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NEUROPSICOLOGA DE LA ESQUIZOFRENIA
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Resumen:
Summary:
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PREFACIO
Uno de los puntos ms importantes Desde un punto de vista evolutivo, es
respecto a las patologas mentales ms en los primates superiores en donde
graves, y en particular respecto a la estas habilidades parecen estar ms
esquizofrenia, son la empata en desarrolladas (aunque tambin existen
particular y las habilidades sociales en en otros mamferos sociales como
general. A nivel psicopatolgico la lobos, por ejemplo) y en particular en
empata es indicador de las el ser humano. Los chimpancs por
capacidades del sujeto de establecer y ejemplo, tienen una escala social
mantener relaciones sociales com- jerrquica en donde el macho
plejas y sofisticadas (propias del ser dominante no es, como sucede
humano), por tanto indicador de su generalmente, el ms fuerte del grupo,
grado o capacidad de adaptacin o el que mejor lucha, sino aquel que
social, de su salud mental. A nivel consigue establecer alianzas con otros
neuroanatmico, estas habilidades miembros del grupo que le permiten
requieren de un complejo entramado conseguir esa posicin de privilegio.
en el que participan varias reas del Esta escala jerrquica por supuesto
cerebro, y distintas funciones que otorga grandes ventajas a la hora
cognitivas funcionan de forma de pensar en probabilidad de super-
integrada. Las reas del lenguaje vivencia, y adems brindan al macho
izquierdas (principalmente verbales) y posibilidades de reproduccin (hijos
derechas (lenguaje no verbal, gestual, que sern luego criados por todo el
entonacin, etc), las reas frontales grupo). Estos sistemas de alianzas son
encargadas de las funciones cognitivas realmente complejos y muy similares
ms complejas, del pensamiento (aunque quiz menos sofisticados) a
abstracto, del entendimiento y mecanismos utilizados por los seres
dominio del entorno y un manejo humanos. Alianzas, intercambio de
simblico secundario o terciario (no favores, demostraciones de afecto o de
textual) del lenguaje (fundamental furia, etc. Es posible que se diera
para leer entre lneas, para el un funcionamiento social reproductivo
entendimiento de metforas, de similar en los primeros homnidos?
ironas, y dems aspectos que en la Ello implicara un proceso de
esquizofrenia son deficitarios). Ello seleccin natural poderoso que brinda
necesita de una compleja integracin mayores posibilidades de re-
de las funciones cognitivas ms produccin a los sujetos ms hbiles
complejas y sofisticadas, y a nivel socialmente.
neurolgico de la participacin de
diversas reas de forma compleja e Este trabajo parte entonces de dos
integrada. presupuestos, que en parte hallarn
correlato en la bibliografa consultada:
Estos procesos implican un nivel de
desarrollo y una complejidad cerebral
muchsimo mayor de lo que podra 1) Las habilidades sociales-empticas
hacernos pensar la naturalidad con han sido originadas por la propia
que las llevamos a cabo diariamente, estructuracin social del ser
sin percatarnos siquiera. humano (evolutivamente).
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Ligero = 0, 5-1DS por debajo de la media de los sujetos sanos; Moderado = 1-2 DS por debajo
de la media de los sujetos sanos; Grave = 1-2 DS por debajo de la media de los sujetos sanos.
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Podemos citar aqu 2 estudios han De Lisi y col. (1991) y Raine y col.
hallado un volumen del lbulo frontal (1992) han encontrado una
(VLF) reducido en pacientes disminucin de la materia gris y la
comparados con un grupo control materia blanca en esquizofrenia.
sano (Raine y col. 1992, Sanfilipo y
col. 2002) y grupo control psiquitrico Dos estudios han comprobado la
(Raine y col. 1992) limitndose al correlacin entre el volumen del LF y
volumen de la materia gris (VMG). el rendimiento en tareas del lbulo
Baare y col. (1999) ha observado una frontal. Nestor y col. (2002) utilizando
disminucin de la materia gris, y de la un partial least square anlisis, ha
materia blanca, pero no ha podido hallado una correlacin positiva, en
obtener resultados estadsticamente pacientes, entre el volumen de la
significativos. materia gris y de la materia blanca en
el LF, con el rendimiento en tareas de
Dos estudios han encontrado memoria de trabajo. Raine y col.
relaciones entre el LF y funciones (1992), estudiando un subgrupo de
cognitivas. Sanfilipo y col. (2002) han pacientes que presentaban dficit en
encontrado un mayor volumen tareas frontales, y un rendimiento
prefrontal de materia gris relacionado normal en tareas no frontales, y
con un mejor rendimiento en tareas de encontraron una reduccin bilateral
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