c





V
  
  


 
  

 


 

  


   
  

     
       
   

   

    

   
 
  
          

 

   

   

 

 
  
 
    


  !
 
 "

 
   

     
 
V
 
#   
   



 

 
       !
 
 
   
 
 
  !  
$%&  
   
'
  
   

 
 
    
 (

  
 V)* '

    
 !

  

6 
 

6   
  
  
 
6  
 
  
   
6  
  

+
   
  
    
    


  
 
  
  
  

 
  
 
'!
 #
 

  
 
 ' ,
# 
# 
   
 
 
  

          
   '    )   
    
  

 

    
          



 
 
   
  
 
  
-  #  .
   /V0
  

 

 '
 
 

 



#  
  '    
 


  
  # 

1& 2&&  
 
   

# 

3' 
4 $556  
 
    
 
   

-    -
     0 
$522V   
  7

  

   
 

      
#   


 8 
 
3 
 
V
 
     
*
#
   
    
! 
   


     
 


 


'   "

#9 
 :&&$4 

 
      

! 
;

 
     




 
 


' 
'

+
 :&&$4 <<= 

>
 :&&1?;" 
@
 :&&%  
 # 
 
 


  
 
 
V(*
   
 
    
 
 



 #    

 

    

  
  
  

#   * #     


 
     V    
    
 
  

  
   
 
 
  

 ##

  

 #

>


 
  

 

 
        
 

   
  ' 

    

  
  )  
 
 #  !'
 


  
 
 

 
  '
     #  


#
 
     
 # 
  

'     



#     
 
3
 :&&&?;"  :&&:   
 
     

  

  
       
 
  
 
 
  
 

  


  #  .   '
 

   
V    
  #'    

 
 

  # 
 # 
   
  


   


 #' 

  4 A 
 :&&:   
    

 # 
  
 


 
  

 
'
  
! 

   


A $B  castanea Scutellospora  
+C0$DV

 3 

< @ 
   !  
::& 

  
   

   
 

  

   


   
   
 
    
  
   V0@
( $55EC    



V3 
 B   
    
        
 
 @ 
   
 


  
   
 3    "Vrabidopsis
+

   # "
+
  
  "
+ 
   #

 
  8
   


 

   
       "#' @# 
$55$
#         
   


 

 
   
   

   

 # 
 
 

     #

 
 


 V  #  

    
     " 
 

 
 ; 

$552  


 



  
V0
 
 
V0  
"    

 

  
@
  
  

   
  
  
 
 
 
# 
              # 
 

  
  
 4      

 

 
 
 

  


#
 
 

  
 
 V0  
 " @
( $55E
   

  
 
    
 


#
 
+  
 
  
 
   
 
V0 


     "; 
 $555@
  


 # 

 # 


 

  
V0 '

 "  

 
    

 
 # #
 ;"
 $552
   
'  
 

  
 

 
 

 
 '/

=

 
:&&:
V  
 
 
  
 
 
 


  
 
   ;
   



 
  
 
 ;
 ! $55:4 
 
  
 

'  

 8  

 

 

 



  
3 
 :&&:
  
 
 


 
   




 
 "

  
# 
 "#' 

.
4 

3 
  :&&1
V
       
  
 
  


 
     
B
pyriformis Geosiphon
  #     

     
@FG  $551$55H@
 

'     
Geosiphon
   
 @FG  :&&$
=    

     
     
  :   


  
  8 V(*
V
 
 


   
 
  
 !
 "; 
 :&&6?+  :&&1 
 
'     V)* 
    




      



A :BI 
' 
 
"  

 
  
  8 
 Glomus  
 @<  :&&$


 V)* 
  '
 Glomus#  #'(= 

?:&&& @< :&&$  
Glomus  



 
 

"
   
     
        
#  

' 
 '
 ' 

 
  
Paraglomus  
 
.# 

" 




 V)* 
  #  

   # 
'  

Pacispora
diversispora  -Glomus-
"-
    
V)* 


Glomus V
3


@<  :&&$"   

 
Glomus mosseae
Glomus claroideum # 
 


' 
  # 
"
  

 
'
V)*  

'
   

-    -
 
#     
V   Vcaulospora
Entrophospora       

 



" 
   Vrchaeospora   Scutellospora
Gigaspora)

 
    
  

- 
  -


 
 
      
V    

 
 
  

 V)*  




    
   . 
 Glomus
V   "
0 

3


$55&
   c       !
- -  
  # 

7

      
 
 
  
 
'
 
"7


B   
   
   
 
  )*V
   #
 @FG  
:&&$   
    '
    
  

   

  

 - - - -
 

'  
V)* 

  
 
  
V

3 
 

)'
'  
        


' 
 
   
  



   
    '

 # 


    
#  
"/

=

 :&&:     $%&   



     #  
> 

  !
  

   
      
  
       -  
  - 
 
  '
 
  
          
 
  J = $526?0 
$522V



  
   


 # A 6


A 6B@ Vrchaeospora leptoticha  
*+$EH   "  "
  
  
   #    

    


 AD) =(=     
K30 

L*/V0@
     ! :&& 


 !
  

  # 
"#
V
$5E1 
  
V0
  

'
 Endogone@
 
$5E1 


> $5E1


V0Endogone
 
  '
 
BGlomusSclerocystis
Vcaulospora
GigasporaV 
   !    
  
 
 Endogone   
! 
  #'  

    

' 
7

 

'  
 
 8 V(*  
    Endogone


  
 

 

   $55H
 
    0 

3


$55& 

 
V0


'
 Scutellospora
Entrophospora     
 
        
V     
 
 
    
   
 
 

   
@
 $556
)

    
    
 


     
 
'
   Glomus
Vcaulospora

     " # 
 
 

"# 
(= 
 :&&& 4  
  
 
#'
 Vrchaeospora

Paraglomus0 

(= :&&$
 
    )   


Vrchaeospora    '
   
  
 


    0 
 $55E


'     '
    
   
" 

'
 SclerocystisA 1

   
' 


  
 
   Glomus
 (=  
:&&&

 
A 1B@

  sinuosum Glomus  
0)$:H
Sclerocystis sinuosa  
 



 

  
 " 
    
- -AD) =(=     
K30 

L*/V0     !  
:%& 

,

#'
 Pacispora   C
@# 
:&&1  
!
Glomus
 '
 Gerdemannia    


 
 J =  :&&1

Pacispora


 
  
    
  Pacispora
    

  
 Glomus
    
C '
  
 Glomus
 0 

3


$55&diversispora@ 

Glomus   

   
J = 
@FG :&&1
    
 

  
    
    8 
  
 
 

 

 

 
  
 H&&
  H:&
 8@  
# # 

    #
 
V
 
3 
 3 
>
 :&&&?(=  :&&&   

 
  
  
  1H&
 8C #
(=  :&&&  
 


  
  
 

    


A %B 

  C #J

  8  %&
 DV 
V 
 V#
 +
 :&&& 


   
 

  


 

 
   
 
)#
 1&&
 8(
 $551   
 
   
  # 
 

      

 
    
  
      

 
 

 4 

=
0 $5E%@
 $556?3 =<:&&&;

 

V0
 


 
   
 
"
   V 
   

      
#   
   

 # 
 #  
     
      

   "   c   

6 ;
         

  

6  
6  






 #





 
V
  

'
  
   !  
E%M

 @

 
  
 



     

 
  
  
#
 
       
! 
 V
 
 

  B
Saccharomyces cerevisiae #   

 
   

  # 
 
   
 
     
  Penicillium chrysogenum    

esculentum Morchella
 
 
Neurospora crassa-

.

 - 

> '

 

 V
  
 
BVspergillus flavus
     !

 

 
 
  
 
   #
!


 


 
 
Candida albicans     8  
 
 
# 

Cryphonectria
parasitica 
    
1
   8 

,,V!  $55HV! V
 Penicillium
Candida       
)  
   
  ! 

     
V
 @
  
 
  
 
 
!   


  
 

 ! 
V
 
>
 $55%)  
 

 
 
 !
  
 
 

  
    #   
 V
   
   
  

 


  
  
 
  
  

  " 

#
 
     
 

   
 

##
     


    


     
  
  
  

 #
 
  

  4


 

 
 @  

J 
9  
$55:?( " $55:



  V
    "#

  

# 

 
.2
 #    
 '  
# 

   


 1 V V
 4

Podospora(/ 
D$55HV 

#  @  

SaccharomycesK>
 D$55H



 
        
  
 
  
 # 4    

   
 #
  
   

 
#
  V
     



'  
       
     
 '  
 
#  
  
   #

   


   V #   

    
 
  
 

 
 J$551
   # "
V   
V
 
  

 
 

 
##   
$551?+ 
J=<$55:@  
 
     
         


   # 
Vmorphotheca resinae

   
pullulans Vureobasidium
8    

  "
   #   +  
  
   

 
    " 
  
 
C 
V
 Ceratocystis
Ophiostoma 
  
  



#    
 

      "
  
 

 
  # 
 V   "

 
 # 



 
      '
  + 
  

 
    

 

 



por Pneumocystis carinii 
  
 
   

 


 
Ophiostoma ulmi
 
  
 
  
    

V'  * 
  
V $522
 
V
  


 




 '
 

 

  
 Candida albicans
Vspergillus flavusC 

 






Ophiostoma ulmiCryphonectria parasitica
  


    
  
4 " 
  
 4 
Tuber magnatum
  

 #
 
 
L  
 
)
 #  
 
 
 




   #  !V
     
!    
 ! 
  ) ' 
      

    
 
#  
   
  
  # 
 
 

 J 
9  $55:+




 
  
  

 
 
  #  


V 
  4


#  
(/ 
D
$55H
    

      
 
    

 
#
 
 
   
#   
 
   V
  '
 
      

  
    L
$5H% #  
 
  
 



 V
 
   #
   
 
 
Geotrichum candidum    
"
 

 
Vspergillus niger
 +
9
 =$52$
  $
V
 

  #   
   
 #   
  

  
  

     
 
   #  
 
V
 
   

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, " '
 
 
0  
       '
 
  
  
  
 "  V
V
 

    '
 
 
 
  
 
V!  $55H


+# V
 DK>
 $55H

(  

'  ! 
! 
   






V
  #  

!
   

 
   
'0 $55$?/ 
  $55$

    
  
    
  
 
  

  #  
         

  
 
      
    

  
    ?   V      

     
   
   
 
   
 
   

# 
        !
V
   
3 
    
 
   
 
   
#   #


 


 


 

 '
  


  

 =

 
 
 #
 
 #

      

  
 
  
 V
 
3 
 
 
!

=    


'  
  
 

  V(*



 
 



'V
  
 
:&&1K  :&&H@    :&&H  
"# 

V
 
  
>  


 =
:&&1?NV  

* 
@ 
 $551)     
  


>  


* 
@ 
 $551
   
 ' 

 

 
 :&&1>  



 

 

  
 =
:&&%
 

  
  
# 
   


V(*   

'
>  





  
K  :&&H  :&&H@    
:&&H
>  




#  neumonaSchizosaccharomyces
 !
 Taphrina

   
   
'
 Neolecta  
Neolecta
 
"   V
 
  

   
 
  
    


 



"  
    @  

 
#=
$55:@
 




 
 @  


    
    
     
 #  #  
   @  


 !

' 
 
   
4

   $55% 
 :&&1@    :&&H

!          #
 ! V
 
 

V
 
   ! ?"


Candida albicans
@  

@  

Penicillium chrysogenum4


 

V   
 
%&

 # 

V
   
      "
 
  



   

  >
 
3 
:&&H>  


@  


4

  

  
  
)#

1&&
 8 
@
 
 

   

 
 
V
 
 $&&&
 8; :&&$>
 
3 :&&H 
  V
 

 
 
    

"
"!
   "devonicus
Paleopyrenomycites@  
 4 
  # 


 
 
    !
 
 "# 

 

     


 

 
 "    

"  
"V
  

   *

4
 

@  

>  

  


 >  


NV  
* 
@ 
  
 
>  


 
* 
@ 
 $551 =
:&&% 


     !


   


  
  

  !
K  :&&H  :&&H@    :&&H
@  

 
 O#   #  
  

Saccharomyces cerevisiae" 

 #  V
  

   
 
 

   !
    


      @  

3
 $55& 
  
   @  




 @  




@  
 
4




5&MV
 
 
  

        
! 
  4




$$ 
 
  

  
   

  
'       
 # 
 

:&&1@    :&&H

   "    

6 V
 
6 @ 

6