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bgc:N?Sc]`]dUhai\g_ifèhWifhbV]fgc`hcgcWfg\dicif_h]f^QGe^g
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C#C6.7BD4A
f^g_gdaeicibaih]_g^gèZfai`]h_dg_ei^\gcS(èbefadgcifbBfih
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bgfVe_]aaibhXeibhSaibh^hfeUibh[8i\dg\gfiWeV]hbîf_iWai_idêfhdbh
Uibgèahaîaehbefihbaib\ec_Zfceib^g_gdVedhhI@<<êfOL[
0
218
8ii^\bih`gf^hSgdRdi`]ifèhbh\g_ifèh\gd]feahaaic]\idReèiaib\ec_Zfg`hdVh_Fdê`h[
GENERALIDADES
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8ichXiT]ibhèbefadhahaib^g_gdic7' 7@/-0`^@ ST]iibf1îdgai
èbefadgcic 7([?gd_hf_gWbhèbefadhah]fe_hdehci`hb`]bh`gfbhceV]eif_i
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?gdg_dgbhagWbhbgfVe_]aaibh^hfeUibhicbhê_haaibh`hddidhW\gdbg
T]ic]Uhbgdic. 7*$I7MWIM`^[=g^gci`gfgìbhdibhèZfXeibhO^hfeO
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^g_gdVedhhI@<<êfOL[?hdhibbgciaiXi]_ebeDhdbhceV]eif_iiG\diceZfH
219
MQUINASTRMICAS
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aichddgbbhWXhCg]fhcai_idêfhahc`gfaeègficShI@<<êfOLW]fh\g_ifèh
iRi`_eUh ai 00 ) S ]f _dhXhCg efae`hag ai 0/< [ 8i \eai ai_idêfhd bh
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2i_idêfhdeV]hbîf_ibh\g_ifèh\idaeah\gdbhc\Fdaeahcî`Qfe`hc[
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9h\g_ifèhic\i`BRe`hicbh\g_ifèhT]i\dg\gdègfhib^g_gd\gd]feO
ahaaièbefadhah[2iici^gagcigX_eifiH
Nb \hd iRi`_eUg ci dibhègfh aedi`_hîf_i `gf bh \g_ifèh iRi`_eUh S bh
UibgèahaaiVedgaib^g_gdciV1fbhiG\diceZfH
Nf`]hf_ghbh\diceZfîaehiRi`_eUhWFc_hci\]iai`hb`]bhh_dhUFcai
bhceV]eif_iiG\diceZfH
220
GENERALIDADES
?gdg_dgbhagWbh\g_ifèhSbh\diceZfîaehefae`hahci\]iaif`hb`]bhd
]_ebeDhfagibUhbgdaib_dhXhCgefae`hagH
9h \g_ifèh \idaeah if \Fdaeahc î`Qfe`hc ic bh aeRidifèh if_di bh
\g_ifèhefae`hahSbhiRi`_eUh[2iichRgd^hH
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2ib^g_gdaibgciCi^\bgchf_idegdicWci\eai`hb`]bhdibVhc_g^Qce`gai
`g^X]c_eXbi S ai hediW ib agchag `gf ib T]i _dhXhChW bh ^hch ai hedi \gd
i^Xgbhahhaê_eahif`hahèbefadgif`hahè`bgWibdifaeêif_gefae`hagW
ibî`Qfe`gSib`gfc]^gic\i`BRe`gWchXeifagT]iibdifaeêif_giRi`_eUg
aib^g_gdicaib;@Wibdifaeêif_gUgb]^F_de`gicaib0IWT]ibhaifceO
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`hbgdBRe`gaib`g^X]c_eXbiic;IM<<) $)V[
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ciV1fbhceV]eif_iiG\diceZfH
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221
MQUINASTRMICAS
?gd_hf_gWibagchag`gfibT]i_dhXhChib^g_gdicH
9h^hchaihedi\gdi^XgbhahicH
Nb difaeêif_g efae`hag ic ib `gèif_i if_di bh \g_ifèh efae`hah S bh
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X]c_eXbiSbh\g_ifèhaichddgbbhahW\gd_hf_gH
4A4AD =;=7B@D8CD>;<CDC,;(>7C9:C
Nbic_]aegaibè`bg_id^gaefQê`gaibgc^g_gdicfgci\]iaidihbeDhd
ai]fhRgd^hcifèbbhh_dhUFcaibè`bg_id^gaefQê`gdihbT]iceV]iibRb]eO
agai_dhXhCg\gdT]ibgc\dgìcgcdihbiccgf`g^\biCgcai^gaibhd`gf\diO
èceZf[ ?hdh ]f \deîd ic_]aeg aib `g^\gd_hêif_g _id^gaefQê`g ai bgc
:=.5ciaiXiW\gd_hf_gWhag\_hd]fhcideiaice^\beRe`hègficT]i\idêO
_hf iG_dhid `gf`b]cegfic dhDgfhXbic h _dhUFc ai ^gaibgc _iZde`gc ce^\bic
222
GENERALIDADES
T]icihciîCif`gfèid_h\dièceZfhbhdihbeaha[Nfic_ih\hd_hagciaicO
hddgbbhf bgc ^gaibgc _iZde`gc cifèbbgc T]i ci ]_ebeDhf \hdh ic_]aehd h bgc
836 Shbgc83;[
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de`gcT]iciaic\difaifaiibbgcfgcgfUQbeagcaiXeaghbhcce^\beRe`hègO
fichag\_hahc[
4A4AAD =5+10D/?D35-?D?"531?2*?D/?D01"%?2D+02'*32*?
Nb è`bg ai hedi iT]eUhbif_i ai Ugb]îf `gfc_hf_i ic ib è`bg _iZde`gW
ce^\beRe`hagW h _dhUFc aib `]hb ci ic_]aeh ib `g^\gd_hêif_g ai bgc 836[
hST]idichb_hdT]iibè`bgiT]eUhbif_iic]fè`bgaihediWfg]fhce^]bhO
èZfaibè`bgdihbWifibT]iibRb]eagai_dhXhCgic\deîdg]fhîD`bhai
hedi S `g^X]c_eXbi S \gc_idegdîf_i Vhcic ai `g^X]c_eZf[ Nf ic_i è`bg
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6 bhc]ìceZfaibgc\dgìcgc&
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6 bhifidVBhh\gd_hah\gd]feahaai^hchaihediJKK;K&
6 bh\diceZfSbh_i^\idh_]dhhbefeègaibh`g^\diceZf[
9hcce^\beRe`hègfichag\_hahccgfH
6 fgiGec_ifR]Vhcai^hch&
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6 ibRb]eagicce^\biîf_ihediSci`gfceaidhT]iic]fVhceaihb&
6 ibh\gd_iai`hbgdicefc_hf_QfigSifib?:8&
6 fg>hS\Fdaeahcai`hbgd&
6 ibic`h\iic\gf_Qfigicefc_hf_QfigSifib?:.[
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223
MQUINASTRMICAS
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Nb_dhXhCg\dga]èag\gdib^g_gdJciV1fibè`bg_iZde`gKcidQbhaeRidifO
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224
GENERALIDADES
Nb_dhXhCgaibè`bgcidQW\gd_hf_gH
4M[I/3
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225
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226
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227
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228
GENERALIDADES
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