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Sumatoria y Productoria
Sumatoria y Productoria
1. Concepto de sumatoria.
a1 + a2 + a3 + ... +an = a k
k=1
c= n c
k=1
Demostracin:
n
c = c + c + c + ... + c (n veces)
k=1
por lo tanto, n
c= n c q.e.d.
k=1
c ak = c a k
k=1 k=1
Demostracin: n
c ak = c a1 + c a2 + ... + c an
k=1
= c (a1 + a2 + ... + an )
n n
c ak = c a k q.e.d.
k=1 k=1
(a + b ) = a + b
k k k k
k=1 k=1 k=1
Demostracin: n
(a + b ) = a + b + a + b + ... + a + b
k k 1 1 2 2 n n
k=1
(a + b ) = a + b
k k k k q.e.d
k=1 k=1 k=1
n q n
a = a + a
k k k
k=1 k=1 k=q+1
(a k+1 - ak) = (a2 - a1) + (a3 - a2) + (a4 - a3) + ... + (an - an-1) + (an+1 - an)
k=1
n
(1/a k+1 )
- 1/ak = 1/an + 1 - 1/a1 o (1/a - 1/a ) = 1/a - 1/a
k k+1 1 n+1
k=1 k=1
1 + 2 +3 + 4 + ... + (n - 1) + n = k (1)
k=1
n + (n - 1) + (n - 2) + ... + 2 + 1 = k (2)
k=1
(n + 1) + (n + 1) + (n + 1) + ... + (n + 1) = 2 k
__________________
n veces ___________________ k=1
k = n (n + 1) /2
k=1
(2k - 1) = 2k - 1 = 2 k - n
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1
k=1
12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + ... + n2 = k 2
k=1
13 + 23 + 33 + ... + n3 = k 3
(2)
k=1
(k + 1) - k = (n + 1) - 1
3 3 3
k=1 k=1
n n
(k + 3k + 3k + 1) - k = (n + 1) - 1
3 2 3 3
k=1 k=1
n n n n n
k + 3 k + 3 k + 1 - k = (n + 1) - 1
3 2 3 3
3 k + 3n (n + 1) 2 + n = (n + 1) - 1
2 3
k=1
Despejando:
n
3 k 2
= (n +1)3 - (n + 1) - 3n (n + 1) 2
k=1
3 k 2
= (n +1) (n + 1)2 - 1 - (3n 2)
k=1
3 k 2
= (n +1) n2 + n/2
k=1
3 k 2
= n (n +1) n + 1/2
k=1
3 k 2
= n (n + 1) (2n + 1) 2
k=1
50
1. 4 = 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + ... + 4 = 50 4 = 200
k=1 _______
50 veces _______
5
2. 3 (k + 1) = 3 (k + 1) = 3 (2 + 5 + 10 + 17 + 26) = 3
2 2
60 = 180
k=1
3. (k - 3k + 2) = k
2 2
- 3 k + 2
k=1
= 91 -3 21 + 12 = 40
5
4. k (k + 1) 4 = 1/4 (k + k) = 1/4 k + k
2 2
k=1
= 1/4 (1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25) + (1 + 2 + ... + 5)
=1/4 55 + 15 = 1/4 70 = 35/2
5. 1/(k (k + 1)) = (1 + k - k) k (k + 1) =
k=1
(k + 1) k (k + 1) - (k k (k + 1)) =
1/k - 1/(k + 1) = 1 - 1/(n + 1) = (n + 1 - 1) (n + 1) = n/(n + 1)
6. (2k - 1) = (2k - 1 + k - k ) 2 2
k=1
k - (k - 1) = n - 0 = n
2 2 2 2
(2k - 1) = n 2
k=1
50 n
80 n
k=1 k=1
25 frmula
9. k = 25 (25 + 1)(2
2
25 + 1) 6 = 25 26 51 6 = 5.525 de
k=1
pag. 8
10. k k! = (k + 1 - 1) k! = (k + 1) k! - k! = (k + 1)! - k!
k=1
n
k k! = (n + 1)! - 1
k=1
11. Calcular S = k a k
para cualquier a IR
k=1
a) Si a = 0 entonces S = 0
n
b) Si a = 1 entonces S = k = n (n + 1) 2
k=1
a - (n + 1) an+1 = (k ak - (k + 1) ak+1) =
(k ak - k ak+1 - ak+1) = (1 - a) k ak - a a
k
a - (n + 1) an+1 = (1 - a) k
ak - a2 (1 - an) (1 - a)
k
ak = 1/(1 - a) a - (n + 1) a n+1 + a2 (1 - an) (1 - a)
n
k ak = (n an+2 - (n + 1) an+2 + a) (1 - a)
k=1
GUIA DE EJERCICIOS
a) k (k + 1) 2 b) (3k - 2) c) k (k + 1)2
k=1 k=1 k=1
10 4 8
d) (k - 1) (k + 1) e) (-1) k
(2k + 1) f) (-1) (k + 1) 4k
k 2
b) 2 + 5 + 8 + 11 + ... + 44 d) 1 + 4 + 7 + ... + 43
a) 4/22 b) 7(k + 1) 3
5 c) (k + 2)(k - 2)
2
d) (7 + k) 3
a) k b) (2k - 1) c) k 2
80 70 15
d) (2k) 2
e) (k + k) 2
f) (5 - 2k) 2
k=1 k=1 k=1
SOLUCIONES
1. a) 84 b) 92 c) 190.699 176.400
50 10 15 15
2. a) k k+1
b) k (2k - 1) c) (3k - 1) d) (3k - 2)
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1
PRODUCTORIA
Se define como el producto de los trminos a1, a2, a3, ... , an.
(Productoria simple)
a =a i 1 a2 a3 ... an
i=1
Caso especial:
n n n
i=1 2 3 4 ... n = n! i = i = n!
i=1 i=1 i=1
c=c n
i=1
Si i = a ; n a 1
c=c n-a+1
i=a
n n
(k xi) = kn x i
i=1 i=1
n n n
x y = x y
i i i i
i=1 i=1 i=1
4. Productoria doble.
n m m n
x = x ij ij
i=1 j=1 j=1 i=1
EJERCICIOS DE PRODUCTORIA
a) i=1 2 3 4 5 6 = 6! = 720
i=1
b) (2i - 1) = (2 2 - 1) (2 3 - 1) (2 4 - 1) (2 5 - 1) = 3 5 7 9 = 945
i=2
c) 3i = 3 6 9 12 = 1.944
i=1
6
e) 3i (i - 2) = 9/1 12/2 15/3 18/4 = 1.215
i=3
f) (3i - 1) i = (3 3
1 - 1) 13 (3 2 - 1) 23 (3 3 - 1) 33 =
i=1
= 2 5 8 8 27 = 17.280
GUIA DE EJERCICIOS
4 3
a) x ki (xk + xi)
k=1 i=1
6 4 2
b) (2i - j) (2k + i)
k=5 j=3 i=1
4 3
c) (k -1) k-1
k! - (k + 1)(k + 2) 2
k=2 k=1
n 3 72
d) r k
e) 3 i j k f) (i + 1)(2i - 1)(3 - i)
k=1 i,j,k=1 i=5
n 5
g) 3 -2 k k
h) (i + j ) k
k=1 i,j,k=1
i j k
2. Si i = 1, 2 , j = -2, -3 , calcular:
a) (i + j) b) 3i/(4 - j)
(i , j)i j (i , j)i j
3. Demostrar:
6 3
a) k (k + 2) = (k + 3) (k + 5)
k=3 k=0
8 4
b) t (t + 4) = (t + 4) (t + 8)
t=5 t=1