva kbilebi. dacarielebuli monawileobas iRebs magari sasis
kbilbudeebis kedlebi ganlevas ukana nawilis SeqmnaSi da Tavisi wina
ganicdis da am adgilas sakbile napiriT, nakeris saualebiT uerTdeba
morCi ispoba. zedaybis Zvlis sasis morCs.
Rrma moxucebulobis xanaSi, Tu aRniSnuli morCis SigniTa napiri,
adamians kbilebi sruliad daekarga nakeris saSualebiT, uerTdeba
da aseTi mdgomareoba ramdenime xans mopirdapire sasis Zvlis
gagrZelda, sakbile morCi mTlianas horizontalur firfitas. ukana mxare
Seisruteba, rCeba mxolod ybis Tavisufalia da sazRvravs qvemodan
sxeuli, romelic viwro Zvlovani e.w. xoanebs _ choanae, romlebis naxva
rkalis saxes iRebs. qvedaybis kuTxe SeiZleba mTlian qalaze.
isev blagvi xdeba da, amrigad, yba horizontaluri firfitis
isev bavSvis xanis formas ubrundeba. vertikalur firfitasTan SeerTebis
adgilidan ukan miimarTeba msxvili
yvrimalis Zvali _ os zygomaticum piramiduli morCi _ processus
yvrimalis Zvali wyvilia, piramidalis, romelic mTlian qalaSi
usworo moyvanilobisaa da aqvs sami avsebs ZiriTadi Zvlis frTisebr
zedapiri: Tvalbudis _ facies orbitalis, naWdevs.
saxis _ facies malaris da safeTqlis _ sasis Zvlis perpendikularuli
facies temporalis, romelic mimarTulia firfita ekvris zedaybis SigniTa
ukan, safeTqlis qveda fososaken. zedapiris ukana nawils. sasis Zvlis
yvrimalis Zvals aqvs ori morCi: perpendikularuli firfitis zemo
Sublis _ processus frontalis da napiridan warizideba ori morCi: wina,
safeTqlis _ processus temporalis, Tvalbudis morCi _ processus orbitalis
romlebiTac is uerTdeba saTanado da ukana, solisebri morCi _ processus
Zvlebs. sphenoidalis; maT Soris rCeba
yvrimalis Zvlis Tvalbudis solisebr-sasis naWdevi _ incisura
zedapirze aris yvrimal-Tvalbudis sphenopalatina.
xvreli _ foramen zygomaticoorbitale, Tvalbudis morCi wvdeba
romelic yvlimalis Zvlis sisqeSi Tvalbudis Rrus da monawileobas
or arxad iyofa; erTi maTgani iRebs misi qveda kedlis SeqmnaSi.
ixsneba saxis zedapirze yvrimal- solisebri morCi emijneba solisebri
saxis xvreliT _ foramen Zvlis sxeuls qvevidan. maT Soris
zygomaticofaciale, meore ki _ safeTqlis myofi naWdevi mTlian qalaSi
zedapirze _ yvrimal-safeTqlis gardaiqmneba solisebr-sasis xvrelad
xvreliT _foramen zygomaticotemporale. _ foramen sphenopalatinum. sasis Zvlis

klinikuri anatomia
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perpendikularuli firfitis gareTa labirinTis ujredebs winidan da

xorklian zedapirza gaivlis sasis iRebs monawileobas Tvalbudis Rrus
didi Rari _ sulcus palatinus major, SigniTa kedlis wina nawilis
romelic solisebri Zvlis da SeqmnaSi. am zedapirze, daaxloebiT
zedaybis Tanamosaxele RarebTan Zvlis Sua nawilSi, mdebareobs
erTad mTlian qalaSi sazRvravs gaswvrivi mimarTulebis e.w. cremlis
sasis did arxs _ canalis palatinus major. ukana qedi _ crista lacrimalis posterior,
romelic qvemoT Tavdeba e.w. cremlis
saxnisi _ vomer kaviT _ hamulus lacrimalis. aRniSnuli
saxnisis Zvali kenti, oTxkuTxa qedis win moTavsebulia cremlis
da Txelia. misi zeda kidis ukana Rari _ sulcus lacrimalis, romelic
nawili gasqelebulia da gayofilia zedaybis Sublis morCis
or frTad, e.w. saxnisis frTebad _ Tanamosaxele RarTan erTad qmnis
alae vomeris, romlebitac igi exveva sacremle parkisaTvis fosos _
solisebri Zvlis fskers da, amrigad, cremlis parkis foso _ fossa sacci
eyrdnoba misi sxeulis qvemo lacrimalis.
zedapirs. saxnisis qvemo kide ekvris
magar sasas, zeviTa da nawilobriv cxviris qvemo niJara _ concha
wina kideebi ekvrian cxavis Zvlis nasalis inferior
perpendikularul firfitas da cxviris qvemo niJara wyvilia,
cxviris Zgidis xrtilovan nawils. warmoadgens saxis qalas
ukana mxare Tavisufalia da cxviris damoukidebel Zvals, Zlier Txeli,
Rrus ukana gasavals yofs or farTo modrekili da forebiania da
xvrelad, romlebsac uwodeben gaWimulia winidan ukana
xoanebs _ choanae (mTlian qalaSi). mimarTulebiT. igi moTavsebulia
cxviris RruSi. misi zeda kididan
cxviris Zvali _ os nasale warimarTeba sami morCi: wina Txeli
cxvirs Zvali wyvilia, aqvs ori cremlis morCi _ processus lacrimalis,
zedapiri: wina _ sada, unagiriviT romelic mimarTulia win da zeviT
modrekili; ukana _ Sedrekili da da ekvris cremlis Zvals; niJariss
xorkliani. cxviris Zvals oTxi kide gareTa mxarezea moTavsebuli da
aqvs: zemo _ ufro sqelia, viwro da qveviT iyureba Sua morCi e.w.
basri kbilebiT erTvis Sublis zedaybis morCi _ processus maxillaris,
Zvals; qvemo _ Tavisufali, ufro romliTac qvemo niJara umagrdeba
ganieri da Txelia, zemodan zedaybis wiaRis Signita kedels, da
sazRvravs cxviris Sesavals; SigniTa ukana morCi mimartuli zeviT da ukan
_ erTvis mopirdapire Tanamosaxele _e.w. cxavis morCi _ processus
Zvals, gareTa _ ekvris zedaybis ethmoidalis. am morCebze dabjenilia
Sublis morCs. cxavis Zvlis kavisebri morCi
_processus uncinat
cremlis Zvali _ os lacrimale
cremlis Zvali wyvilia, aqvs inis Zvali, anu enisqveSa Zvali _ os
ori zedapiri: Tvalbudisa da hyoideum
cxviris. igi faravs cxavis Zvlis

klinikuri anatomia
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inis Zvali kentia, moTavsebulia horizontalurad ukan da Tavdeba

qvedaybis qvemo kidis doneze, kisris SemsxvilebiT.
zemo nawilSi, da kanis qveS advilad mcire rqebi _ cornua minora _
moinaxeba. igi Sedgeba sxeulisagan _ naklebad ganviTarebulia, xSirad
corpus da ori wyvili rqebisagan _ xrtilovania; sxeuls ukavSirdeba
cornua. sxeuls aqvs wina xorkliani, zevidan, SemaerTebeli qsoviliT.
gamodrekili da ukana Sedrekili miimarTeba iribad zeviT, ukan da
sada zedapiri. gareT.
sxeulis boloebs aqvT mcire es patara rqebi
ormoebi did rqebTan SesaerTeblad. SemaerTebelqsovilovani iogiT
didi rqebi _ cornua majora _ ukavSirdeba safeTqlis Zvlis
gabrtyelebulia, inis Zvlis sxeuls sadgisisebr morCs.
uerTdeba xrtilis saSualebiT,
romelic mogvianebiT ganicdis
gaZvalebas; didi rqa miimarTeba
qala MmTlianad

tvinis qala qarmoadgens Sua da qicvisebri nakeri _ sutura

Zvlovan kolofs, romelSic arCeven squamosa _ Txemis, safeTqlis da
or nawils: qalasarqvels _ calvaria solisebri Zvlis frTebs Soris.
da qalas fuZes _ basis cranii. gverdiTi nakerebi miimarTeba
sazRvari qalasarqvelsa da sagitaluri nkeris Tanaswvrivad da
fuZes Soris gaivlis Semdeg winidan ukan Sedgeba Semdegi
nawilebze: kefis gareTa SemaRleba _ nakerebisagan: Subl-solisebri nakeri
protuberentia occipitalis externa, qedis _ sutura sphenofrontalis, solisebr-Txemis
zeviTa xazi _ linea nuchae superior, nakeri _ sutura sphenoparietalis,
solisebri Zvlis qveda safeTqlis qicvisebri nakeri _ sutura squamosa da
qedi _ crista infratemporalis, Sublis Txem-dvrilisebri nakeri _ sutura
Zvlis yvrimalis morCis _ processus parietemastoidea.
zygomaticus _ Ziri da Subl-cxviris qalasarqvelze saWiroa
naoWi _ sutura frontonasalis. aRiniSnos ramdenimr wertili,
romelTac friad didi mniSvneloba
qalasarqveli _ calvaria aqvT qalas Seswavlis dros:
qalasarqveli Sedgenilia 1. Bregma _ mdebareobs iq, sadac
Sublis, safeTqlis, da kefis Zvlebis gvirgvinovani da sagitaluri
qicvebiT, solisebri Zvlis didi nakerebi xvdebian erTmaneTs.
frTebiT da Txemis ZvlebiT. es 2. Ophrion _ mdebareobs Sublis
Zvlebi erTimeoresTan SeerTebulia forakis _glabelas _ zemo
nakerebis saSualebiR: gvirgvinovani midamoSi.
nakeri _ sutura coronalis _ Sublisa da 3. Glabella _ win wamoweuli
Txemis Zvlebs Sua, sagitaluri wertilia warbzeda rkalebs
nakeri _ sutura sagitalis _ Txemis Zvlebs Soris.
Sua, lambdisebri nakeri _ sutura
lambdoidea _ Txemisa da kefis Zvlebs

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4. Nasion _ wertili, sadac xvdebian advilad SesamCnev borcvs: Sublis

cxvir-Sublis da cxviris borcvebi _ tubera frontalia da Txemis
Zvlebis nakerebi. borcvebi _tubera parietalia.
5. Rhinion _ cxviris nakeris wina qalasarqvelis zemo zedapiri
wertili. ganisazRvreba qalas gverdiTi
6. Nasospinale _ wertili cxviris zedapirisagan safeTqlis zemo xaziT
wina wvetismidamoSi _ linea temporalia superior.
7. Prosthion _ wertili zedaybis
kbilbudeTa mirCze, yvelaze win qalas SigniTa fuZe _ basis
wamoweuli wertili. cranii interna
8. Gonioin _ qvedaybis qvemo kideze, qalas fuZe Signidan: Sua
Sua sibrteSi, yvelaze win centralur nawilis gverdiT
wamoweuli wertili. ganlagebulia 3 wyvili simetriuli
9. Gonion _ wertili qvedaybis foso: wina _ fossa cranii anterior, Sua _
kuTxis midamoSi. fossa cranii media da ukana _ fossa cranii
10. Frontotemporale _ safeTqlis zemo posterior.
xazze yvelaze win wamoweuli ganvixiloT piveli,
wertili. centraluri, asimetriuli nawili
11. Pterion _ wertili Sublis, Txemis, winidan ukan; Cven SevxvdebiT
safeTqlis da solisebri Zvlis TandaTan ukve cnobilsa da
didi frTis SeerTebis midamoSi. Seswavlil nawilebs, magaliTad:
12. Porion _ gareTa sasmeni xvrelis 1. Crista frontalis _ Sublis qedi. mas
zemi kidis Sua wertili. umagrdeba e.w. didi namgali,
13. Lambda _ es wertili mdebareobs romelic warmoadgens tvinis
iq, sadac sagitaluri nakeri magari garsis warmonaqmns.
xvdeba lambdisebur nakers. 2. Foramen caecum _ brma xvreli
14. Opisticranion _ yvelaze 3. Crista galli _ mamlis bibili _ mas
daSorebuli wertili kefis umagrdeba tvinis magari garsis
midamoSi. didi namgali.
15. Inion _ wertili, sadac xvdebian 4. Lamina cribrosa _ dacxriluli
kefis zemo xazebi. firfita. masSi gadis ynosvis
16. Asterion _ Txem-dvrilisebri nervebi.
nakeris ukana wertili. 5. Sulcus chiasmatis _ jvaredina Rari.
17. Eurion _ qalas gverdiTi masze moTavsebulia mxedvelobis
zedapiris yvelaze daSorebuli nervTa jvaredini.
wertili. 6. Sella turcica _ Turquli kexi.
18. Zygion _ yvrimalis rkalis 7. Fossa hypophiseos _ tvinis danamatis
yvelaze daSorebuli wertili. foso.
19. Opisthion _ kefis didi xvrelis 8. Clivus _ Tavqve, aq Zevs mogrZo
ukana wertili Sua sibrtyeSi. tvini da xidi.
20. Basion _ kefis didi xvrelis wina 9. Foramen magnum _ didi xvreli,
wertili Sua sibrtyeSi da sxva. romelSic gadis mogrZo tvini,
qalasarqvelis gareTa zedapiri damatebiTi nervebi da xerxemlis
sadaa, sworia da qmnis or wyvil, arteriebi.

klinikuri anatomia
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10. Protuberentia occipitalis interna _ 9. Foramen ovale _ ovaluri xvreli

kefis SigniTa SemaRleba. qvedaybis nervisaTvis.
am viwro Sua nawilis orive 10. Foramen spinosum _ wvetani
mxareze, rogorc ukve xvreli, romelSic gadis tvinis
aRniSnulia zemoT, garsis Sua arteria _ art.
moTavsebulia sami Rrma foso: wina _ meningea media da wvetiani nervi _
Sublis, Sua _ safeTqlisa da ukana _ n. spinosus.
naTxemis fosoebi. 11. Pars petrosa _ piramida,
wina ori fosos zedapirze safeTqlis Zvlis kldovani
mkafiodaa gamoxatuli nawili.
TiTisebri 12. Foramen lacerum _ dafleTili
CanaWdevebi _ impressions digitata. xvreli, romlis saSualebiT
am fosoebSi, TandaTan, winidan qalaSi Sedis SigniTa saZile
ukan, gvxvdeba ukve calke Zvlebze arteria.
Seswavlili nawilebi. gamonakliss 13. Impressio trigemini _ samwvera
Seadgens mxolod ori xvreli, CanaWdevi, masze Zevs samwvera
romelTa naxva SeiZleba mxolod nervis kvanZi.
mTlian qalaze: 14. Hiatus canalis facialis _ saxis nervis
1. Pars orbitalis ossis frontalis _ Sublis xvreli, saidanac kldovani nervi
Zvlis Tvalbudis nawili. masze gamodis.
Zevs tvinis Sublis nawili. 15. Sulcus sinus petrosi superioris _ zemo
2. Ala minor ossis sphenoidalis _ kldovani wiaRis Rari.
solisebri Zvlis mcire frTa. 16. Eminentia arcuata _ rkalovani
3. Processus clinoideus anterior _ wina SemaRleba.
solisebri morCi. 17. Tegmen timpani _ dafis sarqveli,
4. Canalis opticus _ mxedvelobis dafis Rrus zemo kedeli.
arxi, Tanamosaxele nervisa da 18. Porus acusticus internus _ SigniTa
Tvalbudis arteriisaTvis. sasmeni xvrelimerve nervisa,
5. Fissura orbitalis superior _ saxis nervisa da Suamdebare
Tvalbudis zeda naprali. misi nervisaTvis _ n. intermedius.
saSualebiT TvalbudeSi Sedis 19. Apertura externa aquaduqtus vestibuli
Tvalbudis nervi _ n, ophtalmicus, _ karibWis wyalsadenis gareTa
Tvalis mamoZravebeli nervi _ n. naCvreti.
oculomotorius, ganmzidveli nervi _ 20. Fossa subarcuata _ rkalqveSa
n. abducens, WaRisebri nervi _ n. foso.
trochlearis, simpaTikuri nervi _ n. 21. Sulcus sinus sigmoideus _
symphaticus, Tvalbudis vena _ sigmoiduri sinusis Rari.
vena ophtalmica. 22. Foramen mastoideum _
6. Sulcus caroticus _ saZile Rari, dvrilisebri xvreli _ erT-erTi
Tanamosaxele arteriisaTvis. santorinis saSvebia.
7. Processus clinoideus posterior _ ukana 23. Foramen jugulare _ sauRle
solisebri morCi. xvreli. masSi gadis SigniTa
8. Foramen rotundum _ mrgvali sauRle vena _ vena jugularis interna,
xvreli zedaybis nervisaTvis. cTomili nervi _ n. vagus, ena-

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xaxis nervi _ n. glossopharyngeus da qalas fuZis gareTa wina

damatebiTi nervi _ n. accessorius. nawilSi ganlagebulia
24. Sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris _ mravalricxovani xvrelebi,
qvemo kldovani wiaRis Rari romlebSic sisxlZarRvebi da nervebi
venuri wiaRisaTvis. gaivlis. amitom am nawils qalas kars
25. Squama occipitalis _ kefis qicvi _ hilus cranii uwodeben. solisebri
wyvil-wyvili fosoebiT; qveda Zvlis frTisebri morCis gareTa
fosoebSi Zevs naTxemis firfitasa da dvrilisebr morCs
hemisferoebi, zemo fosoebSi ki _ Soris qalas fuZes umagrdeba frTa-
didi tvinis kefis wilebi. sadgis-dvrilisebri aponevrozi _
26. Sulcus transversus _ ganivi Rari aponeurosis pterygostylomastoidea,
venuri wiaRisaTvis. marjvena da marcxena aponevrozebs
27. Crista occipitalis interna _ kefis Soris gaWimulia xaxa_ZiriTadi
SigniTa qedi, mas umagrdeba fascia _ fascia pterygobasilaris, romelic
magari garsis mcire namgali. xaxis zeda nawils gverdebidan da
qalas fuZis sisqe da simtkice uknidan faravs. igi xaxis ukan
ar aris yvelgan erTnairi—Zvlebis umagrdeba kefis Zvlis sxeuls, xaxis
mtkice nawilebs Soris SedarebiT gverdebze—safeTqlis Zvlis pira-
susti ubnebia, romlebic tramvis midas da frTisebri morCis medialur
SemTxvevaSi advilad ziandeba. firfitas. xaxa-ZiriTadi fascia
aseTebia cxavis Zvlis dacxriluli qalas fuZeze SemosazRvravs xaxis
firfita, Sublis Zvlis fosos _ fossa guturalis, romelsac
Tvalbudiseuli nawili, ZiriTadi cxvirxaxis nawilis zeda kedeli, anu
Zvlis sxeuli, safeTqlis Zvlis xaxis TaRi _ fornix pharingis ekvris.
kldovani nawili, kefis Zvlis frTa-sadgis-dvrilisebr aponevrozsa
centraluri nawili. da xaxis fascias Soris mdebareobs
sasmeni lulis xrtilovani nawili,
qalas gareTa fuZe _ basis cranii externa saZile arxis gareTa xvreli,
qalas fuZe garedan dafleTili xvreli _ foramen lacerum
SemoisazRvreba xaziT, romelic da sadgis_dvrilisebri xvreli _
gaivlis kefis gareTa SemaRlebaze, foramen stylomastoideum. frTa-sadgis-
qedis zeda xazze, dvrilisebri dvrilisebri aponevrozis
morCis fuZeze, gareTa sasmeni xvre- lateralurad mdebareobs safeTqel-
lis ukana da qveda kideze, qveda ybis sasaxsre foso,
safeTqlis Zvlis yvrimalis morCis safeTqlisqveda foso _ fossa infra-
fuZeze, safeTqlis qveda qedze da temporalis da frTa-sasis foso _ fossa
Tvalbudis zeda kideze. dvrilisebri phterygopalatina.
morCis mwvervalebs Soris didi frTa-sadgis-dvrilisebri
xvrelis wina kideze gavlebuli aponevrozi xels uSlis qalas
xaziT qalas fuZe garedan iyofa wina gareTa fuZis erTi nawilidan
da ukana midamoebad, romelTa Soris meoreSi Cirqovani procesis
kefis Zvlis sxeuls kisris Rrma fas- gavrcelebas. frTa-sadgis-
cia umagrdeba. dvrilisebr aponevrozsa da
xaxa_ZiriTad fascias Soris

klinikuri anatomia
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arsebuli sivrcidan anTeba xaxis uka- 18. Fossa scaphoidea _ navisebri foso.
na da gverdiTi sivrceebiT SeiZleba 19. Foramen ovale _ ovaluei xvreli.
gavrceldes kiserSi, xolo aqedan— 20. Foramen spinosum _ wvetiani
SuasayarSi. xvreli.
qalas fuZis gareTa ukana 21. Ala magna ossis sphenoidalis _
nawili kefis Zvalze mdebareobs. aq solisebri Zvlis didi frTa.
moTavsebulia didi xvreli _ foramen 22. Foramen lacerum _ dafleTili
magnum, romelic mogrZo tvins xvreli.
Seicavs. garda amisa, masSi gaivlis 23. Crista infratemporalis _ qveda
xerxemlis sisxlZarRvebi, damatebiTi safeTqlis qedi.
nervi da kisris pirveli nervis 24. Fossa mandibularis _ qvedaybis foso
fesvebi. qvedaybis sasaxsre morCisaTvis.
qalas nawilebi winidan ukan 25. Tuberculum articulare _ sasaxsre
dalagebulia Semdegnairad: borcvi.
saxis qalaze: 26. Fissura petrotympanica _ daf-
1. Processus alveolaris _ sakbile morCi. kldovani naprali.
2. Foramen incisivum _ saWreli xvreli. 27. Pars petrosa ossis temporalis _
3. Palatum durum _ magari sasa. safeTqlis Zvlis kldovani
4. Spina nasalis posterior _ cxviris nawili.
ukana wveti. 28. Tuberculum pharyngeum _ xaxis
5. Sutura palatina mediana _ sasis Sua borcvi.
nakeri. 29. Foramen caroticum externum _
6. Sutura palatina transversa _ sasis gareTa saZile xvreli, romelSic
ganivi nakeri. SigniTa saZile arteria Sedis.
7. Sutura incisiva _ saWreli nakeri. 30. Fossa jugularis _ sauRle foso
8. Cristae palatinae _ sasis qedebi. 31. Processus styloideus _ sadgisisebri
9. Sulci palatinae _ sasis Rarebi. morCi
10. Choanae _ xoanebi. 32. Vagina processus styloidei _
11. Vomer _ saxnisi sadgisisebri morCis bude.
12. Foramen palatinum majus et minus _ 33. Foramen stylomastoideum _ sadgis-
sasis didi da mcire xvrelebi. dvrilisebri xvreli, romelSic
gamodis saxis nervi.
tvinis qalaze: 34. Processus mastoideus _ dvrilisebri
13. Processus phterygoideus _ frTisebri morCi
morCi. 35. Incisura mastoidea _ dvrilisebri
14. Lamina medialis et lateralis processus naWdevi.
phterygoidei _ frTisebri morCis 36. Sulcus occipitalis _ kefis Rari.
SigniTa da gareTa firfita. 37. Foramen jugulare _ sauRle xvreli.
15. Fossa phterygoidea _ frTisebri 38. Canalis hypoglossus _ enisqveSa arxi,
foso. Tanamosaxele nervisaTvis
16. Processus pyramidalis ossis palatinae _ 39. Condilus occipitalis _ kefis roki,
romelic enawevreba atlass.
sasis Zvlis piramiduli morCi.
40. Foramen condyloideum _ rokisebri
17. Hamulus processus phterygoidei _ xvreli (santorinis aramudmivi
frTisebri morCis kavi. saSvebi).

klinikuri anatomia
21
 Tavi

qalas Rruebi da fosoebi

Tvalbude _ orbita Tvalbudis SigniTa kedels _

Tvalbudis Rrus oTxwaxnagiani paries interna Seadgenen: cremlis Zvali,
piramidis moyvaniloba aqvs. misi cxavis Zvlis gareTa firfita da
mwvervali mimarTulia ukan da solisebri Zvlis sxeulis gareTa
SigniT da Seesabameba mxedvelobis zedapiri. SigniTa kedlis zeviTa
arxs, fuZe ki qmnis Tvalbudis napirTan moTavsebulia orixvreli:
Sesavals _ hiatus orbitae. es Sesavali cxavis wina da ukana xvrelebi _
xvreli zevidan mosazRvrulia foramen ethmoidale anterior et posterior.
Sublis Zvlis Tvalbudis zemo mxedvelobis arxiT da
kidiT, garedan da cota qvevidan _ Tvalbudis zemo naprliT Tvalbudis
yvrimalis ZvliT, qvemodan da Rru erTvis tvinis qalas Rrus,
Signidan _zedaybis Tvalbudis qvemo xolo Tvalbudis qvemo napraliT _
kidiT da zedaybis Sublis morCiT. safeTqlis fosos. Tvalbudis
Tvalbudis Rrus oTxi kedeli SigniTa kedelTan, winidan cremlis
aqvs: zeviTa kedeli _ paries superior Zvalsa da zedaybis Sublis morCs
warmodgeba Sublis Zvlis Tvalbudis Soris Zevs sacremle parkis foso _
nawiliT da solisebri Zvlis mcire fossa sacci lacrimalis, romelic qvemoT
frTiT. am kedlis gareTa kuTxeSi, gadadis cxvir-crelis arxSi _ canalis
win, Zevs cremlis jirkvlis foso _ nasolacrimalis.
fossa glandulae lacrimalis, xolo SigniTa
kuTxeSi _ WaRis foso _ fossa cxvir-cremlis arxi _ canalis
trochlearis. nasolacrimalis
gareTa kedeli _ paries lateralis cxvir-cremlis arxis Sesavali
warmodgeba yvrimalis Zvlis moTavsebulia Tvalbudis SigniTa
Tvalbudis da solisebri Zvlis kedlis wina nawilSi. cxvir-cremlis
didi frTis Tvalbudis zedapirebiT; arxi winidan mosazRvrulia zedaybis
am kedelze winidan moTavsebulia Sublis Sublis morCis sacremle
yvrimal-Tvalbudis xvreli _ foramen RariT, ukanidan _ cremlis ZvliT da
zygomatocoorbitale qvemo niJaris cremlis morCiT. cxvir-
qvemo kedeli _. paries inferior cremlis arxis qvemo xvreli ixsneba
Sedgeba zedaybis Tvalbudis da cxviris RruSi, cxviris qvemo niJaris
yvrimalis Zvlis Tvalbudis qveS, e.i. cxviris qvemo gasavalSi _
zedapirebisagan da sasis Zvlis meatus nasalis inferior.
Tvalbudis morCisagan. Tvalbudis
qvemo kedlis sisqeSi, ukanidan cxviris Rru _ cavum nasi
moyolebuli, midis Tvalbudis qvemo cxviris Rru warmoadgens
Rari _ sulcus infraorbitalis, romelic sivrces, romelsac aqvs zemo,
gadadis win, Tvalbudis qvemo arxSi gverdiTi da qvemo kadlebi da ori
_ canalis infraorbitalis; es ukanaskneli xvreli: wina da ukana.
saxeZe ixsneba cnobili Tvalbudis wina Sesaval xvrels uwodeben
qveda xvreliT _ foramen infraorbitale. msxlisebr Sesavals _ apertura

klinikuri anatomia
22
 Tavi

piriformis; igi mosazRvrulia cxviris cxviris Rrus ukana xvreli

Zvlebis qvemo napirebiT da zedaybis cxviris Zgidis ukana napiriT or
Zvlebis cxviris naWdevebiT. nawilad iyofa. am xvrelebs eZaxian
cxviris Rrus zemo kedels xoanebs _ choanae.
Seadgens cxviris dacxriluli
firfita. cxviris Rrus urTierToba
cxviris Rrus gverdiTi mezobel RruebTan
kedlebi, winidan ukan, warmodgenilia cxviris zemo gasavali cxviris
Semdegi ZvlebiT: zedaybis Sublis Rrus akavSirebs solisebr wiaRTan _
morCi, cremlis Zvali, cxavis Zvlis sinus sphenoidalis da cxavis Zvlis
kaviani morCi, sasis Zvlis labirinTis ukana ujredebTan _
vertikaluri firfita da solisebri cellulae posteriores.
Zvlis frTisebri morCis SigniTa cxviris Sua gasavali cxviris
firfita. Rrus akavSirebs Sublis wiaRidan
cxviris Rrus qvemo kedels ZabriT _ infundibulum; amis garda, igi
Seadgens magari sasis zemo zedapiri. aerTebs cxviris Rrus zedaybis
magar sasas ki qmnian: zedaybis sasis RrusTan da cxavis Zvlis labirinTis
morCi da sasis Zvlis wina ujredebTan _ cellulae anteriores.
horizontaluri firfita. cxviris qvemo gasavlidan
cxviris Rru iyofa or nawilad cxviris Rru erTvis piris Rrus e.w.
cxviris Zvlovani ZgidiT _ septum nasi saWreli arxiT _ canalis incisivus. aqve,
osseum. Zgidis Zvlovan nawilSi Sedis cxviris qvemo gasavalSi, ixsneba
cxavis Zvlis perpendikularuli cxvir-cremlis arxi _ canalis
firfita da saxnisi. nasolacrimalis. garda amisa, cxviris
cxviris Rrus gverdiTi qvemo gasavlis saSualebiT, romelic
kedlebidan warimarTeba sami niJara: ufro ganieri da farToa danarCen
cxviris zemo niJara _ concha nasalis gasavlebze, advilad SeiZleba cxvir-
superior, cxviris Sua niJara _ concha cremlis RruSi gadavideT.
nasalis media, da cxviris qvemo niJara _ cxavis Zvlis dacxriluli
concha nasalis inferior. zemo da Sua firfitis xvrelebiT cxviris Rru
niJarebi ekuTvnian cxavis Zvlis ukavSirdeba tvinis qalas Rrus da,
labirinTs, xolo qvemo niJara qalas bolos, cxviris Rrus gverdiT
damoukidebel Zvals warmoadgens. kedelze sasis Zvlis zeviTa morCebs
cxviris niJarebsa da cxviris Soris aris moTavsebuli, cxviris
Zgiges Soris gaswvrivi mimarTulebiT Rru dakavSirebulia frTa-sasis
mdebareobs cxviris sami gasavali: fososTan.
cxviris zemo gasavali _ meatus nasi
superior _ zemo da Sua miJarebs Soris, zedaybis wiaRi – sinus maxillaris
cxviris Sua gasavali _ meatus nasi zedaybis wiaRi, rogorc viciT,
media _ Sua da qvemo niJarebs Soris erTvis cxviris Rrus cxviris Sua
da cxviris qvemo gasavali _ meatus gasavliT. es Rru mTlianad Zevs
nasi inferior _ qvemo niJarasa dam agar zedaybis sxeulSi da mxolod
sasas Soris. medialur mxareze aqvs zedaybis
wiaRSi Sesavali zedaybis xvreliT _

klinikuri anatomia
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 Tavi

hiatus maxillaris. magram es xvreli frTa-sasis foso gaxsnilia da

sakmaod viwrovdeba garSemo mdebare gadadis qveda safeTqlis fosoSi.
Zvlovani firfitebiT. am Zvlebs frTa-sasis fosos erTvis
ekuTvnis: cxavis Zvlis kavisebri solisebr-sasis xvreliT cxviris
morCi, qveda niJaris cxavis morCi da Rrus., mrgvali xvreliT _ tvinis
sasis Zvlis vertikaluri firfita. qalas Rrus, Tvalbudis qveda
napraliT _ orbitas, frTisebri
safeTqlis foso _ fossa arxiT _ qalas im nawils, romelic
temporalis Zevs solisebri Zvlis ukan (xaxis
safeTqlis foso Zevs qalas midamo) da, bolos, frTa-sasis arxiT
gverdiT zedapirze. misi SigniTa _ piris Rrus.
kedeli mosazRvrulia safeTqlis
qicviT da solisebri Zvlis didi safeTqel-qvedaybis saxsari _
frTis gareTa edapiriT, winidan _ articulation temporomandibularis
Sublisa da yvrimalis Zvlebis safeTqel-qvedaybis saxsarSi
safeTqlis zedapirebiT, garedan _ safeTqlis Zvlis qvedaybis fososTan
yvrimalis rkaliT. qvemoT da cota Senawevrebulia qvedaybis rokisebri
SigniT safeTqlis foso gadadis morCi. safeTqlis Zvalze sasaxsre
qveda safeTqlis fosoSi. foso mofenilia xrtiliT mxolod
wina nawilSi, e.i. daf-kldovani
safeTqelqvemo foso _ fossa napralis win; es xrtili faravs
infratemporalis sasaxsre borcvsac, romelic saxsris
safeTqelqvemo foso gaxsnilia RruSia moqceuli. sasaxsre parki
qvemoT da ukan. misi zemo kedeli Tavisufalia, Txelkedliani da
warmodgenilia solisebri Zvlis gamagrebulia Semdegi iogebiT:
didi frTis safeTqlis qvemo gverdiTi iogi _ ligamentum laterale,
zedapiriT, gareTa kedeli warmodgeba CarTuli parkis ukana gareTa
qvedaybis aswvrivi totiT. winidan igi kedelSi; amis garda, arsebobs kidev
mosazRvrulia zedaybis Zvlis ukana ori iogovani warmonaqmni, romelTac
zedapiriT, xolo SigniTa mxridan qvedaybis fiqsaciisaTvis Soreuli
solisebri Zvlis frTisebri morCis mniSvneloba aqvT; solisebr-qvedaybis
gareTa firfitiT. Semdeg es foso iogi _ ligamentum sphenomandibulare da
medialurad gadadis frTa-sasis sadgis-qvedaybis iogi _ ligamentum
fosoSi. stylomandibulare. safeTqel-qvedaybis
saxsarSi moTavsebulia xrtilovani
frTa-sasis foso _ fossa disko _ discus articularis, romelic yofs
phterygopaltina saxsars or sarTulad. disko
am fosos moculoba metad boWkovani xrtilisagan Sedgeba da
mcirea, magram, amave dros, igi friad sasaxsre zedapirebi am saxsarSi,
mniSvnelovania; igi moqceulia gamonaklisis saxiT, boWkovan
solisebri Zvlis sxeulsa (zevidan), xrtiliT aris mofenili.
mis frTisebr morCsa (ukanidan), safeTqel-qvedaybis saxsrebi
zedaybis Zvlis borcvsa (winidan) da kombinirebul saxsrebs warmoadgens
sasis Zvlis vertikalur firfitas da elifsoiduri formisaa; maTSi
(SigniTa mxridan) Soris. garedan

klinikuri anatomia
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 Tavi

Semdegi moZraobebi warmoebs: da ukan, marjvniv da marcxniv.

qvedaybis aweva-daweva, moZraoba win

Tavis kunTebi _ musculi capitis

Tavis kunTebi, fiziologiuri morCs SigniTa zedapiridan; qvedaybas

daniSnulebis mixedviT, or jgufad swevs zeviT.
iyofa. pirvel jgufs Seadgens saReWi lateraluri frTisebri kunTi
kunTebi, meores _ mimikuri kunTebi. _ m. phterygoideus lateralis _ iwyeba
saReWi kunTebi: solisebri Zvlis frTisebri morCis
saReWi kunTi _ m. masseter _ gverdiTi firfitidan, misive qveda
iwyeba yvrimalis rkalidan da safeTqlis qedidan da umagrdeba
umagrdeba qvedaybis kuTxis gareTa qvedaybis sasaxsre morCs.
xorkls. es kunTi ori nawilisagan medialuri frTisebri kunTi _
Sedgeba: zedapiruli da Rrma. orive m. phterygoideus medialis _ iwyeba
nawilis kunTovani konebi iwyeba solisebri Zvlis frTisebri fosodan
yvrimalis Zvlis rkalis orive da umagrdeba qvedaybis SigniTa
mxridan, miimarTeba qveviT da ukan da kuTxes.
umagrdeba qvedaybis kuTxis gareTa lateraluri da medialuri
xorklian zedapirs. frTisebri kunTis erTdrouli
saReWi kunTi garedan SekumSva swevs qvedaybas win, xolo
dafarulia fasciiT, romelic iyofa calmxrivi SekumSva _ mopirdapire
or firfitad da yba-yuris jirkvals mxares.
orive mxridan uvlis. am fascias inervacia: yvela saReWi kunTis
ewodeba saReWi fascia _ fascia inervacias ganagebs samwvera nervis
masseterica. saReW kunTsa da loyis mamoZravebeli fesvi.
kunTs Soris moTavsebulia cximovani aRwerili oTxi wyvili kunTi
momrgvalo sxeuli, romelsac loyis monawileobs ReWvis procesSi. maTi
cximovan sxeuls _ corpus adiposum saSualebiT qvedayba moZraobs
buccae uwodeben. saReWi kunTi swevs mravalnairad: zeviT, win da ukan,
qvedaybas zeviT da ukan. marjvniv da marcxniv.
safeTqlis kunTi _ m. temporalis;
am kunTiT amovsebulia safeTqlis mimikuri kunTebi
foso yvrimalis rkalamde; kunTi
garedan dafarulia safeTqlis mimikuri jgufis yoveli kunTi,
fasciiT _ fascia tempiralis da yvrimalis Cveulebriv, iwyeba qalas romelime
rkaliT. igi iwyeba safeTqlis Zvlidan da umagrdeba saxis kans; am
Zvlidan da fasciidan, da TviT kunTebis boloebi umTavresad Tavs
safeTqlis Zvlis qicvidan. wina iyris Tvalis, cxviris, piris da
boWkoebi vertikaluria, ukana _ sasmeni xvrelebis irgvliv.
horizontaluri; am kunTis konebi qalasarqvelis kunTi _ m.
umagrdeba qvedaybis gvirgvinisebr epicranius, romliTac dafarulia
qalasarqveli, kefidan moyolebuli

klinikuri anatomia
25
 Tavi

warbebamdis, ori nawilisagan pirveli nawili iwyeba quTuTos

Sedgeba: kefa-Sublis kunTi _ m. SigniTa iogidan _ ligamentum palpebrale
occipitofrontalis da safeTqel-Txemis mediale (romelic cxviris Zvals
kunTi _ m. temporoparietalis. kefa- emijneba), uvlis Tvalbudis Sesavals
Sublis kunTi sam nawilad iyofa: irgvliv da imave iogs umagrdeba.
ukana nawili _ kefis muceli _ venter meore nawili quTuToebis kanis qveS
occipitalis, iwyeba kefis Zvlis zeda Zevs, mesame ki kunTovani boWkoebiT
qedidan; es kunTi win gadadis meore orive mxridan uvlis sacremle parks.
nawilSi _ brtyel myesovan Tvalbudis nawili xuWavs Tvals,
firfitaSi, romelsac ewodeba quTuTosi _ xuravs naprals, cremlis
myesovani abjari _ galea aponeurotica. nawili ki exmareba cremlis
Sublis Zvlis midamoSi am nawilidan gatarebas cxviris RruSi.
iwyeba mesame nawili _ Sublis warbis SemWmuxnavi kunTi _ m.
muceli _ venter frontalis, romelic corrugator supercilii _ mdebareobs
umagrdeba warbis kans. Sublis Tvalbudis irgvlivi kunTis qveS; igi
kunTis SigniTa konidan gamoiyofa warmoadgens patara da mokle kunTs,
nawili boWkoebisa, e.w. siamayis kunTi romelic iwyeba Subl-cxviris
_ m. procerus, romelic cxviris Zvals nakeridan da umagrdeba warbis kans
umagrdeba. TiRqmis mis naxevar sigrZeze. am
kefis muceli abjars ukan eweva, kunTis SekumSva qmnis Rrma gaswvriv
Sublis muceli ki zemoT swevs naoWebs cxviris fuZis zemoT, riTac
warbebs da Sublis kanze qmnis saxes Rrma Cafiqrebis gamometyveleba
rkalisebr naoWebs. eZleva.
myesovani abjari mWidrod aris piris irgvlivi kunTi _ m.
SeerTebuli Tavis kanis Tmian orbicularis oris _ exveva irgvliv piris
nawilTan, qalasarqvelis naprals. misi boWkoebi iwyeba piris
Zvlisazrdelas ki uerTdeba faSari kuTxeebidan da uerTdeba erTimeores
SemaerTebeli qsoviliT. amasTan Sua xazze. zogierTi am boWkoTagani
dakavSirebiT, myesovano abjari umagrdeba cxviris xrtilovani
Tavisuflad moZraobs da Tan Zgidis qvemo gverds da, amrigad,
amoZravebs kans. aZlierebs brtyel oTxkuTxa kunTs _
sasmeni xvrelis garSemo arCeven Zgidis damwev kunTs _ m. depressor
yuris wina, zemo da ukana kunTebs _ septi, romlis konebic umTavresad
m. auricularis anterior, m. auricularis zeda saWreli kbilis budis
superior et m. auricularis posterior, SemaRlebidan iwyeba, swevs qveviT
romlebic adamianis sxeulSi sustad cxviris Zgides da aviwroebs
aris ganviTarebuli. nestoebs. piris napralis kuTxesTan
quTuToebis sisqeSi da piris irgvlivi kunTis boWkoebi
Tvalbudis garSemo mdebareobs erTvis saxis sxvadasxva kunTebs.
Tvalis irgvlivi kunTi _ m. orbicularis zeda tuCisa da cxviris frTis
oculi. igi Sedgeba sami nawilisagan: amwevi kunTi _ m. levator labii superioris
Tvalbudis nawili _ pars orbitalis, alaeque nasi (iwyeba zedaybis Sublis
quTuToebis nawili _ pars palpebralis morCidan), zeda tuCis amwevi kunTi _
da sacremle nawili _ pars lacrimalis. m. levator labii superioris (iwyeba zedaybis

klinikuri anatomia
26
 Tavi

Tvalbudis qvemo gverdidan) da garedan ki _ cximovani qsoviliT,

yvrimalis mcire kunTi _ m.
zygomaticus minor (iwyeba yvrimalis
Zvlidan). aRniSnuli samive kunTi
umagrdeba kanis cxvir-tuCis naoWs _
plica nasolabialis da swevs zemo tuCs
zeviT da gareT.
yvrimalis didi kunTi _ m.
zygomaticus major _ iwyeba yvrimalis
Zvlis wina zedapiridan da umagrdeba
piris kuTxis kans, swevs piris kuTxes
zemoT da gareT; es aris sicilis
kunTi.
piris kuTxis amwevi kunTi _ m.
levator anguli oris _ iwyeba zedaybis
eSvis fosodan, umagrdeba piris
kuTxes da swevs mas zeviT.
cxviris kunTi _ m. nasalis _ ori
nawilisagan Sedgeba: frTis nawili _
pars alaris (iwyeba meore saWreli
kbilis budis maRlobidan da erTvis
cxviris frTas) da ganivi nawili _
pars transversa (iwyeba eSvis
maRlobidan da cxviris zurgze
uerTdeba mopirdapire Tanamosaxele
kunTs). cxviris kunTi amoZravebs
nestoebs da, maSasadame, kavSiri aqvs
sunTqvasTan.
loyis kunTi _ m. buccinator _
iwyeba zedaybis sakbile morCidan,
frTa-qvedaybis nakeridan _ raphe
pterygomandibularis, qvedaybis loyis
xazidan da umagrdeba piris kuTxis
Rrma Sres. es kunTi SigniTa mxridan
lorwovani garsiT aris mofenili,
romlis raodenobac individualuria.
loyis kunTi warmoadgens piris
karibWis gareTa kedels. igi swevs
piris kuTxes ganze da xuravs piris
naprals.
piris kuTxis damwevi kunTi _
m. depressor anguli oris _ es kunTi piris
kuTxis amwevi kunTis antagonistia,
rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom piris
kuTxes qveviT swevs. igi iwyeba
qvedaybis napiridan da umagrdeba
piris kuTxes.
Rimilis kunTi _ m. risorius _
iwyeba zogierTi boWkoTi saReWi
fasciidan; misi umetesi nawili
warmoadgens kisris kanqveSa kunTis
(platysma) gagrZelebas. igi umagrdeba
piris kuTxes da am ukanasknels swevs
gareT da qveviT.
qveda tuCis damwevi kunTi _ m.
depressor labii inferioris _ iwyeba
qvedaybis napiridan, Seivseba
platizmis zogierTi boWkoTi da
umagrdeba nikap-tuCis naoWs _ plica
mentolabialis. tuCs swevs qveviT da
aSorebs qvemo tuCs RrZilebs.
nikapis kunTi _ m. mentalis _
mokle, sqeli, cilindruli formisaa;
iwyeba medialuri saWreli kbilis
budis maRlobidan, umagrdeba nikapis
kans, swevs mas zeviT da WmuWnis.
yvela mimikuri kunTis
inervacias ganagebs saxis nervi (me-7
wyvili).

Tavis sisxlZarRvebi

arteriebi interna da xerxemlis arteria _ a.

Tavs sisxliT amaragebs gareTa vertebralis.
saZile arteria _ a. carotis externa, gareTa da SigniTa saZile
SigniTa saZile arteria _ a. carotis arteriebi saerTo saZile arteriis _
a. carotis communis totebia.

klinikuri anatomia
27
 Tavi

saerTo saZile arteria oria: arteria _ a. sublingualis _ kvebavs enis

marjvena da marcxena. marcxena kunTebs da enisqveSa jirkvals.
gamodis aortis rkalidan, xolo 3. saxis arteria _ a. facialis miimarTeba
marjvena mxarTavis Reros _ truncus ybisqveSa fosoSi, gauvlis ybisqveSa
brachiocephalicus totia. saZile jirkvals saReWi kunTis wina
arteriebi miemarTeba zeviT da kidesTan, gadaizniqeba qvedaybis
gulmkerdis xvrelis saSualebiT gareTa zedapirze, mkveTrad
kiserze gaivlis. farisebri xrtilis iklakneba, aRwevs piris kuTxes, wveba
zemo doneze saerTo saZile arteria, loyis kunTze, Semdeg gauvlis
rogorc marjvena, ise marcxena, iyofa cxviris frTas, adis zemoT Tvalis
gareTa da SigniTa saZile napralis medialur kuTxesTan da
arteriebad. ewodeba kuTxis arteria _ a.
I. gareTa saZile arteria _ a. carotis angularis; ukanaskneli anastomoziT
externa Tavis mravalricxovan totebs uerTdeba cxviris dorsalur
ugzavnis umTavresad saxis qalas arterias _ a. dorsalis nasi, romelic
nawilebs da nawilobriv kisris warmoadgens Tvalbudis arteriis
organoebsac. saerTo saZile (SigniTa saZile arteriis totia)
arteriidan gamoyofis Semdeg igi saboloo tots. aRniSnul manZilze
zemoT miemarTeba, totebs gascems, saxis arterias TandaTan scildeba
xolo qvedaybis ukana fosoSi _ fossa Semdegi totebi: a) sasis aswvrivi
retromandibularis, ybayuris jirkvlis arteria _ a. palatina ascendens Zevs
qsovilSi saboloo totebad iyofa. xaxis gverdiT kedelze da aRwevs
gareTa saZile arteriis totebia: rbil sasas. b) nuSis toti _ ramus
1. farisebri zemo arteria _ a. tonsillaris wvrili totia, kvebavs
thyroidea superior. igi iZleva Semdeg Tanamosaxele jirkvals. g)
totebs: a) inisqveda toti _ ramus nikapqveda arteria _ a. submentalis,
infrahyoideus, b) xorxis zemo kvebavs ormucela kunTs da
arteria _ a. laryngea superior. SuasaZgids. d) tuCebis zemo da qvemo
2. enis arteria _ a. lingualis gamodis arteriebi _ aa. labialis superior et inferior,
gareTa saZile arteriidan zemo orive iwyeba piris kuTxis midamoSi,
farisebri arteriis _ a. thyroidea piris irgvlivi kunTis qveS. marcxena
superior (gareTa saZile arteriis da marjvena mxris arteriebi
pirveli totia) zemoT, inis Zvlis anastomozebiT arian erTmaneTTan
didi rqebis doneze, SeiWreba enis dakavSirebuli da rkaliviT exvevian
ZirSi da aRwevs enis wvets ori piris naprals.
totiT _ enis dorsaluri totebi _ 4. kefis arteria _ a. occipitalis iwyeba
rami dorsales linguae, kvebavs enis mesame arteriis cota zeviT, kefis
lorwovan garss da sasis nuSs, da naWdeviT midis ukan da mravlad
enis Rrma arteria _ a. profunda linguae, totiandeba kisris Rrma kunTebSi
kvabavs enis kunTebs. enis arteria (rami musculares), Semdeg ahyveba kefis
iZleva Semdeg totebs: Zvlis qicvs, gamodis zedapirze
a) iniszeda toti _ ramus suprahyoideus trapeciuli da mkerd-laviw-
_ kvebavs inis Zvals; b) enisqveSa dvrilisebri kunTebis mimagrebebs
Soris, anastomoziT uerTdeba

klinikuri anatomia
28
 Tavi

mopirdapire Tanamosaxele arterias arteriis totebia) da kvebaven Tavis

da kvebavs yuris niJaris ukana kanis Tmian nawils. amrigad,
nawils (ramus auricularis), kisris safeTqlis zedapiruli arteria
midamos kunTebs (rami kvebavs ybayura jirkvals, loyas,
sternocleidomastoidei) da kans da tvinis safeTqlis midamos da qalas
magar garssac (ramus meningeus). sarqvelis kans.
5. mkerd-laviw-dvrilisebri arteria _ 9. zedaybis arteria _ a. maxillaries
a. sterno-claido-mastoidea. warmoadgens gareTa saZile arteriis
6. yuris ukana arteria _ a. auricularis saboloo Rrma tots, Zevs qvedaybis
posterior iwyeba zemoaRniSnul totis SigniTa zedapirze qveda
arteriaze cota zeviT, gaivlis safeTqlis fosoSi; es arteria
dvrilisebri morCis win, yuris mkveTrad iklakneba da qmnis
niJaris zemoT da kvebavs nadrekebs, romlebidanac
dvrilisebri ujredebis da dafis TanamimdevrobiT gamodis Semdegi
Rrus lorwovan garss (a. arteriebi: a) yuris Rrma arteria _
stylomastoidea), yuris niJaras (ramus a. auricularis profunda kvebavs gareTa
sasmen lulas, qvedaybis saxsarsa da
auricularis) da safeTqlis midamos kans.
dafis apks. b) dafis wina arteria _
7. xaxis aswvrivi arteria _ a.
a. tympanica anterior Sedis dafis RruSi
pharingeus ascendens iwyeba gareTa
daf-kldovani napralis saSualebiT
saZile arteriis dasawyisSi,
(fissure petrotympanica) da kvebavs dafis
medialuri kedlidan, ahyveba xaxis
Rrus lorwovan garss. g) qveda
kedels da wvrili totebiT kvebavs
mas. alveolaruli arteria _ a. alveolaris
8. safeTqlis zedapiruli arteria _ inferior Sedis medialuri mxridan
a. temporalis superficialis warmoadgens qvedaybis arxSi, gaivlis mas, nikapis
gareTa saZile arteriis saboloo xvreliT gamodis kvlav gareT da
tots; igi miimarTeba zeviT, ybayuris kvebavs nikapis rbil nawilebs da
jirkvlis ukan da sasmeni milis win qvemo tuCs. am arterias qvedaybis
da gamodis kanze yvrimalis rkalis arxSi Sesvlamde scildeba yba-inis
fuZis qveS; misi totebi kvebaven: toti _ ramus mylohyoideus, romelic
ybayuris jirkvals _ rami parotidei, Tanamosaxele RariT midis win da
kvebavs piris SuasaZgids da
loyis midamos _ a. transversa faciei (Zevs
ormucela kunTis wina mucels. misi
ganivad saReW kunTze yvrimalis
totebi kvebaven kbilebs da RrZilebs.
rkalis paralelurad), yuris niJaras,
gareTa sasmeni milis xrtils da d) magari garsis Sua arteria _ a.
safeTqlis kunTs _ a. temporalis media, meningea media midis zemoT, sedis
wvetiani xvreliT qalas RruSi,
Tvalis irgvliv kunTs _ a. zygomatico-
iyofa ramdenime totad, romlebic
orbitalis.
wvebian qalas SigniTa Zvlovan
safeTqlis zedapiruli
RarebSi da kvebaven tvinis magar
arteria, Tavis mxriv, bolos iyofa
or totad _ Sublis da Txemis garss. e) Semdegi totebi _ aa.
totebad _ rr. frontalis et parietalis _ masseterica, temporalis profunda, rr.
romlebic eanastomozebian Sublis da phterygoidei _ kvebaven saReW,
kefis arteriebs (SigniTa saZile safeTwlis da orive frTisebr kunTs.

klinikuri anatomia
29
 Tavi

v) zeda ukana alveolaruli arteria kldovan nawilSi saZile

_ a. alveolaris superior posterior ori an arterias gamoeyofa Semdegi totebi:
sami toti, romlebic Sedian zedaybis daf-saZile _ rr. caroticotympanici da
borcvis ukana xvrelebSi zedaybis saZile arxis arteria _ a. canalis
gareTa kedelSi arsebuli milakebis pterygoidei.
saSualebiT da kvebavs zedaybis mRvimovan nawilSi saZile
kbilebs. z) Tvalbudis qveda arteria arteria magari sinusisaTvis iZleva
_ a. infraorbitalis Tvalbudis qveda Semdeg totebs: r. meningeus, rr. tentorii, r.
napraliT Sedis Tvalbudis zemo sinus cavernosus; Tavis tvinis
kedlis arxSi da gamodis Tvalbudis nervebisaken miemarTebian rr.
qveda xvreliT saxeze; misi Sua da trigeminales et trochleares, nervuli
wina totebi zedaybaSi kvebaven kvanZisaken _ r. ganglionis trigemini, xolo
zedaybis kbilebs. T) sasis daswvrivi hipofizs kvebavs a. hypophysialis inferior.
arteria _ a. palatine descendens SigniTa saZile arteriis tvinis
ugzavnis tots sasmen mils, frTa- nawils gamoeyofa yvelaze msxvili
sasis arxiT Cadis qvemoT da kvebavs da mniSvnelovani totebi, romelTa
mis gverdiT kedels da cxviris ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa tvinis kveba.
Zgides. i) frTa-sasis arteria _ a. isini qalas fuZeze anastomozebiT
sphenopalatina Tanamosaxele xvreliT ukavSirdebian xerxemlis arterias.
midis cxviris RruSi da kvebavs mis (es totebi da xerxemlis arteria
gverdiT kedels da cxviris Zgides. ixileT “tvinis sisxlZarRvebSi”).
saZile arteriis yvelaze
II. SigniTa saZile arteria _ a. carotis grZeli da saboloo totia
interna warmoadgens saerTo saZile Tvalbudis arteria.
arteriis meore Rrma tots; midis Tvalbudis arteria _ a.
qalas RruSi safeTqlis Zvlis ophtalmica iwyeba SigniTa saZile
kldovani nawilis saZile arxiT, arteriis ukanaskneli nadrekidan,
romelSic es arteria idrikeba aso S- Sedis TvalbudeSi mxedvelobis
is msgavsad; wveba solisebri Zvlis nervTan erTad mxedvelobis arxiT da
sxeulis gverdiT zedapirze arsebul aq iZleva Semdeg totebs: a) cremlis
Tanamosaxele RarSi; aq igi mRvimovan arteria _ a. lacrimalis kvebavs
venur sinusSia moqceuli; Semdeg, cremlis jirkvals. b) quTuToebis
solisebri Zvlis wina solisebr lateraluri arteriebi _ aa.
morCTan uxvevs zeviT, mxedvelobis palpebrales laterales. g) wamwamovani ukana
jvaredinis gverdiT igi xvrets mokle da grZeli arteriebi _ aa.
tvinis magar garss da tvinis fuZis
ciliares posteriores breves et longae iReben
midamoSi Sedis qselqveSa sivrceSi.
monawileobas Tvalis kaklis magari
SigniTa saZile arterias Tavis
garsis kedlis sisxlZarRvovani
midamoSi yofen sam monakveTad: 1.
garsis (tunica choroidea) SeqmnaSi. d)
kldovani nawili (mdebareobs saZile
baduris centraluri arteria _ a.
arxSi), 2. mRvimovani nawili
centralis retinae Sedis mxedvelobis
(mdebareobs mRvimovan sinusSi) da 3.
nervSi, misi RerZis mimarTulebiT
tvinis nawili (saZile arxSi gavlis
Sedis Tvalis kakalSi da
Semdeg misi saboloo nawili).
mxedvelobis dvrilis Sua

klinikuri anatomia
30
 Tavi

wertilidan sxivisebrad totiandeba iwyeba qalas sauRle xvrelidan, Zevs

baduraSi. e) kunTovani arteriebi _ SigniTa saZile arteriis gareT.
aa. musculares _ kvebaven Tvalis qvedaybis kuTxis doneze mas
kunTebs da Tvalis wina naxevris uerTdeba saxis saerTo vena – v.
nawilebs. v) cxavis wina da ukana facialis communis.
arteriebi _ aa. ethmoidalis anterior et saxis nawilSi Segrovili
posterior totiandebian cxavis Zvlis venuri sisxli gamoitaneba ori venis
labirinTis da cxviris lorwovan saSualebiT: saxis venis _ v. facialis da
garsSi. z) WaRzeda arteria _ a. qvedaybisukana venis _ v.
supraorbitalis gaivlis Tvalbudis zeda retromandibularis. saxis vena yalibdeba
naWdevs, adis Sublze da kvebavs saxis wina zedapirze mdebare
Sublis kunTs da kans. T) cxviris totebisagan da Seesabameba saxis
dorsaluri arteria _ a. dorsalis nasi arteriis datotianebas; es vena
Tvalis medialur kuTxeSi xvrets saReWi kunTis qvemoT erTvis
Tvalbudis irgvliv kunTs da qvedaybisukana venas, romelic sisxls
anastomoziT uerTdeba kuTxis agrovebs saxis qalas Rrma
arterias. amrigad, gareTa saZile nawilebidan (ena, cxviris Rru, xaxa,
arteriasa, romelic kvebavs saxis piris Rrus jirkvlebi); am venis
qalas yvela nawilebs, da SigniTa totebi esabameba zedaybis arterias
saZile arterias Soris, romrlic da misi datotianebis midamos.
kvebavs tvinis qalas RruSi Tavis aRniSnuli ori vena SeerTebis Semdeg
tvins, Tvalbudis medialur kuTxeSi qmnis saxis saerTo venas, romelic
myardeba uwyveti anastomozi. i) Zevs qvedaybis ukana fosoSi (fossa
quTuToebis medialuri arteriebi _ retromandibularis) mkerd-laviw-
aa. palpebrales mediales anastomozebiT dvrilisebri kunTis medialurad da
ukavSirdebian quTuToebis erTvis SigniTa sauRle venas.
lateralur arteriebs da qmnian SigniTa sauRle vena eSveba
quTuToebSi arteriul wreebs. qvemoT (kiserze igi Zevs saerTo
saZile arteriis gverdiT da gareT)
Tavis venebi laviwis samkerde bolomde, mis ukan
Tavis venebi sisxls krefs laviwqveSa venas _ v. subclavia
Tavis tvinidan da saxis uerTdeba da venur kuTxes qmnis.
organoebidan. Tavis venebs SigniTa sauRle venas,
sarqvelebi ar gaaCnia da maTi aRniSnulis garda, erTvis saxis
datotianeba mTlianad ar Seesabameba zedapiruli venebi.
arteriebis gavrcelebas, igi ar gareTa sauRle vena _ v. jugularis
imeorebs maT gzas. am niSnebiT Tavis externa agrovebs sisxls kefisa da
venebi gansxvavdeba sxeulis sxva safeTqlis midamoebidan, amave dros
venebisagan. anastomozebiT ukavSirdeba kisris
Tavis venebs ekuTvnis: kanqveSa venebs, Zevs kisris
SigniTa sauRle vena _ v. zedapirul fasciaze da venur kuTxes
jugularis interna, romelSic umTavresad erTvis
ikrifeba Tavis tvinisa da qalas
magari garsis sinusebis sisxli,

klinikuri anatomia
31
 Tavi

Tavis limfuri sistema 3. loyis limfuri kvanZebi

Tavis limfuri kvanZebi mdebareobs saReWi kunTis win, loyis
gafantulia Tavisa da kisris kunTze da nestoebis gverdze,
sazRvarze, maT Soris: qvedaybis da qvedaybisqveSa limfuri
1. kefis limfuri kvanZebi kvanZebi (ricxviT 3-7), moTavsebulni
(ricxviT 2-3), romlebic trapeciuli qvedaybis qvemo gverdis gaswvriv,
kunTis napirze mdebareoben, da yuris qvedaybisqveSa samkuTxedSi, da,
ukana limfuri kvanZebi, romlebic agreTve, nikapqveSa limfuri kvanZebi
mdebareoben mkerd-laviw-dvrilisebri (ricxviT 2-3) krefen limfas cxviris,
kunTis zemo bolosTan, agroveben tuCebis loyis kanidan, RrZilebidan,
limfas Tavis Tmovani nawilidan da enidan, sasidan da kbilebidan.
yuris ukana zedapiridan. 4. xaxis ukana limfuri kvanZebi
2. yba-yuris jirkvlis limfuri mdebareobs xaxis ukana kedelze,
kvanZebi, zedapiruli da Rrma, moyolebuli atlasidan da
romlebic mdebareobs yuris nawilobriv kisris Rrma limfuri
niJarasTan, saReWi fasciis qveS, da kvanZebi krefen limfas Sua yuridan,
TviT yba-yuris kvanZebi, moTavsebuli xaxis piris qsovilebidan, nuSebidan.
yba-yuris jirkvlis masaSi _ krefen
limfas Txemis, Sublis, safeTqlis
da yuris wina zedapiris kanidan.

Tavis topografiuli anatomia

arCeven Tavis doliqocefalur, oqcipitopetalur Tavis qalas.

mezocefalur da braqicefalur frontopetaluri qalas umetesi
formas, romelic gansxvavdeba nawili gareTa sasmeni xvrelebis
erTmaneTisagan qalas siganis SemaerTebeli xazis (linea biauricularis)
procentuli SefardebiT mis winaa, oqcipitopetaluri Tavis qalas
sigrZesTan. siganes zomaven Txemis umetesi nawili ki _ ukan. qalas
borcvebis maqsimalurad daSorebul formis maCveneblis sididesa da qa-
wertilebs Soris, sigrZes _ las RruSi mdebare warmonaqmnebs
glabeladan kefis Zvlis yvelaze Soris garkveuli korelaciaa, rasac
ufro daSorebul wertilamde. warmatebiT iyeneben xsenebul warmo-
doliqocefaluri Tavis qalas naqmnebze operaciuli midgomis
maCvenebeli 75,9-s ar aRemateba, arCevis dros. magaliTad, qalas
mezocefaluri Tavis qalas gareTa fuZis Sua nawili
maCvenebeli 76-dan 80,9-mdea, xolo doliqocefals viwro aqvs, xolo
braqicefalurisa _ 81 da meti. braqicefals _ farTo. amitom,
arCeven agreTve frontopetalur da operaciuli midgoma doliqocefalis

klinikuri anatomia
32

Turqul kexTan ufro advilia piris
Rrudan, xolo braqicefalis Turqul
kexTan _ cxviris Rrudan. qalas
SigniTa fuZis fosoebi braqicefals
ufro Rrma aqvs, vidre doliqo-
cefals. braqicefalis magari garsis
zeda sagitaluri sinusi ufro gani-
eria, vidre doliqocefalisa.
braqicefalis tvinis arteriuli wre
ufro xSirad Sekrulia SemakavSi-
rebeli arteriebiT, maT ufro kargad
aqvT ganviTarebuli kolateralebi,
vidre doliqocefalebs.
sazRvari Tavsa da kisers
Soris gaivlis nikapidan qveda ybis
qvemo gverdze, qveda ybis kuTxidan
dvrilisebri morCis mwvervalamde da
morCis ukana gverdis gayolebiT
gadadis qedis zeda xazze, miyveba mas
da kefis gareTa SemaRlebas aRwevs.
garegani orientirebi: Tavze
palpaciiT kargad isijeba kefis
gareTa SemaRleba da qedis zeda
xazi, dvrilisebri morCi, yvrimalis
rkali, Tvalbudis gverdebi, qveda
ybis kuTxe da sxva.
Tavis midamos yofen tvinisa da
saxis nawilad. sazRvari maT Soris
gaivlis Tvalbudis zemo gverdze,
yvrimalis rkalsa da gareTa sasmeni
xvrelis zemo gverdze. tvinis nawili
aRniSnuli sazRvris zeviT da ukanaa,
saxis nawili — qveviT da win.
Tavis midamos tviniseuli nawili
kanis inervaciis zonebi.
Subl-Txem-kefis midamos ukana
nawilSi, gareTa sasmeni xvrelebis
SemerTebeli xazis ukan, Cveulebriv
proecirdeba zurgis tvinis kisris C1-
C2 segmentebis totebi; garda amisa C2
vrceldeba yba-yur-saReW midamoSi. C3
moicavs dvrilisebri morCis midamos,
agreTve kefis midamos qveda nawils.
klinikuri anatomia
Tavi
qalasarqvlis wina nawilSi da
saxeze totiandeba samwvera nervi (n.
trigeminus). qalasarqvlis ukana
nawilis kans anervebs kisris nervebi
(kisris wnulis totebi). amasTan maTi
gavrcelebis teritoria xasiaTdeba
individualuri cvalebadobiT. erT
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba ufro vrceli
iyos samwvera nervis gavrcelebis
zona, xolo sxva SemTxvevaS _ kisris
nervebis datotianebis zona.
qalasarqvelze gamoiyofa Subl-
Txem-kefis, safeTqlisa da
dvrilisebri morCis midamoebi.
dvrilisebri morCi, Tumca, qalas fu-
Zes miekuTvneba, magram mas qalasar-
qvelTan erTad aRweren imitom, rom
Sreebis urTierTobis mixedviT
TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba qalasarqv-
lis midamoebisgan. garda amisa igi,
qalas fuZis danarCeni nawilebisgan
gansxvavebiT, zedapirulad mdeba-
reobs da advilad misawvdomia
rogorc gasinjvis, ise operaciuli
CarevisTvis.
Subl-Txem-kefis midamo, regio
frontoparietooccipitalis
sazRvrebi: winidan _ Tvalbudis
zeda kide _ margo supraorbitalis,
uknidan _ kefis gareTa SemaRleba _
protuberentia occipitalis externa da qedis
zeda xazi _ linea nuchae superior,
gverdebidan _ safeTqlis zeda xazi
_ linea temporalis superior.
midamos Zvlovani safuZvelia
Sublis Zvlis qicvi, Txemis Zvlis
nawili, romelic safeTqlis zeda
xazis zemoT mdebareobs da kefis
qicvi. xsenebuli Zvlebis Sesabamisad
Sublis, Txemisa da kefis midamoebi
Tumca cal-calke gamoiyofa, magram
anatomiuri agebulebis identurobis
gamo maT erTad aRweren.
33
 Tavi

kanis umetesi nawili TmiT aris qsovilebi unda gaikveTos radialuri

Semosili, sqeli da mkvrivia, mtkiced mimarTulebiT, radgan am dros
aris dakavSirebuli kanqveSa naklebad ziandeba sisxlZarRvebi da
qsovilsa da myesovan abjarTan, ris Wrilobis SexorcebisaTvis Seiqmneba
gamoc mcired moZravia, Seicavs didi kargi pirobebi. sisxlZarRvTa mimar-
raodenobiT cximisa da oflis Tulebis gaTvaliswinebiT xorci-
jirkvlebs. cximis jirkvlebis gamom- eldeba operaciuli midgomac
tani sadinrebi zogjer ixSoba, rac trepanaciis dros, roca tardeba
retenciul kistas — aTeromas gamodrekilobiT zemoTken mimarTuli
warmoqmnis. rkalovani ganakveTi da gamoiWreba
kanqveSa qsovilSi (I rbili qsovilebis nafleTi, romlis
SemaerTebelqsovilovani Sre) didi fuZec miqceulia qveviT.
raodenobiTaa mkvrivboWkoiani Sublis midamos amaragebs
xarixebi da konebi, romlebic kans WaRzeda da Tvalbudis zeda
myesovan abjarTan akavSireben da sisxlZarRvebi da nervebi, romlebic
romelTa Soris burTulebismagvari Tvalbudidan gamodian. WaRzeda
cximovani grovebia. aqvea arteria, vena da nervi _ a. v. et n.
qalasarqvlis rbili safarvelis supratrochlearis gamodis Tvalbudis
sisxlZarRvebi da nervebi. isini zeda kidis medialur bolosTan
TiToeul mxareze qmnian 5 konas, arsebuli naWdeviT, xolo Tvalbudis
romelTagan 2 amaragebs Sublis mida- zeda arteria, vena da nervi _ a. v. et n.
mos, erTi — Txemis midamos da oric supraorbitalis _ Tvalbudis zeda kidis
_ kefis midamos. medialur da Sua mesamedis
TiToeuli sisxlZarRvi mraval- sazRvarze arsebuli Tvalbudis zeda
ricxovani anastomozebiT aris naWdeviT _ incisura supraorbitalis. WaR-
dakavSirebuli mezobel da zeda da Tvalbudis arteriebi
mopirdapire mxris sisxlZarRvebTan, gamoeyofa Tvalbudis arterias _ a.
ris Sedegadac qalasarqvelze Seqmni- ophtalmica (SigniTa saZile arteriis _
lia erTiani sisxlZarRvovani bade.
a. carotis internus-is toti); venebi
sisxlZarRvTa kedlebi mtkiced aris
erTvis saxisa da Tvalbudis zeda
dakavSirebuli kanqveSa
venebs. WaRzeda da Tvalbudis zeda
SemaerTebelqsovilovan firfitasa da
nervebi gamoeyofa Tvalbudis nervs _
xarixebTan, ris gamoc gadakveTili
n. ophthalmicus. WaRzeda nervi, Cveu-
sisxlZarRvebis sanaTurebi ar
lebriv, mdebareobs WaRzeda arteriis
viwrovdeba. amiT aixsneba is, rom qa-
lateralurad, Tvalbudis zeda nervi
las rbili safarvelis Wrilobebs
—Tvalbudis zeda arteriis
sakmaod Zlieri sisxlis dena
medialurad.
axasiaTebs.
Sublis midamos gareTa nawilSi
sisxlZarRvebis datotianebis
gaivlis saxis nervis totebi,
forma, kalibri da mdebareoba farTo
romlebic qalasarqvlis kunTis
farglebSi cvalebadobs, magram
Sublis mucels amarageben.
saerToa is, rom moTavsebuli arian
Txemis midamos amaragebs
aponevrozis zeviT da mimarTuli
safeTqlis zedapiruli arteria _ a.
arian qvevidan zeviT da radialurad.
temporalis superficialis da yuris ukana
gamomdinare aqedan Tavis rbili

klinikuri anatomia
34
 Tavi

arteria _ a. auricularis posterior. isini lymphatici retrumandibulares da kefis

anastomozebiT dakavSirebuli arian midamodan _ kefis limfur kvanZebSi
Tvalbudis zeda da kefis _ nodi limphatici occipitales. am limfuri
arteriebTan. aseve anastomozebiT kvanZebis gamomtani ZarRvebis kisris
arian dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan Rrma limfur kvanZebSi ixsneba.
xsenebuli arteriebis Tanamgzavri kanqveSa qsovilis qveS
venebi. safeTqlis zedapiruli mdebareobs qalasarqvlis kunTi _
arteriis totebs Tan sdevs yur- m.epicranius, romlis grZeli da gani-
safeTqlis nervis _ n. eri myesovani abjari qalas gverdiT
auriculotemporalis totebi. zedapirebze Txeldeba da safeTqlis
kefis midamos amaragebs yuris zedapirul fasciaSi gadadis.
ukana da kefis arteriebi _ a. myesovani abjris qveS cximiT
auricularis posterior et a. occipitalis (gareTa Raribi Txeli, faSari
saZile arteriis totebi). arteriebis SemaerTebelqsovilovani Canafenia (II
Tanamgzavri venebi gareTa sauRle SemaerTebelqsovilovani Sre), ris
venas erTvis. gamoc myesovani abjari Zvlisazr-
inervacias axorcielebs kefis delasTan ar aris mtkiced
mcire nervi _ n. occipitalis minor dakavSirebuli. myesovani abjris
(kisris wnulis toti), romelic mtkice kavSiri kanTan da susti
yuris niJaris Ziris zeda kididan 3 _ kavSiri ZvlisazrdelasTan ganapiro-
3,5 sm-iT ukan gaivlis, da kefis didi bebs qalasarqvlis areSi skalpirebu-
nervi _ n. occipitalis major (kisris II li Wrilobis ganviTarebis
nervis ukana toti), romelic kefis SesaZleblobas _ travmis Sedegad
arterias miyveba. zedapiruli Sreebis kompleqsi (kani,
Subl-Txem-kefis midamos venebi, kanqveSa qsovili da myesovani abjari)
Cveulebriv, Sesabamis arteriebTan met-naklebad nafleTis saxiT
mdebareobs, magram ufro aecleba qalasarqvels. travmis mZime
mravalricxovania da qmnis SedarebiT xasiaTis miuxedavad, qalas skalpi-
ufro rTul qsels, romelSic rebuli Wrilobebi drouli qirur-
zogjer Znelia mTavari Reroebis giuli damuSavebis Semdeg kargad
garCeva. WaRzeda vena da Tvalbudis xorcdeba, rac rbili qsovilebis
zeda vena erTvis saxisa da kargi vaskularizaciiT aixsneba.
Tvalbudis zeda venebs _ v. facialis et v. qalasarqvlis Zvlisazrdela,
ophthalmica superior, romelTagan anu perikraniumi dakavSirebulia
pirveli uerTdeba SigniTa sauRle ZvlebTan aseve faSari SemaerTebeli
venas, xolo meore _ mRvimovan si- qsovilis Txeli feniT (III
nuss. Txemis midamos venebi erTvis SemaerTebelqsovilovani Sre), ris
safeTqlis zedapirul venas _ v. gamoc Zvlisazrdelas acla qala-
sarqvlidan Zneli ar aris. igi
temporalis superficialis, kefis midamos
mtkiced aris fiqsirebuli Zvalze
venebi _ gareTa sauRle venas _ v.
mxolod qalas Zvlebis nakerebis
jugularis externa.
gaswvriv. ZvlisazrdelaSi gaivlis
limfuri ZarRvebi Sublisa da
Zvlis gareTa firfitis mkvebavi
nawilobriv Txemis midamodan ixsneba
sisxlZarRvebi, amitom operaciis
yba_ukana limfur kvanZebSi _ nodi

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dros perikraniumi SeZlebisdagvarad (diploe). qalas travmis dros igi

unda davzogoT. SedarebiT ufro advilad, xSirad da
qalasarqvlis rbili farTo farglebSi ziandeba, vidre
safarvelis SemaerTebelqsovilovani gareTa firfita. aris SemTxvevebi,
Sreebis sxvadasxvanairi agebuleba roca gareTa firfita mTelia, xolo
ganapirobebs am SreebSi SigniTa firfita dazianebuli. qala-
paTologiuri procesebis sarqveli yvelaze ufro Txelia
gavrcelebis Taviseburebas. safeTqlis Zvlis qicvis areSi.
kanqveSa qsovilSi sisxlCaqceva Sublis midamos qveda nawilSi Zvlis
(kopi) da Cirqovani kera, Cveulebriv, sisqeSi lorwovani garsiT
SemosazRvrulia, vinaidan procesis gamofenili Sublis wiaRebi
gavrcelebas aq ewinaaRmdegeba kanisa mdebareobs.
da myesovani abjris qalasarqvlis Zvlebis
urTierTdamakavSirebeli Sema- Rrublisebr nivTierebaSi
erTebelqsovilovani xarixebi. moTavsebulia diploes arxebi _
myesovan abjarsa da Zvlisazrdelas canales diploici, romlebSic diploes
Soris ganviTarebuli igive movlenebi venebi _ vv. diploicae gaivlis. isini,
ki advilad vrceldeba zogjer erTi mxriv, dakavSirebuli arian
mTel Subl-Txem-kefis midamos qalasarqvlis rbili safarvelis
moicavs. periosteumis qveS loka- venebTan da meore mxriv, tvinis
lizebuli hematoma Tu Cirqovani kera magari garsis venur sinusebTan. es
Cveulebriv, erTi Zvlis farglebiT kavSiri upiratesad xorcieldeba
moisazRvreba, vinaidan maT gamosaSvebi venebiT _ vv. emissariae.
gavrcelebas xels uSlis nakerebis arsebobs ramdenime gamosaSvebi vena,
gaswvriv ZvalTan mtkiced romelTagan mudmivobiT gamoirCeva
dakavSirebuli Zvlisazrdela. qala- dvrilisebri gamosaSvebi vena _ v.
sarqvlis SigniTa zedapiri Zvlisazr- emissaria mastoidea; igi dvrilisebr
delas nacvlad dafarulia tvinis xvrelSi gaivlis da kefis venas
magari garsiT. tvinis magari garsis sigmoidur
midamos uxvi sisxlmomarageba, sinusTan akavSirebs. xSirad gvxvdeba
kunTovani Sreebis ararseboba, rbili agreTve Txemis gamosaSvebi vena _ v.
safarvelis umniSvnelo sisqe da
emissaria parietalis, romelic Txemis
Wrilobidan gamonaJonis
xvrelSi _ foramen parietale gaivlis da
evakuaciisaTvis kargi pirobebi
safeTqlis zedapirul venas tvinis
infeqciis ganviTarebisTvis qmnian
magari garsis zeda sagitalur
araxelsayrel garemos da Cveulebriv
sinusTan akavSirebs. aRsaniSnavia
uzrunvelyofen Tavis rbili
agreTve kefis gamosaSvebi vena _ v.
qsovilebis garTulebis gareSe swraf
emissaria occipitalis, romelic kefis
Sexorcebas.
venas ganiv sinusTan da sinusebis
rogorc ukve aRniSnuli iyo,
SerTulTan akavSirebs, da rokis
qalasarqvlis Zvlebi Sedgeba gareTa
gamosaSvebi vena _ v. emissaria condilaris,
da SigniTa kompaqturi, anu minisebri
romelic kisris Rrma venur wnuls _
firfitebisagan (lamina externa et lamina
plexus venosus cervicalis profundus da
interna), romelTa Soris mdebareobs
xerxemlis gareTa venur wnuls _
Rrublisebri nivTiereba, anu diploe

klinikuri anatomia
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plexus venosus vertebralis externus sigmo- yur-safeTqlis nervi gamoeyofa

idur sinusTan akavSirebs. qveda ybis nervs, safeTqlis
qalasarqvlis safarvel zedapirul arteriasTan erTad yba-
SreebSi ganviTarebuli anTebiTi yuris jirkvalSi gaivlis da
procesi gamosaSvebi venebiT SeiZleba safeTqlis midamoSi itoteba. ane-
venur sinusebze, tvinis garsebsa da rvebs safeTqlisa da Txemis mida-
TviT tvinzec gavrceldes. moebis zedapirul qsovilebs, agreTve
nawilobriv — yuris niJaris kans,
safeTqlis midamo, regio temporalis aZlevs totebs safeTqel-qveda ybis
sazRvrebi: winidan _ Sublis sasaxsre CanTas da yba-yuris
Zvlis yrimalis morCi da yvrimalis jirkvals, romlis sisqeSi igi totiT
Zvlis Sublis morCi, zevidan da ukavSirdeba saxis nervs. safeTqlis
uknidan _ safeTqlis zeda xazi, midamos wina nawilis kanis iner-
qvevidan _ yvrimalis rkali. vaciaSi monawileobs Tvalbudis
kani ukana nawilSi iseTivea, qveda nervi _ n. infraorbitalis da
rogoric Subl-Txem-kefis midamoSi, yvrimalis nervi _ n. zigomaticus (orive
wina nawilSi ki Txeli da moZravia. zeda ybis nervis totia). kanqveS saxis
kanqveSa qsovili (I nervis totebia, romlebic
SemaerTebelqsovilovani Sre) Seda- qalasarqvlis kunTis Subliseul
rebiT sustad aris ganviTarebuli. mucels, Tvalbudis irgvliv kunTs _
mis sisqeSi arcTu iSviaTad gvxvdeba m. orbicularis oculi da yuris niJaris
yuris zeda kunTi. wina kunTs _ m. auricularis anterior
zedapiruli fascia myesovani anervebs.
abjris gagrZelebaa. igi qveviT saxis safeTqlis fascia safeTqlis
kanqveSa qsovilSi ikargeba. yuris zeda xazidan iwyeba, qveda nawilSi
niJaris win gaivlis safeTqlis zedapirul da Rrma furclebad
zedapiruli arteria Tanamgzavri iyofa da yvrimalis rkals umagrdeba.
veniT da yursafeTqlis nervi (qveda mis or furcels Soris moTav-
ybis nervis toti). sebulia cximovani SemaerTebeli qso-
safeTqlis zedapiruli arteria vili (II SemaerTebelqsovilovani
gareTa saZile arteriis saboloo Sre). safeTqlis fascia
totia, gaivlis yba-yuris jirkvalSi, dakavSirebulia safeT-qlis midamos
jirkvlis kafsulidan gamosvlis Zvlovan sazRvrebTan da safeTqlis
Semdeg yvrimalis rkals gadauvlis fososTan erTad qmnis Zvalfasciur
da iyofa Sublis da Txemis totebad sivrces, romelSic safeTqlis kunTi
_ ramus frontalis et ramus parietalis, mdebareobs. yvrimalis rkalis zemoT
romlebic anastomozebiT mezobel safeTqlis fasciaSi gaivlis da sa-
arteriebs ukavSirdebian. yuris niJa- feTqlis kunTSi totiandeba
ris ukan, kanqveSa qsovilSi, yuris safeTqlis Sua arteria _ a. temporalis
ukana arteriis totebi gaivlis. media (safeTqlis zedapiruli
safeTqlis zedapiruli vena arteriis toti).
qveda ybis ukana venas _ v. safeTqlis kunTsa da safeTq-
retromandibularis erTvis. lis fascias Soris qveda nawilSi
cximovani SemaerTebeli qsovilia (III

klinikuri anatomia
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SemaerTebelqsovilovani Sre), arteria da misi totebi mtkiced aris

romelic qveviT loyis cximovan dakavSirebuli magar garsTan. Zvalze
baliSs ukavSirdeba. safeTqlis isini qmnian arteriul Rarebs _ sulci
kunTsa da safeTqlis Zvlis qicvs arteriosi. arterias Tan sdevs ori vena.
Soris gaivlis safeTqlis Rrma SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi arteriis wina
sisxlZarRvebi da nervebi. safeTqlis toti dasawyisSi gaivlis 0,5-2sm
Rrma arteriebi _ aa. temporales sigrZis Zvlovan arxSi.
profundae magari garsis Sua arterias safeTqlis midamos farglebSi
gamoeyofa da safeTqlis kunTs magari garsis qveS qselisebri da
amaragebs. maTi Tanamgzavri venebi (vv. rbili garsebiT dafaruli tvinis
temporales profundae) erTvis frTisebr Sublis, Txemisa da safeTqlis
wnuls _ plexus pterigoideus. safeTqlis wilebis mosazRvre nawilebia,
Rrma nervebi _ nn. temporales profundae romlebic gayofilia erTmaneTisgan
qveda ybis nervs gamoeyofa, anervebs centraluri da lateraluri
safeTqlis kunTs. RarebiT _ sulcus centralis et sulcus
safeTqlis kunTi mis lateralis. Sua meningealuri arteriis
garemomcvel SemaerTebel qsovilTan orive mTavari toti Tavis tvinis
erTd avsebs Zval-fasciur sivrces, qerqis mniSvnelovan areSi
romelic garedan SemosazRvrulia mdebareobs. wina toti _ safeTqlis
safeTqlis fasciiTa da yvrimalis wilis areSi. aRniSnuli monacemebis
rkaliT, xolo Signidan _ safeTqlis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia
forakiT, romelsac qmnis safeTqlis eqstraduruli (epiduruli) hematomis
Zvlis qicvi, nawilobriv _ Sublis dadgenisTvis. qalas travmis niadagze
Zvali, Txemis Zvali da solisebri magari garsis arteriis dazianebis
Zvlis didi frTa. qvemoT misi Sedegad ganviTarebuli eqstraduru-
sazRvaria safeTqlis qveda qedi _ li hematoma TandaTanobiT aSrevebs
crista infratemporalis. safeTqlis Zval- magar garss Zvlisagan da awveba
fasciuri sivrce qveviT uSualod tvins, rac gadaudebel operaciul
safeTqlisqveda fosoSi gadadis. Carevas (dekompresiul trepanacias)
safeTqlis midamos zedapiruli saWiroebs.
Sreebis limfuri ZarRvebi ixsneba dvrilisebri morCis midamo, regio
yuris wina da ukana limfur mastoidea
kvanZebSi, xolo Rrma Sreebis sazRvrebi _ winidan da uknidan
limfuri ZarRvebi—yba-yuris limfur dvrilisebri morCis Sesabamisi
kvanZebSi. kideebi, zevidan _ yvrimalis rkalis
safeTqlis forakis Semqmneli doneze gavlebuli horizontaluri
Zvlebis SigniTa zedapirze gaivlis xazi.
Sua meningealuri arteria _ kani Txeli da moZravia, kanqveSa
a.meningea media. igi zedaybis qsovilSi mdebareobs yuris ukana
arteriidan _ a. maxillaris gamodis, kunTis _ m. auricularis posterior konebi,
wvetiani xvreliT _ foramen spinosum yuris ukana arteria. yuris ukana
qalas RruSi Sedis da safeTqlis nervi _ n. auricularis posterior (saxis
Zvlis qicvsa da tvinis magar garss nervis toti) da yuris didi nervis _
Soris wina da ukana totebad iyofa. n. auricularis magnus ukana toti. fascia

klinikuri anatomia
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myesovani abjris gagrZelebaa. mis mRvime proecirdeba satrepanacio

qveS an zemoT yuris ukana limfuri samkuTxedis zeda nawilSi. igi Zvlis
kvanZebia _ nodi lymphatici zedapiridan 1,5-2mm-is siRrmeze
retroauriculares, romlebic limfas mdebareobs.
krefen Txemisa da kefis dafis Rru moTavsebulia
midamoebidan, yuris niJaris ukana safeTqlis Zvlis kldovan nawilSi—
zedapiridan, gareTa sasmeni dafis apksa da SigniTa yurs Soris;
xvrelidan da dafis Rrudan. aqvs eqvsi kedeli _ zeda, qveda,
dvrilisebr morCs umagrdeba SigniTa, gareTa, wina da ukana;
mkerd-laviw-dvrilisebri kunTi _ m. Seicavs sasmen Zvlebs; sasmeni
sternocleidomasodeus, Tavis ugrZesi luliT _ tuba auditiva dakavSirebulia
kunTi _ m. longissimus capitis da Tavis cxvirxaxasTan; qalas Rrusgan gayo-
salmunis kunTi _ m. splenius capitis. filia dafis sarqvliT _ tegmen
misgan iwyeba ormucela kunTi _ m. tympani.
digastricus. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT
Zvlisazrdela mtkiced aris sayuradReboa dvrilisebr morCTan
zogierTi friad mniSvnelovani
dakav-Sirebuli ZvalTan,
warmonaqmnis urTierToba.
gansakuTrebiT im adgilebSi, sadac satrepanacio samkuTxedis ukana kidis
dvrilisebr morCs kunTebi umagrdeba. gaswvriv qalas RruSi magari garsis
dvrilisebri morCis lateralur sigmoiduri sinusia, romelic
zedapirze aRiniSneba samkuTxa fora- dvrilisebri mRvimisgan gayofilia
ki, romelsac satrepanacio, anu Sipos Zvlis sakmaod sqeli feniT.
samkuTxedi ewodeba. igi zevidan Semo- samkuTxedis wina kidis gaswvriv
dvrilisebri morCis farglebSi
sazRvrulia yvrimalis rkalis
mdebareobs saxis nervis arxi,
doneze gavlebuli horizontaluri romelSic saxis nervi gaivlis, xolo
xaziT, winidan—gareTa sasmeni samkuTxedis zeda kidis zemoT Tavis
xvrelis ukana kidiT da yuris tvinis safeTqlis wilia.
Sesavlis zeda wvetiT _ spina
suprameatum, uknidan—dvrilisebri
morCis ukana kidiT. dvrilisebri
morCis Cirqovani anTebisa da Sua
yuris qronikuli anTebis dros
trepanacia am samkuTxedis farglebSi
xorcieldeba.
safeTqlis Zvlis dvrilisebri
morCi Seicavs lorwovani garsiT
gamofenil ujredebs _ cellulae
mastoideae, romelTagan yvelaze didi
moculobisaa dvrilisebri mRvime _
antrum mastoideum. igi satrepanacio
(Sipos) samkuTxedis farglebSi mdeba-
reobs da mRvimis SesavliT _ aditus ad
antrum dakavSirebulia dafis
RrusTan _ cavum tympani. dvrilisebri

klinikuri anatomia
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qalasarqvelis Zvlebis motexilobis

topografiuli Taviseburebebi

qalasarqvelis Zvlebi Sedgeba amitom es ukanaskneli ufro

ori_gareTa da SigniTa advilad tydeba. amaSi advilad
firfitisagan. maT Soris SeiZleba davrwmundeT muxlze jo-
moTavsebulia Rrublisebri niv- xis fiqsirebuli moRunvis
Tiereba. qalas Semavali Wrilobis magaliTiT. am dros ufro adre
dros SigniTa firfita metwilad tydeba joxis muxlidan (dawolis
ufro did manZilze ziandeba, vidre adgilidan) moSorebul mxare, joxis
gareTa firfita. amis gamo Wriloba muxlisken moqceuli mxare ki,
Rebulobs fuZiT qalas Rrusaken romelic uSualod ganicdis Zalis
mimarTuli konusis formas. xandaxan zemoqmedebas, xSirad inarCunebs
roca yru tramvaa tydeba mxolod mTlianobas.
SigniTa firfita, xolo gareTa qalasarqvelis yru travmis
firfita mTeli rCeba. iyo mcdeloba dros SesaZlebelia motexiloba
es garemoeba aexsnaT qalas Zvlebis egreTwodebul “ukudartymebisagan”,
firfitis araerTgvarovani sisqiTa roca tvinis masa Tavis
da simtkiciT (gareTa firfita naxevradTxevad konsistenciis gamo
SigniTaze sqeli da mtkicea). aqedan dartymis Zalas yvela mxareze
warmoiSva am firfitebis adrindeli Tanabrad ki ar gadascems, aramed
saxelwodebac (gvxvdeba anatomiis ZiriTadad dartymis mimarTulebiT,
Zvel saxelmZRvaneloebSi). kerZod, rasac moyveba dazianeba qalas
gareTa firfita iwodeboda mopirdapire mxares.
kompaqtur firfitad, xolo SigniTa motexilobis dros
minisebr firfitad. magram qalasarqvelis Zvlovani nawilebi,
specialuri gamokvlevebiT dadginda, gansakuTrebiT ki firfitis wvetiani
rom SigniTa firfitis ufro xSiri namsxvrevebi, azianeben tvinis magar
dazianeba, aseve misi izolirebuli garssa da mis sisxlZarRvebs. es
dazianeba qalas travmis dros unda iwvevs epiduruli hematomis warmoqm-
aixsnas ara am firfitis simyifiT da nas, e.i. sisxlis dagrovebas qalas
gareTa firfitis simtkiciT, aramed Zvalsa da tvinis magar garss Soris.
masalaTa winaaRmdegobis fizikuri dagrovili sisxli, agreTve Zvlis
kanoniT. cnobilia, rom myari sxeu- gadaadgilebuli da CaWedili
lebi, maT Soris Zvlebic, ukeT natexebi iwveven tvinis kompresiis
eqvemdebarebian SekumSvas, vidre simptomokompleqss. aseT SemTxvevaSi
gaWimvas. qalas travmisas, roca aucilebelia operaciuli Careva
damazianebeli Zala moqmedebs namsxvrevebis moSorebis mizniT.
garedan, gareTa firfita ufro aseve saWiroa sisxlmdeni ZarRvebis
metad uZlebs SekumSvas naklebad gadakvanZva da sisxlis koltebis
modrekilobis gamo, vidre SigniTa, amoReba.

klinikuri anatomia
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qalasarqvlis Zvlebis romelic qalas travmis dros

motexiloba yvelaze xSirad ganapirobebs mis lokalur
pirdapiri travmis Sedegia. amasTan, dazianebas.
unda aRiniSnos, rom qalasarqveli qalasarqvelis Zvlebis
sxvadasxva midamoSi sxvadasxva motexilobis Sexorceba metad
xarisxiT uZlebs travmas. Tavis xangrZlivi procesia. amasTan
qala Sedgeba sxvadasxva simtkicis Zvlebis defeqti Seivseba ara Zvlo-
Zvlebisagan. amasTan masiuri vani, aramed boWkovani SemaerTebeli
nawilebi, anu sayrdeni, enacvleba qsoviliT. amitom Zvlis defeqtis
naklebi simtkicis nawilebs. erT- daxurva ZiriTadad xerxdeba
erTi aseTi sayrdeni nawili iwyeba plastikuri operaciiT.
zeda ybis alveolaruli morCidan, qalas Zvlebis dazianebis
eSvidan da pirveli mcire ZiriTadi diferencialur diagnostikaSi,
kbilidan da miemarTeba agreTve tvinis Tandayolili
vertikalurad zeviT. es “sayrdeni” Tiaqrebis diagnostikaSi, garkveuli
Seqmnilia zeda ybis Zvlis sxeuliT, mniSvneloba eniWeba qalas Zvlebis
misi Sublis morCiT da Sublis nakerebis proeqciisa da maTi gada-
Zvlis qicviT. mas uknidan, TiTqmis kveTis adgilebis topografiis cod-
uSualod, ebjineba meore “sayrdeni”, nas. sagitaluri nakeri, romelic
romelic iwyeba zeda ybis erTmaneTTan akavSirebs Txemis
alveolaruli morCidan didi Zvlebs, proecirdeba nazionisa da
ZiriTadi kbilebis midamoSi. es kefis gareTa SemaRlebis
sayrdeni Seqmnilia zeda ybis SemaerTebel xazze. gvirgvinovani
sxeuliT, yvrimaliT, yvrimalis (Sublisa da Txemis Zvlebis
morCiT da Sublis Zvlis qicviT. SemaerTebeli) nakeri proecirdeba
dasaxelebuli ori sayrdeni erTi- 0,5 _ 0,8sm-iT biaurikaluri xazidan,
andeba mtkice Zvlovan masad tardeba gareTa sasmen xvrelebze da
Tvalbudis zemo da Tvalbudis sagitaluri nakeris wina bolomde.
qvemo midamoSi. mesame mokle, magram sagitaluri nakeris wina bolos da
ganieri “sayrdeni” Seqmnilia gvirgvinovani nakeris gadakveTis
safeTqlis Zvlis dvrilisebri mor- wertils bregma (bregma) ewodeba.
CiT da masTan mdebare kefis Zvlis wertils, romelSic sagitaluri
nawiliT, mesame sayrdeni uerTdeba nakeris ukana boloebi exeba Txemisa
meores yvrimalis rkaliT da da kefis Zvlebs Soris arsebul
bolos, meoTxe “sayrdeni” lambdisebr nakers—lambda (lambda)
warmoiqmneba kefis Zvlis qicvis Sua ewodeba da proecirdeba 6 _ 7sm-iT
xazze. win kefis gareTa SemaRlebidan,
qalasarqvelis yvelaze sust qicvisebri nakeri erTmaneTTan
adgils warmoadgens safeTqlis akavSirebs Txemisa da safeTqlis
midamo. mtkice da susti adgilebis Zvals, solisebr-safeTqlis
monacvleoba qalas sarqvelze qmnis nakeridan mdebareobs
biomeqanikur Taviseburebas, naxevarrkalovani xazis proeqciaze,

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 Tavi

romlis centric moTavsebulia SeerTebis wertili proecirdeba

qvedaybis Zvlis sasaxsre morCis dvrilisebri morCis mwvervalidan
doneze, xolo radiusi 5sm-ia. 4,5 _ zemo gverdze 6sm-is zemoT am
dvrilisebr-Txemis, dvrilisebr- ukanasknelis RerZis gaswvriv.
kefis da lambdiseburi nakerebis

Tavis tvinis zogadi mimoxilva

Tavis tvini _ encephalon Sua tvinis saxuravi, ruxi borcvi,

mdebareobs qalas RruSi. misi danamati da hemisferoebi.
gamodrekili zemo-gareTa zedapiri hemisferoebis RarTi _ pallium
exeba qalasarqvels, misi fuZe _ axlad SeZenili, uaRresad maRali
qvemo zedapiri eyrdnoba qalas ganviTarebis danarTia, adamianSi
fuZis satvine zedapirs. Tavis tvinis yvelaze metad gazrdili axali
hemisferoebi _ hemispheria daserilia nawilia, romelsac ukve ewodeba
tvinis RarebiT _ sulci cerebri, axali tvini _ neencephalon.
romelTa Soris garkveuli wesiT es warmonaqmni aris tvinis
ganlagebuli tvinis xveulebi _ gyri yvela danarCen nawilebze axlad
cerebri; hemisferoebis ukana e.i. kefis ganviTarebuli damateba, romelmac
nawilis qveS mdebareoben naTxemi _ daikava gabatonebuli adgili
cerebellum da mogrZo tvini _ medulla nervul sistemaSi da romelmac
oblongata. funqciurad daimorCila yvela
Tavis tvins yofen or ZiriTad danarCeni nawili. sagulisxmoa, rom
nawilad: tvinis Rero da tvinis RarTs garemosTan aqvs
hemosferoebi. tvinis Rero aris kavSiri ara uSualod, aramed tvinis
Tavis tvinis uZvelesi nawili, Reros meSveobiT.
romelsac iseve, rogorc zurgis nervuli lulis Rru, Tavis
tvins, SerCenili aqvs segmenturi tvinis kedlebis garTulebuli da
xasiaTi da romlidanac gamodis 12 araTanabari zrdis gamo, ganicdis
wyvili Tavis tvinis nervi, iseve, mkveTr cvlilebebs da gadaiqceva
rogorc zurgis tvinidan erTimeoresTan dakavSirebul e.w.
segmenturad gamodian zurgis tvinis tvinis parkuWebad _ ventriculi cerebri.
nervebi. RarTis gadametebuli zrda
Tavis tvins ekuTvnis _ mogrZo gavlenas axdens mis moculobaze,
tvini, naTxemi, xidi, tvinis fexebi, Zvlovani kolofis gadidebasa da

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 Tavi

formirebaze da tvinis qalas mkveTr jvaredins avwevT odnav zeviT.

zrdaze SedarebiT saxis qalasTan. aRniSnuli firfitis gverdebze
axalSobilis tvinis wona moTavsebulia patara foraki,
uaxlovdeba naxevar kilograms; romelsac uwodeben wina daxvretil
pirveli wlis bolos wona orjer substancias _ substantia perforata
matulobs, tvini zrdas ganagrZobs anterior. am forakis maxloblad
25 wlamde, misi wona aRwevs 1500 g moTavsebulia mxedvelobis
da 60-65 wlamde mcire cvlilebebs jvaredini _ chiasma opticum.
ganicdis; 65 wlis Semdeg jvaredinidan winisaken Tvalis
hemisferoebis qerqi TandaTan kakalSi midis sakmaod msxvili,
atrofias ganicdis, Wkneba. momrgvalo formis Tavis tvinis
nervebis me-2 wyvili _ mxedvelobis
Tavis tvinis qvemo zedapiri nervi _ nervus opticus, xolo
Tavis tvinis qvemo zedapiris jvaredinis ukan tvinisaken
umetesi nawili ukavia hemisferoebis miimarTeba mxedvelobis traqti _
Sublisa da safeTqlis wilebs; tractus opticus; es ukanaskneli uxvevs
xolo qalas fuZis ukana midamo tvinis fexs da aRwevs e.w.
dakavebulia naTxemiT da mogrZo damuxvlil sxeuls da mxedvelobis
tviniT, romelTa zemoT mdebareoben borcvs.
Tavis tvinis hemisferoebis kefis mxedvelobis jvaredinis ukan
wilebi. mdebareobs ruxi borcvi _ tuber
Tavis tvinis qvemo zedapirze cinereum; mis ZabriviT _ infundibulum
Sublis wilebi gayofilia tvinis Seviwroebul mokle fexze
gaswvrivi Rrma napraliT _ fissure Camokidebulia danamati _ hypophisis.
longitudinalis cerebri. am napralis ruxi borcvi da mis ukan mdebare
mezoblad mdebareoben CaRrmavebuli ormo gverdebidan
ganuviTarebeli ynosvis tvinis mosazRvrulia e.w. tvinis fexebiT _
nawilebi: ynosvis bolqvi _ bulbus crura cerebri. ruxi borcvis ukan,
olphactorius, ynosvis traqti _ tractus tvinis fexebs Sua mdebareobs
olphactorius, ynosvis samkuTxedi _ sakmaod Rrma fexTaSua foso _ fossa
trigonum olphactorium. ynosvis bolqvs interpeduncularis, romlis ZirSiac
qvemodan ukavSirdeba 15-20 mkrTali moTavsebulia ori TeTri feris,
nervuli kona _ ynosvis nervebi _ mkveTrad gamoxatuli dvrilisebri
nn. olphacrorii, romlebic amoRebul sxeulebi _ corpora mammilaria. am
tvinze ar Canan. sxeulebis ukan mcire foraki
tvinis qvemo zedapiris darTulia mravali wvrili xvreliT,
centralur nawilSi tvinis gaswvriv romelTac ukana daxvretil
naprals sazRvravs metad Txeli substancias _ subsrantia perforata
sasazRvro firfita _ lamina posterior uwodeben. tvinis fexebis
terminalis. am firfitis danaxva medialurad specialuri Raridan
SeiZleba, Tu mxedvelobis nervebis gamodis orive mxareze me-3 wyvili _

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 Tavi

Tvalis mamoZravebeli nervi _ n. wyvili), karibWe-lokokinis nervi _

oculomotorius. tvinis fexebsa da n. vestibulocochlearis (VIII wyvili) da
fexTaSua fosos ukan Zevs msxvili, maT Soris Suamdebare nervi _ n.
winidan da ukanidan mkafiod intermedius.
mosazRvruli, ganivi mimarTulebiT mogrZo tvinis gverdiTi
daserili xidi _ pons. zedapiridan gamodis ori nervi:
im napralSi, romelic Tavis tvinis IX wyvili ena-xaxis
arsebobs tvinis fexsa da safeTqlis nervi _ n. glossopharyngeus da
wils Soris orive mxareze, tvinis cTomili nervi _ n. vagus (X wyvili).
qvemo zedapirze Cndeba Tavis tvinis mogrZo tvinis wina zedapiris
me-4 nervi _ WaRisebri nervi _ n. Sua xazze gaivlis wina Sua naprali
trochlearis, romelic faqtiurad tvinis _ fissura mediana anterior, mis orive
Reros dorsalur mxareze gamodis, gverdze, xidis ukan moTavsebulia
Suatvinis saxuravis ukan, e.w. zemo ori momsxvilo sxeuli, romelTac
fardis lagamis gverdiT. piramidebs _ pyramis _ uwodeben.
xidi gverdebisaken viwrovdeba mogrZo tvinis bolo
da qmnis Sua naTxemis fexebs _ nawilidan da agreTve zurgis tvinis
pedunculi cerebellaris medii (brachia pontis). zemo nawiladan (kisris mexuTe
xidis Sua xazze naTlad moCans malis donemde) ramdenime wvrili
ZiriTadi Rari _ sulcus basilaris, fesviT gamodis XI wyvili nervi,
romelzedac Tanamosaxele arteria damatebiTi nervi _ n. accessorius.
gaivlis. naTxemis Sua fexebidan mogrZo tvinis wina Sua
gamodis Tavis tvinis me-5 wyvili _ napralSi piramidebis nervuli
samwvera nervi _ n. trigeminus. boWkoebi erTi mxridan gadadian
xidis ukan mdebareobs meore mxareze, e.i. jvaredindebian. am
bolqvismagvari, odnav adgils piramidTa jvaredini _
gabrtyelebuli sxeuli, e.w. mogrZo decussatio pyramidum ewodeba.
tvini _ medulla oblongata, romelic piramidTa jvarediniT zustad
qveviT TandaTan viwrovdeba da aRiniSneba sazRvari Tavisa da
zurgis tvinSi gadadis. zurgis tvins Soris.
xidsa da mogrZo tvinis e.w. piramidebis gverdiT
piramidas Soris mdebare Raridan mdebareobs ori sxeuli, mogrZo,
gamodis Tavis tvinis me-6 wyvili, momrgvalebuli boloebiT,
ganmzidveli nervi _ n. abducens. romlebsac uwodeben olivebs _
mogrZo tvinis gverdebze olivae.
mdebareoben naTxemis hemisferoebi, piramidasa da olivebs Soris
romelTa nivTierebaSi SeiWrebian gamodis enisqveSa nervi _ n
Sua fexebi. xidis ukan, mogrZo hypoglossus (XII wyvili).
tvinsa, naTxemsa da e.w. kvirts adamianisaTvis Tavis tvinis
(flokulus) Soris gamodis zedized sami xvedriTi wona ramdenadme aRemateba
nervi: saxis nervi _ n facialis ( VII erT mTels.

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 Tavi

axalSobilis Tavis tvinSi terminalis; igi winidan Sezrdilia

wyali Seadgens 89,4%-s, mozrdili mxedvelobis nervTa jvaredinTan; es
adamianis tvinSi ki _ 75%-s. ukanaskneli firfita warmoadgens
mozrdili adamianis tvinis tvinis mesame parkuWis wina kedels.
wona meryeobs 900-188-2000 gramis korZiani sxeulis wvelis qvemo
farglebSi. zedapirs scildeba TeTri kona,
mozrdili adamianis tvinis romelic rkaliviT idrikeba win da
moculoba Seadgens 1050-1200 kubikur qvemoT da SeiWreba tvinis masaSi; es
santimetrs. aris e.w. TaRis sveti _ columna
fornicis.
Tavis tvinis sagitaluri nakveTi korZiani sxeulis muxlsa,
Tavis tvinis sagitaluri fskersa da TaRis svets Soris
nakveTze naTlad Cans tvinis Reros gaWimulia gamWirvale Zgide _ septum
TiTqmis yvela nawili da amave dros pellucidum, romelic ori _ marjvena
kargad irkveva maTi topografiuli da marcxena _ firfitisagan Sedgeba
urTierTobac RarTTan. da romelTa Soris rCeba metad
Tavis tvinis sagitaluri mcire gamWirvale Zgidis Rru _
nakveTze naTlad Cans hemisferos cavum septi pellucudi ( Zveli avtorebiT
medialuri zedapiri misi RarebiT _ tvinis mexuTe, yalbi parkuWi).
da xveulebiT, naTxemis nawilebi da TaRis svetis ukan moCans
agreTve mkveTrad SemosazRvruli parkuWTaSua xvreli _ foramen
TeTri sxeuli, romelic tvinis interventriculare, romelic mesame
nakveTis SuaSi mdebareobs. es parkuWs aerTebs gverdiT
sxeuli aris e.w. korZiani sxeuli _ parkuWebTan da romliTac
corpus callosum. sisxlZarRvTa wnuli gverdiT
korZiani sxeuli warmoadgens parkuWSi Semodis mesame parkuWidan.
tvinis did SesarTavs, romelic korZian sxeulis wvelsa da
aerTebs Tavis tvinis marjvena da TaRis qveS mdebareobs mesame
marcxena hemisferoebis qerqis parkuWis sisxlZarRvTa sarqveli _
nawilebs; masSi arCeven ukana,
tela choroidea ventriculi tertii _ orive
gamsxvilebul nawils, romelsac
mxridan mofenili uTxelesi
korZiani sxeulis borcvi _ splenium epiTeluri safarveliT.
corporis callosi hqvia, Semdeg Sua TaRi _ fornix. TaRis boWkoebi
nawils, korZiani sxeulis wvels _ iwyeba mxedvelobis borcvis masaSi;;
truncus corporis callosi da wina, moxril es boWkoebi masSi dafantulia
nawils, romelsac korZiani sxeulis maraosaviT; aqedan TaRis aRniSnuli
muxls uwodeben _ genu corporis callosi. TeTri konebis boWkoebi grovdeba
muxli TandaTan viwrovdeba, tvinis fuZeze dvrilisebr
wvetiandeba da qmnis fskers _ sxeulebRan _ corpora mamillaria. am
rostrum corporis callosi, Semdeg konas uwodeben dvril-mxedvelobis
qaRaldiviT Txeldeba da qmnis borcvis konas _ fasciculus
sasazRvro firfitas _ lamina

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 Tavi

mamillothalamicus; es kona dvrilisebr parkuWis gverdiT kedels;

sxeuls garSemo uvlis, Semdeg ukanaskneli Zevs sxeulis Sua xazze,
miimarTeba win da zemoT, vertikalurad, marjvena da marcxena
mxedvelobis borcvebis win qmnis mxedvelobis borcvebs Soris. wina
TaRis svets _ columna fornicis. dvril- SesarTavis qvemoT mdebareobs
mxedvelobis borcvis kona sasazRvro firfita (ukve
damalulia mxedvelobis borcvis zemiaRniSnuli) da am firfitis ukan
sisqeSi da mis aRmosaCenad saWiroa mdebareobs mxedvelobis jibe _
mxedvelobis borcvis zedapiruli recessus opticus da mxedvelobis
ruxi nivTierebis frTxilad mocla. jvaredini _ chiasma opticum.
amis gamo, BNA-Si TaRis aRweril mxedvelobis jvaredinis ukan
nawils gamoyofdnen TaRis moTavsebulia mesame parkuWis
dafaruli nawilis _ pars tecta fornicis Zabrisebri jibe _ recessus infundibuli.
saxelwodebiT. Semdeg TaRis sveti Zabris Seviwroebul naz fexze
mxedvelobis borcvis win Camokidebulia danamati _ hypophisis.
uaxlovdeba mopirdapire TaRis korZiani sxeulis borcvis qveS
svets, uerTdeba mas da qmnis TaRis mxedvelobis borcvis ukana zemo
sxeuls _ corpus fornicis. TaRis sxeuli napirTan da sisxlZarRvovani
Semdeg or totad iyofa; es totebi sarqvelis qveS mdebareobs
gadaixrebian ukan xelmeored da jalRuzisebri sxeuli _ corpus pineale
qmnian TaRis fexebs _ crura fornicis. (epiphysis cerebri), Semdeg
TaRis fexebi Sezrdilia korZiani jalRuzisebri jibe _ recessus pinealis,
sxeulis wvelis qvemo zedapirTan. ukana SesarTavi _ commissura posterior.
Semdeg yoveli rqa CaeSveba qveviT da parkuWTaSua xvrelidan
win, gverdiTi parkuWis qvemo rqaSi ukanisaken, mxedvelobis borcvis
da ukve ewodeba zRvis cxenis foCi qveS, miimarTeba hipoTalamuri Rari
_ fimbria hippocampi. foCi zRvis _ sulcus hypothalamicus. am Raris
cxenis fexis medialur mxareze Zevs qveSmdebare midamo Seicavs Semdeg
da Tavdeba zRvis cxenis kauWSi _ warmonaqmnebs: ruxi borcvi _ tuber
uncus. cinereum, Zabri _ infundibulum, danamati
TaRis sxeulsa da korZiani _ hypophisis, dvrilisebri sxeuli _
sxeulis fskeris firfitis win Zevs corpus mammillare.
ganivi mimarTulebis TeTri kona, mxedvelobis borcvis ukan Zevs
romelsac uwodeben wina SesarTavs Suatvinis saxuravi _ tectum
_ commissura anterior, romelic mesencephali da mis qveS viwri mili,
aerTebs saynosavi tvinis nawilebs. tvinis wyalsadeni _ aqueductus cerebri,
TaRis sxeulsa da korZiani romelic aerTebs mesame parkuWs
sxeulis qveS mdebareobs tvinis meoTxesTan. tvinis wyalsadenis
Reros yvelaze wina nawili _ fuZes Seadgenen tvinis fexebi.
mxedvelobis borcvi _ thalamus, Semdeg tvinis wyalsadenis
romelic warmoadgens mesame qveviT mdebareobs xidi _ pons, xolo

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 Tavi

mis ukan mogrZo tvini _ medulla zedapirze SuaSi Cans gadakveTili

oblongata, romelsac zemodan emijneba xidi da safeTqlis wilebi.
naTxemi _ cerebellum. naTxemis nakveTi gaswvrivi napralis ZirSi Cans
sagitalur Sua sibrtyeze gaivlis TeTri korZiani sxeuli Tavisi
naTxemis Wiaze _ vermis. boWkoebis gasxivebiT hemisferoebSi
aRniSnul sam nawilTa Soris _ radiatio corporis callosi hemisferoebSi.
moTavsebulia samkuTxa sivrce, korZiani sxeulis qvemoT,
romelic tvinis meoTxe parkuWs _ erTmaneTis qveS mdebareoben: TaRi,
ventriculus quartus warmoadgens da me-3 parkuWis sisxlZarRvTa
romelis mosazRvrulia zemo da sarqveli da TviT me-3 parkuWi,
qvemo tvinovani fardebiT _ velum mxedvelobis borcvebs Soris, xolo
medullare superius et velum medullare TaRis lateralurad _ gverdiTi
inferius. es fardebi naTxemis Sua parkuWebis cenrtaluri nawilebi da
nawilSi qmnian kuTxes, romelsac maTi sisxlZarRvTa wnulebi.
karavi _ fastigium ewodeba. hemisferoebis masaSi naTlad Canan
am nakveTze agreTve naTlad ruxi birTvebi: me-3 parkuWis gverdiT
moCans naTxemis ruxi da TeTri uSualos Zevs mxedvelobis borcvi _
tvinovani nivTierebis thalamus, mis win kudiani birTvi _
damaxasiaTebeli da Taviseburi nucleus caudatus, romelic suraTze
dalagebis suraTi, romelsac warmodgenilia Tavisi Seviwroebuli
naTxemis cxovrebis xes _ arbor vitae nawiliT. aRniSnuli birTvebis
cerebelli eZaxian. mogrZo tvini gadadis gverdiT Cans ospisebri birTvi _
zurgis tvinSi. nucleus lentiformis, xolo mis gverdiT,
kunZulis maxloblad, ruxi zoli,
Tavis tvinis frontaluri da e.w. zRude _ claustrum, xolo zRudis
horizontaluri nakveTi gverdiT Cans kunZulis qerqi.
Tavis tvinis frontalur aRniSnul birTvebs Soris moCans
nakveTze, romelic gatarebulia TeTri nivTierebis zolebi,
gverdiTi parkuWebis Sua manZilze, romelTac ewodebaT: SigniTa
Cans Semdegi warmonaqmnebi: Tavis kafsula _ capsula interna da gareTa
tvinis marjvena da marcxena kafsula _ capsula externa.
hemisferoebi, gayofili Sua xazze amas garda, nakveTze Cans
tvinis gaswvrivi napraliT. mxedvelobis borcvebis qvemoT
hemisferoebis TeTri nivTiereba wiTeli birTvi _ nucleus ruber, mis
dafarulia ruxi nivTierebiT _ gverdiT _ subTalamuri birTvi _
tvinis qerqiT _ cortex cerebri. nucleus subthalamicus.
hemisferoebis gamodrekil safeTqlis wilebs Soris Zevs
zedapirze Cans gverdiTi Rari _ xidi _ pons, xolo safeTqlis wilis
sulcus lateralis da mis ZirSi kunZulis zRvis cxenis mezoblad mkafiod Cans
_ insula qerqi, agreTve sxva Rarebi da gverdiTi parkuWis qvemo rqa.
maT Soris xveulebi. nakveTis qvemo

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 Tavi

Tavis tvinis nawilebi

nervuli sistema viTardeba agreTve ori axali buStuki: ukana

gareTa Canasaxovani furclis e.w. tvini _ metencephalon da mogrZo tvini
eqtodermisagan. _ myelencephalon. Suamdebare tvini _
Canasaxis zurgis mxareze mesencephalon danawilebas aRar
eqtoderma qmnis zolisebr ganicdis. Sua da ukana tvinis
Sesqelebas, e.w. nervul firfitas. es sazRvarze Tavsdeba rombisebri
firfita ganviTarebis dasawyisSive tvinis yeli _ isthmus rhombencephali.
CaRrmavebas ganicdis, ris gamoc ganviTarebis zemoaRniSnuli
Seiqmneba nervuli Rari; am Raris cvlilebebi warmoadgenen Tavis
napirebi uaxlovdeba erTimeores, tvinis diferencirebis
Seizrdeba da amrigad Seiqmneba xuTbuStukiani stadiis
pirveladi nervuli lula. nervuli gansaxierebas.
lulidan SemdegSi viTardeba Tavisa tvinis zemoxsenebuli xuTi
da zurgis tvini, grZnobaTa buStukis _ telencephalon, diencephalon,
organoebi, nervuli kvanZebi da mesencephalon, metencephalon da
periferiuli nervebi. myelencephalon Semdgomi
nervuli lulis wina bolo TanmimdevrobiTi ganviTarebis
energiuli zrdis gamo TandaTan saSualebiT Seiqmneba Tavis tvinis
gardaiqmneba Tavis tvinad.
yvela nawili .
pirveladi nervuli lulis
wina bolo jer araTanabrad
sqeldeba, Semdeg or adgilas myelencephalon
gadaiWimeba naoWebiT da amrigad mexuTe buStukis _
Seiqmneba Tavis tvinis pirveladi myelencephalon kedlidan viTardeba
sami buSti, romlebidanac viTardeba mogrZo tvini _ medulla oblongata.
Tavis tvinis sami mTavari nawili: mogrZo tvini warmoadgens
pirveli buStukidan _ wina tvini zurgis tvinis uSualo gagrZelebas.
(prosencephalon), meore buStukidan _ misi wina gaganierebuli bolo
Sua tvini (mesencephalon) da mesame umijnavdeba xidis ukana kides,
buStukidan _ ukana, anu rombisebri xolo mis qvemo sazRvarze gamodis
tvini (rhombencephalon). zurgis tvinis nervebis pirveli
wyvili, rac topografiulad
amis Semdeg, ufro mogvianebiT,
Seesabameba kefis didi xvrelis
rogorc wina, ise ukana buStukebi
dones; mogrZo tvinis sigrZe ar
imave wesiT orkecdeba da, amrigad,
aRemateba 2,5 sm. mis zedapirze
yofili pirveli buStukidan
gaivlis ramdenime Rari, romelTa
Seiqmneba ori axali buStuki:
Soris yvelaze Rrma wina Sua
Suamdebare tvini _ diencephalon da
naprali _ fissura mediana anterior
dasasruli tvini _ telencephalon.
warmoadgens zurgis tvinis
yofili mesame buStukidan Seiqmneba
Tanamosaxele napralis gagrZelebas.

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 Tavi

mogrZo tvinis bolqvis sazRvarze es Tavis rigad Suamdebare RariT

naprali xidTan qmnis CaRrmavebas _ iyofa or konad _ nazi kona _
brma ormos. wina Sua napralis fasciculus gracilis da solisebri kona _
gverdiT mdebareoben TeTri fasciculus cuneatus. zemoT aRniSnuli
nivTierebisagan Semdgari piramidebi konebi Sordebian erTimeores,
_ pyramis. piramidebi warmoadgenen sazRvraven gverdebidan rombisebr
nawilobriv zurgis wina larebis fosos da Sedian naTxemis qvemo
gagrZelebas. piramidebis boWkoebi fexebis SemadgenlobaSi. rombisebr
wina napralSi qmnian konebis fosos kuTxesTan nazi kona qmnis
gadajvaredinebas _ decussatio Semsxvilebas, romelsac hqvia nazi
pyramidum. konis birTvis borcvi _ tuberculum
amrigad, piramidis jvaredini, nuclei gracilis. mis gverdiT solisebri
zurgis tvinis pirveli wyvili kona qmnis meore Semsxvilebas,
nervebis gamosvlis done da atlasis romelsac hqvia solisebri birTvis
wina rkali savsebiT zustad borcvi _ tuberculum nuclei cuneati. es
aRniSnaven Tavisa da zurgis tvinis borcvebi Tavis sisqeSi Seicaven
sazRvars. birTvebs, romlebSic Tavdeba
piramidis gverdiT yovel zurgis tvinis ukana fesvebis _ nazi
mxareze mdebareobs olivuri formis da solisebri grZeli, aRmavali
SemaRleba, romelsac uwodeben mgZnobiare gzebi.
olivas _ oliva, romelic piramidas mogrZo tvinis lateralur
gamoeyofa wina gverdiTi RariT _ zedapirze mdebareobs gverdiTi
sulcus lateralis anterior; ukanaskneli kona. gverdiTi kona iyofa
warmoadgens zurgis tvinis ventralur da dorsalur nawilebad
Tanamosaxele Raris gagrZelebas. ( romelTa Soris ukanaskneli qmnis
piramidasa da olivas Soris rux borcvs _ tuberculum cinereum. NBA)
arsebuli Raridan gamodis Tavis da Semdeg gadadis naTxemis qvemo
tvinis me-12 nervis fesvebi. olivas fexis SemadgenlobaSi. olivas
gverdiT mdebareobs naTxemis qvemo gverdiT mcire Raridan, TviT xidis
fexebi -_ pedunculi cerebellaris inferiores, napiramde, gamodian erTimeoris
romlebic rombisebr fosos mimdevrobiT ena-xaxis nervis _ n.
sazRvraven gverdebidan, qvevidan da glossopharyngeus, cTomili nervis _ n.
Semdeg erTvian naTxems. vagus da damatebiTi nervis _ n
mogrZo tvinis dorsalur accessorius fesvebi.
mxareze Sua xazze gaivlis ukana zurgis tvini mogrZo tvinSi
Sua Rari _ sulcus medianus posterior, gadasvlis Semdeg ganicdis
romelic warmoadgens zurgis tvinis mniSvnelovan struqturul
Tanamosaxele Raris gagrZelebas. am cvlilebebs, romlebic mdgomareobs
Raris gverdiT orive mxareze imaSi, rom zurgis tvinis ukana rqebi
mdebareobs ukana lari, romelsac gadaiwevian lateralurad, ris gamo
mosazRvravs gverdiTi ukana Rari _ saTanado mxris Jelatinisebri
sulcus lateralis posterior. yoveli lari

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nivTierebac ikavebs lateralur sagrZnoblad aris Seviwroebuli da

adgils. Rrmaa. maT Sua Zevs zemoT
aRniSnuli Wia, romelic naTxemis
Metencephalon zemo zedapirze zemoT aweuli
metencefaloni Sedgeba ori SemaRlebis saxiT SeumCnevlad
nawilisagan: xidi, romelic Zevs gadadis naTxemis hemisferoebis
ventralurad da naTxemi _ Zevs nawilebSi. naTxemis qvemo zedapirze
dorsalurad. Wia moTavsebulia hemisferoebs
xidi _ pons warmoadgens tvinis Soris arsebul Rrma RarSi, e.w.
fuZeze mdebare sqel, TeTri feris naTxemis ReleSi _ vallecula cerebelli,
qeds, romlis wina kididan gamodian romelic iyureba mogrZo tvinisaken.
tvinis fexebi _ pedunculi cerebri, xolo rogorc naTxemis
ukanidan mas esazRvreba mogrZo hemisferoebis, ise Wiis zedapirebi
tvini. Seqmnilia Txeli xveulebiT _
xidis gverdiTi sazRvari naTxemis foTlebiT _ folia cerebelli,
aRiniSneba xaziT, romelic gaivlis romlebic gayofilia sxvadasxva
samwvera nervis da saxis nervis siRrmis napralebiT _ fissurae
SemaerTebel xazze. am xazis cerebelli.am napralebs Soris yvelaze
gverdiT mdebareoben naTxemis Sua Rrma aris naTxemis horizontaluri
fexebi _ pedunculi cerebellari medii. naprali _ fissura horrizontalis cerebelli,
xidis dorsaluri kedeli ar Cans, romelic mkafiod yofs naTxems zemo
radgan igi dafarulia naTxemiT da da qvemo zedapirebad _ facies superior
ekuTvnis meoTxe parkuWis Ziris wina et facies inferior. napralebiT naTxemis
nawils. xidis TeTr konebs aqvT orive zedapiri iyofa wilakebad.
ganivi mimarTuleba. xidis Sua naTxemis foTlebi (xveulebi)
ventraluri xazis mimarTulebiT hemisferodan uwyvetliv gadadis
gaivlis e.w. ZiriTadi Rari _ sulcus Wiaze ise, rom Wiis yovel nawilaks
basilaris, romelSiac moTavsebulia Seesabameba hemisferos garkveuli
Tanamosaxele arteria. nawili.
naTxemis zemo zedapirze
naTxemi _ cerebellum mdebareoben Wiisa da hemisferoebis
naTxemi mdebareobs didi Semdegi nawilebi:
tvinis kefis wilis qveS, xidis da Wiis nawilebi:
mogrZo tvinis dorsalurad. mis 1. naTxemis ena _ lingula cerebelli
gverdebze arCeven or did sxeuls _ 2. centraluri wilaki _ lobulus
naTxemis hemisferoebs _ hemispheria centralis
cerebelli, romlebsac Sua xazze 3. kenwero _ culmen
aerTebs e.w. Wia _ vermis. naTxemis 4. ferdobi _ declive
hemisferoebs winidan da ukanidan 5. Wiis foToli _ folium vermis
hyofs naWdevi, maT Soris wina ufro 6. Wiis borcvi _ tuber vermis
ganzea gaSlili, ukana ki 7. piramida – pyramis (vermis)

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8. naqi _ uvula (vermis) naTxemis hemisferos ormucela

9. kvanZi _ nodulus wilaki gverdidan exveva nuSs.
Wiis zemoaRniSnul wilakebs marjvena da marcxena nuSs Soris
Seesabameba naTxemis hemisferoebis Rari metad Rrmaa da ewodeba
Semdegi wilakebi: naTxemis Rele _ vallecula cerebelli.
1. centraluri wilakis frTebi _ kvirti warmoadgens patara
alae lobuli cerebellaris wilaks, romelic naTxemis qvemo
2. oTxkuTxa wilaki _ lobulus zedapirze umijnavdeba naTxemis Sua
quadrangularis fexebs da Semdeg grZeldeba Txel
3. martivi wilaki _ lobulus simplex tvinovan firfitaSi, e.w. tvinis
4. zemo naxevarmTvarisebri qvemo fardaSi _ velum medullare
wilaki _ lobulus semilunaris inferius; igi faravs naqsa da kvanZs. am
superior firfitis wina napiri Seizrdeba
5. qvemo naxevarmTvarisebri sisxlZarRvovan sarqvelTan da
wilaki _ lobulus semilunaris inferior qmnis meoTxe parkuWis qvemo kedels.
6. ormucela wilaki _ lobulus am firfitis ukan Tu Cven daniT
biventer frTxilad amoviRebT nuSs, darCeba
7. naTxemis nuSi _ tonsilla cerebelli Rrma ormo. am ormos Ziri Seqmnilia
8. kvirti _ flocculus tvinis qvemo fardis firfitis
9. kvirtis fexebi _ pedunculi zedapiriT.
flocculi. naTxemis centraluri nawili
naTxemis ena da centraluri Sedgeba TeTri nivTierebisagan,
wilaki hemisferoebis Sesabamisi romlisaganac naTxemis
wilebiT warmoadgenen yvelaze xveulebisaken miimarTeba
mcire warmonaqmnebs, romlebic datotianebuli da TandaTan
sazRvraven naTxemis wina naWdevs. SeTxelebuli TeTri firfitebi,
Wiis kenwero warmoadgens yvelaze romlebic orive mxridan dafarulia
maRal nawils, mas da ferdobs naTxemis ruxi nivTierebiT _ qerqiT.
Seesabameba oTxkuTxa wilaki. amis gamo, rogorc sagitalur, ise
ferdobis ukan mdebare Wiis frontalur nakveTze naTxemis
foToli warmoadgens metad viwro nivTiereba gviCvenebs uaRresad
erT foTols, romelsac Seesabameba damaxasiaTebel suraTs, romelsac
zemo naxevarmTvarisebri wilaki. am ewodeba naTxemis cxovrebis xe _
ukanasknels mohyveba zemoaRniSnuli arbor vitae cerebelli.
horizontaluri naprali da Semdegi qerqis garda, naTxemis
nawilebi moeqceva naTxemis qveda siRrmeze, TeTri nivTierebis sqel
zedapirze. Wiis borcvs Seesabameba SreSi arsebobs ruxi nivTierebis
hemisferos qvemo naxevarmTvarisebri grovebi, romlebsac ewodeba
wilaki, Wiis piramidas _ ormucela naTxemis birTvebi. aseT birTvebs
wilaki, Wiis naqs _ nuSis wilaki ekuTvnian:
da, bolos, Wiis kvanZs _ kvirti. dakbiluli birTvi _ nucleus
dentatus, yvelaze msxvili, aqvs ruxi

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daklaknili firfitis Sesaxedaoba, naTxemis zemo fexebis

emsgavseba mogrZo tvinis qvemo sazRvarze zogjer sakmaod naTlad
nuSis birTvs da aqvs kari _hilus, Canan TeTri boWkoebi, romlebic Sua
romelic gaxsnilia medialurad. tvinis lateraluri Raridan (INA)
dakbiluli birTvis karis win tvinis wina fardis saSualebiT
mdebareobs sacobisebri birTvi _ brundebian naTxemSi.
nucleus emboliformis da mis Semdeg
mravali patara momrgvalo meoTxe parkuWi _ ventriculus
wertilisebri kunZulebi _ quartus
momrgvalebuli birTvi _ nucleus meoTxe parkuWSi warmoadgens
globulus. ukanaskneli birTvebis rombisebri tvinis Rrus. igi
medialurad Wiis Sua xazis orive mdebareobs mogrZo tvins, xidsa da
mxareze mdebareobs karavis birTvi _ naTxems Soris; igi mofenilia
nucleus fastigii. ependimiT da Seicavs Tavzurgis
naTxemi tvinis RerosTan tvinis siTxes _ liquor cerebrospinalis.
SeerTebulia sami wyvili fexiT: sagitalur nakveTze meoTxe parkuWs
1. naTxemis qvemo fexebi _ aqvs samkuTxa forma. meoTxe
pedunculi cerebelli inferior parkuWis Zirs hqvia rombisebri
2. naTxemis Sua fexebi _ pedunculi foso _ fossa rhomboidea, romlis wina
cerebelli media samkuTxedi Seesabameba xidsa da
3. naTxemis zemo fexebi _ nawilobriv rombisebr yels, xolo
pedunculi cerebelli superior. ukana nawili _ mogrZo tvins. meoTxe
rombisebri tvinis yeli _ parkuWis gverdiTi kuTxeebi
isthmus rhombencephali. rombisebri naTxemis qvemo fexebis midamoSi
tvinis yeli warmoadgens sazRvars qmnian gverdiT jibeebs _ recessus
mogrZo tvinsa da Sua tvins Soris. lateralis.
mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis meoTxe parkuWis zemo kedels,
Semdegi nawilebi: anu Wers qmnian: tvinis zemo farada
dorsaluri mxridan _ naTxemis _ velum medullare superius, romelic
zemo fexebi da masze mikruli gaWimulia naTxemis zemo fexebs
naTxemis Wiis nawili, meoTxe Soris, xolo ukana nawili
parkuWis zemo farda, Sua tvinis Seqmnilia tvinis qvemo fardiT _
saxuravis (oTxgorakis) ukana velum medullare inferius da meoTxe
borcvebs Soris arsebuli zemo parkuWis sisxlZarRvTa sarqveliT _
fardis lagami, romlis gverdiT tela choroidea ventriculi quarti. aRniSnuli
orive mxareze gamodis WaRisebri ori fardis SeerTebis kuTxe
nervebi. SeiWreba naTxemSi.
ventraluri mxridan Tela choroidea warmoadgens
rombisebri tvinis yels ekuTvnis tvinis sisxlZarRvovani garsis
tvinis fexebis ukana nawili, maT firfitas, romelic Signidan
Soris moTavsebuli ukana mofenilia epiTeluri SriT.
dacxriluli substanciiT.

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saerTod, meoTxe parkuWis sarqvelis gamoiyurebian meoTxe parkuWis

qvemo nawili warmoadgens parkuWis ukana xvrelebidan.
qvemo kedlis rudimentul firfitas. rombisebr fosos aqvs
es epiTeluri firfita oTxkuTxedis forma, romlis qvemo
sisxlZarRvTa sarqvelTan erTad samkuTxedi moisazRvreba naTxemis
uerTdeba tvinis qvemo fardas da zemo fexebiT, xolo qvemo
rombisebri fosos napirebs. am samkuTxedis napirebi _ naTxemis
warmonaqmnis moSorebis Semdeg qvemo fexebiT.
aRniSnul napirebze mimagrebis meoTxe parkuWis Ziri Sedgeba
orive mxareze rCeba kvali viwro ruxi nivTierebisagan. rombisebri
zonaris saxiT, romelsac uwodeben fosos Sua adgilze gaivlis
tenia ventriculi quarti. aRniSnuli gaswvrivi Sua Rari _ sulcus medianus,
zonari iwyeba rombisebri fosos romelic hyofs rombisebr fosos
ukana kuTxidan, mihyveba naTxemis or simetriul naxevrad. am Raris
qvemo fexebs meoTxe parkuWis gverdebze mdebareobs ori
gverdiT jibemde, Semdeg ahyveba wagrZelebuli TiTistara formis
kvirtis fexebs qvemo fardis medialuri SemaRleba _ eminentia
kuTxemde. rombisebr fosos qvemo medialis; medialuri SemaRleba Sua
kuTxesTan rCeba mcire, TiTqmis nawilSi qmnis saxis borcvs _
gamWirvale firfita, romelsac hqvia colliculus facialis, romelic Seiqmneba
urduli _ obex. saxis nervis birTviT da misi
meoTxe parkuWis ukana fardaSi boWkoebis amoweuli SigniTa
arsebobs sami xvreli, romelTa muxliT. rombisebri fosos qvemo
Soris yvelaze didi kentia, kuTxeSi moTavsebulia odnav
oveluri formisaa, Zevs urdulis amozneqili nawilebi, romelTa
zemoT da hqvia meoTxe parkuWis Sua kompleqss ewodeba saweri kalami _
xvreli _ apertura mediana ventriculi IV, calamus scriptorius (NBA, INA); kalamis
xolo ori gverdiTi xvreli _ medialurad mdebare SemaRlebis
aperturae laterales mdebareobs meoTxe qvemo kuTxeSi Zevs enisqveSa nervis
parkuWis gverdiTi kuTxeebis samkuTxedi _ trigonum n. hypoglissi,
jibeebSi. am xvrelebis saSualebiT romlis qveS Zevs enisqveSa nervis
meoTxe parkuWi ukavSirdeba Tavis birTvi. aRniSnuli samkuTxedis
tvinis garSemo arsebul qselqveSa gverdiT Zevs meore mcire
sivrces _ cavum subarachnoideale. samkuTxedi, romelic xasiaTdeba
sisxlZarRvTa sarqvelis SigniTa ruxi feriT da ewodeba cTomili
zedapirze arsebobs xaosebrad nervis samkuTxedi _ trigonum n. vagi.
danaoWebuli sisxlZarRvTa mis qveS Zevs cTomili nervis
warziduloba, romelsac ewodeba vegetaciuri, anu dorsaluri birTvi.
meoTxe parkuWis sisxlZarRvTa ukanasknelis gverdiT Zevs karibWis
wnuli _ plexus choroidea ventriculi IV. veli _ area vestibularis, romelsac
aRniSnuli wnulis boloebi ukavia rombisebri fosos

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lateraluri kuTxe mTlianad. cerebri. Sua tvinis sazRvrebi tvinis

medialuri SemaRleba gverdidan fuZeze mkafiod aRiniSneba winidan
mosazRvrulia sanapiro RariT _ mxedvelobis jvarediniT, xolo
sulcus limitans; mis zemo nawilSi Zevs ukanidan xidis wina kidiT.
e.w. lurji alagi _ locus coeruleus. tvinis fexebi warmoadgenen or
lurji feri aq pirobadebulia msxvil, cilindruli formis
nervul ujredebSi arsebuli warmonaqmns, romelTa boWkoebs aqvT
pigmentiT, romelic moCans tvinis gaswvrivi mimarTuleba. xidis wina
Txeli safarvelis qveS. rombisebri kididan tvinis fexebi Sordebian
fosos Sua adgilze ganivi erTimeores, qmnian 800 kuTxes,
mimarTulebiT gadaivlis ramdenime miimarTebian lateralurad da
TeTri feris zoli _ stria medulares SeiWrebian didi tvinis
venrticuli IV, romlebic ikargebian hemisferoebSi. maTi wina kide
rombisebri fosos Sua RarSi. es moisazRvreba mxedvelobis
zolebi warmoadgenen sazRvars traqtebiT. tvinis fexebs Soris
rombisebri fosos zemo da qvemo tvinis fuZeze moTavsebulia
samkuTxedebs Soris. meoTxe parkuWi fexTaSua foso _ fossa
win uerTdeba mesame parkuWs interpeduncularis da ukana
Seviwroebuli miliT, romelsac dacxriluli substancia. tvinis
uwodeben tvinis wyalsadens _ fexebis fuZe Sedgeba TeTri
aqueductus cerebri, xolo qvemoT IV konebisagan, romlebic uSualod
parkuWis Rru mkveTrad viwrovdeba gadadian hemisferoebis SigniTa
da uSualos gadadis zurgis tvinis kafsulaSi, xolo tvinis fexebis
centralur arxSi _ canalis centralis Weri _ tegmentum uerTdeba
medullae spinalis. subTalamur midamos da Seicavs
mniSvnelovan rux birTvebs.
Sua tvini _ Mesencephalon tvinis fexebis ganiv nakveTze
Tavis tvinis nawilebs Soris mkafiod Cans muq ferSi SeRebili
Sua tvini yvelaze mcire da tvinis nivTierebis
garegnulad martivia. misi naxevarmTvarisebri zoli, romelsac
ventraluri nawilebi _ tvinis ewodeba Savi substancia _ substantia
fexebi _ pedunculi cerebri da ukana nigra. es zoli tvinis fexebs yofs
daxvretili substancia _ substantia or nawilad: kanWad da Werad.
perforata posterior Canan tvinis fuZeze, gverdebidan tvinis kanWi da Weri
fexTaSua ormoSi, xolo, misi gayofilia RariT, xolo medialuri
dorsaluri nawili _ Sua tvinis mxridan tvinis fexebs sazRvraven
saxuravi _ tectum mesencephali Rarebi, romlebidanac gamodian
mdebareobs tvinis Reros dorsalur Tvalis mamoZravebeli nervebi.
mxareze korZiani sxeulis borcvis Suatvinis saxuravi _ tectum
qveS. Sua tvinis Rru warmodgenilia mesencephali mdebareobs wyalsadenis
tvinis wyalsadeniT _ aqueductus zemoT da Sua xazze vrceldeba

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tvinis wina fardidan jalRuzisebri thalamencephalon misi sami

sxeulis fuZemde. saxuravis firfita danawilebiT da misi e.w. mesame
_ lamina tecti dorsaluri mxridan parkuWiT.
jvaredini RariT iyofa oTxi TeTri Suamdebare tvini mdebareobs
feris borcvad: ori zemo borcvi _ korZiani sxeulis wvelsa da TaRis
colliculi superiores da ori qvemo borcvi qveS da Tavisi gverdiTi nawilebiT
_ colliculi inferiores. am borcvebs Soris uSualod erTvis didi tvinis
zemo borcvebi ufro msxvilia da hemisferoebs.
brtyeli. zemo borcvebs Soris Thalamencephalon_Si arCeven:
arsebul RarSi Zevs Suamdebare mxedvelobis borcvebs _ thalamus,
tvinis patara nawili, epiTalamuss _ epithalamus da
jalRuzisebri sxeuli _ corpus metaTalamuss _ metathalamus.
pineale; qvemo borcvebs Soris Thalamus. mxedvelobis borcvi
vertikalurad dgas tvinis zemo warmoadgens ruxi nivTierebisagan
fardis lagami _ frenulum veli Semdgar msxvil sxeuls, romelsac
medullaris superioris. saxuravis aqvs kvercxis moyvaniloba da
firfitis borcvebis gverdebidan romelic ukanidan gamsxvilebulia
win da zemoT miimarTeba e.w. da qmnis e.w. baliSs _ pulvinar, xolo
mklavebi _ brachia colliculi, romlebic winidan Seviwroebulia da Seicavs
imaleba Suamdebare tvinSi. zemo wina borcvs _ tuberculum anterius
borcvebis mklavi _ brachium colliculi thalami; wina nawiliT mxedvelobis
superioris midis mxedvelobis borcvis borcvi umijnavdeba parkuWTaSua
baliSis _ pulvinar qveS, gverdiTi xvrels, xolo ukana nawiliT
damuxvlili sxeulis _ corpus uSualod Sua tvinis saxuravs.
geniculatum laterale _ mezoblad, qvemo mxedvelobis borcvs aqvs oTxi mxare
borcvis mklavi _ brachium colliculi _ dorsaluri da medialuri
inferioris midis win da gverdiT da mxareebi Tavisufalia da mesame da
imaleba medialur damuxvlil gverdiTi parkuWebis kedlis
sxeulSi _ corpus geniculatum mediale. SeqmnaSi iReben monawileobas, xolo
ventraluri da lateraluri
tvinis wyalsadeni _ aqueductus
mxareebi Sezrdilia Tavis tvinis
cerebri warmoadgens ependimiT
nawilebTan. mxedvelobis borcvis
mofenil viwro mils, romlis sigrZe
dorsaluri zedapiri mofenilia
udris 1/2 sm da romelic aerTebs IV
TeTri nivTierebis SriT _ stratum
parkuWs III parkuWTan. tvinis
wyalsadeni Sua nawilSi aqvs zonale. Tavisi lateraluri nawiliT
elifsis formisaa, xolo boloebSi dorsaluri zedapiri iRebs
– samkuTxedis. monawileobas gverdiTi parkuWis
kedlis SeqmnaSi da gamoeyofa
mezoblad mdebare kudian sxeuls
Suamdebare tvini _ Diencephalon
Suamdebare tvinis SemadgenlobaSi sasazRvro zoliT _ stria terminalis; am
Sedis mxedvelobis tvini _ RarSi gaivlis vena, romelic

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gadafarebulia tvinis ruxi mosuli gaRizianebani aRweven tvinis

nivTierebiT, romelsac hqvia lamina qerqs.
affixa. Epithalamus. zemoT aRniSnuli
mxedvelobis borcvis mxedvelobis borcvze arsebuli
dorsalur da medialur zedapirebs tvinovani zolebi _ striae medullaris
Soris gaWimulia TeTri tvinovani thalami miimarTebian ukan da orive
zoli _ stria medullaris thalami, mxareze mxedvelobis borcvis
romelsac Tavis napirze aqvs mediodorsalur sazRvarze qmnian
dakbiluli zonari _ tenia thalami; samkuTxa Semsxvilebas, romelsac
ukanasknels umagrdeba mesame ewodeba sadaves samkuTxedi _
parkuWis zemo kedlis epiTeluri trigonum habenulae, ukanasknelis orive
firfita. mxareze warizideba viwro TeTri
mxedvelobis borcvis fexi, sadave _ habenula, romelzedac
medialuri zedapiri mofenilia ruxi Camokidebulia jalRuzisebri
nivTierebiT, dgas vertikalurad da sxeuli _ corpus pineale. sadaveebi
qmnis mesame parkuWis gverdiT gaerTianebulia sadaveebis
kedels. misi zemo sazRvari SesarTaviT _ commissura habenularum.
warmodgenilia ukve cnobili jalRuzisebri sxeuli
tvinovani zoliT, xolo qvemodan warmoadgens patara, ruxi feris,
igi gamoeyofa hipoTalamusis kent sxeuls, romelic Tavisi
midamos grZeli RariT _ sulcus agebulebiT da funqciiT miekuTvneba
hypothalamicus, romelic iwyeba Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebs. igi
parkuWTSua xvrelTan da Tavdeba Zevs Suatvinis saxuravi firfitis
tvinis wyalsadenis SesavalTan. zemo borcvTaSua gaswvriv RarSi da
mxedvelobis borcvebis Sexveulia sisxlZarRvovani garsis
medialuri zedapirebi dublikaturaSi. sadaveebis
gaerTianebuli arian Suamdebare samkuTxedSi CarTulia mcire
SexorcebiT _ adhesio interthalamica. birTvebi, romelTac ewodebaT _
mxedvelobis borcvis lateraluri nucleus habenulae da romlebSic
zedapiri umijnavdeba e.w. SigniTa Tavdeba mxedvelobis borcvis
kafsulas _ capsula interna. misi qvemo tvinovani zolis boWkoebi,
zedapiri Zevs tvinis fexze da romlebic aRmocenebulia saynosavi
Sezrdilia mis saxuravTan, romelic midamodan.
aq SeiWreba hipoTalamusSi. Metathalamus warmodgenilia
mxedvelobis borcvi nakveTze mxedvelobis borcvis ukan mdebare
TeTri nivTierebis zolebiT iyofa patara, TeTri, ori SemaRlebiT, e.w.
sam birTvad: wina, medialur da lateraluri da medialuri
lateralurad. damuxvlili sxeulebiT _ corpus
mxedvelobis borcvi geniculatum medialis et lateralis, romelTa
warmoadgens qerqveSa centrs, Soris yoveli Seicavs Tanamosaxele
romlis meSveobiTac periferiidan

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rux birTvs _ nucleus corporis geniculati. nivTierebis SigniT yoveli maTgani

maT Soris: Seicavs rux birTvs. am birTvebidan
medialuri _ mcire, mkafiod zemoT midis kona, romelic Semdeg
gamoxatuli, damuxvlili sxeuli iyofa or nawilad: fasciculus
Zevs zemo gorakis mklavTan, sadac mammillothalamicus, romelic Tavdeba
mas ukavSirdeba mxedvelobis mxedvelobis borcvis wina birTvSi
traqtis erTi nawili. da fasciculus mammillotegmentalis,
medialur damuxvlil birTvSi romelic midis tvinis fexis
mdebareobs smenis pirveladi centri. saxuravSi. Tavisi funqciiT
lateraluri _ damuxvlili dvrilisebri sxeulebi ekuTvnian
sxeuli Zevs mxedvelobis borcvis qerqveSa saynosav centrs.
qveS da masSi Tavdeba mxedvelobis ruxi borcvi _ tuber cinereum
traqtis meore nawili. am birTvSi mdebareobs dvrilisebri sxeulebis
mdebareobs mxedvelobis pirveladi win, warmoadgens tvinis fuZeze kent
centri. Rru SemaRlebas, romelic Sedgeba
Txeli, ruxi firfitisagan;
Hypothalmus gverdebidan rux borcvs sazRvraven
hipoTalamusi genezurad mxedvelobis traqtebi. am borcvis
rTuli warmonaqmnia, radgan mis mwvervali qmnis Rru Zabrs _
SemadgenlobaSi Sedis rogorc wina, infundibulum, romlis brma boloze
ise Suamdebare tvinis nawilebi. mimagrebulia danamati _ hypophisis,
amrigad, hipoTalamuss ekuTvnis romelic moTavsebulia Turquli
tvinis fuZeze moTavsebuli yvela kexis fosoSi. ruxi borcvi metad
nawili da maT Soris ukve cnobili mniSvnelovani warmonaqmnia, vinaidan
ruxi borcvi mis mezoblebTan misi wvrili ruxi birTvebi
erTad. ganiv nakveTze mas aqvs warmoadgenen vegetaciur centrebs,
samkuTxedis forma, romelic romlebic, sxvaTa Soris, moqmedeben
zemodan mosazRvrulia mxedvelobis sxeulis siTbos regulaciaze da
borcvis ventraluri zedapiriT, nivTierebaTa cvlaze.
qvemodan da gverdebidan tvinis mxedvelobis nervTa jvaredini
fexebis fuZiT. am midamoSi Tavdeba _ chiasma opticus mdebareobs ruxi
wiTeli birTvis da Savi substanciis borcvis win. misi wina kuTxeebidan
boloebi. iwyeba mxedvelobis nervebi _ nervi
hipoTalamusis warmonaqmnebs
optici; ukan ki warizideba
Soris mniSvnelovania Semdegi
mxedvelobis traqtebi _tracti optici,
nawilebi:
romlebic brtyeli zonrebis saxiT
dvrilisebri sxeulebi _
rkalisebrad uvlian tvinis fexebs
corpora mammillaria warmoadgens or
da or-ori fesviT ukavSirdebian
TeTr sxeuls, romlebic
medialur da lateralur
simetriulad da erTad mdebareoben
damuxvlil sxeulebs.
ukana dacxriluli substanciis da
ruxi borcvis sazRvarze. TeTri

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jvaredinSi xdeba mxedvelobis aerTeben mesame parkuWs

nervebis nawilobrivi hemisferoebis gverdiT parkuWebTan.
gadajvaredineba. mxedvelobis mesame parkuWis zemo kedeli
nervTa jvaredinis win ruxi borcvis Zevs korZiani sxeulis wvelsa da
wina kedeli sasazRvro firfitis _ TaRis fexebs Soris da Sedgeba
lamina terminalis _ saxiT qmnis mesame mesame parkuWis sisxlZarRvovani
parkuWis wina kedels. firfitisagan _ tela choroidea ventriculi
hipoTalamur midamos aqvs tertii da masTan Sezrdili
mcire farTobi, Zevs hipoTalamuri sisxlZarRvovani safarvelisagan;
Raris _ sulcus hypothalamicus qveviT, maTi napirebi umagrdeba mxedvelobis
warmoadgens tvinis fexebis borcvebis marjvena da marcxena
dorsaluri nawilis, e.i. Weris tvinovan zonrebs _ stria medullaris
(tegmentum) gagrZelebas. masTan erTad thalami. ukana nawilSi igi umagrdeba
am midamos swvdebian Sua tvinis sadaveebis zemo zedapirs da
mniSvnelovani nawilebi: wiTeli jalRuzisebr sxeuls da mis zemoT
birTvi _ nucleus ruber da Savi am adgilas igi faravs parkuWis Rru
substancia _ substantia nigra. warzidulebas _ recessus suprapinealis.
mesame parkuWis sisxlZarRvovani
mesame parkuWi _ ventriculus sarqveli _ tela choroidea ventriculi tertii
tertius. Seiqmneba epiTeluri firfitiT da
III parkuWi Zevs sxeulis Sua sisxlZarRvovani garsiT, wnulTan
xazze vertikalutad, mxedvelobis erTad. amrigad, arsebiTad tela
borcvebs Soris da frontalur choroidea warmoadgens Tavis tvinis
nakveTze aqvs viwro napralis saxe…. rbili garsis naoWs, romelic
III parkuWis gverdiT kedlebs korZiani sxeulis qveS Sebrunebas
qmnian mxedvelobis borcvTa ganicdis da wvdeba TaRis fexebis
medialuri zedapirebi, romlebic ventralur zedapirs. am naoWs aqvs
erTimeoresTan SeerTebuli arian samkuTxovani firfitis forma,
Suamdebare SexorcebiT _ adhesio romlis mwvervali aRwevs
interthalamica. III parkuWis wina kedels parkuWTaSua xvrelebs, iyofa or
qmnis sasazRvro firfita _ lamina nawilad da grZeldeba gverdiT
terminalis, TaRis svetebi _ columnae parkuWebSi sisxlZarRvTa wnulis _
fornicis da maT Soris ganivad mdebare plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis saxiT.
TeTri SesarTavi _ commissura alba. am sisxlZarRvovani sarqvelis
SesarTavsa da TaRis svetebs Soris dorsalur da ventralur firfitebs
mdebareobs samkuTxa CaRrmaveba. Soris gaivlis tvinis SigniTa venebi
TaRis svetebsa da mxedvelobis _ vv. cerebri internae. es venebi
borcvTa wina boloebs Soris parkuWis zemo Weris ukana napirTan
mdebareobs parkuWTaSua xvrelebi erTiandebian da qmnian tvinis did
_.foramina interventricularia, romlebic venas _ v. cerebri magna.

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mesame parkuWis ukana kedelSi ukanaskneli zednarTi _ axali tvini

gvxvdeba Semdegi warmonaqmnebi: _ neencephalon.
sadaveebis SesarTavi _ commissura
habenularum da ukana SesarTavi _ hemisferoebis reliefi
commissura posterior, da maT Soris Tavis tvinis hemisferoebi e.w.
mdebare jalRuzis jibe _ recessus RarTi Sedgeba TeTri
pinealis. ukana SesarTavis qveS nivTierebisagan, romelic garedan
mdebareobs xvreli, romliTac dafarulia mTliani ruxi
iwyeba tvinis wyalsadeni _ safarveliT _ qerqiT _ cortex. qerqis
aqueductus cerebri. sisqe meryevia da saSualod 2-4 mm-s
mesame parkuWis ZirSi arsebobs udris.
ori jibe: Zabris jibe _ recessus qerqis zedapiri uswormasworo
infundibuli, romelic rux borcvSi moyvanilobisaa da daserilia
eSveba da mxedvelobis jibe _ recessus RarebiT _ sulci da napralebiT
opticus, romelic Zevs jvaredinis win. _fissurae, romelTa Soris mdebareoben
mesame parkuWis SigniTa zedapiri xveulebi _ gyri da wilebi da
mofenilia ependimiT. wilakebi _ lobi et lobuli.
hemisferoebis qerqis wina,
dasasruli, anu wina tvini _ zemo, gareTa da ukana zedapirebi
Telencephalon SeumCnevlad gadadian erTimeoreSi.
wina, saboloo, anu dasasruli am zedapirebs saerTo zemo-gareTa
tvini Sedgeba marjvena da marcxena zedapiri _ facies superolateralis cerebri
hemisferoebis mZlavrad ewodeba.
ganviTarebuli wyvili hemisferoebi Sua xazze
nawilebisagan. gayofilia sagitaluri
hemisferoebis SemadgenlobaSi mimarTulebis tvinis gaswvrivi
Sedis mTavari da yvelaze didi napraliT _ fissura longitudinalis cerebri.
nawili, romelic Seicavs xveulebis am napralis ZirSi moTavsebulia
kompleqss RarTis _ pallium _ korZiani sxeuli _ corpus callosum,
saxelwodebiT; romlis saSualebiTac Tavis didi
Semdeg, ufro mcire, ventralurad tvinis hemisferoebis nawilebi
mdebare nawili _ saynosavi tvini SekavSirebulia erTmaneTTan. Tavis
_rhinencephalon, Semdeg siRrmeSi tvinis ukana bolos qveS, e.i. kefis
Camaluli zoliani sxeuli _ corpus wilis qveS, arsebobs meore, Rrma,
striatum, dabolos, kidev sxva e.w. tvinis ganivi naprali _ fissura
bazaluri birTvebi. transversa cerebri, romlis
ukanaskneli ori nawili saSualebiTac didi tvini
warmoadgens filogenezurad Tavis gancalkevebulia naTxemisagan.
tvinis Zvel nawilebs, xolo yvela Tavis tvinis qveda zedapiri _
win CamoTvlili nawili aris facies inferior cerebri eyrdnoba qalas
fuZes da Tavisi mozrdili

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nawilebiT mis Tanamosaxele da nawilobriv gansazRvravs

ormoebSia moTavsebuli, e.i. qalas safeTqlis wils Txemis wilisagan.
Sublis ormoebSi Tavsdebian gverdiTi Raridan warizideba
hemisferoebis Sublis wilebi, sami toti: aswvrivi toti _ ramus
safeTqlis ormoebSi _ ascendens, wina toti _ ramus anterior
hemisferoebis safeTqlis wilebi, da ukana toti _ ramus posterior,
xolo kefis qveda ormoSi _ romelic midis ukan da zeviT da
naTxemis hemisferoebi. Tavdeba hemisferos safeTqlisa da
Tavis qalas fuZis centralur Txemis sazRvarze, sadac mas kveTs
nawilebSi ki mdebareoben tvinis patara, magram mniSvnelovani
Reros zogierTi SedarebiT msxvili ganapira xveuli _ gyrus
da mniSvnelovani nawilebi _ tvinis supramarginalis.
fexebi, parahipokampaluri xveuli, Sublis wili ganisazRvreba
ruxi borcvi danamatiT, xidi, Txemis wilisagan centraluri
mogrZo tvini da agreTve am RariT _ sulcus centralis. es Rari iwyeba
nawilebidan gamosuli Tavis tvinis hemisferos medialur zedapirze,
TiTqmis yvela nervi. gaswvrivi napralis Sua manZilze,
Tavis tvinis Rarebi _ sulci da gadmodis iribad win da qvemoT da
xveulebi _ gyri moipoveba gverdiTi Raris maxloblad Tavdeba.
hemisferoebis samive zedapirze: es Rari Cveulebriv uwyvetia.
lateralurze, medialurze da Sublis wili ganiyofeba
qvemoze. meorexarisxovani Rarebis
hemisferoebi zemodan sruliad saSualebiT Semdeg xveulebze:
faraven tvinis yvela danarCen centraluri Raris win mdebareobs
nawils. rogorc zemoT iyo wina centraluri xveuli _ gyrus
aRniSnuli, hemisferoebi gayofili precentralis, romelic winidan
arian e.w. tvinis gaswvrivi napralis mosazRvrulia precentraluri
_ fissura longitudinalis cerebri-s RariT _ sulcus precentralis. am
saSualebiT. Rarisagan sagitaluri mimarTulebiT
yoveli hemisfero, Tavis mxriv, warizideba Sublis zemo da qvemo
oTxi wilisagan Sedgeba: Sublis Rarebi _ sulcus frontalis superior et sulcus
wili _ lobus frontalis, Txemis wili _ frontalis inferior, romelTa saSualebiT
lobus parietalis, safeTqlis wili _ tvinis Sublis wili iyofa sam
lobus temporalis da kefis wili _ lobus Tanamosaxele xveulad: Sublis zemo,
occipitalis. Sua da qvemo xveulebi _ gyrus
Sublis wili gansazRvrulia frontalis superior, medius et inferior.
safeTqlis wilisagan gverdiTi Sublis qvemo xveuli zemoT
RariT _ sulcus lateralis. es Rrma da aRwerili gverdiTi Raris totebis
farTo Rari tvinis qvemo zedapirze saSualebiT sam patara xveulad
iwyeba, tvinis gareTa II lateralur iyofa: 1) saxuravi nawili _ pars
zedapirs Wris iribad ukan da zeviT opercularis, 2) samkuTxiani nawili _

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pars triangularis da 3) Tvalbudis safeTqlis wilis qvemo zedapirze

nawili _ pars orbitalis. safeTqlis qvemo Rars misdevs kefa-
Sublis wilis qvemo zedapirze safeTqlis lateraluri xveuli _
arsebobs wvrili Tvalbudis Rarebi gyrus occipitotemporalis lateralis, romelic
da xveulebi _ sulci et gyri orbitales; amis medialuri mxridan mosazRvrulia
garda, gaswvrivi napralis kolateraluri RariT _ sulcus
paralelurad Zevs saynosavi Rari _ collateralis. am ukanasknels misdevs
sulcus olfactorius, romelSiac saynosavi parahipokampaluri xveuli _ gyrus
traqti da bolqvia moTavsebuli da parahyppocampalis, romelic
romelic garedan sazRvravs swor medialuri mxridan mosazRvrulia
xveuls _ gyrus rectus. zRvis cxenis RariT _ sulcus
hemisferos Txemis wilze, hyppocampi. parahipokampalur
centraluri Raris ukan, mdebareobs xveulSi arCeven or bolos; maT
ukana centraluri xveuli _ gyrus Soris winas hqvia kauWi _ uncus,
postcentralis, romelic ukanidan ukanas ki _ enis xveuli _ gyrus
mosazRvrulia ukana centraluri lingualis.
RariT _ sulcus postcentralis. am Raris zRvis cxenis napralis
ukan Txemis wilis danarCeni siRrmeSi moTavsebulia e.w.
zedapiri Seicavs mkveTrad dakbiluli xveuli _ gyrus dentatus,
modrekil TxemTaSua Rars _ sulcus romelic winidan gadadis kauWSi,
interparietalis, romelic yofs Txemis ukanidan ki zonaris xveulSi _ gyrus
wils or wilakad: Txemis zemo da fasciolaris. es ukanaskneli uvlis
qvemo wilakebi _ lobulus parietalis korZiani sxeulis borcvs da
superior et inferior, maT Soris qvemo gadadis mis zemoT arsebul gaswvriv
wilakze arCeven patara ganapira zonarSi.
xveuls _ gyrus supramarginalis, hemisferos kefis wili yvelaze
romelic sazRvravs gverdiTi Raris pataraa da ganisazRvreba Txemis
bolos, da kuTxovan xveuls _ gyrus wilisagan Txem-kefis RariT _ sulcus
angularis, romelic sazRvravs parietooccipitalis, romlis umetesi
safeTqlis zemo Raris bolos. nawili mdebareobs tvinis medialur
safeTqlis wilze Tanaswvrivi zedapirze da mxolos mcire nawili
mimarTulebiT mdebareos safeTqlis gadadis hemisferos zemo-gareTa
zemo da qvemo Rarebi _ sulci zedapirze.
temporales superior et inferior. safeTqlis kefis wilis gamodrekil
zemo Raris bolo moisazRvreba zedapirze arCeven kefis ganiv Rars
zemoaRniSnuli kuTxovani xveuliT _ _ sulcus occipitalis transversus.
gyrus angularis. gverdiTi Raris napirebi rom
safeTqlis zemo da Sua gavwioT ganze, mis ZirSi davinaxavT
xveulebi mdebareobs tvinis gareTa tvinis kidev erT damalul patara
zedapirze, qvemo xveuli ki ukve nawils, romelsac uwodeben kunZuls
tvinis qvemo zedapirze moeqceva. _ insula. kunZuls garedan artyia

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Tanamosaxele irgvlivi Rari _ sulcus cnobili Txem-kefis RariT _ sulcus

circularis insulae. TviT kunZulze ki parietooccipitalis. am Raris ukan
arCeven ramdenime mokle xveuls _ mdebareobs soli _ cuneus, romelic
gyri breves, romlebsac kunZulze wina qvevidan mosazRvrulia dezis RariT
nawili uWiravT, da maT ukan erT _ sulcus calcarinus. am Raris qvemoT
grZel xveuls _ gyrus longus. mdebareobs kefa-safeTqlis
hemisferos danarCeni xveulebi medialuri xveuli _ gyrus
da Rarebi moTavsebulia hemisferos occipitotemporalis medialis, romelic wina
medialur zedapirze. am zedapirze nawiliT erTvis parahipokampalur
korZiani sxeuli winidan, zevidan da xveuls.
ukanidan mosazRvrulia korZiani
sxeulis RariT _ sulcus corporis callosi.
es Rari korZiani sxeulis borcvis gverdiTi parkuWebi _ ventriculi
qveS erTvis zRvis cxenis Rars _ laterales
sulcus hyppocampi. korZiani sxeulis gverdiTi parkuWi oria:
Raris zemoT mdebareobs sartylis marcxena da marjvena; mdebareoben
xveuli _ gyrus cinguli, romelic tvinis hemisferoebSi korZiani
zemodan mosazRvrulia sxeulis qveS simetriulad Sua
Tanamosaxele sartylis RariT _ xazis gverdiT. parkuWebs winidan da
sulcus cinguli; es Rari amave dros zemodan faravs korZiani sxeulis
ukanidan da qvevidan sazRvravs nawilebi.
Sublis zemo xveuls da Semdeg Tavis tvinis hemisferoebs
ukana nawiliT gamoyofs am horizontalurad rom movWraT zemo
zedapirze paracentralur wilaks _ nawili, korZiani sxeulis zemo
lobulus paracentralis. zedapiris doneze, aRmoCndeba, rom
sartylis xveuli korZiani tvini am nakveTze Sedgeba TeTri
sxeulis qveS Seviwroebuli yelis _ nivTierebisagan, romelsac ovaluri
isthmus-is saSualebiT ganuwyvetliv moyvaniloba aqvs da romelsac
gadadis parahipokampalur xveulSi _ centrum semiovale ewodeba.
gyrus parahyppocampalis. korZiani sxeuli da misi ganivi
amgvarad, korZiani sxeulis mimarTulebiT nervuli boWkoebi
garSemo ganlagdeba Semdegi warmoadgenen gverdiTi parkuWebis
xveulebi: korZqveSa xveuli, zemo kedels da amitom igi rom
sartylis xveuli, sartylis gavWraT an movaciloT es kedeli,
xveulis yeli, parahipokampaluri gaixsneba tvinis gverdiTi parkuWebi.
xveuli da kauWi. yoveli gverdiTi parkuWi Tavis
sartylis Raris saboloo tvinis saTanado hemisferos
nawilis ukan moTavsebulia e.w. wina esabameba, laTinuri S-is
soli _ praecuneus. es xveuli qveviDan modrekiloba aqvs da sami Rru
mosazRvrulia TxemqveSa RariT _ morCiT aris darTuli, romelTac
sulcus subparietalis, ukanidan ki CvenTvis parkuWebis rqebs _ cornua ventriculi

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uwodeben. arCeven sam rqas, maT interventriculare saSualebiT uerTdeba

Soris: wina rqa _ cornu anterius tvinis mesame parkuWs.
Seesabameba hemisferos Sublis wils, gverdiT parkuWebis
centraluri nawili _ pars cenrtalis centraluri nawili _ pars centralis
Seesabameba Txemis wils, ukana rqa _ zemodan daxurulia korZiani
cornu posterius Seesabameba kefis wils sxeulis wveliT. lateraluri
da, bolos, qvemo rqa _ cornu inferius _ kedeli Sedgeba kudiani birTvis
safeTqlis wils. sxeuliT, qveviTa kedeli ki
gverdiT parkuWebSi Cven warmodgenilia mesame parkuWis
gvxvdeba tvinis Semdegi nawilebi: sisxlZarRvTa sarqveliT da
kudiani birTvi _ nucleus caudatus, uTxelesi epiTeluri firfitiT _
romlis Tavsac _ caput nuclei caudati lamina epithelialis, romelic gaWimulia
wina rqa ukavia, sxeuls _ corpus nuclei TaRsa da kudiani sxeulis kuds
caudati _ centraluri nawili, xolo Soris. aRniSnuli firfitis
kuds _ cauda nuclei caudati ukavia misamagrebel xazs uwodeben
adgili parkuWis qvemo rqaSi. Semdeg sasazRvro zols _ stria terminalis.
parkuWis centralur nawilSi parkuWis centralur nawilSi
gvxvdeba TaRis fexebi _ crura fornicis, da agreTve qvemo rqaSi
romlebic qvemo rqaSi eSvebian da moTavsebulia gansakuTrebuli
qmnian zRvis cxenis foCebs _ fibriae anatomiuri warmonaqmni _ gverdiTi
parkuWis sisxlZarRvTa wnuli _
hyppocampi.
gverdiT parkuWebis wina rqebi plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis. tvinis
gayofilia gamWirvale ZgidiT _ sisxlZarRvTa wnulebi gamohyofen
septum pellucidum. gamWirvale Zgide Tavzurgis tvinis siTxes.
ori firfitisagan Sedgeba. es ukana rqas aqvs sami kedeli;
firfitebi gaWimulia tvinis Sua zemodan igi mosazRvrulia korZiani
xazze korZiani sxeulis muxlsa da sxeulis boWkoebiT; SigniTa mxridan
TaRis sxeuls Soris. aRniSnuli or mdebareobs gamodrekili e.w.
firfitas Soris arsebobs viwro da frinvelis dezi _ calcar avis,
mcire Rru, romelsac gamWirvale romelic gamowveulia tvinis
Zgidis Rrus _ cavum septi pellucidi Tanamosaxele Raris _ sulcus
uwodeben (winaT mas cru, mexuTe calcarinus-is ganviTarebiT; qvemo
parkuWs uwodebdnen). kedels ki Seadgens Tanamoziare
gverdiT parkuWebis wina rqebis SemaRleba _ eminentia collateralis.
zemo da wina kedeli warmodgenilia qvemo rqa warmoadgens gverdiT
korZiani sxeulis muxliT, garedan _ parkuWis uviwroes adgils. am rqis
kudiani birTvebis TavebiT, Signidan medialur da nawilobriv qvemo
_ gamWirvale ZgidiT. ukan da qveviT kedels Seadgens zRvis cxeni _
wina rqebi TandaTan viwrovdeba da hyppocampus. qveviT da win mis bolos
parkuWTaSua xvrelis _ foramen aqvs Taviseburi Sesaxedaoba,
romelic TiTebis boloebs

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mogvagonebs da hqvia zRvis cxenis da d) nuSisebri sxeuli _ corpus

fexi _ pes hyppocampi. zRvis cxenis amygdaloideum.
SigniTa mxareze, dakbilul pirveli sani msxvili birTvi
xveulTan _ gyrus dentatus garSemoxveulia TeTri nivTierebis
moTavsebulia ukve CvenTvis cnobili zonariT, anu kafsulebiT. arCeven
zRvis cxenis foCi _ fimbria SigniTa kafsulas _ capsula interna da
hyppocampi, romelic warmoadgens gareTa kafsulas _ capsula externa.
TaRis fexebis gagrZelebas. zemo aRniSnuli SigniTa kafsulis
kedeli warmodgenilia kudiani nervul boWkoebs hemisferoebSi
birTvis kudiT da sisxlZrRvTa qerqisaken aqvs sxivisebri
wnuliT. gverdiTi da qvemo kedlebi mimarTuleba, ris gamo maT uwodeben
_ safeTqlis wilis metad sqeli sxivisebr gvirgvins _ corona radiata.
nervuli qsovilisagan Sedgeba; 1. kudiani birTvi
medialuri kedeli zemo nawilSi warmoadgens yvela birTvze msxvil,
Txeli da nazia da warmodgenilia grZel da ukana nawilSi mkveTrad
epiTeluri firfitiT, romelSiac modrekil sxeuls; mis wina
Sexveulia zemoxsenebuli gamsxvilebul nawils uwodeben
sisxlZarRvTa wnuli. kudiani birTvis Tavs _ caput nuclei
caudati; Sua nawils _ sxeuls _
corpus nuclei caudati da ukana
dasasruli tvinis ruxi birTvebi Seviwroebul nawils _ kuds _ cauda
nuclei caudati.
dasasruli tvini Sedgeba ori kudiani birTvis Tavi
hemisferosagan da korZiani mdebareobs Sublis wilis midamoSi
sxeulisagan, romelic aerTebs maT. da aRwevs wina daxvretil
rogorc cnobilia, yoveli hemisfero substancias; igi, rogorc zemoT
Sedgeba TeTri da ruxi iyo aRniSnuli, qmnis gverdiTi
nivTierebisagan. ruxi nivTiereba parkuWis wina rqis lateralur
gaSlilia uwyveti Sris saxiT kedels; kudiani birTvis Sua
hemisferos periferiaze da nawili (sxeuli) qmnis gverdiTi
cnobilia rogorc tvinis qerqi _ parkuWis centraluri nawilis Zirs,
cortex cerebri. hemisferoebis SigniT, xolo kudiani birTvis ukanaskneli
TeTri nivTierebis masaSi, Tavis nawili _kudi, wvrildeba, CaeSveba
tvinis fuZis midamoSi, mdebareoben gverdiTi parkuWis qvemo rqis zemo
ruxi nivTierebisagan Semdgari kedelSi, aRwevs zRvis cxenis kauWs
bazaluri, anu qerqqveSa birTvebi. da umijnavdeba nuSisebr sxeuls.
yovel hemisferoSi arCeven Semdeg gverdiT parkuWSi kudian
birTvebs: a) kudiani birTvi _ nucleus birTvsa da mxedvelobis borcvs
caudatus, b) ospisebri birTvi _ Soris gaivlis sasazRvro zoli _
nucleus lentiformis, g) zRude _ claustrum stria terminalis, romelic amave dros
warmoadgens sazRvars dasasrul

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(telencephalon) da Suamdebare sistemis uaRresad mniSvnelovan

(diencephalons) tvins Soris. mamoZravebel centrs; mas aqvs
2. ospisebri birTvi _ avtomaturi moZraobis centris da
nucleus lentiformis solis formisaa, ConCxis kunTovani qsovilis
Zevs agreTve tvinis fuZis midamoSi regulatoris mniSvneloba.
kudiani birTvis da mxedvelobis 3. zRude _ claustrum
borcvis gareT, aRwevs, erTi mxriv, warmoadgens viwro, odnav modrekil
wina daxvretil substancias da, birTvs, romelic mdebareobs
meore mxriv, ukavSirdeba kudiani ospisebri birTvis gareT. zRudes
birTvis kuds. Signidan aqvs sada zedapiri, xolo
ospisebri birTvis gareTa gareTa zedapiri, miqceuli kunZulis
zedapiri gamodrekilia, xolo qerqisaken, dakbilulia. zRudis
medialur zedapirs solis qveda napiri swvdeba wina daxvretil
moyvaniloba aqvs. substancias.
ospisebri birTvi TeTri 4. nuSisebri sxeuli _ corpus
nivTierebis ori firfitiT iyofa amygdaloideum warmoadgens SedarebiT
sam nawilad; maT Soris gareTas, msxvil, momrgvalo sxeuls, romelic
molurjos, umsxviless ewodeba mdebareobs safeTqlis wilSi,
CenCo _ putamen, xolo danarCeni gverdiTi parkuWis qveda rqis wina
medialuri nawili cnobilia bolosTan da umijnavdeba zRudes
mkrTali sferos _ globus pallidus qvemodan da garedan.
saxelwodebiT. funqciurad igi warmoadgens
ospisebri birTvis wina nawili erT-erT qerqqveSa saynosav centrs.
uerTdeba kudiani birTvis Tavs. SigniTa kafsula _ capsula
saerTod, yvela zemoaRniSnuli interna mdebareobs kudian birTvsa da
birTvi daserilia TeTri ospisebr birTvs Soris, warmoadgens
nivTierebis morCebiT da amitom maT TeTr nivTierebas, romlis boWkoebi
kompleqss ewodeba zoliani sxeuli gaSlilia maraosaviT. am boWkoebis
_ corpus striatum. kompleqsSi Sedis mgZnobiare da
kudiani birTvi, ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli gzebi, romlebic
TvalsazrisiT, warmoadgens akavSireben Tavis tvinis qerqs,
zoliani sxeulis axal warmonaqmns tvinis Rerosa da zurgis tvins.
_ neostriatum; samagierod CenCo _ tvinis horizontalur nakveTze
putamen SedarebiT masTan uZvelesi SigniTa kafsula qmnis blagv
nawilia da amitom ewodeba kuTxes, gaSlils gareTken. masSi
paleostriatum. zemoaRniSnulis arCeven wina fexs _ crus anterius
safuZvelze praqtikulad zolian capsulae internae da ukana fexs _ crus
sxeuls mTlianad miakuTvneben e.w. posterius capsulae internae; maT Soris
striapalidur sistemas. moqceul kuTxes uwodeben muxls _
funqciurad zoliani sxeuli genu capsulae internae. am kafsulis
warmoadgens eqstrapiramiduli gareT mdebareobs ospisebri birTvi.

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ospisebri birTvi garedan parkuWis qvemo rqa da gadakveTili

mosazRvrulia TeTri nivTierebis zRvis cxenis fexi.
firfitovani zoliT, romelsac hqvia
gareTa kafsula _ capsula externa; Tavis tvinis III _ XII nervebis
ukanasknels mohyveba zRude _ birTvebis ganlageba
claustrum.
zRudes garedan mosazRvravs Tavis tvinis Reros nawilebSi,
metad Txeli TeTri nivTiereba, kerZod, Sua tvinSi, xidSi da mogrZo
romelic uSualod umojnavdeba tvinSi moTavsebulia mravali
kunZulis qerqs. birTvi, romelTa Soris mometebuli
ganakveTze, romelic ekuTvnis Tavis tvinis nervebs,
gatarebulia gverdiTi parkuWebis dawyebuli me-3-dan da me-12
centraluri nawilis sibrtyeze, wyvilamde.
naTlad Cans dasasruli tvinis tvinis Reros am nawilebSi
zemoT aRniSnuli birTvebis birTvebi ganlagebulia
topografiuli urTierToba. gansazRvrul topografiul
saxeldobr, Cans orive hemisfero, urTierTobaSi.
gayofili Suaze cnobili gaswvrivi I.Sua tvinis _ mesencephalon _is
napraliT. am napralis ZirSi moCans birTvebi.
korZiani sxeuli Tavisi boWkoebis rogorc ukve cnobilia, Sua
gansxivebiT (radiatio) hemisferoebis tvins ekuTvnis dorsaluri mxridan
nakveTze. TeTr nivTierebas saxuravi firfita da ventraluri
periferiaze akravs tvinis qerqi _ mxridan tvinis fexebi. am
cortex, romlis zedapirze sxva Rarebs warmonaqmnebs Soris moTavsebulia
Soris Cans agreTve gverdiTi Rari, tvinis wyalsadeni.
xolo am Raris ZirSi Cans kunZuli; saxuravi firfitis sisqeSi
korZiani sxeulis qveS mdebareobs moTavsebulia oTxi birTvi, maT
gadakveTili gverdiTi da mesame Soris ori zemo da ori qvemo
parkuWebi, TaRis gadakveTili birTvi _ nuclei colliculi superiores et
mxedvelobis borcvi, mis gareT _ colliculi inferiores.
SigniTa kafsula, romelsac mosdevs zemo gorakebi
ospisebri birTvi. Semdeg dakavSirebulia mxedvelobis
TanmimdevrobiT: gareTa kafsula, gamtarebel gzebTan, qvemo ki _
zRude, TeTri nivTiereba da, bolos, smenis gamtarebel gzebTan.
kunZulis qerqi (gverdiTi Raris tvinis fexebi _ pedunculi cerebri
ZirSi). Savi nivTierebis _ substabtia nigra
gverdiTi parkuWis gareT Cans saSualebiT iyofa or nawilad: qvemo
kudiani sxeuli. mxedvelobis _ tvinis kanWi_ crus cerebri da zemo
borcvis qvemoT _ wiTeli birTvi, _ Weri _ tegmentum.
xolo mis gverdiT _ subTalamuri tvinis fexebis qvemo nawili is
birTvi. MmaT qveS xidis masa, xolo adgilia, sadac gaivlis sami
ukanasknelis gverdze _ gverdiTi

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mamoZravebeli xasiaTis gamtarebeli spinqteris da wamwamovani kunTis

gza, romelsac ekuTvnis: inervaciasTan.
1. Tractus corticospinales. aRniSnuli bolo birTvi
2. Tractus tegmentalis centralis. ekuTvnis avtonomiuri nervuli
3. Tractus corticopontini. sistemis birTvebs.
Savi nivTierebis zeviT 2. WaRisebri nervis birTvi _
mdebareobs wiTeli birTvi _ nucleus nucleus nervi trochlearis mdebareobs
ruber, romelsac aqvs wagrZelebuli saxuravi firfitis qvemo gorkebis
(Zexvis) forma. wiTeli birTvebi doneze.
warmoadgenen eqstrapiramiduli am birTvebidan gamosuli
sistemis mTavar sakoordinacio boWkoebi midian ukan, Semdeg
centrs. mopirdapire mxareze, saxuravi
wiTeli birTvidan iwyeb firfitis ukan qmnian srul
mamoZravebeli xasiaTis gadajvaredinebas da bolos Sedian
rubrospinaluri gza _ tractus TvalbudeSi da anerveben Tvalis
rubrospinalis. mxolod erT kunTs _ zemo irib
Sua tvinis midamoSi tvinis kunTs.
wyalsadenis ZirSi moTavsebulia II. xidis birTvebi.
Tavis tvinis me-3 wyvili _ Tvalis xidSi arCeven ventralur
mamoZravebeli nervis _nervus nawils _ pars ventralis pontis da
oculomotorius da dorsalur nawils _ pars dorsalis
me-4 wyvili _ WaRisebri nervis _ ponris.
nervus trochlearis birTvebi. xidis sisqeSi moTavsebulia
1. Tvalis mamoZravebeli nervis mravali, mcire, sxvadasxva formis
birTvebi _ nucleus nervi oculomotorii kunZulebi, romlebic cnobilia
mdebareoben saxuravi firfitis zemo rogorc xidis birTvebi _ nuclei
gorakis doneze; maT SemadgenlobaSi pontis.
Sedis orive mxareze erTad xuTi garda amisa, xidis midamoSi
birTvi: mdebareoben birTvebi: Tavis tvinis
a) dorsolateraluri birTvi, me-5 wyvilis _ samwvera nervis _
ventromedialuri birTvi da nervus trigeminus, me-6 wyvilis _
centraluri kaudaluri birTvi, gamnzidvelis _nervus abducens, me-7
romlebidanac boWkoebi miimarTebian wyvilis _ saxis _nervus facialis da me-
yoveli Tvalis 5 kunTTan _ zemo, 8 wyvilis _ karibWe-lokokinis
SigniTa da qvemo swor kunTebTan, nervis _nervus vestibulicochlearis.
qvemo irib da zemo quTuTos amwev 1. Tavis tvinis me-5 wyvili _
kunTTan. samwvera nervi _ nervus trigeminus
b) damatebiTi (avtonomiuri) Sereuli xasiaTisaa, e.i. rogorc
birTvi (vestfl-edingeris, anu mgZnobiare, ise mamoZravebeli da
iakuboviCis birTvi), romlis Seicavs orive xasiaTis birTvebs.
boWkoebi dakavSirebulia gugis

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samwvera nervis mamoZravebeli nervis gareT, xidis dorsaluri

birTvi _ nucleus motorius nervi trigemini nawilis lateralur midamoSi.
mdebareobs xidis dorsolateralur aRniSnuli birTvidan
midamoSi, saxis nervis birTvis gamosuli boWkoebi TviT xidis
zeviTaa moTavsebuli. masaSi midian medialurad da zemoT,
samwvera nervis mezencefaluri gars uvlian ganmzidveli nervis
traqti _ tractus mesencephalicus nervi birTvs, qmnian saxis nervis muxls,
trigemini grZeldeba tvinis Semdeg midian ventralurad,
wyalsadenis gverdiT kedlamde. gamodian xidsa da mogrZo tvins
samwvera nervis mgZnobiare Soris arsebuli Raridan da bolos
xasiaTis birTvebi ricxviT oria: midian TvalbudeSi da anerveben
mgZnobiare xasiaTis boWkoebi, Tvalis ganmzidvel kunTs _ e.w.
romlebic warmoadgenen samwvera gareTa swor kunTs.
kvanZis unipolaruli ujredebis 4. Tavis tvinis me-8 wyvili
centralur boWkoebs, Sedian xidis _ karibWe-lokokinis nervi _ nervus
masaSi da iyofian T- magvarad mokle vestibulocochlearis Sedgeba ori
aswvriv da grZel daswvriv totebad. fesvisagan _ zemo fesvi _ radix
aswvrivi totebi Tavdeba superior (wonasworobisa ) da qvemo
samwvera nervis mezencefaluri gzis fesvi _ radix inferior (smenisa).
birTvSi _ nucleus tractus qvemo fesvs aqvs ori birTvi:
mesencephalicus nervi trigemini, romelic a) lokokinis dorsaluri birTvi
Zevs saReWi birTvis ufro zeviT da _ nucleus cochlearis dorsalis, romelic
lateralurad. mdebareobs rombisebri fosos
daswvrivi totebi qmnian karibWis midamoSi.
samwvera nervis spinalur traqts _ b) lokokinis ventraluri birTvi
tractus spinalis nervi trigemini, romelic _ nucleus cochlears ventralis _
Tavdeba am gzis birTvSi _ nucleus mdebareobs zedapirulad, naTxemis
tractus spinalis nervi trigemini. es birTvi qvemo fexsa da naTxems Soris
grZeldeba agreTve mogrZo tvinSi. arsebul kuTxeSi.
2. Tavis tvinis me-6 wyvili karibWis fesvs aqvs oTxi birTvi:
_ ganmzidveli nervis birTvi _ a) karibWis medialuri birTvi _
nucleus nervi abducens mdebareobs nucleus vestibularis medialis samkuTxedis
zedapirulad, saxis nervis muxlSi formisa, mdebareobs danarCeni
_ genu nervi facialis, romelsac birTvebis yvelaze medialurad.
rombisebr fosoSi Seesabameba saxis b) karibWis lateraluri birTvi _
SemaRleba _ colliculus facialis. nucleus vestibularis lateralis ufro
3. Tavis tvinis me-7 wyvili pataraa, vidre medialuri birTvi,
_ saxis nervis birTvi _ nucleus nervi Zevs mis lateralurad.
facialis mdebareobs xidisa da mogrZo g) karibWis zemo biTvi _ nucleus
tvinis sazRvarze, ganmzidveli vestibularis superior Zevs ufro gareT
da zeviT, me-4 parkuWis kuTxeSi da

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cnobilia rogorc bexterevis a. mamoZravebeli, avtonomiuri

birTvi _ nucleus Bechterevi birTvebi cnobilia rogorc
d) karibWis qvemo birTvi _ nucleus cTomili da ena-xaxis dorsaluri
vestibularis inferior mdebareobs birTvebi _ nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi et
rombisebri fosos karibWis veils nucleus dorsalis nervi glossopgaringei;
sisqeSi, karibWis medialuri da mdebareoben zedapirulad enisqveSa
lateraluri birTvebis qvemoT. nervis birTvis lateralurad
rombisebri fosos qvemo kuTxeSi
III. mogrZo tvinis birTvebi: cTomili nervis samkuTxedis _
mogrZo tvinisa da xidis trigonum nervi vagi midamoSi.
samkuTxedis sazRvris maxloblad, b. mamoZravebeli somatikuri
saxis nervis birTvis kaudalurad, birTvi Zevs mogrZo tvinSi ufro
mdebareobs e.w. zemo sanerwyve Rrmad da ufro axlo ventralur
birTvi _ nucleus salivatorius superior, zedapirTan da hqvia ormagi birTvi _
romlidanac iwyeba Suamdebare nucleus ambiguous, radgan igi Seicavs
nervis sekretoruli xasiaTis mamoZravebel ujredebs orive
boWkoebi. nervisaTvis.
mogrZo tvinis dorsalur ena-xaxisa da cTomili nervis
mxareze nazi birTvis borcvis masaSi mgZnobiare _ zemo da qvemo kvanZebis
Zevs nazi birTvi _ nucleus gracilis, ujredebis centraluri boWkoebi
xolo mis lateralurad solisebr Sedian Tavis tvinSi da mTavrdebian
birTvis borcvSi _ solisebri gankerZoebuli konis birTvebSi.
birTvi _ nucleus cuneatus. g. gankerZoebuli konis birTvi
mogrZo tvinis ventralur _ nucleus tractus solitarii mgZnobiarea,
mxareze olives sisqeSi mdebareobs Zevs cTomili nervis samkuTxedis
dakbiluli formis olivis birTvi _ ventralurad.
nucleus olivaris. gankerZoebuli konis birTvis
garda am birTvebisa, mogrZo yvelaze maRali gaganierebuli
tvinSi moTavsebulia Tavis tvinis nawili, romelic Rebulobs
ukanaskneli oTxi nervis _ me-9, me-10, gamovnebis boWkoebs ena-xaxis
me-11 da me-12 wyvili nervebis nervisagan (enis ukana mesamedis
birTvebi. gemovnebis bolqvebisagan) da
ena-xaxis nervs _ nervus Suamdebare nervisagan (enis wina ori
glossopharingeus (me-9 wyvili) da mesamedis gemovnebis bolqvebisagan)
cTomil nervs _ nervus vagus (me-10 cnobilia gemovnebis birTvis
wyvili) aqvT saerTo mamoZravebeli saxelwodebiT, xolo gankerZoebuli
da mgZnobiare birTvebi. maT Soris birTvis qvemo nawili Rebulobs
arCeven: or mamoZravebel birTvs _ saerTo visceralur gaRizianebas im
avtonomiurs da somatikurs da erT organoebidan, romlebsac anervebs
saerTo mgZnobiares. cTomili nervi.
msgavsad samwvera nervis
spinaluri traqtisa, romelic

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Tavdeba samwvera nervis spinaluri qerqi arsebobs centraluri

traqtis birTvSi somatikuri, xveulebis zemo nawilebSi
aferentuli, daswvrivi konis saxiT, (gansakuTrebiT xveulebis
visceraluri aferentuli boWkoebis amodrekil nawilebSi).
daswvrivi kona Tavdeba tvinis qerqis agebulebaSi ukve
gankerZoebuli konis birTvSi. SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac SeiZleba
jerjerobiT ar aris gaisinjos nervuli elementebis
gamokvleuli im birTvebis arseboba, Sreobrivi dalageba. aseTi aRnagoba
romlebic cTomil nervs ugzavnian gansakuTrebiT mkafiod aris
sekretorul boWkoebs. gamoxatuli hemisferos kefis wilis
sekretorul pregangliur solisa da enis xveulebSi,
boWkoebs (ybayura jirkvlis romlebSiac moTavsebulia
inervaciisaTvis) ena-xaxis nervi mxedvelobis kortikaluri centri,
Rebulobs qvemo sanerwyve cnobili rogorc zoliani are _
birTvisagan _ nucleus salivatorius area striata.
inferior, romelic Zevs ormag birTvsa aseTive Sreobrivi agebuleba
da olivas Soris. mkafiod Cans parahipokampaluri
yvela birTvze kaudalurad xveulis bolo nawilSi, romelic
Zevs damatebiTi nervis _ nervus ganiv nakveTze mkafiod aris
accessorius (me-11 wyvili) birTvebi. gamoxatuli da cnobilia rogorc
arCeven birTvis or monakveTs: zemo badebrivi TeTri nivTiereba
_ nucleusambiguus, romelic Zevs arnoldisa _ substantia reticularis alba
mogrZo tvinis qvemo sazRvarze da Arnoldi (BNA).
qvemo _ nucleus spinalis nervi accessorii, tvinis qerqis Sreobrivi
romelic grZeli bagirakis saxiT histologiuri agebulebis
Zevs zurgis tvinis ruxi nivTierebis detaluri Seswavlis fuZemdebeli
wina rqaSi mexuTe-meeqvse aris kieveli anatomi v.a. beci. mis
segmentamde. Semdeg brodmanis, foxtis da
enisqveSa nervis birTvi _ ekonomos gamokvlevebiT tvinis
nucleus nervi hypoglossi mdebareobs qerqis arqiteqtonikaSi gamoyofilia
rombisebri fosos qveda kuTxeSi ramdenime aTeuli Taviseburi
Tanamosaxele samkuTxedis qveS. agebulebis areebi.
saerTod e.w.
citoarqiteqtonikuri areebis
Tavis tvinis arqiteqtonika ujredovano Sreebis ricxvi
adamianis tvinis qerqi ZiriTadad udris eqvss, xolo zog
cxovelebis tvinis qerqTan adgilas Sreebis ricxvi rvasac
SedarebiT xasiaTdeba uaRresi aRwevs. qerqis eqvsSriani
diferenciaciiT. misi qerqis sisqe Semadgenloba warmoadgens qerqis
saSualod udris 2_ 4 mm-s; magram agebulebis ZiriTad formas.
tvinis qerqi sxvadasxva midamoebSi qerqis nervuli ujredebi
ar aris erTgvari; yvelaze sqeli sxvadasxva areebSi gansxvavdebian

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odenobiT, formiT, Taviseburi ujredebs. es ujredebi moipoveba

ganlagebiT da kavSirebiT; amisda gansakuTrebiT wina centraluri
mixedviT, adamianis qerqis xveulis zemo nawilebSi. am
arqiteqtonikaSi arCeven Semdeg ujredebis mwvervali miqceulia
Sreebs: qerqis zedapirisken, xolo neiriti
1. molekuluri Sre _ lamina ki, romelic warizideba fuZidan,
zonalis mdebareobs uSualod rbili miqceulia TeTri nivTierebisaken.
garsis qveS; masSi ujredebis ricxvi wina centraluri xveulis
metad mcirea, samagierod igi (fsiqomotoruli are) mexuTe e.i.
Seicavs umTavresad nervuli gangliozuri Sridan iwyeba
ujredebis neiritebs da mamoZravebeli xasiaTis
dendritebis uaRresad rTul da uxv qerqzurgtvinis, anu piramiduli gza
qsels, romlis boWkoebi gaSlilia _ tractus corticospinalis seu piramidalis.
xveulebis zedapirebis 6. polimorfuli ujredebis
paralelurad. am qselSi mxolod Sre _ lamina multiformis Seicavs
aqa-iq moipoveba horizontalurad sxvadasxva formis, magram ZiriTadad
gaSlili mcire asociaciuri TiTistara ujredebs, romlebic
ujredebi, TiTistaris formisa. dganan qerqis zedapirTan
2. gareTa marcvlovani Sre _ perpendikularulad. es Sre
lamina granularis externa Seicavs mcire umijnavdeba tvinis TeTr
odenobis samkuTxovan, mrgval da nivTierebas.
mravalwaxnagovan formis ujredebs. qerqis aRniSnuli ujredebis
3. piramiduli Sre_ lamina yvela Sre SekavSirebulia qerqSi
pyramidalis warmoadgens saSualo da mosul boWkoebTan, romlebsac
SedarebiT msxvil piramiduli moaqvs sxvadasxva signalebi rogorc
ujredebis Sres, romelSic msxvili sxeulis periferiidan, ise
ujredebi mdebareoben ufro Rrmad. Signeulobis organoebidan da TviT
4. SigniTa marcvlovani Sre _ qerqis sxvadasxva midamiebidan.
lamina granularis interna Sedgeba mcire nervuli ujredebis Sreobriv
varskvlavisebri formis nervuli dalagebasTan Sesabamisad nervuli
ujredebisagan. es Sre mdidaria boWkoebic tvinis qerqSi
horizontaluri boWkoebiT. xasiaTdebian garkveuli
hemisferos ukana centraluri kanonzomieri Sreobrivi ganlagebiT,
xveulis am SreSi Tavdeba mgZnobiare rasac mieloarqiteqtonika ewodeba.
gamtarebeli gzebi. qerqis yvela ujreds Soris
5. ganglionaluri ujredebis nervuli moqmedebis dros myardeba
Sre _ lamina ganglionaris SedarebiT rogorc mudmivi, ise droebiTi
Raribia ujredebiT, Seicavs did kavSirebi.
piramidul ujredebs, xolo tvinis amrigad, tvinis qerqi
qerqis mamoZravebeli are Seicavs warmoadgens didi tvinis urTulesi
mraval gigantur piramidul ujreds, agerbulebis safarvels, romelic
romlebsac uwodeben becis neironebis jaWvis saSualebiT

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Rebulobs gaRizianebas (signalebs) yoveli analizatori Sedgeba sami

rogorc garemodan nawilisagan: 1) mimRebi nawili
(eqsteroreceprorebi), ise (receptoruli), 2) CarTuli _
Signeulobis yvela organodan gamtarebeli _ nawili da 3)
(interoreceptorebi), e.w. momtani anu centraluri nawili (qerqi).
aferentuli gzebiT. qerqis analizatorebSi
Tavis mxriv, hemisferoebis nervuli gaRizianeba gadaiqceva
qerqis ujredebi ganuwyvetliv SegrZnebad.
gzavnian impulsebs gamomtani, anu didi tvinis hemisferoebis
efeqtoruli gzebiT, romlebic qerqi moqmedebs rogorc erTi
warmodgenilia mexuTe da meeqvse mTliani warmonaqmni. miuxedavad
Sreebis ujredebis grZeli morCebis amisa, SeiZleba gamoiyos qerqis
kavSiriT sxeulis yvela organosTan. sxvadasxva zonebi, romlebSiac
amrigad, Tavis tvini Tavmoyrilia sxvadasxva garkveuli
warmoadgens umaRlesi nervuli analizatorebis centraluri
moqmedebis materalur safuZvels; nawilebi, magaliTad, Sublis qvemo
igi apirobadebs da uzrunvelyofs xveulis ukana nawilSi
cxovelis rTulsa da normalur moTavsebulia metyvelebis
yofaqcevas. amave dros nervuli mamoZravebeli zona. wina centralur
sistemis danarCeni nawilebis xveulSi _ sxeulis mopirdapire
amoqmedebiT aregulirebs naxevris kunTebis mamoZravebeli
organizmSi yvela process, zona, ukana centralur xveulSi _
organizmis nawilebis saerTo mgrZnobelobis analizatori,
urTierTkavSirs da kavSirs solis da enis xveulebis qerqSi
garemosTan. moTavsebulia mxedvelobis
i. p. pavlovma daamtkica centraluri analizatori,
adamianis sxeulSi tvinis qerqis, safeTqlis zemo xveulis Sua
rogorc mTeli organizmis nawilSi _ smenis centraluri
cxovrebaSi maregulirebeli da analizatori, kauWis qerqSi _
mmarTvelis, mniSvneloba. ynosvis centraluri analizatori.
im rTul nervul meqanizmebs, analizatorebi ara mxolod
romlebic adamianis sxeulSi miiReben garegan da Sinagan
awarmoeben garedan da Signidan gaRizianebebs, aramed akavSireben
miRebul gaRizianebaTa analizs, maT erTmaneTTan da axorcialeben
ewodebaT analizatorebi. analizsac da sinTezsac.
analizatorebs ekuTvnis yvela tvinis qerqis sxvadasxva
grZnobaTa organo (mxedvelobis, nawilebs Soris myardeba droebiTi
smenis, gamovnebis, ynosvis, Sexebis) kavSirebi. asociaciuri funqcia
da agreTve specialuri mimRebi _ damaxasiaTebelia mTeli qerqisaTvis.
receproruli aparatebi, romlebic i.p. pavlovis azriT, qerqis
mdebareoben Signeulobis konstruqcia mravalferovania,
organoebSi, saxsrebSi da kunTebSi. magram unda daSvebuli iyos

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Sesabamisoba dinamiur movlenebsa da adamianis organizmSi ki es

qerqis struqturis detalebs Soris. Zvlisazrdela cildeba Zvals da
eferentuli boWkoebi iwyeba qmnis tvinis magar garss. magari
qerqis me-5 _ me-6 Sridan, garsis gareTa zedapiri dakav-
gansakuTrebiT becis giganturi Sirebulia qalas ZvlebTan, xolo
piramiduli ujredebidan. es endoTeliumiT dafaruli SigniTa
CarTuli eferentuli boWkoebi zedapiri miqceulia qselisebri
akavSireben tvinis qerqs: 1) qerqqveSa garsisken. magar garssa da qalas
birTvebTan, 2) Tavis tvinis Zvlebs Soris napralia, romelsac
mamoZravebel da sekretorul eqstraduraluri, anu epiduraluri
birTvebTan da 3) zurgis tvinis wina sivrce _ cavum epidurale ewodeba.
rqebis birTvebTan. kavSiri magar garssa da
tvinis wina centralur Zvlebs Soris qalasarqvlis areSi
xveulSi mdebareoben qvemo sustia, qalas fuZeze ki—ufro
kidurebis mamoZravebeli centrebi. mtkice. magari garsi gansakuTrebiT
maT qvemoT zemo kiduris centrebi, mtkiced aris dakavSirebuli cxavis
xolo ukanasknelTa qvemoT _ Zvlis dacxrilul firfitasTan,
torsis, saxis, enis da xorxisa. Turquli kexis kideebTan,
Tavis tvinis hemosferoebi TavqvesTan, safeTqlis Zvlebis
SeerTebulia tvinis didi kldovan nawilebTan, nakerebTan,
SesarTaviT, anu korZiani sxeuliT. qedebTan, Rarebsa da xvrelebTan.
igi Sedgeba e.w. SesarTavis magari garsi iZleva morCebs,
boWkoebisagan, romlebic aerTeben romlebic tvinis nawilebs Soris
orive hemisferos qerqs. mdebareoben. isini tvinisTvis
hemisferoebis qerqis qveS amortizatoris rols asruleben.
mdebareobs tvinis TeTri nivTiereba, Sua xazze anda misgan odnav
romelic Sedgeba samgvari marjvniv mamlis bibilodan _ crista
boWkosagan: komisuruli, galli kefis SigniTa SemaRlebamde _
asociaciuri da proeqciuli protuberantia occipitalis interna gada-
boWkoebisagan. Wimulia didi tvinis namgali _ falx
cerebri. igi tvinis hemisferoebs
Tavis tvinis garsebi Soris TiTqmis korZian sxeulamde _
Tavis tvini dafarulia sami corpus callosum eSveba. didi namgali
garsiT: magari, qselisebri da rbili ukana ganieri boloTi daka-
garsiT. vSirebulia naTxemis karavTan.
Tavis tvinis magari garsi naTxemis karavi _ tentorium
_dura mater encephali. Tavis tvinis cerebelli, mimagrebulia Zvlebze kefis
magari garsi warmoadgens tvinis ganivi Raris, safeTqlis Zvlis
Zvlovani kolofis SigniTa kldovani nawilis zeda kidisa da
zedapiris Zvlisazrdelas, romelic ukana solisebri morCis gayolebiT.
bavSvobis dros mWidrod aris igi tvinis kefis nawilebsa da naT-
Sezrdili ZvalTan. mozrdili

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xems Soris mdebareobs da qalas amaragebs. igi Sedis qalas RruSi

ukana fosos qalas Rrus danarCeni wvetiani xvreliT da safeTqlis Zv-
nawilisagan yofs. mis wina nawilSi lis qicvis SigniTa zedapirze wina
ovaluri formis naWdevia _ incisura da ukana totebad iyofa. arteriis
tentorii, romelSic tvinis Rero mTavari Rero da misi totebi
mdebareobs. mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli magar
naTxemis karavs zevidan garsTan da Zvalze tovebs kvals
ukavSirdeba didi tvinis namgali, arteriuli Rarebis _ sulci arteriosi
xolo qvevidan _ naTxemis namgali _ saxiT. wina totis Rari dasawyisSi
falx cerebelli, romelic ZvalTan 0,5-2sm manZilze zogjer daxurulia
dakavSirebulia kefis SigniTa qedis Zvlis xidakiT.
gaswvriv—kefis SigniT venebi magari garsis venur
SemaRlebidan did xvrelamde. igi sinusebSi eSveba.
naTxemis hemisferoebs Soris magar garss ainervirebs
mdebareobs. samwvera da cTomili nervebis
safeTqlis Zvlis kldovani totebi.
nawilis wina zedapirze samwveras
naWdevis _ impresio trigemini areSi tvinis magari garsis sinusebi
magari garsi orad iyofa da qmnis tvinis magari garsi Seicavs
Rrus, romelSic mdebareobs samwve- erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul venur
ra kvanZi _ ganglion trigeminale. wiaRebs, anu sinusebs, romlebic
Turqul kexze tvinis sisxls agroveben rogorc tvinidan,
danamatis fosos _ fossa hypophysialis ise qalas Zvlebidan da romelTa
zeviT magari garsi saxuravis koleqtoria SigniTa sauRle vena.
msgavsad aris gadaWimuli da qmnis didi tvinis namglis zeda
kexis SuasaZgids _ diaphragma sellae, kideSi moTavsebulia zeda
romlis SuagulSi xvrelia sagitaluri sinusi _ sinus sagittalis
ZabrisTvis _ infundibulum. kexis superior, romelic brma xvrelidan
SuasaZgidis qveS —danamatis iwyeba, kefis SigniTa SemaRlebamde
fosoSi—tvnis danamati mdebareobs. grZeldeba da aq marjvena (iSviaTad
tvinis magar garss kvebavs wina marcxena) ganiv sinuss erTvis. misi
meningealuri arteria (tvinis wina sanaTuri samkuTxa formisaa,
arteriis toti), Sua meningealuri diametri uknisaken TandaTan
arteria (zeda ybis arteriis toti) matulobs, darTuli aqvs
da ukana meningealuri arteria lateraluri lakunebi—lacunae
(xaxis aswvrivi arteriis toti), laterales, Txemis gamosaSvebi venebiT
romlebic anastomozebiT dakavSirebulia Txemis midamos
erTmaneTTan arian dakavSirebuli. kanqveSa venebTan. didi tvinis
maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania namglis qveda kideSi mdebareobs
Sua meningealuri arteria, romelic qveda sagitaluri sinusi _ sinus
magari garsis umetes nawils sagittalis inferior, romelic ukana

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boloTi uerTdeba swor sinuss _ cavernosus. misi sanaTuri usworo

sinus rectus. es ukanaskneli didi samkuTxa formisaa, Seicavs didi
tvinis namgalisa da naTxemis karvis raodenobiT SemaerTebelqsovilovan
SesayarSi mdebareobs da kefis Zgideebsa da xarixebs. masSi gaivlis
SigniTa SemaRlebasTan marjvena an SigniTa saZile arteria
marcxena ganiv sinuss _ sinus garemomcveli simpaTikuri nervuli
transversus erTvis. qveda sagitaluri wnuliT da ganmzidveli nervi (VI
sinusis garda, mas winidan uerTdeba wyvili). mRvimovani sinusis zeda—
tvinis didi vena _ v. cerebri magna. lateraluri kedlis sisqeSi
naTxemis karvis mimagrebis ganlagebulia Tvalis mamoZravebeli
xazze ganivi Raris gaswvriv nervi (III wyvili), WaRisebri nervi
mdebareobs ganivi sinusi _ sinus (IV wyvili) da Tvalbudis nervi
transversus, romelic qedis zeda (samwvera nervis I toti). gareTa
xazze proecirdeba. gareTa boloSi kedelTan samwvera kvanZi mdebareobs.
igi qveviT uxvevs da grZeldeba mRvimovan sinuss winidan
sigmoidur sinusSi _ sinus sigmoideus, erTvis Tvalbudis zeda da qveda
romelic safeTqlis Zvlis venebi. Tvalbudis zeda vena
sigmoidur RarSi mdebareobs da mRvimovan sinuss saxis venasTan
sauRle xvrelSi sauRle venis zeda akavSirebs. mRvimovani sinusi gamo-
bolqvs erTvis. dvrilisebri gamo- saSvebi venebiT dakavSirebulia
saSvebi veniT igi dvrilisebri saxis Rrma midamoSi mdebare
midamos kanqveSa venebs ukavSirdeba. frTisebr venur wnulTan.
naTxemis namglis ZirSi kefis marjvena da marcxena
SigniTa qedis gaswvriv gaivlis mRvimovani sinusebi SeerTebulia
kefis sinusi _ sinus occipitalis. zeviT wina da ukana interkavernozuli
igi dakavSirebulia marjvena an sinusebiT _ sinus intercavernosi,
marcxena ganiv sinusTan, xolo romlebic mRvimovan sinusebTan
qveviT, didi xvrelis ukana kidesTan erTad Turquli kexis irgvliv
iyofa or totad, romlebic didi qmnian venur wres.
xvrelis gverdebze sigmoidur mRvimovan sinusTan uknidan
sinusebs anda (iSviaTad) SigniTa dakavSirebulia zeda da qveda
sauRle venis bolqvebs erTvian. kldovani sinusebi _ sinus petrosus
kefis SigniTa SemaRlebasTan zeda superior et inferior. pirveli maTgani
sagitaluri, swori, kefisa da ganivi zeda kldovan RarSi mdebareobs da
sinusebis SeerTebiT iqmneba sinusTa erTvis sigmoidur sinuss, xolo meo-
SerTuli _ confluens sinum. re—qveda kldovan RarSia da
qalas Sua fosoSi Turquli uerTdeba SigniTa sauRle venis
kexis gverdebze safeTqlis Zvlis zeda bolqvs.
kldovani nawilis mwvervalidan Tavis tvinis qselisebri garsi
Tvalbudis zeda napralamde _ arachnoidea encephali Txelia, ar
mdebareobs mRvimovani sinusi _ sinus Seicavs sisxlZarRvebs, yoveli
mxridan faravs tvins ise, rom ar

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Cadis xveulebsa da wilebs Soris nawilebs qselqveSa auzebi _ cisternae

Rarebsa da napralebSi, tvinis ewodeba.
xveulebze mWidrod aris dakavSire- yvelaze didi moculobisaa da
buli rbil garsTan, magari praqtikuladac ufro mniSvnelovania
garsisgan gayofilia subduraluri naTxem-mogrZo tvinis auzi _ cisterna
sivrciT _ cavum subdurale, romelic cerebellomedullaris. zevidan igi Semo-
zurgis tvinis aseTsave sivrcesa da sazRvrulia naTxemiT, winidan—
Tavis tvinis nervebis garsis qveS mogrZo tviniT, qvevidan da
arsebul napralebTan aris dakav- uknidan—tvinis garsebis im nawi-
Sirebuli. liT, romelic atlas-kefis ukana
zeda sagitaluri da ganivi apkis _ membrana atlantooccipitalis win
sinusebis gverdebze qselisebri mdebareobs. IV parkuWTan igi dakav-
garsis zedapirze arsebobs mravali Sirebulia am parkuWis Sua da late-
xaosmagvari mowiTalo feris morCi, raluri xvrelebiT _ aperturae
romlebic qmnian grovebs. am grovebs mediana et laterales ventriculi quarti,
uwodeben qselisebs granulaciebs qveviT gadadis zurgis tvinis
— granulationes arachnoidales. es qselqveSa sivrceSi. naTxem-mogrZo
granulaciebi ganicdian mraval tvinis auzis siRrme atlas-kefis
cvalebadobas odenobis, ukana firfitis zeda bolosTan 1,5
ganvitarebisa da simravlis mxriv. sm-s Seadgens. aq xorcieldeba
bavSvobis dros paqioniis qselqveSa sivrcis punqcia diag-
granulaciebi srulebiT ar nostikuri da samkurnalo mizniT.
arsebobs. tvinis fexebs Soris mdebareobs
Tavi tvinis rbili garsi _ pia fexTaSua auzi _ cisterna
mater encephali Txeli, interpeduncularis, mxedvelobis
sisxlZarRvebiT mdidari jvaredinsa da tvinis Sublis wi-
SemaerTebelqsovilovani firfitaa, lebs Soris mxedvelobis nervis
uSualod faravs tvins, eSveba mis jvaredinis auzi _ cisterna chiasmatis,
Rarebsa da napralebSi, Sedis tvinis tvinis Sublisa da safeTqlis
parkuWebSi da iq sisxlZarRvovan wilebs Soris (tvinis lateralur
wnulebsa _ plexus chorioideus da fosoSi) — tvinis lateraluri
sarqvelebs _ tela chorioidea qmnis. fosos auzi _ cisterna fossae lateralis
tvinis qselisebr da rbil garsebs cerebri.
Soris qselqveSa sivrcea _ cavum Tavis tvinis qselqveSa sivrce
subarachnoidale, romelic Tav-zurgis dakavSirebulia tvinis parkuWebTan.
tvinis siTxes Seicavs. qveviT igi naTxem-mogrZo tvinis auzi IV
zurgis tvinis aseTsave sivrceSi parkuWis Sua da lateraluri
grZeldeba. xvrelebiT ukavSirdeba tvinis IV
qselqveSa auzebi. tvinis parkuWs, IV parkuWi didi tvinis
parkuWebi. qselqveSa sivrcis ganier wyalsadeniT _ aqueductus cerebri—III
parkuWs, xolo es ukanaskneli

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parkuWTa xvrelebiT uSualo xerxemlis arteria _ a.

kavSirSia tvinis gverdiT vertebralis laviwqveSa arteriidan
parkuWebTan. gamodis, kisris I_ VI malTa ganiv
gverdiT parkuWebSi mdebareobs xvrelebSi gaivlis, didi xvreliT
sisxlZarRvovani wnulebi _ plexus qselqveSa sivrceSi Sedis da winis-
chorioideus ventriculi lateralis, romlebic ken miemarTeba. xidis ukana kidesTan
aq parkuWTaSua xvrelebiT _ foramina marjvena da marcxena xerxemlis
interventricularia Sedian. arteriebi erTdeba da qmnis ZiriTad
arterias _ a. basilaris. xerxemlis
Tavis tvinis arteriebi _ arteriae arterias qalas RruSi gamoeyofa
cerebri zurgis tvinis wina da ukana
Tavis tvini sisxliT maragdeba arteriebi _ aa. spinales anterior et
SigniTa saZile da xerxemlis posterior. zurgis tvinis marjvena da
arteriebiT. SigniTa saZile arteria marcxena wina arteriebi erTmaneTs
xaxis gverdiT sivrceSi zeviT uerTdeba da qmnis saerTo Reros,
miemarTeba, saZile arxsa da romelic zurgis tvinis wina
mRvimovan sinuss gaivlis da mxedve- zedapirze terminalur Zafamde _
lobis jvaredinis gverdiT filium terminale grZeldeba. zurgis
qselqveSa sivrceSi Sedis. aq mas tvinis marjvena da marcxena ukana
gamoeyofa Tvalbudis arteria _ a. arteriebi zurgis tvinis ukana
ophtalmica, romelic mxedvelobis zedapirze dorsaluri fesvebis
nervTan erTad mxedvelobis arxiT medialurad qveviT raSis kudamde _
TvalbudeSi Sedis. amis Semdeg cauda equina eSveba. amasTanave xerxem-
SigniTa saZile arteria iyofa lis arterias gamoeyofa naTxemis
tvinis wina da Sua arteriebad _ a. qveda ukana da qveda wina arteriebi
cerebrianterior et media. marjvena da _ aa. cerebelli inferior posterior et inferior
marcxena tvinis wina arteriebi anterior romlebic naTxemis qveda
mxedvelobis jvaredinis win zedapirs amarageben. amasTan, naT-
erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba tvinis wina xemis qvemo wina arteria SeiZleba
SemaerTebeli arteriiT _ a. commu- ZiriTadi arteriidan gamodiodes.
nicans anterior. Semdeg isini tvinis ZiriTadi arteria xidis qveda
hemisferoebis medialur zedapirze zedapirze arsebul RarSi gaivlis
totiandebian, amarageben tvinis da xidis wina kidesTan iyofa didi
Sublisa da Txemis wilebs da tvinis marjvena da marcxena ukana
anastomozebiT ukavSirdebian tvinis arteriebad _ a.cerebri posterior dexrta et
ukana arteriis _ a.cerebri posterior -is sinistra. xidis areSi mas gamoeyofa
totebs. tvinis Sua arteria _ a. labirinTis arteria _a. labyrinthi,
cerebri media tvinis lateralur Rar- totebi xidisken _ rami ad pontem da
Si gadadis da amaragebs Sublis, naTxemis zemo arteria _ a. cerebelli
Txemisa da safeTqlis wilebs. superior. tvinis ukana arteria

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safeTqlisa da kefis wilebis medi- tvinis wina, SigniTa saZile, ukana

alur zedapirze totiandeba. SemaerTebeli da tvinis ukana
tvinis wina arteriebi, rogorc arteriebi qmnis tvinis arteriul
avRniSneT, dasawyisSive (viliziis) wres _ circulus arteriosus
dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan wina cerebri. qalas SigniTa fuZeze igi
SemaerTebeli arteriiT, SigniTa gars uvlis Turqul kexs, xolo
saZile da tvinis ukana arteriebi ki tvinis fuZeze dvrilisebr sxeulebs
dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan marjvena _ corpora mamillaria, rux borcvs _
da marcxena ukana SemaerTebeli tuber cinereum da mxedvelobis
arteriebiT _ a. communicans posterior. jvaredins _ chiasma opticus..
amgvarad, wina SemaerTebeli arteria,

Tavis tvinis venebi _ venae cerebri

Tavis tvinis venebs ara aqvT sisxli solisebr _ Txemis sinusSi _
sarqvelebi, ar mihyvebian arteriebs, sinus sphenoparietalis an mRvimovan
aramed aqvT damoukidebeli sinusSi _ sinus cavernosus.
msvleloba. tvinis msxvili arteriebi
moipoveba tvinis fuZeze, samagierod didi tvinis qvemo venebi _ vv.
misi msxvili venebi mdebareoben cerebri inferiores ikribebian
hemisferoebis zemo-gareTa zedapirze. hemisferoebis qvemo zedapirze da
Tavdebian ganiv sinusSi.
Tavis tvinis venebi magari
garsis sinusebs erTvis. arCeven Tavis tvinis SigviTa venebi _ vv.
tvinis zedapirul da Rrma venebs. cerebri internae ikribebian erT kent
zedapiruli venebi agrovebs sisxls msxvil venaSi, romelsac uwodeben
tvinis hemisferoebis da naTxemis tvinis did venas _ v. cerebri magna; igi
qerqidan, Rrma venebi—hemisferoebis uerTdeba swor sinuss _ sinus rectus,
TeTri nivTierebidan, qerqqveSa romelic moTavsebulia Sua xazze
birTvebidan, parkuWebis kedlebidan, naTxemis karavSi.
tvinis sisxlZarRvovani wnulebidan.
tvinis didi vena Seiqmneba
didi tvinis venebs yofen zemo korZiani sxeulis qveS sisxlZarRvTa
da qvemo venebad. wnulSi ori tvinis SigniTa venis _
venae cerebri internae SeerTebiT. yoveli
didi tvinis zemo venebi _ vv.
tvinis SigniTa vena Seiqmneba
cerebri superiores _ 15-mdea, yoveli
parkuWTaSua xvrelTan v. thalamostriata-
hemisferoze agroveben sisxls
s da v. chorioidea –s SeerTebiT. Vena
hemisferos zemo-gareTa zedapiris
thalamostriata Zevs e.w. sazRvrovan
didi nawilidan da miaqvT es sisxli
zonarSi lamina affixa –s qveS da
ganiv sinusSi, romelsac ukavSirdeba
agrovebs sisxls zoliani sxeulidan,
naTxemis venebic.
mxedvelobis borcvidan da
didi tvinis Sua zedapiruli gamWirvale Zgididan. tvinis SigniTa
vena _ v. cerebri media superficialis vena agrovebs sisxls gverdiTi
Seiqmneba gverdiT ormoSi da miaqvs parkuWis sisxlZarRvTa wnulidan.

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sinusebis SerTulidan _ qveda kldovan sinusebSi, romelTagan

confluens sinuum sisxli ganivi da zeda erTvis sigmoidur sinuss, qveda
sigmoiduri sinusebiT SigniTa ki—SigniTa sauRle venis zeda
sauRle venis zeda bolqvs aRwevs. bolqvs.
interkavernozuli da mRvimovani
sinusebidan sisxli miedineba zeda da

periferiuli nervuli sistema

adamianis cerebrospinaluri me-8 wyvili _ karibWe-lokokinis
nervuli sistemis periferiuli nervi _ n. vestibolocochleatis specialuri
nawili Seicavs 43 wyvil nervs, grZnobis da wonasworobis nervia.
romelTa Soris 12 wyvili gamodis me-9 wyvili _ ena-xaxis nervi _ n.
Tavis tvinidan da cnobilia rogorc glossopharingeus umTavresad specialuri
Tavis tvinis nervebi _ nn. craniales, grZnobis _ gemovnebis nervia.
danarCeni 31 wyvili gamodis zurgis me-10 wyvili _ cTomili nervi _ n.
tvinidan _ zurgis tvinis nervebi _ vagus Sereuli xasiaTis nervia _
nn. spinales. mgZnobiare, mamoZravebeli,
Nervi craniales, rogorc ukve vazomotoruli da agreTve
aRniSnuli iyo, gamodian Tavis tvinis sekretoruli
Reros nawilebidan da funqciurad me-11 wyvili _ damatebiTi nervi _
aqvT sxvadasxva xasiaTi: n. accessorius mamoZravebeli xasiaTis
1-li wyvili _ ynosvis nervebi _ nervia.
nn. olfactorii, specialuri grZnobis me-12 wyvili _ enisqveSa nervi _ n.
nervia. hypoglossus mamoZravebeli xasiaTis
me-2 wyvili _ mxedvelobis nervi _ nervia.
n. opticus,  specialuri grZnobis
nervia. Tavis tvinis nervebi da maTi
me-3 wyvili _ Tvalis gavrceleba
mamoZravebeli nervi _ n. oculomotorius Tavis tvinis nervebs, Tavis
mamoZravebeli xasiaTis nervia. birTvebis mdebareobiT, nervuli
me-4 wyvili _ WaRisebri nervi _ n. Reros SemadgenlobiT da boWkoTa
trochlearis mamoZravebeli xasiaTis urTierTobiT gacilebiT rTuli
nervia. mowyobiloba aqvT, vidre zurgis
me-5 wyvili _ samwvera nervi _ n. tvinis nervebs. maT Soris gvxvdeba an
trigeminus Sereuli xasiaTis nervia _ mxolod mamoZravebeli nervebi, an
mgZnobiare da mamoZravebeli mxolod mgZnobiare, an erTic da
me-6 wyvili _ ganmzidveli nervi _ meorec _Sereuli, e.i. rogorc
n. abducens mamoZravebeli xasiaTis mamoZravebeli, ise mgZnobiare. xolo
nervia. mgZnobiare nervebi aris: a) zogadi
me-7 wyvili _ saxis nervi _ n. mgrZnobelibisa _ kanis nervebi
facialis mamoZravebeli xasiaTis nervia. (siTbo-sicivis, e.i. Termuli grZnobis,
Sexebis _ taqtiluri grZnobis da
tkivilis) da b) specialuri

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grZnobisa, romlebic dakavSirebuli me-11 wyvili _ damatebiTi nervi

arian periferiaze grZnobaTa _ n. accessorius anervebs kisris or
organoebis gansakuTrebul kunTs: mkerd-laviw-dvrilisebr da
aparatebTan: mxedvelobis, smenis, trapeciul kunTebs.
ynosvis, gemovnebisa da statikis me-12 wyvili _ enisqveSa nervi _
periferiul receptorebTan. n. hypoglossus anervebs enis kunTebs d
Tavisi xasiaTis mixedviT, aim kunTebs, romlebic
mxolod mamoZravebel nervebs dakavSirebulia enisqveSa ZvalTan.
ekuTvnis Tavis tvinis nervebis Sereuli xasiaTis nervebs
umravlesoba. unda aRiniSnos, rom am ekuTvnis:
nervebis inervaciis ares wrmoadgenen me-5 wyvili _ samwvera nervi _
im mcirexarsxovani kunTebis jgufebi, n. trigeminus _ rogorc mgZnobiare, ise
romelTac aqvT specialuri mamoZravebeli xasiaTis nervia.
daniSnuleba. zogierT SemTxvevaSi es me-9 wyvili _ ena-xaxis nervi _
nervebi SedarebiT Sors midian, n. glossopharyngeus umTavresad
magram anerveben mxolod erT an or specialuri grZnobisa, e.i. gemovnebis
kunTs. nervia; amas garda, mamoZravebelicaa
amrigad, mxolos mamoZravebeli da Seicavs sekretoruli xasiaTis
xasiaTis nervebs ekuTvnian: parasimpaTikur boWkoebs. gemovnebis
me-3 wyvili _ Tvalis nervebi iwyeba gemovnebis nervuli
mamoZravebeli nervi _ n. oculomotorius sxeulakebiT enis dvrilebSi
anervebs Tvalis 5 kunTss (Tvalis (SemosazRvruli, foTlisebri,
zemi, qvemo da SigniTa swor kunTebs, sokosebri), xolo mamoZravebeli
irib kunTs da zemo quTuTos amwev xasiaTis boWkoebi anerveben saggis-
kunTs). xaxis kunTs, sekretoruli boWkoebi
Tvalis mamoZravebeli nervis ki anerveben ybayura jirkvals.
SemadgenlobaSi Sedis agreTve me-10 wyvili _ cTomili nervi _
parasimpaTikuri nervuli sistemis n. vagus; misi mgZnobiare boWkoebi
mamoZravebeli xasiaTis boWkoebi, anerveben xaxis, xorxis, sasunTqi
romlebic anerveben Tvalis kaklis gzebisa da saWmlis momnelebeli
SigniTa kunTebs, saxeldobr: milis lorwovan garss, kolinjis
sxivebriv sxeulSi arsebul sxivebriv marcxena nakecamde; awvbis agreTve
kunTs da ferad garsSi arsebul sekretorul totebs sasunTq gzebs,
gugis spinqters. kuWisa da nawlavebis jirkvlebs,
me-4 wyvili _ WaRisebri nervi _ RviZls da pankreass da
n. trochlearis anervebs Tvalis zemo vazomotorul totebs _ Sinagani
irib kunTs. organoebis sisxlZarRvTa kedlebs;
me-6 wyvili _ ganmzidveli nervi misi mamoZravebeli boWkoebi anerveben
_ n. abducens anervebs Tvalis gareTa gulis kunTs, xaxis, saylapavi milis,
swor kunTs. kuWisa da nawlavebis kunTovan
me-7 wyvili _ saxis nervi _ n. garsebs.
facialis anervebs mimikur kunTebs da
agreTve uzangis kunTs ( Sua yurSi)
da ormucela kunTis ukana mucels.

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specialuri mgrZnobelobis xvrelebSi, Sedian ynosvis bolqvSi _

nervebs ekuTvnis: bulbus olfactorius da Tavdebian meore
neironis ujredebTan.
1-li wyvili _ ynosvis _ nn. ynosvis bolqvi Zevs hemisferos
olfactorii, me-2 wyvili _ mxedvelobis _ Sublis wilis qvemo zedapirze,
n. opticus, me-8 wyvili _ karibWe- Tanamosaxele RarSi; ynosvis bolqvi
lokokinis _ n. vestibolocochleatis e.i. ukan gadadis ynosvis traqtSi _
smenisa da wonasworobis da me-9 tractus olfactorius, romelic Seiqmneba
wyvili _ ena-xaxis _ n. glossopharyngeus meore neironis ujredebisagan; Semdeg
e.i. gemovnebis nervebi. yvela es nervi ynosvis traqti ganierdeba da qmnis
iwyeba periferiaze cxviris ynosvis samkuTxeds _ trigonum
lorwovani garsis saynosavi olfactorium, romelic gadadis tvinis
ujredebidan, Tvalis baduris wina daxvretil substanciaSi.
specialuri nerv-ujredovani swored am gziT gadaecema ynosvis
elementebidan, yuris labirinTidan impulsebi meore neironis
da enis dvrilebis gemovnebis centraluri morCebiT daxvretil
bolqvebidan. substanciaSi da gamWirvale ZgideSi
moTavsebul mesame neironis
ujredebs, romlebic warmoadgenen
pirveli wyvili _ ynosvis nervi pirvelad ynosvis centrebs; am mesame
ynosvis nervebi _ nn. olfactorii ujredebis centraluri morCebi
iwyeba cxviris Rrus ynosvis qmnian sam konas, romlebsac uwodeben
midamoSi _ regio olfactoria, romelsac ynosvis zonars _ stria olfactoria; maT
ukavia cxviris zemo niJaris da Soris gareTa zonari midis
cxviris Zgidis zemo nawilis samkuTxedis gareTa napiris gaswvriv,
lorwovani garsi, ynosvis safeTqlis wilisaken; SigniTa zonari
gamtarebeli gza warmoadgens gadadis korZiani sxeulis zemo
neironTa jaWvs, romlis napirze, xolo Sua zonari _ tvinis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedis 3 neironi: TaRis SemadgenlobaSi da bolos
pirveli neironebis ujredebi meorad, e.i. kortikalur centrebSi,
moTavsebulia ynosvis midamos __ romelTac ekuTvnis
regio olfactoria lorwovan safarvelSi parahipokampaluri xveuli da kauWi,
da warmoadgenen specialur grZnobis zRvis cxenis fexi da dakbiluli
bipolarul, e.w. ynosvis ujredebs. xveuli.
ynosvis bipolaruli ujredis ynosvis aparatis aRniSnuli
periferiuli morCi moklea, msxvili, nawilebi unda gaisinjos rogorc
Tmis magvari da Tavisuflad aris ynosvis tvinis nawilebi, romlebic
gamoSverili lorwovani garsis adamianis sxeulSi saerTod
zedapirze, xolo centraluri morCi reducirebulia. miuxedavad amisa,
wvrilia, grZeli, urbilgarso. aRniSnuli nawilebis histologiuri
centraluri morCebis kompleqsebi, agebuleba sakmaod rTulia.
ricxviT 20-mde, qmnian ynosvis nervebs amrigad, ynosvis gza
_ nn. olfactorii, romlebic gaivlian TanmimdevrobiT Seicavs Semdeg
cxavis Zvlis dacxriluli firfitis nawilebs: gaRizianebis mimRebi
ynosvis ujredebi, ynosvis nervebi,

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 Tavi

romlebic gaRizianebas gadascemen mxedvelobis nervSi SeiZleba

ynosvis bolqvs, Semdeg ynosvis gavarCioT sami nawili: pirveli
samkuTxeds da, bolos nawili Zevs TvalbudeSi, Sexveulia
parahipokampalur xveuls da kauWs. magar garsSi da modrekilia rogorc
tvinis wina SesarTavi _ horizontalur, ise vertikalur
comissura anterior aris ori ynosvis sibrtyeSi. mxedvelobis nervis am
bolqvis gamaerTianebeli gza. nawilze garedan midebulia baduris
centraluri arteria, romelic Sedis
meore wyvili _ mxedvelobis nervi am nervSi Tvalis kaklidan 1 sm-is
mxedvelobis nervi specialuri dacilebiT; aq es arteria gaivlis
mgrZnobelobis nervia. igi iwyeba mxedvelobis nervis RerZis
Tvalis kaklis fskerze, e.w. mimarTulebiT, Sedis TvalSi da e.w.
specialur baduraSi. mxedvelobis nervis diskos _ discus
Tvalis badisebi garsi, anu nervi optici midamoSi totiandeba da
badura, miuxedavad aTSriani vrceldeba baduraze; mxedvelobis
histologiuri urTulesi nervis meore, metad mokle nawili,
agebulebisa, ZiriTadad Sedgeba sami Zevs mxedvelobis arxSi Tvalbudis
mTavari ujredovani elementisagan, arteriasTan erTad; mxedvelobis
romlebic Seadgenen erT mTlian nervis mesame nawili ukve moqceulia
gamtar Zewkvs. tvinis qalas RruSi, Zevs qselqveSa
am mimRebi aparatis pirveli sivrceSi, Turquli kexis
elementi warmodgenilia baduras diafragmaze. mxedvelobis nervTa
mxedvelobis ujredebiT, romlebsac jvaredinis gareTa kuTxeSi gaivlis
uwodeben kolbebsa da Cxirebs. am vertikalurad qvemodan zemoT saZile
ujredebis centraluri morCi arteriis ukanaskneli nadereki,
kontaqtSi imyofeba e.w. bipolarul romlisganac winisken waridineba
ujredTan, romelic baduraSi Tvalbudis arteria _ art. ophtalmica.
gadamcemi Zewkvis meore rgols mxedvelobis nervTa jvaredini,
warmoadgens; es ukanaskneli, Tavis rogorc iyo aRniSnuli, ar aris
mxriv, centraluri morCiT gadascems mTliani; is nervuli boWkoebi,
gaRizianebas mesame, e.i. gangliozur romlebic modian baduris gareTa
ujreds. naxevridan, ar ganicdian
gangliozuri ujredebis gadajvaredinebas, aramed midian imave
neiritebi Tvalis kaklis skleraSi mxris hemisferoSi. jvaredinis Semdeg
gaivlian da qmnian sakmaod msxvil mxedvelobis nervebi ganagrZoben
mxedvelobis nervs _ n. opticus. svlas, rogorc mxedvelobis
mxedvelobis nervi, sigrZiT 5 traqtebi _ tractus opticus, romelTa
sm, stovebs Tvalbudes mxedvelobis SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc zemoT iyo
arxis saSualebiT, Sedis qalas aRniSnuli, Sedis mxedvelobis
RruSi da solisebri Zvlis sxeulze, nervebis boWkoebi (erTi _ Tvalis
mopirdapire Tvalis mxedvelobis gareTa, anu safeTqlis naxevris,
nervTan qmnis aramTlian mxedvelobis meore _ Tvalis SigniTa, anu cxviris
jvaredins _ chiasma opticum, romelic naxevris.
Zevs Tanamosaxele RarSi. mxedvelobis traqti momrgvalo
TeTri zonaris saxiT uvlis tvinis

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 Tavi

fexs da aRwevs mxedvelobis da gamodis tvinis fuZeze, xidis win,

pirvelad centrebs _ qerqveSa e.w. fexTaSua fosos siRrmeSi, tvinis
birTvebs, saxeldobr: gareTa medialuri Raridan, daaxloebiT 20
damuxvlil sxeuls, mxedvelobis wvrili fesviT.
borcvis baliSs da saxuravi solisebri Zvlis wina daxril
firfitis wina borcvs. morCTan es nervi xvrets tvinis magar
gareTa damuxvlili sxeulidan garss da gaivlis mRvimovani sinusis
da mxedvelobis borcvidan nervuli gareTa kedelSi da Tvalbudis zemo
boWkoebi sxivebis saxiT miimarTebian napraliT Sedis TvalbudeSi.
kefis wilSi, rasac ewodeba TvalbudeSi Tvalis
mxedvelobis gansxiveba _ radiatio optica mamoZravebeli nervi iyofa or totad:
da Tavdeba dezis Raris momijnave zemo toti _ ramus superior ufro
solsa da enis xveulis qerqSi _ wvrilia da anervebs Tvalis zemo
mxedvelobis kortikaluri centri. swor kunTsa da zemo quTuTos amwev
zemoaRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, kunTs; qvemo toti _ ramus inferior
mxedvelobis gzebis dazianeba ufro msxvilia, iyofa sam nawilad
sxvadasxva adgilas iwvevs da anervebs Tvalis medialur swor,
mxedvelobis sruliad gansxvavebul qvemo swor kunTs da Tvalis qvemo
moSlas. irib kunTs.
boWkoebi, romlebic Tavdebian am qvemo totidan gamodis
saxuravi firfitis wina borcvis Tvalis mamoZravebeli fesvi _ radix
birTvSi (1-li neironi) emsaxurebian oculomotoria, romelic Sedis
gugis refleqss (gugis Seviwroeba mamoZravebeli fesvis saxiT
sinaTleze) da akomodacias. wamwamovan kvanZSi _ ganglion ciliare da
aqedan gaRizianeba gadaecema miaqvs, rogorc oyo aRniSnuli,
Tvalis mamoZravebeli nervis parasimpaTikuri boWkoebi Tvalis
damatebiT parasimpaTikur birTvs SigniTa kunTebisaTvis _ m. ciliaris da
(INA) (meore neironi); aqedan _ m. sphincter pupillae.
wamwamovan kvanZs (mesame neironi) da,
bolos, am kvanZidan _ Tvalis meoTxe wyvili _ WaRisebri nervi
kakalSi, wamwamovani mokle nervebis WaRisebri nervi Tavis tvinis
_ nn. ciliares breves saSualebiT (meoTxe nervebs Soris yvelaze wvrilia. es
neironi). es ukanaskneli neironi mamoZravebeli nervi iwyeba tvinis
anervebs wamwamovan kunTs _ m. ciliaris wyalsadenis ZirSi moTavsebul
da gugis spinqters _ m. sphincter Tanamosaxele birTvidan da gamodis
pupillae. amrigad, gugis refleqss tvinidan, misi Reros dorsalur
emsaxureba oTxi neironisagan zedapirze, saxuravi firfitis ukan
Semdgari jaWvi. arsebuli tvinis zemo fardis
lagamis _ frenulim velli medullaris
mesame wyvili _ Tvalis superioris gverdiT. tvinis fuZeze igi
mamoZravebeli nervi Cndeba tvinis fexsa da safeTqlis
Tvalis mamoZravebeli nervi wils Soris mdebare napralSi,
iwyeba tvinis wyalsadenis ZirSi gaivlis mRvimovani sinusis gareTa
moTavsebuli Tanamosaxele birTvidan kedlis magar garsSi, Tvalis

klinikuri anatomia
83

mamoZravebeli nervis qveS da
Tvalbudis zeda napralis
saSualebiT Sedis TvalbudeSi. aq igi
anervebs Tvalis zemo irib kunTs.
mexuTe wyvili _ samwvera nervi
samwvera nervi Tavis tvinis
nervebs Soris yvelaze msxvilia.
amave dros Tavis gavrcelebiT da
kavSirebiT sxva nervebTan SedarebiT
yvelaze rTulicaa.
samwvera nervi gamodis tvinis
fuZeze naTxemis Sua fexebidan ori
fesviT: msxvili, mgZnobiare _ radix
sensoria da wvrili, mamoZravebeli _
radix motoria. samwvera nervi Sereuli
xasiaTis nervia: mgZnobiare da
mamoZravebeli. mgZnobiare nawiliT
igi anervebs saxis da Tavis kans
Txemamde, cxvirisa da piris Rrus da
haerovani wiaRebis lorwovan garss,
saxis qalas yvela rbil nawils,
Tvalis kakals, quTuToebs, sacremle
parks, enisa da RrZilebis lorwovan
garss, kbilebs, tvinis magar garss da
venur sinusebs.
misi mamoZravebeli fesvi
anervebs saReW kunTebs (safeTqlis,
TviT saReW, medialur da lateralur
frTisebr kunTebs), da agreTve yba-
inis kunTs, ormucela kunTis wina
mucels, dafis gamWimav kunTsa da
rbili sasis gamWimav kunTs.
samwvera nervi Sedis tvini
magari garsis gansakuTrebul
sivrceSi, samwveras RruSi _ cavum
trigeminale, romelic Zevs safeTqlis
Zvlis kldovani nawilis mwvervalze,
e.w. samwvera CanaWdevSi _ impressio
trigemini. samwvera RruSi mgZnobiare
fesvi qmnis naxevradmTvarisebri
formis samwveras kvanZs _ ganglion
trigeminale.
samwveras kvanZi warmoadgens
ruxi feris warmonaqmns, Sedrekils
klinikuri anatomia
Tavi
ukanidan da gamodrekils winidan;
misi sigrZe udris 14-18 mm-s, sigane _
5-6 mm-s.
mamoZravebeli fesvi am kvanZis
SeqmnaSi monawileobas ar iRebs; igi
mxolod midebulia kvanZze
medialuri mxridan da mTlianad
Sedis samwvera nervis mesame totis
SemadgenlobaSi, romelTanac erTad
stovebs qalas Rrus ovaluri
xvrelis saSualebiT.
samwvera nervis wina
gamodrekili napiridan gamodis sami
msxvili nervi:
I. Tvalbudis nervi _ nn. ophtalmicus,
II. zedaybis nervi _ n. maxillaris da
III. qvedaybis nervi _ n. mandibularis.
pirveli ori nervi mgZnobiare
xasiaTisaa, mesame ki _ Sereuli
xasiaTis.
I. Tvalbudis nervi. Tvalbudis
nervi gaivlis Tvalis mamoZravebel,
WaRisebr da ganmzidvel nervebTan
erTad TvalbudeSi Tvalbudis zemo
napralis saSualebiT.
jer kidev qalas RruSi mas
scildeba wvrili toti tvinis magari
garsisaTvis _ rami tentorii, romelic
anervebs naTxemis karavs da zemo
kldovan, ganivsa da swor venur
sinusebs.
TvalbudeSi Sesvlis win
Tvalbudis nervi iyofa sam totad: a)
Sublis nervi _ n. frontalis, b) cxvir-
wamwamovani nervi _ n. nasociliaris da g)
sacremle nervi _ n. lacrimalis.
Sublis nervi yvelaze msxvili
da grZelia, Tvalbudis zemo kedlis
qveS, zemo quTuTos amwev kunTze Zevs
da iyofa or totad: medialuri
wvrili WaRzeda nervi _ n.
supratrochlearis da msxvili Tvalbudis
zeda nervi _ n. supraorbitalis.
84
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ukanaskneli gamodis Sublze RruSi da anervebs cxavis Zvlis

Tvalbudis zeda naWdevis saSualebiT labirinTis ukana ujredebis da
da anervebs Sublis kans Txemamde; am solisebri Zvlis wiaRis lorwovan
nervs gamoeyofa medialuri toti _ garss.
ramus medialis, romelic anervebs sacremle nervi _ n. lacrimalis
Sublis Sua midamos kans. Tvalis gareTa swori kunTis zemo
WaRzeda nervi _ n. supratrochlearis kides mihyveba, gaivlis sacremle
gaivlis zemo iribi kunTis WaRze da jirkvalSi da anervebs mas, zemo
iyofa or totad: zemo da qvemo. zemo quTuTos kansa da koniuqtivas,
toti anervebs quTuTos da cxviris lateraluri mxridan.
fesvis kans, qvemo toti ki sacremle jirkvalSi Sesvlamde
ukavSirdeba WaRqveSa nervs. sacremle nervi ukavSirdeba
cxvir-wamwamovani nervi _ n. yvrimalis nervs. am anastomozis
nasociliaris Zevs mxedvelobis nervsa da saSualebiT sacremle jirkvali
Tvalis zemo swor kunTs Soris, Rebulobs sekretoruli xasiaTis
miimarTeba medialurad da iyofa boWkoebs.
Semdeg totebad: WaRqveSa nervi _ n. cxvir-wamwamovan nervTan erTad
infratrochlearis da cxavis wina nervi _ aiwereba vegetaciuri e.w. wamwamovani
n. ethmoidalis anterior. kvanZi _ ganglion ciliare, romelsac didi
maT Soris pirveli mniSvneloba aqvs Tvalis kaklis
anastomoziT uerTdeba zemoxsenebul inervaciisaTvis.
WaRzeda nervs da Tavisi saboloo wamwamovani kvanZi aramudmivi
totebiT anervebs zemo quTuTos kans odenobis da formisaa, mdebareobs
da lorwovan garss, sacremle korZs TvalbudeSi mxedvelobis nervis
da sacremle parks; meore toti ki _ gareTa mxareze, Tvalis kaklis ukana
cxavis wina xvreliT Sedis qalas polusidan 7-8 mm-is daSorebiT.
RruSi da anervebs Sublis wiaRs, wamwamovani kvanZi Rebulobs
cxavis Zvlis labirinTis wina mgZnobiare, simpaTikur da
ujredebis lorwovan garss; Semdeg parasimpaTikur boWkoebs; mgZnobiares
cxavis Zvlis dacxriluli firfitis _ cxvir-wamwamovani nervisagan _ r.
wina xvrelis saSualebiT brundeba communicans cum ganglion ciliari,
cxviris RruSi da anervebs cxviris simpaTikurs _ r. sympathicus ad ganglion
Rrus wina nawilis lorwovan garss ciliare _ SigniTa saZile arteriis
da cxviris kans _ rr. nasales. simpaTikuri wnulisagan da
cxvir-wamwamovani nervis parasimpaTikurs (radix oculomotoria) _
gayofamde misgan gamodis Semdegi Tvalis mamoZravebeli nervisagan.
totebi: SemaerTebeli toti aRniSnul kvanZs scildeba
wamwamovan kvanZTan _ r. communicans mokle wamwamovani nervebi _ nn. ciliares
cum ganglion ciliari, grZeli wamwamovani breves, romlebic Sedian Tvalis
nervebi _ nn. ciliares longi, romlebic kakalSi da miaqvT mamoZravebeli
Sedis Tvalis kakalSi da, bolos, xasiaTis parasimpaTikuri boWkoebi _
cxavis ukana nervi _ n. ethmoidalis sxivisebri kunTisa da gugis
posterior, romelic Tanamosaxele spinqteris inervaciisaTvis da
xvrelis saSualebiT Sedis cxviris

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simpaTikuri boWkoebi _ gugis wyvili) totebs da qmnian maTTan

dilatatoris inervaciisaTvis. erTad e.w. batis mcire fexs _ pes
II. zedaybis nervi _ samwvera anserinus minor.
kvanZis meore totia, gaivlis Tvalbudis qveda nervidan
solisebri Zvlis mrgvali xvreliT gamodis zeda kbilbudeTa ukana, Sua
frTa-sasis fosoSi. qalas Rrudan da wina nervebi _ nn. alveolares
gamosvlis win mas scildeba wvrili superiores, romlebic gaivlian
toti _ ramus meningeus (medius), zedaybis gareTa kedelSi arsebul
romelic anervebs tvinis magar garss. wvril milakebSi da qmnian zemo
frTa-sasis fosoSi zedaybis kbilebis wnuls _ plexus dentales
nervi iyofa sam totad: superior, saidanac gamosuli wvrili
a) yvrimalis nervi _ n.zygomaticus, totebi Sedian kbilebis fesvebis
b) Tvalbudis qveda nervi _ n. arxebSi _ rr. dentales superiores,
infraorbitalis, RrZilebis lorwovan garsSi _ rr.
g) frTa-sasis nervi _ nn. gingivales superiores da zedaybis wiaRis
pterygopalatini. lorwovan garsSi.
yvrimalis nervi wvrili nervia frTa-sasis nervebi ricxviT ori
Tvalbudis qveda napralis an samia, metad mokleebia, scildebian
saSualebiT Sedis TvalbudeSi, zedaybis nervs da uerTdebian e.w.
Semdeg yvrimal_Tvalbudis xvrelSi frTa-sasis kvanZs _ ganglion
da aq iyofa or totad: yvrimal-saxis pterygopalatinum.
_ .ramus zygomaticofacialis da yvrimal- frTa-sasis kvanZi Zevs
safeTqlis toti _ ramus Tanmosaxele fosoSi zedaybis nervis
zygomaticotemporalis: pirveli medialurad. es kvanZi Tavisi
Tanamosaxele xvreliT gamodis formiTa da odenobiT ar aris
yvrimalis Zvlis saxis zedapirze da mudmivi, Sedgeba multipolaruli
anervebs loyis kans, meore ki, ujredebisagan, romelTa neiritebi
agreTve Tanamosaxele xvreliT, gadis dakavSirebulia cxvirisa da sasis
safeTqlis fosoSi, xvrets lorwovan garsTan.
safeTqlis kunTsa da fascias da frTa-sasis kvanZi iRebs
anervebs safeTqlis kans. yvrimalis mgZnobiare fesvs zemoaRniSnuli
nervi qmnis anostomozs sacremle frTa-sasis nervisagan,
nervTan. sekretorul_parasimpatikurs da
Tvalbudis qveda nervi Sedis gemovnebisas _ Suamdebare nervisagan
TvalbudeSi, Semdeg gaivlis (es nervi Sedis saxis nervis totis,
Tanamosaxele RarSi da arxSi, e.w. didi kldovani nervis _ n.petrosus
gamodis saxis zedapirze Tvalbudis major SemadgenlobaSi); simpaTikurs _
qveda xvrelis saSualebiT da iZleva SigniTa saZile wnulisagan Rrma
mraval wvril tots, romlebic kldovani nervis _ n. petrosus profundus
anerveben qvemo quTuTos, cxviris saxiT.
gverdiT zedapirs, nestoebs, zemo aRniSnuli ori kldovani nervi
tuCisa da piris kuTxis kans da erTad gaivlis solisebri Zvlis
lorwovan garss. saxeze maTi totebi frTisebr arxSi da cnobilia
ejvaredinebian saxis nervis (me-7 rogorc frTisebri arxis nervi _ n.

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canalis pterygoideus. igi uerTdeba frTa- iZleva rogorc mgZnobiare, ise

sasis kvanZs ukanidan. mamoZravebel nervebs.
frTa-sasis kvanZidan gamodis I mgZnobiare nervebi:
Semdegi nervebi: a) cxviris ukana 1. magari garsis toti _ r.
zemo totebi _ rr. nasales posteriores meningeus Sedis qalas RruSi wvetiani
superiores da sasis nervebi _ nn. xvrelis saSualebiT da iyofa wina
palatini; maT Soris: cxviris ukana zemo da ukana totebad; wina toti anervebs
nervebi Sedian cxviris RruSi da tvinis magar garss, ukana toti ki
anerveben cxiris Rrus zemo da Sua gaivlis qicv-kldovan napralSi _
niJarebis midamos da cxviris Zgidis fissura petrosquamosa da anervebs
lorwovan garss. erTi maTgani, safeTqlis Zvlis dvrilisebri
cxvir-sasis nervi _n. nasopalatinus ujredebis lorwovan garss.
mihyveba cxviris Zgides, saWreli 2. loyis nervi _ n. buccalis
arxiT gadadis piris RruSi da gamodis qvedaybis nervis wina
anervebs magari sasis lorwovan nawilidan, wveba loyis kunTze,
garss. xvrets mas da anervebs loyisa da
sasis nervebi _ nn. palatini piris kuTxis lorwovan garss da
ricxviT samia; es nervebi sasis didi anastomozebiT uerTdeba saxis nervis
arxisa da misi didi da mcire loyis boWkoebs.
xvrelebis saSualebiT eSvebian piris 3. enis nervi _ n. lingualis
RruSi da anerveben magari da rbili gaivlis medialur da lateralur
sasis lorwovan garss, sasis nuSs da frTisebr kunTebs Soris zedaybis
mis lorwovan garss. arteriasTan ertad, rkaliviT
sasis did arxSi gavlis dros midrekilia, wveba ybisqveSa
sasis nervidan gamodis cxviris ukana jirkvalze, gadasWris mis sadinars
qvemo totebi _ rr. nasales posteriores da piris SuasaZgidze ufsilon-enis
inferiores, romlebic vrceldebian kunTis gverdiT, lorwovani garsis
cxviris Rrus lorwovan garsSi qvemo qveS, iyofa mraval totad, romlebic
niJaris midamoSi, cxviris qvemo anerveben enis lorwovan garss, misi
gasavalSi da zedaybis wiaRSi. wveridan Ziris sazRvramde, e.i. enis
cxvirisa da sasis nervebi wina or mesameds da agreTve piris
awvdian agreTve sekretoruli Rrus fskeris lorwovan garss.
xasiaTis nervebs cxvirisa da piris enis nervs dasawyisidanve
Rrus lorwovan jirkvlebs; garda uerTdeba e.w. dafis simi _ chorda
amisa sasis nervebi awvdian gemovnebis tympani; igi Suamdebare nervis totia,
nervebs rbili sasis lorwovan garss. romelic dafis Rrudan gamodis daf-
III. qvedaybis nervi. qvedaybis kldovani napralis saSualebiT da
nervi samwvera kvanZis mesame da amave Sedis enis nervis SemadgenlobaSi.
dros yvelaze msxvili totia; qalas dafis simi atarebs gemovnebis
Rrudan igi gamodis ovaluri boWkoebs enis wina ori mesamedSi da
xvrelis saSualebiT da Seicavs amave dros parasimpaTikur-
mTlianad samwvera nervis sekretorul boWkoebs ybisqveSa
mamoZravebel fesvsac da amitom kvanZSi _ ganglion submandibulare,
saidanac postganglionuri boWkoebi

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midian enisqveSa da ybisqveSa qvedaybis nervs Tavis gzaze

jirkvlebSi. aqvs ori kvanZi: I. yuris kvanZi _
4. qveda alveolaruli nervi _ ganglion oticum da II. ybisqveSa kvanZi _
n. alveolaris inferior dasawyisSi gaivlis ganglion submandibulare.
lateraluro frTisebri kunTis yuris kvanZs aqvs brtyeli,
medialurad, enis nervis ukan, Semdeg ovaluri an TiTistara moyvaniloba,
Sedis qvedaybis arxSi Tanamosaxele sigrZiT 4-5 mm, Zevs ovaluri xvrelis
arteriasTan erTad da gzadagza qveS, qvedaybis nervis medialurad.
iZleva totebs, romlebic qmnian qvemo am kvanZs erTvis Semdegi
kbilebis wnuls _ plexus dentalis fesvebi: simpaTikuri fesvi _ magari
inferior; aqedan gamosuli totebi garsis Sua arteriis
anerveben qvemo kbilebs _ rami dentales perivaskularuli wnulidan,
inferiors da qvedaybis RrZilebs _ rami parasimpaTikuri-sekretoruli fesvi _
gingivales inferiores. dasasrul, qvemo dafis wnulidan mcire kldovani
alveolaruli nervi gaivlis nervis SemadgenlobaSi, romelic
qvedaybis arxs, gamodis nikapis warmoadgens dafis nervis
xvreliT saxis zedapirze nikapis gagrZelebas da mamoZravebeli fesvi
nervis _ n. mentalis saxiT da anervebs _ qvedaybis nervis mamoZravebeli
nikapis kans, qveda tuCis kans da fesvisagan.
lorwovan garss. Tavis mxriv, yuris kvanZi
5. yur-safeTqlis nervi _ n. gzavnis Semdeg totebs: SemaerTebel
tots dafis simTan, yur-safeTqlis
auriculotemporalis gamodis qvedaybis
nervTan, sasis fardis gamWimav
nervis ukana napiridan ori fesviT,
nervTan, dafis apkis gamWimav nervTan.
romelTa Soris qvemodan zemoT
ybisqveSa kvanZi mdebareobs
gaivlis magari garsis Sua arteria;
ybisqveSa jirkvlis zemo zedapirze;
Semdeg es nervi Semouvlis
igi Rebulobs mgZnobiare fesvs enis
medialuri mxridan qvedaybis
nervisagan, simpaTikurs _saxis
sasaxsre morCs, midis ganze da
arteriis perivaskularuli
zemoT, safeTqlis zedapiruli
wnulisagan da parasimpaTikur-
arteriis ukan, SeiWreba ybayuris
sekretorul fesvs _ Suamdebare
jirkvalSi da Semdeg totiandeba
nervisagan dafis simis saSualebiT
safeTqlis midamoebSi.
(preganglionuri boWkoebi). ybisqveSa
igi anervebs mgZnobiare
kvanZi ugzavnis postganglinur
boWkoebiT qvedaybis sasaxsre parks,
sekretorul totebs ybisqveSa da
dafis apks, gareTa sasmen milis,
enisqveSa jirkvlebs.
yuris niJaris Sedrekili zedapiris
II. mamoZravebeli nervebi
da safeTqlis Sua midamos kans.
qalas fuZis imave ovaluri
yur-safeTqlis nervi ybayuris
xvreliT qalas Rrudan gamodis
jirkvals awvdis agreTve
mamoZravebeli fesvi, romelic
sekretorul xasiaTis boWkoebs,
nawildeba kunTebSi. es nervi iyofa
romlebic mis SemadgenlobaSi midian
ramdenime totad:
yuris kvanZidan postganglionuri
1. saReWi nervi _ n. massetericus
boWkoebis SemadgenlobaSi.
gaivlis qvedaybis naWdevze da Semdeg
anervebs TviT saReW kunTs.

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2. safeTqlis Rrma nervebi _ nn. nervi Suamdebare nervTan erTad

temporales profundi, ricxviT sami, gaivlis specialur e.w. saxis arxSi _
anerveben safeTqlis kunTs; canalis facialis da gamodis qalas fuZeze
3. gareTa frTisebri nervi _ n. sadgis-dvrilisebri xvrelis
pterygoideus lateralis da saSualebiT. aRniSnuli arxi
4. SigniTa frTisebri nervi _ n. safeTqlis ZvalSi miimarTeba jer
pterygoideus medialis anerveben win da lateralurad, Semdeg ukan da
Tanamosaxele kunTebs. qveviT da amrigad qmnis nadreks _
5. yba-inis nervi _ n. mylohyoideus. muxls. pirvel nadrekSi Suamdebare
qvemo alveolaruli nervi qvedaybis nervi Seicavs mcire, magram mkvriv e.w.
arxSi Sesvlis win iZleva am nervs, damuxvlil kvanZs _ ganglion geniculi.
romelic Seicavs mamoZravebel sadgis-dvrilisebri xvrelidan
boWkoebsac (samwvera nervis gamosvlis Semdeg saxis nervi uvlis
mamoZravebeli fesvidan); qvedaybis ukanidan qvedaybas da ormucela
xvrelidan dawyebuli, es nervi Zevs kunTis ukana mucels, SeiWreba
qvedaybis SigniTa zedapirze, ybayura jirkvalSi da aq iyofa or
Tanamosaxele RarSi da anervebs yba- msxvil totad: TiToeuli maTgani
inis kunTs da ormucela kunTis wina kidev iyofa ufro wvril totebad,
mucels. romlebic erTimeoresTan arian
SeerTebuli da qmnian Taviseburi
formis yba-yuris wnuls _ plexus
meeqvse wyvili _ ganmzidveli nervi
ganmzidveli nervi parotideus (Zveli avtorebis mixedviT _
mamoZravebeli xasaTisaa; iwyeba batis did fexs _ pes anserinus major).
mogrZo tvinSi moTavsebuli am wnulidan gamosuli nervebi
Tanamosaxele birTvidan. fuZeze anerveben mimikur kunTebs.
gamodis xidis ukana kidesa da saxis nervSi SeiZleba ori
piramidas Soris; xvrets tvinis magar naWris calcalke ganxilva: pirveli
garss Turquli kexis zurgis naWeri iTvleba SigniTa sasmeni
gverdiT da Sedis mRvimovan sinusSi. xvrelidan sadgis-dvrilisebr
aq igi Zevs SemaerTebel qsovilSi xvrelamde, xolo meore naWeri _
SigniTa saZile arteriis gverdiT, sadgis-dvrilisebri xvrelidan
Tvalbudis zeda napralis saboloo datotianebamde.
saSualebiT Sedis TvalbudeSi da pirveli naWris totebi:
anervebs Tvalis gareTa swor kunTs. 1. didi kldovani nervi _ nervus
petrosus major pirveli totia
meSvide wyvili _ saxis nervi (gemovnebis da sekretoruli
saxis nervi Tavisi xasiaTiT xasiaTisa), gamodis saxis nervis
mamoZravebel nervebs ekuTvnis. gi pirveli nadrekidan, e.w. muxlidan;
gamodis tvinis fuZeze karibWe- Semdeg stovebs saxis nervis arxs
lokokinis da Suamdebare nervebTan zemo xvreliT, e.w. hiatus canalis nervi
erTad, naTxemis Sua fexsa, mogrZo petrosi majoris wveba safeTqlis Zvlis
tvinsa da naTxemis kvirts Soris. piramidis wina zedapiris
samive nervi erTad Sedis Tanamosaxele RarSi; Semdeg gamodis
SigniTa sasmen xvrelSi. aqedan saxis gareT dafleTili xvreliT frTa-

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sasis fosoSi, sadac Rrma kldovan niJaris ukana kunTs da

nervTan (SigniTa saZile arteriis qalasarqvelis kunTis kefis mucels.
perivaskularuli wnulis totia) 2. ormucela toti _ ramus
qmnis frTisebri arxis nervs, digastricus zemoaRniSnuli nervis
romelic gaivlis Tanamosaxele qvemoT iwyeba saxis nervisagan da
arxSi da bolos ukavSirdeba frTa- ormucela kunTis ukana mucels,
sasis kvanZs. sadgis-inis kunTs da anastomozs
2. uzangis nervi _ n. stapedius ugzavnis ena-xaxis nervs.
gamodis saxis nervis daswvrivi 3. safeTqlis totebi _ rami
nawilidan da specialuri milakiT temporales Cveulebriv samia;
midis uzangis kunTSi. mdebareobn yvrimalis rkalis zemoT
3. dafis simi _ chorda tympani da anerveben yuris niJaris zemo da
Suamdebare nervis totia, gemovnebis wina kunTebs, qalasarqvelis kunTis
da sekretoruli xasiaTis; scildeba Sublis mucels, Tvalis irgvlivi
saxis nervs sadgis-dvrilisebri kunTis zemo naxevars da warbebis
xvrelis zemoT, maxvili kuTxis qveS, SemWmuxvnel kunTs.
midis zemoT wvrili Zvlovani 4. yvrimalis totebi _ rami
milakis _ canaliculus chordae tympani zygomatici Cveulebriv sami an oTxia;
saSualebiT, Sedis dafis RruSi, anerveben Tvalis irgvlivi kunTis
wveba dafis apkis SigniTa zedapirze qvemo naxevars da yvrimalis did
da lorwovani garsiT dafaruli, kunTs.
gaivlis grdemlis grZel morCsa da 5. loyis totebi _ rami buccales
CaquCis tars Soris; Semdeg daf- sami an oTxia; mdebareoben ganivad
kldovani napralis saSualebiT saReW kunTze da anerveben zeda tuCis
kvlav stovebs dafis Rrus, gamodis amwev kunTs, zemo tuCis da cxviris
isev qalas fuZeze da maxvili kuTxis frTis amwev kunTs, yvrimalis mcire
qveS uerTdeba enis nervs (qvedaybis kunTs, piris irgvliv kunTs, piris
nervis totia); dafis simi Seicavs kuTxis amwev kunTs da cxvirirs
parasimpaTikur-sekretorul boWkoebs, kunTebs.
romlebic midis ybisqveSa kvanZSi _ 6. qvedaybis sanapiro toti _
ganglion submandibulare, aqedan ki, ramus marginalis mandibulae qvedaybis
kvanZis Semdgomi boWkoebi midis napirs mihyveba da anervebs Rimilis
ybisqveSa da enisqveSa jirkvlebSi, kunTs, qveda tuCis damwev kunTs,
garda amisa, dafis simis piris kuTxis damwevsa da nikapis
SemadgenlobaSi centropetalurad kunTebs.
gaivlis gemovnebis xasiaTis boWkoebi 7. kisris toti _ ramus colli
enis wina ori mesamedis lorwovani scildeba saxis nervs qvedaybis
garsidan. kuTxis ukan da anervebs kisris
meore naWris totebi: kanqveSa kunTs; igi anastomoziT
1. yuris ukana nervi _ n. ukavSirdeba kisris wnulis kanqveSa
auricularis posterior midis zemoT nervs.
dvrilisebri morCis wina zedapirze amrigad, saxis nervi anervebs
da saboloo totebiT anervebs yuris yvela mimikur kunTs, uzangis kunTs,
ormucela kunTis ukana mucels da

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sadgis-inis kunTs. amave dros saxis nawilTan erTad SeiWreba xidsa,

nervis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis mogrZo tvinsa da naTxemis kvirts
mTlianad Suamdebare nervi. Soris arsebuli napralis
Suamdebare nervi Sereuli xasiaTisaa saSualebiT tvinis Reros masaSi da
da Seicavs rogorc parasimpaTikur- Tavdeba or birTvSi: lokokinis
sekretorul boWkoebs, ise gemovnebis ventralur birTvSi _ nucleus cochlearis
boWkoebs rbili sasisaTvis da enis venrtralis, romelic Zevs xidis
wina ori mesamedisaTvis. ventralur nawilSi da lokokinis
dorsalur birTvSi _ nucleus cochlearis
merve wyvili _ karibWe- dorsalis, romelic xidis dorsalur
lokokinis nervi nawilSia moTavsebuli e.w. karibWis
karibWe-lokokinis nervi areSi _ area vestibularis.
specialuri mgrZnobelobis nervia, sasmeni nervis gamtarebel
mxolod mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis sistemas ekuTvnis kidev trapeciuli
ori sxvadasxva xasiaTis nervi: sxeuli _ corpus trapezoideum, romelic
lokokinis nawili _ pars cochlearis, mdebareobs xidis fuZesa da saxuravs
fiziologiurad dakavSirebuli Soris, da oliva _ oliva, romelic Zevs
smenis funqciasTan, da karibWis trapeciuli sxeulis zeviT da odnav
nawili _ pars vestibularis, romelic gareT.
emsaxureba womnasworobis funqcias. aRniSnuli birTvebidan meore
amrigad, es ori nawili neironebis aqsonebi misian smenis
imyofeba anatomiur mezoblobaSi, qerqveSa birTvebSi _ saxuravi
xolo Tavis tvinSi da SigniTa yurSi firfitis qvemo birTvSi da SigniTa
maT Tavisi sakuTari adgilebi aqvT damuxvlili sxeulis birTvSi.
rogorc tvinis birTvebisaTvis, ise am birTvebis ujredebis (mesame
periferiuli mimRebi aparatebisaTvis. neironis) aqsonebis kompleqsi qmnis
rogorc lokolinis, ise e.w. lateralur maryuJs _ lemniculus
karibWis nawilebi Seicaven lateralis. am maryuJis SemadgenlobaSi
gansakuTrebul nervul kvanZebs, Sedis orive mxris boWkoebi, radgan
romlebic Sedgeba bipolaruli dorsaluri birTvis ujredebis
nervuli ujredebisagan, saxeldobr: boWkoebi gadadis mopirdapire
smenis anu lokokinis nawilis mxareze meoTxe parkuWis tvinovani
e.w. spiraluri kvanZi _ ganglion spirale zonrebis _ striae medullares ventriculi
mdebareobs lokokinaSi, romlis
quarti saxiT; ventraluri birTvis
ujredebis centraluri boWkoebi
ujredebis boWkoebi ki Tavdebian
qmnian merve nervis lokokinis nawils
trapeciul sxeulSi da zemo
_ pars cochlearis, periferiuli boWkoebi olivaSi, xolo aqedan midian
ki miimarTebian spiralur lateralur maryuJSi. am maryuJis
organosaken; ukanaskneli SemadgenlobaSi Sedian boWkoebi
moTavsebulia apkisebri lokokinis TviT lateraluri maryuJis birTvisa
ZiriTad apkze _ lamina basilaris. _ nucleus lemnisci lateralis.
lokokinis nawili lateraluri maryuJis boWkoebi
labirinTidan Sedis qalas RruSi Seadgenen smenis saboloo gzas,
safeTqlis Zvlis SigniTa sasmeni romelic gaivlis SigniTa kafsulis
xvrelis saSualebiT da karibWis

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ukana nawilSi da Tavdeba safeTqlis Semdeg cTomil da damatebiT nervTan

zemo xveulis Sua nawilis qerqSi, erTad stovebs qalas Rrus sauRle
sadac moTavsebulia smenis xvrelis saSualebiT. Cveulebriv, ena-
kortikaluri centri. xaxis nervis oTxi fesviT gamodis
karibWis nawilis Tanamosaxele tvinis ukana gverdiTi Raridan, ise
kvanZi _ gaglion vestibulare mdebareobs rom misi zemo fesvi umijnavdeba
SigniTa sasmeni milis ZirSi. am merve nervs, qvemo fesvi ki _ cTomil
kvanZis ujredebis periferiuli nervs. sainteresoa is, rom ena-xaxis
boWkoebi miimarTebian apkisebri da cTomili nervebis fesvebs Soris
labirinTis Semdeg warmonaqmnebSi _ gaivlis patara venuri ZarRvi.
tikSi, parkSi da naxevarrkalovani sauRle xvrelSi ena-xaxis nervi
arxebis ampulebSi; centraluri qmnis pirvel, e.w. zemo kvanZs _
boWkoebi ki qmnian merve nervis ganglion superius, xolo aRniSnuli
karibWis nawils _ pars vestibularis, xvrelidan gamosvlis Semdeg meore,
romelic, rogorc iyo aRniSnuli, cota ufro meti odenobis qvemo
lokokinis nawilTan erTad Sedis kvanZs _ ganglion inferius, romelic Zevs
tvinis masaSi Tavdeba rombisebri safeTqlis Zvlis piramidis
fosos ZirSi moTavsebul karibWis Tanamosaxele fosoSi _ fossulla petrosa;
birTvebSi _ nuclei vestibulares: Semdeg es nervi eSveba qvemoT, wveba
medialur birTvSi, lateralur SigniTa saZile arteriasa da SigniTa
birTvSi da zemo birTvSi. aRniSnuli sauRle venas Soris, uxvevs sadgis-
birTvebis ujredebis (meore neironi) xaxis kunTs da totiandeba enis
aqsonebi midian naTxemis WiaSi birTv- ZirSi.
naTxemis gzis _ tractus nucleo- ena-xaxis nervis totebs
cerebellaris (BNA) saxiT. karibWis ekuTvnis:
nawilis boWkoebis nawili pirdpir 1. dafis nervi _ n. tympanicus; es
midis naTxemSi. nervi iwyeba qvemo kvanZidan, Sedis
amgvarad, aRniSnuli nervi da dafis RruSi, e.w. dafis milakis _
birTv-naTxemis gza atarebs canalis tympanicus saSualebiT da
gaRizianebas statikuri aparatidan, aRniSnul RruSi qmnis naz dafis
romelic moTavsebulia SigniTa wnuls _ plexus tympanicus; am wnulis
kafsuklaSi. SeqmnaSi monawileoben saZile-dafis
nervebi _ nn. carotico-tympanici,
mecxre wyvili _ ena-xaxis nervi romlebic gamodian SigniTa saZile
ena – xaxis nervi Sereuli arteriis kedelze arsebuli
xasiaTis nervia. igi Seicavs rogorc simpaTikuri wnulidan; Semdeg
mamoZravebel, ise mgrZnobiare zemoaRniSnuli milakis gamosavali
boWkoebs, magram umTavread igi aris xvrelis saSualebiT dafis nervi
specifikuri grZnobis, e.i. gemovnebis ganagrZobs gzas ukve rogorc mcire
nervi da amave dros atarebs kldovani nervi _ n. petrosus minor
parasimpaTikuri sekretoruli (Seicavs parasimpaTikur,
xasaTis boWkoebsac. sekretoruli xasiaTis boWkoebs); igi
ena-xaxis nervi gamodis mogrZo gaivlis safeTqlis Zvlis piramidis
tvinis ukana gverdiTi Raridan da wina zedapirze arsebul

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Tanamosaxele RarSi, Semdeg patara veniT. cTomili nervi stovebs

dafleTili xvreliT CaeSveba qveviT qalas Rrus sauRle venis
da qalas fuZis gareT Sedis yuris saSualebiT, sadac igi qmnis pirvels,
kvanZSi _ gangalion oticum. sakmarisad msxvil zemo kvanZs _
dafis wnulis totebi anerveben ganglion superius. sauRle nervis qvemoT
dafis Rrusa da sasmeni lulis cTomil nervs uerTdeba damatebiTi
lorwovan garss. nervis toti da kidev ufro qveviT,
2. Semdeg ena-xaxis nervi ukve kiserze, cTomili nervi qmnis
ugzavnis SemaerTebel totebs meore ufro farTo da wagrZelebul
cTomili nervis yuris tots _ ramus qvemo kvanZs _ ganglion inferius.
communicans cum ramo auricularis nervi sauRle xvrelis qveviT
vegi. cTomili nervi Zevs SigniTa sauRle
3. xaxis totebi _ rami pharingei, venasa da SigniTa saZile arterias
ricxviT ori-sami, cTomili nervis da Soris arsebul RarSi. aseTi
parasimpaTikuri nervis Tanamosaxele urTierToba da mdebareoba cTomil
totebTan erTad qmnian xaxis momWer nervs SenarCunebuli aqvs Semdegac
kunTebze xaxis wnuls _ plexus SigniTa sauRle venasa da SigniTa
pharyngeus. saZile arterias Soris. gulmkerdis
4. sadgis-xaxis kunTis toti _ RruSi Camosvlisas marjvena cTomili
rami musculi pharyngei anervebs nervi wveba marjvena laviwqveSa
Tanamosaxele kunTs. arteriis win, marcxena ki _ aortis
5. nuSis totebi _ rami tonsillares rkalis win; Semdeg, ufro qveviT,
mravalia, anerveben nuSebs da xaxis rogorc marjvena, ise marcxena
piris rkalebis lorwovan garss. cTomili nervebi umijnavdebian
6. enis totebi _ rami linguales, bronqebis ukana kedels, gadadian
mravali, nawilobriv mgZnobiare, saylapav milze, ifantebian mraval
nawilobriv gemovnebis xasiaTisaa; totad da qmnian wnulebs mis
gemovnebis xasiaTis nervebi Tavdeba kedelze; Semdeg saylapav milTan
SemozRudul dvrilebSi, mgZnobiare erTad eSvebian muclis RruSi.
xasiaTis nervebi ki _ enis ukana marjvena vagusi qmnis wnuls
mesamedis lorwovan garsSi. saylapavi milisa da kuWis ukana
7. saZile sinusis toti _ r. sinus kedelze, marcxena vagusi ki _
caroticus mgZnobiare xasiaTisaa, saylapavi milis da kuWis wina
miimarTeba saerTo saZile arTeriis kedelze. aqedan cTomili nervebi
gayofis kuTxeSi arsebul saZile gadadian muclis sxva organoebzec.
gorgalSi _ glomus caroticum da cTomili nervis totebi
SigniTa saZile arteriis dasawyisSi gavrcelebis mixedviT SeiZleba
arsebul bolqvSi _ saZile wiaRSi _ gaiyos oTx nawilad _ Tavis, kisris,
sinus caroticus. gulmkerdisa da muclis.
1. Tavis nawili _ iTvleba
meaTe wyvili _ cTomili nervi cTomili nervis dawyebidan qvemo
cTomili nervi gamodis kvanZamde; am pirvel mokle nawils
naTxemis qvemo fexebidan 10-18 fesviT, scildeba Semdegi totebi:
romlebic gamoeyofa ena –xaxis nervs a) magari garsis toti _ ramus
meningeus gamodis zemo kvanZidan,

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Sedis qalas RruSi da anervebs magar mihyveba saerTo saZile arterias

garss kefis ukana midamoSi.
b) yuris toti _ ramus auricularis
gamodis zemo kvanZidan, dvrilisebri
milakiT Sedis safeTqlis Zvlis
piramidaSi, ejvaredineba da ucvlis
totebs saxis nervs, Semdeg daf-
dvrilisebri napralis saSualebiT
gamodis gareT da anervebs sasmeni
milisa da yuris niJaris kans.
garda zemoaRniSnulisa,
cTomili nervis pirveli nawili
dakavSirebulia erTi an ori
anastomozuri totiT ena-xaxis nervis
qvemo kvanZTan.
2. kisris nawili iTvleba qvemo
kvanZidan xorxis Sebrunebuli nervis
dawyebamde. am meore nawilidan
gamodis Semdegi totebi:
a) xaxis totebi _ rami pharyngei
– oria, zemo da qvemo; miimarTebian
xaxis ukana kedlisaken, uerTdebian
ena-xaxis da simpaTikusis kisris zemo
kvanZis Tanamosaxele totebs da
qmnian maTTan erTad xaxis wuls _
plexus pharyngeus; am wnulidan
gamosuli totebi anerveben xaxis
kunTebsac da lorwovan garssac,
garda amisa _ sasis fardis amwev
kunTs, naqis kunTs da sasis rkalebis
kunTebs.
b) xorxis zemo nervi _ n.
laryngeus superior gamodis cTomili
nervis qvemo kvanZidan _ ganglion
inferius, mihyveba xaxis momWer kunTs da
iyofa or totad _ gareTa da
SigniTa; gareTa toti anervebs xaxis
qvemo momWer kunTs, farisebr kunTs;
SigniTa toti ki xvrets far-inis apks
da anervebs enis Ziris da xorxis
zemo naxevris lorwovan garss
yiamde.
g) gulis zemo totebi _ rami
cardiaci superiores, ricxviT samamde,
gulamde, sadac simpaTikuri wvelis
kisris kvanZebidan gamosul gulis
nervebTan erTad Seiqmneba gulis
wnuli _ plexus cardiacus. gulis zemo
totebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis
agreTve nervi, romelic,
fiziologiis monacemebis Tanaxmad,
akavebs gulis muSaobas da cnobilia
rogorc gulis damkavebeli nervi _
n. depressor.
d) xorxis Sebrunebuli nervi _
n. laryngeus reccurens. cTomili nervis
es toti marjvena mxareze uxvevs
qvemodan da uknidan marjvena
laviwqveSa arterias, marcxena
mxareze ki _ aortis rkals; Semdeg,
orive nervi wveba sasulesa da
saylapav mils Soris arsebul RarSi;
aqedan maT ukve xorxis qveda nervebs
_ nn. laryngei inferiores uwodeben. es
nervebi xvreten qvemo momWer kunTs,
Sedian xorxSi da anerveben xorxis
yvela kunTs, beWd_farisebri kunTis
garda, da xorxis lorwovan garss
yiis qvemoT.
Yyoveli Sebrunebuli nervi
Tavis mxriv iZleva Semdeg totebs: a.
sasules totebs _ rami tracheales, qmnian
sasules wnuls. b. saylapavi milis
zeda totebs _ rami oesophagei. c.
gulis qvemo totebs _ rami cardiaci
inferiores; es totebi scildeba xorxis
Sebrunebul nervs da iRebs
monawileobas gulis wnulis SeqmnaSi.
3. gulmkerdis nawili cTomili
nervisa iTvleba xorxis Sebrunebuli
nervis gamosvlis donidan
SuasaZgidis saylapavi milis
xvrelamde. am nawilidan gamodian
Semdegi nervebi:
a) bronqebis totebi _ rami
bronchiales. wina _ ufro wvrilebi da
ukana _ ufro msxvilebi, romelTac

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uerTdeba gulmkerdis zemo oTxi

simpaTikuri kvanZis totebi da maTTan
erTad Seiqmneba filtvebis wnulebi meTerTmete wyvili _ damatebiTi
_ plexus pulmonales. am wnulis boWkoebi nervi
bronqebTan erTad Sedian filtvSi da damatebiTi nervi Tavisi
anerveben gluv kunTebs, jirkvlebs xasiaTiT ganekuTvneba mamoZravebel
da mgZnobiare boWkoebiT _ bronqebs nervebs. igi gamodis mravali fesviT;
da TviT filtvebs. erTi-ori fesviT mogrZo tvinidan _
b) saylapavi milis wnuli _ radices craniales da danarCeni fesvebiT
plexus oesophageus. saylapavi milis _ zurgis tvinis kisris nawilidan
orive mxareze aris ori wnuli: wina meeqvse malis donemde _ radices
wnuli marcxena cTomili nervisa da spinales.
ukana wnuli _ marjvena cTomili fesvebi erTdebian, qmnian erT
nervisa. orive wnuli gaerTianebulia Reros, romelic midis zeviT, Sedis
mravali anastomoziT. qalas RruSi kefis didi xvrelis
4. muclis nawili iwyeba saSualebiT. mxolod am xvrelSi
SuasaZgidis saylapavi milis damatebiTi nervi iyofa or totad:
xvrelidan da ifanteba kuWis wina da pirveli, ufro mokle SigniTa toti _
ukana kedelze. r. internus Sedis cTomili nervis
marcxena cTomili nervi mihyveba SemadgenlobaSi ganglion inferior-is zemo
kuWis mcire simrudes, simpaTikuri bolosTan (es boWkoebi Semdeg
nervis totebTan erTad, kuWis wina xorxis qvemo nervis saSualebiT
kedelze. kuWis wina totebis _ rami midian xorxis kunTebTan), xolo
gastrici anteriores zogierTi toti meore, gareTa toti _ r. externus,
gaivlis mcire badeqonis furclebs gacilebiT ufro grZeli, Cadis
Soris da miimarTeba RviZlSi. qveviT kiserze, gaivlis mkerd-laviw-
marjvena cTomili nervi ufro dvrilisebri kunTis masaSi, anervebs
msxvilia; saylapavi milis ukana mas da bolos Sedis trapeciul
kedlidan igi CaeSveba kuWis ukana kunTSi.
kedelze simpaTikur nervebTan erTad amrigad, damatebiTi nervis
kuWis ukana totebis _ rami gastrici meore toti anervebs mkerd-laviw-
posteriores saxiT. faSvis totebi _ rami dvrilisebr da trapeciul kunTebs.
coeliaci mihyvebian kuWis marcxena damatebiTi nervidan gamodis
arterias da ukavSirdebian mzis Semdegi totebi:
wnulis faSvis kvanZs _ ganglion 1. ukve xerxemlis arxSi
coeliacum; aqedan gamosuli totebi damatebiTi nervis aswvrivi Rero
sisxlZarRvebis kedlebze arsebul uerTdeba boWkoebiT kisris pirvelsa
simpaTikur boWkoebTan erTad da meore spinalur nervebs.
miimarTebian RviZlisaken, 2. meore mxriv, damatebiTi
pankreasisaken, wvrili da msxili nervis es meore nawili kiserze
nawlavebisaken (daswvriv ukavSirdeba kisris mesame da meoTxe
kolinjamde), elanTasa da spinalur nervebs.
Tirkmelebisaken. 3. damatebiTi nervi
anastomozebiT ukavSirdeba agreTve
enisqveSa nervs.

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meTormete wyvili _ enisqveSa nervi 3. sakmarisad msxvili kavSiri

kisris pirvel da meore nervebis wina
enisqveSa nervi mamoZravebeli totebTan.
xasiaTis nervia. igi gamodis mogrZo aRniSnuli totebi gamodian
tvinis wina gverdiTi Raridan, enisqveSa nervidan iq, sadac igi
olivasa da piramidas Soris, 10-15 gadasWris gareTa saZile arterias,
fesviT; kefis Zvlis enisqveSa arxTan iRebs daswvriv mimarTulebas da
es fesvebi erTdebian da stoveben cnobilia rogorc kisris maryuJis
aRniSnuli arxiT qalas Rrus erTi zemo fesvi _ radix superior. zemo fesvi,
mTliani nervis saxiT. qalas fuZis Tavis mxriv, ukavSirdeba kisris
qveS enisqveSa nervi Zevs jer wnulidan gamosul (meore da mesame
cTomili nervis ukan da Semdeg nervis toti) qvemo fesvs _ radix
cTomili nervis gareT gadadis; inferior da qmnian kisris maryuJs _ ansa
Semdeg igi gaivlis SigniTa sauRle cervicalis. am maryuJidan gamosuli
venasa da SigniTa saZile arterias totebi anerveben mkerd-inis, mkerd-
Soris; aqedan Cahyveba sadgis _ enis farisebri, far-inis, beW-inis da yba-
kunTs da wveba ormucela kunTis inis kunTebs.
ukana muclis medialur mxareze; enis totebi _ rami linguales
Semdeg rkaliviT modrekili nervi warmoadgenen enisqveSa nervis
midis win, ufsilon-enis kunTze da saboloo totebs, romlebic anerveben
gadaiSleba maraosaviT enaSi. enis sakuTar kunTebs _ enis gaswvriv,
enisqveSa ZvalTan am nervis rkali ganiv da perpendikularul kunTebs
dafarulia ybisqveSa jirkvliT, saxis da agreTve enis kunTebs,
veniT da kisris kanqveSa kunTiT. dakavSirebuls qalas Zvlivan
enisqveSa nervs kavSiri aqvs : wertilebTan, saxeldobr: m. hyoglossus,
1. simpaTikuri wvelis zemo kvanZTan m. styliglossus da m. genioglossus.
wvrili totiT, romelic csildeba
enisqveSa nervs Tanamosaxele
xvrelis qveS.
2. cTomili nervis qvemo kvanZTan.

qala _ tvinis topografia

tvinis ZiriTadi Rarebisa da paralelurad Tvalbudis zeda
xveulebis, tvinisa da tvinis magari kideze avleben zeda horizontalur
garsis sisxlZarRvebis qalas xazs, nazionsa da kefis gareTa
zedapirze proecirebisTvis SemaRlebas Soris _sagitalur xazs.
rekomendebuli sqemebidan yvelaze yvrimalis rkalis Sua wertilidan
ufro gavrcelebulia kronleinis zeviT aRmarTaven wina vertikalur
sqema, romelsac Semdegnairad ageben: xazs, safeTqel-qveda ybis saxsridan
Tvalbudis qveda kidesa da gareTa aseve zeviT aRmarTaven Sua
sasmeni xvrelis zeda kideze avleben vertikalur xazs da safeTqlis
ZiriTad _ qveda horizontalur xazs; dvrilisebri morCis ukana kididan _
qveda horizontaluri xazis ukana vertikalur xazs. yvela verti-

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kaluri xazi gavlebulia qalas fuZis motexilobis

horizontaluri xazebis topografiuli anatomia
perpendikularulad. qalas fuZis motexiloba
tvinis centraluri Rari proeq- ganekuTvneba ukiduresad mZime
cirdeba zeda horizontaluri da travmas, romelic SemTxvevaTa 70%-Si
wina vertikaluri xazebis gadakveTis sikvdiliT mTavrdeba. avadmyofTa
wertilidan sagitaluri da ukana umravlesoba ver aRwevs samkurnalo
vertikaluri xazebis gadakveTis dawesebulebamde da iRupeba gonze
wertilamde gavlebuli xazis im mousvlelad. uSualod travmis dros
monakveTze, romelic Sua da ukana an cota xnis Semdeg, tvinis mZime
vartikalur xazebs Soris dazianebis Sedegad, im
mdebareobs. avadmyofebisTvis, romlebic
centraluri Raris saproeqcio uSualod travmis miRebis Semdeg ar
xazsa da zeda horizontalur xazs gardaicvalnen, gadamwyvet mniSvne-
Soris mdebare kuTxis biseqtrisa lobas iZens momdevno 24_48 saaTi.
ukana vertikaluri xazis qalasarqvelis
gadakveTamde Seesabameba tvinis motexilobisagan ganxvavebiT qalas
lateraluri Raris proeqcias. fuZis motexiloba warmoadgens
Sua meningealuri arteriis damazianebeli Zalis arapirdapiri
mTavari Rero gaivlis qveda moqmedebis Sedegs.
horizontaluri da wina vertikaluri qalas fuZis motexiloba pirda-
xazebis gadakveTis wertilSi; misi piri zemoqmedebis Sedegad iSviaTia
wina toti gaivlis zeda hori- da SeiZleba ganviTardes ucxo
zontaluri da wina vertikaluri sxeulis Tvalis, cxviris an piris
xazebis gadakveTis wertilSi, ukana RruSi SeWris dros. arapirdapiri
toti _ zeda horizontaluri da motexilobebi Cveulebriv warmo-
ukana vertikaluri xazebis adgens qalasarqvlis pirdapiri mote-
gadakveTis wertilSi. xilobis gagrZelebas. zogierTi ara-
tvinis magari garsis zeda sagi- pirdapiri motexiloba warmoSobis
taluri sinusi proeqcirdeba meqanizmiT SeiZleba ganekuTvnos
sagitalur xazze glabelas Sua pirdapirs. ase magaliTad, nikapze
wertilidan kefis gareTa dartymis dros qveda ybis Zvlis
SemaRlebamde, ganivi sinusi _ qedis sasaxsre morCebs SeuZlia daazianon
zeda xazze, sigmoiduri sinusi _ safeTqlis Zvlebis sakmaod Txeli
dvrilisebri morCis ukana xorkliani sasaxsre fosoebi da SeaRwion kidec
kidis gaswvriv (uSualod mis ukan). qalas Sua fosoSi. simaRlidan
tvinis Sua arteriis dasawyisi fexebze, muxlebze an sajdomze
nawilis mdebareoba Seesabameba dacemisas SesaZlebelia qalas fuZis
tvinis lateraluri Raris proeqcias. ukana nawilis motexiloba,
tvinis ukana arteria proeqcirdeba gansakuTrebiT, Tu am dros kunTebis
zeda horizontaluri xazis ukana SekumSva ganapirobebs xerxemlis
monakveTis zemoT. kronleinis sqemis uZraobas. am motexilobis meqanizmi
wina oTxkuTxedSi SigniTa saZile analogiuria CaquCis vertikaluri
arteriis saboloo (qalasSiga)
nawili proeqcirdeba.

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mimarTulebiT tariT dartymisas periodis ganmavlobaSi arsebobs

kveris tarze Camocmisa. inficirebis saSiSroeba, ar aris
qalas fuZis motexiloba gamoricxuli meningitis ganviTareba.
mJRavndeba Semdegi simptomebiT: motexilobebi, romlebsac Tan axlavs
1) motexilobis adgilidan sisxlis yurebidan, cxviridan an piridan sisx-
gavrceleba gareT im garkveul lis an Tavzurgtvinis siTxis dena
adgilebamde, sadac isini vlindebian ganapirobebs qalas SigTavsis Sexebas
sisxlis Caqcevis saxiT. garemosTan, arsebiTad Ria
2) sisxlis, zurgis tvinis siTxis motexilobaT unda CaiTvalos. am
da zogjer Tavis tvinis masis denac dros SesaZlebelia infeqciis SeWra
ki Rruebidan, romlebic ekvris qalas RruSi, misgan gamomdinare
qalas fuZes. mZime garTulebiT.
3) qalas fuZesTan mdebare nervebis qalas fuZis motexilobisTvis
funqciis moSla. damaxasiaTebelia qalas nervebis
sisxlCaqcevebi Cndeba kanisa da dazianeba sruli damblis an
lorwovanis im adgilze, romlebic parezebis saxiT, rac im SemTxvevaSi
dakavSirebulia qalas fuZesTan aRiniSneba, roca motexilobis xazi
faSari qsoviliT, upirveles yovlisa kveTs gzas an arxs, romelSic gadis
quTuToebi, Tvalis koniuqtiva, mocemuli nervi. amasTan es nervi
Tvalbudis cximovani qsovili, saxis SeiZleba iyos gawyvetili, daJeJili
lorwovani da dvrilisebri morCis an gaWyletili. umetes SemTxvevebSi
midamo. am sisxlCaqcevebisaTvis SeimCneva saxis nervis dambla
damaxasiaTebelia maTi gviani gamomJ- (SemTxvevaTa 25%). xSirad ziandeba
Ravneba erTi, ori an sami dRis Sem- agreTve karibWe-lokokinis nervi, rac
deg, gansxvavebiT im sisxl- iwvevs siyrues. magram siyruis
Caqcevebisagan, romlebic uSualod am simptomis ararseboba ar aris
midamos travmis Semdeg Cndeba. damaxasiaTebeli mxolod qalas fu-
sisxlis dena SeiZleba Zis motexilobisaTvis, radganac
aRiniSnos cxviridan, cxvirxaxidan Zvlebis dazianebis gareSec qalas
da yurebidan. cxviridan da travmas SeiZleba Tan axldes smenis
cxvirxaxidan sisxlis dena dakargva. amitom am simptoms didi
ganpirobebulia cxavis Zvlis mniSvneloba eniWeba saxis nervis
motexilobiT. yuridan sisxlis dena damblasTan erTianobaSi.
mowmobs safeTqlis Zvlis kldovani dazianebis sixSiris mixedviT
nawilis dazianebas dafis apkis momdevno adgilzea ganmzidveli,
gaglejiT. Tvalis mamoZravebeli da WaRisebri
Tavzurgtvinis siTxis dena nervebi. Tavis tvinis danarCeni
mianiSnebs tvinis magari da nervebi ziandeba SedarebiT iSviaTad,
qseliseburi garsebis dazianebaze, Tumca qalas fuZis nebismieri
siTxe gamodis yurebidan da motexilobis dros Tavis tvinis
cxviridan pirvel dReebSi. dRe-Ramis yvela Tormeti wyvili nervi
ganmavlobaSi gamodis 150_200sm3 Tav- gulmodgined unda Semowmdes.
zurgtvinis siTxe. me-6-7 dRes misi de- rentgenologiuri gamokvleva
na Cveulebriv Sewydeba. aucilebelia qalas fuZis
Tavzurgtvinis siTxis denis mTeli motexilobaze eWvis dros. rentgenis

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suraTi gviCvenebs qalas fuZis qalas fuZis motexilobis erT-

bzarebs da saSualebas gvaZ-levs erTi tipuri xazi gadis Turquli
davadginoT motexilobis faqti im kexis perpendikularulad (gasagebia,
SemTxvevaSic, roca klinikuri rom am adgilze rezistentoba
suraTi ar aris gamoxatuli. gansxvavebulia da damokidebulia
diagnostikuri mniSvne-loba eniWeba solisebri wiaRis sidideze) da
lumbalur punqciasac. qalas fuZis aRwevs erTi mxriv mrgval xvrels,
motexilobebis dros zurgis tvinis meore mxriv ki dafleTil da wvetian
siTxe xSirad aris Seferili sisx- xvrelebs. motexilobis meore tipuri
liT. mZime SemTxvevebSi lumbalur xazi iwyeba enisqveSa arxTan sauRle
punqcias aqvs Terapiuli xvrelze da SigniT sasmen xvrelze
mniSvnelobac, radganac iwvevs qalas gavliT miemarTeba wvetiani
Sida wnevis daqveiTebas. xvrelisaken, Semdeg lateralurad
qalas fuZis simtkice, ise, ro- gadaixreba da gadadis safeTqlis
gorc misi TaRisa, calkeul Zvlis qicvze. amgvarad es xazi aer-
ganyofilebaSi araerTgvarovania, Tebs erTmaneTTan miyolebiT ganla-
masiuri nawilebi enacvleba nakleb gebul enisqveSa arxs, sauRle da
rezistentulebs, amasTan, qalas fu- SigniTa sasmen xvrelebs, xsnis
Zis simtkicis Sefasebisas labirinTs an Zalian axlos gadis
aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT masSi lokokinasTan. motexilobis mesame
arsebuli xvrelebi, romelic tipuri xazi iwyeba wvetiani xvreli-
gankuTvnilia sisxlZarRvebisa da dan da ovaluri da mrgvali
nervebisaTvis, motexiloba Cveuleb- xvrelebis gavliT miemarTeba mxedve-
riv mimarTulia, metnaklebad tipur lobis nervis xvrelisaken,
xazze, romelic aerTebs xvrelebs da ganaSorebs wina solisebr morCs
naklebad xdeba qalas fuZis ufro soliseburi Zvlis mcire frTisagan
mkvriv nawilebSi. da gadadis Sublis Zvlis Tvalbudis
mkvrivi Suamdebare zoli kefis nawilze. es mimarTuleba Zalze avis-
SigniTa SemaRlebidan miemarTeba momaswavlebelia, radganac emuqreba
kefis didi xvrelisaken, gars uvlis Tvalis kaklis kunTebis nervebs da
mas da winisaken aRwevs Turqul kexs. mxedvelobis nervs, gansakuTrebiT
is Seesabameba kefis Zvlis qicvis Sua maSin, Tu Camotexilia wina
da nawilobriv gverdiT nawilebs. solisebri morCi. SeiZleba agreTve
agreTve solisebri Zvlis sxeuls. daziandes mRvimovani wiaRic.
ukanisaken es zoli gadadis ukana qalas fuZis motexilobis dros
(meoTxe) vertikalur sayrdenSi. kefis upirveles yovlisa ziandeba misi
didi xvrelis gverdebze aRniSnuli nakleb mtkice nawilebi: 1) cxavis
zoli uerTdeba vertikalur (mesame) Zvlis dacxriluli firfita; 2)
sayrdens. Turquli kexis midamodan Sublis Zvlis Tvalbudis nawili,
mkvrivi zoli win da lateralurad romelic qmnis Tvalbudis zeda
grZeldeba jer isev mkvrivi zonis kedels; 3) solisebri Zvlis sxeuli,
saxiT, romelic Seesabameba romelic Seicavs solisebur wiaRs; 4)
solisebri Zvlis didi frTe-bis wina safeTqlis Zvlis kldovani nawili; 5)
nawilebs, aqedan ki gadadis meore kefis Zvlis is nawilebi, romlebic
sayrdenSi.

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gverdebidan da uknidan ekvrian kefis (anosmia). Tavis tvinis III, IV, V da VI

did xvrels. nervebis funqciis moSla
SemCneulia, rom qalas fuZis ganpirobebulia maTze Tvalbudis
motexilobis xazebi Tanxvdebian faSar qsovilSi CaRvrili sisxlis
Zalis zemoqmedebis mimarTulebas, zewoliT—gamoxatulia sielme, gugis
amasTan ZvalTaSua nakerebi am cvlilebebi, Tvalis kaklis da Sub-
mimarTulebaze zemoqmedebas ver lis kanis anesTezia, rac Seexeba
axdenen. meore nervs, is SeiZleba daziandes
qalas fuZis motexilobis wina solisebri morCebis
simptomebi sxvadasxvagvaria motexilobis dros (qalas Sua fosos
motexilobis adgilisa da xasiaTis sazRvarze) an rac ufro xSiria—
mixedviT. nervis budeSi sisxlis Caqcevis dros.
qalas wina fosos areSi qalas fuZis Sua fosos areSi
motexilobaTa umravlesobisTvis motexilobis dros, ise, rogorc qa-
yvelaze damaxasiaTebel simptoms las wina fosos motexilobisas,
warmoadgens cxviridan da aRiniSneba cxviridan da
cxvirxaxidan sisxlis dena, agreTve cxvirxaxidan sisxlis dena.
gadanaylapi sisxlis pirRebineba. sisxldenis mizezia solisebri Zvlis
sisxlis dena SeiZleba iyos sxeulis damsxvreva an mRvimovani
zomieri_cxavis Zvlis sinusis dazianeba. mRvimovan sinusSi
sisxlZarRvebis dawyvetisas, da Zlie- gamavali SigniTa saZile arteriis
ri_mRvimovani sinusis dazianebisas. dazianeba Cveulebriv iwvevs
xSiria agreTve Tvalisa da quTuTos sasikvdilo sisxldenas. aRwerilia
koniuqtivis qveSa sisxlCaqceva SemTxvevebi, roca aseTi mZime
(Sublisa da cxavis Zvlebis sisxldena maSinve ar wydeba da
dazianebis dros). Tvalbudis kanqveSa mRvimovani sinusis SigniT SigniTa
qsovilSi sisxlis uxvad Caqcevam saZile arteriis dazianebis klinikur
SeiZleba gamoiwvios Tvalis gadmo- gamovlenas warmoadgens pulsirebadi
karkvla (egzofTalmi). cxviridan egzofTalmi. igi ganpirobebulia
cerebrospinaluri siTxis dena dazianebuli arteriidan sisxlis
miuTiTebs tvinis garsebis im SeRweviT Tvalbudis venebis siste-
morCebis dawyvetaze, romlebic Tan maSi, romelic ixsneba mRvimovan
axlavs saynosav Zafebs. roca darRve- wiaRSi.
ulia tvinis Sublis wili, maSin safeTqlis Zvlis piramidis
cxviridan SeiZleba gamovides tvinis motexilobas da dafis apkis
nivTierebac. gaglejas Tan axlavs yuridan
Sublis Zvlis wiaRis kedlebis sisxldena. tvinis garsebis morCebis
da cxavisebri labirinTis ujredebis dazianebisas yuridan gamodis
dazianebisas SeiZleba aRiniSnos cerebrospinaluri siTxe. tvinis
haeris gamosvla Sublis kanqveSa safeTqlis wilis gaWyletis dros
qsovilSi (kanqveSa emfizema) an qalas yuridan SeiZleba gamovides tvinis
RruSi. eqstra- an intraduralurad nivTierebac.
(pnevmocefalia). qalas fuZis Sua fosos areSi
ynosvis Zafebis dazianeba iwvevs motexilobis dros xSirad ziandeba
sxvadasxva xarisxis ynosvis moSlas Tavis tvinis VI, VII da VIII nervebi.

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VI nervi tramvirdeba ukana cerebrospinaluri siTxis dena da

solisebri morCis da Turquli kexis tvinis nivTierebis gamosvla ar
zurgis motexilobis dros, romlis aRiniSneba, radgan ar aris gareT
gare kedelsac is ekvris da gamomsvleli gzebi. diagnozis dadge-
warmoqmnis naWdevs Zvalze. am dros naSi SeiZleba dagvexmaros yuris ukan
damblavdeba Tvalis gareTa swori kanqveSa sisxlCaqceva, rac dakav-
kunTi, rac iwvevs medialur sielmes. Sirebulia dvrilisebr-kefis nakeris
VII nervi sakmaod did manZilze dazianebasTan.
gaivlis safeTqlis ZvalSi. qalas radgan qalas ukana fosos
Sua fosos motexiloba xSirad motexilobis dros, motexilobis
moicavs safeTqlis Zvlis piramidis xazi xSirad gadakveTs piramidas
wina nawils, ziandeba VII nervic (misi wina_ukana mimarTulebiT, Sida
muxlis midamoSi). dazianebis xasiaTi sasmeni xvrelis siaxloves, xdeba VII
sxvadasxvagvaria. nervis mTlianoba an nervis gawyveta. es iwvevs saxis Sesa-
nawilobriv irRveva an ganicdis bamisi mxaris mimikuri kunTebis
zewolas saxis arxSi CaRvrili srul da myar damblas.
sisxliT. amis Sedegad dazianebis qalas ukana fosos
mxareze viTardeba saxis naxevris motexilobisas VIII nervi ufro
mimikuri kunTebis dambla. damblis xSirad ziandeba, vidre qalas Sua
saSualo simZimis SemTxvevaSi progno- fosos motexilobis dros. qalas
zi SedarebiT keTilsaimedoa. fuZis motexilobisas gansakuTrebu-
VIII nervis dazianeba iwvevs li disgnostikuri da prognostikuri
smenis daqveiTebas Sesabamis mxares, mniSvneloba eniWeba Tavis tvinis
agreTve menieris sindromis— nervebis dazianebas, mizanSewonilia
wonasworobis darRveva, ganviTarebas. ufro dawvrilebiT gavecnoT
smenis dazianebis xarisxi Seesabameba aRniSnuli nervebis klinikur
VIII nervis dazianebis simZimes. anatomias.
qalas fuZis ukana fosos areSi saynosavi (I) nervis dazianebis
motexilobebi, rogorc wesi ar klinikuri suraTi xasiaTdeba ynosvis
iZlevian gareTa sisxldenas, dakargviT (anosmia) an misi daqvei-
radganac dafis apki mTeli rCeba TebiT (hiposmia). tvinis Sublis wi-
gansxvavebiT qalas Sua fosos lis dazianebisas SeiZleba adgili
motexilobisagan, romlis drosac hqondes ynosvis gaRizianebas
motexilobis xazi mihyveba piramidis (hiperosmia) an mis gaukuRmarTebas
wina sazRvars da dafis apkic (parosmia).
ziandeba. cxadia, SeiZleba adgili mxedvelobis (II) nervis,
hqondes kombinirebul dazianebasac. mxedvelobis traqtisa da jvaredinis
amis garda, yuridan sisxldenas dazianebis klinikuri suraTi
SeiZleba hqondes adgili gansxvavebulia. mxedvelobis nervis
dvrilisebri morCis an gareTa dazianebisas saTanado TvalSi
sasmeni xvrelis kedlebis dazianebis mxedveloba qveiTdeba (ambliopia) an
drosac, rodesac piramidis mTlia- sul ispoba—sibrmave (amavrozi).
noba darRveuli ar aris. mxedvelobis traqtis dazianebisas
qalas ukana fosos daxuruli aRiniSneba mxedvelobis velis
motexilobis dros calmxrivi gamovardna orive TvalSi.

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mxedvelobis jvaredinis dazianebis tkivilisa da temperaturuli

klinikuri suraTi gansxvavebulia da mgrZnobelobis gaqrobaSi, agreTve
damokidebulia gareTa an SigniTa saReWi muskulaturis funqciis
konebis gamoTiSvaze. am SemTxvevaSi dakargvaSi.
aRiniSneba orive Tvalis an Siga Caqceuli sisxlis zewolam
velebis gamovardna _ heteronimuri qveda ybis nervze SeiZleba ybebis
binazaluri hemianofsia, an gareTa trizmi, e.i. saReWi muskulaturis
velebis _ heteronimuri bitemporalu- krunCxviTi tonuri SekumSva
ri hemianofsia. gamoiwvios.
Tvalis mamoZravebeli (III) samwvera nervis, kerZod misi
nervis dazianeba iwvevs zeda totis, anu Tvalbudis nervis
damaxasiaTebel simptomTa kompleqss: mZime da xSirad garTulebul
ganSladi sielme, zeda quTuTos dazianebas warmoadgens keratiti
ftozi da gugis gafarToeba. ganSla- (neiroparalizuri keratiti), rac
di sielme ganpirobebulia medialuri mdgomareobs rqovanas trofikis
swori kunTis funqciis gamovardniT. moSlasa da anesTeziaSi, rasac
amasTan dauzianebeli gareTa swori xSirad Tan sdevs mxedvelobis
kunTi gadaxris Tvalis kakals dakargva.
gareTken. quTuTos daSveba ganmzidveli (VI) nervis
dakavSirebulia zeda quTuTos amwevi dazianebis klinikuri suraTi
kunTis funqciis gamovardnasTan, ris xasiaTdeba gareTa swori kunTis
gamoc Tavs iCens misi antagonis- dambliT, ris Sedegadac viTardeba
tis_Tvalis irgvlivi kunTis moma- SigniTa sielme (Tvalis kaklis Sua
tebuli tonusi. gugis gafarToveba ki xazidan ganzidvis darRvevis gamo) da
ganpirobebulia simpaTikuri nervuli mxedvelobis gaoreba__diplopia.
sistemis tonusis moWarbebiT ganmzidveli nervis SedarebiT xSiri
parasimpaTikurTan SedarebiT. dazianebis mizezi, rogorc
WaRisebri (IV) nervis dazianeba varaudoben, qalas fuZeze misi gzis
iSviaTia (igi iwvevs Tvalis kaklebis mniSvnelovani sigrZe unda iyos.
almacer dgomas da saxis (VII) nervis dazianebis
diplopias_saganTa gaorebas). klinika friad mniSvnelovania. bingis
Tvalbudis motexilobis dros sqema saSualebas gvaZlevs
WaRisebri nervi Cveulebriv ziandeba davazustoT saxis nervis dazianebis
Tvalis mamoZravebel, ganmzidvel da adgilebi. ase, magaliTad, Tu igi
Tvalbudis nervebTan erTad. lokalizdeba sadgis-dvrilisebri
qalas dazianebisas samwvera (V) xvrelidan nervis gamosvlis
nervis dazianeba SedarebiT iSviaTia, adgilas, aRiniSneba saxis naxevris
gacilebiT xSiria misi calkeuli mimikuri kunTebis dazianeba: piris
totebis dazianeba (upiratesad Wrilis gadaweva janmrTel mxares,
qaladan gamosvlis Semdeg). samwvera cxvir-tuCis naoWis gadasworeba,
nervis dazianebis klinikuri suraTi nerwyvis gadmoRvra arasrulad daxu-
gamoixateba saxis Sesabamisi kanis, ruli piridan. da garda amisa,
Tvalis rqovanasa da koniuqtivis, pi- damaxasiaTebelia e.w. “kurdRlis
ris Rrus lorwovanis, enis, cxvirisa Tvalebi”, rac gamowveulia zeda
da misi danamati Rruebis, taqtiluri, quTuTos amwevi kunTis tonusis

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momatebiT. Tvalis irgvlivi kunTis Tu varolis xidSi

tonusTan SedarebiT. dazianebulia saxis nervis birTvi,
Tu saxis nervi dazianebulia Cveulebriv ziandeba ganmzidveli
Tanamosaxele arxis midamoSi dafis nervis birTvic; piramiduli konis
simis gamoyofis adgilis zeviT, siaxlovis gamo ki aRiniSneba mopir-
aRniSnul simptomebTan erTad enis dapire mxaris kunTebis dambla an
wina or mesamedSi mJaveze da tkbilze parezi (miiar-hiubleris sindromi).
gemovnebiTi SegrZnebis moSla, qalas fuZis motexilobis dros
agreTve nerwyvis gamoyofis moSla. karibWe—lokokinas (VIII) nervis
saxis nervis dazianebisas izolirebuli dazianeba iSviaTia.
uzangis nervis gamosvlis adgilis safeTqlis Zvlis dazianebis dros ki
zemoT, Tavs iCens igive simptomebi, umetesad ziandeba samive nervi,
garda amisa aRiniSneba gaZlierebuli, romlebic gadian sasmen milSi (saxis,
magram damaxinjebuli aRqma Suamdebare da karibWe_lokokinis). es
bgerebisa__paralizebuli uzangis iwvevs damaxasiaTebel
kunTi mWidrod ver izidavs uzangs simptomokompleqss: smenisa da
ovalur sarkmelTan da amis Sedegad wonasworobis darRvevas, saxis nervis
ar mcirdeba xmis Zala. dazianebisas nerwyvis gamoyofis
saxis nervis dazianebisas didi darRvevas zemo totSi, romelic
kldovani nervis gamoyofis adgilis anervebs ybisqveSa da enisqveSa
zemoT, saxezea igive klinikuri sanerwyve jirkvlebs.
suraTi, mxolod gemovnebiTi ena_xaxis (IX) nervis
SegrZnebebis darRvevis gareSe. izolirebuli dazianeba, romelic
amasTan didi kldovani nervis xasiaTdeba gemovnebis dakargviT enis
gamoTiSvas mohyveba cremlis gamo- ukana mesamedSi da xaxis anesTeziiT,
yofis darRveva. gemovnebis Zalian iSviaTad xdeba.
SenarCuneba ki aixsneba imiT, rom cTomili (X) nervis
Suamdebare nervis boWkoebi, izolirebuli dazianeba qalas RruSi
romlebic Semdeg vrceldebian dafis an misi sauRle xvrelidan gamosvlis
simis saxiT, uerTdebian saxis nervs adgilas SedarebiT iSviaTia. kefis
dazianebis adgilis Semdeg. Tu didi xvrelis midamoSi wriuli
SigniTa sasmeni xvrelis midamoSi motexilobisas cTomili nervi
saxis nervis garda ziandeba karibWe- ziandeba, ena_xaxis da damatebiT
lokokinis da Suamdebare nervebi, nervebTan erTad.
zemoT aRweril simptomebs emateba vialetonis sqemis mixedviT
smenisa da vestibuluri aparatis SesaZlebelia cTomili nervis
dazianeba, agreTve nerwyvisa da crem- dazianebis diferencireba dazianebis
lis gamoyofis moSla. donis mixedviT. ase, magaliTad misi
saxis nervis tramvuli dazianeba Sebrunebuli nervis
dazianeba qalas SigniT, SigniTa gamoyofis adgilis qvemoT iwvevs
sasmen xvrelisa da tvinis Reros saWmlis momnelebeli traqtis
Soris, misi samwvera da ganmzidvel funqciebis moSlas (spastikuri
nervebTan siaxlovis gamo xSiria. mdgomareoba). cTomili nervis
aRiniSneba am nervebis damblac. dazianeba Sebrunebuli nervis gamo-
yofis adgilis zemoT ki vlindeba

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gulis moqmedebis, xorxis funqciis qalas trepanacia

(afonia) da sunTqvis aqtis moSliT. trepanacia (qalas Rrus gaxsna)
damatebiTi (XI) nervis ewodeba operaciul midgomas qalas
dazianebisas aRiniSneba Tavis SigTavsTan. ganarCeven trepanaciis
gadaxra janmrTel mxareze erTdrou- or meTods: Zvalplastikuri da
lad Tavis mitrialebiT dazianebis rezeqciuli. Zvalplastikuri
mimarTulebiT (kisermrudoba). meTodis SemTxvevaSi qalasarqvelSi
qalas fuZis motexilobisas gamoWrili Zvlovani nafleTi tvinze
sauRle xvrelis areSi ena-xaxis, operaciis Semdeg adgilzeve Tavsdeba
cTomili da damatebiTi nervebis da defeqti ixureba. rezeqciuli
dazianebis gamo warmoiSveba meTodis dros ki Zvlovan nafleTs
damaxasiaTebeli simptomokompleqsi. amoaclian, anda Seqmnian frezul
cnobili makenzis sindromis xvrels, romelsac saWiro
saxelwodebiT. am dros ena_xaxis farglebamde aganivreben. operaciis
nervis dazianeba vlindeba ylapvis Semdeg qalasarqvelSi rCeba defeqti,
aqtis moSliT (disfagia), gemovnebis romelic mxolod rbili
dakargviT mwareze da marilianze qsovilebiTaa dafaruli.
enis ukana nawilSi da xaxis qalas Zvalplastikuri
lorwovanis anesTeziiT. cTomili trepanacia SeiZleba Sesruldes ori
nervis dazianeba iwvevs gulis wesiT:
muSaobis darRveva, Sebrunebuli 1. kan-aponevrozsa da Zval-
nervis funqciis gamovardnasTan Zvlisazrdelas nafleTebis cal-
dakavSirebiT xmis dakargvas (afonia). calke gamoWriT (olivekronas wesi);
damatebiTi nervis dazianeba ki iwvevs 2. rbili qsovilebisa da Zvlis
kisermrudobas. Semcveli erTiani nafleTis SeqmniT
enisqveSa (XII) nervis dazianeba (vagner-volfis wesi). am ukanaskneli
iwvevs enis gamoyofis dros mis wesiT trepanaciisas aRebuli
gadaxras daavadebul mxareze, amis nafleTis fexi SedarebiT viwroa,
garda aRiniSneba mis mier ris gamoc SesaZlebelia misi
inervirebuli kunTebis atrofia. sisxlmomaragebis darRveva. am
qalas fuZis motexilobis meTodTan SedarebiT upiratesoba aqvs
dros Tavis tvinis nervebis olivekronas wess, rodesac rbili
dazianebis klinikuri movlenebi da qsovilebis nafleTis fexi ganieria
prognozi damokidebulia ZiriTadad da gamomdinare aqedan misi kvebis
dazianebis xarisxze. magaliTad, pirobebic ukeTesia.
daJeJiloba, sisxlCaqceva an msubuqi trepanaciis dros paTologiuri
zewola nervebze SedarebiT keris Sesabamis midamoSi tardeba
keTilsaimedoa nervebis funqciis gamodrekilobiT zeviT mimarTuli
aRdgenis TvalsazrisiT. erTi da rkalovani ganakveTi. miiReba
imave simZimis dazianebis dros nafleTi, romlis bolo mimarTulia
prognozi damokidebulia TviT dazi- zeviT (Txemisaken), xolo fuZe –
anebuli nervis regeneraciis unarzec. qveviT, saidanac nafleTSi Sedian
samwvera nervs axasiaTebs aRdgenis sisxlis ZarRvebi da nervebi. Sublis
maRali unari, mxedvelobis nervi ki wilTan midgomisaTvis ganakveTi
aseT unars moklebulia. iwyeba Tvalbudis zeda kideze,

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zevidan uvlis Sublis borcvs da wilTan midgomisaTvis kanis nafleTi

yuris niJaris zeda kidesTan gamoiWreba ganakveTiT, romelic
Tavdeba. orive centralur xveulTan iwyeba Sublis Zvlis yvrimaliseul
da Txemis wilTan misadgomad morCTan, miyveba safeTqlis zeda
nafleTi aiReba Sublis da Txemis xazs, yuris niJaris ukan qveviT
borcvebs Soris ise, rom misi fuZe eSveba da dvrilisebri morCis fuZes
moTavsebuli iyos yuris niJaris zeda aRwevs.
kidis doneze, xolo bolo —
sagitalur nakerTan. safeTqlis

avtonomiuri nervuli sistema

avtonomiur nervul sistemaSi neironisagan Sedgeba _ centraluri

arCeven ufro msxvil, simpaTikur _ da periferiuli, rac
pars sympathica da mis Tanamgzar, damaxasiaTebelia mxolod
momijnave uCinar parasimpaTikur _ avtonomiuri inervaciisaTvis.
pars parasympathica nawilebs, romlebic centraluri neironebis
erTdroulad anerveben organoebs da nervuli ujredebis grova qmnis
umWidroesad arian gaerTianebuli gancalkevebul centrebs. rac Seexeba
periferiul datotianebaSi. periferiul neironebs, maTi
rogorc simpaTikuri, ise ujredebis grova qmnis kvanZebs _
parasimpaTikuri nervuli sistema ganglia; am kvanZebis ujredebidan
Sedgeba centraluri da periferiuli gamosuli boWkoebi ukve organoSi
nawilebisgan. Tavdeba.
avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis aseTi aRnagobis gamo, arCeven
centrebi moTavsebulia Tavis tvinis kvanZTa wina, anu preganglionur
hemisferoebis qerqSi, zolian boWkoebs da kvanZTa Semdgom, anu
sxeulebSi da hipoTalamusis midamos postganglionur boWkoebs.
birTvebSi. aRniSnuli centrebi preganglionuri boWkoebi
saerToa orive sistemisaTvis, Seicaven mielinis garss, amitom
mxolod tvinis Reros nawilebSi da TeTri feri aqvT, xolo
zurgis tvinSi moTavsebulia calke postganglionuri boWkoebi
birTvebi, romelTa Soris zogi moklebulia am garss, aqvT ruxi feri
ekuTvnis parasimpaTikur nervul da umielino boWkoebi ewodeba.
sistemas, zogi ki _ simpaTikurs. avtonomiur kvanZebs ekuTvnian:
avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis 1. vertebraluri kvanZebi _
periferiul nawils ekuTvnis mdebareoben xerxemlis gverdze.
nervuli boWkoebi da nervuli 2. prevertebraluri kvanZebi _
kvanZebi. mdebareoben xerxemlis win da
nervul boWkoebs Soris 3. terminaluri kvanZebi _
ganirCeva aferentuli _ mgZnobiare mdebareoben organos axlo, an
da eferenTuli _ mamoZravebeli da organos kedelSi.
sekretoruli. eferentuli gza ori

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kvanZebs, romlebic mdebareoben Tvalis mamoZravebeli, saxis, ena-

Tavis midamoSi, kavSiri aqvT samwvera xaxis da cTomili nervebi.
nervis totebTan, saxeldobr: zurgis tvinis nervebs Soris ki
wamwamovan, frTa-sasis, yuris da parasimpaTikur boWkoebs Seicaven
ybisqveSa kvanZebTan. gavis me-2, me-3 da me-4 spinaluri
simpaTikuri nervuli boWkoebi nervebi.
Cveulebriv wydeba axlomdebare
vertebralur an prevertebralur parasimpaTikuri nervuli sistemis
kvanZebSi, parasimpaTikuri ki _ mezencefaluri nawili
daSorebul, terminalur kvanZebSi. parasimpaTikur nervuli
kvanZebis Semdgomi nervuli sistemis mezencefaluri nawilis
boWkoebi midian organoebSi da qmnian centrebs ekuTvnis sami birTvi: kenti
avtonomiur wnulebs _ plexus _ akomodaciis birTvi da wyvili _
autonomici, romlebSiac Cveulebriv Tvalis mamoZravebeli nervis
iReben monawileobas rogorc damatebiTi (avtonomiuri), anu
simpaTikuri, ise parasimpaTikuri vestfal-edingeris, anu iakuboviCis
nervebi. birTvi (JNA). es birTvebi mdebareoben
amgvarad, Signeulobis tvinis wyalsadenis qveS, Tvalis
organoebi xasiaTdeba ormagi mamoZravebeli nervis gverdiTi
inervaciiT. simpaTikuri boWkoebi birTvebis SigniT. aRniSnuli sami
gafantulia mTel organizmSi, xolo birTvidan gamosuli preganglionuri
parasimpaTikuri boWkoebi ar arian boWkoebi Tvalis mamoZravebeli
naxuli ganivzolian kunTebSi da nervis SemadgenlobaSi Sedian da
sisxlis ZarRvebSi. miimarTebian wamwamovan kvanZSi _
ganglion ciliare.
wamwamovani kvanZi Zevs Tvalis
parasimpaTikuri sistema kaklis ukan 7-8 mm daSorebiT,
mxedvel;obis nervis gverdiT,
parasimptikur sistemaSi arCeven
aramudmivi odenobisaa; am kvanZidan
centralur da periferiul nawilebs.
gamosuli preganglionuri boWkoebi
parasimpaTikuri nervuli
sistemis cetrebi ganlagebulia e.w mokle wamwamovani nervebi _ nn.
erTimeorisagan daSorebul ciliares breves midian Tvalis kakalSi
adgilebSi, saxeldobr: Sua tvinSi _ da anerveben gugis sfinqters _ m.
mezencefaluri nawili, mogrZo sphincter pupillae da wamwamovan kunTs _
tvinSi _ bulbaruli nawili da m. ciliaris.
zurgis tvinis gavis me-2, me-3 da me-4
segmentebSi _ sakraluri nawili. parasimpaTikuri nervuli
am centrebidan gamosuli sistemis bulbaruli nawili
nervuli boWkoebi qmnian specialur parasimpaTikur nervuli
damoukidebel nervebs, romlebic sistemis bulbaruli nawilis centrs
Sedian Tavisa da zurgis tvinis ekuTvnis Semdegi birTvebi:
zogierTi nervis SemadgenlibaSi. sekretoruli xasiaTis zemo da
Tavis nervebs Soris qvemo sanerwyve birTvebi _ nuclei
parasimpaTikur boWkoebs Seicaven originis salivatorii pontis et medullae
oblongatae da mamoZravebeli xasiaTis _

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cTomili da ena-xaxis nervis morCs Soris, Semdeg gamodis daf-

dorsaluri birTvi _ nucleus dorsalis kldovani napralis saSualebiT,
nervi vagi et nervi glossopharyngei. uerTdeba enis nervs (qvedaybis nervis
1. xidis sanerwyve birTvebidan toti) da, bolos, ukavSirdeba
gamodian preganglionuri boWkoebi, ybisqveSa jirkvals _ ganglion
romlebic qmnian Suamdebare nervs _ submandibularae. postganglionuri
n. intermedius da saxis nervTan erTad sekretoruli xasiaTis boWkoebi am
Sedian SigniTa sasmeni xvrelis kvanZidan midian ybisqveSa da
saSualebiT sasmen arxSi. enisqveSa jirkvlebSi.
Suamdebare nervidan gamodis dafis simi atarebs agreTve
ori toti: gemovnebis xasiaTis boWkoebs enis
a. didi kldovani nervi _ n. wina ori mesamedis lorwovani
petrosus major, romelic gamodis garsidan.
sasmeni arxidan specialuri xvrelis amrigad, Suamdebare nervi
_ hiatus canalis n. petrosi majoris _ awvdis sekretoruli xasiaTis
saSualebiT, wveba safeTqlis nervul boWkoebs Tavis yvela
piramidis wina zedapirze arsebul jirkvals, garda ybayuris jirkvlisa.
Tanamosaxele RarSi _ sulcus n. petrosi 2. mogrZo tvinSi mdebare
majoris, Semdeg gaivlis wina parasimpaTikuri sistemis qvemo
dafleTil xvrelSi, Sedis frTisebr sanerwyve birTvi _ nuclei salivatorius
arxSi ( sadac simpaTikur nervTan _ inferior. am birTvis ujredebidan
n. petrosus profundus- Tan erTad qmnis gamosuli preganglionuri boWkoebi
frTisebr nervs) da, bolos, Sedis Sedis ena-xaxis nervis
frTa-sasis kvanZSi. SemadgenlobaSi; Semdeg dafis
am kvanZidan gamosuli nervTan erTad Sedis dafis RruSi da
postganglionuri boWkoebi iRebs monawileobas dafis wnulis
ganagrZoben gzas ori mimarTulebiT: SeqmnaSi; am wnulidan gamodis mcire
erTi nawili frTa-sasis totebis kldovani nervi _ n. petrosus minor,
saxiT Sedis zedaybis nervSi, Semdeg romelic tovebs dafis Rrus dafis
yvrimalis nervSi, sacremle nervSi arxis zemo xvrelis saSualebiT,
da, bolos, sacremle jirkvalSi. am wveba safeTqlis kldovani nawilis
gziT es jirkvali Rebulobs wina zedapirze arsebul
sekretoruli xasiaTis nervul Tanamosaxele RarSi, gaivlis
boWkoebs; meore nawili am boWkoebisa solisebr-kldovan naprals da Sedis
cxvirisa da sasis nervebis yuris kvanZSi _ ganglion oticum.
saSualebiT Sedis cxviris Rrusa da aRniSnuli kvanZidan gamosuli
magari sasis lorwovan garsSi. postganglionuri boWkoebi yur-
b. dafis simi _ chorda tympani safeTqlis nervis _ n.
warmoadgens Suamdebare nervis meore auriculotemporalis saSualebiT aRweven
tots, mis uSualo gagrZelebas, da anerveben ybayura jirkvals.
romelic dafis simis arxis _ 3. mesame birTvi cnobilia
canaliculus chordae tympani saSualebiT rogorc cTomili da ena-xaxis nervis
Sedis dafis RruSi; aq igi wveba dorsaluri birTvi _ nucleus dorsalis
CaquCis tarsa da grdemlis did nervi vagi et nervi glossopharyngei. es

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birTvebi mdebareoben rombisebri buSti, swori nawlavi, gamravlebis

fosos qvemo nawilSi enisqveSa nervis organoebi, daswvrivi da sigmoiduri
birTvis gareT. kolinji.
am birTvebidan gamosuli am ukanaskneli organoebis
preganglionuri boWkoebi Sedian parasimpaTikur inervacias ganageben
cTomili nervis SemadgenlobaSi da sakraluri nawilis nervebi.
Tavdebian kisris, gulmkerdis da cTomili nervis
muclis Rrus organoebSi an maTTan parasimpaTikuri boWkoebis
axlo mdebare terminalur kvanZebSi, gairzianebis dros gulis SekumSva
aqedan ki postganglionuri neldeba, bronqebi viwrovdeba, kuW-
parasimpaTikuri boWkoebi simpaTikur nawlavis peristaltika Zlierdeba,
boWkoebTan erTad qmnian wnulebs sfinqterebi dundeba, Zlierdeba
(gulis da filtvis wnulebs da RviZlis, pankreasis da Tirkmlebis
wnulebs muclis RruSi), romlebic sekrecia.
aregulireben gulmkerdisa da
muclis yvela organos muSaobas,
garda im organoebisa, romlebic
moTavsebulia menjis RruSi _ Sardis

Tavisa da zurgis tvinis gamtarebeli gzebi

1. aRmavali _ mgZnobiare gzebi I. proprioceptuli impulsebis

arsebobs Rrma mgrZnobelobis, gamtarebeli gzebi Tavis tvinis
e.i. kunT-saxsrovani grZnobis qerqisaken.
gamtarebeli da zedapiruli II. proprioceptuli impulsebis
mgrZnobelobis, e.i. Sexebis da gamtarebeli gzebi naTxemisaken.
siTbo-sicivis anu Termuli da III. eqstarceptuli impulsebis _
tkivilis, e.i. kanis mgrZnobelobis tkivilis, Sexebis da Termuli
gamtarebeli gzebi. grZnobis gamtarebeli gzebi
kunT-saxsrovani, e.i. tvinis qerqisaken.
proprioceptuli impulsebis I. Segnebuli proprioceptuli
gatarebas aqvs ori gza, romelTa impulsebis gamtarebeli gza Seicavs
Soris erTi gadascems aRniSnul Rrma agreTve Sexebis gamtarebel
gaRizianebas Tavis tvinis qerqs, boWkoebsac. am impulsebis gadacemaSi
meore ki _ naTxems; amitom pirveli iRebs monawileobas sami neironi.
warmoadgens Segnebul pirveli neironebis cru
proprioceptuli impulsebis unipolaruli ujredebi mdebareoben
gamtarebel gzas, meore ki _ zurgis tvinis kvanZSi; am ujredebis
refleqsuri proprioceptuli periferiuli morCebi Sedian
impulsebis gzas. mgZnobiare nervis SemadgenlobaSi da
amrigad, arCeven Semdeg atareben impulsebs kunTebidan da
mgZnobiare gzebs: saxsrebidan (kunT-saxsrovani

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grZnoba), zogi ki _ kanidan (SexebiTi qvemoT zurgis tvinis ukana larSi

grZnoba) arsebobs mxolod nazi kona.
am ujredebis centraluri meore neironis morCebi nazi da
morCebi Sedian zurgis tvinis ukana solisebri birTvebidan e.w. SigniTa
rqaSi, aqedan Seuwyvetlad _ ukana rkalovano boWkoebis _ fibrae arcuata
larSi. Semdeg midian zeviT da internae saxelwodebiT gadadian
Tavdebian mogrZo tvinis dorsalur mopirdapire mxareze, qmnian jvaredins
mxareze moTavsebul birTvebSi. olivebs Soris mdebare SreSi, Semdeg
aRniSnuli nervuli boWkoebis konebi, adian zeviT medialuri maryuJis _
romlebic gaivlian zurgis tvinis lemniculus medialis SemadgenlobaSi da
ukana larSi, cnobilia nazi konis _ Tavdebian mxedvelobis borcvSi
fasciculus gracilis (Golli) da solisebri mesame neironis ujredebis garSemo.
konis _ fasciculus cuneatus (Burdachi) aRniSnuli nervuli boWkoebis konas
saxelwodebiT. maT Soris : nazi da solisebri birTvebidan
nazi kona mdebareobs zurgis mxedvelobis borcvamde, uwodeben
tvinis mTel sigrZeze, ukana kidev bolqv-Talamusis gzas _ tractus
ZgidesTan da Seicavs boWkoebs, bulbothalamicus (JNA)
romlebic modian qvemo kiduridan da mxedvelobis borcvidan mesame
sxeulis qvemo naxevridan. es kona neironis ujredebis morCebi Talamus
Tavdeba mogrZo tvinis Tanamosaxele –qerqis konis _ fasciculus
naz birTvSi _ nucleus gracilis, romelic thalamocorticales saxelwodebiT
Zevs cnobili SemaRlebis _ tuberculum Tavdebian ukana centraluri xveulis
nuclei gracils qveS. qerqSi.
solisebr konas miaqvs
mgZnobiare boWkoebi sxeulis zemo fsiqosensoruli are
naxevridan da zemo kidurebidan. igi amrigad, Rrma mgrZnobelobis
mdebareobs nazi konis gverdiT da Segnebuli proprioceptuli
arsebobs zurgis tvinis mxolod zemo impulsebi da nawilobriv Sexebis
naxevarSi. am konis boWkoebi adian gatareba (naTxemSi Seusvlelad)
zeviT mogrZo tvinSi da Tavdebian xdeba Semdegi gziT: kani _ kunTebi _
mogrZo tvinis Tanamosaxele saxsrebi _ zurgis tvinis nervebi _
solisebr birTvSi _ nucleus cuneatus, spinaluri kvanZebis ujredebi _ nazi
romelic Zevs solisebri birTvis da solisebri konebi _ Tanamosaxele
borcvis _ tuberculum nuclei cineati qveS. birTvebi _ tractus bulbothalamicus _
naz konas zurgis tvinSi ukavia mxedvelobis borcvebi _ fasciculus
yvela ocdaoTxi segmenti, solisebr thalamocorticales, dabolos, tvinis ukana
konas ukavia zurgis tvinis Tormeti centraluri xveulis qerqi _
zemo segmenti (gulmkerdis oTxi da fsiqosensoruli are.
kisris rva segmenti). II. Rrma mgrZnobelobis _
amrigad, zurgis tvinis ukana refleqsuri proprioceptuli
lari gulmkerdis meoTxe segmentamde impulsebis, e.i. kunT-saxsrovani
Seicavs rogorc naz, ise solisebr grZnobis meore gamtarebeli gzis
konebs, xolo meoTxe segmentis (naTxemis gavliT) SemadgenlobaSi
Sedis ori neironi: pirveli neironis

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ujredebis periferiuli morCebi misi boWkoebi iwyeba zurgis tvinis

periferiuli nervebis saxiT midian qvemo nawilebSi, orive mxris ukana
zurgis tvinis kvanZis ujredebSi da rqebis svetebis ujredebSi da
atareben ipulsebs kunTebidan da agreTve gulmkerdis birTvis
saxsrebidan. centraluri morCebi ujredebSi.
midian ukana fesvis SemadgenlobaSi mopirdapire ujredebis
ukana rqaSi da kontaqts amyareben boWkoebi gadadian meore mxareze
nawilobriv gulmkerdis birTvis TeTri SesarTavis saSualebiT.
(nucleus dorsalis Clarkii) ujredebTan, spinocerebelaruli gza
romlebic mdebareoben ukana rqis scildeba naTxemis qvemo fexs, midis
fuZesTan, nawilobriv ki _ zurgis centropetalurad xidis midamoSi,
tvinis ruxi nivTierebis Suamdebare Semdeg naTxemis Sua fexebis
birTvis ujredebTan. SemadgenlobaSi miimarTeba ukan, qmnis
meore neironis _ e.i. jvaredins tvinis wina fardaSi da
gulmkerdis birTvis ujredebis Tavdeba naTxemis qveda Wiis qerqSi.
neiritebi gadadian gverdiT larSi amrigad, proprioceptuli
Tavis mxareze da Semdeg midian zeviT refleqsuri impulsebis (Rrma
naTxemisaken. mgrZnobelobis) gatareba xdeba
gverdiT larSi aRniSnuli gzis Semdegi gzebiT: 1. kunTebi-saxsrebi _
erTi nawili wveba ventralurad, zurgis tvinis mgZnobiare nervi _
meore ki _ dorsalurad; amitom spinaluri kvanZis ujredebi _ ukana
arCeven or konas: zurgistvin-naTxemis fesvi _ naTxemis qvemo fexi _
ukana gzas _ tractus spinocerebellaris naTxemis Wiis qerqi. 2. kunTebi-
posterior da zurgistvin-naTxemis wina saxsrebi _ zurgis tvinis mgZnobiare
gzas _ tractus spinocerebellaris anterior. nervi _ spinaluri kvanZis ujredebi _
zurgistvin-naTxemis ukana gza, ukana fesvi _ ukana rqis da
anu pirdapiri gza, Zevs gverdiTi gulmkerdis birTvis ujredebi _
laris periferiaze, ukana rqis win da spinocerebelaruli wina gza _
gverdiTi piramiduli gzis gareT. am naTxemis Sua fexebi _ naTxemis qerqi.
gzis boWkoebi iReben dasawyiss Tavis spinocerebelaruli wina da
mxareze gulmkerdis birTvis ukana gzebi, amrigad, warmoadgenen
ujredebidan. zurgis tvinis welis naTxemis aferentil sistemas,
nawilSi gadaWrian ukana rqas, romelSiac zurgis tvinis nervebis
Tavsdebian zurgis tvinis gverdiTi ukana fesvebis boWkoebs miaqvT
laris napiris dorsalur nawilSi da gaRizianeba, miRebuli Rrma
adian zeviT. qsovilebidan dakavSirebiT kunTebis,
mogrZo tvinSi es gza iRebs saxsrebis da Zvlebis moZraobasTan.
monawileobas naTxemis qvemo fexebis aRniSnuli gamtarebeli gzebis
SeqmnaSi, ikavebs masSi centralur sistema gadascems naTxems
adgils da bolos Sedis naTxemSi, informacias sxeulis mdebareobisa da
sadac Tavdeba Wiis qerqSi. misi yovelgvari cvalebadobis
spinocerebelaruli wina, anu Sesaxeb sivrceSi. periferiidan
gadajvaredinebuli gza Zevs gverdiTi miRebul impulsze sapasuxod naTxemi
laris periferiaze Tavis mxriv axdens gavlenas kunTebis
spinocerebelaruli ukana gzis win. tonusze da masze damokidebul

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sxeulis wonasworobaze. am gzebis centraluri xveulis qerqSi –

daavadeba iwvevs sxeulis fsiqosensoruli are.
wonasworobis funqciis moSlas. amrigad, tkivilis, Termuli da
III. tkivilis, Termuli (siTbo- taqtiluri grZnobis gatareba
sicivis) da Sexebis _ taqtiluri warmoebs Semdegi gziT: kani _ zurgis
grZnobis gamtarebeli gzis tvinis nervi _ spinaluri kvanZis
Semadgenlobasi Sedis TanmimdevrobiT ujredebi – ukana fesvi _ meore
sami neironi: neironis ujredebi _ tractus
pirveli neironis ujredebi spinothalamicus _ mesame neironis
warmodgenilia cru unipolaruli ujredebi _ fasciculi thalamocorticales _
ujredebiT, romlebic mdebareoben Tavis tvinis ukana centraluri
zurgis tvinis gareSe, spinalur xveulis qerqi _ fsiqosensoruli are.
kvanZebSi. am ujredebis periferiuli
morCebi Sedis zurgis tvinis nervis
SemadgenlobaSi, xolo centraluro daRmavali _ mamoZravebeli
morCi midis zurgis tvinis ukana gzebi
fesvis SemadgenlobaSi da Tavdeba mTavar daRmaval-mamoZravebel
Tavis mxareze, ukana rqaSi, meore gzebs ekuTvnis:
neironis ujredebis garSemo. I. kortikospinaluri, anu
meore neironis ujredebis piramiduli gza _ tractus corticospinalis
morCebi zurgis tvinis centraluri (pyramidalis) warmoadgens nebiTi
arxis win, rux nivTierebaSi, gadadian impulsebis gadamcem sistemas Tavis
mopirdapire mxareze, qmnian tvinis wina centraluri xveulis
Tanamosaxele morCebTan jvaredins, qerqidan (fsiqomotoruli are) Tavis
Semdeg wvebian gverdiT lrSi, tvinis mamoZravebeli nervebis
rubrospinaluri gzis win da aRweven birTvebis ujredebze da zurgis
mxedvelobis borcvs. am meore tvinis wina rqebis mamoZravebel
neironis boWkoebis masa qmnis gzas, ujredebze.
romelic cnobilia spinoTalamuri piramidul gamtarebel gzaSi
gzis _ tractus spinothalamicus arCeven or nawils: qerq-zurgistvinis
saxelwodebiT. gzas _ tractus corticospinalis da qerq-
xidis midamoSi zurg-Talamusis birTvebis gzas _ tractus corticonuclearis.
gzas uerTdeba bulboTalamuri gza, 1. Tractus corticospinalis iwyeba
romelic warmoadgens Rrma da wina centraluri xveulis qerqis
SexebiTi mgrZnobelobis gamtarebel zemo 2/3-dan, gaivlis SigniTa
gzas da qmnis e.w. medialur maryuJs _ kafsulas, tvinis fexs, xids, mogrZo
lemniscus medialis, romelic, amgvarad, tvins da aRwevs zurgis tvins.
ekuTvnis mgrZnobelobis yovelgvari mogrZo da zurgis tvinis
saxis gamtarebel gzebs. medialuri sazRvarze, ventralur zedapirze
maryuJis boWkoebi Sedian erTi mxris boWkoebis umetesi nawili
mxedvelobis borcvSi da kontaqts gadadis mopirdapire mxris gverdi
amyareben mesame neironis ujredebTan. larSi, ris gamo Seiqmneba cnobili
mesame neironis ujredebis piramidTa jvaredini _ decussatio
morCebi gaivlian SigniTa kafsulis
pyramidum. boWkoebis danarCeni, mcire
ukana fexs da adian hemisferos ukana

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nawili ar Rebulobs monawileobas daboloebiT kontaqts qmnian wina

gadajvaredinebaSi da pirdapir rqis mamoZravebeli ujredebis
eSveba qvemoT Tavis mxareze wina dendritebTan. es kona aRwevs zurgis
larSi; amitom arCeven: tvinis ukanasknel segments.
1) Tractus corticospinalis anterior da amgvarad, kortikospinaluri
2) Tractus corticospinalis lateralis. gzebi gadascemen nebiT impulsebs
pirveli, wina, anu pirdapiri Tavis tvinis qerqis motoruli
kortikospinaluri gza _ tractus aredan zurgis tvinis wina rqebis
corticonuclearis Tavsdeba wina larSi, ujredebs mopirdapire mxareze,
zurgis tvinis wina medialuri aqedan ki zurgis tvinis
napralis gaswvriv. vinaidan am gzis mamoZravebeli nervebis saSualebiT _
boWkoebi, wamosuli tvinis ConCxis kunTebs.
centraluri xveulis qerqis amrigad, nebiTi impulsebis
ujredebidan gansazRvrul mxareze, gadamcemi gzis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis
zurgis tvinSi imave mxareze rCeba, ori neironi:
amitom am gzas pirdapiri gza pirveli _ tvinis qerqidan
uwodes. mas aqvs daRmavali zurgis tvinis ruxi nivTierebis wina
mimarTuleba; igi TandaTanobiT rqis mamoZravebel ujredamde _
mcirdeba moculobaSi, vinaidan misi kortikospinaluri gza da meore _
boWkoebi yoveli segmentis doneze wina rqis mamoZravebeli ujredidan
nawil-nawil gadadian TeTri kunTamde _ zurgis tvinis
SesarTavis SemadgenlobaSi mamoZravebeli nervebi.
mopirdapire wina rqebis 2. qerq-birTvebis gza _
mamoZravebeli ujredebisaken, tractus corticonuclearis iwyeba wina
romelTa dendritebs gadascemen centraluri xveulis qerqis qvemo
impulsebs. es gza aRwevs welis mesamedidan, gaivlis SigniTa
Semsxvilebis midamoSi welis meore kafsulis muxls, tvinis fexs da
segmentis dones. amrigad, pirdapiri Tavdeba xidSi da mogrZo tvinSi,
piramiduli gzis boWkoebic zurgis sadac gadascems impulsebs Tavis
tvinSi TandaTanobiT gadadian tvinis mopirdapire mxris
mopirdapire mxareze, e.i. bolos da mamoZravebeli nervebis birTvebs.
bolos mTeli piramiduli gza amrigad, kortikonuklearuli
gadajvaredinebas ganicdis. gza warmoadgens Tavis tvinis
meore, gverdiTi, anu mamoZravebeli nervebis gzas nebiTi
gadajvaredinebuli moZraobisaTvis.
kortikospinaluri gza mogrZo nebiTi impulsebis
tvinis sazRvarze piramidTa gadacemisaTvis, iseve, rogorc
gadajvaredinebis Semdeg Tavsdeba zemoxsenebul gzebSi, Sedis ori
gverdiT larSi, spino-cerebelaruli neironi: pirveli _ Tavis tvinis
gzis SigniT. qerqidan Tavis tvinis mamoZravebeli
zurgis tvinSi, zemodan qvemoT, nervebis birTvebamde _
es gza mcirdeba moculobaSi, kortikonuklearuli gza, da meore _
vinaidan misi boWkoebi TandaTan am birTvebidan Tavis tvinis
scildebian da Sedian zurgis tvinis mamoZravebeli nervebis saSualebiT
rux nivTierebaSi, sadac Tavis kunTebamde.

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II. rubrospinaluri gza _ tractus mopirdapire mxris Tanamosaxele gzas

rubrospinalis iwyeba wiTeli birTvis da qmnis saxuravis jvaredins, Semdeg
ujredebidan, romlebic Rwebuloben eSveba qveviT, zurgis tvinis wina
impulsebs naTxemis qerqidan; es gza larSi, sadac Tavsdeba wina
gadascems impulsebs zurgis tvinis piramiduli gzis gareT; misi
wina rqebis mamoZravebel ujredebs boWkoebi Tavdeba zurgis tvinis ruxi
da awarmoebs im kunTebis muSaobas, nivTierebis wina rqis mamoZravebel
romlebzedac damokidebulia ujredebTan mis yvela segmentSi.
sxeulis wonasworobis funqcia. cnobilia, rom mxedvelobis
rubrospinaluri gza wiTeli gzis boWkoebi Tavdeba agreTve
birTvidan gamosvlis Semdeg saxuravi firfitis zemo birTvebSi,
ejvaredineba Tanamosaxele konas, xolo qvemo birTvebSi Tavdeba smenis
midis daRmavali mimarTulebiT xidSi gzis boWkoebi. amrigad, gaRizianeba,
da mogrZo tvinSi da, bolos, zurgis romelic midis mxedvelobis da
tvinis gverdiT larSi, sadac smenis gzebiT, gadaecema agreTve
Tavsdeba gverdiTi kortikospinaluri zurgis tvinis wina fesvTa motorul
gzis ventralurad da ujredebs, ris gamo es gza aRiniSneba
spinocerebelaruli wina gzis rogorc smena-mxedvelobis
SigniT; igi aRwevs zurgis tvinis refleqsuri gza. magaliTad, sxeulis
yvela segments da TandaTan mcirdeba dakaveba damcvelobiTi moZraobis
moculobaSi, vinaidan misi boWkoebi dros, dakavSirebulia mxedvelobis
TandaTan Sedian rux nivTierebaSi, da smenis STabeWdilebebTan.
sadac kontaqts amyareben wina rqis IV. vestibulospinaluri gza _
mamoZravebel ujredebTan; bolos tractus vestibulospinalis gadascems
aqedan zurgis tvinis nervebis impulsebs karibWis lateraluri
saSualebiT naTxemidan miRebuli birTvidan (deitersis birTvi) zurgis
impulsebi gadaecemian ConCxis tvinSi.
kunTebs. aRniSnuli birTvi Zevs
amrigad, rubrospinaluri gza rombisebri fosos ZirSi da
wiTeli birTvebis saSualebiT dakavSirebulia SigniTa yuris
dakavSirebulia naTxemis qerqTan, karibWis aparatTan _ wonasworobis
romelic gadascems impulsebs wina organosTan karibWis nervis
rqis motorul ujredebs da saSualebiT. karibWis nervis
awarmoebs im kunTebis muSaobis lateraluri birTvi dakavSirebulia
koordinacias, romlebic ganageben agreTve naTxemTan.
sxeulis mdgomareobas sivrceSi. vestibulo-spinaluri gza
III. teqtospinaluri gza _ tractus zurgis tvinSi Zevs wina laris
tectospinalis warmoadgens mxedvelobis periferiaze, teqto-spinaluri konis
da smenis refleqtorul gzas, gareT, aqvs daRmavali mimarTuleba
romlebic ganageben mxedvelobis da da awevs zurgis tvinis yvela
smenis STabeWdilebebTan segments; gzadagza igi iZleva
dakavSirebul moZraobas. morCebs, romlebic Tavdebian wina
es gza iwyeba saxuravi rqis ujredebTan imave mxareze,
firfitis zemo da qvemo gorakebis xolo aqedan impulsebi vrceldeba
birTvebidan, gadaejvaredineba sxvadasxva jgufis kunTebze,

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romelTa muSaoba gansazRvravs aqedan impulsebi gadaecema zolian

wonasworobas. sxeuls.
zoliani sxeulidan gamodian
eqstrapiramiduli sistema nervuli boWkoebi im gziT, romelsac
Segnebuli nebiTi moZraobebis uwodeben ospisebr maryuJs; am
SesrulebisaTvis impulsebis gadacema maryuJebidan boWkoebi midian
Tavis tvinis qerqidan zurgis tvinSi subTalamur birTvSi, Sav
xorcieldeba e.w. piramiduli substanciaSi, wiTel birTvSi,
sistemiT. saxuravi firfitis birTvebSi da
yovelgvari moZraobis zusti, qvemo olivaSi.
swrafi SesrulebisaTvis cocxal radgan wiTeli birTvebi
organizmSi yvela kunTi imyofeba dakavSirebuli arin naTxemis
daWimul an, sxvanairad, SekumSul dakbilul birTvebTan, amitom
mdgomareobaSi; kunTebis am uneblie ukanaskneli birTvebic Sedian
da avtomatur daWimulobas uwodeben eqstrapiramiduli sistemis
kunTebis tonuss, romelsac ganagebs SemadgenlobaSi. zemoxsenebuli
e.w. eqstrapiramiduli sistema. birTvebidan impulsebi gadaecema
eqstrapiramidul sistemas zurgis tvinis segmentebs
ekuTvnis mTeli rigi qerqqveSa eferentuli gzebis saSualebiT,
birTvebi, rogoricaa: kudiani da romelTa Soris mTavari aris
ospisebri birTvebi, mxedvelobis rubrospinaluri gza.
borcvebi, subTalamuri birTvebi, am gziT gaRizianeba gadaecema
Savi substancia, wiTeli birTvebi, zurgis tvinis ruxi nivTierebis wina
saxuravi firfitis birTvebi, rqis motorul ujredebs, romelTa
olivebi, darkSeviCis birTvebi da aqsonebi ukve ConCxis kunTebSi
naTxemis dakbiluli birTvebi. Tavdeba.
mTavar birTvebs ekuTvnian eqstrapiramiduli sistemis
kudiani da ospisebri birTvebi. daavadebis dros ar viTardeba
aRniSnuli birTvebi dakavSirebuli damblebi, rogorc amas adgili aqvs
arian erTmaneTTan gamtarebeli piramiduli sistemis dazianebis
gzebis saSualebiT da bolos zurgis dros, aramed irRveva miostatikuri
tvinTan. funqcia, kunTebis tonusi, e.i.
eqstrapiramiduli sistemis mzadyofna aqtiuri SekumSvisaTvis,
dasawyisi warmodgenilia rac iwvevs moZraobebis siRaribes,
hemisferoebis Sublis wilis qerqiT, Senelebas, sisustes (palidumis
e.w. premotoruli zoniT. am zonidan dazianebis dros), anda krunCxviT
nervuli boWkoebi gaivlis SigniTa qoreul moZraobebs (striatumis
kafsulas, mxedvelobis borcvamde; dazianebis gamo).

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 Tavi

Tavis saxis nawili

saxeze gamoiyofa saxis gverdiTi, yba-yur-saReWi midamo (regio

saxis Rrma, Tvalbudis, cxviris,
parotideomasseterica)
pirisa da nikapis midamoebi.
midamos wina nawili uWiravs
saxis gverdiTi midamo saReW kunTs, ukana nawili _ yba-yuris
sazRvrebi: zevidan _ yvrimalis jirkvals.
rkali da Tvalbudis qveda kide, saReWi kunTis areSi kanqveS
qvevidan _ qveda ybis qveda kide, ganlagebulia saxis nervis loyis
winidan _ cxvir-tuCis naoWi da piris totebi, yba-yuris jirkvlis sadinari,
napralis kuTxe, uknidan _ gareTa saxis ganivi arteria da vena _ a. et v.
sasmeni xvreli da dvrilisebri
transversa faciei, romlebic yba-yuris
morCis wina kide.
jirkvlidan gamodian da ganivad
Tvalbudis lateraluri kidis
winisken miemarTebian.
qveS kargad isinjeba yvrimalis
saReWi kunTi _ m. masseter dafa-
Zvali, xolo am ukanasknelis ukan _
rulia saReWi fasciiT, romelic win
yvrimalis rkali. Tvalbudis qveda
loyis cximovani sxeulis _ corpus
kidis qveS gamxdar subieqtebs
adiposus buccae fasciur budes
emCnevaT CaRrmaveba, romelic eSvis
ukavSirdeba, ukan yba-yuris fasciaSi
fosos Seesabameba. yuris niJaris wina
_ fascia parotidea gadadis, zeviT
saxuris _ tragus win SeiZleba qveda
umagrdeba yvrimalis rkals, qveviT _
ybis rokisebri morCis _ processus
qveda ybis kuTxes.
condylaris mosinjva. yvrimalis rkalis
saReWi kunTi iwyeba yvrimalis
Sua nawilis qvemoT isinjeba qveda
rkalidan, umagrdeba qveda ybis
ybis gvirgvinovani morCi _ processus
kuTxis xorkls. igi TiTqmis
coronoideus, qveda ybis morCis gareTa mTlianad faravs garedan qveda ybis
zedapirze, gansakuTrebiT ReWvisas, tots.
SeimCneva saReWi kunTis Seqmnili saReW kunTsa da qveda ybis
SemaRleba. tots Soris faSari SemaerTebeli
kani Txelia, mtkiced aris dakav- qsoviliT amovsebuli sivrcea,
Sirebuli kargad ganviTarebul
romelic zeviT safeTqlis fasciasa
kanqveSa qsovilTan, Seicavs didi
raodenobiT cximisa da oflis da safeTqlis kunTs Soris arsebul
jirkvlebs, mamakacebs Semosili aqvT sivrceSi (safeTqlis III SemaerTebel
TmiT. qsovilovan SreSi) gadadis, xolo
kanqveSa qsovilSi ganlagebulia SigniT _ qvedaybis amonaWdeviT _ inci-
didi raodenobiT sisxlZarRvebi da sura mandibulare saxis Rrma midamos
nervebi. saxe kargad maragdeba ukavSirdeba.
sisxliT. amiT aixsneba, rom saxis aRniSnuli naWdevis gziT saxis
Wriloba, Cveulebriv, male xorcdeba. Rrma midamodan saReW kunTSi saReWi
saxis gverdiTi midamo, Tavis arteria, vena da nervi _ a. v. et n.
mxriv, iyofa yba-yur-saReW da loyis masseteriacae Sedis.
midamoebad, romelic gayofilia yba-yuris jirkvali _ glandula
erTmaneTisgan saReWi kunTis wina
parotis. yba-yura jirkvali serozulia,
kidiT.

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 Tavi

yvela sanerwyve jirkvalze didia, jirkvlis kafsula ise mWidrod

woniT 20-30 grami. igi mdebareobs aris dakavSirebuli organos
qveda ybis ukana fosoSi, romelic stromasTan, rom jirkvlis
winidan SemosazRvrulia saReWi intrakafsuluri (sub-kafsuluri)
kunTiT, qveda ybis totis ukana kidiT amokveTa teqnikurad SeuZ-lebelia.
da medialuri frTisebri kunTiT _ yba-yuris jirkvlis sisqeSi
m. pterygoideus medialis, zevidan _ gaivlis gareTa saZile arteriis
gareTa sasmeni xvreliT, uknidan _ saboloo nawili, qveda ybis ukana
dvrilisebri morCiTa da mkerd- vena, saxisa da yur-safeTqlis
laviw-dvrilisebri kunTis nervebi. jirkvalSi, uSualod misi
dasawyisiT, qvevidan _ ormucela kun- kafsulis qveS mdebareobs limfuri
Tis ukana mucliT. fosos kvanZebi.
medialurad moTavsebulia gareTa saZile arterias yba-
sadgisisebri morCi _ processus styloideus yuris jirkvalSi gamoeyofa
da misgan dawyebuli sadgis-inis, safeTqlis zedapiruli arteria,
sadgis-enisa da sadgis-xaxis kunTebi romelic aqedan safeTqlis midamoSi
_ mm. stylohyoideus, styloglossus et miemarTeba, da zeda ybis arteria,
stylopharyngeus. romelic saxis Rrma midamoSi gada-
yba-yuris jirkvali ramdenadme dis. safeTqlis zedapirul arterias
gadacilebulia qveda ybis ukana yba-yuris jirvlis sisqeSi gamoeyofa
fosos farglebs. zeviT igi zogjer saxis ganivi arteria.
yvrimalis rkalze gadadis, qveviT qveda ybis ukana vena jirkvalSi
qveda ybis kuTxidan odnav qveviT gareTa saZile arteriasTan erTad
eSveba, win saReW kunTze gadadis da mdebareobs. igi iqmneba yba-yuris
faravs mis ukana nawils. medialuri jirkvlis, zeda ybis, saxis ganivi,
mimarTulebiT arc Tu iSviaTad iZle- safeTqlis zedapiruli, Sua da Rrma
va morCs, romelic SeiZleba xaxis ke- venebis SeerTebiT. qveda ybis
dels aRwevdes. kuTxesTan igi saxis venas erTvis.
yba-yuris fascia _ fascia saxis nervi _ n. facialis sadgis-
parotidea jirkvlisTvis qmnis dvrilisebri xvrelidan
kafsuls, romelic qveda ybis ukana gamosvlisTanave yba-yuris jirkvlis
fosos momsazRvreli kunTebis mfarav sisqeSi Sedis da iqve iyofa totebad,
fasciebTan aris dakavSirebuli. romlebic erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian
jirkvlis zeda boloSi igi gaTxe- da qmnian wnuls _ plexus parotideus. igi
lebulia da zogjer sruliad ganle- jirvalSi 1-2 sm-is siRrmeze
uli, xolo medialur zedapirze Sei- mdebareobs. wnulidan gamosuli
cavs defeqts, romliTac jirvlis totebi tovebs jirkvals misi wina
parenqimis morCi uSualod xaxis kidis areSi, xvrets saReW fascias da
gverdiT sivrceSia SeWrili. amis kanqveSa qsovilSi mimikuri
gamo Cirqovani parotitis dros kunTebisken miemarTeba. arCeven saxis
procesi SeiZleba gareTa sasmeni nervis xuTi jgufis totebs:
xvrelis irgvliv mdebare 1) safeTqlis totebi _ rami
SemaerTebel qsovilsa da xaxis temporales miemarTeba win da zeviT
gverdiT sivrceSi gavrceldes. Tvalbudis irgvlivi kunTisa da
qalasarqvlis kunTis Sublis

klinikuri anatomia
116

muclisaken; @ 2) yvrimalis totebi
_ rami zygomatici anervebs yvrimalisa
da Tvalbudis irgvliv kunTebs;
3) loyis totebi _ rami buccales
yvrimalis rkalis qvemoT win _
nestoebisa da piris napralis ir-
gvliv ganlagebuli kunTebisken mie-
marTeba;
4) qveda ybis sanapiro toti _
ramus marginalis mandibulae miemarTeba
win _ qveda ybis kidis gaswvriv,
nikapis midamoSi mdebare kunTebisken;
5) kisris toti _ ramus colli
kiserSi eSveba da kisris kanqveSa kun-
Tis zeda nawilSi bolovdeba. garda
amisa, saxis nervi amaragebs yuris
kunTebs, sadgis-inis kunTsa da or-
mucela kunTis ukana mucels. saxis
nervis totis dazianeba Sesabamisi
mimikuri kunTebis damblas iwvevs.
yur-safeTqlis nervi gamoeyofa
qveda ybis nervs ovaluri xvrelis
qveS (saxis Rrma midamoSi), iqve iyofa
or totad, romlebic magari garsis
arteriis dasawyiss ori mxridan
Semouvlian da kvlav erTiandebian.
Semdeg nervi qveda ybis rokisebri
morCis ukan gaivlis da yba-yuris
jirkvalSi totiT ukavSirdeba saxis
nervs, aZlevs totebs gareTa sasmen
xvrelsa da yba-yuris jirkvals,
Semdeg safeTqlis zedapirul
arteriasTan erTad safeTqlis
midamoSi gadadis.
saxis gverdiTi midamos kans ai-
nervirebs Tvalbudis, zeda ybis da
qveda ybis nervis totebi.
yba-yuris sadinari _ ductus
parotideus gamodis yba-yuris
jirkvlidan misi wina kidis zeda
nawilSi, saReWi fasciis gareTa
zedapirze yvrimalis rkalidan 1 Ti-
Tis siganis qvemoT horizontalurad
winisaken miemarTeba, saReWi kunTis
klinikuri anatomia
Tavi
wina kidesTan SigniT ixreba, loyis
cximovan sxeulSi gaivlis, loyis
kunTs xvrets da ixsneba piris
karibWeSi zeda meore didi ZiriTadi
kbilis doneze. kanze igi proeq-
cirdeba yuris wina Wavlidan cxviris
frTamde gavlebuli xazis Sua mesa-
medSi. misi dasawyisi nawilis zemoT,
Cveulebriv, mdebareobs mcire zomis
damatebiTi yba-yuris jirkvali.
loyis midamo, regio buccalis
kanqveSa SreSi moTavsebulia
mimikuri kunTebi, sisxlZarRvebi da
nervebi. mimikuri kunTebi
ganlagebulia Sreebad. zedapirulad
mdebareobs Tvalis irgvlivi kunTi _
m. orbicularis oculi, mis qveS _ mcire da
didi yvrimalis kunTebi _ m.
zygomaticus major et minor, ufro Rrmad
_ zeda tuCis amwevi kunTi _ m. levator
labii superioris.
mimikuri kunTebis qveS loyis
kunTia _ m. buccinator. igi iwyeba zeda
ybisa da qveda ybis kbilbudeTa
nawilebidan, frTa-qveda ybis
nakeridan _ raphe pterygomandibularis
da qveda ybis loyis xazidan,
umagrdeba piris napralis irgvliv
ganlagebul mimikur kunTebs. garedan
dafarulia mkvrivi loya-xaxis
fasciiT _ f. buccopharyngea, Signidan _
loyis lorwovani garsiT. kunTis
gareTa zedaprze gaivlis loyis
arteria _ a. bucccalis (zeda ybis arte-
riis toti), loyis vena _ v. buccalis
(erTvis frTisebr wnuls) da loyis
nervi _ n. buccalis (qveda ybis nervis
toti). kunTis gareTa zedapirze
mcire zomis limfuri kvanZia. saReWi
kunTis win loyis kunTs xvrets yba-
yuris jirkvlis sadinari.
loyisa da saReW kunTebs Soris
_ sakuTar fasciur budeSi _
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mdebareobs loyis cximovani sxeuli vena da, saerTod, saxis zedapiruli

_ corpus adiposum buccae, romlisganac venebi anastomozebiT dakavSirebulia
warzidulia morCebi safeTqlis Tvalbudis venebTan, saxis Rrma
fososken, frTa_sasis fososken da midamoSi mdebare frTisebr wnulTan
Tvalbudisaken. loyis midamos arter- da maTi saSualebiT mRvimovan
iebs Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania sinusTan. amitom saxis Cirqovani
saxis arteria _ a. facials (saerTo procesebi venebis gziT SeiZleba
saZile arteriis toti). saReWi kunTis magari garsis sinusebze da TviT tvi-
wina kidesTan igi qveda ybis kides nis garsebzec gavrceldes.
gadauvlis da saxeze gadadis; aq limfuri ZarRvebi loyis
loyis kunTis gareTa zedapiriT midamodan yuris wina da ybisqveSa
zeviT da win miemarTeba, piris kuT- limfur kvanZebSi ixsneba.
xis amwev da zeda tuCis amwev kun- saxis nervis totebi kanqveSa
Tebs Soris gaivlis da Tvalbudis qsovilis Rrma SreSi gaivlis da
medialur kuTxesTan grZeldeba mimikur kunTebSi maTi SigniTa
kuTxis arteriaSi. saxis arteriis zedapiridan Sedis. kans anervebs
damaxasiaTebelia daklakniloba, rac Sublis nervi da Tvalbudis qveda
ufro mkveTrad aris gamoxatuli pi- nervi.
ris napralis gverdiT _ zeda da loyis midamos wina nawils
qveda tuCis arteriebis gamosvlis kvebavs Tvalbudis qveda arteria,
adgilas. romelic Tvalbudis qveda arxiT
saxis arteria saxeze anastomo- eSvis fosoSi gadadis. misi
zebiT aris dakavSirebuli saxis Tanamgzavri vena erTvis Tvalbudis
ganiv arteriasTan (safeTqlis qveda venas an frTisebr wnuls. kans,
zedapiruli arteriis toti), Tvalbu- zeda tuCis lorwovan garssa da zeda
dis qveda arteriasTan (zeda ybis kbilebs anervebs Tvalbudis qveda
arteriis toti) da Tvalbudis nervi.
arteriasTan (SigniTa saZile
arteriis toti). igi saxeze saxis Rrma midamo _ regio facialis
proeqcirdeba saReWi kunTis wina ki- profunda
disa da qveda ybis qveda kidis gada- saxis Rrma midamos safuZvelia
kveTis wertilidan Tvalis napralis zeda yba, qveda yba, solisebri Zvlis
SigniTa kuTxemde gavlebul xazze. frTisebri morCi da frTisebri
saxis arteriis garda, loyis kunTebi. lateraluri frTisebri
midamos kvebavs saxis ganivi arteria kunTi _ m. pterygoideus lateralis iwyeba
(safeTqlis zedapiruli arteriis solisebri Zvlis frTisebri morCis
toti), loyis arteria da Tvalbudis gareTa zedapiridan da imave Zvlis
qveda arteria _ a. infraorbitalis (zeda didi frTis qveda zedapiridan,
ybis arteriis totebi). umagrdeba qveda ybis rokisebr morCs.
saxis vena saxis arteriasTan medialuri frTisebri kunTi _ m.
mdebareobs, iwyeba Tvalbudis pterygoideus medialis iwyeba solisebri
medialur kuTxesTan kuTxis veniT,
Zvlis frTisebri fosodan da
saxidan qveda ybisqveSa samkuTxedSi umagrdeba qveda ybis kuTxis SigniTa
gaivlis da saZile samkuTxedSi zedapirs. saxis Rrma midamo
SigniTa sauRle venas erTvis. saxis

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 Tavi

safeTqlis qveda fosos _ fossa mylohyoidea, romelic yba-inis kunTsa

infratemporalis farglebSi mdebareobs, _ m. mylohyoideus da ormucela kunTis
garedan mosazRvrulia qveda ybis wina mucels _ venter anterior m.
totiT, Signidan _ solisebri Zvlis digastrici amaragebs; saReWi arteria
frTisebri morCis gareTa firfitiT qveda ybis naWdevSi gaivlis da saReW
da xaxis gverdiTi kedliT, zevida _ kunTSi Sedis; safeTqlis Rrma
solisebri Zvlis didi frTiT, arteriebi _ aa. tempoprales profundae
winidan _ zeda ybiT, uknidan _ yba- miemarTeba zeviT; loyis arteria
yuris jirkvlis kafsuliT, qveviT gadadis loyis midamoSi.
vrceldeba qveda ybis kuTxemde. medi- frTa–sasis fosoSi zeda ybis
alurad ukavSirdeba frTa-sasis fo- arteriidan gamodis Semdegi totebi:
sos, zeviT _ safeTqlis fosos, Tvalbudis qveda arteria, romelic
qveviT _ kisris medialur Tvalbudis qveda arxSi gaivlis, aq
samkuTxeds. kbilbudeTa zeda wina arteriebs
saxis Rrma midamoSi arCeven or gamoyofs da Tvalbudis qveda
SemaerTebelqsovilovan Sualeds. xvreliT eSvis fosoSi gadadis;
erTi maTgani mdebareobs safeTqlis kbilbudeTa zeda ukana arteria _ a.
kunTsa da lateralur frTisebr alveolaris superior posterir; sasis
kunTs Soris (spatium daswvrivi arteria _ a. palatina
temporopterygoideum), meore medialur descendes rbilsa da magar sasas
da lateralur frTisebr kunTebs amaragebs; frTisebri arxis arteria
Soris (spatium interpterygoideum). _ a. canalis pterygoidei Tanamosaxele
pirvel maTganSi gaivlis zeda ybis arxSi gaivlis; solisebr-sasis
arteria da frTisebri wnuli, xolo arteria _ a. sphenopalatina
meoreSi _ qveda kbilbudeTa da enis Tanamosaxele xvreliT cxviris
nervebi (qveda ybis nervis totebi). RruSi Sedis.
saxis Rrma midamos
zeda ybis arteria _ a. maxillaris mravalricxovani venebi erTmaneTs
yba-yuris jirkvlis kafsulidan ukavSirdeba da qmnis frTisebr
gamosvlis Semdeg gareTa frTisebr wnuls, romelic arteriebisa da
da safeTqlis kunTebs Soris gaivlis nervebis lateralurad mdebareobs.
da aRwevs frTa-sasis fosos. saxis gamosaSvebi venebiTa da anas-
Rrma midamoSi mas gamoeyofa Semdegi tomozebiT igi dakavSirebulia, erTi
totebi: mxriv, mRvimovan sinusTan da, meore
Sua meningealuri arteria zeda mxriv, saxis venasTan.
ybis arteriis yvelaze msxvili Nnervebi frTisebr kunTebs
totia, wvetiani xvreliT qalas Soris sisxlZarRvebis medialurad
RruSi Sedis; kbilbudeTa qveda gaivlis. qveda ybis nervi _ n.
arteria _ a. alveolaris inferior Sedis mandibularis (samwvera nervis III toti)
qvedaybis arxSi _ canalis mandibularis, ovaluri xvrelidan gamosvlisTanave
aZlevs totebs qveda kbilebs da kbilbudeTa qveda, enisa da yur-
grZeldeba nikapis arteriaSi _ a. safeTqlis nervebad iyofa. garda ami-
mentalis; qveda ybis arxSi Sesvlamde sa, mas gamoeyofa motoruli nervebi
mas gamoeyofa yba-inis arteria _ a. loyisa da saReWi kunTebisTvis _ nn.

klinikuri anatomia
119

buccalis pterygoideus medialis, pterygoideus
lateralis, temporales profundi.
kbilbudeTa qveda nervi _ n.
alveolaris inferior Tanamosaxele
sisxlZarRvebTan erTad qveda ybis
arxSi Sedis, anervebs qvemo kbilebs
da nikapis nervSi grZeldeba.
qveda ybis arxSi Sesvlamde mas
gamoeyofa yba-inis nervi
mylohyoideus, romelic yba-inis kunTsa
da ormucela kunTis wina mucels
anervebs.
enis nervi _ n.
kbilbudeTa qveda da loyis nervebs
Soris win miemarTeba, awvdis totebs
enisqveSa da ybis-qveSa sanerwyve
jirkvlebs, anervebs piris
fskeris lorwovan garss da enis wina
or mesameds. ovaluri xvreli-dan 1,5-
2sm daSorebiT mas uerTdeba dafis
simi _ chorda tympani.Yyur-safeTqlis
nervi iwyeba ori fesviT, romlebic
ori mxri-dan uvlian
meningealuri arteriis dasawyiss, yba-
yuris jirkvalSi gaivlis
safeTqlis midamos kanqveSa qsovilSi
totiandeba. yba-yuris jirkvalSi igi
to-tiT ukavSirdeba saxis nervs.
qveda ybis nervis medialurad,
uSu-alod ovaluri xvrelis qveS
mdebareobs yuris kvanZi _ ganglion
oticum, romelic dakavSirebulia yur-
safeTqlis, qveda ybis da
nervebTan.
frTa-sasis foso (fossa pterygo-
palatina). saxis Rrma midamo SigniT da
win uSualod gadadis frTa-sasis
fosoSi, romelic winidan
mosazRvrulia zeda ybis borcviT,
uknidan _ solisebri
frTisebri morCiT, Signidan—sasis
Zvlis perpendikularuli firfitiT,
zevidan _ solisebri Zvlis sxeuliTa
da didi frTiT. qveviT igi TandaTan
klinikuri anatomia
Tavi
viwrovdeba da gadadis sasis did
arxSi _ canalis palatinus major. loyis
midamodan frTa-sasis fosoSi Sedis
loyis cximovani sxeulis morCi. qa-
las Sua fosodan frTa-sasis fosoSi
mrgvali xvreliT gadadis zeda ybis
nervi, romelsac aq gamoeyofa
yvrimalis nervi, frTa-sasis nervi da
_ n. Tvalbudis qveda nervi.
frTa-sasis fosoSi zeda ybis
nervis SigniT da qvemoT mdebareobs
frTa-sasis kvanZi _ ganglion
lingualis pterygopalatinum, romelsac didi
kldovani nervi _ n. petrosus major da
Rrma kldovani nervi _ n. petrosus
profundus uerTdeba. zeda ybis
Rrus nervidan frTa-sasis kvanZSi Sedis
frTa-sasis nervebi _ n. pterygopalatini.
kvanZidan gamodis sasis nervebi _ nn.
palatini, romlebic sasis daswvriv
arteriasTan erTad magar da rbil
sasaSi totiandebian, da rami nasalis
Sua posteriores, romlebic solisebr-sasis
xvreliT cxviris RruSi Sedian.
da xaxis gverdiTi sivrce saxis
Rrma midamos medialurad mdebareobs.
garedan igi moisazRvreba medialuri
frTisebri kunTiT da misi mfaravi
fasciiT, uknidan _ kisris malebis
ganivi morCebiT, Signidan _ xaxis
gverdiTi kedliT da xaxa-xerxemlis
fasciuri morCebiT, romlebic xaxis
sxva gverdiT sivrces xaxis ukana sivrcis-
gan yofen.
sadgisisebri morCidan
dawyebuli kunTebiTa da maTi
fasciuri budeebiT xaxis gverdiTi
sivrce wina da ukana nawilebad iyo-
fa. wina nawili amovsebulia faSari
Zvlis SemaerTebeli qsoviliT, ukana nawil-
Si gaivlis SigniTa saZile arteria
(medialurad), SigniTa sauRle vena
(lateralurad), ena-xaxis (IX wyvili),
cTomili (X wyvili), damatebiTi (XI
120
 Tavi

wyvili) da enisqveSa (XII wyvili) napralis kuTxeebTan Tvalbudis

nervebi. SigniTa sauRle venis firfita gasqelebulia da qmnis
gaswvriv ganlagebulia kisris Rrma quTuToebis medialur da
limfuri kvanZebi. xaxis gverdiTi da lateralur iogebs, romlebic Tval-
xaxis ukana sivrceebis gamyofi fas- budis Sesabamis kedlebs umagrdebian.
ciuri Zgidis sisqeSi an mis ukan zemo quTuTos xrtilis zeda kides
(xerxemlis wina sivrceSi) umagrdeba zemo quTuTos amwevi kunTi
simpaTikuri wvelis zeda kvanZi _ m. levator palpebrale superioris.
mdebareobs. quTuToebis xrtilebi da Tvalbudis
firfita uknidan dafarulia
lorwovani garsiT, romelsac quTu-
Tvalbudis midamo, regio orbitalis Toebis koniunqtiva _ conjunctiva
arCeven cal-calke quTuToebisa palpebralum ewodeba. Tvalbudis
da sakuTriv Tvalbudis midamoebs, kideebis maxloblad igi Tvalis
romlebic gayofilia erTmaneTisagan kakalze gadadis _ conjunctiva bulbi.
Tvalbudis ZgidiT _ septum orbitale. koniunqtivis quTuToebidan skleraze
quTuToebis midamo _ regio gadasvlis adgilas iqmneba
palpebralis. kani uaRresad Txeli da koniunqtivis zeda da qveda TaRebi _
moZravia. quTuTos midamoSi igi fornix conjunctivae superior et inferior.
mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli koniunqtivis zeda TaRis gareTa
quTuTos xrtilTan _ tarsus. kanqveSa nawilSi cremlis jirkvlis
qsovili cxims moklebulia. mis qveS sadinarebi ixsneba.
moTavsebulia Tvalis irgvlivi cremlis jirkvali _ glandula
kunTi, romelic Tvalbudis, quTu- lacrimalis Tvalbudis zeda lateralur
Toebisa da sacremle nawilebisagan kedelze TvalbudeSi Sesavlis
Sedgeba. Tvalbudis nawili _ pars maxloblad mdebareobs. zemo
orbitalis qalasarqvlis kunTis Sublis quTuTos amwevi kunTis myesiT igi
mucelsa da zeda tuCis amwev kunTze gayofilia or nawilad. ufro didi
mdebareobs. quTuToebis nawili _ Tvalbudiseuli nawili _ pars orbitalis
pars palpebralis quTuToebis moTavsebulia Tvalbudis zeda
farglebSia da quTuToebis medialur lateralur kedelze sakuTar
da lateralur iogebTan aris dakav- fosoSi _ fossa glandulae lacrimalis,
Sirebuli. sacremle nawili _ pars ufro mcire quTuTos nawili _ pars
lacrimalis sacremle parks winidan da palpebralis _ koniunqtivis zeda TaRze.
uknidan gadauvlis da kunTis TiToeuli quTuTos wina kideze
quTuToebis nawilis konebs Soris wina da ukana kiloebia _ limbus
ikargeba. palpebrae superior et inferior. wina kiloze
Tvalis irgvlivi kunTis qveS gareTa 2/3-is farglebSi
mdebareobs Tvalbudis Zgide _ ganlagebulia wamwamebi, romelTa
SemaerTebelqsovilovani firfita, ZirebSi cximis jirkvlebi mdebareobs.
romelic Tvalbudis zemo da qvemo ukana kilos gayolebiT ixsneba quT-
kideebs umagrdeba da centraluri uTos xrtilis (meibomis) jirkvlebis
nawiliT quTuToebis xrtilebTan _ glandulae tarsales sadinrebi.
aris dakavSirebuli. quTuToebis

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 Tavi

quTuToebis napralis _ rima Turquli kexisken. mis zemoT qalas

palpebrarum, medialuri da wina foso da Sublis wiaRia,
lateraluri kuTxeebi damagrebulia medialurad _ cxviris Rru da soli-
ZvlebTan quTuToebis medialuri da sebri wiaRi, qvemoT _ zeda ybis wia-
lateraluri iogebiT _ lig. palpebrale Ri, lateralurad _ safeTqlis foso.
mediale et laterale. quTuToebis napra- TvalbudeSi Sesavali winidan
lis medialur kuTxeSi mdebareobs daxurulia Tvalbudis ZgidiT,
cremlis tba _ lacus lacrimalis, romelic mas quTuToebis midamosgan
romelic garedan mosazRvrulia yofs.
koniunqtivis namglisebri naoWiT _ TvalbudeSi uknidan ixsneba
plica semilunaris conjunctivae. cremlis mxedvelobis arxi. zeda da gareTa
tbis fskerze sacremle korZia _ kedlebis sazRvarze mdebareobs
caruncula lacrimalis. rogorc zeda, ise Tvalbudis zeda naprali _ fissura
qveda quTuTos kideze sacremle orbitalis superior, romelic Tvalbudes
korZis lateralurad mdebareobs qalas Sua fososTan akavSirebs,
sacremle dvrili _ pypilla lacrimalis xolo gareTa da qveda kedlebis
sacremle wertiliT _ punctum sazRvarze _ Tvalbudis qveda
lacrimale. aqedan iwyeba cremlis zeda naprali _ fissura orbitalis inferior,
romelic mas frTa-saxis,
da qveda milakebi _ canaliculi lacrimales,
qvedasafeTqlis da safeTqlis foso-
romlebic erTad an cal-calke
ebTan akavSirebs. TvalbudeSi
ixnebian cremlis parkSi _ saccus
Sesavlis maxloblad, mis zeda
lacrimalis, es ukanaskneli qveviT gada-
kedlis gareTa nawilSi
dis cxvir-cremlis sadinarSi _
moTavsebulia cremlis jirkvlis fo-
ductus nasolacrimalis, romelic cxviris
so _ fossa grandulae lacrimalis, SigniTa
qveda gasasvlelSi ixsneba.
kedlis zeda nawilSi _ WaRis foso
quTuToebs sisxliT amaragebs
_ fossa trochlearis, gareTa kedelSi _
WaRzeda, Tvalbudis zeda, Tvalbudis
yvrimal-Tvalbudis xvreli _ foramen
qveda da kuTxis arteriebi. quTuTos
Tavisufali kidis maxloblad isini zygomaticoorbitale. qveda kedlis ukana
nawilSi mdebareobs Rari, romelic
qmnian zeda da qveda rkalebs _ arcus
win Tvalbudis qveda arxSi
palpebralis superior et inferior. venebi qmnis
grZeldeba. es ukanaskneli eSvis
met-naklebad rTuli agebulebis
fosoSi Tvalbudis qveda xvreliT
qsels. limfuri ZarRvebi ybisqveSa da
bolovdeba. medialur kedelSi cxavis
yba-yuris limfur kvanZebSi ixsneba.
wina da ukana xvrelebia _ foramina
quTuToebis inervaciaSi
monawileobs saxis (VII wyvili), ethmoidalia anterior et posterior.
Tvalbudis zeda da WaRzeda nervebi Tvalis kaklis budiT _ vagina
(Tvalbudis nervis totebi), agreTve bulbi Tvalbude gayofilia wina _
Tvalbudis qveda da sacremle bulbur da ukana _ retrobulbur
nervebi (zeda ybis nervis totebi). nawilebad. wina nawilSi Tvalis
Tvalbudis sakuTari midamo _ kakalia, ukana nawilSi _ kunTebi,
regio orbitalis propria. Tvalbude formiT sisxlZarRvebi, nervebi da Tvalbudis
mogvagonebs oTxwaxnaga piramidas, cximovani sxeuli _ corpus adiposum
romlis mwvervali miqceulia orbitae. Tvalis kaklis budis gareTa

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 Tavi

zedapiri SemaerTebelqsovilovani adgilas, skleris sisqeSi, mdebareobs

konebiT dakavSirebulia Tvalbudis irgvlivi mili _skleris venuri
kedlebTan. sinusi _ sinus venosus sclerae.
Tvalis kaklis budis SigniTa Tvalis kaklis skleris ukana
zedapiri sadaa da gayofilia kedelSi arsebobs mcire momrgvalo
YTvalis kaklisgan napraliT, foraki, romlis xvrelebSic gaivlis
romelic limfur siTxes Seicavs. igi mxedvelobis nervis boWkoebi.
mogvagonebs sasaxsre fosos, romel- skleris gareTa zedapirs umagrdeba
Sic sasaxsre Tavis msgavsad Tvalis Tvalis kaklis kunTebi; igi agreTve
kakali moZraobs. dafarulia SemaerTebelqsovilovani,
Tvalis kakali _ bulbis oculi. metad Txeli garsiT, romelsac
Tvalis kakali warmoadgens Tvalis kaklis budes _ vaginae bulbi
daaxloebiT sferuli formis uwodeben.
sxeuls, romelic wina nawilSi odnav skleris fibrozul qsovilSi
gamodrekilia. mas aqvs wina da ukana moipoveba mravali elastikuri boWko,
polusebi, romelTa SemaerTebel romlebic ixlarTeba ise, rogorc
xazs Tvalis kaklis RerZs uwodeben. Cala WilobSi. am boWkoebs Soris aqa-
misi ekvatori Tvalis kakals hyofs iq dafantulia pigmenturi ujredebi.
wina da ukana naxevarze. Tvalis rqovana _ cornea Sedgeba xuTi
kaklis kedeli DSedgeba sami Srisagan; wina Sre Sedgeba
sxvadasxva agebulebis da mravalSriani brtyeli
mniSvnelobis garsisagan, xolo maT epiTeliumisagan _ epithelium anterius
SigniT moTavsebulia Tvalis corneae, romelic koniunqtivis
gamWirvale birTvi. epiTeliumSi gadadis; mas mosdevs
I. Tvalis kaklis kedeli. wina sazRvrovani Sre _ lamina limitans
Tvalis kaklis kedlis anterior. mesame Sre warmodgenilia
SemadgenlobaSi Sedis sami garsi: rqovanas sakuTari nivTierebiT _
1. pirveli, gareTa garsi, substantia propria corneae da Sedgeba
mkvrivia, Sedgeba boWkovani SemaerTebeli qsovilis boWkoebis
SemaerTebeli qsovilisagan da konebisagan, romelTa mimarTulebac
cnobilia rogorc Tvalis kaklis erTimeoresTan perpendikularulia;
fibrozuli garsi _ tunica fibrosa bulbi. meoTxe Sres warmoadgens ukana
misi wina 1/6 nawili sruliad sazRvrovani Sre _ lamina limitans
gamWirvalea, qmnis rqovan garss _
posterior. es Sre warmoadgens Txel,
cornea. danarCeni 5/6 nawili elvare garss, Sedgenils
moxarSuli kvercxis cilis formisaa Tanaswvrivad mdebare
da cnobilia rogorc slkera _ sclera. SemaerTebelqsovilovani
rqovani garsi mrgvali, win firfitebisagan; bolos, ukanaskneli
gamidrekili, sakmaod mkvrivi da Sre, romelic faravs rqovanas ukana
sruliad gamWirvale firfitaa, zedapirs, warmodgenilia
Sedgeba mkvrivi SemaerTebeli endoTeliumiT _ endothelium camerae
qsovilisagan.
anterioris. rqovana sruliad
rqovanas napirebi gamagrebulia
moklebulia sisxlZarRvebs, magram
skleris saTanado RarSi, rogorc
samagierod masSi uxvad aris
saaTis SuSa da swored am gamagrebis

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 Tavi

gavrcelebuli mgZnobiare xasiaTis boloebidan skleris zedapirze

nervebis boWkoebi. gamodian, ricxviT eqvsamde,
rqovana sxeulis zedapiris koniunqtivis qveS totiandebian da
yvela danarCen nawilebze ufro qmnian e.w. episkleralur da
mgZnobiarea. amiT sargebloben koniunqtivalur arteriebs.
qirurgebi operaciis win narkozis ukanasknelebs kavSiri aqvT
xarisxis gasagebad. quTuToebis lateralursa da
2. Tvalis kaklis kedlis medialur koniunqtivalur
meore, Sua, anu sisxlZarRvovani arteriebTan. aRniSnuli arteriebidan
garsi _ tunica vasculosa bulbi mdidaria 8-10 toti xvrets skleras wamwamovani
sisxlZarRvebiT da sam nawilad sxeulis midamoSi da ukavSirdeba
iyofa: ukana _ sisxlZarRvovani feradi garsis did arteriul wres.
garsi _ choroidea, Sua _ wamwamovani aRniSnuli wris totebi kvebaven
sxeuli _ corpus ciliare da wina _ wamwamovan sxeuls da mis morCebs,
feradi garsi _ iris. ukavSirdebian anostomozebiT ukana
arteriebi: wamwamovan arteriebs da ugzavnian
a) ukana mokle wamwamovani totebs ferad garssac gugamde, sadac
arteriebi _ aa. ciliares posteriores breves, maTi wvrili totebi qmnian gugis
ricxviT rvidan ocamde, Tvalbudis Tavisufali napiris garSemo feradi
arteriis totebia, Sedian Tvalis garsis mcire arteriul wres _
kakalSi, skleraSi mxedvelobis circulus arteriosus iridis minor.
nervis garSemo, sadac qmnian
mxedvelobis nervis sisxlZarRvovan venebi:
wres _ circulus vasculosus nervi optici. a) qoCriani venebi _ vv. vorticosae
mcire wamwamovani arteriebi Tvalis (vv. choroideae oculi), ricxviT 4-6,
kaklis kedlis Sua garsSi qmnian warmoadgenen mTavar ZarRvebs,
uxvsa da uwvriless e.w. romlebsac Tvalis sisxlZarRvovani
qoriokapilarul firfitas _ lamina garsis yvela nawilidan gaaqvT
choriocapillaris. sisxli da ukavSirdebian Tvalbudis
b) ukana grZeli wamwamovani venas.
arteriebi _ aa. ciliares posteriores longae, b) wamwamovani venebi _ vv.
Tvalbudis arteriis totebia, ciliares; am venebis nawili skleris
ricxviT ori; xvreten skleras Tanamosaxele gamxvret arteriebTan
iribad, horizontaluri meridianiT, erTad mdebareobs, gaaqvT sisxli
miimarTebian win wamwamovani venuri sinusidan, koniunqtivis
sxeulisaken, sadac es ori ZarRvi venebidan da episkleraluri
gverdiTi totebiT uerTdebian venebidan.
erTimeores da qmnian feradi garsis wamwamovani venebis nawili ar
did arteriul wres _ circulus arteriosus Seesabameba Tanamosaxele arteriebs;
iridis major. am wridan gamosuli isini agroveben sisxls mxedvelobis
totebi kvebaven wamwamovan sxeuls. nervis garSemo mdebare skleris
g) wina wamwamovani arteriebi _ zedapiruli Sris ZarRvebidan da
anostomozebiT SekavSirebuli arian
aa. ciliares anteriores Tvalbudis
qoCrian venebTan.
arteriis kunTovani totebis wina

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sisxlZarRvovani garsis gareTa da romelic, rogorc zemoT iyo

zedapiri exeba skleris SigniTa aRniSnuli, SemaerTebel qsovils
zedapirs, xolo gancalkevebulia Seicavs.
misgan faSari feradi garsi _ iris warmoadgens
SemaerTebelqsovilovani CanafeniT. es diskos, romlis Sua adgilSi
sisxlZarRvovani garsi Sedgeba moTavsebulia mrgvali xvreli; am
sisxlis ZarRvebis ori Srisagan; maT xvrels ewodeba guga _ pupilla. feradi
Soris gareTa ZarRvebi ufro garsi rqovani garsis ukan
msxvilia, SigniTa ki kapilarebisagan vertikalurad dgas, magram mas ar
Sedgeba. amas garda, am garsis exeba. feradi garsis gareTa kide
SemadgenlobaSi Sedis metad mravali wamwamovan sxeuls erTvis, SigniTa
da uxvad ganviTarebuli pigmenturi kide ki sazRvravs gugas. feradi
ujredebi. garsis sisqeSi moTavsebulia gluvi
wamwamovani sxeuli _ corpus kunTovani boWkoebi, romelTa
ciliare warmoadgens morgvs, romlis mimarTulebac ornairia; erTi
wina sazRvari Seesabameba Tvalis mimarTuleba irgvlivia da
kaklis skleris rqovan garsSi warmoadgens gugis Semaviwroebel
gadasaval wres, xolo ukana sazRvari kunTs, anu spinqters _ m. spincter
umijnavdeba badebrivi garsis wina pupillae. am kunTis inervacias ganagebs
dakbilul kides. es sxeuli Seicavs Tvalis mamoZravebeli nervi _ n.
mraval sisxlZarRvs da gluvi oculomotorius (parasimpaTikuri
boWkoebisagan Semdgar wamwamovan boWkoebi). meore kunTis boWkoebis
kunTs _ m. ciliaris, romlis boWkoebs mimarTuleba ki sxivisebria, romelic
sami sxvadasxva mimarTuleba aqvs _ Seadgens gugis gamganierebels, anu
irgvlivi, sxivisebri da dilatators _ m. dilatator pupillae; mas
meridionaluri. amgvarad, wamwamovani anervebs simpaTikuri nervi.
sxeuli warmoadgens Tvalis kaklis feradi garsi gamWirvale
sisxlZarRvovani garsis adgilobriv rqovani garsis ukan naTlad Cans da
gamsxvilebas, romelic Sedgeba muqad sxvadasxva ferad aris xolme
SeRebili sxivisebrad dalagebuli SeRebili, rac damokidebulia ferad
TiTismagvari morCebisa da garsSi arsebuli pigmentebis
naoWebisagan. am warmonaqmnebis sxvadasxva raodenobaze.
fuZeebi iwyeba wamwamovani rgolidan 3. mesame, Tvalis kaklis
da Tavdeba ferad garsTan. SigniTa garsi _ tunica interna bulbi, anu
wamwamovani organos im nawils,
badura _ retina Seicavs mxedvelobis
romelic SeumCnevlad sisxlZarRvovan
nervis boWkoebs da ujredebs, da
garsSi gadadis, hqvia wamwamovani
Sedgeba ori nawilisagan: ukana,
rgoli _ orbiculus ciliaris, romlis umetesi, baduris mxedvelobiTi
sigane or milimetrs udris.
nawili _ pars optica retinae, wina da
wamwamovani morCebi da naoWebi erTad
gacilebiT ufro mcire nawili
qmnian e.w. wamwamovan baks _ corona Seadgens baduris wamwamovan nawils
ciliaris. sisxlZarRvovan garssa da _ pars ciliaris retinae.
skleras Soris rCeba sivrce, badebrivi garsis mxedvelobiTi
romelsac spatium perichorioideale hqvia nawili gamWirvalea da amitom

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sisxlZarRvTa garsis pigmenturi Sre ewodeba mxedvelobis nervis disko

naTlad Cans. badebrivi garsi faravs (dvrili) _ discus nervi optici (papilla n.
Signidan sisxlZarRvovan garss optici). am dvrils TeTri feri aqvs. mis
wamwamovan sxeulamde da aq qmnis e.w. Sua adgilSi moTavsebulia mcire
dakbilul napirs _ ora serata, ris foso, romelsac ewodeba mxedvelobis
Semdeg wamwamovan sxeulze gadadis. dvrilis CaRrmaveba _ excavatio papillae.
igi ukanidan faravs wamwamovan Tvalis kaklis ukana polusidan 10-12
sxeuls da ferad garss, magram aq igi mm daSorebiT mxedvelobis nervis Sua
sruliad moklebulia nervul RerZis mimarTulebiT Sedis baduris
elementebs. centraluri arteria _ a. centralis
badebrivi garsi warmoadgens retinae, romelic kvebavs baduras.
mxedvelobis nervis periferiul mxedvelobis dvrilis centrSi es
aparats; Tumca igi metad Txeli da arteria iyofa zemo da qvemo
gamWirvalea, magram miuxedavad amisa, totebad, romlebic Tavisi totebiT
histologiurad metad rTuli kvebaven baduris gareTa nawils
agebulebiT xasiaTdeba. badura (baduras safeTqlismxrivi
Sedgeba gansakuTrebuli struqturis arteriola) da SigniTa mxares
nervuli ujredebisa da nervuli (baduris cxvirismxrivi arteriola).
boWkoebis fenebisagan. am ujredebs yvela zemoaRniSnuli
SeuZlia mxolod iseTi gaRizianebis warmonaqmnis SeiZleba gaisinjos
aTviseba, romelic sinaTlis SuqiT ofTalmoskopiT Tvalis kaklis
aris gamowveuli; amitom badebrivi fskerze.
garsis saSualebiT SeiZleba mxolod mxedvelobis nervi
sinaTlisa da sagnebis sxvadasxva Semovlebulia tvinis samive garsiT,
feris garCeva. romlebic qmnian am nervisaTvis
yvelaze maxvili mxedvelobis budeebs da Semdeg ukavSirdebian
unariT dajildoebul adgils Tvalis kaklis TeTr garss.
badebriv garsSi warmoadgens e.w.
xali _ macula, romelic Tvalis II. Tvalis gamWirvale birTvi.
kaklis ukana polusTan mdebareobs. am Tvalis kaklis gamWirvale
xalis centrSi moTavsebulia mcire birTvs Seadgenen Semdegi nawilebi:
odenobis ormo, romelsac uwodeben linza, anu broli _ lens, minisebri
centralur fosos _ fovea centralis; sxeuli _ corpus vitreum da nami
unda aRiniSnos, rom am centraluri _humor aquosus.
fosos midamoSi badebrivi garsis broli _ lens warmoadgens
histologiuri agebuleba icvleba da gamWirvale, ormxriv gamodrekil
ZiriTadad Seicavs kolbebis sxeuls. igi TvalSi sinaTlis sxivTa
ujredebs. gardamtexi umTavresi organoa. misi
mxedvelobis nervi _ n. opticus ukana zedapiri ufro gamodrekilia,
Tvalis ukana polusis medialurad, 3- vidre wina da es zedapirebi
4 mm-is daSorebiT, gaivlis skleris erTmaneTSi gadadian brolis
da sisxlZarRvovani garsis irgvliv napirze, romelic amave
dacxrilul ares. mxedvelobis nervs dros brolis ekvators warmoadgens.
Tvalis kakalSi momrgvalo broli moTavsebulia feradi garsis
SemaRlebis moyvaniloba aqvs da

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ukan ise, rom gugis napiri exeba sivrceebi, romlebic arsebobs

brolis wina zedapirs. brolis brolisa da feradi garsis wina
nivTiereba Sedgeba eqvskuTxovani zedapirsa da rqovana ukana zedapirs
prizmis formis grZeli Soris; am sivrces uwodeben Tvalis
boWkoebisagan, romelTa mimarTuleba wina senaks _ camera anterior bulbi. amis
mis meridianebs esabameba. brolis is garda, namiT amovsebulia agreTve is
boWkoebi, romlebic centrSia sivrce, romelic winidan
moTavsebuli, moklebulia birTvebs. mosazRvrulia feradi garsis ukana
garedan brols axvevia Txeli, zedapiriT, garedan wamwamovani
elastikuri, gamWirvale CanTa, sxeuliT, Signidan broliT da
romelsac ewodeba brolis kafsula ukanidan minisebri sxeuliT; am
_ capsula lentis. am CanTidan brolis sivrces hqvia Tvalis ukana senaki _
ekvatoris midamoSi iwyeba camera posterior bulbi. aRniSnuli
SemaerTebelqsovilovani boWkoebi, kamerebi uerTdebian erTmaneTs gugis
romlebic, rogorc sxivebi, saSualebiT.
miimarTebian wamwamovani sxeulisaken broli, minisebri sxeuli da
da qmnian e.w. wamwamovan sartyels _ nami, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli,
zonula ciliaris. am sartyelis ekuTvnian Tvalis kaklis im nawils,
saSualebiT broli aris gamagrebuli romelic gardatexs sinaTlis sxivs.
Tavis alagas. sartylis wina da Tvalis kakali moTavsebulia
ukana boWkoebs Soris rCeba sivrce, TvalbudeSi, magram igi mas sruliad
romelic irgvliv uvlis brolis ar avsebs da Zvlovan kedelsa da
ekvators da romelsac ewodeba Tvalis kaklis Sua CarTulia cximi,
zonaluri sivrce _ spatial zonularis. romelsac Tvalbudis cximovan
minisebri sxeuli _ corpus vitreum sxeuls _ corpus adiposum orbitae
sruliad avsebs Tvalis kaklis im uwodeben, agreTve kunTebi da Tvalis
Rrus, romelic brolis ukan aris kaklis bude _ vagina bulbi.
moTavsebuli. am sxeuls aqvs burTis Tvalis kaklis bude ukan
forma, romelic winidan Sezrdilia mxedvelobis nervTan,
CaRrmavebulia; am siRrmeSi Tavsdeba xolo win igi Semouvlis Tvalis
broli Tavisi ukana gamodrekili kakals da ukavSirdeba quTuTos
zedapiriT. minisebri sxeuli fascias. Tvalis kunTebi xvreten am
gamWirvalea, warmoadgens kafsulas, romelic yoveli
Jelatinismagvar nivTierebas, Sedgeba myesisaTvis misi mimagrebis adgilze
uwvrilesi boWkoebis badisagan, qmnis qarqaSs, rac metad aadvilebs
romlis sivrceebi amovsebulia Tvalis moZraobas.
siTxismagvari nivTierebiT da Tvalis kunTebi _ musculi bulbi.
Sexveulia metad Txel gamWirvale Tvalis mamoZravebel aparats
garsSi, romelsac minisebri garsi _ ekuTvnis Svidi kunTi. am kunTebs
membrane vitrea ewodeba. aqvT ganivzoliani agebuleba da maTi
nami _ humor aquosus warmoadgens moqmedeba Cvens nebazea
siTxes, romelic mcire raodenobiT damikodebuli. am kunTebs Soris eqv-
Seicavs cilovan nivTierebas. am si amoZravebs Tvalis kakals, erTi
siTxiT amovsebulia is mcire ki _ zeda quTuTos. Tvalis kakals

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amoZravebs zeda swori kunTi _ m. anastomozebiT dakavSirebulia

rectus superior, qveda swori kunTi _ m. kisrisa da Sublis midamos venebTan.
rectus inferior, medialuri swori kunTi limfuri ZarRvebi Tvalbudidan
_ m. rectus medialis, lateraluri gamodis Tvalbudis qveda napraliT
swori kunTi _ m. rectus lateralis, zeda da ixsneba xaxis gverdiT sivrceSi
iribi kunTi _ m. obliquus superior da mdebare limfur kvanZebSi.
qveda iribi kunTi _ m. obliquus inferior, mxedvelobis nervi _ n. opticus (II
zemo quTuTos _ zemo quTuTos wyvili) TvalbudeSi Sedis
amwevi kunTi kunTi _ m. levator mxedvelobis arxiT, Tvalbudis nervi
(samwvera nervis I toti), Tvalis
palpebrae superioris.
qveda iribi kunTi _ m. obliquus mamoZravebeli nervi (III wyvili),
WaRis nervi (IV wyvili) da ganm-
inferior iwyeba Tvalbudis qveda
zidveli nervi (VI wyvili) _
SigniTa kuTxeSi, ganivad miemarTeba
Tvalbudis zeda napraliT.
da umagrdeba Tvalis kaklis gareTa
Tvalbudis retrobulbur
zedapirs. danarCeni kunTebi iwyeba
nawilSi mxedvelobis nervi
mxedvelobis xvrelisa da Tvalbudis
garemoculia tvinis qselisebri da
zeda napralis areSi arsebuli saer-
magari garsebisgan warmoqmnili
To myesovani rgolidan _ annulus
budeebiT. nervs zevidan iribad _
tendineus communis. swori kunTebi
garedan SigniT _ gadauvlis
umagrdeba Tvalis kaklis Sesabamis
Tvalbudis arteria. arteriis zeviT
zedapirebs ekvatoris win. zeda iribi
nervis gaswvriv mdebareobs zeda
kunTis myesi WaRis fososTan
quTuTos amwevi kunTi, am ukanask-
dakavSirebul xrtilovan maryuJSi _
nelis lateralurad ki _ zeda swori
trochlea gaivlis, mkveTrad gareT da
kunTi. nervis medialurad zeviT zeda
ukan ixreba da Tvalis kaklis zeda
iribi kunTia, qveviT _ medialuri
zedapirs ekvatoris ukan umagrdeba.
swori kunTi, nervis qvemoT
zeda quTuTos amwevi kunTi umagrdeba
medialurad _ qveda swori kunTi,
zemo quTuTos zeda kides.
lateralurad _ lateraluri swori
Tvalbudis arteria
kunTi.
mxedvelobis nervTan erTad
Tvalbudis zeda kedelze
TvalbudeSi Sedis mxedvelobis
winisken miemarTeba Sublis nervi
arxiT. pirvelad igi mxedvelobis
(Tvalbudis nervis toti), Tvalbudis
nervis lateralurad mdebareobs,
zeda da WaRzeda sisxlZarRvebi da
Semdeg nervs zevidan gadauvlis da
nervebi, Tvalbudis qveda kedlis
Tvalbudis medialuri kedlisken
sisqeSi (Tvalbudis qveda arxSi) _
miemarTeba. misi totebia: baduras
Tvalbudis qveda sisxlZarRvebi da
centraluri arteria _ a. centralis
nervi; Tvalbudis lateralur
retinae, sacremle arteria _ a. kedelze winisken miemarTeba
lacrimalis, wamwamovani arteriebi _ aa. sacremle arteria da nervi, xolo
cilliares, Tvalbudis zeda arteria, medialur kedelze _ cxavis wina da
WaRzeda arteria da sxv. ukana arteriebi da nervebi _ aa. et nn.
Tvalbudis zeda da qveda venebi ethmoidales anteriores et posteriores.
_ vv. ophthalmicae superior et inferior Sublis nervis medialurad
mdebareobs WaRis nervi, romelic

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zeda irib kunTs anervebs. zeda iribi romelic gayofilia moZravi ZgidiT _
kunTis lateralurad gaivlis septum nasi.
Tvalis mamoZravebeli nervis zeda cxviris wvetsa da frTaze kani
toti, romelic zeda swor da sqelia, Seicavs didi raodenobiT
quTuTos amwev kunTebs anervebs. am cximis jirkvlebs, mtkiced aris
nervis qveda toti mdebareobs mxedve- dakavSirebuli xrtilebTan. cxviris
lobis nervis lateralurad, anervebs Zirisken igi TndaTan Txeldeba.
qveda irib, qveda swor da medialur kanqveSa qsovilSi mdebareobs
swor kunTebs. ganmzidveli nervi cxviris kunTebi _ m. nasalis, m.
anervebs lateralur swor kunTs, depressor septi nasi, sisxlZarRvebi da
mdebareobs am kunTis medialurad. nervebi. gareTa cxvirs kvebavs
mxedvelobis arxis maxloblad cxviris dorsaluri arteria _ a.
mxedvelobis nervis gareTa zedapirze dorsalis nasi (Tvalbudis arteriis to-
mdebareobs wamwamovani kvanZi _ ti) da kuTxis arteria _ a. angularis
ganglion ciliare, romelic fesvebiT (saxis arteriis toti).
dakavSirebulia Tvalis mamoZravebel venebi saxis venasa da
da cxvir-wamwamovan _ n. nasociliaris Tvalbudis venebis Senakadebs erTvis.
nervebTan, agreTve SigniTa saZile limfuri ZarRvebi qveda
arteriis wnulTan. kvanZidan gamodis ybisqveSa kvanZebSi ixsneba.
mokle wamwamovani nervebi _ nn. ciliares cxviris kunTebs anervebs saxis
breves, romlebic grZel wamwamovan nervi _ n. facislis, mgrZnobiare
nervebTan _ nn. ciliares longi erTad inervacias axorcielebs WaRzeda
Tvalis kakalSi Sedian da anerveben nervi _ n. infratrochlearis (Tvalbudis
wamwamovan kunTsa _ m. ciliaris da nervis toti) da cxavis wina nervi _
gugis Semaviwrovebel kunT _ m. n. ethmoidelis anterior (cxvir-wamwamovani
sphincter pupillae. nervis toti).
cxviris ConCxs Seadgens
cxviris midamo _ regio nasalis cxviris Zvlebi da xrtilebi.
sazRvrebi: zevidan _ warbebis am xrtilTa Soris unda
medialuri boloebis SemaerTebeli avRniSnoT: cxviris Zgidis
xazi, qvevidan _ cxviris Zgidis xrtilovani nawili _ pars cartilaginea
fuZeze gavlebuli horizontaluri septi nasi. igi warmoadgens usworo,
xazi, gverdebidan _ cxvir-loyis oTkuTxa, Txel xrtilovan firfitas,
Rarebi. romelic erTvis saxnisis Zvlis wina
cxviris midamoSi gamoiyofa kides da cxavis Zvlis vertilalur
gareTa cxviri da cxviris Rru. firfitas. qveviT da win es xrtili
gareTa cxviri _ nasus externus. nestoebs ar aRwevs, ase, rom cxviris
cxviri Sedgeba Semdegi Zgidis danarCeni nawili
nawilebisagan: fesvi _ radix nasi (cxir- warmodgenilia mxolod SemaerTebeli
Sublis nakerTan), zurgi _ dorsum nasi qsoviliT.
(Tavisufali blagvi kide Sua xazzee), cxviris danarCen xrtilebs
ekuTvnis: cxviris lateraluri
wveti _ apex nasi, gverdiTi mxareebi,
xrtilebi _ cartilagines nasi laterales _
frTebi _ alae nasi, nestoebi _ nares,
wyvilia, mdebareobs cxviris zurgze,

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zemo kideebiT uerTdeba cxviris cxviris RruSi arCven cxviris

Zvals, medialuri kideebiT ki _ zemo, Sua da qvemo gasavlebs.
erTimeores; cxviris frTebis didi cxviris zemo gasavali _ meatus
xrtilebi _ cartilagines alares majores _ nasi superior zemo da Sua niJarebs
warmoadgens modrekil xrtilovan Sorisaa. masTan dakavSirebulia
firfitebs, romlebic Tavsdeba solisebri Zvlis wiaRi da labi-
cxviris frTebis wina boloebSi da rinTis Sua da ukana ujredebi. mis
Sezrdilia erTimeoresTan Sua xazze; ukana boloSi lorwovani garsis qveS
cxviris frTebis mcire xrtilebi _ solisebr-sasis xvrelia _ foramen
cartilagines alares manores _ sphenopalatinum.
moTavsebulia cxviris frTebis ukana cxviris Sua gasavali _ meatus
nawilSi. nasi medius mdebareobs Sua da qveda
cxviris Rru gayofilia niJarebs Soris. masSi ixsneba cxavis
marjvena da marcxena nawilebad labirinTis wina da nawilobriv Sua
cxviris ZgidiT _ septum nasi, ujredebi, Sublis wiaRi (wina zeda
romelic sami sxvadasxva nawilisagan nawilSi) da zeda ybis wiaRi (qveda-
Sedgeba: Zvlovani _ pars ossea, ukana nawilSi _ cxviris Sua niJaris
xrtilovani _ pars cartilaginea septi nasi qveS).
da apkisebri _ pars membranacea. cxviris qveda gasavali _ meatus
cxviris Rrus Zvlovan Zgides nasi inferior qveda niJarasa da cxviris
Seadgens: cxavis Zvlis Rrus fskers Soris mdebareobs; igi
perpendikularuli firfita da danarCen gasavlebTan SedarebiT
saxnisi. ufro grZelia. nestodan 3-3,5 sm-is
cxviris Rru win nestoebiT daSorebiT da cxviris fskeridan 2sm-
ixsneba, xolo ukan qoanebiT cxvir- iT zeviT masSi ixsneba cxvir-
xaxaSi gadadis. Signidan igi gamo- cremlis arxi _ canalis nasolacrimalis. es
fenilia lorwovani garsiT. mis zeda ukanaskneli winidan mosazRvrulia
kedels qmnis cxviris Zvlebi, Sublis zeda ybis Sublis morCiT, uknidan—
Zvali, cxavis Zvlis dacxriluli cremlis ZvliT da qveda niJaris
firfita da solisebri Zvlis sacremle morCiT.
sxeuli; gverdiT kedels _ zeda ybis samive gasavali SeerTebulia
sxeuli da Sublis morCi, cremlis erTmaneTTan cxviris Zgidis gverdiT
Zvali, cxavis Zvlis labirinTi, sasis mdebare cxviris saerTo gasavlis _
Zvlis perpendikularuli firfita da meatus nasi communis saSualebiT.
solisebri Zvlis frTisebri morCis cxviris lorwovani garsi
medialuri firfita. qveda kedels uSualod aris dakavSirebuli
Seadgens magari da rbili sasa. ZvlebTan. cxviris gasavlebidan igi
winidan cxviris Rru mosazRvrulia gadadis cxviris danamati Rruebis
gareTa cxviriTa da nestoebiT. lorwovan garsSi, xolo qoanebiT _
cxviris Rrus gverdiT kedelze xaxis lorwovan garsSi.
damagrebulia cxviris sami niJara: cxviris Rrus gverdiT kedelsa
zemo, Sua da qvemo. zemo or niJaras da Zgides kvebavs solisebr-sasis
qmnis cxavis Zvali, qvemo niJara ki arteria _ a. sphenopalatina (zeda ybis
qalas damoukidebeli Zvalia. arteriis toti), romelic cxviris

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RruSi Sedis solisebr-sasis xvre- wiaRebis gamomfeni lorwovani

liT. gverdiTi kedlisa da Zgidis wi- garsi Sesabamisi xvrelebiT uSualod
na nawili damatebiT maragdeba cxavis gadadis cxviris lorwovan garsSi.
wina arteriebiT _ aa. ethmiodalis Sublis wiaRi _ sinus frontalis
anterior, ukana nawili _ cxavis ukana warbis rkalis areSi mdebareobs.
arteriiT _ a. ethmoidalis posterior marjvena da marcxena wiaRebi
(gamodis Tvalbudis arteriidan). gayofilia erTmaneTisagan ZgidiT.
cxviris Zgidis arteriebi dakavSire- wiaRis forma da sidide variabe-
bulia sasis did arteriasTan luria. erT ukidures SemTxvevaSi igi
anastomoziT, romelic cxvir-sasis SeiZleba sruliad ar iyos
nervTan erTad saWrel arxSi gamoxatuli, xolo meore ukidures
gaivlis. SemTxvevaSi imdenad didi iyos, rom
cxviris Rrus venebi qmnis ukan aRwevdes solisebri Zvlis
wnulebs, romlebic gansakuTrebiT mcire frTas da mxedvelobis arxs,
kargad arian gamoxatuli qveda xolo gverdiTi mimarTulebiT _
niJaraze, Sua niJaris qveda kideze da Sublis Zvlis yvrimaliseul morCs.
zeda niJaris ukana kideze. misi forma, Cveulebriv, samwaxnagian
wnulebidan gamomavali venebi piramidas mogvagonebs, tevadoba
Tvalbudisa da saxis venebs erTvis. saSualod 5ml-s Seadgens, xvreliT
amasTanave cxviris venebi dakavSirebulia cxviris zeda da Sua
dakavSirebulia cxvir-xaxis gasavlebTan.
venebTan da tvinis magari garsis zeda ybis wiaRi _ sinus maxillaris,
zeda sagitalur sinusTan. anu haimoris Rru _ cavum Higmori
cxviris Rrus limfuri zeda ybis sxeulSia da moculobiT
ZarRvebi ixsneba qvedaybisqveSa, cxviris yvela danarCen danamat Rrus
kisris Rrma da xaxis ukana limfur aRemateba. zogjer gayofilia
kvanZebSi. erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul ramdenime
inervaciis mixedviT cxviris kamerad, SedarebiT zedapirulad
Rrus lorwovani iyofa ufro did mdebareobs da advili misadgomia.
sasunTq midamod _ regio respiratoria da wiaRis zeda kedeli igive
SedarebiT mcire ynosvis midamod _ Tvalbudis qveda kedelia. masSi
regio olfactoria. ynosvis midamos uWiravs mdebareobs Tvalbudis qveda arxi,
cxviris Rrus zeda nawili, cxviris romelSic Tvalbudis qveda
zeda gasavali da cxviris Zgidis sisxlZarRvovan-nervuli kona gaiv-
Sesabamisi nawili. mas anervebs ynos- lis. qveda kedels qmnis zeda ybis
vis nervebi. sasunTqi midamos ukana kbilbudeTa morCis is nawili,
umetes nawils amaragebs frTa-sasis romelic wina mcire ZiriTadi kbilis
kvanZis totebi, SedarebiT mcire wina ukan mdebareobs. wina kedeli
nawils _ cxavis wina nervis totebi. Tvalbudis qveda kididan kbilbudeTa
morCebamde vrceldeba, SuaSi Txelia,
cxviris danamati Rruebi periferiaze sqeli. masSi gaivlis
cxviris RrusTan Tvalbudis qveda nervis kbilbudeTa
dakavSirebulia Sublis, zeda ybisa zeda wina da Sua totebi, romlebic
da solisebri Zvlis wiaRebi, agreTve qmnian kbilebis zeda wnuls _ plexus
cxavis labirinTis ujredebi. dentalis superior da kbilbudeTa zeda

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wina arteriebi _ aa. alveolares superiores nawili, qvevidan _ zeda ybis sxeuli.
anteriores (Tvalbudis qveda arteriis cxavis labirinTi cxviris Rrus
totebi). gvrdiTi kedlis Semadgeneli nawi-
gareTa ukana kedeli zeviT lia. arCeven cxavis labirinTis wina,
vrceldeba Tvalbudis qveda Sua da ukana ujredebs _ cellulae
napralamde, ukan aRwevs frTa-sasis ethmoidales anteriores, medae et posteriores.
fosos. aq zeda ybis borcvTan midis wina ujredebi ixsneba cxviris
zeda ybis arteriis totebi: Sua gasavalSi, Sua da ukana
Tvalbudis qveda arteria, sasis ujredebi _ zeda gasavalSi.
daswvrivi arteria, kbilbudeTa zeda
ukana arteriebi Tanamgzavri venebiT, piris midamo _ regio oralis
agreTve sasis nervebi (nn. palatini) sazRvrebi: zevidan _ cxviris
(frTa-sasis kvanZis totebi) da Zgidis fuZeze gavlebuli
kbilbudeTa zeda ukana totebi horizontaluri xazi, qvevidan _
(gamoeyofa Tvalbudis qveda nervs). nikapzeda naoWze gavlebuli hori-
SigniTa kedlis wina nawili zontaluri xazi, gverdebidan _
esazRvreba cxvir-cremlis arxs, cxvir-tuCis naoWebi.
xolo ukana zeda nawili _ cxavis piris midamos miekuTvneba piris
Zvlis ujredebs. naprali, tuCebi da piris Rru,
zeda ybis wiaRi ixsneba cxviris romelSic, Tavis mxriv, arCeven piris
Sua gasavalSi xvreliT, romelic karibWes da sakuTriv piris Rrus.
fskerTan SedarebiT maRal doneze piris naprali warmoadgens
mdebareobs, amitom wiaRis anTebis xvrels, romliTac iwyeba saWmlis
(haimoritis) dros gamonadenis momnelebeli aparati. es naprali
evakuacia gaZnelebulia. mosazRvrulia zemo da qvemo tuCebiT
solisebri wiaRi _ sinus _ labium superius et inferius. napralis
sphenoidalis mdebareobs solisebri kuTxeebSi tuCebi gadadis erTmaneTSi
Zvlis sxeulSi, ZgidiT gayofilia da qmnis tuCebis SesarTavs _
marjvena da marcxena nawilebad, aqvs commisura labiorum
6 kedeli. wina kedelSi xvrelia _ tuCebi piris karibWis wina
apertura sinus sphenoidalis, romliTac kedels qmnian. isini garedan
wiaRi cxviris zeda gasavalSi ixs- dafarulia kaniT. kani Txelia,
neba; qveda kedeli qmnis TaRs mdidaria cximisa da oflis
cxvirisa da xaxis cxviriseuli jirkvlebiT. tuCis Tavisufal kideze
nawilisTvis. zeviT Turquli kexi da kani qmnis wiTel yaeTans, romelic
mxedvelobis jvaredinia. gvrdiT ukan piris karibWis lorwovan garsSi
kedelTan urTierTobaSia SigniTa gadadis tuCis sisqeSi mdebareobs
saZile arteria, mRvimovani sinusi da piris irgvlivi kunTi _ m. orbicularis
nervebi romlebic mRvimovani sinusiT oris, yvrimalis didi da mcire kunTebi
gverdiT kedelSi gaivlian. _ m. zygomaticus major et minor, zeda
cxavis labirinTi _ labyrinthus tuCis amwevi kunTi _ m. levator labii
ethmoidalis solisebri Zvlis sxeulis superioris, piris kuTxis amwevi kunTi _
win mdebareobs. zevidan mas m.levator anguli oris da qveda tuCis
esazRvreba Sublis Zvlis Tvalbudis

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damwevi kunTi _ m. depressor labii piris karibWeSi, RrZilebsa da tuCebs

inferioris. Soris, Sua xazze, lorwovani garsi
tuCebs kvebavs tuCis zeda da qmnis zeda da qveda tuCis lagmebs _
qveda arteriebi _ aa. labiorum superior frenulum labii superior et inferior.
et inferior (saxis arteriis totebi). piris karibWeSi zeda II didi
tuCis qveda arteria iwyeba piris ZiriTadi kbilis doneze ixsneba yba-
kuTxis odnav qveviT, tuCis zeda yuris jirkvlis sadinari.
arteria _ piris kuTxis doneze. isini mcire ZiriTadi kbilebis
mdebareoben tuCebis paralelurad budeebsa da zeda ybis wiaRs Soris
kunTebis sisqeSi wiTeli yaeTnisa da Zvlis firfita Zlier Txelia, ris
lorwovani garsis maxloblad. gamoc infeqcia am kbilebidan
marjvena da marcxena arteriebi SeiZleba zeda ybis wiaRze gavrcel-
boloebiT erTmaneTs uerTdeba da des.
piris napralis irgvliv arteriul kbilebi _dentes. yovel kbilSi
wres qmnis. sam nawils arCeven: gvirgvini _ corona
venebi saxis venas erTvis. zeda dentis, yeli _ collum dentis, fesvi _ radix
tuCis furunkulisa Tu karbunkulis dentis romelic Tavdeba mwvervaliT _
Sedegad ganviTarebuli apex radicis dentis. kbilis fesvi
Tromboflebiti saxisa da Tvalbudis gamagrebulia ybis kbilbudeSi _
venebis gziT SeiZleba mRvimovan alveola, CaWdeulobis _ gomphosis
sinusze gavrceldes. saSualebiT.
limfuri ZarRvebi qveda kbilis agebuleba aseTia:
ybisqveSa da nikapqveSa limfur kbilis SigniT moTavsebulia kbilis
kvanZebSi ixsneba. Rru _ cavum dentis, romelsac kbilis
kunTebis inervacia zeda tuCis mwvervalSi aqvs gasavali mwvervalis
areSi _ Tvalbudis qveda nerviT (ze- xvreli _ foramen apicis dentis. kbilis
da ybis nervis toti), qveda tuCis Rru amovsebulia kbilis sirbiliT _
areSi _ nikapis nerviT (n. mentalis) pulpa dentis, romlis SemadgenlobaSic
(kbilbudeTa qveda nervis toti). Sedis faSari SemaerTebeli qsovili,
piris karibWe _ vestibulum oris sisxlZarRvebi da nervebi. kbilis
garedan mosazRvrulia tuCebiTa da sirbile, anu pulpa, yovelmxriv
loyebiT, Signidan _ kbilbudeTa garSemovlebulia magari Zvlovani
morCebiT, RrZilebiTa da kbilebiT. nivTierebiT, romelsac ewodeba
piris Rrus igi ukavSirdeba dentini _ dentinum. kbilis
kbilTaSua napralebiT, agreTve gvirgvinovan nawilSi dentini
frTa-qveda ybis naoWsa _ plica garedan dafarulia minanqriT _
zygomaticomandibularis da mesame did enamelum, kbilis fesvis nawilSi ki _
ZiriTad kbilebs Soris mdebare duRabiT _ cementum.
SualediT. adamians orjer ecvleba
piris karibWe darTulia kbilebi: pirveli periodis kbilebs
tuCebisa da loyebis mravali uwodeben mosacvlel kbilebs _ dentes
lorwovano jirkvliT _ glandulae decidui. mosacvleli kbili ocia: oTxi
labials et buccales, romlebic lorwqveSa _ saWreli kbili, ori _ eSvi da oTx-
SemaerTebel qsovilSi. garda amisa, oTxi _ didi ZiriTadi kbili yovel

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ybaze. mosacvleli kbilebis mcire ZiriTad kbilebze arCeven

formula aseTia: xuT zedapirs: loyis, enis, saReW da
2. 1. 2 Semxeb zedapirebs.
______ X 2 = 20 saReWi zedapiri ovaluro
2. 1. 2 formisaa da darTulia ori tuCisa
da ori enis borcvebiT.
meore periodis kbilebs did ZiriTad kbilebze arCeven
uwodeben mudmiv kbilebs _ dentes imave zedapirebs, rogorc mcire
permanents. adamianis mudmivi kbilebi ZiriTad kbilebze. maTi saReWi
ricxviT ocdaTormetia. am kbilebis zedapiri darTulia sami an oTxi
formula Semdegia: borcviT: ori _ loyis da ori _ enis.
2. 1. 2. 3 gvirgvini Tavisi formiT kubs
________ X 2 = 32 mogvagonebs; misi sidide TandaTan
2. 1. 2. 3 klebulobs winidan ukan.
saWrel kbilebs da eSvebs
gvirgvinis formis mixedviT, TiTo-TiTo fesvi aqvT; amasTan, zemo
kbilebi iyofa Semdeg jgufebad: eSvebis fesvebi metad msxvili da
4 grZelia. patara ZiriTad kbilebs
----saWreli kbili _ d. incisivi TiTo fesvi aqvs, romelic
4 TvalsaCinodaa gabrtyelebuli wina-
2 ukana mimarTulebiT. zedaybis wina
----- eSvi – d. canini, mcire ZiriTadi kbilis fesvi zogjer
2
gaorkapebullia. zedaybis did
4
---- mcire ZiriTadi kbili d. praemolares ZiriTad kbilebs aqvs sami fesvi: ori
4 loyiskenaa mimarTuli, mesame ki _
enisken. qvedaybis did ZiriTad
6 kbilebs ori fesvi aqvs: wina da
---- didi ZiriTadi kbili _ d. molars. ukana.
6 kbilebis zrda da cvla.
dabadebis Semdeg bavSvi pirvel
saWrel kbilebze arCeven oTx
periodSi, romelic daaxloebiT 6
zedapirs: tuCis, enis, medialurs da
Tvemde grZeldeba, mxolod rZiT
lateralurs. saWreli kbilebis
ikvebeba da misTvis kbilebi, rogorc
gvirgvinis forma saWreTels
meqanikuri aparati magari saWmlis
mogvagonebs. yvelaze ganieri
daqucmacebisaTvis saWiro ar aris.
gvirgvini aqvs zeviTa medialur
kbilebis magivrad bavSvs RrZilebis
saWrel kbils, yvelaze viwro ki _
Tavisufal kideze aqvs magari
qveviTa medialur saWrel kbils.
lorwovani garsis borcvisebri
eSvebze arCeven oTx zedapirs:
SemaRleba, romliTac mas advilad
tuCis, enis, medialurs da
uWiravs wovis dros ZuZus dvrili.
lateralurs., agreTve saWrel
am morgvis mimarTulebiT
borcvs. eSvebi saerTod yvela kbilze
mdebareobs momavali mosacvleli
grZelia.
kbilebis gvirgvinTa napirebi,
romlebic mxolod lorwovani
garsiTaa dafaruli da romlebzec,

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qvemdebare kbilebis napirebisda gamo mosacvleli kbilebis kveba

Sesabamisad, moCans mcire sabolood irRveva: irRveva agreTve
SemaRlebebi. im movlenas, rodesac maTi fesvebi, maTi fiqsaciis simtkice
RrZilis lorwovani garsi gaiWreba da xdeba maTi TanmimdevrobiT
da RrZilis kideze gamoCndeba kbili, amovardna.
ewodeba kbilis amoWra _ dentitio. procesi viTardeba
qvedaybis kbilebi saerTod Semdegnairad: pirvel yovlisa, ybis
ufro adre amoiWreba, vider zedaybis SeuCerebeli zrdis gamo, mosacvleli
kbilebi. erTi da imave jgufis kbilebi Sordeba erTimeores da maT
kbilebi Cveulebriv erTad amodis, Soris iqmneba SedarebiT farTo
sxvadasxva jgufis kbilebis amoWra sivrce. Semdeg yoveli kbili icvlis
ki xdeba gansazRvruli pauzis mdebareobasa da mimarTulebas, e.i.
Semdeg. kbilebis amoWraze garkveul win wamoiwevs xolme, radgan maTi
gavlenas axdens bavSvis kveba, saerTo fesvebis ukan viTardeba da izrdeba
agebuleba, hava da sxv. mudmivi kbilebi. bolos, fesvebis
mosacvleli kbilebis amoWra darRvevis gamo, kbilebi qanaobs,
warmoebs Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: famfalebs, iSleba da fesvebi
Sua saWreli kbilebi amodis me- ganicdis Sewovas _ resorbtio.
6 – 8 Tves; mosacvleli kbilebis amovardna
lateraluri saWreli kbilebi imave wesiTa da rigiT warmoebs,
amodis me-7 – 9 Tves; rogoriTac warmoebda maTi amosvla.
pirveli ZiriTadi kbilebi mudmivi kbilebi, ganviTarebis
amodis me-12 – 14 Tves; Taviseburebebis mixedviT, iyofa or
eSvebi amodis me-15 – 20 Tves; jgufad. pirveli jgufi TiTo ybaze
meore ZiriTadi kbilebi amodis Seicavs 10 mudmiv kbils, romlebic
me-20 – 30 Tves. saTanado mosacvleli kbilebis
es droebiTi wyeba kbilebisa adgils iWers. danarCeni 6 kbili
Tavis daniSnulebas asrulebs 6 viTardeba mosacvleli kbilebis
wlamde. 7 wlis Semdeg amoiWreba ukve damoukideblad _ sakbile
mudmivi pirveli didi ZiriTadi firfitisagan.
kbili. am kbilis amoWris periodi amis mixedviT, wina kbilebs
friad mniSvnelovania, vinaidan am uwodeben Semcvlel kbilebs, ukana
droidan iwyeba mosacvleli kbilebis kbilebs ki _ damatebiT kbilebs.
Secvla. am droisaTvis mosacvleli wina mudmivi aTi kbilis
kbilebi ukve kargavs im Zlieri ganviTareba iwyeba Canasaxovano
meqanikuri muSaobis unars, romelic cxovrebis meoTxe Tvis dasawyisSi.
esaWiroeba adamians. isini ukve yoveli mosacvleli kbilis Canasaxis
warmoadgenen mcire, naz da sakmaod ukan da odnav gverdiT sakbile
gacveTil aparats, romelic aRar firfitis Tavisufali kide qmnis
aris sakmarisi organizmisTvis da kolbismagvar Sesqelebas,
adgils uTmoben mudmiv kbilebs. romlisganac SemdegSi viTardeba
mosacvlel kbilebs awveba mudmivi Sesatyvisi mudmivi kbilis Canasaxi.
kbilebi, romlebic am droisaTvis maTi raodeniba yovel ybaze udris
sakmaodaa ganviTarebuli ybis sisqeSi aTs. aRniSnuli Canasaxi TandaTan
da kvlav ganuwyvetliv izrdeba. amis grZeldeba, eSveba Zvlovan

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nivTierebaSi da Tavsdeba ZiriTadi kbilis Canasaxs. amis Semdeg

mosacvleli kbilis Canasaxis ukan pauza ufro xangZlivia. pirveli ori
e.i. enis mxareze. amave dros, yoveli didi ZiriTadi kbili ukve
mudmivi kbilis axlad Seqmnil sakmarisadaa gazrdili, rodesac ukan
Canasaxs qveSmdebare SemaerTebeli warziduli sakbile firfita
qsovilisagan uviTardeba kbilis sibrZnis kbilis Canasaxs qmnis (3,5
dvrili, ris Semdegac kbilis wlis Semdeg). amis Semdeg sakbile
Canasaxs Semoexveva xolme firfita atrofias ganicdis da
SemaerTebelqsovilovani sakbile ispoba. didi ZiriTadi kbilebis
parki. Semdgomi ganviTareba saTanado
amrigad, Seqmnili mudmivi kbilis parkebSi warmoebs
kbilis parki midebulia mosacvleli Cveulebrivi wesiT.
kbilis parkze (enis mxareze) da mosacvleli da mudmivi
masTan erTad moTavsebulia saerTo kbilebis ganviTareba sxvadasxva
kbilbudeSi. magram ramdenime xnis dros warmoebs. maSin rodesac
Semdeg am saerTo kbilbudeSi enis mudmivi kbilebi jer kidev
zedapiris mxridan viTardeba patara Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi imyofeba,
ormo _ TaxCa, romelSic gadadis mosacvleli kbilebi TiTqmis
mudmivi kbilis Canasaxi. gacveTilia. 7 wlis asakSi mTavrdeba
zedaybaSi mudmivi kbilebis mudmivi kbilebis ganviTarebis
parkebi mdebareobs mosacvleli periodi.
kbilebis parkebis zemoT, qvedaybaSi adamianis cxovrebaSi arsebobs
ki _ saTanado parkebis qvemoT. garkveuli periodi, rodesac igi jer
rodesac mudmivi kbili gaizrdeba da kidev atarebs mosacvlel kbilebs,
amosvlas daiwyebs, igi miawveba romlebiTac sargeblobs ReWvis dros
mosacvleli kbilis fesvs, mosWams da, amasTan, mas ukve aqvs TiTqmis
mas da amoagdebs; Semdeg TandaTan yvela jgufis mudmivi kbilebi,
mis adgils daiWers, gaswordeba, romlebic mzad arian daiWiron
kbilbudis napirebs yelze droebiTi kbilebis adgili.
Semoirtyams, gamagrdeba da fesvebs me-7 wels, e.i. sanam ZiriTadi
gauSvebs siRrmeSi. ase viTardeba kbilebis amoWra daiwyebodes, bavSvs
aRniSnuli pirveli jgufis mudmivi aqvs kbilebis maqsimaluri raodenoba
kbilebi. _ 44 kbili (20 mosacvleli kbili da
rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, eqvsi 24 mudmivi kbilis gaZvalebuli
ukana, anu damatebiTi kbili gvirgvini). es periodi adamianis
viTardeba sakbile firfitisagan. cxovrebaSi, saerTo konstituciuri
Canasaxovani cxovrebis me-4 Tvis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli
dasawyisSi sakbile firfitis ukana mniSvnelobis periodia.
bolo (ukanaskneli mosacvleli am droidan dawyebuli,
kbilis ukan) sqeldeba da qmnis mosacvleli kbilebis amovardnis
pirveli didi ZiriTadi kbilis gamo, kbilebis raodenoba TandaTan
Canasaxs. Semdeg gaivlis sakmao xani uaxlovdeba 28 _ 32-s.
da ukve dabadebidan me-4 Tves ukan mosacvleli da mudmivi
warziduli sakbile firfitis axali kbilebis urTierTmdebareobisas
gamsxvileba qmnis meore didi uaRresad Tavisebur suraTs

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warmoadgens bavSvis e.w. savse yba me-6 6) mudmivi medialuri saWreli

wlis dasasruls. kbilebi paralelurad mdebareobs
rogorc zemoT iyo aRiSnuli, Sesatyvisi mosacleli kbilebis ukan
Svidi wlis asakSi mosacvleli da SexebiTi zedapirebiT miqceulia
kbilebisa da mudmivi kbilebis tuCisaken; zedaybaSi saWreli
gaZvalebuli gvirgvinebis jami kbilebis gvirgvinebi wamoweulia win,
udidesia da amitom am kbilebis qvedaybaSi ki, garda amisa, maTi zemo
urTierTobac ufro advili napirebi daaxloebulia kbilbudeebis
dasadgenia. orive ybis sakbile napirebTan; zedaybis lateraluri
morCebs rom mkvrivi Zvlovani kedeli saWreli kbilebi odnavaa daxrili
movaciloT, aRmoCndeba Semdegi: mezobeli medialuri kbilebisaken.
1) mudmivi kbilebis isini TavianTi medialuri napirebiT
momzadebuli gvirgvinebi mdebareobs mdebareoben medialuri saWreli
mosacvleli kbilebis fesvebis ukan. kbilebis win da ukan, gverdiTi
2) mosacvleli kbilebi TiTqmis napirebiT ki exebian pirvel mcire
vertikaluri mdebareobisaa da ZiriTad mudmiv kbilebs. qvedaybaSi
erTimeorisagan daSorebulia ybis saWreli kbilebi mdebareobs
sisqiT. medialuri saWreli kbilebis ukan da
3) mudmivi kbilebis gvirgvinebi exeba eSvebs.
gaZvalebis sxvadasxva safexurze 7) zedaybis eSvi mdebareobs
imyofeba; saWreli kbilebis pirveli mcire ZiriTadi kbilbudis
gvirgvinebis ganviTareba zeviT; qvedaybis eSvic Rrmad aris
damTavrebulia; ZiriTadi kbilebis CaSvebuli ybis ZvalSi da orives
gvirgvinebi gamovlinebulia 2/3-ze, iribi medialuri mimarTuleba aqvs;
meore mcire ZiriTadi kbilebis eSvebis amoWra xdeba ukanasknel
gvirgvinebi – 1/3-ze, Rrmad rigSi, saxeldobr, maSin, roca maTi
moTavsebuli eSvebis gvirgvinebi ki _ winamorbedi mosacvleli kbilebi
2/3-ze; pirveli didi ZiriTadi kbilis amovardeba, yba sakmaod gagrZeldeba
gvirgvinis gaZvaleba damTavrebulia da maT saSualeba miecema moTavsdnen
da mas ukve fesvebic uCans, meore did lateralur saWrel kbilebsa da
ZiriTad kbils ukve kargad mcire ZiriTad kbilebs Soris;
ganviTarebuli qiluqi aqvs, sibrZnis 8) mcire ZiriTadi kbilebi,
kbilebis ki mxolos Cabnasaxi rogorc zeda, ise qvedaybisa,
arsebobs; mdebareoben ZiriTadi kbilebis
4) mudmiv kbilebs am dros fesvebs Soris.
fesvebi jer ar aqvs da amitom maTi mudmivi kbilebis amoWra.
qveda Sesavali sruliad Riaa da mudmivi kbilebis amosvlis drois
amovsebulia kbilis pulpiT; Sesaxeb ar arsebobs saerTo azri.
5) radgan bavSvis ybebi jer qvedaybis kbilebi saerTod
kidev patarebia da mudmiv kbilebs ufro adre amodis, vidre zedaybis,
ara aqvs sakmarisi adgili mwyobrad qalaqis mcxovreblebs kbilebi ufro
dalagebisaTvis, amitom zogi kbili adre amosdiT, vidre soflis
rigze dgas, zogi _ erTimeoris mcxovreblebs, qalebs ufro adre,
zeviT, zogi ki _ mosacvlel kbilebs vidre vaJebs. mudmivi kbilebis
Soris da sxv.; naadrevi amosvla metad iSviaTi

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movlenaa. samagierod, maTi kbilebisa da eSvebis nawilSi, viwro,

dagvianebiT amosvla metad xSiria. basri da mWrelia, gverdebze ki, e.i.
ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi mosacvleli ZiriTadi kbilebis midamoSi, ganieria
kbilebi didxans rCeba. da qmnis saReW zedapirebs. es
mudmivi kbilebis amovardna, zedapirebi gaswvrivi RariT
Cveulebriv, xdeba arasrulfasovani gayofilia or mWrel kided, anu
kvebis gamo, moxucebulobis asakSi, qedad, romlebic Sedgeba gareTa, anu
vinaidan am dros dentinis loyis borcvebisagan da SigniTa, anu
SeuCerebeli zrda ufro da ufro enis borcvebisagan. maT Soris
aviwroebs kbilebis Rrus da pulpa zedaybaze ufro wawvetianebulia
zedmeti wnevis gamo atrofias loyis borcvebis qedi, qvedaybaze ki
ganicdis. amave dros, xdeba kbilebis _ enis borcvebis qedi.
periosteumis sisxlZarRvebis kbilebis gvirgvinebi,
obliteracia; kbilebi inZreva da medialuri saWreli kbilidan did
amovardeba. amas mohyveba ybis sakbile ZiriTad kbilebamde, TandaTan
morCis Sewova. msxvildeba, didi ZiriTadi kbilis
mTliani normaluri yba. Semdeg ki, ukana mimarTulebiT, isev
normalur SemTxvevaSi kbilebi TandaTan mcirdeba. gvirgvinebis
mtkicedaa gamagrebuli ybis simaRle wina kbilebSi ufro metia,
kbilbudeebSi, mWidrod exeba vidre ukana kbilebSi. mxolod eSvis
erTmaneTs da qmnis ganuwyvetliv da gvirgvini aris SedarebiT ufro
wesier rigs. maRali _ Tavisi mwvervaliT igi
rodesac orive ybaze yvela 32 saerTo doneze maRla dgas.
kbili Senaxulia, maSin aseT saReW zedaybis kbilebis rigi
aparats savse an mTliani yba ewodeba. kbilbudeSi ar dgas vertikalurad,
calke aRebuli zeda an qvedayba aramed odnav daxrilia win da gareT.
iqneba naxevaryba. Tu saReW aparats amitom, is rkalovani xazi, romelic
erTi kbili mainc aklia, maSin aseTi aerTebs kbilebis fesvebis
yba nakliani yba iqneba, magram Tu mwvervalebs, SedarebiT ufro
saReW aparats aklia saWreli kbilebi pataraa, vidre xazi, romelic
da eSvebi, es ukve aris moxucebulis aerTebs gvirgvinebis saWrel
yba. napirebs.
kbilebis yovel rigs ori kbilebis saReWi napirebi ar
zedapiri da kide aqvs: gareTa aris savsebiT horizontaluri,
zedapiri gamodrekilia, exeba tuCebs aramed odnav gamodrekilia qveviT,
an loyebs da saTanado saxelwodebac ise, rom yvela wamoweuli adgili
aqvs _ loyis an tuCis zedapiri; Seesabameba pirvel did ZiriTad
meore SigniTa zedapiri Sedrekilia, kbils, vinaidan es kbili yvela
miqceuli piris Rrusaken, exeba enas danarCen kbilze didia.
da enis zedapiri ewodeba; erTi kide zemoaRniSnul garemoebas didi
qvemo RrZilisken aris miqceuli da mniSvneloba aqvs meqanikuri
naxevarmTvarisebri amonaWdevis forma TvalsazrisiT, saxeldobr,
aqvs; meore kide Tavisufalia da ReWvisaTvis. yvelaze mZlavri
qmnis TiTqmis horizontalur xazs; mniSvnelovani wertili Seesabameba
igi Sua nawilSi, e.i. saWreli pirvel did ZiriTad kbils.

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qvedaybaSi kbilebis mdebareoba erTimeoris sawinaaRmdego

sxvanairia: saWreli kbilebi TiTqmis daxrilobiT. kbilebis gvirgvinebis
vertikalurad mdebareobs, danarCeni daxrili mdebareoba iwvevs imas, rom
ki daxrilia piris Rrusaken. amitom saReWi zedapirebic mokumul pirSi
is rkalovani xazi, romelic aerTebs saerTod daxrilia SigniT, e.i. piris
kbilebis fesvebis mwvervalebs, Rrusaken.
SedarebiT ufro didia, vidre xazi, amrigad, zeda rigis kbilebis
romelic aerTebs gvirgvinebis loyis borcvebi gamoweulia
saWrel napirebs. loyisaken, qvedaybis kbilebis enis
rkali, romelsac moxazavs borcvebi ki Seweulia piris Rrusaken.
zedaybis kbilebi, aris elifsis kbilebis aseTi Sewyobis gamo,
naxevari; is rkali ki, romelsac zedaybis enis borcvebi ReWvis dros
moxazavs qvedaybis kbilebi, aris ar aRizianebs loyis lorwovan
parabola. qvedaybis kbilebis garss, qvedaybis enis borcvebi ki
Tavisufali napiri qmnis odnav icavs enas dazianebisagan.
Cadrekil rkals, romlis umaRlesi vinaidan zeda da qvedaybis
wertili Seesabameba me-2 mcire kbilebi gansxvavdebian
ZiriTad kbils. erTmaneTisagan sididiT, amitom
kbilebis artikulacia. zedaybis mokumul ybebze naTlad Cans, rom
da qvedaybis kbilebi mokumul pirSi zeda da qveda rigis kbilebis
qmnis garkveul urTierTobas, sazRvrebi erTmaneTs ar xvdeba,
romelsac ewodeba kbilebis Sewyoba, aramed erTi rigis ori mezobeli
Tankbilva, anu kbilebis kbilis sazRvars Seesabameba meore
artilulacia. rigis mopirdapire kbilis Sua
normaluri artikulaciis dros nawili, anu mwvervali. gamonakliss
zedaybis kbilebis wina rigi faravs warmoadgens sazRvrebi mxolod
winidan qvedaybis saTanado kbilebs. medialur sawrel kbilebs Soris,
nawilobriv zedaybis saReWi kbilebi romlebic erT xazze dgas. Tu
qvedaybis Sesatyvisi kbilebis detalurad SeviswavliT am mxriv
pirdapir dgas, ZiriTadi kbilebis kbilebis urTierTobas, aRmoCndeba
ukana boloebi ki orive ybaze swored Semdegi:
erTimeoris pirdapir mdebareobs. radgan zedaybis medialuri
zeda ZiriTadi kbilebis enis saWreli kbili gacilebiT ufro
borcvebi qvedaybis ZiriTadi ganieria, vidre qvedaybis Sesatyvisi
kbilebis borcvTaSua gaswvriv kbili, amitom zeda medialuri
RarSia Casmuli, samagierod, saWreli kbili faravs qvedaybis
qvedaybis kbilebis loyis borcvebi pivel saWrel kbils mTlianad da
zedaybis saTanado kbilebis mezobeli lateraluri saWreli
borcvTaSua RarSia Casmuli. amitom kbilis naxevars;
zeadybis kbilebis loyis borcvebi Tavis mxriv, zedaybis
rCeba gareT. lateraluri saWreli kbili faravs
kbilebis aseTi urTierToba qvedaybis Tanamosaxele kbilis
aixsneba zedaybisa da qvedaybis lateralur naxevars da eSvis
kbilebis rkalebis sxvadasxva medialur naxevars. zedaybis eSvi
sididiT da TviT kbilebis faravs qvedaybis Tanamosaxele

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kbilis lateralur naxevars da eSvis Sedis meore rigis kbilTaSua

medialur naxevars. naWdevebSi.
zedaybis eSvi faravs qvedaybis amrigad, kbilebis
eSvis lateralur naxevars da zemoaRniSnuli dalageba da
pirveli mcire ZiriTadi kbilis wina urTierToba qmnis rTul saReW
naxevars; aparats, romelsac aqvs saWreli
zedaybis pirveli mcire iaraRic (wina kbilebi) da damfqveli
ZiriTadi kbili faravs qvedaybis manqanac (ukana kbilebi).
Tanamosaxele kbilis ukana naxevars piris sakuTari Rru _ cavum oris
da mezobeli meore mcire ZiriTadi proprium zevidan mosazRvrulia
kbilis wina naxevars. magari da rbili sasiT, qvevidan _
zedaybis meore mcire ZiriTadi yba-inis kunTiT, winidan da
kbili faravs qvedaybis Tanamosaxele gverdebidan _ kbilbudeTa morCebiT,
kbilis ukana naxevars da pirveli RrZilebiTa da kbilebiT. ukan piris
didi ZiriTadi kbilis wina mesameds; Rru xaxis piriT _ isthmus faucium
pirveli didi ZiriTadi kbili xaxaSi gadadis.
faravs pirveli qveda didi ZiriTadi magar sasas qmnis zeda ybis
kbilis or mesameds da meore qveda Zvlebis sasis morCebi da sasis
didi ZiriTadi kbilis wina mesameds; Zvlebis horizontaluri firfitebi,
meore zeda ZiriTadi kbili romlebic erTmaneTTan
faravs Tanamosaxele qveda kbilis dakavSirebulia Sua da ganivi nake-
wina or mesameds da mesame qveda rebiT. Sua nakeris wina boloSi
ZiriTadi kbilis wina mesameds; mdebareobs saWreli xvreli _ foramen
bolos, zeda sibrZnis kbili incisivum, romelic Tanamosaxele
eteva Tanamosaxele qveda sibrZnis arxSi grZeldeba. masSi gaivlis
kbilze, radgan pirveli meoreze cxviris Zgidis sisxlZarRvebi _ a. et
gacilebiT ufro naklbia. amrigad, v. nasales septi (solisebr-sasis
kbilTa rigebis ukana sazRvrebi isev arteriisa da venis totebi) da cxvir
erT xazze dgeba.
_ sasis nervi _ n. nasopalatinus (zeda
kbilebis zemoRniSnuli Sewyoba
ybis nervis toti).
gviCvenebs, rom erTi ybis yoveli
magari sasis ukana nawilSi
kbili erTi da imave dros exeba
sasis didi da mcire xvrelebia _
mopirdapire ybis or mezoblad
foramina palatina majus et minus, romelTa
mdebare kbils, e.i. yovel kbils ori
saSualebiT frTa-sasis arxidan
antagonosti hyavs. maT Soris
gamodis sasis didi arteria da vena
Tanamosaxele kbili mTavari
_ a. et v. palatini majores da sasis wina
antagonistia, mezobeli kbili ki _
nervi _ n. palatinus anterior (frTa-sasis
damatebiTi antagonisti. gamonakliss
kvanZis toti). sisxlZarRvebisa da
warmoadgens mxolod medialuri
nervis totebi Zvlisazrdelas qveS
qveda saWreli kbilebi da zeda
winisken miimarTeba.
sibrZnis kbilebi.
rbili sasis safuZvels qmnis
kbilebis artikulaciis xazi ar
ori mxridan lorwovani garsiT
aris swori, aramed zigzagiseburia,
dafaruli kunTebi. SuaSi mdebareobs
vinaidan erTi rigis kbilTa wvetebi
naqis kunTi _ m. ovulae, gverdebze _

klinikuri anatomia
140

sasis fardis amwevi kunTi da sasis
fardis damWimavi kunTebi _ m. levator
veli palatini et m. tensor veli palatini. rbili
sasis ukana kide gverdebze gadadis
sasa-enisa da sasa-xaxis rkalebSi _
arcus palatoglossus et arcus palatopharyngeus.
sasa-enis rkalis sisqeSi sasa-enis
kunTia _ m. palatoglossus, xolo sasa-
xaxis sisqeSi ki _ sasa-xaxis kunTi _
m. palatopharyngeus.
rbili sasis ukana kididan
warziduli naqi, sasa-xaxis rkalebi
da enis Ziri mosazRvravs xaxis pirs,
romliTac piris Rru xaxas
ukavSirdeba.
sasa-enisa da sasa-xaxis rkalebs
Soris mdebareobs sasis nuSi _ tonsilla
palatinae. xaxis, enisa da sasmeni
lulis nuSebTan erTad igi qmnis
xaxis piris limfuri kvanZebis rkals.
magar sasas sisxliT amaragebs
sasis didi arteria _ a. palatinae major
(sasis daswvrivi arteriis toti),
romelic frTa-sasis arxSi gaivlis
da sasis didi xvreliT sasis lorw-
qveSa SreSi Sedis. rbil sasas kvebavs
sasis mcire arteriebi _ aa. palatinae
minores (sasis daswvrivi arteriis
totebi), sasis aswvrivi arteria
(saxis arteriis toti) da xaxis
aswvrivi arteriis _ a. pharyngea
ascendens totebi.
sasis nuSi sisxliT maragdeba
xaxis aswvrivi arteriiT (gareTa
saZile arteriis toti), sasis aswv-
rivi arteriiT _ a. palatina ascendens da
saxis arteriis nuSis totiT _ ramus
tonsillaris.
venebi saxis venas anda
uSualod SigniTa sauRle venas
erTvis.
sasis lorwovani garsis
inervacia xorcieldeba sasis wina,
Sua da ukana nervebiT, romlebic
klinikuri anatomia
Tavi
frTa-sasis kvanZs gamoeyofian, frTa-
sasis arxs gaivlian da sasis didi
da mcire xvrelebiT sasis lorwovan
garss aRweven. magari sasis lorwovan
garss anervebs sasis wina nervi, rome-
lic lorwqveSa SreSi sasis didi
xvreliT Sedis, xolo rbili sasis
lorwovan garss _ sasis Sua da ukana
nervebi, romlebic frTa-sasis
arxidan sasis mcire xvreliT
gamodian.
sasis fardis damWimav kunTs
anervebs sasis fardis gamWimavis
nervi _ n. tensoris veli palatini (qveda ybis
nervis toti), sasis fardis amwev da
naqis kunTebs _ xaxis wnuli _ plexus
pharyngeus, romelsac cTomili, ena-
xaxisa da simpaTikuri nervebi qmnis.
piris Rrus qveda kedels, anu
fskers qmnis yba-inis kunTi, romelic
iwyeba qveda ybaze yba-inis xazidan _
linea mylohyoidea da umagrdeba inis
Zvlis sxeuls. marjvena da marcxena
kunTebi Sua xazze erTmaneTs
uerTdeba yba-inis nakeriT _ raphe
mylohyoidea. yba-inis kunTebi yofs pi-
ris Rrus kisrisgan, ris gamoc maT
piris SuasaZgids _ diaphragma oris
uwodeben. yba-inis kunTis zemoT
mdebareobs nikap-inis, nikap-enisa da
ena-inis kunTebi _ mm. geniohyoideus
genioglossus et hyoglossus.
enis Ziris gverdiTi lorwqveSa
qsovilSi gaivlis enis nervi _ n.
lingualis. kunTze mdebareobs enisqveSa
jirkvali. igi piris Rrus mxridan
dafarulia lorwovani garsiT.
jirkvalis mTavari sadinari
qvedaybisqveSa jirkvlis sadinarTan
erTad ixsneba enisqveSa korZSi, mcire
sadinrebi _ enisqveSa naoWSi.
enis nervis medialurad
mdebareobs enis Rrma arteria _
a.profunda linguae (enis arteriis toti).
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enisqveSa arteriis medialurad gaiv- romlis mwvervalic miqceulia ukan;

lis enisqveSa arteria _ a. sublingualis am kuTxis mwvervalSi mdebareobs
(enis arteriis toti). piris Rrus enis brma xvreli _ foramen caecum
fskeris ukana qveda nawilSi, yba- linguae. igi warmoadgens farisebri
inisa da ena-inis kunTebs Soris, jirkvlis sadinaris naSTs, romelic
gaivlis enisqveSa nervi _ n. Canasaxis ganviTarebis periodSi
hypoglossus (XII wyvili) da enis vena _ aerTebs mas piris RrusTan. am
v. sublingualis, xolo maT zeviT da periodSi mas ewodeba far-enis
gareT ybisqveSa jirkvlis wina morCi sadinari _ ductus thyreoglossus;
da amave jirkvlis sadinari SemozRuduli dvrilebi ekuTvnis
mdebareobs. gemovnebis dvrilebs, maTi lorwovani
ena. ena TiTqmis mTlianad garsis sisqeSi moTavsebulia ena-
avsebs piris Rrus. igi warmoadgens xaxis nervis (IX wyvili) gemovnebis
kunTovan, ganier, brtyel, winidan periferiuli aparati.
momrgvalebul organos. enaSi foTlisebri dvrilebi _
arCeven enis wina, anu Tavisufal na- papillae foliate, romlebic mdebareobs
wils da ukana nawils, anu enis Zirs enis ukana nawilis gverdze da gavs
_ radix linguae, romelic wvril gagrZelebul naoWebs.
dakavSirebulia piris Rrus fskerTan. enis Ziris lorwovan garsze
Tavisufali nawili Sedgeba enis mdebareobs patara, SemaRlebuli
wvetisa _ apex linguae da enis warmonaqmnebi centrSi darTuli
sxeulisagan _ corpus linguae. enis zemo xvrelebiT. am warmonaqmnebs ewodebaT
zedapirs ewodeba enis zurgi _ enis folikulebi _ folliculi linguales. es
dorsum linguae. folikulebi Sedgeba limfuri
ena dafarulia lorwovani qsovilisagan. maT grovebs ewodeba
garsiT, romelic mis zemo zedapirze enis nuSi _ tonsilla lingualis.
qmnis sxvadasxva formisa da funqciis lorwovani garsi piris RruSi
dvrilebs _ papillae. arCeven Semdeg qmnis sxvadasxva naoWebs:
dvrilebs: 1) xorxsarqvel-enis Sua naoWi _
Zafisebri dvrilebi _ papillae plica glossoepiglottica media, romelic
filiformies da konusisebri dvrilebi _ warmoadgens lorwovani garsis naoWs
papillae conicae, romlebic yvelaze da gaWimulia Sua xazze enis Zirsa
mravalia da aZlevs enis zedapirs da xorxsarqvels Soris;
xorklian, xaverdismagvar 2) xorxsarqvel –enis
Sesaxedaobas. lateraluri naoWebi _ plicae
sokosebri dvrilebi _ papillae glossoepiglotticae laterales _ wyvilia da
fungiformes, romlebic gadaWimulia enis Zirsa da
qinZisTavismagvari Sesaxedaobisaa da xorxsarqvelis gverdiT napirebs
dafantulia aqa-iq enis zurgze. Soris; or CaRrmavebul ormos,
SemozRuduli dvrilebi _ romlebic moTavsebulia
papillae vallate _ enis yvelaze msxvili zemoaRniSnul sam naoWs Soris,
dvrilebia, ricxviT 7 _ 12, romlebic ewodeba Releebi _ valleculae;
mdebareoben sazRvarze enis sxeulsa 3) foCisebri naoWi __ plicae
da Zirs Soris da qmnis kuTxes, fimbriatae gadaWimulia enis qvemo

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zedapirze; gansakuTrebiT kargad enas kvebavs enis arteria _ a.

aqvT gamoxatuli axalSobil lingualis (gareTa saZile arteriis
bavSvebs; simetriuli warmonaqmnebia, toti). inis Zvlis zemoT mas
xvdeba erTmaneTs enis wvetTan da gamoeyofa enisqveSa arteria _ a.
qmnis maxvil kuTxes. sublingualis, enis dorsaluri totebi _
4) enis lagami _ frenulum linguae rami dorsales linguae da enis Rrma arte-
warmoadgens sagitalurad mdebare ria _ a. profunda liguae.
naoWs, romelic gaWimulia enis qvemo enis vena saxis an SigniTa
zedapirsa da RrZils Soris; mis sauRle venas erTvis.
orive mxareze naTlad Cans kargad limfuri ZarRvebi enis wveridan
ganviTarebuli ori mowiTalo eSveba nikapqveSa kvanZebSi, enis
lorwovani borcvi, romlebsac danarCeni nawilidan _ qvedaybisqveSa
uwodeben enisqveSa korZebs _ da kisris Rrma kvanZebSi.
corunculae sublinguales; am korZebis enas anervebs enis, ena-xaxis,
xvrelSi ixsneba piris Rrus ori enisqveSa nervebi da xorxis zeda
msxvili sanerwyve jirkvlis nervis SigniTa toti. mgrZnobiare
sadinarebi _ ybisqveSa da enisqvesa boWkoebs enis wina or mesameds
sadinarebi. awvdis enis nervi (qveda ybis nervis
5) enisqveSa naoWi _ plica toti) romlis SemadgenlobaSi
sublingualis mdebareobs enis fuZesTan specifikuri (gemovnebis) boWkoebi Se-
da amoweulia zemoT mis qveS mdebare dis dafis simi _ chorda tympani. es
Tanamosaxele jirkvliT. ukanaskneli qalas fuZeze gamodis
enis masas upiratesad Seadgens daf-kldovani napraliT _ fissura
kunTebi, romelTa erTi nawili petrotympanica da saxis Rrma midamoSi
Zvlebidan iwyeba da enaSi Sedis, enis nervs uerTdeba. specifikuri
xolo meore nawili mTlianad enis boWkoebis garda, igi Seicavs sekre-
sisqeSi mdebareobs. pirvel jgufs torul boWkoebs qvedaybisqveSa da
ekuTvnis nikap-enis kunTi _ m. enisqveSa jirkvlebisTvis. enis nervi
genioglossus, romelic nikapis wvetidan qvedaybisqveSa jirkvlis sadinars
iwyeba, qveda konebiT inis Zvals qvevidan da Signidan Semouvlis da
umagrdeba da enis sisqeSi enaSi Sedis. ena-xaxis nervi _ n.
maraosaviT iSleba, sadgis-enis kunTi glossopharyngeus sadgis-xaxis kunTs
_ m. styloglossus, romelic sadgisisebri garedan gadauvlis da enaSi Sedis,
morCidan da sadgis-inis iogidan anervebs enis dorsaluri zedapiris
iwyeba da enas gverdidan uerTdeba, ukana mesameds da SemosazRvrul
da ena-inis kunTi _ m. hyoglossus, dvrilebs. enis Zirs anervebs xorxis
romelic inis Zvlidan iwyeba da enas zeda nervis SigniTa toti _ ramus
gverdidan ukavSirdeba. meore jgufSi internus n. laryngei superioris, enis
Sedis enis zemo gaswvrivi kunTi _ m. kunTebs—enisqveSa nervi.
longitudinalis superior, qveda gaswvrivi
kunTi _ m. longitudinalis inferior, enis nikapis midamo _ regio mentalis
ganivi kunTi _ m. transverses linguae da sazRvrebi: zevidan _ nikapzeda
vertikaluri kunTi _ m. verticalis naoWis doneze gavlebuli
linguae. horizontaluri xazi, qvevidan _

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qveda ybis kide, gverdebidan _ piris _ helix; Wavli iwyeba yuris bibilodan,
kuTxeebze gavlebuli vertikaluri jer zeviT midis, Semdeg idrikeba win
xazebi. kani mkvrivia, Seicavs didi da qveviT da bolos yuris gareTa
raodenobiT cximis jirkvlebs. sasmeni xvrelis ukan Tavdeba. Wavlis
kanqveSa qsovilSi qveda tuCis win da medialurad mdebareobs meore,
damwevi kunTia. sisxliT amaragebs mcire, xrtilovani morgvi, romelsac
nikapis arteria (a. mentalis), romelic wina Wavli _ antehelix ewodeba; igi
kanqveS gamodis nikapis xvreliT, iwyeba agreTve yuris bibilodan,
qveda tuCis arteria da nikapqveSa midis zeviT da Tavdeba orkapiT
arteria (a. submentalis) (saxis arteriis Wavlis zemo rkalis qvemoT. gareTa
totebi). venebi saxis venas erTvis. sasmeni xvrelis win moTavsebulia
limfuri ZarRvebi nikapqveSa xrtilovano borcvi, romelsac wina
limfur kvanZSi ixsneba. kans anervebs saxurs _ tragus uwodeben.
nikapis nervi (n. mentalis) (kbilbudeTa winasaxuris prdapir, wina Wavlis
qveda nervis gagrZeleba), qveda tuCis dasawyisTan mdebareobs meore
damwev kunTs _ saxis nervi. borcvi, ukana saxuri _ antitragus. es
borcvebi gancalkevebulia
erTimerisagan saxurTaSorisi
yuris midamo _ regio auricularis naWdeviT _ incisura intertragica.
smenisa da wonasworobis yuris niJaras aqvs Tavisi
organo Sedgeba gareTa yuris (yuris sakuTari wvrili iogebi, romlebiTac
niJara, gareTa sasmeni mili), Sua igi mimagrebulia safeTqlis Zvalze
yurisa (dafis Rru, sasmeni lula) da da kunTebi, romlebic iwveven niJaris
SigniTa yurisgan (Zvlovani da nawilebis sxvadasxva mcire
apkovani labirinTebi). moZraobas.
1. gareTa yuri _ auris externa winasaxuris ukan, yuris niJaris
Tavis Mxriv Seicavs or nawils: siRrmeSi iwyeba gareTa sasmeni mili
yuris niJara _ auricula da gareTa _ meatus acusticus externus. es mili ori
nawilisagan Sedgeba: gareTa nawili
sasmeni mili _ meatus acusticus externus.
yuris niJara warmodgenilis xrtilovania _ meatus acusticus externus
daklaknili elastikuri xrtiliT, cartilagineus, xolo SigniTa nawili
romelic dafarulia Txeli kaniT. es safeTqlis Zvals ekuTvnis da amitom
kani Seicavs balans da cximovan Zvlovania. gareTa sasmeni milis
jirkvlebs. yuris niJaris SigniTa sigrZe udris 3—4sm-s, vertikaluri
zedapirze kani mWidrod aris zoma 1 sm-s, horizontaluri zoma _ 7-
SeerTebuli xrtilTan, xolo gareTa, 9mm. xrtilovani nawilis Zvlovan
gamodrekil zedapirze, kanqveS nawilSi gadasvlis adgilas gareTa
moTavsebulia SedarebiT kargad sasmeni mili Seviwrovebuli da
ganviTarebuli cximovani qsovili. moxrilia.
yuris niJaris qvemo nawilSi xrtili dafis apkis gamokvlevis dros
ar arsebobs, igi rbilia da yuris aRniSnuli moxriloba SeiZleba
bibilo _ lobulus auriculae ewodeba. gaswordes yuris niJaris zeviT da
yuris niJaris gareTa ukan gadaweviT. gareTa sasmeni milis
momrgvalebul napirs ewodeba Wavli Zvlovani nawilis wina kedeli

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mdebareobs uSualod safeTqel-qveda romelsac Semdeg ganviTarebul

ybis saxsris ukan, ukana kedeli _ Zvlebs aqvs.
dvrilisebri morCis win. zeda kedeli dvrilisebri nawili
esazRvreba qalas Rrus, qveda kedeli axalSobils jer ara aqvs, es
_ yba-yuris jirkvals. nawilic mxolod Semdeg
gareTa sasmeni milis Zvlovani TandaTanobiT viTardeba. sadgis-
da xrtilovani nawilebis SeerTebis dvrilisebri xvreli am dros
adgilas SemaerTebel qsovilSi garedan Zevs im nawilze, romelzedac
napralebia, romlebSic yba-yuris Semdeg dvrilisebri morSi viTardeba.
jirkvlidan an safeTqel-qveda ybis sadgisebri morCi jer kidev
saxsridan SeiZleba anTebis procesi xrtilovania da macerirebis dros
gavrceldes. sruliad ispoba. kldovani nawilis
mili Signidan dafarulia ukana zedapirze e.w rkalqveSa foso
Txeli, Tmiani kaniT, romelic _ fossa subarcuata SedarebiT didia,
xrtilovan nawilSi Seicavs xolo Semdeg, Zvlis zrdasTan erTad,
gogirdovan jirkvlebs _ glandulae metad mcirdeba. kldovani nawilis
ceruminosae. wina zedapirze saxis arxis xvreli
axalSobilis bavSvis Riaa da mxolod Semdeg ifareba
safeTqlis Zvali gansakuTrebuli Txeli Zvlivani firfitiT.
TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba. dvrilisebri 2. Sua yurs_ auris media (dafis
morCi jer ganviTarebuli ar aris. Rru _ cavum tympani) saerTod ukavia
safeTqlis ZvalSi am dros arCeven safeTqlis Zvlis haerovani sivrcis
kldovan nawils, qicvsa da dafis yvela nawili, mxolod misi
nawils. axalSobilis es sami nawili centraluri nawili mdebareobs
jer kidev gancalkevebul nawilebs gareTa da SigniTa yurs Soris da
warmoadgenen da odnav arian ewodeba dafis Rru _ cavum tympani.
erTmaneTTan Sewebebuli. dafis RrusTan SeerTebulia
axalSobilis dafis nawili dvrilisebri ujredebi _ cellulae
warmoadgens mobrtyo, zemoT gaRebul mastoideae e.w. dvrilisebri mRvimeTi _
rgols _ dafis rgols _ annulus antrum mastoideum. aRniSnulis garda,
tympanicus, romelsac Sedrekil Sua yuri Seicavs sxva nawilebsac da
mxareze mTeli rgolis gaswvriv aqvs saerTod Sua yurs hyofen ramdenime
kargad gamoxatuli dafis Rari _ Rru nawilad, saxeldobr: a) dafis
sulcus tympanicus, romelSiac Cadgmulia Rru _ cavum tympani, b) sasmeni lula
dafis apki. axalSobilis dafis _ tuba auditiva, g) dvrilisebri mRvime _
nawili mxolod am rgolisagan antrum mastoideum da d) dvrilisebri
Sedgeba. mTlian Zvalze gareTa ujredebi _ cellulae mastoideae.
sasmeni xvreli ufro qveviT iyureba
gareTa yuri da Sua yuri
da ara gareT, rogorc amas
gansazRrvrulia erTimeorisagan
mozrdilis safeTqlis Zvalze
dafis apkiT _ membrana tympani.
vxedavT, mxolod Semdeg dafis
dafis apki warmoadgens
rgoli izrdeba TandaTanobiT
elifsuri formis moqnil, gamWirvale
gareTken da iRebs im modrekili
firfitas; igi ZiriTadad Sedgeba
brtyeli Zvlovani firfitis saxes,
irgvlivi da radialuri boWkovani

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qsovilisagan, romelic gareTa yuris SevadaroT orive mxridan Sedrekil

mxridan mofenilia gaTxelebuli ospis Tesls;
kaniT, xolo Sua yuris mxridan ki _ am Rrus aqvs 6 kedeli.
lorwovani garsiT. igi Cadgmulia misi ganieri gareTa _ apkisebri
Tavisi periferiuli gasqelebuli kedeli _ paries membranaceus
napiriT dafis Zvlis zemoaRniSnul warmodgenilia dafis apkiT _
dafis RarSi _ sulcus tympanicus. dafis membrane tympani. dafis apkis zemoT
Rari zeviTa nawilSi mokle manZilze arsebobs ormo _ recessus epitympanicus,
ar arsebobs da qmnis e.w. xrtilovani romelSic Tavsdeba grdemli da
sasmeni milis amonaWdevs _ incisura CaquCis nawilebi.
cartilaginis meatus acustici. dafis apkis is SigniTa kedeli Zvlovania; es
nawili, romelic aRniSnuli kedeli aris sazRvari Sua da SigniTa
amonaWdevis midamos Seesabameba, yurs, anu labirinTs Soris; amisda
mimagrebulia safeTqlis Zvlis mixedviT, mas ewodeba labirinTis
qicvze. kedeli _ paries labyrinthicus;
dafis apkis am nawils ewodeba aRniSnulis garda, dafis Rrus aqvs
dafis apkis modunebuli nawili _ kidv oTxi kedeli: wina, zemo, ukana
pars flaccida, xolo apkis danarCeni, da qvemo kedlebi.
umetesi nawili cnobilia rogorc SigniTa anu labirinTis
dafis apkis gaWimuli nawili _ pars kedelze mdebareobs Semdegi
tensa. mniSvnelovani nawilebi: e.w. koncxi _
dafis apki dgas iribad, ise rom promontorium, romelic faravs e.w.
zemo da ukana napirebi ufro gareTaa lokokinis arxis pirvel bazalur
vidre wina da qvemo; amitom iseTi xveuls. koncxis zemoT Zevs karibWis
STabeWdileba Seiqmneba, TiTqos zemo, sarkmeli _ fesentra vestibuli; koncxis
ukana napiri warmoadgens gareTa ukan da qveviT mdebareobs meore
sasmeni lulis zemo ukana kedlis xvreli, romelsac lokokinis
gagrZelebas. dafis apki Sedrekilia sarkmeli _ fesentra cochlea ewodeba.
medialurad, e.i. dafis Rrusaken da orive es xvreli Sedis SigniTa yurSi
mis uRrmes nawils, romelic da maTi naxva SesaZlebelia mxolod
mdebareobs dafis apkis centris cota maSin, rodesac Zvals mocilebuli
qvemoT, ewodeba dafis apkis Wimi _ aqvs rbili safarveli. karibWis
umbo membranae tympani. sarkmlis zemoT Zevs mcire morgvi,
gareTa sasmeni Sesavlis romelsac ewodeba saxis arxis
mxridan dafis apkze, Wipis zemoT, SemaRleba _ prominentia canalis facialis;
Cans molurjo modrekili zonari, masze ufro zeviT _ gareTa
romelic imiT aris gamowveuli, rom naxevarrkalovani arxis SemaRleba _
am adgilTan Signidan CaquCis taria prominentia canalis semicircularis lateralis;
Sezrdili. am zonars hqvia CaquCis es ori SemaRleba umijnavdeba zemoT
zoli _ stria maleolaris. aRniSnul dafis zeda jibes _ recessus
dafis Rru _ cavum tympani. epitympanicus.
safeTqlis Zvlis kldovan dafis Rrus zemo kedeli _
nawilSi mdebareobs, igi SeiZleba paries tegmentalis warmodgenilia Txeli

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dafis saxuraviT _ tegmen tympani, inferior (xaxis aswvrivi arteriis

romlis zemoT ukve Zevs Tavis tvini.
ukana dvrilisebri kedeli _
paries mastoideus Sedgeba dvrilisebri
morCis Rrublisebri nivTierebisagan,
romelSic moTavsebulia mravali
mcire ujredi _ cellulae; am kedelSi
arsebobs mcire piramiduli maRlobi
_ eminentia pyramidalis, romlis
mwvervalze aris xvreli da Rru,
romelSic iwyeba e.w. uzangis kunTi _
m. stapedius. es kedeli ukan gadadis
dvrilisebr mRvimeSi, xolo
ukanaskneli ukavSirdeba dvrilisebri
morCis ujredebs.
qvemo, anu sauRle kedeli _
paries jugularis metad Txelia;
umijnavdeba sauRle venis fosos da
Seicavs agreTve ujredebs. masze
arsebobs sadgisisebri morCis Ziris
Sesabamisi SemaRleba _ prominentia
styloidea.
wina, anu saZile kedeli _ paries
caroticus Txelia da sazRvravs dafis
Rrus SigniTa saZile arxisagan. mis
zemo nawilSi moTavsebulia sasmeni
lulis dafiskena xvreli _ ostium
tympanicum tubae auditivae.
dafis RruSi mdebareoben
sasmeni Zvlebi da sasmeni kunTebi,
romelTa daxmarebiT dafis Rrus
gareTa da SigniTa kedlebs Soris
myardeba erTgvari kavSiri.
dafis Rrus sisxliT amaragebs
dafis wina arteria _ a. tympanica
anterior (zeda ybis arteriis toti),
saZile-dafis totebi _ rami
caroticotympanici (SigniTa saZile
arteriidan), dafis zeda arteria _ a.
tympanica superior (Sua meningealuri
arteriis toti), dafis ukana arteria
_ a. tympanica posterior (sadgis-
dvrilisebri arteriis toti) da
dafis qveda arteria _ a. tympanica
toti).
sasmen Zvlebs _ ossicula auditus
ekuTvnis CaquCi, grdemli da uzangi.
es Zvlebi dafis Rrus zemo nawilSia
moTavsebuli.
CaquCi _ mallus. am Zvals aqvs
Tavi _ caput mallei, romlis sasaxsre
zedapiri dafarulia xrtiliT da
enawevreba grdemls. Semdeg grZeli
tari _ manubrium mallei, romelic
Tavisi taniT da mokle lateraluri
morCiT _ processus lateralis mTel
sigrZeze Sezrdilia dafis apkTan da
qmnis masze zemoxsenebul CaquCis
zols _ stria malleolaris; CaquCis meore,
grZeli da wvrili wina morCi _
processus anterior, swvdeba daf-kldovan
naprals _ fissura petrotympanica.
grdemli _ incus Tavisi
moyvanilobiT mWedlis grdemls
emsgavseba da, rogorc ukanasknels,
aqvs tani _ corpus incudis, unagira
formis sasaxsre zedapiri da ori
morCi, romlebic erTimeoresTan
qmnian swor kuTxes; am morCebs fexebs
_ crura uwodeben. maT Soris grZeli
fexi _ crus longus CaquCis tarTan
paralelurad dgas da Tavis
gasqelebul boloze darTuli
dingiT _ processus lenticularis uzangs
uerTdeba.; mokle fexi _ crus breve
miimarTeba horizontalurad ukan.
grdemlis taris wina zedapiri
Sedrekilia, xrtiliT aris mofenili
da CaquCis Tavs enawevreba.
uzangi _ stapes, yvelaze wvrili
Zvalia da Tavisi formiT am saxels
amarTlebs. misi fuZe brtyel, mogrZo
firfitas warmoadgens da faravs
labirinTis karibWis sarkmels. misi
ori wvrili fexi qmnis rkals,
romlis mwvervalzec moTavsebulia
mcire Zvlovani Tavi _ caput stapedis da

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romliTac uzangi grdemlis dings xrtilovani nawilidan, gaivlis

ukavSirdeba. safeTqlis Zvlis Tanamosaxele
sasmeni Zvlebis Sesaxsreba _ RarSi, sadac igi Sexveulia mkvriv
articulationes ossiculorum auditus. SemaerTqsovilovan garsSi, romelic
sasmeni Zvlebi SeerTebulia kunT-lulis arxis Zvlisazrdelas
erTmaneTSi saxsrebiT. maT Soris warmoadgens; Semdeg, am kunTis myesi
CaquCis Tavi enawevreba grdemls da dafis RruSi Sedis da umagrdeba
qmnis grdeml-CaquCis saxsars _ CaquCis yels; es kunTi swevs CaquCs
articulationes incudomallearis, romelic SigniT da amgvarad Wimavs dafis apks
dafiqsirebulia dafzeda jibeSi _ (inervacia _ me-5 wyvili).
recessus epitympanicus; grdemli uzangis kunTi _ m. stapedius,
enawevreba uzangis Tavs grdeml- sustad aris ganviTarebuli da dafis
uzangis saxsriT _ articulationes Rrus ukana kedelze iwyeba
incudostapedia. piramiduli SemaRlebis RruSi da
saxsrebis garda, sasmeni Zvlebi umagrdeba uzangis Tavs. es kunTi
Tavis alagze mimagrebulia iogebis swevs uzangis Tavs ukan da, amgvarad,
saSualebiT. amas garda, uzangis aSorebs uzangis fuZes karibWis
fuZis firfita da karibWis sarkmlis sarkmels. (inervacia _ uzangis nervi,
napirebi SeerTebulia sindesmoziT _ me-7 wyvili).
syndesmosis tympanostapedia. sasmeni lula _ tuba auditiva, am
sasmeni Zvlebis iogebi _ ligg. lulis smenis funqciisaTvis didi
ossiculorum auditus. mniSvneloba aqvs. igi aerTebs dafis
CaquCis wina iogi _ lig. mallei Rrus xaxis RrusTan., misi gareTa 1/3
anterius, iwyeba CaquCis grZeli morCis nawili Zvlovania _ pars ossea tubae
Ziridan. masTan erTad daf-kldovan auditivae da grZeli, SigniTa 2/3_
napralTan midis da solisebri Zvlis xrtilovani _ pars cartilaginea tibae
kuTxovan wvets _ spina angularis auditiva, diametri ki _ 2 mm-ia . sasmeni
uerTdeba. lulis xrtilovani nawili Sedgeba
CaquCis zemi iogi _ lig. mallei elastikuri xrtilisagan; es lula
superius CaquCis Tavidan midis da iwyeba dafis Rrus lateralur
dafis zeda jibes umagrdeba. kedelze dafis xvreliT _ ostium
CaquCis lateraluri iogi _ lig. tympanicum tubae auditivae, ukanidan win
mallei laterale CaquCis yels aerTebs da medialurad miimarTeba da Tavdeba
dafis amonaWdevTan. xaxis sasmeni lulis xaxiskena
grdemlis ukana iogi _ lig. xvreliT _ ostium pharyngeum tubae
incudis posterius aerTebs grdemlis auditivae, cxviris qvemo gasavlis ukana
mokle fexs dafis Rrus ukana bolos doneze.
kedelTan. xaxis Rrus SigniTa zedapiri,
sasmeni Zvlebis kunTebi _ dafis Rru sasmeni ZvlebiT da
musculi ossiculorum auditus. sasmeni lula dafarulia lorwovani
sasmeni Zvlebis moZraoba garsiT, romlis erTSriani
warmoebs ori kunTis daxmarebiT. epiTeliumi Seicavs mocimcime
dafis gamWimavi kunTi _ m. tensor wamwamebs.
tympani, iwyeba sasmeni lulis

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sasmeni lulis sanaTuri e.w. karibWis wyalsadeni _ aqueductus

cvalebadia, da misi uviwroesi vestibuli. wina, qvemo nawili momrgvalo
adgili aris isthmus tubae auditivae, moyvanilobisaa da hqvia sferuli
sadac Zvlovani lula gadadis jibe _ recessus sphericus. karibWe
xrtilovanSi. xrtilovani nawilis SeerTebulia Sua yurTan karibWis
sanaTuri xaxisken TandaTan farTov- sarkmliT, romelic, rogorc
deba. lulis medialuri kedeli aRniSnuli iyo, dafarulia uzangis
SigniTa saZile arteriis arxs fitrfitiT.
esazRvreba. lateralur kedelTan b) Zvlovani naxevarrkalovani
dakavSirebulia sasis fardis amwevi arxebi samia, warmoadgenen modrekil
da gamWimavi kunTebi. mils, romlebic karibWis ukan da
3. SigniTa yuri _ auris interna. lateralurad mdebareoben
SigniTa yuri safeTqlis Zvlis urTierTperpendikularul sibrtyeSi.
kldovan nawilSi dafis Rrusa da maT Soris wina naxevarrkalovani
SigniTa sasmen xvrels Soris arxi _ canalis semicircularis anterior wina
mdebareobs. igi ori nawilisagan Tavis zemo gamodrekilobiT
Sedgeba: 1) Zvlovani labirinTi _ safeTqlis Zvlis zemo zedapirs
labyrinthus ossus da 2) apkisebri uaxlovdeba da qmnis masze cnobil
labirinTi _ labyrinthus membranaceus. rkalovan SemaRlebas _ eminentia
SigniTa yuri saerTod arcuata. igi Zevs gansazRvul
uaRresad rTuli mowyobilobisaa, (sagitalur _ vertikalur) sibrtyeSi,
xolo apkisebri labirinTi aris romelic sWris kldovani nawilis
funqciurad smenisa da wonasworobis RerZs swori kuTxis qveS. es arxi
ZiriTadi periferiuli organo. orive Tavisi boloTi ixsneba
Zvlovani labirinTi karibWeSi. amas unda davumatoT, rom
warmoadgens metad wvril sxvadasxva misi wina bolo, anu fexi
odenobis da formis Zvlovan Rruebs, gaganierebulia da qmnis buStukisebr
romlebic erTmaneTSi arian gaganierebas, e.w. winaZvlovan ampulas
SeerTebuli. Zvlovani labirinTis _ ampula ossea anterior, ukana bolo ki
YRru Semdeg nawilebad iyofa: jer uerTdeba ukana naxevarrkalovani
a) karibWe _ vestibulum, arxis zemo bolos da mxolos masTan
warmoadgens Zvlovani labirinTis erTad SeerTebuli fexiT _ crus
centralur nawils, romelsac osseum commune ixsneba karibWeSi.
ukanidan uerTdeba sami ukana naxevarrkalovani arxi _
naxevarrkalovani Zvlovani arxi _ canalis semicircularis posterior kldovani
canales semicirculares ossei da lokokina _ nawilis ukana zedapiris
cochlea, romelic Zevs karibWis win. paralelurad (e.i. frontalur
karibWis SigniTa zedapirze sibrtyeSi) mdebareobs; misi zemo
arsebobs mcire simaRlis karibWis nawilis bolo, rogorc vTqviT, wina
qedi _ crista vestibule, romelic yofs rkalovan arxs uerTdeba da qvemo
mas or nawilad; zemo, amave dros bolo ki qmnis ampulas, romelic
ukana nawili, mogrZo moyvanilobisaa damoukideblad ixsneba karibWeSi.
da ewodeba elifsuri jibe _ reccesus gareTa naxevarrkalovani arxi _
allipticus, romlidanac iwyeba naprali, canalis semicircularis lateralis Zevs

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daaxloebiT horizontalur mwvervalamde grZeldeba, sadac igi

sibrtyeSi da Tavisi gamodrekilobiT xvrelis gziT ukavSirdeba lokokinis
dafis Rrus SigniTa kedelze qmnis qvemo arxs _ dafis kibes _ scala
saTanado, CvenTvis ukve cnobil, tympani, romelic mrgvali sarqvlis
SemaRlebas _ prominentia canalis midamoSi iwyeba.
semicircularis lateralis. helikotremis saSualebiT
g) lokokina _ cochlea dakavSirebuli zemo da qvemo arxebi
warmoadgens mokle Zvlovan konuss, erTian arxs warmoadgenen; igi iwyeba
romelsac qmnis araerTnairi ovaluri sarkmliTa da Tavdeba
diametris spiralurad daxveuli mrgvali sarkmliT. lokokinis zemo
arxi. misi fuZe _ basis cochleae da qvemo arxebi amovsebulia
moqceulia SigniTa sasmeni perlimfiT, romelic Tavisi
xvrelisaken, mwvervali _ cupula SemadgenlobiT Tav-zurgis tvinis
cochleae moqceulia dafis Rrusaken. siTxes mogvagonebs. arxebis
qvemo kedeli ki esazRvreba saZile perilimfa Sua yuris haerovani
arxis muxls. Rrusagan gamojnulia ovaluri da
lokokinis arxi iwyeba mrgvali sarkmelebis membraniT.
karibWeSi, spiralurad iburReba da zemo da qvemo arxebis _
qmnis ornaxevar xveuls. igi yrud vestibulur da ZiriTad membranebs
Tavdeba lokokinis TaRTan. Soris moTavsebulia Sua _ apkovani
lokokinis Rrus, anu mils arxi (Sua kibe _ scala media). am arxis
spiraluri arxi _ canalis spiraliscochleae Rru lokokinis sxva arxebs ar
ewodeba da, Sedgeba, ZiriTad, Sua da ukavSirdeba da endolimfiTaa
samwvervalo xveulisagan, romlebic amovsebuli. endolimfa
gars exvevian lokokinis Zvlovan produrcirdeba specialuri
RerZs _ modiolus. ZarRvovani warmonaqmiT _ stria
mTel sigrZeze, TiTqmis vascularis _is mier, romelic apkovani
lokokinis bolomde, Zvlovani arxi arxis gare kedelzea moTavsebuli.
ori apkiTaa gayofili: ufro Txeli endolimfis Sedgeniloba
_ vestibuluri membraniT anu gansxvavdeba perilimfis
reisneris membraniT da ufro mkvrivi Sedgenilobisagan kaliumis ionebis
da drekadi _ ZiriTadi membraniT. daaxloebiT 30-jer meti da natriumis
lokokinis mwvervalze orive es ionebis 20-jer naklebi SemcvelobiT.
membrana erTdeba mcire xvrelis endolimfis aseTi gansxvaveba
saSualebiT, romelsac hqvia _ perilimfisagan aris mizezi imisa,
helicotrema. rom pirveli meoris mimarT
vestibuluri membrana da dadebiTad aris damuxtuli.
ZiriTadi membrana lokokinis lokokinis Sua arxis SigniT,
spiralur arxs yofs sam viwro ZiriTad membranaze mdebareobs
savalad: zemo, Sua da qvemo. bgeris mimRebi aparati _ kortis
lokokinis zemo arxi, anu organo; igi Seicavs receptorul
vestibuluri (karibWis) kibe _ scala bususan ujredebs. es ujredebi
vestibuli dasawyiss iRebs ovaluri bgeris rxevebs transformireben
sarkmlidan da lokokinis nervuli agznebis procesad.

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d) SigniTa sasmeni Sesavali _ Sedgeba: pirveli mogrZo

meatus acusticus internus iwyeba kldovani moyvanilobisaa da ewodeba parkuWi_
nawilis ukana zedapirze, SigniTa utriculus, meore ki momrgvalo
sasmeni xvreliT. am sasmeni Sesavlis moyvanilobisaa da tiki _ sacculus
Zirze arsebobs ramdenime xvreli, hqvia. parkuWs xuTi xvreli aqvs,
romlebSic Sedis sami nervi: saxis romlebSiac ixsneba sami
nervi, karibWe-lokokinis nervi, naxevarrkalovani sadinaris bolo.
Suamdebare nervi da labirinTis tiki uerTdeba lokokinis arxs
arteria da vena. SemaerTebeli sadinariT _ ductus
sasmeni Sesavlis Ziri or reuniens. aRniSnuli ori parki
nawilad iyofa ganivi qedis _ crista SeerTebulia erTmaneTTan parkuW-
transversa saSualebiT; zemo _ tikis sadinariT _ ductus
SedarebiT ufro farTea, ewodeba utriculosaccularis. es milaki gamodis
saxis nervis veli _ area n. facialis. safeTqlis Zvlis piramidis ukana
aqedan iwyeba saxis arxi _ canalis zedapirze karibWis wyalsadenis
facialis, romelSic Sedis saxis nervi. gareTa naCvretis _ apertura externa
ganivi qedis qveS mdebare aquaeductus vestibuli _ saSualebiT;
nawili, Tavis mxriv, iyofa: karibWis apkisebri labirinTis
zemo da qvemo veli _ area vestibularis naxevarrkalovani sadinarebi
superior et inferior da lokokinis veli _ gacilebiT ufro viwroa, vidre
area cochlea. ukanasknelze mravali saTanado Zvlovano arxebi,
xvreli arsebobs; es xvrelebi romlebSiac isini mdebareoben. am
spiralurad arian dalagebuli da sadinaris SigniT arsebobs siTxe,
esabamebian lokokinis RerZis fuZes; romelsac endolimfas uwodeben.
maT daxvretili spiraluri traqti _ radgan apkisebri labirinTi ver
tractus spiralis foraminosus hqvia. am avsebs savsebiT Zvlovan labirinTs,
xvrelebiT Sedis lokokinaSi karibWe- amitom apkisebr da Zvlovan
lokokinis nervis arxi. labirinTebs Soris rCeba sivrece,
e) apkisebri labirinTi _ romelic agreTve amovsebulia siTxiT
labyrinthus membranaceus Zvlovani da romelsac ukve perilimfa ewodeba.
labirinTis RruSi mdebareobs; igi lokokinis sadinars _ ductus
Sedgeba: ori mcire parkisagan, sami cochlearis ganiv nakveTze samkuTxedis
naxevarrkalovani sadinarisa da moyvaniloba aqvs; misi gareTa kedeli
lokokinis sadinarisagan da Seicavs lokokinis Zvlovani arxis kedlis
smenisa da statikis mimReb ZvlisazrdelasTan mWidrod aris
receptorebs. apkisebri labirinTis Sezrdili. misi qvemo kedeli,
kedlebi Sedgeba boWkovani rogorc avRniSneT, avsebs Zvlovan
SemaerTebeli qsovilisagan da spiralur firfitas, romelic
Signidan mofenilia erTSriani lokokinis arxs yofs karibWisa da
brtyeli epiTeliumiT. misi agebuleba dafis kibeebad. maSasadame, es kedeli
im adgilas, sadac merve nervis apkisebri labirinTis nawils
boloebi Tavdeba, metad rTulia. warmoadgens da hqvia ZiriTadi
rogorc avRniSneT, apkisebri firfita _ lamina basilaris. zemo kedeli
labirinTis karibWe ori parkisagan warmodgenilia e.w. lokokinis

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sadinaris karibWis kedliT _ paries spiraluri firfitis im zedapirze,

vestibularis ductus cochlearis. gareTa romelic iyureba karibWis kibeSi.
kedeli _ paries externa ductus cochlearis smenis organo, rogorc
ekvris lokokinis arxs. zemoaRwerilidan Cans, Sedgeba ori
ZiriTad firfitaze ZiriTadi nawilisagan _ bgeris
moTavsebulia metad mniSvnelovani (smenis) gamtarebeli gareTa da Sua
smenis funqciisaTvis e.w. spiraluri yuri, da xmis mimRebi _ spiraluri
organo _ organum spirale. organo SigniTa yurSi.
karibWe-lokokinis nervi _ xmis talRebi gareTa sasmeni
nervus vestibulocochlearis SigniTa sasmen milis gavliT iwveven dafis apkis
xvrelSi Sedis da aq or nawilad rxevas; dafis apki miRebul vibracias
iyofa: karibWis nawili _ pars sasmeni Zvlebis Zewkvis amoZravebiT
vestibularis da lokokinis nawili _ (uzangis Sesatyvisi amoZravebiT),
gadascems karibWis sarkmels, rac,
cochlearis. pirveli Tavdeba karibWeSi
Tavis mxriv, aamoZravebs perilimfas,
da naxevarrkalovan arxebSi. igi
endolimfas da, amrigas, vibracia
warmoadgens adamianis sxeulis
aRibeWdeba spiralur organoze.
wonasworobis periferiul organos.
dafis RruSi arsebuli kunTebi
lokokinis nawili lokokinis RerZis
aregulireben dafis daWimvas da
mimarTulebiT midis da spiraluri
uzangis tokvis zomierebas.
firfitis ZirSi qmnis spiralur
spiraluri organos gaRizianeba
kvanZs _ ganglion spirale, romelic
gadaecema tvinis qerqs.
nervuli ujredebisagan Sedgeba. am
SigniTa yurs sisxliT
ujredebis nervuli morCebi
amaragebs _ a. labyrinthi (SigniTa
miimarTebian spiraluri firfitis
saZile arteriis toti). venebi zeda
sisqeSi spiralur organosTan da mis
da qveda kldovan sinusebs erTvis.
epiTeliumSi Tavdebian. spiraluri
organo moTavsebulia ZiriTadi

sxeulis mdebareobisa da moZraobis recepcia

karibWis parkebSi _ sacculis da badisebr, qaCis msgavs qsovilebSi,
utriculus-Si moTavsebulia e.w. romlebsac aqvs labisebri
otolituri aparati, romelsac aqvs konsistencia da faravs maculae-s. am
rTuli struqtura. labisebri masis maryuJebSi mravali
TiToeul parkSi aris mikroskopuli kristaluri
SemaRlebebi, romelTac laqebi _ warmonaqmnia, romlebsac otolitebi
macula sacculi da macula utriculi ewodebaT. otolituri fena, anu
ewodebaT. isini warmoadgenen otolituri membrana ufro mZimea
receptoruli ujredebis grovebs. danarCen qsovilze da SeuZlia
aseTi ujredis erT naxevars aqvs meqanikuri zewola receptoruli
cilindruli forma, meore ujredebis bususebze.
Seviwroebulia da aRWurvilia erTi apkisebr naxevarrkalovan
moZravi bususiT da 60-80 Sewebebuli arxebSi receptoruli ujredebi aris
umoZrao bususiT. receptoruli mxolod ampulaSi, sadac maT grovebs
ujredebis bususebi SeiWrebian cristae ampularis uwodes. am

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receptorul ujredebs aqvT grZeli moZraobis xasiaTis mixedviT

bususebi. sxeulis brunvisas xdeba SeiZleba aRmocendes an upiratesad
arxebis endolimfis moZraoba da otolituri receptorebis an
SeiZleba amis gamo moxdes upiratesad naxevarrkalovani arxebis
receptoruli ujredebis bususebis receptorebis gaRizianeba.
miRunva. otolituri aparatis
vestibuluri aparatis gamaRizianebels warmoadgens
receptorul ujredebTan modian sxeulis aCqarebuli an Senelebuli
nervuli boWkoebi, romlebic sworxazovani moZraobebi, xolo
warmoadgenen ganglion scarpae- s naxevarrkalovani arxebis
Semqmneli bipolaruli ujredebis gamaRizianebelia aCqarebuli an
morCebs. receptorul ujredsa da Senelebuli brunviTi moZraoba
bipolaruli neironis dendrits romelime sibrtyeSi.
Soris aris sinapsi. bipolaruli vestibuluri aparatis
neironis meore morCebi ganglion receptorebi iZlevian informacias
scarpae-dan gamosvlis Semdeg qmnian sivrceSi sxeulis mdebareobisa da
Tavis tvinis VIII wyvili nervebis moZraobis Sesaxeb. am receptorebidan
vestibulur tots. centralur nervul sistemaSi
vestibuluri aparatis mosuli impulsebi ganapirobeben
adeqvatur gamRizianebels sxeulis wonasworobis
warmoadgens sxeulis brunviTi an SenarCunebisaTvis saWiro
sworxazovani aCqarebuli an refleqsebis warmoqmnas. am
Senelebuli moZraoba. vestibuluri refleqsebis Sedegad warmoebs
aparatis rceptorebis gaRizianeba ConCxis muskulaturis srulad
warmoebs mxolod moZraobis siCqaris koordinirebuli tonuri SekumSvebi,
Secvlis gavleniT. Tanazomieri romelTa meSveobiTac gamoswordeba
moZraoba, aCqarebis an Senelebis sxeulis mdebareoba da
gareSe, ar iwvevs gaRizianebas. SenarCunebuli iqneba wonasworoba.

smenis recepcia
smenis receprorebi mdebareoben gareTa sasmeni milis
SigniTa yuris lokokinaSi, romelic saSualebiT xdeba bgeriTi rxevebis
safeTqlis Zvlis piramidaSia gatareba dafis apkisken. gverdidan
moTavsebuli. receptorebs bgeriTi momavali yoveli bgera erT yurs
rxevebi gadaecema specialur miliwamis ramdenime nawiliT ufro
warmonaqmnTa sistemis: gareTa sasmeni gvian aRwevs, vidre meores. bgeriTi
milis, dafis apkis, sasmeni Zvlebis, talRebis Sesvlis es sxvaoba droSi,
labirinTis siTxisa da lokokinis romelsac aRiqvams marjvena da
ZiriTadi apkis meSveobiT. mocemul marcxena yuri, saSualebasaZlevs
SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs adamians sakmaod zustad (3-40)
receptorebis “garSemozrdas” gansazRvros bgeris mimarTuleba. es
damxmare warmonaqmnebiT, ris Semdegi cdiT mtkicdeba: bgera
Sedegadac bgeriTi movlenebis ufro miitaneba gamosakvlevi piris orive
srulyofili da natifi aRqma miiReba. yurTan sxvadasxva sigrZis milebis

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saSualebiT gancalkevebulad. aamoZraon siTxis fena (peri- da

milebis sigrZis sxvadasxvaobis gamo endolimfa) lokokinaSi.
aRmocendeba bgeris sxvadasxva lokokinis endolimfis rxevebi,
mimarTulebis SegrZneba. romlebic aRmocendebian ovalur
amrigad, bgeris mimarTulebis sarkmelTan, gaivlian lokokinis
gansazRvra dakavSirebulia, xveulebs da miaRweven mrgval
bilaurul smenasTan, e.i. orive yuriT sarkmels Sesustebulad. es sarkmeli
mosmenasTan. yru erTi yuriT bgeris rom ar yofiliyo, siTxis
mimarTulebas gansazRvravs mxolod ukumSvadobis gamo, rxevac
Tavis trialis saSualebiT. SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
dafis apki, romelic gareTa Sua yurSi moTavsebuli kunTis
yurs acalkevebs dafis Rrudan an _ m. tensor tympani SekumSvisas
Sua yuridan, warmoadgens 0,1 mm Zlierdeba dafis apkis daWimuloba,
sisqis Txel apks. igi rxevas iwyebs riTac izRudeba apkis rxevebis
maSin, rodesac masze ecema gareTa amplituda Zlieri rxevebis dros,
sasmeni milis mxridan Sesuli xolo meore kunTi _ m. stapedius
bgeriTi rxevebi. araswori formisa awarmoebs uzangis fiqsacias da amiT
da sxvadasxva nawilebSi araTanabari zRudavs mis moZraobebs.
daWimulobis gamo dafis apks ar am kunTebis SekumSvis xarisxi
gaaCnia Tavisi sakuTari rxevaTa icvleba bgerebis rxevaTa
periodi da igi yoveli bgeris amplitudis Secvlisas da swored
talRis sigrZis Sesabamisad irxeva. amiT avtomaturad aregulirebs
dafis apkis es Tviseba metad bgeraTa energiis raodenobas,
mniSvnelovania, radgan winaaRmdeg romelic sasmeni Zvlebis gziT
SemTxvevaSi im bgerebs, romlebic gadaecema SigniTa yurs, icavs ra mas
misi rxevis sakuTar periods gadaWarbebuli rxevebisagan da
SeiZleba damTxveodnen, Cven ufro darRvevisagan. Sua yuris orive
xmamaRla movismendiT. kunTis SekumSva aRmocendeba
dafis apkis rxevebi gadaecema refleqsurad yurze Zlieri bgeris
berketis grZel mxares, romelic moqmedebidan ukve 10 miliwamis
warmoqmnilia CaquCis tarisa da Semdeg. am refleqsis rkali tvinis
grdemlis morCiT. amitom uzangi am Rerovani midamos doneze irTveba.
rxevebs Rebulobs amplitudaSi evstaxis milis SemweobiT,
Semcirebuls, magram samagieroT romelic dafis Rrus cxvir-xaxasTan
ZalaSi gazrdils. dafis apkis aerTebs, wneva dafis RruSi
zedapiris Sefardeba uzangis atmosferuls utoldeba, rac dafis
zedapirTan udris 1:22, rac bgeriTi apkis rxevisaTvis saukeTeso pirobas
talRebis zedawolas ovaluri qmnis.
sarkmlis membranaze zrdis bgeriTi talRebi, romlebic
daaxloebiT 22-jer. am garemoebas uzangiT gadaecema ovaluri sarkmlis
didi mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan membranas da lokokinis zemo da
SedarebiT sust bgeriT talRebs, qvemo arxebs, iwvevs perilimfis
romlebic dafis apks ecemian, rxevebs. perilimfis rxevebi mrgval
SeuZliaT gadalaxon ovaluri sarkmels aRweven da iwveven mrgvali
sarkmlis membranis winaaRmdegoba da sarkmlis gadaadgilebas gareTken,

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Sua yuris Rrus mimarTulebiT. zemo lokokinis xveulis dasawyisTan. rac

arxis perilimfis rxevebis qvemo ufro maRalia bgeraTa rxevebis
arxis perilimfisaken gadacema sixSire, miT ufro moklea siTxis
SeiZleba warmoebdes ara marto sveti, romelic rxevaTa procesSi
lokokinis mwvervalis areSi CaiTreva da miT ufro axloa ovalur
helikotremis saSualebiT, aramed sarkmelTan ZiriTadi membranis ubani,
vestibuluri membraniTac da apkovani romliTac rxevebi zemo arxidan
arxis endolomfis da lokokinis qvemos gadaecema.
arxis mTel sigrZeze ZiriTadi amrigad, lokokinis endolimfis
membranis saSualebiTac. rxevebi, romlebic aRmocendebian
vestibuluri membrana ovalur sarkmelTan, gaivlian
warmoadgens Zalian Txel apks, lokokinis xveulebs da miaRweven
romlis saSualebiTac zemo arxis mrgval sarkmels Sesustebulad. es
perilimfis rxevebis gadacema Sua sarkmeli rom ar yodiliyo, siTxis
arxis endolimfaze Tavisuflad ukumSvadobis gamo, rxevac
warmoebs. amrigad, siTxe zemo da SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
qvemo arxebSi gadascems rxevebs ise, ZiriTad membranaze
TiTqos igi membranebiT ki ar aris receptoruli ujredebis ori fenaa
gayofili, aramed orive arxi erTian ganlagebuli. maTi SigniTa fena
saerTo arxs warmoadgens. warmoqmnilia receptoruli
drekad elements, romelic am ujredebis erTi rigiT, romlTa
TiTqos da saerTo zemo arxs saerTo raodenoba apkovani arxis
qvemosagan ganacalkevebs, ZiriTadi mTel sigrZeze 3500 aRwevs. garegani
membrana warmoadgens. bgeraTa fena warmoqmnilia ujredebis 3-4
rxevebs, romlebic zemo da qvemo rigiT, romelTa saerTo raodenoba
arxebis perilimfiTa da endolimfiT 12000-20000 Seadgens. kortis organos
vrceldebian, mohyavT moZraobaSi yovel receptorul ujreds aqvs
ZiriTadi membrana da imis wagrZelebuli forma. ujredis erTi
saSualebiT SesaZlebelia gadaeces polusi ZiriTad membranazea
qvemo arxis perilimfas. sixSiris fiqsirebuli; misi meore polusi
rxevebi zemo arxidan qvemo arxs lokokinis apkovani arxis RruSi
gadaecema ZiriTadi membraniT mTel mdebareobs. receptoruli ujredis am
mis sigrZeze da helikotremiTac. es polusis boloze 60-70 bususia
xdeba imitom, rom lokokinis zemo da moTavsebuli, TiToeuli 4 mk sigrZiT,
qvemo arxebSi moqceuli siTxis rolebic apkovani arxis endolimfaSi
grZeli svetis sakuTari rxevebis arian CaSvebulni.
sixSire SedarebiT didi araa da apkovani arxis mTel sigrZeze
amitom igi dabali sixSiris rxevebs receptoruli ujredebis bususebis
(800-1000 hercze dabali) zustad zemoT moTavsebulia safari firfita
warmosaxavs. maRali sixSiris _ membrane tectoria.
bgeraTa rxevebis moqmedebis dros bgerebis moqmedebisas ZiriTadi
rxevaTa procesSi CaiTreva membrana iwyebs rxevas da
lokokinis arxebis ara mTeli sveti, receptoruli ujredebis bususebi
aramed mxolod misi nawili, ovalur deformacias ganicdian. bususebis es
sarkmelTan ufro axlo, e.i.

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deformacia receptorul ujredebSi

agznebis aRmocenebis mizezia. smenis simaxvilis gansazRvra.
smenis receptoruli ujredebis klinikur praqtikaSi metad
bususebis agznebis Sedegad mniSvnelovania xolme mocemuli
impulsebi aRmocendebian smenis subieqtis smenis simaxvilis donis
nervSi. es impulsebi gadascemen daqveiTebis gansazRvra. es daqveiTeba
informacias centralur nervul SeiZleba gamovxatoT decibelebSi.
sistemas SigniTa yurze moqmedi radgan zRurbli smenadobis
bgerebis Sesaxeb. umaRlesi sazRvridan 140
decibeliTaa daSoreuli, sruli
bgerebis aRqmis diapazoni. siyrue miReba smenis 140 decibeliT
adamiani aRiqvams bgerebs, romelTa daqveiTebisas.
rxevaTa sixSire wamSi 16-dan 20000- smenis simaxvilis zust
mdea. es diapazoni Seesabameba 10-11 gansazRvras awarmoeben bgeris
oqtavas. aRqmuli bgerebis zemo generatorebiT _ audiometrebiT,
sazRvari asakzea damokidebuli. rac romelTa saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli
ufro meti xnisaa adamiani, is miT xdeba bgerebis simaRlisa da Zalis
ufro dabalia. moxucebulebs xSirad regulireba. bgeris aRqmis Sesaxeb
maRali tonebi ar esmiT, magaliTad msjeloben am gamosakvlevi adamianis
WriWinas mier warmoqmnili bgerebi. sityvieri angariSis mixedviT (
bevr cxovels smenis umaRlesi “mesmis”, “ar mesmis”) an sapasuxo
sazRvari gacilebiT maRali aqvT, reaqciebiT.
magaliTad, ZaRls SeiZleba
gamovumuSavoT pirobiTi refleqsi
iseT maRal bgeraze, romelic
adamians ar esmis.

mxedvelobis recepcia
mxedvelobis recepciis organo sxivebis msvleloba damokidebulia
_ Tvali _ Seicavs baduraSi rqovana garsis, brolisa da minisebri
moTavsebul receptorul aparats da sxeulis zedapirebis gardatexis
optikur sistemas, romelic awarmoebs maCveneblisa da simrudis radiusze.
sinaTlis sxivebis fokusirebas da Tvalis optikuri sistemis Suqtexis
uzrunvelyofs baduraze saganTa Zala SeiZleba gamovxatoT
mkafio gamosaxulebas, Semcirebuli dioptriebSi.
da Sebrunebuli saxiT. erTo dioptria (D) _ es iseTi
linzis Suqtexis Zalaa, romlis
Tvalis optikuri sistema. fokusis manZili 100 sm udris.
TvalSi moxvedrili sinaTlis Suqtexis Zalis momatebisas
sxivebi, vidre isini baduraze fokusuri manZili mcirdeba. 50 sm
moxvdebodnen, gaivlis ramdenime fokusuri manZilisas linzis
gardamtex zedapirs _ Suqtexis Zala udris 2D, 25 sm
rqovana garsis, brolisa da minisebri fokusuri manZilisas _ 4D da a.S.
sxeulis wina da ukana zedapirebs.

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Tvalis optikuri sistemis akomodacia xorcieldeba

Suqtexis Zala, mTlianad, brolis simrudis Secvlis gziT, da
daSorebuli sagnebis maSasadame, misi gardamtexi
daTvalierebisas daaxloebiT 59D unarianobis Secvlis gziT.
tolia, axlo mdebare sagnebis axlomyofi sagnebis daTvalierebisas
daTvalierebisas ki _ 70,5D toli. broli ufro amozneqili xdeba, ris
rqovana garsis Suqtexis Zala 43,05D gamoc ganSladi sxivebi erT
tolia, brolisa _ 19,11D Soreuli wertilSi ikribebian.
sagnebisa da 33,6D axlos brolis amozneqilobis
moTavsebuli sagnebis SecvlaSi SeiZleba davrwmundeT, Tu
daTvalierebisas. gamosakvlevi Tvalis win an gverdiT
or sagans movaTavsebT, magaliTad or
akomodacia. sagnis mkafiod sanTels an or naTuras; am dros Cans
danaxvisaTvis aucilebelia, rom anareklebi, e.w. purkine-sansonis
sagnis TiToeuli wertilidan xatebi, sami zedapiridan: pirveli
gamosuli sxivebi fokusirdebodnen yvelaze mkafio anarekli rqovanas
baduraze. amozneqil zedapiridan, Semdeg _
Sors cqeris dros axlos myofi brolis wina amozneqili mxaridan da
sagnebi aramkafiod da bundovnad odnav SesamCnevi gamoxatuleba _
moCanan. es imazea damokidebuli, rom brolis ukana Sezneqili mxridan.
axlos myofi wertilebidan sxivebi moxucebulobiTi
baduras ukan ikrifebian da baduraze Sorsmxedveloba. asakis Sesabamisad
SuqTganbnevis wreebi miiReba. akomodaciis Zala mcirdeba da amitom
Tvalidan sxvadasxva manZiliT mkafio mxedvelobis uaxloesi
daSorebuli sagnebis erTnairad wertilic Tvals Sordeba. es imis
mkafiod danaxva SeuZlebelia. amaSi gamo xdeba, rom asakTan erTad
advilad davrwmundebiT, Tu wignis broli xdeba naklebad elastiuri da
kiTxvis dros wignsa da Cvens Tvals cinis iogebis modunebisas misi
Soris dolbandis bades movaTavsebT amozneqiloba an ar icvleba, an
ise, rom wigni badidan sakmao mxolod umniSvnelod izrdeba. am
manZiliT iyos daSorebuli. am mdgomareobas moxucebulobiTi
SemTxvevaSi mkafiod davinaxoT am Sorsmxedveloba anu presbiopia
wignis Srifts an dolbandis bades, ewodeba. amis gamo, asakSi Sesuli
magram mkafiod orTaves erTdroulad adamianebi kiTxvis dros an Sors
verasodes ver davinaxavT. iWeren wigns anda Tu es ar Svelis,
Tvalis Seguebas sxvadasxva akomodaciis nakls ormxriv
manZiliT daSorebuli sagnebis amozneqili saTvaleebiT Seivseben.
danaxvisadmi akomodacia ewodeba
(Tvalis akomodacia arasodes ar Tvalis refraqciis anomaliebi.
unda avurioT agznebadi qsovilebis TvalSi sxivebis gardatexis
akomodaciasTan, movlenasTan, (refraqciis) ori mTavari anomalia
romelsac gamaRizianebeli denis arsebobs: a) sibece, anu miopia da b)
gazrdis mcire sicicabis dros Sorsmxedveloba, anu hipermiopia. es
vnaxulobT). anomaliebi, rogorc wesi,
ganpirobebulia ara Suqmtexi areebis

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naklovanebiT, aramed Tvalis kaklis sakmarisi, amitom Sorsmxedvelma

aranormaluri sigrZiT. adamianebma kiTxvis dros unda
a) sibece. Tu Tvalis sigrZivi gaikeTon ormagamozneqili
RerZi metad grZelia, maSin mTavari saTvaleebi, romlebic sxivebis
fokusi iqneba ara baduraze, aramed gardatexas aZliereben.
mis win, minisebr sxeulSi. am hipermetropia ar unda avurioT
SemTxvevaSi paraleluri sxivebi moxucebulobis asakTan dakavSirebul
Seikribebian erT wertilSi ara Sorsmxedvelobas. orTave am nakls
baduraze, arame saerTo mxolod is aqvT, rom maT
d sadRac masTan axlos da dros adamianebi ormxriv amozneqili
baduraze wertilis nacvlad saTvaleebiT sargebloben.
Suqgabnevis wre warmoiqmneba. aseT
Tvals beci, anu miopiuri Tvali astigmatizmi. refraqciis
ewodeba. sibecis SemTxvevaSi mkafio anomaliebs unda mivakuTvnoT agreTve
mxedvelobis uSoresi wertili astigmatizmi, e.i. sxivebis
usasrulodan gadmonacvlebulia araTanabari gardatexa sxvadasxva
sasrul (da sakmaod axlo) manZilze. mimarTulebiT (magaliTad,
Sori sagnebis danaxvisaTvis, becma horizontaluri da vertikaluri
Tvalis win unda moiTavsos meridianebis mimarTulebiT).
Cazneqili SuSebi, romlebic brolis yoveli adamiani cotad Tu
Suqmtex Zalas Seamcireben da amiT bevrad astigmatikia. amitom
fokuss gadasweven baduraze. astigmatizmi Tvalis, rogorc
b) Sorsmxedveloba. sibecis optikuri instrumentis aRnagobis
sawinaaRmdego movlenas warmoadgens arasrulyofilobas unda miekuTvnos.
Sorsmxedveloba _ hipermetropia. astigmatizmi imiTaa
Sorsmxedvel TvalSi sigrZivi RerZi ganpirobebuli, rom rqovana garsi ar
moklea da amitom Soreuli warmoadgens zust sferul zedapirs:
sagnebidan momavali paraleluri sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT mas
sxivebi baduris ukan ikribebian. simrudis sxvadasxva radiusi aqvs.
baduraze ki miiReba Suqganbnevis wre, mkveTrad gamoxatuli astigmatizmis
e.i. sagnis aramkafio, bundovani dros es zedapiri cilindruls
gamosaxuleba. refraqciis naklis uaxlovdeba, rac baduraze
kompensireba SesaZlebelia damaxinjebul gamosaxulebas iZleva.
akomodaciis daZabviT, e.i. brolis astigmatizmis gamosworeba
amozneqilobis gadidebiT. amitom SesaZlebelia Tvalis win specialuri
Sorsmxedveli adamiani Zabavs cilindruli SuSebis moTavsebiT. Tu,
saakomodacio kunTs, ara marto magaliTad, rqovana garsi sxivebs
axlos, aramed Sors cqeris drosac. vertikaluri mimarTulebiT ufro
Sorsmxedvel adamianebs mkafio sustad gardatexs, cilindruli
mxedvelobis uaxloesi wertili SuSebi am mimarTulebiT gardatexas
Tvalebidan ufro Sors aqvT ufro gaaZliereben.
moTavsebuli, vidre adamianebs
normaluri mxedvelobiT. amis gamo guga da misi refleqsi. gugas
saakomodacio Zalva axlosmdebare uwodeben feradi garsis centrSi
sagnebis daTvalierebisas ar aris moTavsebul xvrels, romliTac

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Tvalis SigniT moxvedrili yvela saSiS simptoms, romelic narkozis

sxivi tardeba. guga xels uwyobs Semcirebis aucileblobas moiTxovs.
baduraze mkafio gamosaxulebis janmrTel adamians orive
warmoqmnas, radgan igi mxolos Tvalis guga erTnairad aqvs
centralur sxivebs atarebs da amiT gafarToebuli an Seviwroebuli. erTi
e.w. sferul aberacias spobs. Tvalis ganaTebis dros viwrovdeba
sferuli aberacia imaSi meore gugac.
mdgomareobs, rom brolis gugebis Seviwroeba iwyeba
periferiul nawilebze moxvedrili agreTve sagnebis daTvalierebisas,
sxivebi centralur sxivebze ufro rodesac xdeba akomodacia da orTave
Zlierad gardatydebian. amitom, Tu Tvalis mxedvelobis RerZebis
periferiuli sxivebi ar iqneba daaxloeba.
mocilebuli, baduraze miiReba zogierT SemTxvevaSi orive
Suqganbnevis wreebi. Tvalis gugis sidide sxvadasxvaa
feradi garsis muskulaturas (anizokoria); es SeiZleba aRmocendes
SeuZlia Secvalos gugis sidide da simpaTikuri nervis erT mxareze
am gziT ganaxorcielos TvalSi dazianebiT, rasac Tan sdevs gugis
sinaTlis Sesvlis regulacia. Tu Seviwroeba (miozi) da erTdroulad
Tvals jer sinaTlisagan davfaravT Tvalis napralis Seviwroeba
da Semdeg gavaSuqebT mas, dabnelebis (horneris simptomi). erTi Tvalis
dros gafarToebuli guga sinaTleze gugis gafarToeba SeiZleba moxdes n.
swrafad Seviwrovdeba. es Seviwroeba oculomotorius-iis damblis an n.
xdeba refleqsurad. sympathicus-is gaRizianebis Sedegad.
feradi garsi Seicavs ori saxis
kunTovan boWkoebs, romlebic gugas oftalmoskopia. gugis gziT
gars ertymian.: erTi rgoluria (m. TvalSi Caxedvisas Tvalis SigniTa
spincter iridis), romelic Tvalis zedapiris _ baduris danaxva
mamoZravebeli parasimpatikuri SeuZlebelia, radganac Tvali
boWkoebiT inervirdeba, meore _ areklavs yvela sxivs imave
radialuri (m. dilatator iridis) , igi mimarTulebiT, ra mimarTulebiTac
simpaTikuri boWkoebiT inervirdeba. isini Sevidnen masSi. sinaTlis
pirvelis SekumSva iwvevs gugis wyarodan wamosuli sxivebi masve
Seviwroebas, xolo meoris _ gugis ubrundebian da damkvirveblis
gafarToebas. TvalSi ar moxvdebian. Tu Cvens
amis Sesabamisad adrenalini Tvals am sxivebis msvlelobis gzaze
iwvevs gugis gafarToebas, xolo movaTavsebT, amiT davfaravT
acetilqolini da ezerini _ gugis sinaTlis wyaros. amis gamo guga Cven
Seviwroebas. emociebis dros, rasac yovelTvis Savad gveCvenaba.
Tan axlavs simpaTikuri sistemis Tvalis SigniTa zedapiris
agzneba (SiSis, gaafTrebis, tkivilis danaxva SesaZlebelia Tvalis sarkis,
dros) gugebi farTovdebian. anu oftalmoskopis saSualebiT.
gugebi farTovdebian agreTve oftalmoskopis daxmarebiT
asfiqsiis drosac. amitom gugebis ganaTebuls vxedavT Tvalis badebriv
gafarToeba Rrma narkozis dros garss, e.w. Tvalis fskers, romlis
asfiqsiaze miuTiTebs da warmoadgens daTvalierebisas Cans Tvalis

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kakalSi mxedvelobis nervis Sesvlis Semdgari kona. SigniTa segmenti

adgili, e.w. mxedvelobis nervis gadadis morCSi; misi daxmarebiT
dvrili. nervTan erTad TvalSi fotoreceptoruli ujredi agznebas
Sedian sisxlZarRvebic, romlebic gadascems masTan kontaqtSi myof
kargad moCanan. Tu Tvalis fskers bipolarul ujreds.
davaTvalierebT sinaTlis filtrebis adamianis TvalSi moipoveba
saSualebiT wiTel sxivebs moklebul daaxloebiT 6-7 milioni kolba da
momwvano sinaTleSi, maSin kargad 110-125 milioni Cxiri. baduraSi
Cans agreTve yviTeli laqa _ baduris Cxirebi da kolbebi araTanabrad aris
yvelaze ukeTesi mxedvelobis adgili. ganawilebuli. baduris centralur
baduris calkeuli Sreebis fosoSi (fovea centralis) mxolod
struqtura. badura warmoadgens kolbebi moipoveba. baduris
Tvalis SigniTa garss; masSi periferiuli mimarTulebiT kolbebis
ganlagebulia fotoreceptorebi _ ricxvi mcirdeba, xolo Cxirebis
kolbebi da Cxirebi da Tvalis raodenoba Sesatyvisad izrdeba da
sakuTari nervuli aparatis Semqmneli baduris periferia mxolod da
nervuli ujredebi Tavisi mxolod Cxrebs Seicavs.
mravalricxovani morCebiT. Tvalis kakalSi mxedvelobis
baduris yvelaze gareTa Sre Sesvlis adgili _ mxedvelobis
Seqmnilia pigmenturi epiTeliumiT, nervis dvrili _ fotoreceptorebs
romelic pigment _ fuscins Seicavs. sruliad ar Seicavs da amis gamo
es pigmenti, fotoaparatis SigniTa sinaTlisadmi mgZnobiare ar aris; is
kedlebis Savi Sefervis msgavsad, warmoqmnis e.w. brma laqas. brma
STanTqavs sinaTles, xels uSlis mis laqis arsebobaSi SeiZleba mariotis
arekvlasa da gafantvas, riTac xels cdis (sur. -----) saSualebiT
uwyobs mkafio mxedvelobiT aRqmas. davrwmundeT. Tu marcxena Tvals
baduris SigniTa zedapiris davxuWavT, xolo marjvenaTi
mxriv pigmenturi epiTeliumis Sres vawarmoebT fiqsirebas suraTze
emijneba fotoreceptorTa Sre gamosaxul jvarze, maSin Tvalidan
(Cxirebisa da kolbebis Sre); isini suraTis gansazRvrul manZilze
Tvalis sinaTlisadmi mgZnobiare (daaxloebiT 25 sm) moTavsebisas wre
wilakebiT mimarTulni arian qreba, radganac misi gamosaxuleba
sinaTlis mopirdapire mxarisaken. Tavsdeba brma laqaze.
yoveli kolba da Cxiri Sedgeba
sinaTlis moqmedebisadmi mgZnobiare
mxedvelobis pigmentis Semcvel
gareTa wilakisagan da birTvisa da
mitoqondriebis Semcvel SigniTa
segmentisagan, romelic
uzrunvelyofs fotoreceptorul
ujredSi energetikul procesebs.
suraTi mariotis cdis CatarebisaTvis
fotoreceptoruli ujredis
saWiro suraTi
gareTa da SigniTa segmenti
gayofilia membranebiT, romlebSic
gadis 16-18 wvrili boWkosagan

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brma laqis zomebi SeiZleba centrSi, centraluri fosos

Seicvalos rigi fiziologiuri midamoSi, yoveli kolba uerTdeba
pirob erT, e.w. juja bipolarul ujreds,
ebisagan damokidebulebiT. romelTanac dakavSirebulia aseve
fotoreceptorebis ujredTa mxolod erTi gangliozuri ujredi.
Sris SigniT moTavsebulia erT gangliozur ujredTan
bipolaruli neironebis Sre, dakavSirebuli fotoreceptorebi
romelsac Signidan gangliozuri qmnian gangliozuri ujredis
nervuli ujredebis Sre emijneba. receptorul vels. sxvadasxva
radgan Cxirebi da kolbebi gangliozuri ujredebis
ganlagebulni arian gareTa SreSi, receptoruli velebi erTmaneTs
xolo gangliozuri ujredebi qmnian faraven da dakavSirebulni arian. es
minisebri sxeulis mosazRvre mniSvnelovnad ganpirobebulia imiT,
baduris SigniTa Sres, amitom rom baduraSi arsebobs e.w.
sinaTle xvdeba ra baduraze horizontaluri (varskvlaviseburi)
minisebri sxeulis gavliT, unda da amakrinuli ujredebi, romlebic
gaiaros misi yvela Sre, vidre iZlevian gantotvil morCebs da
miaRwevdes TviT fotoreceptorebs. romlebic am morCebiT
gangliozuri ujredebis horizontalurad aerTeben
morCebi Seadgenen mxedvelobis nervis bipolarul da gangliozur
boWkoebs. amgvarad, agzneba, romelic ujredebs. amis gamo erTi
sinaTlis moqmedebis Sedegad gangliozuri ujredi aTeul
aRmocendeba fotoreceptorebSi, aTasamde fotoreceptorTan SeiZleba
mxedvelobis nervs gadaecema ori iyos dakav
ujredis _ bipolaruli da Sirebuli.
gangliozuri ujredebis saSualebiT. centriskenul boWkoTa garda,
am ujredebis konta TvalSi naxulia agreTve
qtis adgilas aris sinafsebi. centridanuli boWkoebi, romlebsac
daaxloebiT 130 milion impulsebi centraluri nervuli
fotoreceptorul ujredze modis sistemidan miaqvT badurasTan.
sul 1 milionamde mxedvelobis fiqroben, am boWkoTa daxmarebiT
nervuli boWko, romlebic centralur nervul sistemas SeuZlia
gangliozuri ujredebis morCebs baduris neironTaSorisi sinapsebis
warmoadgenen. erTi bipolaruli gamtarebloba Secvalos da amiT amiT
neironi dakavSirebulia mraval awarmoos agznebiT mocul neironTa
CxirTan da ramdenime kolbasTan, raodenobis regulacia. baduris
xolo Tavis mxriv erTi gangliozuri centridanul nervul boWkoTa meore
ujredi _ mraval bipolarul tipi warmoadgens sisxlZarRvTa
ujredTan. amgvarad, yoveli mamoZravebel boWkoebs; maTi
gangliozuri ujredi warmoadgens daxmarebiT centraluri nervuli
saerTo saboloo gzas agznebis sistema aregulirebs baduris
proce sisxlZarRvTa sanaTurs.
sisaTvis, romlebic baduris sakuTari sakmaod
fotoreceptorebSi didi raodenobiT rTuli nervuli aparati monawileobs
aRmocendebian. mxolod baduris mxedvelobiTi informaciis analizsa

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da gadamuSavebaSi. badura ara marto centraluri nervuli sistemis

fotoreceptorTa ganlagebis nawilia, romelic gamotanilia
adgilia, aramed is erTdroulad periferiaze.

ganakveTebi saxeze da maTi topografiuli anatomia

saxeze operaciebis kargi kosmetikuri Sedegis

Sesrulebisas gaTvaliswinebuli misaRebad ganakveTebi saxeze
unda iqnas Semdegi anatomiuri orientirebuli unda iyos bunebrivi
Tavisebureba: naoWebis gaswvriv, kanis elastiuri
1) mravalricxovani sisxlZar- boWkoebis mimarTulebis gaTva-
Rvebisa da nervebis (maT Soris liswinebiT:
msxvilis) zedapiruli mdebareoba; 1) ganakveTebi zeda da qveda
2) qalas saxis nawilis Zvlebis quTuToebze gatarebuli unda iqnes
rTuli reliefi; maTi kideebis paralelurad.
3) SemaerTebelqsovilovani sivr- 2) saxis gverdiT midamoSi
ceebisa da Rruebis (piris, cxvirisa ganakveTis mimarTuleba unda
da maTi danamati Rruebis) arseboba. Seesabamebodes saxis nervis totebis
gasaTvaliswinebelia agreTve mdebareobas__ganakveTi SeiZleba
kosmetikuri moTxovnebic. gatarebuli iyos gareTa sasmeni xvre-
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba lidan safeTqlisken, Tvalbudisaken,
saxis gareTa safarvels—kans, nestosaken, piris kuTxisaken, qveda
romelic operaciebis dros maqsi- ybis kuTxisa da qveda ybis qveda
malurad unda iqnas dazogili da kidis gaswv-riv.
SenarCunebuli. kani Seicavs didi 3) tuCebis kanze ganakveTi tardeba
raodenobiT cximisa da oflis wiTeli yaeTnis sazRvris perpendiku-
jirkvlebs, masSi didi raodenobiTaa larulad.
sisxlZarRvebi da nervuli 4) nikap_tuCis RarSi ganakveTi
daboloebani. saxis kans aqvs didi tardeba am Raris paralelurad,
unari Sexorcebisa da infeqciis mi- xolo TviTon nikapze_Raris
marT winaaRmdegobis gawevisa, amitom perpendikularulad.
saxis Wrilobis pirveladi 5) cxvirze, Zgidis moZravi
qirurgiuli damuSavebisas nawilis midamoSi, SeiZleba
dasaSvebia Wrilobis gakerva da misi gavlebuli iqnes kanis gaswvrivi
kideebis erTmaneTze mikereba ukeTesi ganakveTi anda ganivi ganakveTi
kosmetikuri efeqtis misaRwevad. nestoebis zeviT.
saxis kanis damaxasiaTebel saxeze ganakveTebis gatarebisas
Taviseburebas warmoadgens masze aucilebelia saxis nervis totebis
mimikuri kunTebis mimagreba, rac mimarTulebis gaTvaliswineba,
ganapirobebs Wrilobis dros misi vinaidan maTi dazianeba gamoiwvevs
kideebis erTmaneTisagan farTed Sesabamisi mimikuri kunTebis damblas,
daSorebas. saxis deformacias, mZime funqciur
darRvevebs.

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saxis gverdiT midamoSic Rrma cxviris frTidan 2_3sm daSorebiT da

ganakveTi unda gatardes radialuri miemarTeba gareTa sasmeni
mimarTulebiT. ganakveTis xvrelisaken 4_5sm manZilze.
mimarTulebis centrad miRebulia kunTsa da lorwovan garss
gareTa sasmeni xvreli. Soris mdebare Cirqovani keris gaxsna
saxis Rrma Cirqovan kerebs umjobesia piris karibWis mxridan
kanis ganakveTis Semdeg xsnian Clungi lorwovanis ganakveTiT.
iaraRiT. Tvalbudis qveda areSi
yba-yuris midamos flegmonis lokalizebuli flegmonis dros
gaxsnisaTvis ganakveTs atareben qveda ganakveTs atareben piris karibWeSi,
ybisa da mkerd-laviw-dvrilisebri lorwovanis zeda gardamavali naoWis
kunTs Soris qveda ybis kuTxis gaswvriv. lorwovanis ganakveTis
gaswvriv 2sm manZilze. yba-yuris Semdeg qsovilebis Clungad gaTiSviT
jirkvlisa da saxis nervis xsnian eSvis fosos. Tu am gziT Cirqi
dazianebis acilebis mizniT kanisa da ar gamoirwyo, paTologiur keras
fasciis gakveTis Semdeg siRrmeSi xsnian kanis gakveTiT.
qsovilebs TiSaven Clungi iaraRiT. safeTqlis midamos gaxsna
amave ganakveTs iyeneben xaxis mizanSewonilia yvrimalis Zvlis
gver-diTi flegmonis gasaxsnelad. Subliseuli morCis gaswvriv
zedapiruli Sreebis gakveTis Semdeg gatarebuli ganakveTiT, romelic
siRrmeSi qsovilebs medialuri saxis nervis totebis mimarTulebas
frTisebri kunTis gaswvriv Clungi Seesabameba. safeTqlis kunTis qveS
xelsawyoTi TiSaven da xsnian xaxis Rrmad lokalizebuli Cirqovani ke-
gverdiT sivrces. ris gaxsnisaTvis ganakveTs atareben
saReWi kunTis midamos safeTqlis kunTis konebis
flegmonas, rac, Cveulebriv, yba- mimarTulebiT.
yuris jirkvlis areSi ganviTarebuli safeTqlis qveda fososa da
Cirqovani procesis gavrcelebis frTa-sasis fosos flegmonas xsnian
Sedegia, xsnian ganakveTiT, romelic piris karibWis zeda TaRis
yuris bibilos qveda kididan 2sm-iT (lorwovanis zeda gardamavali
win iwyeba da piris kuTxisaken 4_5sm naoWis) gaswvriv ukanaskneli ori
manZilze grZeldeba. ZiriTadi kbilis areSi gatarebuli
loyis midamos flegmonas ganakveTiT. lorwovanis gakveTis
xsnian ganakveTiT, romelic iwyeba Semdeg zeda ybis borcvis ukan
yuris wina saxuridan 2sm-iT win da raspatoriT xsnian jer frTa_sasisa
Cirqovani keris lokalizaciis da Semdeg safeTqlis qveda fosos.
Sesabamisad miemarTeba piris qirurgiuli manipulaciebisa,
kuTxisaken, cxviris frTisa an Tva- agre-Tve anesTeziebis Catarebisas
lis napralisken. am ganakveTebiT mxedvelobaSia misaRebi im Zvlovani
maqsimalurad zogaven ara marto xvrelebis topografia, saidanac
saxis nervis totebs, aramed agreTve gamodian samwvera nervis totebi. es
yba-yuris jirkvlis sadinarsac. xvrelebi proeqcirdebian vertikalur
rodesac flegmona loyis xazze, romelic gatarebulia
cximovani sxeulis (biSas cximovani Tvalbudis zeda kidis medialur da
baliSi) areSia, kanis ganakveTi iwyeba Sua mesamedebis sazRvarze:

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for. supraorbitale __ Tvalbudis zeda for. mentale __ qveda ybis kidesa da

kidesTan. alveolaruli nawilis zeda kides
for. infraorbitale __ 0,5_1,0sm-iT qve-viT Soris Sua manZilze.
Tvalbudis qveda kididan.

saxis qalas Zvlebis motexilobebi

Tavis saxiseuli nawilis ConCxi Tavisebureba Seiswavla leforma
saxis safuZvels warmoadgens. igi (1900w.), romelmac gamoyo zeda ybis
gansazRvravs saxis reliefs, cxviris motexilobis sami ZiriTadi tipi.
konfiguracias, mis moculobasa da pirveli tipis dros motexilobis
formas; pirisa da saerTod saxis xazi gaivlis cxviris msxlisebri
zomebs. aqedan gamomdinare, saxis xvrelis fuZeze, zeda ybis wiaRis
qalas dazianeba (motexiloba) fskerze, alveolaruli morCis zeviT.
miekuTvneba Zime travmebs, romelic meore tipis dros motexilobis
iwvevs saxis mravali funqciis xazi gaivlis cxviris Zvlebze,
moSlas. Tvalbudis medialur kedelze da
motexilobis xazebs, rogorc fskerze, yvrimal_zeda ybis nakerze.
zeda ise qveda ybaze xSirad tipuri mesame tipis motexilobis dros
mdebareoba aqvT. es ganpirobebulia motexilobis xazi gaivlis cxviris
am Zvlebis agebulebis fuZeze da Tvalbudis medialur
TaviseburebiTa da SedarebiT mtkice kedelze mis fskeramde, ris Semdeg
ubnebis (kontrforsi) arsebobas. igi gaivlis mis gareTa kedels,
ReWvis aqtSi zeda yba pasiurad gadadis Tvalbudis zeda kideze da
monawileobs. amasTan ganicdis miemarTeba ukan, ZiriTadi Zvlis
dawolas qveda ybisgan. amasTan frTisebri morCisaken. am dros
dakavSirebiT zeda ybis maRali xSirad ybebTan erTdroulad
simtkicis xazebi (kontrforsi) aRiniSneba qalas fuZis motexiloba.
mdebareobs vertikalurad. gamoiyofa zeda ybis motexilobis
sami kontrforsi: wina gverdiTi da ZiriTadi niSania Tankbilvis
ukana. darRveva da moZravi natexebis
wina kontrforsi gaivlis arseboba. natexebis Secilebis xaris-
cxviris amonaWdevis kideze, Semdeg xi da mimarTuleba mniSvnelovnadaa
mihyveba zeviT zeda ybis Sublis damokidebuli TviT travmaze:
morCs. gverdiTi, anu Sua, dartymis mimarTuleba da Zala,
kontrforsi Seesabameba premolaris damazianebeli sagnis xasiaTi da a.S.
alveolarul qeds. ukana kontrforsi es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom saReWi
solisebri Zvlis frTisebr morCs, kunTebi zeda ybaze gavlenas ver
romelic zeda ybis borcvTanaa axdenen, xolo mimikuri kunTebis
dakavSirebuli. Zala sustia da ar SeuZlia arsebiTi
Zvlis maRali simtkicis xazebs gavlena moaxdinos natexebis
enacvleba naklebi simtkicis zonebi, Secilebaze.
rom-lebzec gaivlian motexilobis qveda ybis motexiloba ufro
xazebi. ybebis aseTi anatomiuri xSiria. mas Tan axlavs motexili

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fragmentebis mniSvnelovani Secileba, moqmedebis ZaliT), xolo frTisebri

rac gamowveulia kunTebis SekumSviT. kunTebis erTmxrivi moqmedebis
qveda ybac mTel mis sigrZeze Sedegad__motexilobis xazis mxareze.
erTnairi simtkicisa ar aris. mcire fragmenti, romelic moicavs
motexiloba xSirad aRiniSneba “sust” qveda ybis tots gadainacvlebs zeviT,
zonaSi: qveda ybis yelis doneze, win da Setrialdeba piris Rrus
qveda ybis kuTxis midamoSi, qveda mxareze (ybis amwevi kunTebis
ybis sxeulis, eSvebisa da molarebis moqmedebis Sedegad).
doneze. gansakuTrebiT saSiSia qveda
qveda ybis motexili ybis sxeulis ormxrivi
fragmentebis Secileba motexilobisas Sua natexis
dakavSirebulia mis sxvadasxva gadanacvleba ukan. am dros ena, rome-
ubnebze mimagrebuli saReWi kunTebis lmac dakarga sayrdeni (am adgilze
Zalis araTanabar ganawilebaze. ase mimagrebuli piris Rrus fskeris
magaliTad, qveda ybis sxeulis kunTebi), SesaZlebelia gadavardes
gverdiT nawilSi motexilobisas, misi ukan, dafaros xorxSi Sesavali da
didi fragmenti gadainacvlebs qveviT gamoiwvios asfiqsia.
(piris Rrus fskeris kunTebis

klinikuri simptomebisa da sindromebis topografiuli

anatomia
dislokaciuri asfiqsia am kunTebis antagonisti_saReWi
klinikuri gamovlineba. kunTebi umagrdebian gverdiT
sunTqvis gaZneleba qveda ybis fragmentebs qveda ybis kuTxisa da
ormxrivi motexilobis dros. totis areSi, iwvevs qveda ybis zeviT
topograf_anatomiuri safuZve- awevas.
li. qveda ybis ormxrivi motexilobis qveda ybis ormxrivi gverdiTi
dros warmoiqmneba 3 fragmenti. Sua motexilobis dros Sua fragmenti
fragmenti warmoadgens adgils, qveda ybis damwevi kunTebis
romelsac umagrdeba qveda ybis zemoqmedebiT gadaadgildeba qvemoT
damwevi kunTebi. da ukan. amis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad
1. m.mylohyoideus iwyeba qveda mcirdeba m.genioglosus-is wevis Za-
ybis linea myohyoidea-dan da umagrdeba la_kunTisa, romelic iwyeba qveda
inis Zvlis sxeuls. ybis nikapis wvetidan da enis sisqeSi
2. m.digastricus. wina muceli iwyeba maraosaviT iSleba. am kunTis
qveda ybis fossa digastrica-dan. ukana SekumSvis dros ena moZraobs win.
muceli iwyeba safeTqlis Zvlis motexilobis dros ufro Ronivrad
incisura mastoidea-dan. maTi Sua myesi moqmedebs m. styloglossus, romelic
gaivlis inis Zvlis sxeulze sadgis- iwyeba sadgisisebri morCidan da
inis kunTis or fexs Soris. mTavrdeba enis gverdiT da qveda
3. m.geniohyoideus iwyeba qveda zedapirze. es kunTi eweva enas ukan
ybis spina mentalis-dan, umagrdeba inis da zeviT. M.hyoglosus, romelic eweva
Zvlis sxeuls. enas ukan da qveviT, iwyeba inis Zvlis

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didi rqidan da am Zvlis sxeulis saReWi kunTebis anTebiTi

nawilidan, enas ukavSirdeba kontraqtura
gverdidan. klinikuri gamovlineba. piris
am kunTebis moqmedebis Sedegad gaRebis gaZneleba (saReWi kunTebis
saxis saTanado motexilobis dros anTebiTi kontraqturis dros piri
ena gadaadgildeba ukan da Tavisi gaiReba ara umetes 1sm-ze).
ZiriT awveba xorxsarqvels, topograf-anatomiuri
romelsac enis ukan gadavardnis safuZveli. samwvera nervis mesame
dros SeuZlia nawilobriv an mTlia- toti n.mandibularis gamodis qalas
nad daxuros xorxis Sesavali_gamo- Rrudan ovaluri xvreliT da
iwvios asfiqsia. moTavsebulia frTa-sasis fosoSi.
safeTqlis qveda fosos farglebSi
amoRebuli zeda kbilis alveolidan n.mandibularis iZleva mamoZravebel
sisxlisa da Cirqis gamoyofa haeris totebs: n.massetericus, n.temporalis
buStukebTan erTad
profundus, n.pterygoideus lateralis da
klinikuri gamovlineba. TiTebiT
n.pterygoideus medialis, romelic
winaswar daxSuli cxviridan
anerveben Tanamosaxele saReW kun-
amosunTqvis dros amoRebuli kbilis
Tebs: m.masseter, m.temporalis,
alveolidan stveniT gamodis haeri,
m.pterygoideus lateralis, m.pterygoideus
romelsac haeris buStukebTan erTad
medialis. frTa-sasis fosos
Tan axlavs sisxlis dena an Cirqis
SemaerTebel qsovilsa (qalas Rrudan
gamoyofa. qirurgiuli kovzi
m.mandibularis gamosvlis adgili) da
winaaRmdegobis gareSe Tavsdeba amo-
safeTqlis qveda fosoSi (samwvera
Rebuli kbilis budeSi Rrmad. zeda
nervis mamoZravebeli totebis
ybis wiaRis Cirqovani procesis dros
gamoyofis adgili) lokalizebuli
kbilbudidan gamoiyofa Cirqi.
flegmona iwvevs mamoZravebeli
topograf-anatomiuri
boWkoebis gaRizianebas, ris Sede-
safuZveli. zeda ybis wiaRis qveda
gadac viTardeba saReWi kunTebis
kedeli esazRvreba zeda ybis
anTebiTi kontraqtura. anTebiTi
kbilbudeTa morCs da Seesabameba
kontraqturebi Cndeba agreTve saReW
meore mcire da I_II didi ZiriTadi
kunTebTan axlos lokalizebuli
kbilebis fesvebs. zeda ybis wiaRis
flegmonebis dros Semdeg
pnevmaturi tipis agebulebis dros
SemaerTebel qsovilovan sivrceebSi:
mcire da didi ZiriTadi kbilebis
1. frTa-qveda ybis sivrceSi,
fesvebis mwvervalebi gamoyofilia
romelic Signidan mosazRvrulia
wiaRis fskerisagan Txeli Zvlovani
medialuri frTisebri kunTiT.
firfitiT, romlis sisqe SeiZleba
2. xaxis gverdiT sivrceSi,
meryeobdes 0,2-dan 2mm-mde. zogjer
romlis gareTa kedels warmoadgens
Zvlovani firfita ar arsebobs da
SigniTa frTisebri kunTi.
kbilis fesvi uSualod exeba zeda
3. safeTqlis midamos Rrmad
ybis wiaRis lorwovan garss. aseTi
mdebare sivrceSi, safeTqlis kunTis
kbilis amoRebis dros wiaRis
qveS.
lorwovani garsi irRveva da ixsneba
4. saReWi kunTis qveS mdebare
misi kavSiri piris RrusTan
sivrceSi.
amoRebuli kbilis budis gziT.

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paresTezia (anesTezia) qveda ybis sxeulis motexilobis dazianebis

sxeulis motexilobis dros niSania.
klinikuri gamovlineba.
RrZilebis lorwovani garsisa da yur_safeTqlis nervis nevralgia
kbilebis, agreTve nikapisa da qveda klinikuri gamovlineba: mwveli,
tuCis kanis zedapiruli mRrRneli, mopulsire tkivili
mgrZnobelobis moSla. tkivilisa da safeTqlis midamoSi, gareTa sasmen
temperaturis mgrZnobelobis Secvlas xvrelSi, safeTqel-qveda ybis
qveda ybis motexilobis zonaSi. saxsarSi. Setevas Tan axlavs kanis
topograf-anatomiuri hiperemia yba-yur saReW da safeTqlis
safuZveli. kbilbudeTa qveda midamoSi, hiperhidrozi—gaZliere-
nervi_qveda ybis nervis yvelaze buli nerwyvis dena.
msxvili totia. qveda ybis xvreliT
(foramen mandibulae) Sedis qveda ybis topograf-anatomiuri safuZveli.
arxSi, sadac igi iZleva totebs, rom- N.auriculo-temporalis-qveda ybis
lebic erTmaneTTan SeerTebiT nervis totia. Seicavs mgrZnobiare da
warmoqmnian qveda kbilebis wnuls, parasimpaTikur boWkoebs. gamoeyofa
anda uSualod kbilebisa da qveda ybis nervs ovalur xvrelTan,
RrZilebis totebs, romlebic gaivlis qveda ybis sasaxsre morCis
anerveben kbilebisa da kbilbudeTa yelis medialuri zedapiris gaswvriv
morCis da RrZilebis lorwovan da yba-yuris jirkvlis zeda nawils,
garss, piris karibWis mxridan. mcire Semdeg Sedis safeTqlis midamoSi, aZ-
ZiriTadi kbilebis doneze levs sekretorul totebs sanerwyve
kbilbudeTa qveda nervidan nikapis jirkvals, agreTve mgrZnobiare
xvreliT gamodis toti _nikapis totebs safeTqel-qveda ybis saxsars,
nervi, romelic anervebs qveda tuCis yuris niJaris kans, gareTa sasmen
kans, nikapis kans da lorwovan garss. xvrels, safeTqlis midamos kans.
kbilbudeTa qveda nervis nervi SeiZleba daziandes qveda ybis
totebis gavrcelebis zonaSi sasaxsre morCis yelis motexilobis
mgrZnobelobis dakargva qveda ybis dros.

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