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K[l[ _mn[ _^c]c}h m_ chnli^od_lih ^cp_lm[m gi^c`c][]cih_m ]ih _f

`ch ^_ fial[l ko_ _f fc\li hi ^_d[l[ ^_ _mn[l []no[fct[^i s ]ih
_f `ch ^_ mo\m[h[l oh[m ]o[hn[m ^_`c]c_h]c[m* @h ][^[ ohi ^_ fim
][j{nofim m_ ff_p[lih [ ][\i [faohim ][g\cim g_hil_m _h _f _m)
ncfi( jil fi a_h_l[f ]ih _f jlij}mcni ^_ mcgjfc`c][l [laog_hnim s
^_m]lcj]cih_m ^_ ^c`_l_hn_m johnim ^_ pcmn[* @h fim >[j{nofim / s
0 m_ chnli^od_lih ]o[^lim( n[g\czh ]ih _f jlij}mcni ^_ mcgjfc)
`c][l s ]ihm_aocl g[sil ]f[lc^[^* M_mj_]ni [ ]o_mncih_m ko_ hi
[n[|_h [f _mncfi( fim >[j{nofim -( 1 s 2 m_ [fn_l[lih fca_l[g_hn_*
@h _f >[j{nofi - m_ bc]c_lih oh[m ]o[hn[m [^c]cih_m j[l[ f[ ^cm)
]omc}h ^_ f[m `ilg[m ^_ [laog_hni s ^_ ch`_l_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[* @h
_f >[j{nofi 1 m_ ^cm]onc_lih ]ih g[sil [gjfcno^ fim [laog_h)
nim ^_f gcmnc]cmgi s ^_ f[ ]ihncha_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_ f[ _rcmn_h]c[
^_ ?cim* O[g\czh _h _m_ ][j{nofi m_ bcti gym _rn_hm[ f[ _rji)
mc]c}h ^_ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ F[hn l_mj_]ni [ ko_ _rcmn_ hi _m
oh jl_^c][^i l_[f* @h _f >[j{nofi 2 m_ jomi g[sil [n_h]c}h [f
gzni^i om[^i j[l[ _p[fo[l ]l{nc][g_hn_ f[m n_il{[m znc][m hilg[)
ncp[m* <^_gym( m_ jl_m_hn[ oh ho_pi [laog_hni _h `[pil ^_f l_)
f[ncpcmgi znc]i s m_ l_f[]cih[ ^cl_]n[g_hn_ ]ih _f gzni^i l_]czh
g_h]cih[^i* ?_ cao[f g[h_l[( _h _mn_ ][j{nofi m_ b[ [gjfc[^i s
[]f[l[^i f[ _rjfc][]c}h ^_ Cog_ s _f jli\f_g[ ^_f m_l)^_\_l*
@h fim ][j{nofim l_mn[hn_m m_ bc]c_lih ][g\cim gym momn[h]c[f_m*
@f >[j{nofi . m_ l_^odi ]ihmc^_l[\f_g_hn_( mi\l_ ni^i jil f[ _fc)
gch[]c}h ^_f g[n_lc[f mi\l_ f[ n_il{[ ][om[f ^_ f[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_j)
no[f [m{ ]igi _f ]ih]_lhc_hn_ [f `_hig_h[fcmgi* <f ijih_hn_ ^_f
_m]_jnc]cmgi s[ hi m_ f_ ]ihmc^_l[ oh ^iagync]i( mchi gym \c_h(
j[l[ []o|[l oh[ ho_p[ j[f[\l[( oh OZS]^OWS]^K( G[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_f
>[j{nofi . n[g\czh ^c`c_l_ ^_ mom jl_^_]_mil[m chg_^c[n[m _h

KM@A<>DJ < G< O@M>@M< @?D>DI

ko_ f[ jimc]c}h ^_f _m]zjnc]i _m `ch[fg_hn_ l_]b[t[^[ _h `[pil ^_

f[ ^_f _jcmn_gcmn[* @f >[j{nofi / ]ihnc_h_ ho_pi g[n_lc[f mi\l_
f[ jifzgc][ _hnl_ _f fc\_ln[lci s _f ^_n_lgchcmn[( [^_gym ^_ ko_
m_ [og_hn} ]ihmc^_l[\f_g_hn_ _f hg_li ^_ jyach[m ko_ _mn_
][j{nofi n_h{[ ilcach[fg_hn_* O[g\czh [j[l_]_ _h zf oh ho_pi
[laog_hni ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ ko_( m_ [`clg[( \[mn[ j[l[ _mn[\f_]_l
_m[ jimc]c}h* @h _f >[j{nofi 0 fim ][g\cim fca_lim _h f[m ^_`chc)
]cih_m ^_ nzlgchim nz]hc]im l_koclc_lih ][g\cim ]igj_hm[nilcim
[ fi f[lai ^_ mom jyach[m* O[g\czh m_ f_ ^ci gym _mj[]ci [ f[m ^c`_)
l_h]c[m l_f[ncp[m _hnl_ f[m jimc]cih_m ^_f g[n_lc[fcmgi l_^o]ncpi
s _f _fcgch[^il* Ach[fg_hn_( f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ h_onl[f m_
^_m]lc\c} s m_ ^_`_h^c} ]ih clocsil [gjfcno^*
?_m_[gim [al[^_]_l [ B_ila_ N]bogg mom p[fcim[m moa_l_h)
]c[m l_mj_]ni ^_ ]c_lni hg_li ^_ n_g[m ^cm]onc^im _h _f fc\li* @h
_mj_]c[f( _mn[gim _h ^_o^[ ]ih fim ]ig_hn[lcim ]l{nc]im ^_ =_hd[)
g{h <lgmnliha s ^_ Mi\_ln <o^c( s gym _h ^_o^[ [h ]ih <o^c
jil mom ncf_m i\m_lp[]cih_m ]l{nc][m [f j_hfncgi \ill[^il*
F* G*
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KM@A<>DJ < G< KMDH@M< @?D>DI

Eim_jb >ihl[^ ^cdi ko_ mo i\d_ncpi [f _m]lc\cl _l[ [hn_m ko_

h[^[ b[]_l `O\p( @f ho_mnli _m( [hn_ ni^i( b[]_l ZOX]K\( Lo_l_)
gim b[]_lf_ [ omn_^ j_hm[l mi\l_ fim jli\f_g[m ko_ fim `cf}mi`im
b[h ^cm]onc^i* @mj_l[gim n[g\czh ko_ _mn[ chnli^o]]c}h [ f[ `c)
fimi`{[ fi jl_j[l_ j[l[ j_hm[l []_l][ ^_ inlim jli\f_g[m* K[l[
[f][ht[l ho_mnli i\d_ncpi( him ]_hnl[gim _h ]ch]i jli\f_g[m `c)
fim}`c]im \ymc]im( jli]ol[h^i jl_m_hn[l s _r[gch[l ]oc^[^im[ s
][\[fg_hn_ f[m l[tih_m gym jf[omc\f_m [ `[pil s _h ]ihnl[ ^_ f[m
mifo]cih_m ko_ fim `cf}mi`im b[h jlijo_mni j[l[ _mnim jli\f_g[m*
>[^[ jli\f_g[ m_ ^cm]on_ _h ][j{nofim m_j[l[^im s pclno[fg_h)
n_ ch^_j_h^c_hn_m* Nch _g\[lai( ][^[ ^cm]omc}h ^_j_h^_ ^_f g[)
n_lc[f ^_f jlcg_l ][j{nofi( ^ih^_ m_ ^cm]on_ f[ h[nol[f_t[ ^_f l[)
tih[gc_hni s f[ [laog_hn[]c}h s ^ih^_ m_ _rjfc][h [faohim nzl)
gchim `cfim}`c]im \ymc]im* <m{ jo_m( _f jlcg_l ][j{nofi _m _m_h]c[f
j[l[ oh[ ]igjl_hmc}h ][\[f ^_ fim ][j{nofim mo\m_]o_hn_m( s ^_\_
f__lm_ [hn_m i [f gcmgi nc_gji ko_ fim inlim*
@h f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_ ][^[ ][j{nofi jl_m_hn[gim oh[ mifo]c}h
[f jli\f_g[ mig_nc^i [ ^cm]omc}h* K_li [ ][om[ ^_ f[ h[nol[f_t[
gcmg[ ^_ fim jli\f_g[m( s ]igi zmn_ _m oh fc\li chnli^o]nilci(
hchaoh[ ^_ _mn[m mifo]cih_m ^_\_ ]ihmc^_l[lm_ ]igi ^_`chcncp[*
N_ nl[n[( [ ho_mnli j[l_]_l( ^_ f[m ]ih]fomcih_m gym l[tih[\f_m [
ko_ m_ jo_^_ ff_a[l mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_f g[n_lc[f jl_m_hn[^i* K_li(
[f cao[f ko_ ni^im [ko_ffim ko_ m_ b[h _h][la[^i ^_ b[]_l oh _m)
no^ci mi\l_ _mnim n}jc]im( hc jl_m_hn[gim hc _r[gch[gim ni^i _f
g[n_lc[f j[l[ mifo]cih[l _mnim jli\f_g[m ^_ oh[ p_t jil ni^[m*
K[l[ b[]_l bch][jcz _h ko_ ^_\_ omn_^ j_hm[l _h _mn[m mifo]ci)
h_m gym ko_ []_jn[lf[m( [faohim ^_ fim _d_l]c]cim [f `ch[f ^_ ][^[

- ,

KM@A<>DJ < G< KMDH@M< @?D>DI

][j{nofi jf[hn_[h jl_aohn[m []_l][ ^_ f[m ]o_mncih_m ko_ m_ ni][)

lih* Jnlim _mnyh j_hm[^im j[l[ m_lpcl ]igi l_j[mi s [m{ jih_l [
jlo_\[ mo ]igjl_hmc}h ^_f g[n_lc[f* K[l[ [ko_ffim ]osi chn_lzm
m_ b[s[ pcmni _mncgof[^i s koc_l[h f__l gym mi\l_ fim ^cp_lmim n_)
g[m( jlijil]cih[gim oh[ \c\fcial[`{[ [hin[^[ [f `ch[f ^_f n_rni*
Gim _m`o_ltim ]ihdohnim jli^o]_h ]ih `l_]o_h]c[ l_mofn[^im
ko_ ][_h _h f[ ]igjih_h^[* K[l[ _pcn[l f[m ch]ihp_hc_h]c[m ^_
n[f_m l_mofn[^im( ][^[ ohi ^_ himinlim b[ [mogc^i f[ l_mjihm[\c)
fc^[^ nin[f ^_ nl_m ][j{nofim( _f m_|il G_bl_l ^_ fim nl_m jlcg_lim
s _f m_|il >ilhg[h ^_ fim nl_m fncgim* Gim f_]nil_m [^p_lnclyh
^c`_l_h]c[m ^_ _mncfi( j_li _mj_l[gim ko_ n[g\czh jo_^[h _h]ih)
nl[l oh cgjiln[hn_ l[mai ]igh6 _f chn_hni ^_ _p[fo[l _f i\d_ni
^_ _mno^ci _h `ilg[ ^_m[j[mcih[^[( domn[ s ]oc^[^im[*
Nc \c_h b_gim ^_fcgcn[^i ho_mnl[m l_mj_]ncp[m l_mjihm[\cfc^[)
^_m( ]igj[lncgim _f ^_m_i ^_ [al[^_]_l [ go]b[m j_lmih[m ko_
b[h f_{^i( ]lcnc][^i s b_]bi ]ihnlc\o]cih_m [ _mn_ fc\li* ?im ^_
_ff[m( ]ih koc_h_m _mn[gim _mj_]c[fg_hn_ [al[^_]c^im( mih G_qcm
R* =_]e s Eibh ?* Hiil_( ko_ f_s_lih ]oc^[^im[g_hn_ ni^i _f
fc\li b[]czh^if_ p[fcim[m ]l{nc][m* O[g\czh ko_l_gim b[]_l g_h)
]c}h ^_ [ko_ffim ko_ him [so^[lih ^_ ^c`_l_hn_m g[h_l[m* @ffim
mih6 E_[h Cijmih( >il_nn[ Fij_fg[h( Ei_f G_pchmih( I[n[fc_
O[l\_n s K_n_l p[h Dhq[a_h*
E * R* >*
F* G*

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_h f[m bog[hc^[^_m( mo_f_ i]ollcl ko_ f[ g[h_l[ gym m[ncm`[]ni)
lc[ ^_ ^_m]o\lcl mi\l_ koz p_lm[ f[ g[n_lc[ m_[ _h`l[m][lm_ _h _f
_mno^ci ^_ f[m ]o_mncih_m s jli\f_g[m ][l[]n_l{mnc]im ^_f ][gji*
>ih `l_]o_h]c[( f[m ^_m]lcj]cih_m a_h_l[f_m ^_ oh ][gji mih i
\c_h n[h [\mnl[]n[m ko_ hi fial[h ^[l ch`ilg[]c}h( i n[h c^ci)
mch]lymc][m ko_ g[fch`ilg[h* Nch _g\[lai( p[f_ f[ j_h[ chn_hn[l
oh[ ][l[]n_lct[]c}h ^_ f[ `cfimi`{[( [oh ]o[h^i m}fi m_[ ^_ ncji
bcmn}lc]i( j[l[ jlijil]cih[l [f f_]nil oh[ g_dil ]igjl_hmc}h ^_
f[ h[nol[f_t[ ^_ f[ chp_mnca[]c}h `cfim}`c][* Ph[ ^_ f[m jlch]cj[f_m
l[tih_m j[l[ b[]_lfi [m{ _m _rjfc][l f[ `oh]c}h jl_^igch[hn_ ko_
nc_h_h f[ ^cm]omc}h s f[ [laog_hn[]c}h _h _f _mno^ci ^_ fim jli)
\f_g[m `cfim}`c]im* K[l[ n[f `ch( mch ko_ jl_n_h^[gim i`l_]_l oh[
^_`chc]c}h jl_]cm[( jl_m_hn[l_gim [faoh[ ch`ilg[]c}h mi\l_ f[ `c)
fimi`{[ _h n[hni ^cm]cjfch[ ]ih _f `ch ^_ jlijil]cih[l oh[ ilc_h)
n[]c}h a_h_l[f l_mj_]ni [f ][gji ko_ [ko{ _mno^c[l_gim*
@gj_t[l_gim ]ih [faoh[m j[f[\l[m []_l][ ^_f ^_m[lliffi bcm)
n}lc]i ^_ f[ `cfimi`{[ ]igi ][gji ^_ _mno^ci* C[mn[ b[]_ ji]i
nc_gji( ni^[m f[m ^cm]cjfch[m ]c_hn{`c][m _l[h ]ihmc^_l[^[m j[ln_
^_ f[ `cfimi`{[* G [ PSVY]YPhK NO VK WK^O\SK [\[l][\[ fi ko_ [bil[ ]i)
hi]_gim ]igi `{mc][ s ko{gc][7 f[PSVY]YPhK NO VK WOX^O ]igjl_h^{[
fim n_g[m ^_ f[ jmc]ifia{[ s ^_ yl_[m [^s[]_hn_m* @ l l_mog_h(
_h inlim nc_gjim f[ `cfimi`{[ _mn[\[ ]ih`caol[^[ n[h [gjfc[g_hn_
ko_ ]o\l{[ ]o[fkoc_l ][gji ^_ f[ chp_mnca[]c}h n_}lc][* C[\l{[
mc^i oh[ l[g[ ^_ f[ `cfimi`{[ ]o[fkp c_l ^cm]cjfch[ _h f[ ko_ bo)
\c_l[ ji^c^i jlijih_lm_ [faoh[ n_il{[ j[l[ _rjfc][l mo ]ihn_)
hc^i* Nch _g\[lai( oh[ p_t ko_ _f ][gji ^_ _mno^ci [f][ht[\[

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>JIO@ID?J T H@OJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

_f johni _h ko_ jl_^igch[l[ [faoh[ n_il{[ [ j[lncl ^_ f[ ]o[f m_

^_m[lliff[l[h fim gzni^im _mnyh^[l ^_ ]l{nc][ s ]ih`clg[]c}h( _h)
nih]_m ^c]bi ][gji m_ m_j[l[\[ ^_f ][gji g[^l_ ^_ f[ `cfimi`{[
s m_ pifp{[ ch^_j_h^c_hn_*
Kil _d_gjfi( _h inlim nc_gjim fim `cf}mi`im jl_m_hn[lih oh[ p[)
lc_^[^ ^_ n_il{[m j[l[ _rjfc][l f[ h[nol[f_t[ ^_ f[ g[n_lc[* Phi
moaclc} ko_ ni^i _mn[\[ b_]bi ^_ [ao[7 inli( [fai gym [j_a[^i
[ f[m ]ih]_j]cih_m []no[f_m( jlijomi ko_ f[ g[n_lc[ _mn[\[ ]ig)
jo_mn[ ^_ ^cgchonim ynigim bigiazh_im _ ch^cpcmc\f_m* Ph[ p_t
ko_ ]c_ln[m n_il{[m ^_ f[ g[n_lc[( [f cao[f ko_ fim gzni^im _r)
j_lcg_hn[f_m j[l[ jli\[l ^c]b[m n_il{[m( ff_a[lih [ _mn[\f_]_lm_
m}fc^[g_hn_ _h f[ ]igohc^[^ ^_ _mno^cimim( f[ `cfimi`{[ ^_ f[ g[)
n_lc[ m_ ]ihpclnc} _h f[m ]c_h]c[m ^_ f[ `{mc][ s f[ ko{gc][* Jnli
_d_gjfi ^_ oh jli\f_g[ `cfim}`c]i ko_ m_ b[ ]ihp_lnc^i _h ohi
]c_hn{`c]i _m _f ^_ f[ h[nol[f_t[ ^_ f[ pc^[* @h oh[ zji][ m_ ]ih)
d_nol[\[ ko_ f[ pc^[ _l[ oh[ _hnc^[^ _mjclcno[f ko_ _hnl[\[ _h _f
]o_lji _h _f gig_hni ^_ h[]_l s m[f{[ ^_ zf _h _f gig_hni ^_
gilcl( s _h inl[ m_ ]ihmc^_l[\[ ko_ _l[ oh[ `o_lt[ pcn[f _mj_]c[f
ko_ []ncp[\[ _f ]o_lji* @h f[ []no[fc^[^( f[ h[nol[f_t[ ^_ f[ pc^[
m_ _rjfc][ _h nzlgchim ^_ \ciko{gc][*
<m{( _m oh[ j_]ofc[lc^[^ ^_ f[ `cfimi`{[ _f ko_ oh[ p_t ko_ fim
[laog_hnim s ^cm]omcih_m him ]ih^o]_h [ [faoh[ n_il{[ []igj[)
|[^[ ^_ f[ g_ni^ifia{[ [^_]o[^[ j[l[ _h`l_hn[l ]ih zrcni [fah
n_g[ ^_ f[ `cfimi`{[( f[ n_il{[ s f[ g_ni^ifia{[ m_ m_j[l[h ^_ f[ `cfi)
mi`{[ s m_ ]ihmc^_l[h j[ln_ ^_ inl[ ^cm]cjfch[* <faoh[m ^cm]cjfch[m
_mnyh []no[fg_hn_ _h nl[hmc]c}h* Ph _d_gjfi ^_ _ffi _m _f ][gji
^_ f[ fcha{mnc][ s( ^_ g[h_l[ gym j[lnc]of[l( f[ m_gyhnc][ ^_h)
nli ^_ _mn_ ][gji* Gim `cf}mi`im b[h [lnc]of[^i oh[ p[lc_^[^ ^_
n_il{[m j[l[ _rjfc][l ]}gi f[m j[f[\l[m jo_^_h n_h_l mcahc`c][^im
s koz ]ihmncnos_ _f mcahc`c][^i ^_ f[m j[f[\l[m* G[m _rjfc][]cih_m
m_ ^c_lih _h nzlgchim ^_ cgya_h_m( c^_[m s inlim `_h}g_him `c)
fim}`c]im* Kil fi a_h_l[f( fim `cf}mi`im s fim fchacmn[m _rjfc][h _f
mcahc`c][^i _h nzlgchim ^_ f[ `oh]c}h ^_ f[m j[f[\l[m _h _f ^cm)
]olmi s ^_ f[m ][l[]n_l{mnc][m m_gyhnc][m mo\s[]_hn_m( f[m ]o[f_m
^_m_gj_|[h _h f[ m_gyhnc][ oh j[j_f mcgcf[l [f ko_ ^_m_gj_|[h
f[m ][l[]n_l{mnc][m ^_ f[m j[ln{]of[m [n}gc][m _h f[ `{mc][* @h _mn_
][gji hi b[s oh[ ^cmnch]c}h g[l][^[ _hnl_ oh `cf}mi`i s oh fch)
acmn[* <g\im [jfc][h gzni^im l_]c_hn_g_hn_ ^_m[lliff[^im ^_
[hyfcmcm al[g[nc][f s m_gyhnc]i j[l[ [lnc]of[l f_s_m s n_il{[m ko_
_rjfcko_h f[ _mnlo]nol[ s _f ]ihn_hc^i ^_f f_hao[d_* @m n{jc]i ^_

LPv @N G< ADGJNJA<;

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oh ][gji _h nl[hmc]c}h ko_ m_ ]o_mncih_ mc oh chp_mnca[^il _m oh

`cf}mi`i i oh ]c_hn{`c]i* @h `cfimi`{[( _f ^_m[lliffi _rcnimi ^_ oh
yl_[ ff_p[ [ g_ho^i [ f[ ch^_j_h^_h]c[ s [onihig{[ ^_ f[ j[ln_
^_m[lliff[^[* @m jil _ffi ko_ jli\[\f_g_hn_ ]o[fkoc_l _mj_]c`c)
][]c}h ^_ f[ `cfimi`{[ _h nzlgchim ^_ mo g[n_lc[ ^_ _mno^ci m_[ bis
oh[ ]ihnlip_lmc[ s g[|[h[ [fai j[m[^i ^_ gi^[*
Nch _g\[lai( f[m ]ihmc^_l[]cih_m [hn_lcil_m _rjfc][h oh l[mai
l_f[ncp[g_hn_ ]ihmn[hn_ ^_ f[ `cfimi`{[( [ m[\_l( _f _mn[^i ch_mn[\f_
^_ f[ ^cm]cjfch[* G[m ]o_mncih_m _mno^c[^[m _h `cfimi`{[ m_ _h][l[h
g_^c[hn_ gzni^im ^c[fz]nc]im ^_ [laog_hn[]c}h s ]ihnl[[lao)
g_hn[]c}h* T _h i][mcih_m _f _mno^c[hn_ jo_^_ m_hncl ko_ h[^[ b[
ko_^[^i _mn[\f_]c^i nl[m oh[ f[la[ s ^c`{]cf chp_mnca[]c}h* @mn[ cg)
jl_mc}h m_ ^_\_ _h j[ln_ [f b_]bi ^_ ko_( _h oh gig_hni ^_n_l)
gch[^i( f[ `cfimi`{[ jo_^_ _mn[l nl[n[h^i ]ih _mim jli\f_g[m chn_)
f_]no[f_m ko_ [h hi b[h mc^i [lnc]of[^im ^_ oh gi^i n[f ko_ ]o[)
f_mkoc_l[ n_il{[ s g_ni^ifia{[ mif[m jo_^[h _h][la[lm_ ^_ mo mi)
fo]c}h* >o[h^i _f chn_f_]ni bog[hi m_ ^_\[n_ _h [fah jli\f_g[
chn_f_]no[f ]igjf_di s hi b[s oh _h`iko_ _rj_lcg_hn[f _mnyh^[l
s _mn[\f_]c^i( m_ jo_^_ _mj_l[l ko_ _f jli\f_g[ m_ _h]o_hnl_
^_hnli ^_f ][gji ^_ f[ `cfimi`{[* Ph[ p_t ko_ f[ chp_mnca[]c}h
chn_f_]no[f ]ih^o]_ [ f[ [lnc]of[]c}h ^_ oh[ n_il{[ _mnyh^[l dohni
]ih oh gzni^i ^_ chp_mnca[]c}h _rj_lcg_hn[f []_jn[^i( _hnih)
]_m( ]ih ni^[ m_aolc^[^( _f jli\f_g[ s[ hi m_ly ]ihmc^_l[^i ]igi
j[ln_ ^_ f[ `cfimi`{[* Kil _f ]ihnl[lci( ^c]bi jli\f_g[ m_ [nlc\ocly
[ [faoh[ ^cm]cjfch[ ch^_j_h^c_hn_* <m{( f[ `cfimi`{[ jc_l^_ [faohim
^_ mom n_g[m ^_ _mno^ci [ ][om[ ^_ mo jlijci zrcni*
Nch _g\[lai( f[ ][l[]n_lct[]c}h [hn_lcil hi ^_\_l{[ b[]_l j_h)
m[l ko_ ^YNY] fim jli\f_g[m `cfim}`c]im mih jin_h]c[fg_hn_ _rjil)
n[\f_m g_^c[hn_ oh jli]_m[gc_hni _rcnimi* <faohim jli\f_g[m s
]o_mncih_m m_ l_mcmn_h [ n[f _rjiln[]c}h _h pclno^ ^_ mo ][ly]n_l
a_h_l[f s `oh^[g_hn[f* Kil _d_gjfi( _h ni^im fim ][gjim ^_ ch)
p_mnca[]c}h f[ a_hn_ \om][ _f ]ihi]cgc_hni* K_li _m _h f[ `cfimi`{[
^ih^_ ohi m_ jl_aohn[ koz _m _f ]ihi]cgc_hni s mc _h l_[fc^[^
_rcmn_ n[f ]im[* N_g_d[hn_m jl_aohn[m j_ln_h_]_h [ _m[ l[g[ ^_ f[
`cfimi`{[ ^_higch[^[ OZS]^OWYVYQhK( @h [faohim ][gjim( jil _d_g)
jfi _h _]ihig{[ s _h jif{nc][( f[m j_lmih[m _mno^c[h f[m ]ihm_)
]o_h]c[m ][om[f_m ^_ ^cp_lm[m []]cih_m s jif{nc][m* @h `cfimi`{[ ohi
m_ jl_aohn[ koz l[maim a_h_l[f_m b[]_h ko_ f[m []]cih_m s f[m
jif{nc][m m_[h ]ill_]n[m i ch]ill_]n[m* Kl_aohn[m ^_ _mn_ ncji j_l)
n_h_]_h [ f[ g^SMK( K[l[ jih_l inli _d_gjfi( fim ]l{nc]im( f[ a_hn_

- 0

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

^_f ][gji fcn_l[lci( fim ]igjimcnil_m s fim [lncmn[m m_ jl_aohn[h

mc [fah i\d_ni _m oh[ i\l[ ^_ [ln_* Gim `cf}mi`im m_ i]oj[h ^_
f[ jl_aohn[ gym a_h_l[f l_mj_]ni ^_ koz b[]_ ko_ [fai m_[ oh[
i\l[ ^_ [ln_* @mnim mih jli\f_g[m ^_ f[ O]^g^SMK( Jnl[m jl_aohn[m
mi\l_ _f ][ly]n_l ^_ f[ fc\_ln[^( ^_ f[ g_hn_ s ^_ ?cim j[l_]_h m_l
i\d_ni ^_ _mno^ci j_l_hh_ ^_ f[ `cfimi`{[ jilko_ ni^[m mih jl_)
aohn[m gos \ymc][m s a_h_l[f_m*
Kil inl[ j[ln_( _f nl[n[gc_hni _rcnimi ^_ oh jli\f_g[ ^_h)
nli ^_ oh ][gji jo_^_ a_h_l[l go]bim jli\f_g[m ho_pim* Kil
_d_gjfi( oh[ _rjfc][]c}h ^_ fim `_h}g_him `{mc]im _h nzlgchim
^_ f_s_m s n_il{[m b[]_ molacl f[ jl_aohn[ ^_ mc _f gipcgc_hni ^_
fim ]o_ljim bog[him( ko_ `ilg[h j[ln_ ^_f ohcp_lmi `{mc]i( nc_h_
foa[l ^_ oh[ g[h_l[ jol[g_hn_ g_]yhc][ ko_ him _ha[|[ _h
ho_mnl[ cgjl_mc}h ^_ ko_ migim [a_hn_m fc\l_m ko_ ^_n_lgch[)
gim ho_mnli jlijci ^_mnchi jil ^_fc\_l[]c}h s ^_]cmc}h* ?_ g[)
h_l[ mcgcf[l( _f zrcni ^_ f[ h_oli`cmcifia{[ j[l[ _rjfc][l ho_mnl[
]ih^o]n[ b[]_ molacl f[ jl_aohn[ ^_ mc fim j_hm[gc_hnim s m_hnc)
gc_hnim mih [fai gym ko_ jli]_mim `{mc]im* Ii ]ihn[gim ]ih fim
g_^cim j[l[ ]ihn_mn[l _mn[m jl_aohn[m l_]ollc_h^i ^cl_]n[g_hn_
[ _rj_lcg_hnim i [ oh[ n_il{[ `clg_g_hn_ _mn[\f_]c^[* Kil _f ]ih)
nl[lci( n_h_gim ko_ [jis[lhim _h fim gzni^im ^_ f[ chp_mnca[]c}h
`cfim}`c][ _f _r[g_h ]oc^[^imi ^_ fim [laog_hnim i`l_]c^im _h
^_`_hm[ ^_ jimc]cih_m ^cp_la_hn_m s _f [hyfcmcm ^_ fim nzlgchim cg)
jiln[hn_m ko_ _mnyh [b{ ]ihn_hc^im*
@h `cfimi`{[ hi _m h_]_m[lci n_h_l gc_^i [ f[ _m][m_t* @f i\d_ni
^_ _mno^ci ^_ f[ `cfimi`{[ _mny fcgcn[^i m}fi jil f[ ][j[]c^[^ ^_
f[ g_hn_ bog[h[ j[l[ b[]_l ho_p[m jl_aohn[m s j[l[ l_`ilgo)
f[l ^_ g[h_l[ ho_p[ f[m pc_d[m jl_aohn[m* Kli]_^_l ^_ _mn_ gi^i
jlip__ ^_ ]ihn_hc^i [^c]cih[f [f hc]i ][gji ko_ []ia_ [ ni)
^im _mim bozl`[him chn_f_]no[f_m ko_ inl[m ^cm]cjfch[m l_]b[t[h [
][om[ ^_ mom `ilg[m ^c`{]cf_m s hi l_af[g_hn[^[m* G[ `cfimi`{[ _m
_f bia[l ^_ _mim jli\f_g[m chn_f_]no[f_m [ fim ko_ inlim hi jo_)
^_h b[]_l `l_hn_* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( f[ `cfimi`{[ _mny b_h]bc^[ ^_
f[ _r]cn[]c}h chn_f_]no[f ^_ f[ ]ihnlip_lmc[ s f[ ^cm]omc}h ko_ m_
_h]o_hnl[h _h f[m `lihn_l[m ^_ f[ chp_mnca[]c}h l[]cih[f*
6SXMY Z\YLVOWK] PSVY]iPSMY]
?_mjozm ^_ oh[ chnli^o]]c}h [ f[ g_ni^ifia{[ ^_ f[ [laog_h)
n[]c}h( him i]oj[l_gim ^_f _r[g_h ^_ ]ch]i jli\f_g[m `cfim}`c)

LPv @N G< ADGJNJA<;

- 1

_im* @mnim jli\f_g[m b[h mc^i f[ jl_i]oj[]c}h ^_ fim `cf}mi`im ^_f

j[m[^i s _mnyh _h _f ]il[t}h ^_ f[ ]ihnlip_lmc[ `cfim}`c][ []no[f*
<m{( fim >[j{nofim . [ 2 jlijil]cih[lyh _d_gjfim j[l[^cagync]im
^_ jli\f_g[m s [laog_hnim `cfim}`c]im* Ph _mno^ci ]oc^[^imi ^_
_mnim ][j{nofim fi l_]igj_hm[ly [ omn_^ ]ih oh[ ]f[l[ ]ih]_j]c}h
^_ f[ chp_mnca[]c}h `cfim}`c][ []no[f*
@f jlcg_l jli\f_g[ ko_ _h`l_hn[l_gim _m _f ^_f ]ihi]cgc_hni
s _f _m]_jnc]cmgi* =ymc][g_hn_ ]ihmc^_l[l_gim mc m_ domnc`c][h f[m
[`clg[]cih_m ^_ ]ihi]cgc_hni ko_( _h a_h_l[f( f[ g[sil j[ln_ ^_
f[m j_lmih[m ^[ jil m_hn[^[m* Kil _d_gjfi( f[ g[sil j[ln_ ^_ f[m
j_lmih[m mojih_ ko_ mom m_hnc^im ]ihmncnos_h oh[ `o_hn_ ^_ ]i)
hi]cgc_hni7 ko_ [f p_l( ni][l( _n]*( ff_a[ [ ]ihi]_l f[ _rcmn_h]c[ ^_
]c_lni hg_li ^_ i\d_nim `[gcfc[l_m* K_li [faohim `cf}mi`im b[h
^o^[^i ^_ ko_ ho_mnlim m_hnc^im jo_^[h m_l f[ `o_hn_ ^_ n[f ch)
`ilg[]c}h( s b[h ^_`_h^c^i ]ihpch]_hn_g_hn_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_
%do_ hi n_h_gim hchah ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_ n[f_m ]o_mncih_m* <m{( _f
jli\f_g[ chc]c[f ko_ _h`l_hn[l_gim _m _f ^_ chp_mnca[l fim gzlcnim
^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi*
M_mofn[ [jlijc[^i s ncf _gj_t[l ho_mnli _mno^ci ^_ f[ `cfi)
mi`{[ ]ihmc^_l[h^i _f jli\f_g[ ^_f ]ihi]cgc_hni( jilko_ _mn_
n_g[ _mny _hnl_f[t[^i ]ih inlim* Iim _mn[l_gim ]ihmn[hn_g_hn_
jl_aohn[h^i mc [faoh[ ]l__h]c[ nc_h_ domnc`c][]c}h( mch cgjiln[l
]ih koz jli\f_g[m him _h`l_hn_gim s( [f ]ihmc^_l[l _f jli\f_g[
^_f ]ihi]cgc_hni s _f _m]_jnc]cmgi( fial[l_gim oh g_dil _hn_h)
^cgc_hni ^_ ]}gi oh[ ]l__h]c[ jo_^_ _mn[l domnc`c][^[( i gimnl[)
l_gim ko_ hi fi _mny*
@h m_aoh^i foa[l( ]ihmc^_l[l_gim _f jli\f_g[ ^_ f[ fc\_ln[^
s _f ^_n_lgchcmgi* Kil fi ]igh mojih_gim( [f g_him [faoh[m
p_]_m( ko_ []no[gim fc\l_g_hn_* @mni ff_p[ [ f[ ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_
f_|_gim [fn_lh[ncp[m a_hoch[m _hnl_ f[m ko_ ji^_gim _f_acl( s [
j_m[l ^_ fi ko_ ^_ b_]bi _m]id[gim b[]_l( ji^l{[gim ^_ cao[f
g[h_l[ b[\_l _f_ac^i s []no[^i ^_ `ilg[ nin[fg_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_*
Nch _g\[lai( n[g\czh mojih_gim ko_ b[s ][om[m j[l[ ni^i fi
ko_ mo]_^_( ch]fos_h^i ho_mnl[m jlijc[m _f_]]cih_m s []]cih_m*
D([ ^c`c]ofn[^ l[^c][ _h ko_ _mn[ ]l__h]c[ _h f[ ][om[fc^[^ ohcp_l)
m[f j[l_]_ ^_f ni^i ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ []no[gim
fc\l_g_hn_( jilko_ f[ jlcg_l[ ]l__h]c[ nc_h_ ]igi ]ihm_]o_h)
]c[ ko_ ni^[m ho_mnl[m []]cih_m m_[h l_mofn[^im ch_pcn[\f_m ^_ fim
jli]_mim ][om[f_m* @f jli\f_g[ ]ihmcmn_ _h ^_n_lgch[l mc _mny gym
domnc`c][^i n_h_l oh[ o inl[ ^_ _mn[m ]l__h]c[m*

- 2

G< GBD><

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

@f n_l]_l jli\f_g[ _mny _mnl_]b[g_hn_ l_f[]cih[^i ]ih _f m_)

aoh^i* @m _f jli\f_g[ ^_ fi g_hn[f s ^_ fi `{mc]i* G[m j_lmih[m
mih ^cmnchn[m ^_ f[m ]im[m ch[hcg[^[m jilko_ nc_h_h j_hm[gc_h)
nim( m_hm[]cih_m s _gi]cih_m ko_ mih `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m ][l[])
n_l{mnc]im* @m l[tih[\f_ jl_aohn[lm_ _r[]n[g_hn_ ^_ koz g[h_l[
_mnyh l_f[]cih[^im _mnim _mn[^im g_hn[f_m ]ih ]c_lnim jli]_mim
`{mc]im ko_ i]oll_h ^_hnli ^_ ho_mnlim ]o_ljim7 jil _d_gjfi( fim
jli]_mim h_ol[f_m ko_ nc_h_h foa[l _h _f ]_l_\li* <faohim mimnc_)
h_h ko_ b[s ]c_ln[ ]ih_rc}h ][om[f _hnl_ ho_mnlim j_hm[gc_hnim
s fi ko_ j[m[ ^_hnli ^_ ho_mnl[m ][\_t[m* K_li fim `cf}mi`im b[h
jl_m_hn[^i [laog_hnim _h `[pil ^_ fi ]ihnl[lci( s _h ]ihm_]o_h)
]c[ b[h ^_`_h^c^i oh[ n_il{[ [fn_lh[ncp[ mi\l_ f[ l_f[]c}h _hnl_
fi g_hn[f s fi `{mc]i* Kil _d_gjfi( [faohim `cf}mi`im b[h mimn_hc^i
f[ n_mcm ^_ ko_ fim j_hm[gc_hnim ]YX mcgjf_g_hn_ _mn[^im ]_l_\l[)
f_m( s jil fi n[hni ko_ fi g_hn[f _m c^zhnc]i [ [fah [mj_]ni i [
[faoh[ j[ln_ ^_ fi `{mc]i( _h foa[l ^_ _mn[l MK_]KVWOX^O ]ih_]n[^i
]ih zf* @f jli\f_g[ _m ^_]c^cl ]oyf ^_ _mn[m n_il{[m lcp[f_m _m f[
ko_ m_ domnc`c][*
Kimn_lcilg_hn_ ^cm]oncl_gim _f jli\f_g[ ^_ domnc`c][l f[ ]l__h)
]c[ _h f[ _rcmn_h]c[ ^_ ?cim* @mn_ jli\f_g[ l_koc_l_ ji][ ^_m)
]lcj]c}h* G[ g[sil j[ln_ ^_ f[ a_hn_( s[ m_ nl[n_ ^_ n_{mn[m( [n_im
i [ah}mnc]im( _h oh gig_hni ^[^i ^_\_ ^_ jl_aohn[lm_ mc b[s
[faoh[ `ilg[ ^_ domnc`c][l f[ ]l__h]c[ _h f[ _rcmn_h]c[ ^_ oh m_l
mojl_gi* @mno^c[l_gim _h ^_n[ff_ fim [laog_hnim cgjiln[hn_m
ko_ fim `cf}mi`im s fim n_}fiaim b[h i`l_]c^i*
K[l[ `ch[fct[l( him chnli^o]cl_gim _h _f ][gji ^_ f[ znc][( s
[ko{ him i]oj[l_gim ^_f jli\f_g[ ^_ ]}gi oh[ j_lmih[ jo_^_
domnc`c][l mom doc]cim znc]im l_f[ncpim [ fi ko_ _m \o_hi s fi ko_ _m
g[fi* Dhn_hn[l_gim _h]ihnl[l [faoh[ l_af[ i hilg[ gil[f _h
nzlgchim ^_ fi ko_ ji^_gim dota[l l[tih[\f_g_hn_ ko_ mih fim
gzlcnim znc]im ^_ p[lc[m f{h_[m ^_ []]c}h* G[ chp_mnca[]c}h j[lncly
^_ oh[ ]ihmc^_l[]c}h ^_ fim [laog_hnim ko_ m_ b[h i`l_]c^i s[
m_[ [ `[pil s[ m_[ _h ]ihnl[ ^_ ^cp_lm[m hilg[m znc][m ^c`_l_hn_m
s lcp[f_m ko_ fim `cf}mi`im o inl[m j_lmih[m b[h jlijo_mni*

- 3

ko_ f[ `cfimi`{[ jli]_^_ jil g_^ci ^_ oh g_][hcmgi ^_ [laog_h)

n[]c}h s ]ihnl[[laog_hn[]c}h* Kil mojo_mni( ni^[m f[m ^cm]cjfch[m
^_j_h^_h _h [faoh[ g_^c^[ ^_ f[ [laog_hn[]c}h( j_li _h f[ `cfi)
mi`{[ _f l[tih[gc_hni f}ac]i ^_m_gj_|[ oh j[j_f _mj_]c[fg_hn_
jl_^igch[hn_* G[ _rjfc][]c}h ^_ _mni _m ko_ f[ `cfimi`{[ nl[n[ ^_
l_mjih^_l [ jl_aohn[m n[h `oh^[g_hn[f_m ko_ _m ^c`{]cf _h]ih)
nl[l [faohim b_]bim _gj{lc]im _mj_]{`c]im ko_ l_mo_fp[h fim jli)
\f_g[m* >o[h^i ^im j_lmih[m hi _mnyh ^_ []o_l^i mi\l_ [fah
n_g[ `cfim}`c]i( _f hc]i ][gchi ^_ jlial_mi [\c_lni [ _ff[m _m
]ihmc^_l[l s _p[fo[l fim [laog_hnim s f[m i\d_]cih_m ^_ [g\[m
j[ln_m* Kil fi n[hni( f[ chp_mnca[]c}h `cfim}`c][ ^_\_ m_l ]l{nc][ s
f}ac][ mc b[ ^_ l_mofn[l ^_ [fah jlip_]bi* K[l[ `[]cfcn[l n[f chp_m)
nca[]c}h ^_\_gim [jl_h^_l [ `ilgof[l jl_aohn[m ]l{nc][m mi\l_
fim [laog_hnim ]ih fim ko_ him nij[gim s [ _r[gch[l f[m l_m)
jo_mn[m ]ih j_lmjc][]c[ f}ac][* vmn[m mih ]o_mncih_m ^_ f}ac][ s
^_ m_gyhnc][* Kl_m_hn[l_gim oh[ \l_p_ chnli^o]]c}h [ f[ f}ac][
s [ f[ m_gyhnc][ ]ih _f `ch ^_ []_l][lhim [ fim l_mn[hn_m jli\f_g[m
^_ f[ `cfimi`{[ ]ih _m[m b[\cfc^[^_m f}ac][m ko_ mih _f l_kocmcni ^_
f[ chp_mnca[]c}h chn_fca_hn_ s lcaolim[*
G<

G B D> <

N_ ]ihi]_ ]igi f}ac][( i f}ac][ `ilg[f( [f ][gji ]osi i\d_ni _m f[

K\Q_WOX^KMSiX( G[ jlcg_l[ jl_aohn[ ko_ b[ ^_ ]ihn_mn[lm_ _h _mn_
][gji _m6 koz _m oh [laog_hni; K[l[ ho_mnlim jlij}mcnim( oh
[laog_hni _m oh aloji ^_ _hoh]c[^im ^_ fim ko_ m_ [`clg[ ko_
ohi ^_ _ffim( f[ MYXMV_]SiX& m_ mcao_ ^_ fim ^_gym* >ihmc^_l_gim
jil _d_gjfi _f mcaoc_hn_ [laog_hni6 ni^i _m ][om[^i s( mc_h^i
[m{( h[^c_ []n[ fc\l_g_hn_* @mn_ [laog_hni( ]osim gzlcnim m_lyh
_p[fo[^im _h _f >[j{nofi /( ^_\_ _hoh]c[lm_ ^_ g[h_l[ gym `il)
g[f ]igi mcao_6
-* Nc ni^i _m ][om[^i( _hnih]_m h[^c_ []n[ fc\l_g_hn_*
.* Di^i _m ][om[^i*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y

Gim

H vOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJ NJ A<

<hn_m ^_ ^cm]oncl fim jli\f_g[m ko_ [][\[gim ^_ _m\it[l _m h_)

]_m[lci ]ihmc^_l[l fim gzni^im s nz]hc][m ^_ f[ `cfimi`{[* < p_]_m
m_ ^c]_ ko_ f[ `cfimi`{[ _m oh[ ^cm]cjfch[ ^c[fz]nc][* @mni mcahc`c][

/* I[^c_ []n[ fc\l_g_hn_*

D([ `l[m_ jil fi n[hni ko_ jl_]_^_ [f _hoh]c[^i %/& ch^c][ ko_
fi ko_ pc_h_ ^_mjozm ^_ _ff[ _m f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_ f[ ko_ m_ [`clg[
ko_ m_ mcao_ ^_ fim _hoh]c[^im [hn_lcil_m* Gim _hoh]c[^im %-& s

- 4

%.& mih f[m \KaXO] ^[^[m j[l[ ]ih]focl %/&( s n[f_m _hoh]c[^im m_
ff[g[h Z\OWS]K]( <m{( ][^[ [laog_hni ]ihmn[ ^_ oh[ ]ih]fomc}h s
^_ oh[ i gym jl_gcm[m ^_ f[m ko_ m_ [`clg[ ko_ m_ mcao_ f[ ]ih)
]fomc}h*
CYVSNOd c `KVSNOd
Kil fi a_h_l[f( b[s ^im ]f[m_m ^_ [laog_hnim6 SXN_M^S`Y] s NON_M'
^S`Y]( Hym [^_f[hn_ ]ihmc^_l[l_gim fim [laog_hnim ch^o]ncpim(
j_li jlcg_li him ]ih]_hnl[l_gim _h fim [laog_hnim ^_^o]ncpim(
^_ fim ]o[f_m [][\[gim ^_ jl_m_hn[l oh _d_gjfi* N_ ^c]_ ko_ oh
[laog_hni NON_M^S`Y _m ]iVSNY ]o[h^i mom jl_gcm[m mih p_l^[^_)
l[m s _f [laog_hni _m `fVSNY( ?_]cl ko_ oh [laog_hni _m pyfc^i
_kocp[f_ [ ^_]cl ko_ _m f}ac][g_hn_ cgjimc\f_ ko_ mom jl_gcm[m
m_[h p_l^[^_l[m s f[ ]ih]fomc}h `[fm[* Ph[ g[h_l[ g_him jl_]cm[
j_li chnocncp[g_hn_ ]f[l[ ^_ jf[hn_[l _mni ]ihmcmn_ _h ^_]cl ko_(
_h oh [laog_hni pyfc^i( ]S f[m jl_gcm[m mih p_l^[^_l[m( _hnih]_m
f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_\_ m_l p_l^[^_l[* < j[lncl ^_ _mn[ ^_`chc]c}h _m
`y]cf p_l ko_ _f [laog_hni jl_]_^_hn_ _m pyfc^i c& mc mom jl_gcm[m
mih p_l^[^_l[m( _hnih]_m n[g\czh ^_\_ m_l m}fc^i* CS f[m jl_gcm[m
-* Nc ni^i _m ][om[^i( _hnih]_m h[^c_ []n[ fc\l_g_hn_(
.* Oi^i _m ][om[^i(
mih p_l^[^_l[m( _hnih]_m n[g\czh ^_\_ m_l p_l^[^_li ko_
/* I[^c_ []n[ fc\l_g_hn_*
Kil mcgjf_ f}ac][ _m cgjimc\f_ ko_ f[m jl_gcm[m %-& s %.& m_[h
p_l^[^_l[m s f[ ]ih]fomc}h %/& `[fm[* @m cgjiln[hn_ m_|[f[l ko_ _f
b_]bi ^_ ko_ _mn_ [laog_hni m_[ pyfc^i hi jlo_\[ ko_ f[ ]ih)
]fomc}h m_[ p_l^[^_l[* G[ p[fc^_t _m oh[ ][l[]n_l{mnc][ bcjinznc][
i ]ih^c]cih[f7 him [m_aol[ ko_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_f [laog_hni _m
p_l^[^_l[ ]S f[m jl_gcm[m fi mih*
Ko_^_ ^_]clm_ n[g\czh ko_ _f [laog_hni _m pyfc^i _h pclno^ ^_
mo PY\W K( Ki^_gim l_jl_m_hn[l f[ `ilg[ ^_f [laog_hni [hn_lcil
g_^c[hn_ _f mcaoc_hn_ _mko_g[6

- 5

G< GBD><

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

Nc @ & _hnih]_m %
@
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
A'
@mn[ `ilg[ ^_ [laog_hn[]c}h m_ ff[g[ =YN_] ZYXOX]( Oi^i [l)
aog_hni ^_ _mn[ `ilg[ _m pyfc^i( s [m{ ji^_gim ^_]cl ko_ f[
`ilg[ ^_f [laog_hni jil m{ gcmg[ _m pyfc^[* >ihmc^_l_gim _f
[laog_hni mcaoc_hn_6
Nc ?cim b[ go_lni( _hnih]_m ni^i _mny j_lgcnc^i*
?cim b[ go_lni*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
Oi^i _mny j_lgcnc^i*
@mn_ [laog_hni( ]igi _f jl_]_^_hn_( _m pyfc^i jilko_ nc_h_ f[
`ilg[ ^_f =YN_] ZYXOX]( Ki^_gim i\n_h_l _mnim [laog_hnim [
j[lncl ^_f =YN_] ZYXOX] momncnos_h^i f[m il[]cih_m [jlijc[^[m ^_f
_mj[|if jil f[m f_nl[m @ s L _h f[ `ilg[ ^_f [laog_hni* Nc mom)
ncnocgim f[ il[]c}h ?cim b[ go_lni jil f[ f_nl[ K s f[ il[]c}h
Di^i _mny j_lgcnc^i jil f[ f_nl[ % _h f[ `ilg[ ^_f [laog_hni(
i\n_h^l_gim _f [laog_hni pyfc^i ko_ [][\[gim ^_ ]cn[l* Nc_g)
jl_ ko_ oh[ `ilg[ ^_ [laog_hn[]c}h m_[ pyfc^[( i\n_h^l_gim oh
[laog_hni pyfc^i mc fi momncnocgim ^_ _mn[ g[h_l[*
G[m mcaoc_hn_m mih inl[m `ilg[m ^_ [laog_hn[]c}h pyfc^[m6
Hi^om ^YVVOX]
Nc @& _hnih]_m #n
Ii A
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
Ii @
CSVYQS]WY RSZY^g^SMY
Nc @& _hnih]_m A
Nc
_hnih]_m B
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
Nc @& _hnih]_m B

CSVYQS]WY NS]c_X^S`Y
?@ Y A
Ii @
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
A
6YX^\KZY]SMSiX
Nc @& _hnih]_m
A
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
Nc hi %/( _hnih]_m hi @

@mn[ fcmn[ ^_ `ilg[m ^_ [laog_hn[]c}h hi _m ]igjf_n[ hc ^_`c)

hcncp[* Nch _g\[lai( [f ]ihmc^_l[l p[lcim [laog_hnim ^_ _mn[m `il)
g[m ji^_gim n_h_l oh[ c^_[ chnocncp[ ^_ ]}gi _m oh [laog_hni
pyfc^i* Ko_^_ gimnl[lm_ ko_ go]bim [laog_hnim mih pyfc^im b[)
]c_h^i f[m [mi]c[]cih_m [jlijc[^[m ]ih f[m `ilg[m ^_ [laog_h)

.,

l[]c}h [hn_lcil_m* @h [faohim ][mim n_h^l_gim ko_ l_]ollcl [ gym

^_ oh[ `ilg[ ^_ [laog_hni j[l[ gimnl[l ko_ oh [laog_hni _m
pyfc^i* Kil _d_gjfi( ]ihmc^_l_gim _f mcaoc_hn_ [laog_hni6
Nc ?cim hi _rcmn_( _hnih]_m ni^i _mny j_lgcnc^i*
Nc _f [m_mch[ni hi _mny j_lgcnc^i( _hnih]_m hi ni^i _mny j_l)
gcnc^i*
@f [m_mch[ni hi _mny j_lgcnc^i*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
Ii _m _f ][mi ko_ ?cim hi _rcmn[*
K[l[ gimnl[l ko_ _mn_ [laog_hni _m pyfc^i( i\m_lp_gim jlcg_li
ko_ ^_
Nc _f [m_mch[ni hi _mny j_lgcnc^i( _hnih]_m hi ni^i _mny j_l)
gcnc^i(

%$

G< GBD><

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

jo_^_ [|[^clm_ [ f[m jl_gcm[m ilcach[f_m ]ih _f jlij}mcni ^_ b[]_l

inl[m ^_^o]]cih_m*
@ E@ M > D> DJ

K o _^ _ g i mnl[lm_ k o _ fim mcaoc_hn_m [la o g _h ni m mih pyfc^im l_ ]o llc_ h ^ i

[ f[m `ilg [m ^ _ [la o g _h n[]c}h _hfcmn[^[m j l_pc[g _h n_* ? _]c^[ k o z `i l)
g [ ^ _ [la o g _h n[]c} h nc_h_ ][^ [ o h i ^ _ fim mcaoc_hn_m [la o g _h ni m6
-* Nc _f j _h m[g c_h ni h _]_mcn[ ^ _f ] _ l_ \ li ( _h nih ]_m _f j _hm[g c_h ni
mc_g j l_ i ] o ll_ _h f[ ][\_t[*
Nc _f j _h m[g c_h ni mc_g j l_ i ] o ll_ _h f[ ][\_t[( _h nih ]_m hchah
_mj{lcno mch ]o _lj i jc_hm[ [faoh[ p_t*

@Y\ VY ^KX^Y

Nc _f j _h m[g c_h ni h_]_mcn[ ^_f ]_l_\ li ( _h nih ]_m h ch a h _mj{lcno

mch ]o _ lj i jc_hm[ [fao h [ p_t*

.* Nc f[m l[tih_m mih f[m ][om[m ^ _ f[m []]cih_m( _h nih ]_m ni^[m f[m
[]]cih_m l[]cih [f_m mih ][om[^[m*

@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
@f [m_mch[ni hi _mny j_lgcnc^i(
ji^_gim ]ih]focl jil =YN_] ZYXOX] ko_
Ii ni^i _mny j_lgcnc^i*
Ki^_gim [bil[ n_h_l _mn_ _hoh]c[^i( ko_ _m f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_f
[laog_hni [hn_lcil( s om[lfi ]igi oh[ jl_gcm[ _h inli [lao)
g_hni* ?_ f[ jl_gcm[
Nc ?cim hi _rcmn_( _hnih]_m ni^i _mny j_lgcnc^i(
s f[ ho_p[ jl_gcm[
Ii ni^i _mny j_lgcnc^i(
Ki^_gim ]ih]focl jil =YN_] ^YVVOX] ko_
Ii _m _f ][mi ko_ ?cim hi _rcmn[*
@mni go_mnl[ ko_ ^_ f[m jl_gcm[m ilcach[f_m ji^l{[gim ^_^o]cl
pyfc^[g_hn_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_ _m_ [laog_hni l_]ollc_h^i [ f[m
`ilg[m ^_ [laog_hn[]c}h [hn_m _hfcmn[^[m* Ph[ f_]]c}h ko_ ^_\_
[jl_h^_lm_ ^_f [laog_hni ko_ [][\[gim ^_ ]ihmc^_l[l _m ko_
]o[fkoc_l ]im[ ^_^o]c^[ pyfc^[g_hn_ [ j[lncl ^_ oh ]ihdohni ^_
jl_gcm[m( n[f ]igi _f _hoh]c[^i
Ii ni^i _mny j_lgcnc^i(

Nc h i ni^[m f[m []]cih_m l[]cih[f_m mih ][om[^[m( _h nih ]_m h i _m _f

][mi k o _ f[m l[tih_m m_[h f[ ][om[ ^ _ f[m []]cih_m*
/* J m_ _pcn[h f[m a o _ll[m i mo`l_ _f chi]_hn_*
I i m_ _pcn[h f[m a o _ll[m*

@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
No`l_ _f ch i]_hn_*
0* Nc ni^[m f[m j _lmih [m j o _^ _h _mn[l _kocpi][^[m _h fi k o _ ]l_ _ h (
_h nih ]_m ni^[m f[m j _lmih [m ][ l_ ]_ h ^ _ ]ih i]cg c_h ni*
Oi^[m f[m j _lmih [m j o _^ _h _mn[l _kocpi][^[m _h fi k o _ ]l__h *

@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
Oi^[m f[m j _lmih [m ] [l_]_h ^ _ ]ih i]cg c_h ni*
H o_mnl_ ko_ ][^[ o h i ^ _ fim [la o g _h ni m mcaoc_hn_m _m pyfc^i l_ ] o llc_ h )
^ i [ f[m `ilg [m ^ _ [la o g _h n[]c}h pyfc^[m6
-* J m_ _pcn[h f[m a o _ll[m i mo`l_ _f ch i]_hn_*
Nc m_ _pcn[h f[m a o _ll[m( _h nih ]_m ni^ [ f[ a _h n_ [g [ f[ j[t*
I i ni^[ f[ a _h n_ [g [ f[ j[t*

@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
No`l_ _f chi]_hn_*

.* Nc hchaoh [ []]c}h _m fc\l_( _h nih ]_m h [^ c_ _m l_mj ih m[\ f_ ^ _ mom

[]]cih_m*
Nc h [^ c_ _m l_mjihm[\f_ ^ _ mom []]cih_m( _h nih ]_m h [^ c_ g _ l_ ]_ m_l
][mnca[^i*
I ch ao h[ []]c}h _m fc\l_*

@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
I [^ c_ g _ l_ ]_ m_l ][mnca[^i*
/* Nc _f ch i]_h n_ mo`l_( _h nih ]_m _f g o h ^ i h i _m j _l`_]ni*
Nc ?cim _rcmn_( _h nih ]_m _f g o h ^ i _m j _l`_]ni*

@Y\ VY ^KX^Y

./

G< GBD><

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

..

]ihm_]o_h]c[m jil I& c []]cih_m ko_ [og_hn[h f[ `_fc]c^[^ s ^cm)

gchos_h _f ^ifil( jil U( _hnih]_m i\n_h^l_gim _f [laog_hni
l_]czh ]ihmc^_l[^i* Jnl[m `ilg[m pyfc^[m ^_ [laog_hni ^_ _mn_
ncji mih6
I ch ao h[ S _m C%
Oi^[m f[m U mih B%

Oi^[m f[m S mih D$*

< faoh[m S mih U *

I ch ao h[ U _m C%

< faoh[m

@Y\ VY ^K^jY

@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
I mih

Oi^[m f[m S mih I

< faoh[m H h i mih U

@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
< faoh[m I h i

mih U

O[f_m [laog_hnim mih ]ihi]c^im ]igi ]SVYQS]WY] MK^OQi\SMY](

Nc _f ch i]_h n_ mo`l_( _h nih ]_m ?cim h i _rcmn_*

FKVSNOd c `O\NKN
?^\K]PY\WK] `fVSNK] NO K\Q_WOX^KMSiX
J\n_h_gim [faohim [laog_hnim pyfc^im [ j[lncl ^_ f[m `ilg[m ^_
[laog_hn[]c}h momncnos_h^i _h _ff[m _rjl_mcih_m ko_ XY mih il[)
]cih_m* K[l[ p_l f[ l[t}h ^_ _mni( ]ihmc^_l_gim _f [laog_hni mc)
aoc_hn_6
Oi^[m f[m []]cih_m ]ill_]n[m mih []]cih_m ko_ nc_h_h \o_h[m
]ihm_]o_h]c[m*
Oi^[m f[m []]cih_m ko_ nc_h_h \o_h[m ]ihm_]o_h]c[m mih [])
]cih_m ko_ [og_hn[h f[ `_fc]c^[^ s ^cmgchos_h _f ^ifil*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
Oi^[m f[m []]cih_m ]ill_]n[m mih []]cih_m ko_ [og_hn[h f[
`_fc]c^[^ s ^cmgchos_h _f ^ifil*
Ph[ \l_p_ l_`f_rc}h him ]ihp_h]_ly ^_ ko_ mc f[m jl_gcm[m ^_
_mn_ [laog_hni mih p_l^[^_l[m( _hnih]_m f[ ]ih]fomc}h n[g\czh
^_\_ m_l p_l^[^_l[* @mn_ [laog_hni hi _m ^_ f[ `ilg[ =YN_] ZY'
XOX] hc ^_ f[m inl[m `ilg[m [hn_m ]ihmc^_l[^[m* @f [laog_hni _m
pyfc^i _h pclno^ ^_ ko_ _m oh [laog_hni ^_ f[ `ilg[ mcaoc_hn_6
Oi^[S _m I(
Oi^[ I _m U*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
Oi^[S _m U*
$Di^im fim [laog_hnim ^_ _mn[ `ilg[ mih pyfc^im* J\n_h_gim oh
[laog_hni ^_ _mn[ `ilg[ momncnos_h^i f[m _rjl_mcih_m ko_ ^_m)
]lc\_h MVK]O] ^_ ]im[m jil f[m p[lc[\f_m S ( I s U* Nc momncnocgim f[
_rjl_mc}h []]cih_m ]ill_]n[m jil S ( []]cih_m ko_ nc_h_h \o_h[m

Gim [laog_hnim ko_ nc_h_h oh[ `ilg[ pyfc^[ mih pyfc^im [oh
]o[h^i m_[h ]igjf_n[g_hn_ [\mol^im* Kil _d_gjfi( _m pyfc^i _f
[laog_hni mcaoc_hn_6
Oi^[m f[m god_l_m mih a[nim*
Oi^im fim a[nim mih big\l_m*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
Oi^[m f[m god_l_m mih big\l_m*
@mn_ [laog_hni nc_h_ jl_gcm[m `[fm[m %[f g_him ]ihmc^_l[^[m fcn_)
l[fg_hn_& s ]ih]fomc}h `[fm[* @mni jih_ ^_ g[hc`c_mni _f ][ly]n_l
bcjinznc]i ^_ f[ p[fc^_t* < fi ko_ _kocp[f_ f[ p[`c^_t ^_ _mnim [lao)
g_hnim _m [ f[*a[l[hn{[ ^_ ko_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_\_ly m_l p_l^[^_l[
]S f[m jl_gcm[m mih p_l^[^_l[m*
Nc oh [laog_hni jo_^_ m_l pyfc^i [oh n_hc_h^i oh[ ]ih]fo)
mc}h lc^c]of[g_hn_ `[fm[( koz nc_h_ ^_ \o_hi f[ p[fc^_t; Kil
koz b[\l{[gim ^_ i]oj[lhim ^_ f[ p[fc^_t; G[ l_mjo_mn[ _m ko_
oh [laog_hni pyfc^i _m oh MYX]O\`KNY\ NO VK `O\NKN( G[ p_l^[^
_h f[m jl_gcm[m ^_ oh [laog_hni pyfc^i _mny ]ihm_lp[^[ _h f[
]ih]fomc}h* Kil mojo_mni( mc j[l[ _gj_t[l f[m jl_gcm[m hi mih
p_l^[^_l[m( _hnih]_m ch]fomi oh [laog_hni pyfc^i hi jo_^_ [m_)
aol[l ko_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h m_[ p_l^[^_l[* K_li ]iVY fim [laog_hnim
pyfc^im ]ihm_lp[h f[ p_l^[^* Ph[ [h[fia{[ ji^l{[ [so^[l [ _m)
]f[l_]_l _mn_ johni* ?_ oh gi^i a_h_l[f( fim [laog_hnim pyfc^im
]ihm_lp[h f[ p_l^[^ ]igi fim \o_him ]iha_f[^il_m ]ihm_lp[h f[
]igc^[* Nc f[ ]igc^[ ko_ m_ ]ifi][ _h oh ]iha_f[^il _mny ^_m]ig)
jo_mn[ ^_m^_ oh jlch]cjci( _hnih]_m hc mckoc_l[ oh \o_h ]iha_)
f[^il jo_^_ ]ihm_lp[lf[* K_li mc f[ ]igc^[ jo_mn[ _h oh \o_h

.0

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

]iha_f[^il _mny `l_m][( _hnih]_m _f ]iha_f[^il f[ ]ihm_p[ly* Gim

\o_him ]iha_f[^il_m s fim [laog_hnim pyfc^im ]ihm_lp[h fim [fc)
g_hnim s f[ p_l^[^ l_mj_]ncp[g_hn_* K_li [m{ ]igi _f jlcg_li
hi jo_^_ ]ihm_lp[l f[ ]igc^[ ]o[h^i zmn[ _mny ^_m]igjo_mn[(
[m{ _f m_aoh^i hi jo_^_ ]ihm_lp[l f[ p_l^[^ ]o[h^i f[m jl_gcm[m
mih `[fm[m* Nch _g\[lai( p[f_ f[ j_h[ n_h_l ]iha_f[^il_m ^_ ]i)
gc^[ s [laog_hnim pyfc^im( jilko_ ]ihm_lp[h [fai \o_hi ]o[h^i
m_ nc_h_( s mch _ffim ohi jo_^_ n_lgch[l ]ih [fai ji^lc^i [oh
]o[h^i _h _f jlch]cjci `o_l[ [fai cgj_][\f_* <m{( ^_\_ ^_m_[lm_
f[ p[fc^_t s _pcn[lm_ f[ chp[fc^_t*
8V Wg^YNY NOV MYX^\KOTOWZVY
C_gim ]ihmc^_l[^i p[lc[m `ilg[m pyfc^[m ^_ [laog_hn[]c}h* Nch
_g\[lai( _mn[m `ilg[m mih m}fi [faoh[m _hnl_ go]b[m* K[l[ ho_m)
nlim jlij}mcnim hi _m h_]_m[lci( [oh ]o[h^i m_l{[ ncf( ]ihi]_l
ni^[m f[m `ilg[m pyfc^[m ^_ [laog_hni7 jil _f ]ihnl[lci( ^_\_l_)
gim ]ih`c[l _h oh _r[g_h gym chnocncpi j[l[ f[ p[fc^_t* Klcg_li
h_]_mcn[l_gim oh _r[g_h j[l[ f[ SX`KVSNOd& _mni _m( oh gzni^i
j[l[ gimnl[l ko_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_ oh [laog_hni XY m_ mcao_ py)
fc^[g_hn_ [ j[lncl ^_ f[m jl_gcm[m* G[ nz]hc][ ko_ [^ijn[l_gim
m_ ]ihi]_ ]igi _f Wg^YNY NOV MYX^\KOTOWZVY(
G[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ oh [laog_hni _m pyfc^i jo_^_ l_`on[lm_
_h]ihnl[h^i oh _d_gjfi ^_ oh[ mcno[]c}h _h f[ ko_ f[m jl_gcm[m
m_[h p_l^[^_l[m s f[ ]ih]fomc}h `[fm[* Hym [h( s _mni _m ]f[p_( _f
_d_gjfi m}fi ^_\_ m_l mi\l_ [fai jimc\f_* Ii ^_\_ m_l oh _d_g)
jfi mi\l_ [fai ko_ hoh][ b[ i]ollc^i i ^_ [fai ko_ ^c`{]cfg_hn_
i]ollcly* N_ l_`n[ly f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ p[fc^_t m}fi _h _f ][mi _h _f
ko_ _f _d_gjfi ^_m]lc\[ ]f[l[g_hn_ [fai jimc\f_( s ^_m]lc\[ ]f[)
l[g_hn_ oh _mn[^i ^_ ]im[m _h _f ko_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h m_[ `[fm[ s f[m
jl_gcm[m p_l^[^_l[m*
K[l[ p_l ]}gi `oh]cih[ _f gzni^i( ]ihmc^zl_m_ _f [laog_hni
mcaoc_hn_6
Oi^im fim ]igohcmn[m m_ ijih_h [f ][jcn[fcmgi*
Kzl_t m_ ijih_ [f ][jcn[fcmgi**
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
Kzl_t _m oh ]igohcmn[*
@m `[]cf{mcgi ^_m]lc\cl oh ]ihnl[_d_gjfi ko_ go_mnl_ ko_ f[
]ih]fomc}h ^_ _mn_ [laog_hni hi m_ mcao_ ^_ f[m jl_gcm[m* No)

G< GBD><

.1

jiha[gim ko_ Kzl_t _m oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ ]l__ ko_ f[ lcko_t[ s

f[m jlijc_^[^_m ^_\_l{[h m_l jim_{^[m s ]ihnlif[^[m jil mo `[)
gcfc[ s nl[mj[m[^[m jil b_l_h]c[* <m{( zf l_]b[t[ n[hni _f ][jcn[)
fcmgi ]igi _f ]igohcmgi _h `[pil ^_f j_l_]cmgi( oh[ ^i]nlch[
_]ih}gc][ b[mn[ [bil[ ^_m]ihi]c^[ ko_ mimnc_h_ ko_ ni^i ^_)
\_l{[ j_ln_h_]_l [ fim Kzl_t* Gi ko_ m_ ^_m]lc\_ _h _mn_ _d_gjfi
_m jimc\f_ s( mojihc_h^i ko_ n[hni f[ jlcg_l[ jl_gcm[ ]igi f[ m_)
aoh^[ m_[h p_l^[^_l[m( _m oh _d_gjfi _h _f ko_ f[m jl_gcm[m mih
p_l^[^_l[m s f[ ]ih]fomc}h `[fm[* @mn_ ]ihnl[_d_gjfi go_mnl[ ko_
[oh mc f[m jl_gcm[m ^_f [laog_hni mih p_l^[^_l[m( hi m_ mcao_
ko_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h m_[ p_l^[^_l[* @f [laog_hni _m chpyfc^i* Kil
fi n[hni( hi nc_h_ m_hnc^i ^_`_h^_l f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_f [laog_hni
mimn_hc_h^i ko_ f[m jl_gcm[m mih p_l^[^_l[m* N_ h_]_mcn[l{[ [fah
[laog_hni nin[fg_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_ j[l[ _mn[\f_]_l _m[ ]ih]fomc}h*
C_gim gimnl[^i f[ chp[fc^_t ^_ oh [laogzhn_ [f _h]ihnl[l
oh ]ihnl[_d_gjfi* < p_]_m _m gym `y]cf _h]ihnl[l oh _d_gjfi m_)
g_d[hn_ mc jlcg_li m_ ]ihmc^_l[ f[ `ilg[ ^_f [laog_hni* @f [l)
aog_hni [hn_lcil _l[ ^_ f[ mcaoc_hn_ `ilg[6
Oi^i 6 _m ?(
@ _m ?(
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
@ _m 6(
Ph [laog_hni ^_ _mn[ `ilg[ _m chpyfc^i jilko_ f[m jl_gcm[m ^_)
d[h [\c_ln[ f[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ ko_ [fai ko_ _m ? ji^l{[ hi m_l 6& s
mc m_ ^_d[ [\c_ln[ _mn[ jimc\cfc^[^( _hnih]_m i\pc[g_hn_ _m jimc\f_
ko_ f[m jl_gcm[m m_[h p_l^[^_l[m s f[ ]ih]fomc}h `[fm[*
Gim m_|[f[gc_hnim [hn_lcil_m go_mnl[h ]}gi m_ [jfc][ _f gz)
ni^i ^_f ]ihnl[_d_gjfi [ fim [laog_hnim* @m_h]c[fg_hn_ _m oh
gzni^i j[l[ _mn[\f_]_l f[ chp[fc^_t* Ki^_gim ]igjf_g_hn[l _mn[
jlo_\[ j[l[ f[ chp[fc^_t ]ih inl[* <m{ ]igi b[s `ilg[m pyfc^[m
^_ [laog_hn[]c}h( b[s n[g\czh [faoh[m `ilg[m SX`fVSNK] ^_ [l)
aog_hn[]c}h* ?im `ilg[m chpyfc^[m ^_ [laog_hn[]c}h gos cg)
jiln[hn_m mih f[m mcaoc_hn_m6
>OQKMSiX NOV KX^OMONOX^O
Nc @ & _hnih]_m A
Ii @
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
Ii A

4PS\WKMSiX NOV MYX]OM_OX^O

Nc @& _hnih]_m A
A
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
@

.2

G< GBD><

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

>o[fkoc_l [laog_hni ^_ ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ _mn[m `ilg[m _m chpyfc^i*

C[]_gim bch][jcz _h _mn[m ^im `ilg[m chpyfc^[m ^_ [laog_hni
jilko_ [ g_ho^i _mn[gim n_hn[^im [ om[l oh [laog_hni ^_ [f)
aoh[ ^_ _mn[m `ilg[m( s n[g\czh jilko_ ohi m_ nij[ `l_]o_hn_)
g_hn_ ]ih [laog_hnim ko_ inlim om[h s ko_ nc_h_h _mn[m `ilg[m*
?_ _mn[ g[h_l[( n_h_gim oh _r[g_h _h ^im j[mim j[l[ f[ chp[)
fc^_t* Klcg_li( ^_n_lgch[gim mc _f [laog_hni _h ]o_mnc}h nc_h_
oh[ ^_ _m[m `ilg[m chpyfc^[m ^_ [laog_hn[]c}h* Nc _m [m{( _f [l)
aog_hni _m chpyfc^i* Nc _f [laog_hni hi nc_h_ oh[ ^_ f[m `ilg[m
chpyfc^[m ^_ [laog_hni( j_li m_aocgim mimj_]b[h^i ^_ mo chp[)
fc^_t( ji^_gim [jfc][l _f gzni^i ^_f ]ihnl[_d_gjfi* Nc ji^_gim
j_hm[l _h oh[ jimc\f_ mcno[]c}h _h f[ ko_ f[m jl_gcm[m m_[h p_l)
^[^_l[m s f[ ]ih]fomc}h `[fm[( _hnih]_m _f [laog_hni _m chpyfc^i*
Kil inli f[^i( n_h_gim n[g\czh oh _r[g_h j[l[ f[ p[fc^_t*
Klcg_li( mc _f [laog_hni nc_h_ oh[ ^_ f[m `ilg[m pyfc^[m ^_ [l)
aog_hni ]cn[^[m _h f[m jyach[m -4)./( _hnih]_m _m oh [laog_hni
pyfc^i* N_aoh^i( jo_^_ gimnl[lm_ ko_ oh [laog_hni _m pyfc^i
jil _f omi l_j_nc^i ^_ f[m `ilg[m ^_ [laog_hn[]c}h* O_l]_li( [f)
aohim [laog_hnim mih i\pc[g_hn_ pyfc^im( [oh ]o[h^i hi n_h)
a[h hchaoh[ ^_ f[m `ilg[m ^cm]onc^[m* Kil _d_gjfi( ^_ oh _hoh)
]c[^i ]igi
-* Oigym n_h{[ oh j_hm[gc_hni jc][li
ji^_gim i\pc[g_hn_ ]ih]focl ]ih p[fc^_t
.* Oigym n_h{[ oh j_hm[gc_hni*
@f [laog_hni _h ]o_mnc}h _m pyfc^i mc_gjl_ s ]o[h^i _mnz jl_)
m_hn_ [faoh[ ^_ _mn[m nl_m ]ih^c]cih_m*
?_m[`ilnoh[^[g_hn_( b[\ly ni^[p{[ [laog_hnim ko_ hi _h)
nl_h _h hchaohi ^_ fim jli]_^cgc_hnim [ko{ m_|[f[^im* @h n[f_m
][mim( ho_mnli jli]_^cgc_hni m_ly _f mcaoc_hn_6 ]ihmc^_l[l_gim
chi]_hn_ oh [laog_hni ^_ _m_ ncji gc_hnl[m hi m_ jlo_\_ mo ]of)
j[\cfc^[^* @m ^_]cl( ji^_gim []_jn[l ]igi pyfc^i n[f [laog_hni
gc_hnl[m hi j_hm_gim _h [fah ]ihnl[_d_gjfi ko_ jlo_\_ mo
chp[fc^_t* Kil mojo_mni( _mn_ jli]_^cgc_hni hi ^_\_ [jfc][lm_
cll_`f_rcp[ s []l{nc][g_hn_* ?_\_gim jl_aohn[lhim mc _m jimc\f_
ko_ _mn_ [laog_hni( i oh [laog_hni ^_ _mn[ `ilg[( m_[ l_`on[\f_
g_^c[hn_ oh ]ihnl[_d_gjfi* Nc ^_mjozm ^_ j_hm[lfi ]oc^[^im[)
g_hn_ ]ih]focgim ko_ hi jo_^_h _h]ihnl[lm_ ]ihnl[_d_gjfim(

.3

ji^_gim []_jn[l _h `ilg[ n_hn[ncp[ ko_ _f [laog_hni _m pyfc^i*

@mn_ _m _f jli]_^cgc_hni ko_ [^ijn[l_gim*
@E@ M > D> DJ

@ h ]o _ h nl_ ]ih nl[_d_g j fim j [l[ fim [la o g _h ni m mcaoc_hn_m* M _]o _l^ _
k o _ o h [la o g _h ni pyfc^i j o _^ _ n_h _l j l_g cm[m `[fm[m( [m{ ko_ oh _d_g )
jfi k o _ g o _mnl_ k o _ o h [ ^ _ mom jl_g cm[m _m `[fm[ XY ]ihmncnos_ oh ] i h )
nl[_d_g j fi ko_ g o _mnl_ ko_ _f [la o g _h ni _m chpyfc^i*
-* Nc G }j _t _m _f f[^ l}h ( _h nih ]_m K zl_t _mny ch pifo ]l[^ i _h _f ] lc)
g _h*
G }j _t h i _m _f f[^l}h*

@Y\ VY ^KX^Y

K zl_t h i _mny ch pifo ]l[^ i _h _f ]lcg _h *

.* Oi^[ f[ a _h n_ _mj _l[ n_h _l _g jf_im \c_h j[a[^im*
Eo [ h [ _m o h [ j _lmih [ ko_ nc_h _ _f nl[\ [di k o _ ^ _m_[\[ n_h_l*

@Y\ VY ^KX^Y

Eo [ h [ nc_h _ o h _g j f_i \c_h j [a[^ i*

/* @f ][g \ ci mi]c[f mc_g j l_ j li ^ o ]_ pcif_h]c[*
G[ pcif_h]c[ _m g [f[*

@Y\ VY ^KX^Y

@f ][g \ ci mi]c[f _m g [fi*

(% Nc oh[ j _lmih [ ]i h i ]_ [fai( _h nih ]_m ^ _\_ n_h _l o h [ c^_[ ^ _ _ffi*

@Y\ VY ^KX^Y

Oi^ i fi ko_ [faoh[m j _lmih [m ]ih i]_h _m mom j lij c[m c^_[m*
1* Gim ]c_hn{`c]im ^ _m]o \ l_h ]i h mn[h n_g _h n_ k o _ ni^[m f[m m_hm[]ci)
h_m mih ][om[^[m j i l jli]_mim h_olif}ac]im*

@Y\ VY ^K^S^Y
G[m m_hm[]cih_m hi mih mchi j li]_mim `{mc]im*
8: Nz ]ih m_ao lc^ [^ ko_ _rcmni*
Ii mz ]ih m_ao lc^ [^ mc _rcmn_ [faoh[ ]im[ `{mc][*

@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
I8: mis oh[ ]im[ `{mc][*
3* Ii m_ b[ _ h ]i h nl[ ^ i hchah [la o g _h ni ko_ j lo _\ _ ko_ ?cim
lrcCn]*

@Y\ VY ^KX^Y

-:cc :(m hi _rcmn_*

.4

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

<M B P H

@ I O J N ? @ K @ O D> D I ? @ K M DI > DK DJ

C[s inlim l[maim ^_ oh [laog_hni( [faohim ^_ fim ]o[f_m s[ b_)

gim m_|[f[^i( ko_ ji^l{[h ff_p[lhim [ l_]b[t[l oh [laog_hni
[oh ]o[h^i fi ]ihmc^_l_gim pyfc^i* Kil _d_gjfi( ji^l{[ m[\_lm_
ko_ f[m jl_gcm[m ^_f [laog_hni mih `[fm[m* Jnl[ l[t}h cgjil)
n[hn_ j[l[ l_]b[t[l oh [laog_hni _m ko_ ji^[gim p_l ko_ _f
[laog_hni MYWO^O _XK ZO^SMSiX NO Z\SXMSZSY( Ph [laog_hni ]ig_n_
oh[ j_nc]c}h ^_ jlch]cjci ]o[h^i oh[ jl_gcm[ ^_f [laog_hni _m
mcgjf_g_hn_ oh l_jf[hn_[gc_hni ^_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h*
Nojiha[gim ko_ oh `cf}mi`i [laog_hn[ ko_ hi ^_\_l{[ ][mnc)
a[lm_ hchah []ni chpifohn[lci* @f [laog_hni mcaoc_hn_ ]ig_n_
`f[al[hn_g_hn_ oh[ j_nc]c}h ^_ jlch]cjci6
Oi^im fim []nim ko_ ^_\_l{[h ][mnca[lm_ mih pifohn[lcim*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
Ichah []ni chpifohn[lci ^_\_l{[ ][mnca[lm_*
@mn_ [laog_hni _m ^_ [ko_ffim _h fim ko_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h s f[ jl_)
gcm[ ^c]_h fi gcmgi ^_ g[h_l[ ^c`_l_hn_* <m{( mc f[ ]ih]fomc}h
^_f [laog_hni _m fi ko_ _mny _h ]o_mnc}h( _hnih]_m _f [laog_hni
]ig_n_ oh[ j_nc]c}h ^_ jlch]cjci*
<faoh[m p_]_m f[ jl_gcm[ ko_ _hoh]c[ f[ ]ih]fomc}h _h oh [l)
aog_hni ^_ j_nc]c}h ^_ jlch]cjci _mny g_dil ^cm`l[t[^[* >ih)
mc^zl_m_ _f [laog_hni mcaoc_hn_6
-* Ii ^_\_l{[ ][mnca[lm_ oh []ni ko_ hi i\_^_]_ [ f[ pifohn[^
^_ f[ a_hn_*
.* Ph []ni chpifohn[lci _m oh []ni ko_ hi i\_^_]_ [ f[ pifoh)
n[^ ^_ f[ a_hn_*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
/* Ii ^_\_l{[ ][mnca[lm_ oh []ni chpifohn[lci*
N_ ^_m]o\l_ ko_ ]ih _mn_ [laog_hni m_ ]ig_n_ oh[ j_nc]c}h ^_
jlch]cjci ]o[h^i jl_aohn[gim koz mcahc`c][ ^_]cl ko_ oh []ni
hi i\_^_]_ [ f[ pifohn[^ ^_ f[ a_hn_( jilko_ oh[ p_t ko_ l_)
`f_rcih[gim mi\l_ _m[ ]olcim[ _rjl_mc}h( m_ b[]_ _pc^_hn_ ko_
mcahc`c][ h[^[ gym s h[^[ g_him ko_ chpifohn[lci* <m{( m_ ^_m)
]o\l_ ko_ f[ jl_gcm[ %-& ^_f [laog_hni( ]o[h^i _hn_h^_gim fi
ko_ mcahc`c][( [`clg[ _r[]n[g_hn_ fi gcmgi ko_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h*

JOM<N J=N@MQ<>DJI@N NJ=M@ G< Q@M?<? T G< Q<GD?@U

.5

@f mcaoc_hn_ _m oh _d_gjfi ^_ oh [laog_hni ko_ XY ]ig_n_

j_nc]c}h ^_ jlch]cjci s ko_ nc_h_ f[ gcmg[ ]ih]fomc}h6
-* Ichah []ni chpifohn[lci _m g[fi*
.* Ii ^_\_l{[ ][mnca[lm_ oh []ni [ g_him ko_ `o_l[ g[fi*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
G( Ii ^_\_l{[ ][mnca[lm_ hchah []ni chpifohn[lci*
Ichaoh[ ^_ _mn[m jl_gcm[m _m oh[ l_`ilgof[]c}h ^cm`l[t[^[ ^_
f*c ]ih]fomc}h* ?_]cl ko_ oh []ni _m pifohn[lci _m nin[fg_hn_ ^c`_)
l_hn_ [ ^_]cl ko_ _m g[fi( jilko_ go]bim []nim pifohn[lcim mih
nin[fg_hn_ \o_him* Ki^l{[h jih_lm_ _h n_f[ ^_ doc]ci f[m jl_gc)
m[m ^_ _mn_ [laog_hni pyfc^i( j_li zm[ _m f[ hc][ g[h_l[ _h ko_
*cfaoc_h ko_ fi ^cm]onc_l[ ji^l{[ _m][j[l [ f[ ]ih]fomc}h*
J OM<N

J = N @ M Q < > DJ I @ N N J = M @ G < Q @ M ? < ? T G < Q < G D? @ U

T*D b_gim m_|[f[^i ko_ oh [laog_hni pyfc^i jo_^_ n_h_l jl_)

gcm[m `[fm[m s ko_ jil _ffi `[ff[ly [f _mn[\f_]_l f[ p_l^[^ ^_ mo
]ih]fomc}h* Nch _g\[lai( _m cao[fg_hn_ _m_h]c[f m_|[f[l ko_ oh
[laog_hni ][l_hn_ ^_ mifc^_t ]igi zm_( [ohko_ `[ff_ [f _mn[\f_)
]_l f[ p_l^[^ ^_ mo ]ih]fomc}h( jo_^_ hi i\mn[hn_ n_h_l oh[ ]ih)
% fomc}h p_l^[^_l[* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( gimnl[l ko_ oh [laog_hni
% [ l_]_ ^_ mifc^_t jilko_ nc_h_ [faoh[m jl_gcm[m `[fm[m( hi \[m)
n[l{[ j[l[ jli\[l ko_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_f [laog_hni _m `[fm[*
K[l[ cfomnl[l _mnim [mj_]nim ]ihmc^_l_gim ^im [laog_hnim( ohi
n_{mn[ s inli [n_i( ko_( [ohko_ pyfc^im( nc_h_h ]ih]fomcih_m ]ih)
cc [lc[m* @f [laog_hni ^_f n_{mn[ _m _f mcaoc_hn_6
D @f goh^i _rbc\_ jlo_\[m ]ih]fos_hn_m ^_ oh ^cm_|i*
Nc _f goh^i _rbc\_ jlo_\[m ]ih]fos_hn_m ^_ oh ^cm_|i( _h)
nih]_m _f goh^i nc_h_ oh ^cm_|[^il( ko_ _m ?cim*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
6c -*- goh^i nc_h_ oh ^cm_|[^il( ko_ _m ?cim*
D D m_aoh^i [laog_hni ji^l{[ m_l jf[hn_[^i jil _f [n_i6
-* Nc ?cim _rcmn_( b[s oh m_l ighcjin_hn_( ighcm]c_hn_ s nin[f)
g_hn_ \o_hi ko_ ]l_} _f goh^i*

/,

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

+K( Nc b[s oh m_l ighcjin_hn_( ighcm]c_hn_ s nin[fg_hn_ \o_hi

ko_ ]l_} _f goh^i( _hnih]_m _f goh^i _mny fc\l_ ^_f g[f*
/K( @f goh^i hi _mny fc\l_ ^_f g[f*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
0K( ?cim hi _rcmn_*
@mnim ^im [laog_hnim nc_h_h ]ih]fomcih_m ^l[gync][g_hn_
ijo_mn[m* G[ ]ih]fomc}h ^zf jlcg_li _m ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ ]ih)
]fomc}h ^_f m_aoh^i7 [m{( ohi ^_ fim [laog_hnim ^_\_ n_h_l oh[
]ih]fomc}h `[fm[* <g\im [laog_hnim mih j_l`_]n[g_hn_ pyfc^im*
G[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_ ][^[ ohi ^_\_ m_l p_l^[^_l[ ]S f[m jl_gcm[m mih
p_l^[^_l[m* ?_ _mn[ g[h_l[( ohi ^_ fim [laog_hnim( [ohko_ py)
fc^i( ^_\_ ][l_]_l ^_ mifc^_t* <f g_him oh[ ^_ f[m jl_gcm[m ^_
ohi ^_ fim [laog_hnim ^_\_ m_l `[fm[*
Gim [n_im( ko_ b[h [n[][^i _f jlcg_l [laog_hni( b[h mimn_)
hc^i ko_ f[m ^im jl_gcm[m ^_f jlcg_l [laog_hni mih `[fm[m* C[h
h_a[^i ko_ b[s[ jlo_\[m ]ih]fos_hn_m ^_f ^cm_|i s b[h [lao)
g_hn[^i n[g\czh ko_ ch]fomi mc bo\c_l[ n[f_m jlo_\[m( `l[][m[)
l{[h _h mo chn_hni jil a[l[hnct[l ko_ ?cim _m _f ]l_[^il i ^cm_|[)
^il ^_f goh^i* Gim n_{mn[m l[l[ p_t b[h h_a[^i ni^[m f[m jl_gcm[m
^_f m_aoh^i [laog_hni( j_li b[h [n[][^i f[ m_aoh^[ i f[ n_l]_l[
jl_gcm[m* <faohim b[h [`clg[^i ko_ oh m_l ighcjin_hn_( ighcm)
]c_hn_ s nin[fg_hn_ \o_hi \c_h ji^l{[ ]l_[l oh goh^i ]ih g[f
jil _d_gjfi( _f g[f ^_f ko_ mih l_jihm[\f_m fim m_l_m bog[him
s inlim [a_hn_m fc\l_m* Jnlim b[h [lac^i ko_( [ j_m[l ^_ f[m [j[)
lc_h]c[m ]ihnl[lc[m( hi b[s g[f* Gi ko_ [ f[ a_hn_ f_ j[l_]_ g[fi(
f_ j[l_]_ ^_ _m_ gi^i [ ][om[ ^_ ho_mnl[ fcgcn[^[ ][j[]c^[^ j[l[
^cm]_lhcl f[ p_l^[^_l[ h[nol[f_t[ ^_ f[m ]im[m ko_ j_l]c\cgim*
Hym [^_f[hn_( _h _f >[j{nofi 1( ]ihmc^_l[l_gim fim gzlcnim ^_
_mnim [laog_hnim* Ii i\mn[hn_( _m cgjiln[hn_ m_|[f[l [ko{ ko_
fim ]l{nc]im ^_ KWLY] [laog_hnim jo_^_h _mn[l _h fi ]ill_]ni* Gim
^im [laog_hnim jo_^_h ]ihn_h_l [faoh[m jl_gcm[m `[fm[m( s _h
_mn_ ][mi _mnim [laog_hnim ][l_]_l{[h ^_ mifc^_t* @mni cfomnl[ _f
b_]bi ^_ ko_ _f ][ly]n_l ^_ ][l_hn_ ^_ mifc^_t ^_ oh [laog_hni
hi go_mnl[ ko_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_f [laog_hni m_[ `[fm[* ?_ b_]bi(
_m jli\[\f_ ko_ ohi ^_ fim [laog_hnim n_ha[ oh[ ]ih]fomc}h p_l)
^[^_l[( [oh ]o[h^i KWLY] [laog_hnim ][l_t][h ^_ mifc^_t* Kil fi
n[hni( ]o[h^i [n[][gim oh [laog_hni m}fi ji^_gim _mn[\f_]_l
ko_ _f [laog_hni ][l_]_ ^_ mifc^_t* < j[lncl ^_ _mi hi ji^_gim

KJND=DGD?<?( <I<GDOD>D?<? T >JINDNO@I>D<

/ -

gimnl[l ko_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h m_[ `[fm[* Kil inli f[^i( [f jl_m_hn[l oh

[laog_hni ko_ _m m}fc^i s ko_ hi ]ig_n_ j_nc]c}h ^_ jlch]cjci(
ji^_gim _mn[\f_]_l ko_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_f [laog_hni _m p_l^[)
^_l[* <m{( ]ihmnlocl [laog_hnim m}fc^im( mc \c_h _m gym ^c`{]cf ko_
jih_l [f ^_m]o\c_lni f[m `[f[]c[m ^_ fim [laog_hnim ^_ fim inlim(
_m f[ n[l_[ ko_ jli^o]_ fim l_mofn[^im gym lc]im*
K J N D= DG D? < ? ( < I < G DO D> D? < ?

T > J I N DN O @ I > D<

<f ^_`chcl f[ hi]c}h ^_ p[fc^_t om[gim [ g_ho^i f[ j[f[\l[ cg)

jimc\f_* @mn_ nzlgchi nc_h_ go]bim omim( j_li m}fi oh omi ^_
_mn_ nzlgchi _m _f ko_ [bil[ him chn_l_m[* T[ ch^c][gim _mn_ omi
]o[h^i b[\f[gim ^_ f[ cgjimc\cfc^[^ ViQSMK( G[ c^_[ chnocncp[ ^_
cgjimc\cfc^[^ f}ac][ _m f[ mcaoc_hn_6 jo_^_ ^_gimnl[lm_ ko_ b[s
[faoh[m ]im[m cgjimc\f_m l_]ollc_h^i hc][g_hn_ [ f[ f}ac][ s [f
mcahc`c][^i ^_ fim nzlgchim* ?c]b[m ]im[m mih f}ac][g_hn_ cgjimc)
\f_m* Lo_ ?cim _rcmn[ s hi _rcmn[ _m f}ac][g_hn_ cgjimc\f_( s[ ko_
_m oh[ p_l^[^ ^_ f[ f}ac][ ko_ h[^[ _rcmn_ s hi _rcmn_ [f gcmgi
nc_gji* Ph _hoh]c[^i ^_m]lc\_ [fai f}ac][g_hn_ cgjimc\f_ m}fi
_h _f ][mi _h _f ko_ _f _hoh]c[^i m_[ ]ihnl[^c]nilci i ch]igj[nc)
\f_* ?_ b_]bi( ^_]cl ko_ oh _hoh]c[^i ^_m]lc\_ [fai f}ac][g_hn_
cgjimc\f_ _kocp[f_ [ ^_]cl ko_ _f _hoh]c[^i _m ]ihnl[^c]nilci i
ch]igj[nc\f_* Gim mcaoc_hn_m mih _d_gjfim ^_ _hoh]c[^im ]ihnl[)
^c]nilcim6
-* Kzl_t [jli\[ly `cfimi`{[ ]ih ^c_t s Kzl_t hi [jli\[ly `cfi)
mi`{[ ]ih ^c_t*
.* Oi^im fim `on\ifcmn[m mih [nf_n[m j_li [faohim `on\ifcmn[m hi
mih [nf_n[m*
/* Ph b_lg[hi _m oh[ god_l*
Oig[^im fcn_l[fg_hn_( hi _m jimc\f_ ko_ [faohi ^_ _mnim _hoh)
]c[^im m_[ p_l^[^_li* K_li m_ h_]_mcn[h [faoh[m ]ihmc^_l[]cih_m
fca_l[g_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m j[l[ ^_gimnl[l _mni _h ][^[ ][mi* @f jlc)
g_l _hoh]c[^i _m oh[ ]ihnl[^c]]c}h j_l`_]n[g_hn_ _rjf{]cn[* @f
m_aoh^i ]ihsohni ^_ f[ ]ihdoh]c}h hc_a[ ]ih f[ j[f[\l[ hi fi
ko_ [`clg[ _f jlcg_li* @f m_aoh^i _hoh]c[^i( [ohko_ _pc^_hn_)
g_hn_ ]ihnl[^c]nilci( ^c`c_l_ ^_f jlcg_li* @h _f m_aoh^i _hoh)
]c[^i( fi ko_ m_ [`clg[ _h _f jlcg_l ]ihsohni hi m_ hc_a[ _h _f
m_aoh^i ]SWZVOWOX^O ]ih _f omi ^_ f[ j[f[\l[ hi* K[l[ gimnl[l

/.

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

ko_ _f m_aoh^i _hoh]c[^i _m ]ihnl[^c]nilci( h_]_mcn[gim ]ihmc)

^_l[l _f mcahc`c][^i ^_ f[m j[f[\l[m [faohim s ni^im( [m{ ]igi
_f ^_ f[ j[f[\l[ hi* @mn[m nl_m j[f[\l[m [j[l_]_h _h _f fzrc]i ^_f
f}ac]i s m_ ]ihmc^_l[h j[f[\l[m f}ac][m jilko_ [j[l_]_h _h f[m
`ilg[m pyfc^[m ^_ [laog_hn[]c}h ^_ f[ f}ac][ `ilg[f*
@f n_l]_l _hoh]c[^i( [ohko_ ^_ ho_pi ]ihnl[^c]nilci( jl_m_h)
n[ oh jli\f_g[ oh n[hni ^c`_l_hn_* K[l[ gimnl[l ko_ _m ]ihnl[)
^c]nilci( ohi ^_\_( [^_gym ^_ l_]ollcl [ f[ f}ac][ `ilg[f( ]ihmc)
^_l[l n[g\czh _f mcahc`c][^i i ^_`chc]c}h ^_f nzlgchi b_lg[hi(
_mni _m( ohi ^_\_ m[\_l ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ [ f[ ko_ m_ f_ [jfc][ _f
nzlgchi _m jil ^_`chc]c}h big\l_ s hi god_l* Ph[ p_t ko_ _mni
ko_^[ ]f[li( ^_\_ gimnl[lm_ ko_ _f _hoh]c[^i [`clg[ ko_ oh[
j_lmih[ _m s hi _m god_l* >igi g_l[ ]o_mnc}h ^_ f}ac][( _mni _m
cgjimc\f_* Nch _g\[lai( _f nzlgchi b_lg[hi hi _m oh nzlgchi
^_ f}ac][ `ilg[f7 _m oh nzlgchi ^_m]lcjncpi* <faohim `cf}mi`im hc_)
a[h ko_ f[ ^cmnch]c}h _hnl_ nzlgchim ^_ f}ac][ s nzlgchim ^_m]lcj)
ncpim n_ha[ cgjiln[h]c[ `cfim}`c][( s[ ko_ mimnc_h_h ko_( _h fncg[
chmn[h]c[( f[ ^cmnch]c}h l_mofn[ [l\cnl[lc[ s [lnc`c]c[f* K[l[ ho_mnlim
jlij}mcnim( \[mn[ly ]ih ^[lhim ]o_hn[ ^_ ko_ ]ih _f `ch ^_ gim)
nl[l ko_ ]c_lnim _hoh]c[^im mih ]ihnl[^c]nilcim( ]igi fim [hn_lci)
l_m _hoh]c[^im %.& s %/&( _m `oh^[g_hn[f ]ihmc^_l[l _f mcahc`c][^i
i f[ ^_`chc]c}h ^_ fim nzlgchim ]f[p_ ^_f _hoh]c[^i*
>OMO]SNKN c KXKVS^SMSNKN
Gim _hoh]c[^im ko_ ^_m]lc\_h [fai f}ac][g_hn_ cgjimc\f_ mih
]ihnl[^c]nilcim s jil fi n[hni ]ih m}fi l_]ollcl [ f[ f}ac][ s [f
mcahc`c][^i ^_ fim nzlgchim jo_^_ ^_gimnl[lm_ ko_ mih `[fmim*
O[g\czh jo_^_ ^_gimnl[lm_ ko_ b[s _hoh]c[^im `O\NKNO\Y] m}fi
]ih l_]ollcl [ f[ f}ac][ s [f mcahc`c][^i ^_ fim nzlgchim* O[f_m
_hoh]c[^im ^_m]lc\_h [fai f}ac][g_hn_ h_]_m[lci s [ g_ho^i mih
ff[g[^im _hoh]c[^im [h[f{nc]im* G[ XOQKMSiX ^_ [fah _hoh]c[^i
f}ac][g_hn_ cgjimc\f_ _m oh _hoh]c[^i f}ac][g_hn_ h_]_m[lci s
pc]_p_lm[* Kil _d_gjfi( _f _hoh]c[^i
- K( Ii _m _f ][mi ko_ Kzl_t [jli\[ly `cfimi`{[ ]ih ^c_t s ko_ [f
gcmgi nc_gji Kzl_t hi [jli\[ly `cfimi`{[ ]ih ^c_t*
_m f[ h_a[]c}h ^_f _hoh]c[^i %-& s _m f}ac][g_hn_ h_]_m[lci* ?_
g[h_l[ mcgcf[l( fim _hoh]c[^im

?@ADID>DI

//

+K( Ii _m _f ][mi ko_ ni^im fim `on\ifcmn[m m_[h [nf_n[m s ko_ [f)
aohim `on\ifcmn[m hi m_[h [nf_n[m*

/[* Ii _m _f ][mi ko_ oh b_lg[hi m_[ oh[ god_l(

ko_ mih h_a[]cih_m ^_ %.& s %/&( l_mj_]ncp[g_hn_( mih [g\im h_]_)
m[lcim f}ac][g_hn_ i [h[f{nc]im* G[ h_]_mc^[^ ^_ _mnim _hoh]c[^im
jo_^_ b[]_lm_ [h gym _pc^_hn_ ]o[h^i m_ fim l_`ilgof[* Kil
_d_gjfi( %f[& s %.[& mih _kocp[f_hn_m( l_mj_]ncp[g_hn_( [
-2* J \c_h Kzl_t [jli\[ly `cfimi`{[ ]ih ^c_t i \c_h Kzl_t hi
[jli\[ly `cfimi`{[ ]ih ^c_t

+L( J \c_h ni^im fim `on\ifcmn[m mih [nf_n[m i \c_h [faohim `on\i)
fcmn[m hi mih [nf_n[m*
@m nin[fg_hn_ i\pci ko_ ni^im _mnim _ho h]c[^im mih f}ac][g_h)
n_ h_]_m[lcim6 f[ h_]_mc^[^ ^_ #+L$ s %/[& jo_^_ b[]_lm_ [h gym
_rjf{]cn[ [f ]ihmc^_l[l f[m ^_`chc]cih_m ^_ fim nzlgchim ni^im( [f)
aohim( b_lg[hi s god_l* >ih _f `ch ^_ _hn_h^_l ]ih jl_]cmc}h
]}gi ji^l{[ l_[fct[lm_ _mni( ]ihmc^_l[l_gim [bil[ _f n_g[ ^_ f[m
^_`chc]cih_m*
?

@ A DI D> D I

D f[s go]b[m g[h_l[m ^_ _rjfc][l _f mcahc`c][^i ^_ oh[ j[f[\l[*

<faoh[m p_]_m m_ jo_^_ b[]_l jil g_^ci ^_ oh _d_gjfi( i ]ih)
n[h^i oh ]o_hni( i ^_ go]b[m inl[m `ilg[m* K_li oh[ g[h_l[
gos cgjiln[hn_ ^_ _rjl_m[l _f mcahc`c][^i ^_ oh[ j[f[\l[ _m ^[l
oh[ ^_`chc]c}h ^_ _ff[* >o[h^i m_ ^_`ch_ oh[ j[f[\l[ m_ ^[h [fao)
h[m inl[m j[f[\l[m ko_( dohn[m( nc_h_h _f gcmgi mcahc`c][^i ko_ f[
j[f[\l[ ko_ m_ _mny ^_`chc_h^i* Kil _d_gjfi( ji^l{[gim ^_`chcl
f[ j[f[\l[ b_lg[hi om[h^i f[m j[f[\l[m mc\fcha g[m]ofchi( _m
^_]cl( f[ j[f[\l[ b_lg[hi jil ^_`chc]c}h _m cao[f [ f[m j[f[\l[m
mc\fcha g[m]ofchi*'
'
@h _mno^cim _mj_]c[fct[^im mi\l_ _f j[l_hn_m]i m_ oncfct[ _f nzlg chi chafzm
XNGQNSL j[l[ l_`_lclm_ [f ]ih]_jni ^_ b_lg [h i mch ^cmnch]c}h ^_ m_ri* D9% IJ QFX 3*&

/0

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

7OPSXSMSYXO] SXPY\WK^S`K]
@mn[m ^_`chc]cih_m mih oh ch`ilg_ ^_ oh mcahc`c][^i ]igh ^_
oh[ j[f[\l[* Kil _ffi( ff[g[l_gim SXPY\WK^S`K] [ _mn[m ^_`chc]ci)
h_m* Nc oh[ ^_`chc]c}h ch`ilg[ncp[ _m jl_]cm[( _h f[ g[sil{[ ^_ f[m
il[]cih_m m_ jo_^_h momncnocl f[m j[f[\l[m ko_ mclp_h j[l[ ^_`chcl
jil f[ j[f[\l[ ^_`chc^[ mch ][g\c[l _f m_hnc^i ^_ f[ il[]c}h* Kil
_d_gjfi( ]ihmc^zl_m_ f[ il[]c}h
-* @f b_lg[hi ^_ Eo[h b_l_^[ly _f ^ch_li*
>igi f[ j[f[\l[ b_lg[hi jo_^_ ^_`chclm_ ]igi mc\fcha g[m]o)
fchi( ji^_gim momncnocl ]ih zmn[m [ [kozff[ _h f[ mcaoc_hn_ il[]c}h
s i\n_h_l
-K( @f mc\fcha g[m]ofchi ^_ Eo[h b_l_^[ly _f ^ch_li(
ko_ _m _kocp[f_hn_ _h mcahc`c][^i [ %-&* M_mofn[ \[mn[hn_ `y]cf p_l
jil koz n[f momncno]c}h hi [fn_l[l{[ _f mcahc`c][^i ^_ f[ il[]c}h* Nc
_f hc]i ][g\ci ko_ b[]_gim _h oh[ il[]c}h _m l_gjf[t[l oh[
j[f[\l[ ^_ f[ il[]c}h jil inl[ ko_ nc_h_ _f gcmgi mcahc`c][^i(
_hnih]_m hi b[\l{[gim [fn_l[^i _f mcahc`c][^i ^_ f[ il[]c}h*
Nch _g\[lai( fim m_|[f[gc_hnim mcaoc_hn_m l_mj_]ni [ f[ momnc)
no]c}h l_koc_l_h ^_ oh[ l_mnlc]]c}h cgjiln[hn_* <faoh[m p_]_m
oh[ j[f[\l[ [j[l_]_ _h oh[ il[]c}h _hnl_ ]igcff[m( jil fi ko_
m_ [`clg[ [fai []_l][ ^_ f[ j[f[\l[ gcmg[* Kil _d_gjfi( _h f[
il[]c}h
.* G[ j[f[\l[ b_lg[hi nc_h_ mc_n_ f_nl[m(
f[ j[f[\l[ b_lg[hi [j[l_]_ _hnl_]igcff[^[ jo_m m_ [`clg[ [fai
[]_l][ ^_ f[ j[f[\l[ b_lg[hi s hi []_l][ ^_ oh b_lg[hi* @h
fim ][mim _h fim ko_ oh[ j[f[\l[ [j[l_]_ _hnl_]igcff[^[( ji^_gim
][g\c[l _f m_hnc^i ^_ f[ il[]c}h momncnos_h^i f[ j[f[\l[ _hnl_]i)
gcff[^[ jil [faoh[m inl[m j[f[\l[m( [oh ]o[h^i f[m j[f[\l[m ko_
mclp_h j[l[ l_gjf[t[l [ f[ ilcach[f mih jil ^_`chc]c}h cao[f_m [
zmn[* Kil _d_gjfi( mc _h f[ il[]c}h %.& momncnocgim b_lg[hi jil
mc\fcha g[m]ofchi( n_h^l_gim
+K( G[ j[f[\l[ mc\fcha g[m]ofchi nc_h_ mc_n_ f_nl[m(
ko_ ^c`c_l_ _h m_hnc^i ^_ f[ ilcach[f*
Kil inl[ j[ln_( hi ^_\_ ]ihmc^_l[lm_ f[ momncno]c}h ^_f ncji ko_
[][\[gim ^_ ^_m]lc\cl ]igi oh gzni^i j[l[ jli\[l ^_`chc]cih_m*

?@ADID>DI

/1

G[ l[t}h ^_ _mni _m ko_ b[\ly il[]cih_m ko_ ]ihn_ha[h n[hni _f

nzlgchi ^_`chc^i ]igi _f nzlgchi ko_ p[ [ ^_`chclm_( s n[f_m il[)
]cih_m him ff_p[lyh [ oh ]{l]ofi pc]cimi mc chn_hn[gim _gjf_[l f[
momncno]c}h ]igi oh gzni^i j[l[ jli\[l ^_`chc]cih_m* Kil _d_g)
jfi( mojiha[gim ko_ him jl_aohn[gim mc nlcyhaofi _mny ^_`c)
hc^i ]ill_]n[g_hn_ ]igi `caol[ jf[h[ ^_ nl_m f[^im* Nc m_ p[ [
om[l f[ momncno]c}h ]igi jlo_\[( _hnih]_m ^_\_gim ^_]c^cl mc _f
mcahc`c][^i ^_ f[ il[]c}h
/* <fai _m oh nlcyhaofi mc s m}fi mc _m oh[ `caol[ jf[h[ ^_ nl_m
f[^im
][g\c[ly mc _h _mn[ il[]c}h momncnocgim f[ j[f[\l[ nlcyhaofi jil
f[m j[f[\l[m `caol[ jf[h[ ^_ nl_m f[^im* <f b[]_l _mi n_h_gim f[
il[]c}h
/K( <fai _m oh[ `caol[ jf[h[ ^_ nl_m f[^im mc s m}fi mc _m oh[
`caol[ jf[h[ ^_ nl_m f[^im*
Nch _g\[lai( _m _pc^_hn_ ko_ %/[& nc_h_ _f gcmgi mcahc`c][^i ko_
%/& m}fi mc f[ j[f[\l[ nlcyhaofi _m cao[f jil ^_`chc]c}h [ f[m j[f[)
\l[m `caol[ jf[h[ ^_ nl_m f[^im* G[ fncg[ _m [h[f{nc][ i h_]_m[lc[
f}ac][g_hn_ s jil fi n[hni( mc f[m ^im il[]cih_m nc_h_h _f gcmgi
mcahc`c][^i( f[ jlcg_l[ n[g\czh ^_\_ m_l [h[f{nc][* <m{( j[l[ ^_)
n_lgch[l mc f[m ^im il[]cih_m nc_h_h _f gcmgi mcahc`c][^i( jlcg_li
^_\_gim ^_]c^cl mc f[ ^_`chc]c}h _m jl_]cm[* >igi mc_gjl_ _m ji)
mc\f_ ]ihmnlocl n[f_m il[]cih_m _h`[^im[m( _f gzni^i ^_ momncno]c}h
him ff_p[ly mc_gjl_ [o h ]{l]ofi pc]cimi mc chn_hn[gim om[lfi ]igi
oh[ jlo_\[ j[l[ f[m ^_`chc]cih_m*
Nch _g\[lai( _f jli\f_g[ ko_ [][\[gim ^_ ]ihmc^_l[l him
jlijil]cih[ oh ch^c]ci ^_ f[ jlo_\[ [jlijc[^[ j[l[ f[m ^_`chc)
]cih_m ch`ilg[ncp[m* C_gim m_|[f[^i ko_ _f nzlgchi nlcyhaofi
_m jil ^_`chc]c}h cao[f [ `caol[ jf[h[ ^_ nl_m f[^im m}fi _h _f ][mi
^_ ko_ f[ il[]c}h
<fai _m oh nlcyhaofi mc s m}fi mc _m oh[ `caol[ jf[h[ ^_ nl_m
f[^im
m_[ [h[f{nc][ i h_]_m[lc[ f}ac][g_hn_* @mn[ fncg[ il[]c}h _m [h[)
f{nc][ i h_]_m[lc[ f}ac][g_hn_ m}fi _h ][mi ^_ ko_ m_[ h_]_m[lci
f}ac][g_hn_ ko_ fim nzlgchim nlcyhaofi s `caol[ jf[h[ ^_ nl_m
f[^im m_ [jfcko_h _r[]n[g_hn_ [ f[m gcmg[m ]im[m i( j[l[ ^_]clfi

/2

_h inl[m j[f[\l[m( m}fi _h _f ][mi ^_ ko_ `o_l[ f}ac][g_hn_ cgji)

mc\f_ ko_ ohi ^_ fim nzlgchim m_ [jfc][l[ [ [fai [ fi ko_ hi m_ [jfc)
][l[ _f inli nzlgchi* >o[h^i ^cm]oncgim f[ p[fc^_t [^ijn[gim oh
jli]_^cgc_hni j[l[ ^_]c^cl mc ]c_ln[m ]im[m mih f}ac][g_hn_ cg)
jimc\f_m( [ m[\_l( _f gzni^i ^_f ]ihnl[_d_gjfi* Ki^_gim _gjf_[l
_f gcmgi gzni^i j[l[ jli\[l f[m ^_`chc]cih_m*
<hn_m ^cdcgim ko_ _h `ilg[ n_hn[ncp[ ]ihmc^_l[l_gim f}ac][)
g_hn_ cgjimc\f_ ko_ oh _hoh]c[^i m_[ p_l^[^_li s ko_ oh m_)
aoh^i _hoh]c[^i m_[ `[fm~ mc( ^_mjozm ^_ oh[ l_`f_rc}h ]oc^[)
^im[( hi ji^_gim j_hm[l _h [fah ]ihnl[d_gjfi jimc\f_ _h _f
ko_ _f jlcg_l _hoh]c[^i m_[ p_l^[^_li s _f m_aoh^i `[fmi* ?_
g[h_l[ mcgcf[l( [ko{ ]ihmc^_l[l_gim n_hn[ncp[g_hn_ ko_ oh[ ^_)
`chc]c}h _m m[ncm`[]nilc[ mc( ^_mjozm ^_ oh[ l_`f_rc}h ]oc^[^im[(
hi ji^_gim j_hm[l _h [fah _d_gjfi jimc\f_ _h _f ko_ i \c_h f[
j[f[\l[ ^_`chc^[ m_ [jfc][ p_l^[^_l[g_hn_ [ [fai j_li hi fi b[)
]_h f[m j[f[\l[m oncfct[^[m j[l[ ^_`chclf[( i \c_h f[m j[f[\l[m ko_
m_ oncfct[h j[l[ ^_`chcl m_ [jfc][h p_l^[^_l[g_hn_ [ [fai j_li
hi fi b[]_ f[ j[f[\l[ ^_`chc^[* >o[h^i ji^[gim j_hm[l _h oh
_d_gjfi b[\l_gim _h]ihnl[^i oh ]ihnl[_d_gjfi [ f[ ^_`chc]c}h
_h ]o_mnc}h [f gimnl[l ko_ hi n_h_gim oh[ ^_`chc]c}h ch`ilg[)
ncp[ jl_]cm[* Nc hi ji^_gim _h]ihnl[l oh ]ihnl[_d_gjfi j[l[ f[
^_`chc]c}h( _hnih]_m ji^_gim ]ihmc^_l[lf[ chi]_hn_ gc_hnl[m hi
m_ _h]o_hnl_ oh ]ihnl[_d_gjfi ko_ jlo_\_ fi ]ihnl[lci*
Phi i ^im _d_gjfim [so^[lyh [ _m]f[l_]_l _mni* K[l[ l_ni)
g[l ohi ko_ s[ b_gim ]ihmc^_l[^i( ^ca[gim ko_ hi m_l_gim
][j[]_m ^_ _h]ihnl[l [fah _d_gjfi jimc\f_ ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ko_
_m oh b_lg[hi j_li hi oh mc\fcha g[m]ofchi( i pc]_p_lm[* @h
]ihm_]o_h]c[( ji^_gim ^_`chcl b_lg[hi ]igi mc\fcha g[m]o)
fchi* Kil inl[ j[ln_( mojiha[gim ko_ [faoc_h [f_a[ nihn[g_hn_
ko_ ji^_gim ^_`chcl b_lg[hi mcgjf_g_hn_ ]igi mc\fcha* @m
gos `y]cf j_hm[l _h _d_gjfim ^_ j_lmih[m j[l[ koc_h_m _m p_l)
^[^_li ko_ _f nzlgchi mc\fcha m_ [jfc][( j_li `[fmi ko_ m_ [jfc)
ko_ _f nzlgchi b_lg[hi( [ m[\_l( j[l[ ni^[m f[m mc\fcha `_g_)
hch[m* <m{ ko_ n_h_gim go]bim ]ihnl[_d_gjfim j[l[ _mn[ ^_`c)
hc]c}h* >o[h^i oh[ ^_`chc]c}h _m ^_`c]c_hn_ _h _f m_hnc^i ^_ ko_
_f nzlgchi ^_`chc^i hi m_ [jfc][ [ [fai [ fi ko_ m_ [jfc][h f[m j[f[)
\l[m oncfct[^[m j[l[ ^_`chcl( ]igi _h _f ][mi ko_ [][\[gim ^_ ]ih)
mc^_l[l( m_ ^c]_ ko_ f[ ^_`chc]c}h _m ^_g[mc[^i [gjfc[* Kil inl[
j[ln_( mc [faoc_h mimnc_h_ ko_ ji^_gim ^_`chcl b_lg[hi ]igi

/3

?@ADID>DI

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

mc\fcha g[m]ofchi ][m[^i( ^_ g[h_l[ ko_ fim nzlgchim ^_`chcni)

lcim hi m_ [jfcko_h [ ]im[m [ f[m ko_ _f nzlgchi ^_`chc^i m{ m_ [jfc][
[ m[\_l( b_lg[him mifn_lim ( m_ ^c]_ ko_ f[ ^_`chc]c}h mimn_hc^[
_m ^_g[mc[^i l_^o]c^[*
Ph[ ^_`chc]c}h jo_^_ n_h_l _f ^_m[`ilnoh[^i ^_`_]ni ^_ m_l
[ f[ p_t ^_g[mc[^i [gjfc[ s ^_g[mc[^i l_^o]c^[* Kil _d_gjfi(
mc [faoc_h moac_l_ ko_ ^_`ch[gim b_lg[hi ]igi _f ^z]cgi mc)
\fcha _h _^[^( _hnih]_m _mn[ ^_`chc]c}h m_l{[ [ f[ p_t ^_g[mc[^i
l_^o]c^[ s ^_g[mc[^i [gjfc[* J\pc[g_hn_ f[ ^_`chc]c}h _m ^_)
g[mc[^i l_^o]c^[ jilko_ b[s b_lg[him ko_ hi mih fim ^z]cgim
mc\fcham _h _^[^* Nch _g\[lai( _m cao[fg_hn_ ]c_lni ko_ f[ ^_`c)
hc]c}h _m ^_g[mc[^i [gjfc[( s[ ko_ ]o[f_mkoc_l[ ko_ m_[h f[m ]cl)
]ohmn[h]c[m ^_ f[ pc^[( _m [f g_him jimc\f_ ko_ b[s[ oh ^z]cgi
mc\fcha _h _^[^ ko_ m_[ god_l s jil fi n[hni hi m_[ oh b_lg[hi*
?_ ho_pi( _m _m_h]c[f l_]il^[l ko_ j[l[ n_h_l oh ]ihnl[_d_gjfi
m}fi h_]_mcn[gim _h]ihnl[l oh _d_gjfi f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_* @f
_d_gjfi hi nc_h_ ko_ m_l ^_ [fai l_[f i ^_ [fai p_lim{gcf* <m{(
^_`chcl b_lg[hi ]igi _f ^z]cgi mc\fcha _h _^[^ _m jl_m_hn[l
oh[ ^_`chc]c}h [ f[ p_t ^_g[mc[^i [gjfc[ s ^_g[mc[^i l_^o]c^[*
Ph[ ^_`chc]c}h ch`ilg[ncp[ jl_]cm[ _m [ko_ff[ j[l[ f[ ko_ hi b[s
hchah _d_gjfi jimc\f_ ko_ go_mnl_ ko_ _m ^_g[mc[^i [gjfc[ i
^_g[mc[^i l_^o]c^[*
@ E@ M > D> DJ

@ h ] o _ h nl_ ]i h nl[_d_g j fim j [l[ f[m mcaoc_hn_m ^_`chc]cih_m ch`ilg [ncp[m6

-* M _fcac}h _m cao[f( j i l ^_`chc]c}h( [ oh mcmn_g [ ^ _ p[fil_m \ymc]im*
. * > i g o h cmg i _m cao[f( j i l ^_`chc]c}h( [ oh mcmn_g [ _h _f ko_ _f
a i \ c_lh i ]i h nlif[ f[ _]i h i g {[ *
/ * > c_h ]c[ _m cao[f( j i l ^_`chc]c}h( [ f[ \mko_^[ ^ _ f[ p _ l^ [ ^ *
0 * = o _h j _lc} ^ c]i _m cao[f( j i l ^_`chc]c}h( [ o h j _lc} ^ c]i k o _ cg )
j lcg _ ni^ [m f[m hinc]c[m k o _ _m ]ih p_h c_h n_ cg j lcg cl*
1* = o _h [ g mc][ _m cao[f( j i l ^_`chc]c}h( [ g mc][ k o _ [j lo _\ [h
fim ]l{nc]i m*
2 * ? _m_[\f_ _m cao[f( j i l ^_`chc]c}h( [ [ fa i k o _ _m ^ _m_[^ i *
3* K [ ^ l_ _m cao[f( j i l ^_`chc]c}h( [ oh j li a _ h cni l k o _ h o h ][ m_
_g \ [l[t[*
4 * < ao [ _m cao[f( j i l ^_`chc]c}h( [ C " J *

/4

?@ADID>DI

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

7OPSXSMSYXO] O]^SZ_VKSS`K]
C[mn[ [bil[ him b_gim i]oj[^i ^_ f[m ^_`chc]cih_m ch`ilg[nc)
p[m( ^_`chc]cih_m ko_ chn_hn[h m_l ch`ilg_m jl_]cmim ^_f omi l_[f*
K_li zmn_ _m m}fi ohi ^_ fim ncjim ^_ f[m ^_`chc]cih_m cgjiln[h)
n_m* C[s oh m_aoh^i ncji ^_ ^_`chc]c}h( ko_ hi ^_\_ ]ih`oh^clm_
]ih _f jlcg_li s ko_ ^_m_gj_|[ oh j[j_f cgjiln[hn_ _h fim _m)
]lcnim `cfim}`c]im* @mn_ ncji ^_ ^_`chc]c}h hi chn_hn[ m_l oh ch`ilg_
jl_]cmi ko_ ^_ b_]bi m_ oncfc]_( mchi( jil _f ]ihnl[lci( oh[ _mncjo)
f[]c}h ^_ omi _mj_]c[f i nz]hc]i* <faoh[m p_]_m _m ]ihp_hc_hn_ s
`lo]n{`_li om[l [faoh[m j[f[\l[m ^_ oh[ g[h_l[ nz]hc][ ]ih _f `ch
^_ [f][ht[l oh[ g[sil jl_]cmc}h i l_[fct[l oh[ ]f[mc`c][]c}h* @h
n[f_m ][mim m_ jo_^_ _mncjof[l mcgjf_g_hn_ _f mcahc`c][^i _mj_]c[f
[mcah[^i [ f[ j[f[\l[* Gf[g[l_gim O]^SZ_VK^S`K] [ f[m ^_`chc]cih_m
^_ _mn_ ncji*
>[mc ni^im fim fc\lim mi\l_ n_g[m nz]hc]im _gjf_[h ^_`chc]ci)
h_m _mncjof[ncp[m* Ph fc\li ^_ ko{gc][ ^_`ch_ g_t]f[ s mifo]c}h
_h `ilg[ nz]hc][ jilko_ _m ncf b[]_lfi [m{ _h ko{gc][* Iiminlim
b_gim ^_`chc^i p[fc^_t _h `ilg[ nz]hc][ jilko_ _m ncf b[]_lfi
[m{ j[l[ ho_mnlim jlij}mcnim* Nc_gjl_ s ]o[h^i f[m ^_`chc]cih_m
_mncjof[ncp[m hi m_ ]ih`h^[h ]ih f[m ^_`chc]cih_m ch`ilg[ncp[m(
]ihmncnos_h ]ihp_h]cih_m j_l`_]n[g_hn_ f_a{ncg[m s ncf_m*
@m cgjiln[hn_ l_]ihi]_l ko_ oh[ ^_`chc]c}h _mncjof[ncp[ hi
jo_^_ l_]b[t[lm_ g_^c[hn_ oh ]ihnl[_d_gjfi7 ]o[h^i oh[ j_l)
mih[ _mncjof[ ko_ p[ [ ^_`chcl oh nzlgchi ^_ ]c_ln[ g[h_l[( jil
_d_gjfi( mc _mncjof[ ko_ p[ [ ^_`chcl f{h_[ l_]n[ ]igi f[ nl[s_])
nilc[ ^_ f[ fot( _hnih]_m _mi _m fi ko_ _ff[ koc_l_ ^_]cl ]ih _f
nzlgchi s hi n_h_gim h[^[ ko_ ^_]cl [f l_mj_]ni* Ii m_ly p_l)
^[^ ko_ _h mo omi _f nzlgchi ^_`chc^i m_ [jfcko_ [ [faoh[ ]im[
[ f[ ko_ fim nzlgchim ^_`chcnilcim hi m_ [jfcko_h s[ ko_( jil _m)
ncjof[]c}h( zmnim m_ [jfc][h _r[]n[g_hn_ [ f[m gcmg[m ]im[m* Ii
b[s ]ihnl[_d_gjfim j[l[ f[m ^_`chc]cih_m _mncjof[ncp[m* Kil inli
f[^i( _f nzlgchi jo_^_ m_l momncnoc^i jil fim inlim _h ]o[fkoc_l
il[]c}h( s ^[^i ko_ hi [j[l_]_ _hnl_]igcff[^i( f[ il[]c}h ilc)
ach[f s f[ il[]c}h ko_ l_mofn[ ^_ f[ momncno]c}h n_h^lyh jl_]cm[)
g_hn_ _f gcmgi mcahc`c][^i* ?_ _mn[ g[h_l[( _mny ]f[li ko_ f[
_mncjof[]c}h _m oh [lnc`c]ci ]ihp_hc_hn_*
Ii i\mn[hn_( b[s oh[ `ilg[ ^_ _gjf_[l g[f f[ ^_`chc]c}h _m)
ncjof[ncp[ _h oh [laog_hni( f[ ]o[f _m n[h ]igh s `[f[t ko_
g_l_]_ oh[ ]ihmc^_l[]c}h _mj_]c[f* G[ nz]hc][ ]ihmcmn_ _h b[]_l

/5

p_l^[^_li [fah _hoh]c[^i ]ihnlip_lnc\f_( ch]fomi [h[f{nc]i( _m)

ncjof[h^i oh[ ^_`chc]c}h j[l[ [fah nzlgchi ]f[p_ s fo_ai mimn_)
h_l ko_ m_ b[ gimnl[^i ko_ _f _hoh]c[^i Y\SQSXKV _m p_l^[^_li*
>o[h^i _mni j[m[( oh[ ^_`ch]c}h _mncjof[ncp[ m_ ^cm`l[t[ ^_ ^_`c)
hc]c}h ch`ilg[ncp[* Iim l_`_lcl_gim [ _mn_ ^o^imi jli]_^cgc_hni
]igi f[PKVKMSK NO VK \ONOPSXSMSiX(
Ph _d_gjfi ^_ f[ `[f[]c[ m_l{[ _f mcaoc_hn_6 fim `cf}mi`im b[h
^cm]onc^i mi\l_ f[ p_l^[^ ^_ f[ n_mcm ^_ ko_ ][^[ mo]_mi nc_h_ oh[
][om[* Gim ^_`_hmil_m ^_ _mn[ n_mcm m_ ]ihi]_h ]ih _f hig\l_ ^_
NO^O\WSXS]^K]( Nojiha[gim ko_ oh ^_n_lgchcmn[ [laog_hn[ ko_
][^[ mo]_mi nc_h_ oh[ ][om[ ^_`chc_h^i jlcg_li f[ j[f[\l[ mo)
]_mi ]igi i]oll_h]c[ ko_ nc_h_ oh[ ][om[( s ]ih]fos_h^i fo_ai
ko_ ][^[ mo]_mi nc_h_ oh[ ][om[* @mn[ _mnl[n_ac[ ^c`{]cfg_hn_ _h)
a[|[l{[ [ [faoc_h( jo_m _mny ]f[li fi ko_ m_ b[ b_]bi* <f _mncjo)
f[l oh mcahc`c][^i _mj_]c[f [ f[ j[f[\l[ mo]_mi( _f ^_n_lgchcmn[
b[ ][g\c[^i _f mcahc`c][^i ^_ f[ n_mcm ]ihnlip_lnc^[* @h f[ `ilg[
]igi zf om[ f[ j[f[\l[ mo]_mi( f[ n_mcm m_ l_^o]_ jil momncno]c}h
[f _hoh]c[^i nlcpc[fg_hn_ p_l^[^_li6 ][^[ i]oll_h]c[ ko_ nc_h_
oh[ ][om[( nc_h_ oh[ ][om[* @m ji]i jli\[\f_ ko_ zmn_ `o_l[ _f
i\d_ni ^_ f[ ]ihnlip_lmc[* >igi _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ m_ [jlijc} ^_ f[
j[f[\l[ mo]_mi j[l[ _mn_ omi _mj_]c[f( oh ijih_hn_ ^_\_ -& i
\c_h m_|[f[l ko_ _mn[ ^_`chc]c}h _mncjof[ncp[ ][g\c} _f mcahc`c][^i
^_f _hoh]c[^i _h ^cmjon[( .& i \c_h `ilgof[l _f _hoh]c[^i ]ih
inl[m j[f[\l[m( /& i [g\im* Kil _d_gjfi( ji^l{[ l_jfc][l6
@m p _l^ [^ ( ^ [^ [ mo c^cimch]lymc][ ^_`chc]c}h ^ _ f[ j [f[\l[ mo ]_mi(
k o _ ni^ i mo]_mi nc_h _ o h [ ][om[* K _li _mni _m nin[fg _h n_ cll_f_p[h n_(
s[ k o _ ^ _ f[ g [ h _ l[ ]i g i ]i g h g _h n_ m_ om[ f[ j[f[\l[ mo ]_mi(
h i _m j [ ln_ ^ _ f[ ^_`chc]c}h ^ _ o h mo]_mi ko_ zmn_ m_[ [fai k o _ m_
][om_* L octy f[ g _di l g [h _l[ ^ _ []f[l[l _f j li\ f_g [ _h ^cm]omc}h(
[ b i l[ k o _ omn_^ b[ _mncj o f[^i o h mcahc`c][^i j [l[ f[ j [f[\l[ mo )
]_mi( m_[ l_`i lg o f[l f[ n_mcm* K l_ao h n_g im [b i l[ mc ][^ [ THZWWJSHNF
nc_h _ o h [ ][om[* @mn[ j l_a o h n[ k o_^[ [\ c_ln[( [o h ]o [ h ^ i [ ] _ j n_ )
g im mo ^_`chc]c}h _mncjof[^[ ^ _ mo]_mi( s ^ _ b _]b i _m f[ ]o_mnc}h
k o _ him m_j[l[*

vmn[ _m f[ g[h_l[ ^_ nl[n[l f[ `[f[]c[ ^_ f[ l_^_`chc]c}h* G[ `[)

f[]c[ ]ihmcmn_ _h l_^_`chcl [faoh[ j[f[\l[ g_^c[hn_ _mncjof[]c}h
_h oh[ n_mcm mcahc`c][ncp[ s ]ih _ffi pifp_lf[ _hn_l[g_hn_ nlcpc[f*
vmn[ _m oh[ `[f[]c[ jilko_ hi m_ b[ gimnl[^i( ]igi m_ [`clg[(

0,

?@ADID>DI

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

ko_ m_[ p_l^[^_li _f _hoh]c[^i ilcach[f( mchi ko_ jil _f ]ih)

nl[lci `o_ mojf[hn[^i jil inli _hoh]c[^i ko_ hi _m _h [\mifoni
_f i\d_ni ^_ f[ ]ihnlip_lmc[* @f [hn{^ini j[l[ _mn_ jli]_^cgc_hni
]ihmcmn_ _h gimnl[l ko_ [f ][g\c[l _f mcahc`c][^i ^_f _hoh]c[^i(
f[ ^cm]omc}h mcgjf_g_hn_ m_ b[ ^_mpc[^i ^_ f[ n_mcm _h ]o_mnc}h [
[faoh[ p_l^[^ nlcpc[f ko_ hi _m _f i\d_ni ^_ f[ ]ihnlip_lmc[*
7OPSXSMSiX c ViQSMK
<bil[ _mn[gim _h jimc]c}h ^_ p_l ]}gi f[m ^_`chc]cih_m jo_^_h
om[lm_ j[l[ gimnl[l ko_ [fah _hoh]c[^i _m f}ac][g_hn_ cgjimc)
\f_ i f}ac][g_hn_ h_]_m[lci* C_gim ^c]bi ko_ oh _hoh]c[^i ko_
^_m]lc\_ [fai f}ac][g_hn_ cgjimc\f_ _m oh _hoh]c[^i ]ihnl[^c])
nilci ]os[ `[fm_^[^ jo_^_ gimnl[lm_ mcgjf_g_hn_ ]ih l_]ollcl [
f[ f}ac][ s [ f[m ^_`chc]cih_m* C[s [faohim _hoh]c[^im ]os[ `[fm_)
^[^ jo_^_ gimnl[lm_ l_]ollc_h^i [ f[ f}ac][ s _pcn[h^i l_]ollcl [
f[m ^_`chc]cih_m* C[s _hoh]c[^im ]os[ mif[PY\W K _m mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[
a[l[hnct[l mo `[fm_^[^* Kil _d_gjfi( oh _hoh]c[^i ^_ f[ `ilg[
P h [S hi _m oh[ H&
^_\_ m_l `[fmi mch cgjiln[l fi ko_ S m_[* ?_ ho_pi( oh _hoh]c[^i
^_ f[ `ilg[
KshiK
^_\_ m_l `[fmi mch cgjiln[l fi ko_ @ jo_^[ m_l* Ii h_]_mcn[gim
l_]ollcl [ f[ ^_`chc]c}h ^_ hchah nzlgchi j[l[ m[\_l koz _hoh)
]c[^im ^_ _mn[m `ilg[m mih `[fmim* N_ ^c]_ ko_ n[f_m _hoh]c[^im mih
]ihnl[^c]]cih_m PY\WKVO](
Nch _g\[lai s[ [hn_m b_gim g_h]cih[^i ko_ [faohim _hoh)
]c[^im ]ihnl[^c]nilcim hi mih ]ihnl[^c]]cih_m `ilg[f_m* Kil _d_g)
jfi( _f _hoh]c[^i
Ph b_lg[hi _m oh[ god_l
_m ]ihnl[^c]nilci( j_li hi _m oh[ ]ihnl[^c]]c}h `ilg[f* >o[h^i
m_ l_]oll_ [ f[m ^_`chc]cih_m( s m_ b[]_h f[m momncno]cih_m [jlijc[)
^[m( _m jimc\f_ l_^o]cl _mn_ _hoh]c[^i [ oh[ ]ihnl[^c]]c}h `ilg[f*
Ki^l{[gim ^_`chcl b_lg[hi ]igi mc\fcha ko_ _m big\l_ s hi
god_l* @mn[ ^_`chc]c}h _m oh n[hni l_^oh^[hn_( j_li _m oh[ ^_)
`chc]c}h ch`ilg[ncp[ jl_]cm[* Nc b[]_gim oh[ momncno]c}h( s[ ko_

0 -

_mn[ ^_`chc]c}h him fi j_lgcn_( _f _hoh]c[^i [hn_lcil m_ ]ihpc_ln_

_h
Ph mc\fcha ko_ _m big\l_ s hi god_l _m god_l*
@mn_ _hoh]c[^i nc_h_ f[ `ilg[
Ph[ H ko_ _m oh[ I s hi oh[ U _m oh[ U(
fi ko_ _m oh[ ]ihnl[^c]]c}h `ilg[f* >o[fkoc_l _hoh]c[^i ^_ _mn[
`ilg[ _m `[fmi mch cgjiln[l fi ko_ m_[h H& I s U* <m{( _gj_t[)
gim ]ih oh _hoh]c[^i ko_ hi _l[ oh[ ]ihnl[^c]]c}h `ilg[f s [f
momncnoclfi ]ih oh[ ^_`chc]c}h( ]igi n_h_gim j_lgcnc^i b[]_lfi(
l_^odcgim _f _hoh]c[^i ilcach[f [ ohi ko_ _m oh[ ]ihnl[^c]]c}h
`ilg[f* ?_ _mn[ g[h_l[( f[ ^_`chc]c}h jo_^_ _gjf_[lm_ j[l[ gim)
nl[l ko_ [faohim _hoh]c[^im mih ]ihnl[^c]nilcim*
N_|[f[gc_hnim mcgcf[l_m m_ [jfc][h [f _hoh]c[^i [h[f{nc]i ko_
^_m]lc\_ [fai f}ac][g_hn_ h_]_m[lci* Ko_^_ gimnl[lm_ ko_ _mnim
_hoh]c[^im mih p_l^[^_lim mcgjf_g_hn_ l_]ollc_h^i [ f[ f}ac][
s [ f[m ^_`chc]cih_m( s jo_^_ gimnl[lm_ ko_ [faohim ^_ _ffim mih
p_l^[^_lim l_]ollc_h^i hc][g_hn_ [ f[ f}ac][* @mnim fncgim mih
_ho]c[^im ]os[ mif[ `ilg[ a[l[hnct[ mo p_l^[^* Kil _d_gjfi(
_hoh]c[^im ^_ f[ `ilg[
Ph[ H _m oh[ H&
Y
Nc @ _hnih]_m @&
Y
? @ Y XY @
^_\_h m_l p_l^[^_lim mch cgjiln[l fi ko_ H Y @ jo_^[h m_l* O[f_m
_hoh]c[^im mih p_l^[^_m PY\WKVO](
Gim _hoh]c[^im ko_ hi mih p_l^[^_m `ilg[f_m jo_^_h [ p_]_m
l_^o]clm_ [ p_l^[^_m `ilg[f_m l_]ollc_h^i [ f[m ^_`chc]cih_m* @f
_hoh]c[^i [h[f{nc]i
Ph b_lg[hi _m oh big\l_(
ko_ hi _m oh[ p_l^[^ `ilg[f( jo_^_ l_^o]clm_ [ oh[ p_l^[^ `il)
g[f l_]ollc_h^i [ f[ ^_`chc]c}h ^_ b_lg[hi ]igi mc\fcha ko_
_m g[m]ofchi s b[]c_h^i momncno]cih_m j[l[ i\n_h_l _f _hoh]c[^i
Ph mc\fcha ko_ _m g[m]ofchi _m g[m]ofchi*

0.

?@ADID>DI

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

0/

_m oh[ p_l^[^ `ilg[f* @mn_ jli]_^cgc_hni jo_^_ j[l_]_l( ^_m^_

_f johni ^_ pcmn[ ^_ oh[ ]ihmc^_l[]c}h moj_l`c]c[f( mcgcf[l [ f[
`[f[]c[ ^_ f[ l_^_`chc]c}h g_h]cih[^[ [hn_lcilg_hn_ _h _mn_ ][)
j{nofi( jo_mni ko_ _h [g\im ][mim m_ go_mnl[ g_^c[hn_ _f omi
^_ ^_`chc]cih_m ko_ oh _hoh]c[^i _m nlcpc[fg_hn_ p_l^[^_li* Nch
_g\[lai( f[ ^c`_l_h]c[ ]f[p_ _m ko_ _h fim ][mim l_]czh ]ihmc^_l[)
^im( _f _hoh]c[^i nlcpc[fg_hn_ p_l^[^_li nc_h_ _f gcmgi mcahc`c)
][^i ko_ _f _hoh]c[^i ilcach[f* <m{( _f _hoh]c[^i ilcach[f _m n[h
nlcpc[fg_hn_ p_l^[^_li ]igi _f `ch[f( [oh ]o[h^i _mi hi _l[ _pc)
^_hn_ _h oh jlch]cjci* Kil _f ]ihnl[lci( _h _f ][mi ^_ f[ `[f[]c[ ^_
f[ l_^_`chc]c}h( m_ om[ oh[ ^_`chc]c}h j[l[ MKWLSK\ _f mcahc`c][^i
^_ [faoh[ j[f[\l[ s( jil fi n[hni( ^_f _hoh]c[^i ]igjf_ni* @mni
hi _m _h m{ gcmgi cf_a{ncgi( j_li mc m_ mcao_ [`clg[h^i ko_ m_
b[ ^_gimnl[^i ko_ _f _hoh]c[^i ilcach[f _m p_l^[^_li( _hnih]_m
m_ [laog_hn[ ^_ oh[ g[h_l[ nin[fg_hn_ `[f[t* N_ _pcn[ _mn[ `[f[)
]c[ ]o[h^i( ]igi _h _f ][mi ko_ [][\[gim ^_ ]ihmc^_l[l( hi m_ b[
^[^i hchah ][g\ci _h _f mcahc`c][^i ]igi l_mofn[^i ^_ _gjf_[l
f[ ^_`chc]c}h* O[g\czh jo_^_ _pcn[lm_ _mn[ `[f[]c[( [oh ]o[h^i m_
^z oh ][g\ci ^_ mcahc`c][^i jil _f omi ^_ oh[ ^_`chc]c}h _mnc)
jof[ncp[( mcgjf_g_hn_ [\mn_hczh^im_ ^_ m[][l ]ih]fomc}h [faoh[
mi\l_ f[ p_l^[^ i `[fm_^[^ ^_f _hoh]c[^i ]o[h^i zmn_ nc_h_ gym
oh mcahc`c][^i il^ch[lci ko_ ohi nz]hc]i* @m j_l`_]n[g_hn_ []_j)
n[\f_ l_]ollcl [ f[m ^_`chc]cih_m _mncjof[ncp[m j[l[ gimnl[l ko_
oh _hoh]c[^i _m ]ihnl[^c]nilci i [h[f{nc]i( ^_ f[ gcmg[ g[h_l[
]igi b_gim l_]ollc^i [ f[m ^_`chc]cih_m ch`ilg[ncp[m( ^[^i ko_
_m ]f[li ko_ _f _hoh]c[^i l_^o]c^i [ oh[ ]ihnl[^c]]c}h `ilg[f
i [ oh[ p_l^[^ `ilg[f nc_h_ oh mcahc`c][^i nz]hc]i* Nc _mni _mny
]f[li( f[ l_^o]]c}h jo_^_ l_mofn[l `lo]n{`_l[ _ cfogch[^il[*

]o[h^i f[ ^_`chc]c}h ^_f nzlgchi m_[ nin[fg_hn_ ]f[l[* Kil _d_g)

jfi( fim `cf}mi`im hi b[h _mn[^i ^_ []o_l^i l_mj_]ni ^_ mc f[ _r)
jl_mc}h jli]_mi `{mc]i jo_^_ l_`_lclm_ [ f[ gcmg[ ]im[ [ f[ ko_
m_ l_`c_l_ _f nzlgchi jli]_mi g_hn[f* Nc _mnim ^im nzlgchim hi
jo_^_h l_`_lclm_ [ f[ gcmg[ ]im[( _hnih]_m fim jli]_mim g_hn[f_m
hi jo_^_h m_l jli]_mim `{mc]im* ?_ m_l _mni [m{( _f j_hm[gc_hni hi
ji^l{[ m_l hchah jli]_mi `{mc]i ko_ m_ ff_p_ [ ][\i _h _f ]_l_\li i
_h ]o[fkoc_l inl[ j[ln_ ^_f ]o_lji* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( fim `cf}mi`im
s jmc]if}aim ko_ [`clg[h ko_ fim jli]_mim g_hn[f_m mih ]_l_\l[)
f_m( ^_\_h ^_`_h^_l n[g\czh _f johni ^_ pcmn[ ^_ ko_ f[m j[f[\l[m
jli]_mi g_hn[f s jli]_mi `{mc]i m_ l_`c_l_h [faoh[m p_]_m [ f[
gcmg[ ]im[* Nch _g\[lai( hi nc_h_h ko_ mimn_h_l ko_ _mn[m ^im
_rjl_mcih_m m_ ^_`ch_h ^_ f[ gcmg[ g[h_l[* @m _pc^_hn_ ko_ _mn[m
_rjl_mcih_m mcahc`c][h [fai jil ]igjf_ni ^c`_l_hn_( [oh ]o[h^i
[ p_]_m m_ l_`c_l[h [ f[ gcmg[ ]im[*
Ko_^_ []f[l[lm_ _mn[ fncg[ ]o_mnc}h ]ihmc^_l[h^i oh _d_gjfi
gym ]igh* G[m _rjl_mcih_m `on\ifcmn[ ohcp_lmcn[lci s gc_g\li
^_ Ac =_n[ F[j[ nc_h_h mch ^o^[ mcahc`c][^im nin[fg_hn_ ^c`_l_h)
n_m* K_li ji^l{[h l_`_lclm_ i [jfc][lm_ [ f[m gcmg[m j_lmih[m( jil
_d_gjfi( [ Eo[h Kzl_t( koc_h l_mofn[ m_l ohi ^_ _mim l[lim ch^c)
pc^oim ko_ nc_h_h mo`c]c_hn_ ]_l_\li s gm]ofi j[l[ ^cmnchaoclm_
n[hni [nfznc][ ]igi [][^zgc][g_hn_* @mnim nzlgchim m_ ^_`ch_h
^_ ^c`_l_hn_m g[h_l[m( j_li [g\im jo_^_h l_`_lclm_ [ f[ gcmg[
j_lmih[*
<^_gym ^_ b[\f[l ^_ _m[m ]im[m ch^cpc^o[f_m [ f[m ko_ m_ l_)
`c_l_ oh nzlgchi( _m ]ihp_hc_hn_ n_h_l [fah nzlgchi j[l[ l_)
`_lclm_ [ ni^i _f aloji i ]f[m_ ^_ ]im[m [f ko_ _f nzlgchi m_ l_)
`c_l_* Ncaoc_h^i oh omi _mnyh^[l mi\l_ _mn_ [mj_]ni( ff[g[l_gim
NOXY^KMSiX ^_ oh nzlgchi [f aloji ^_ ]im[m [f ko_ m_ l_`c_l_ oh
nzlgchi* <m{( Eo[h( Bocff_lgi( Mi\_lni( _n]*( ]if_]ncp[g_hn_ ]ig)
jih_h f[ ^_hin[]c}h ^_ f[ j[f[\l[ j_lmih[*

7OPSXSMSiX& \OPO\OXMSK c NOXY^KMSiX

;WZVSMKMSiX

C[mn[ [bil[ b_gim ]ihmc^_l[^i oh [mj_]ni ^_ f[ m_gyhnc][( i

n_il{[ ^_f mcahc`c][^i( [ m[\_l( f[ ^_`chc]c}h* Nch _g\[lai( [^_gym
^_ ]ihmc^_l[l f[ ^_`chc]c}h ^_ oh[ j[f[\l[( ]ih `l_]o_h]c[ _m cg)
jiln[hn_ ]ihmc^_l[l n[g\czh mo l_`_l_h]c[* <faoh[m jl_aohn[m `c)
fim}`c][m mola_h ]ih l_f[]c}h [ mc oh nzlgchi m_ l_`c_l_ [ [fai( [oh

@h _mn_ gig_hni _m _m_h]c[f chnli^o]cl oh nzlgchi ko_ [j[l_]_

]ih go]b[ `l_]o_h]c[ _h fim _m]lcnim `cfim}`c]im* N_ nl[n[ ^_f nzl)
gchi cgjfc][* vmn_ m_ om[ _h oh m_hnc^i nz]hc]i _h `cfimi`{[ j[l[
^_m]lc\cl oh[ l_f[]c}h _hnl_ _hoh]c[^im( s jo_^_ ^_`chclm_ _h
nzlgchim ^_ f[ hi]c}h ^_ p[fc^_t* ?_]cl ko_ ohi i gym _hoh]c[)
^im cgjfc][h [faoh[ ]ih]fomc}h _kocp[f_ [ ^_]cl ko_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h

@m_ _hoh]c[^i( ^_ f[ `ilg[

P h[S ko_ _m oh[ I _m oh[ I&

00

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

m_ mcao_ pyfc^[g_hn_ ^_ _mim _hoh]c[^im* ?_ g[h_l[ gym jl_]cm[(

q@ cgjfc][ A _m cao[f [ f[ ^_`chc]c}h qA m_ ^_^o]_ pyfc^[g_hn_ ^_
@ r( <m{( jil _d_gjfi( fim _hoh]c[^im
Nc ni^[m f[m j_lmih[m mih j_lp_lm[m( _hnih]_m hchaoh[ j_l)
mih[ _m ^_ ]ih`c[l
Oi^[m f[m j_lmih[m mih j_lp_lm[m
dohnim cgjfc][h _f _hoh]c[^i
Ichaoh[ j_lmih[ _m ^_ ]ih`c[l(
jilko_ _mn_ fncgi m_ ^_^o]_ pyfc^[g_hn_ ^_ fim jlcg_lim* Kil
inli f[^i( _f _hoh]c[^i
Oi^[m f[m j_lmih[m mih j_lp_lm[m
hi cgjfc][
Ichaoh[ j_lmih[ _m ^_ ]ih`c[l(
jilko_ _f fncgi hi m_ ^_^o]_ pyfc^[g_hn_ ^_f jlcg_li* @m [f
g_him f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ [faoh[m j_lmih[m j_lp_lm[m m_[h
^_ ]ih`c[l*
Gim ^c`_l_hn_m nzlgchim ko_ b_gim chnli^o]c^i _mnyh chn_ll_)
f[]cih[^im ^_ ^cp_lm[m g[h_l[m* Ki^_gim _rjfil[l [faoh[m ^_
_mn[m l_f[]cih_m s [f gcmgi nc_gji _fo]c^[l_gim ]ih g[sil jl_)
]cmc}h f[ hi]c}h ^_ cgjfc][]c}h( ]ihmc^_l[h^i f[m ^c`_l_hn_m g[)
h_l[m _kocp[f_hn_m _h f[m ko_ ji^l{[gim ^_`chcl _f nzlgchi cg)
jfc][* <f chp_mnca[l _mn[m `ilgof[]cih_m _kocp[f_hn_m m_l_gim ][)
j[]_m ^_ l_mogcl s kocty _m]f[l_]_l _mn[ ]o_mnc}h*
Ph[ m_aoh^[ `ilg[ ^_ ^_`chcl _f nzlgchi cgjfc][ ]ihmcmn_
_h ^_]cl ko_ oh[ i gym jl_gcm[m cgjfc][h oh[ ]ih]fomc}h mc s
m}fi mc _m f}ac][g_hn_ cgjimc\f_ ko_ f[m jl_gcm[m m_[h p_l^[^_)
l[m s f[ ]ih]fomc}h `[fm[* Gi fncgi _kocp[f_ [ ^_]cl ko_ oh _hoh)
]c[^i m_l{[ ]ihnl[^c]nilci mc [m_p_lyl[gim ko_ f[m jl_gcm[m mih
p_l^[^_l[m s f[ ]ih]fomc}h `[fm[* Ph[ n_l]_l[ g[h_l[ ^_ ^_`chcl
_f nzlgchi ]ihmcmn_ _h ^_]cl ko_ f[m jl_gcm[m cgjfc][h oh[ ]ih)
]fomc}h m}fi _h _f ][mi _h ko_ m_[ f}ac][g_hn_ h_]_m[lci ko_ ]S
f[m jl_gcm[m Dmih p_l^[^_l[m( _hnih]_m f[ ]ih]fomc}h n[g\czh m_[
p_l^[^_l[* @mni fncgi _kocp[f_ [ ^_]cl ko_ _m [h[f{nc]i oh _hoh)
]c[^i ko_ [`clg[ ko_ mc f[m jl_gcm[m mih p_l^[^_l[m( _hnih]_m
f[ ]ih]fomc}h _m p_l^[^_l[* Kil fncgi( ^_]cl ko_ f[m jl_gcm[m

GJ 4 @B;?B; T GJ @HKMD>J

01

cgjfc][h oh[ ]ih]fomc}h _kocp[f_ [ ^_]cl ko_ ji^_gim gimnl[l(

mcgjf_g_hn_ l_]ollc_h^i [ f[ f}ac][ s [ f[m ^_`chc]cih_m( ko_ mc
f[m jl_gcm[m mih p_l^[^_l[m( _hnih]_m f[ ]ih]fomc}h _m p_l^[^_l[
s hi `[fm[* G[m ]o[nli `ilg[m ^_ ^_`chcl _f nzlgchi cgjfc][ mih
_kocp[f_hn_m( ^[^[ f[ g[h_l[ _h ko_ b_gim ^_`chc^i fim nzlgchim
f}ac][g_hn_ cgjimc\f_( f}ac][g_hn_ h_]_m[lci( ]ihnl[^c]nilci
s [h[f{nc]i* @h _mn_ ][mi( m_l{[ oh _d_l]c]ci j[lnc]of[lg_hn_ ncf
ko_ _f f_]nil _rjfc][l[ ^_ gi^i jl_]cmi jil koz _mni _m [m{*
G J , ;=4:=4 T GJ @H KMD>J

f*im _hoh]c[^im ko_ mih i \c_h [h[f{nc]im i \c_h ]ihnl[^c]nilcim

m_ ff[g[h nl[^c]cih[fg_hn_ _hoh]c[^im K Z\SY\S( Ph _hoh]c[^i K
Z\SY\S m_ ^_m]lc\_ [faoh[m p_]_m ]igi [ko_f ]os[ p_l^[^ i `[fm_)
^[^ jo_^_ ]ihi]_lm_ [hn_m ^_ l_]ollcl [ ]o[fkoc_l _rj_lc_h]c[*
Nch _g\[lai( _mn[ ][l[]n_lct[]c}h hi chn_hn[ moa_lcl ko_ f[ _r)
j_lc_h]c[ m_[ cll_f_p[hn_ j[l[ ^_m]o\lcl i m[\_l fi ko_ mcahc`c][
_f _hoh]c[^i* < p_]_m h_]_mcn[gim m[\_l f[ ^_`chc]c}h ^_ [fah
nzlgchi ]f[p_ ]ih _f `ch ^_ m[\_l mc _f _hoh]c[^i _m [h[f{nc]i i
]ihnl[^c]nilci( s _mn_ ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_j_h^_ ^_ f[ _rj_lc_h]c[*
D_li oh[ p_t ko_ _f mcahc`c][^i ^_ n[f _hoh]c[^i m_ b[ _hn_h^c^i(
hi m_ h_]_mcn[ hchaoh[ _pc^_h]c[ _rnl[{^[ ^_ f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ i ^_
f[ i\m_lp[]c}h j[l[ domnc`c][l f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ m_ m[\_ mc _f
_hoh]c[^i _m p_l^[^_li i `[fmi* >o[h^i m[\_gim fi mo`c]c_hn_
j[l[ _hn_h^_l _f mcahc`c][^i ^_ oh _hoh]c[^i s ^_ f[m j[f[\l[m
8ucc_ _mnyh ]ihn_hc^[m _h zf( ji^_gim m[\_l mc mih p_l^[^_lim mch
l_]ollcl [ f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][* O[f_m _hoh]c[^im mih [ko_ffim
% ccs[ p_l^[^ i `[fm_^[^ jo_^_ ]ihi]_lm_ K Z\SY\S( Gim _hoh]c[^im
[h[f{nc]im s fim ]ihnl[^c]nilcim( ]ihmc^_l[^im [hn_m _h f[m jj* / - )
//( mih _d_gjfim ^_ _mn_ ncji ^_ _hoh]c[^im*
Jjo_mnim [ fim _hoh]c[^im K Z\SY\S& mih ni^im [ko_ffim _hoh]c[)
^im ]os[ p_l^[^ i `[fm_^[^ jo_^_ ]ihi]_lm_ mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ f[
_pc^_h]c[ i\n_hc^[ ^_ f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ s f[ i\m_lp[]c}h* @mnim mih
fim _hoh]c[^im K ZY]^O\SY\S i _gj{lc]im* Gim mcaoc_hn_m mih _d_g)
jfim ^_ _hoh]c[^im _gj{lc]im6
-* O_hai ][\_t[*
.* G[ Goh[ nc_h_ ]lyn_l_m*
/* <faohim bihaim mih p_h_himim*

02

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

0* Oi^[m f[m go{[m mih _mnzlcf_m*

@mnim _hoh]c[^im hi m}fi mih _gj{lc]im mchi ko_ n[g\czh m_ jc_h)
m[ ko_ mih p_l^[^_lim* Nc _h fim ]o[nli _hoh]c[^im jl_]_^_hn_m
m_ momncnos_ ]ih f[m j[f[\l[m ]if[( pc|_^im( g[ht[h[m s god_)
l_m fim nzlgchim ][\_t[( ]lyn_l_m( bihaim s go{[m( l_mj_]nc)
p[g_hn_( m_ i\n_h^lyh ]o[nli _hoh]c[^im _gj{lc]im ko_ m_ ]ih)
mc^_l[h `[fmim*
Gim `cf}mi`im m_ b[h jl_aohn[^i mc fim _hoh]c[^im _gj{lc]im(
_h ][mi ^_ m_l p_l^[^_lim( mih p_lc`c][\f_m ]ih]fos_hn_g_hn_ g_)
^c[hn_ f[ i\m_lp[]c}h( ^_ f[ gcmg[ g[h_l[ _h ko_ fim _hoh]c[^im
ko_ ^_m]lc\_h fi ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo_^_ i\m_lp[l cgjfc][l{[h
ko_ mih p_l^[^_lim* @mni nl[_ [ ]if[]c}h f[ jl_aohn[ l_f[ncp[ [ mc
f[ i\m_lp[]c}h s f[ ^_^o]]c}h( ]ihmc^_l[^[m dohn[m( mih mo`c]c_h)
n_m j[l[ ^_m]o\lcl f[ p_l^[^ ^_ ni^im fim _hoh]c[^im _gj{lc]im
ko_ ^_ b_]bi mih p_l^[^_lim* >ihmc^_l_gim fim ]o[nli _hoh]c[)
^im g_h]cih[^im [hn_m* @f _hoh]c[^i %-& _m p_lc`c][\f_ _h `ilg[
]ih]fos_hn_7 l_mofn[ gos `y]cf j[l[ g{ i\m_lp[l ko_ n_hai ][)
\_t[* N_l{[ gym ^c`{]cf b[]_l i\m_lp[]cih_m ko_ cgjfc][l[h ko_
%.& s %/& mih p_l^[^_lim( j_li _m jimc\f_ ko_ _mni n[g\czh jo)
^c_l[ b[]_lm_* Ii i\mn[hn_( _f _hoh]c[^i %0& hi _m p_lc`c][\f_ _h
`ilg[ ]ih]fomcp[ [ j[lncl ^_ f[ i\m_lp[]c}h7 hi b[s h[^[ ko_ oh[
j_lmih[ jo^c_l[ i\m_lp[l ko_ cgjfc][l[ f[ p_l^[^ ^_ _mn_ _hoh)
]c[^i* Ii cgjiln[ ]oyhn[m go{[m _mnzlcf_m i\m_lp_gim( f[ jl_gcm[
^_ ko_ f[m b_gim i\m_lp[^i hoh][ cgjfc][l{[ ko_ ^YNK] f[m go{[m
mih _mnzlcf_m( s[ ko_ mcao_ mc_h^i f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ b[s[
oh[ go{[ ko_ [h hi b[s[gim i\m_lp[^i ko_ l_mofn[l[ hi m_l
_mnzlcf*
K[l[ []f[l[l _mn[m i\m_lp[]cih_m ]ihmc^_l_gim f[ ^c`_l_h]c[ _h)
nl_ oh [laog_hni _h `[pil ^_ f[ p_l^[^ ^_f n_l]_l _hoh]c[^i(
]os[m jl_gcm[m b[s[h mc^i l_ohc^[m [ j[lncl ^_ f[ i\m_lp[]c}h( s
oh [laog_hni _h `[pil ^_ f[ p_l^[^ ^_f ]o[lni _hoh]c[^i ]os[m
jl_gcm[m jlip_ha[h ^_ f[ gcmg[ `o_hn_*
-* D)D_gim i\m_lp[^i [ [faoh[m j_lmih[m ko_ ]ig{[h bihaim s
n[g\czh m_ i\m_lp} ko_ m_ _hp_h_h[lih [ ][om[ ^_ _ffi*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
<faohim bihaim mih p_h_himim*
.* C_gim i\m_lp[^i go]b[m go{[m s m_ b[ i\m_lp[^i ko_ ni)
^[m mih _mnzlcf_m*

<?4 @B;?B* T GJ @HKMD>J

03

@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
Oi^[m f[m go{[m mih _mnzlcf_m*
>o[h^i m_ om[ _f nzlgchi i\m_lp[l ^_ n[f g[h_l[ ko_ ^_]cl
ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ YL]O\`K ko_ [fai _m _f ][mi cgjfc][ ko_ _`_]ncp[)
g_hn_ _m_ [fai _m _f ][mi( _f [laog_hni %-& m_ ^_^o]_ _h `ilg[
pyfc^[* @m f}ac][g_hn_ cgjimc\f_ ko_ i\m_lp_gim [ j_lmih[m ko_
mo`l_h _hp_h_h[gc_hni ]igi l_mofn[^i ^_ ]ig_l bihaim s ko_
fi m bihaim hi `_l[h p_h_himim* Nch _g\[lai( _m cao[fg_hn_ _pc)
^_hn_ ko_ _f [laog_hni %.& _m ^_^o]ncp[g_hn_ chpyfc^i( s[ ko_
_m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ ni^[m f[m go{[m ko_ b_gim i\m_lp[^i
m_[h _mnzlcf_m( [oh ]o[h^i hi fi m_[h ni^[m f[m go{[m*
G[ ]ih]fomc}h ko_ ^_\_ _rnl[_lm_ ^_ _mn[m ]ihmc^_l[]cih_m _m
ko_ hi ni^im fim _hoh]c[^im K ZY]^O\SY\S i _gj{lc]im mih ]ih]fo)
s_hn_g_hn_ p_lc`c][\f_m [ j[lncl ^_ f[ i\m_lp[]c}h* Ii fi mih fim
_hoh]c[^im ohcp_lm[f_m ]igi ni^[m f[m go{[m mih _mnzlcf_m* Nch
_g\[lai( n[f_m _hoh]c[^im( mc mih `[fmim( mih ]ih]fos_hn_g_hn_
PKV]KLVO] [ j[lncl ^_ f[ i\m_lp[]c}h( _m ^_]cl( [faoh[m i\m_lp[]ci)
h_m ko_ ji^l{[ b[]_l oh[ j_lmih[ cgjfc][l{[h ko_ _f _hoh]c[^i
_ m `[fmi* Kil _d_gjfi( mojiha[gim ko_ i\m_lpi oh[ {hof[ ko_
fc_h_ jlia_hc_* @hnih]_m ji^l{[gim `ilgof[l _f mcaoc_hn_ [lao)
g_hni ko_ gimnl[l{[ f[ `[fm_^[^ ^_f _hoh]c[^i %0&6
/* C_gim i\m_lp[^i go{[m ko_ nc_h_h jlia_hc_
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
@m `[fmi ko_ ni^[m f[m go{[m m_[h _mnzlcf_m*
Kil inli f[^i( _f _hoh]c[^i %/&( ko_ _h]ihnl[gim ]ih]fos_hn_)
g_hn_ p_lc`c][\f_( hi m_l{[ ]ih]fos_hn_g_hn_ `[fm[\f_ [oh ]o[h^i
fo]l[ `[fmi* >ihmc^zl_m_ _f mcaoc_hn_ [laog_hni6
0* C_gim i\m_lp[^i [ go]b[m j_lmih[m ko_ ]ig{[h bihaim s
hi m_ i\m_lp} ko_ [faoh[ mo`lc_l[ _hp_h_h[gc_hni [ ][om[
^_ _ffi*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
@m `[fmi ko_ [faohim bihaim m_[h p_h_himim*
D$*mf_ [laog_hni _m chpyfc^i7 _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ i\m_lp_)
gim a_hn_ ko_ ]ig_ bihaim ko_ hi mih p_h_himim [ohko_ b[s[
i{lim bihaim ko_ m_[h p_h_himim*
<m{( _hoh]c[^im ohcp_lm[f_m( n[f_m ]igi %0&( mih ]ih]fos_hn_)
g_hn_ `[fm[\f_m j_li hi ]ih]fos_hn_g_hn_ p_lc`c][\f_m jil i\)

04

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

m_lp[]c}h( s _hoh]c[^im ]igi %/&( ko_ m_ ff[g[h _hoh]c[^im ZK\'

^SM_VK\O]& mih ]ih]fos_hn_g_hn_ p_lc`c][\f_m j_li hi ]ih]fos_h)
n_g_hn_ `[fm[\f_m jil i\m_lp[]c}h* C[s inlim _hoh]c[^im( ]igi
_f _hoh]c[^i %-&( ko_ mih n[hni ]ih]fos_hn_g_hn_ `[fm[\f_m ]igi
p_lc`c][\f_m jil i\m_lp[]c}h* ?_]cl _mni hi mcahc`c][ ko_ _f _hoh)
]c[^i %-& _m n[hni p_l^[^_li ]igi `[fmi7 m}fi mcahc`c][ ko_ mc _m
`[fmi( oh; j_lmih[ jo_^_ i\m_lp[l _mni( s mc _m p_l^[^_li( oh[
j_lmih[ n[g\czh fi jo_^_ i\m_lp[l* ?_ _mn[ g[h_l[( fim _hoh]c[)
^im K ZY]^O\SYSS ko_ b_gim ]ihmc^_l[^i b[mn[ [bil[ mih ]ih]fo)
s_hn_g_hn_ p_lc`c][\f_m( i ]ih]fos_hn_g_hn_ `[fm[\f_m jil i\m_l)
p[]c}h( i [g\[m ]im[m*
Ki^_gim ]ih]focl ko_ ni^im fim _hoh]c[^im _gj{lc]im mih
]ih]fos_hn_g_hn_ p_lc`c][\f_m i `[fm[\f_m jil i\m_lp[]c}h( i [g)
\[m ]im[m; ?_m[`ilnoh[^[g_hn_( _mn[ ]ih]fomc}h _mn[l{[ chdomnc`c)
][^[* C[s _hoh]c[^im ^_ fim ko_ _h ][mi ^_ ko_ jo_^[ m[\_lm_
ko_ mih p_l^[^_lim( jo_^_ m[\_lm_ ko_ mih p_l^[^_lim mi\l_ f[
\[m_ ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ f[ _rj_lc_h]c[( j_li ko_ hi mih ]ih]fo)
s_hn_g_hn_ p_lc`c][\f_m hc ]ih]fos_hn_g_hn_ `[fm[\f_m jil i\m_l)
p[]c}h* Ph _d_gjfi _m _f _hoh]c[^i Oi^[ momn[h]c[ `{mc][ nc_h_
oh mifp_hn_* Ii b[s g[h_l[ ^_ m[\_l mc _mni _m p_l^[^ [j[ln_ ^_
i\m_lp[l ko_ ]c_ln[m momn[h]c[m( n[f_m ]igi _f ili( m_ ^cmo_fp_h _h
[fah mifp_hn_( ]igi _f K[_K \OQSK( <m{( _f _hoh]c[^i _m _gj{lc]i s
KZY]^O\SY\S( Kil inli f[^i( h[^[ ko_ jo^czl[gim i\m_lp[l `[fm[lc[
i p_lc`c][l{[ _m_ _hoh]c[^i* @m n[hni ohcp_lm[f %_m []_l][ ^_ ^YNK]
f[m momn[h]c[m s( jil fi n[hni( hi _m p_lc`c][\f_ jil i\m_lp[]c}h&(
]igi j[lnc]of[l %_m []_l][ ^_ KVQjX mifp_hn_ s( jil fi n[hni( hi _m
`[fm[\f_ jil i\m_lp[]c}h&*
K[l[ p_l ]ih g[sil ]f[lc^[^ ko_ _mni _m [m{( jl_aohn_gim ]}gi
m_ ji^l{[ chn_hn[l oh[ p_lc`c][]c}h ^_f _hoh]c[^i* N_ ji^l{[ i\)
m_lp[l f[ momn[h]c[ ohi( f[ momn[h]c[ ^im( s [m{ mo]_mcp[g_hn_ b[mn[
oh gcff}h ^_ momn[h]c[m( s _h]ihnl[l oh mifp_hn_ j[l[ ][^[ mom)
n[h]c[* <oh ]o[h^i b[s[gim i\m_lp[^i ko_ oh gcff}h ^_ mom)
n[h]c[m nc_h_h mifp_hn_( hi ji^_gim ^_^o]cl pyfc^[g_hn_ ^_ _mn[
jl_gcm[ f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_ ko_ ^YNK momn[h]c[ nc_h_ oh mifp_hn_* G[
jl_gcm[ hi cgjfc][ _m[ ]ih]fomc}h7 _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_
[faoh[ momn[h]c[( ko_ hi _mnz ch]foc^[ _h _f gcff}h ko_ b_gim
i\m_lp[^i( hi n_ha[ oh mifp_hn_* <m{( ch_pcn[\f_g_hn_ `[ff[ly _f
chn_hni ^_ p_lc`c][l f[ bcj}n_mcm jil i\m_lp[]c}h*
Loz j[m[l{[ ]ih oh chn_hni jil `[fm[l f[ bcj}n_mcm; Ki^l{[
n_h_l zrcni; Nojiha[gim ko_ i\m_lp[gim f[ l_[]]c}h _hnl_ ]c_ln[

G< DI?P>>DI

05

momn[h]c[ s ][^[ mifp_hn_ ZY^OXMSKV ko_ ji^[gim _h]ihnl[l( ]ih

_f l_mofn[^i ^_ ko_ hchaohi ^_ _ffim ^cmo_fp_ f[ momn[h]c[* Ph[
p_t ko_ b_gim i\m_lp[^i _mni( ji^_gim ^_^o]cl pyfc^[g_hn_
^_ _mn[ jl_gcm[ f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_ ko_ _m `[fmi ko_ ni^[ momn[h]c[
n_ha[ [fah mifp_hn_; ?_ ho_pi f[ jl_gcm[ hi cgjfc][ f[ ]ih)
]fomc}h7 _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ _rcmn[ [fah f{koc^i( ni^[p{[
hi i\m_lp[^i( ko_ m_[ oh mifp_hn_ j[l[ f[ momn[h]c[ _h ]o_mnc}h*
G[ DI ? P>>D I
G[ ^cm]omc}h [hn_lcil go_mnl[ ko_ b[s [faohim _hoh]c[^im K ZY]'
^O\SY\S ko_ hi mih ]ih]fos_hn_g_hn_ `[fm[\f_m i p_lc`c][\f_m jil
i\m_lp[]c}h* Kil fi n[hni( mc _m l[tih[\f_ []_jn[l n[f_m _hoh]c[)
^im mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ f[ i\m_lp[]c}h( _hnih]_m _m
l[tih[\f_ []_jn[l _mim _hoh]c[^im ]igi ]ih]fomcih_m ^_ [lao)
g_hnim _h fim ko_ f[m jl_gcm[m hi cgjfc][h f[m ]ih]fomcih_m* O[f_m
[laog_hnim hi mih [laog_hnim ^_^o]ncpim pyfc^im s hi h_]_m[)
lc[g_hn_ mih ]ihm_lp[^il_m ^_ f[ p_l^[^* Ol[^c]cih[fg_hn_ _mnim
[laog_hnim m_ ff[g[h [laog_hnim SXN_M^S`Y](
Ho]b[m ^_ f[m ]ih]fomcih_m i bcj}n_mcm ko_ ]ihmc^_l[gim l[)
tih[\f_ []_jn[l _mnyh [jis[^[m m}fi jil [laog_hnim ch^o]ncpim*
T[ b_gim ]ihmc^_l[^i [faohim ^_ fim _hoh]c[^im gym chomo[f_m
%do_( ^_ n_h_l [fah [jisi( fi nc_h_h ch^o]ncp[g_hn_* C[s go)
^[im _hoh]c[^im ^_ _mn_ ncji* Gim _hoh]c[^im n_}lc]im ^_ f[ ]c_h)
]c[)_gj{lc][ jil _d_gjfi( _hoh]c[^im mi\l_ j[ln{]of[m mo\gc)
% lim]}jc][m chi\m_lp[^[m hi mih hc `[fm[\f_m _gj{lc][g_hn_ hc
p_lc`c][\f_m _gj{lc][g_hn_* >ihmc^_l_gim [fah _hoh]c[^i ^_
]c_h]c[ _gj{lc][ ko_ nc_h_ ko_ p_l ]ih f[ ]ih^o]n[ i ]ih f[m jli)
jc_^[^_m ^_ j[ln{]of[m ]igi fim h_onlchim* I[^[ ko_ ji^[gim
i\m_lp[l ^_hnli i `o_l[ ^_f f[\il[nilci cgjfc][l{[ ko_ _f h_o)
clchi nc_h_ f[m jlijc_^[^_m ko_ m_ f_ [nlc\os_h* N_l{[ [f g_him
f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ f[m f_]nol[m gznlc][m s inlim `_h}g_him
i\m_lp[\f_m jo^c_l[h i]ollcl s ko_ hi _rcmnc_l[ hchah h_onlchi*
@m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_( [oh ]o[h^i m_[ ]c_hn{`c][g_hn_ cgjf[o)
mc\f_( mojih_l ko_ f[ _rjfc][]c}h ]ill_]n[ ^_f `_h}g_hi ko_ i\)
m_lp[gim ^_hnli ^_f f[\il[nilci m_[ n[f ko_ hi ^_j_h^[ ^_ f[
bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ _rcmn[h fim h_onlchim( mchi gym \c_h ^_ oh[ n_il{[
[h hi ]ih]_\c^[ s n[f p_t hi mi|[^[ ko_ m_ly jlijo_mn[ ^_hnli
^_ go]bim [|im* Kil inli f[^i( mc f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_f h_onlchi ff_a[l[
c l_]b[t[lm_ _h f[ ]c_h]c[( _ffi hi m_l{[ oh l_mofn[^i ^_ ho_mnl[

1,

G< DI?P>>DI

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

i\m_lp[]c}h ^_ [fai ko_ cgjfc][l[ f[ `[fm_^[^ ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_f

h_onlchi* <f g_him m_aocl{[ mc_h^i f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ ho_m)
nl[ n_il{[ []no[f `o_l[ ]ill_]n[( ko_ _f h_onlchi l_[fg_hn_ _rcm)
nc_l[( mch cgjiln[l fi ko_ i\m_lp[gim* G[ bcj}n_mcm ^_f h_onlchi
hi _m hc p_lc`c][\f_ ]ih]fos_hn_g_hn_ hc `[fm[\f_ jil i\m_lp[]c}h*
Kil mojo_mni( _mnim m_|[f[gc_hnim hi chn_hn[h moa_lcl ko_ fim
l_mofn[^im ^_ f[ chp_mnca[]c}h ]c_hn{`c][ m_[h g_l[m kocg_l[m( g_)
l[m [^cpch[ht[m* Kil _f ]ihnl[lci( f[m n_il{[m s f[m bcj}n_mcm ko_ fim
]c_hn{`c]im []_jn[h _mnyh _h go]bim ][mim \c_h [jis[^[m s domnc)
`c][^[m jil f[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ f[ i\m_lp[]c}h* K_li _f jli\f_g[ _m
ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ _m ch^o]ncp[( ]igi fi _m f[ ch`_l_h]c[ [ j[lncl ^_
_ff[* <^_gym( fim _hoh]c[^im K ZY]^O\SY\S ko_ hi mih hc p_lc`c][\f_m
hc `[fm[\f_m ]ih]fos_hn_g_hn_ hi mih f[ hc][ ]f[m_ ^_ _hoh]c[)
^im ko_ []_jn[gim mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[* Kil _f
]ihnl[lci( f[ g[sil j[ln_ ^_ fim _hoh]c[^im ko_ mih p_lc`c][\f_m
i `[fm[\f_m ]ih]fos_hn_g_hn_ jil i\m_lp[]c}h n[g\czh m_ []_j)
n[h mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[* G[ l[t}h ^_ _mni _m
gos mcgjf_* C[s go]bim _hoh]c[^im ko_ ji^l{[h m_l `[fm[^im i
p_lc`c][^im jil i\m_lp[]c}h j_li mih ^_ n[f ncji ko_ hi _mn[gim
_h ]ih^c]cih_m ^_ i\m_lp[l f[m ]im[m _h ]o_mnc}h* >ihmc^_l_gim
[faohim _hoh]c[^im []_l][ ^_f j[m[^i7 jil _d_gjfi( ko_ ]c_ln[
j_lmih[ h[]c} _f -, ^_ _h_li ^_ -5/2* @f b_]bi ^_ ko_ b[s[ h[)
]c^i _h _m[ `_]b[ _m [fai ko_ jo^i i\m_lp[lm_( j_li( i\pc[g_hn_(
_m[ j_lmih[ hi _mny _h ]ih^c]cih_m j[l[ i\m_lp[l _m_ m[al[^i mo)
]_mi* Nc []_jn[ _f _hoh]c[^i( _hnih]_m mo []_jn[]c}h ^_f gcmgi
^_\_ \[m[lm_ _h f[ _pc^_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[ ^_f ncji omo[f( f[ j[f[\l[
^_ mom j[^l_m( f[ ch`ilg[]c}h ^_ mo []n[ ^_ h[]cgc_hni( s ]im[m
jil _f _mncfi* ?_ b_]bi( ni^im fim _hoh]c[^im []_l][ ^_ ]im[m ko_
j[m[h _h inl[m zji][m s foa[l_m mih _hoh]c[^im ko_( mc fim []_j)
n[gim( fi b[]_gim mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ oh[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ hi cgjfc][
f[ p_l^[^ ^_ fim gcmgim*
Gim _hoh]c[^im ohcp_lm[f_m( mc m_ []_jn[h( n[g\czh ^_\_h m_l
[]_jn[^im mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ oh[ _pc^_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[( jilko_ hi
mih p_lc`c][\f_m ]ih]fos_hn_g_hn_ jil i\m_lp[]c}h7 s fim _hoh)
]c[^im j[lnc]of[l_m( mc m_ mimnc_h_ ko_ mih `[fmim( ^_\_ mimn_h_lm_
ko_ fi mih mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[( jilko_ hi mih
`[fm[\f_m ]ih]fos_hn_g_hn_ jil i\m_lp[]c}h* >o[h^i ]ihmc^_l_)
gim _f [gjfci hg_li ^_ ]im[m ko_ ]l__gim( jlihni ^_m]o\lcl_)
gim ko_ f[ ch^o]]c}h _m f[ a[l[hn{[ ^_ f[ g[sil j[ln_ ^_ _ff[m*
@m l[li i\n_h_l jl_gcm[m [ j[lncl ^_ f[ i\m_lp[]c}h ^_ f[m ko_

1 -

ohi jo_^[ ^_^o]cl pyfc^[g_hn_ f[ p_l^[^ ^_ _mim [laog_hnim

K P=]^O\SY\S _h fim ko_ ohi ]l__* G[ ^_^o]]c}h `[ff[ ][mc mc_gjl_(
j_li f[ `o_lt[ ^_ f[ l[t}h bog[h[ m_ hc_a[ [ m_l l_mnlchac^[ jil
fim f{gcn_m ^_f l[tih[gc_hni ^_^o]ncpi* >o[h^i oh [laog_hni
^_^o]ncpi hi mclp_ j[l[ ^_`_h^_l ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m( [ohko_ hi
i\mn[hn_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ j[l_]_ m}fc^[( _hnih]_m [ f[ ch^o]]c}h f_ ]i)
ll_mjih^_ _h`l_hn[l ho_mnl[m h_]_mc^[^_m* Kil fi n[hni( _m _m_h)
]c[f ko_ fial_gim [faoh[ ]igjl_hmc}h ^_ _mn[ p[lc_^[^ ^_ f[ [l)
aog_hn[]c}h*
8PSMKMSK SXN_M^S`K
f *h oh [laog_hni ch^o]ncpi( f[m jl_gcm[m mih f[ O`SNOXMSK _h `[)
pil ^_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h i RSZi^O]S]( < ^c`_l_h]c[ ^_ oh [laog_hni
^_^o]ncpi m}fc^i _h _f ko_ f[m jl_gcm[m cgjfc][h f[ ]ih]fomc}h( f[
pc^_h]c[ ^_ oh [laog_hni ch^o]ncpi m}fc^i cgjfc][ f[ bcj}n_mcm
ch`_lc^[ ^_ zf* @hnih]_m koz _m oh [laog_hni ch^o]ncpi m}fc^i;
Ph[ ]ih^c]c}h ^_ f[ mifc^_t _m ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ]ihmn_ ^_ _hoh)
c f[^im p_l^[^_lim* @mn[ _m oh[ ]ih^c]c}h ko_ ]igj[ln_h fim [l)
ao ch_hnim ^_^o]ncpim* K_li mc f[ _pc^_h]c[ hi cgjfc][ f}ac][g_hn_
f[ bcj}n_mcm ch`_lc^[ ^_ _ff[( ]oyf _m f[ ]ih^c]c}h j[l[ f[ mifc^_t
^_ fim [laog_hnim ch^o]ncpim ko_ ]ill_mjih^_ [ f[ ]ih^c]c}h ^_
p[fc^_t _h _f ][mi ^_ fim [laog_hnim ^_^o]ncpim;
?_\_ [^gcnclm_ ^_ chg_^c[ni ko_ ]o[fkoc_l l_mjo_mn[ [ _mn[
jl_aohn[ m_ly i\d_ni ^_ ]ihnlip_lmc[ _h nzlgchim ^_ f[ []no[f ch)
p_mnca[]c}h _h f[ f}ac][ ch^o]ncp[* G[ f}ac][ ch^o]ncp[ _m ohi ^_
fim ][gjim ^_ chp_mnca[]c}h _h fim ko_ mcao_h mch l_mifp_lm_ [f)
accbim jli\f_g[m `oh^[g_hn[f_m* Hym [h( ohi ^_ _mim jli\f_)
g[m _m ]}gi l_mjih^_l f[ jl_aohn[ ]ih f[ ko_ [bil[ him _h`l_h)
n[gim* ?_ b_]bi( [faohim `cf}mi`im ^o^[h ^_ ko_ b[s[ [faoh[
l_mjo_mn[ m[ncm`[]nilc[ s( _h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( l_]b[t[h nin[fg_hn_ f[
c^_[ ^_ oh[ f}ac][ ch^o]ncp[* Nch _g\[lai( oh[ p_t m_|[f[^[ f[
% ihflip_lmc[ _h f[ ko_ _mny chg_lmi _mn_ n_g[( chn_hn[l_gim( hi
i\mn[hn_( `ilgof[l oh[ m_aoh^[ ]ih^c]c}h ^_ mifc^_t j[l[ fim [l)
aog_hnim ch^o]ncpim* <]no[l ^_ inl[ g[h_l[ m_l{[ cahil[l _f al[h
hog_li ^_ [laog_hnim ^_ _mn_ ncji ]ih fim ko_ n_h_gim ko_ nl[)
c[c n[hni _h [mohnim jly]nc]im ]igi _h f[ chp_mnca[]c}h `cfim}`c][*
Dh]fomi mc oh[ ch`_l_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[ ^_ oh[ bcj}n_mcm [ j[lncl
^_ oh[ _pc^_h]c[ hi h_]_m[lc[g_hn_ ]ihm_lp[ f[ p_l^[^( _mni _m(
[ohko_ m_[ f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ m_[ p_l^[^_l[

1.

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

s f[ ]ih]fomc}h `[fm[( n[f ch`_l_h]c[ _m m}fc^[ m}fi mc _m \KdYXKLVO

j_hm[l ko_ f[ ch`_l_h]c[ ]ihm_lp[ f[ p_l^[^( _m ^_]cl( _m l[tih[)
\f_ j_hm[l ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm _m p_l^[^_l[ mc f[ _pc^_h]c[ fi _m* Ph
[laog_hni ^_^o]ncpi m}fc^i _m [ko_f ]os[m jl_gcm[m mih p_l^[)
^_l[m s _h _f ko_ mc f[m jl_gcm[m mih p_l^[^_l[m( f[ ]ih]fomc}h
^_\_ m_l p_l^[^_l[* Ph [laog_hni ch^o]ncpi m}fc^i _m [ko_f _h
_f ko_ fim _hoh]c[^im ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ mih p_l^[^_lim c _h _f ko_
mc f[m jl_gcm[m mih p_l^[^_l[m( _hnih]_m _m l[tih[\f_ []_jn[l f[
bcj}n_mcm ]igi p_l^[^_l[* <m{( f[ m_aoh^[ ]ih^c]c}h ^_ f[ ifc^_t
^_ oh [laog_hni ch^o]ncpi( [ f[ ko_ ff[g[l_gim OPSMKMSK SXN_M'
^S`K& jo_^_ jl_m_hn[lm_ ^_ f[ mcaoc_hn_ g[h_l[6 mc f[ _pc^_h]c[
_m p_l^[^_l[ _m l[tih[\f_ []_jn[l n[g\czh ]igi p_l^[^_l[ [ f[
bcj}n_mcm*
FO\NKN c M\OOXMSK \KdYXKLVO
@f nzlgchi l[tih[\f_ m_ om[ [ko{ _h oh m_hnc^i _mj_]c[f( ]igi
`o_ _f ][mi ^_f nzlgchi jimc\f_ _h ho_mnl[ ^_`chc]c}h ^_ f[ p[fc^_t
^_ fim [laog_hnim ^_^o]ncpim* ?_j_h^_ ^_ ho_mnlim jlij}mcnim
_f ko_ m_[ l[tih[\f_ j_hm[l ko_ oh _hoh]c[^i _m p_l^[^_li* <
[faoh[ j_lmih[ f_ jo_^_ b[]_l `_fct j_hm[l ko_ _m p_l^[^ ko_
?cim _rcmn_ s( mc mo jlij}mcni _m ]ihm_aocl `_fc]c^[^ j_hm[h^i n[f_m
]im[m( ]ih _m_ `ch kocty m_[ l[tih[\f_ j_hm[l ko_ _m p_l^[^ ko_
?cim _rcmn_* K_li _mni hi nc_h_ h[^[ ko_ p_l ]ih fim [laog_hnim
ch^o]ncpim i ]ih _f ncji ^_ l[]cih[fc^[^ ko_ _ffim l_koc_l_h* Kil _f
]ihnl[lci( _f ncji ^_ l[]cih[fc^[^ l_ko_lc^i j[l[ oh [laog_hni
ch^o]ncpi ^_\_ n_h_l ]igi `ch_m hc]im f[ p_l^[^ s f[ jl_p_h]c}h
^_f _llil* Ph [laog_hni ch^o]ncpi ^_\_ m_l [ko_f _h _f ko_( mc fim
_hoh]c[^im ^_ _pc^_h]c[ mih p_l^[^_lim( _hnih]_m _m l[tih[\f_
[]_jn[l ]igi p_l^[^_l[ f[ bcj}n_mcm ch`_lc^[ ]ih _f jlij}mcni ^_
[]_jn[l bcj}n_mcm p_l^[^_l[m s jl_p_hcl f[ []_jn[]c}h ^_ bcj}n_mcm
`[fm[m*-
Ii i\mn[hn_( ^_\_l{[ m_|[f[lm_ ko_ fim `ch_m ^_ []_jn[]c}h ^_
_hoh]c[^im p_l^[^_lim s ^_ jl_p_h]c}h ^_ _hoh]c[^im `[fmim _m)
nyh ^_ [faoh[ g[h_l[ _h ijimc]c}h* G[ g[h_l[ gym mcgjf_ ^_
- @mn[ _rjfc][]c}h ^_ ch^o]]^}h ^c`c_l_ ^_ f[ ^_ Dm[[] G_pc( j_li _mny _h
^ _o^[ ]ih zf( 2FRGQNSL \NYM ?WZYM) FS 0XXF^ TS 4SIZHYNTS FSI YMH ,NRX T K >HNJSHJ#
<f`l_^ <* F hij`( Dh ]*( Io_p[ Tile s Mionf_^a_ # F_a[h K[of( Gn^*( Gih^l_m(
-523*

G<DI?P>>DI

1/

_pcn[l f[ []_jn[]c}h ^_ _hoh]c[^im `[fmim ]ihmcmn_ _h hi []_jn[l

hchah _hoh]c[^i* <f b[]_l _mni( hi m_ []_jn[ h[^[ `[fmi* Kil
inli f[^i( j[l[ []_jn[l fi ko_ _m p_l^[^_li( f[ `ilg[ gym m_h]c)
ff[ ]ihmcmn_ _h []_jn[l ni^im fim _hoh]c[^im jilko_( [f b[]_lfi(
m_ []_jn[lyh ni^im fim _hoh]c[^im p_l^[^_lim* Kil mojo_mni( _f
jli\f_g[ ^_ []_jn[l ni^im fim _hoh]c[^im( [oh ]o[h^i ohi jo)
^c_l[ []_jn[lfim( l[^c][ _h ko_ m_ []_jn[l{[ n[hni _hoh]c[^im `[f)
mim ]igi _hoh]c[^im p_l^[^_lim* @h `ilg[ mcgcf[l( _f jli\f_g[
^_ hi []_jn[l _hoh]c[^im l[^c][ _h ko_ ]ih _mi m_ l_hoh]c[ [
f[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ []_jn[l _hoh]c[^im p_l^[^_lim* @f jli\f_g[
_mny _h _h]ihnl[l oh \[f[h]_ _hnl_ _mnim ^im _rnl_gim ^_ f[ []_j)
n[]c}h ^_ fi ko_ _m p_l^[^_li s [f gcmgi nc_gji jl_p_hcl f[ []_j)
n[]c}h ^_ fi ko_ _m `[fmi*
<m{( oh [laog_hni ch^o]ncpi mc_gjl_ ]ill_ _f lc_mai ^_ `l[][)
m[l [f ]ihm_lp[l f[ p_l^[^( ^_ ff_a[l [ oh[ bcj}n_mcm `[fm[ [ j[lncl
^_ _hoh]c[^im ^_ _pc^_h]c[ p_l^[^_lim* Gi ko_ b[]_ ko_ p[fa[
f[ j_h[ _f lc_mai ^_f _llil _m f[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ []_jn[l [fai p_l)
^[^_li* G[ n[l_[ ^_ f[ f}ac][ ch^o]ncp[ _m `ilgof[l l_af[m ko_
him ][j[]cn_h j[l[ ^_n_lgch[l ]oyh^i _m l[tih[\f_ _f lc_mai* Nch
_g\[lai( ]igi b_gim ch^c][^i( _mn_ jli\f_g[ _mny chg_lmi _h
]ihnlip_lmc[m* Ki^_gim cfomnl[l _f jli\f_g[ s [f gcmgi nc_gji
[jl_h^_l oh ji]i ^_ f}ac][ ch^o]ncp[ ]ihmc^_l[h^i [faoh[m `il)
g[m _mj_]{`c][m ^_ f[ [laog_hn[]c}h ch^o]ncp[*
)"SWS^K] NO K\Q_WOX^Y] SXN_M^S`Y]
--h[ p[lc_^[^ ]igh ^_f [laog_hni ch^o]ncpi _m oh [laog_hni
_mn[^{mnc]i _h _f ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ i f[ bcj}n_mcm _m oh _hoh]c[^i
_mn[^{mnc]i l_mj_]ni ^_f jil]_hn[d_ ^_ ]im[m ^_ oh[ ]f[m_ ko_ mih
^_ inl[* Ph _d_gjfi ^_ _hoh]c[^i _mn[^{mnc]i _m _f _hoh]c[^i ko_
[`clg[ ko_ _f 23 jil ]c_hni ^_ fim a[nim ^_ <c\[l nc_h_ l[\c[* @mn_
_hoh]c[^i jo_^_ m_l oh[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ oh [laog_hni ch`_lc^[ [
j[lncl ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ f[ i\m_lp[]c}h* O[g\czh jo_^_ om[lm_
]igi _pc^_h]c[ j[l[ [faoh[ ]ih]fomc}h mi\l_ f[ m[fo^ ^_ oh a[ni
^_f ko_ hi m_ b[ ^_n_lgch[^i _mn_ `[]nil* G[m mcaoc_hn_m mih ^im
`ilg[m ^_ [laog_hn[]c}h ko_ ji^l{[h _gjf_[lm_6.
G[ _rjfc][]c}h ^_ f[m `ilg[m ^_ [laog _hn[]c}h _mn[^{mnc][ ko_ [ko{ m_ ^cm)
]on_h _h `ilg [ ]l{nc][ _mny nig [^[ ^_ R_mf_s >* N[fg}h( 7TLNH# .[ _^* Kl_hnc]_
D Gcfc( A*haf_qii^ >fc``m( I* E * ( -53/( ][j{nofi /*

10

G<DI?P>>DI

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

D I ? P > > D I

K J M @ I P H @ M < > D I

H jil ]c_hni ^_ fim gc_g\lim _r[gch[^im ^_ 4 _m 5(

@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
H jil ]c_hni ^_ fim gc_g\lim N O 4 _m 5(
N DG J B DN H

J @ N O < ? N O D> J

H jil ]c_hni ^_ fim gc_g\lim ^_ 4 _m 5 %mc_h^i S g[sil [

1,&*
? _m oh gc_g\li ^O4 ko_ hi b[ mc^i _r[gch[^i*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
? _m oh gc_g\li ^_ 5(
Gim mcaoc_hn_m ^im [laog_hnim _d_gjfc`c][h _mn[m `ilg[m6
@f 23 jil ]c_hni ^_ fim a[nim _r[gch[^im ^_ <c\[l nc_h_ l[)
\c[*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
@f 23 jil ]c_hni ^_ fim a[nim ^_ <c\[l nc_h_ l[\c[*
@f 23 jil ]c_hni ^_ fim a[nim ^_ <c\[l nc_h_ l[\c[*
@f a[ni ko_ g_ gil^c} _m oh a[ni ^_ <c\[l ko_ hi b[ mc^i
_r[gch[^i*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
@f a[ni ko_ g_ gil^c} nc_h_ l[\c[*
@mnim ^im [laog_hnim cfomnl[h `ilg[m gos `[gcfc[l_m ^_ [lao)
g_hnim _mn[^{mnc]im ch^o]ncpim* @m _pc^_hn_ ko_ f[m bcj}n_mcm ch)
`_lc^[m ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ hi m_ ^_^o]_h pyfc^[g_hn_ ^_ _ffim* @m
f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ fi ko_ b_gim i\m_lp[^i ]igi p_l^[)
^_li _h ]c_lni jil]_hn[d_ ^_ a[nim ^_ oh[ go_mnl[( hi m_[ ][)
l[]n_l{mnc]i ^_f gcmgi jil]_hn[d_ ^_ a[nim _h f[ ji\f[]c}h nin[f
^_ <c\[l( s _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ fi ko_ _m ][l[]n_l{mnc]i ^_
]c_lni jil]_hn[d_ ^_ a[nim ^_ <c\[l hi m_[ ][l[]n_l{mnc]i ^_ oh
a[ni j[lnc]of[l hi _r[gch[^i* @rcmn_ oh[ _r]_j]c}h ko_ ^_\_l{[
m_|[f[lm_* Nc n_h_gim oh mcfiacmgi _mn[^{mnc]i _h _f ko_ f[ _pc^_h)
]c[ go_mnl[ ko_ _f ]c_h jil ]c_hni ^_ fim gc_g\lim ^_ 4 _m 5& s ?
_m oh gc_g\li ^_ 4 %_r[gch[^i i hi&( _hnih]_m( jil mojo_mni(
m_ mcao_ ^_^o]ncp[g_hn_ ko_ ? _m oh 5( Nch _g\[lai( m[fpi j[l[
_mn_ ][mi _rnl_gi( ^_\_gim [|[^cl inl[m l_mnlc]]cih_m j[l[ b[]_l
jf[omc\f_ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ [laog_hnim ^_ _mn[m `ilg[m mih
ch^o]ncp[g_hn_ _`c][]_m*

11

G[ l_mnlc]]c}h gym cgjiln[hn_ ^_ fim [laog_hnim ko_ nc_h_h

f[ `ilg[ SXN_MMSiX ZY\ OX_WO\KMSiX l[^c][ _h ko_ f[ go_mnl[ ^_
gc_g\lim ^_ 4 _r[gch[^im ^_\_l{[ m_l l_jl_m_hn[ncp[ ^_ ]im[m
ko_ mih 4& [f g_him ]ih l_mj_]ni [ f[ ]o_mnc}h ^_ mc n[f_m ]im[m mih
: Kil _d_gjfi( cg[ach_gim ko_ ho_mnl[ go_mnl[ _r[gch[^[ ^_
a[nim ]ihmn[ _hn_l[g_hn_ ^_ a[nim ko_ `o_lih ][jnol[^im nl[m
gil^_l [ [faoc_h* <bil[ \c_h( f[ g[sil j[ln_ ^_ himinlim( mi\l_
f[ \[m_ ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ n_h_gim []_l][ ^_ fim [hcg[f_m l[\ci)
mim( ]ih]focly ko_ fim a[nim l[\cimim gozl^_h [ f[m j_lmih[m ]ih
go]b[ g[sil `l_]o_h]c[ ko_ fim a[nim ko_ hi nc_h_h l[\c[* Nc _mni
m_ []_jn[ ]igi l[tih[\f_g_hn_ p_l^[^_li( _hnih]_m f[ go_mnl[
cg[ach[^[ ^_ a[nim _r[gch[^im hi _m l_jl_m_hn[ncp[ ^_ f[ ]f[m_
^_ a[nim ko_ ]ih]c_lh_ [f jli\f_g[ ^_ mc n[f_m a[nim nc_h_h l[\c[*
<ohko_ f[ ^_`chc]c}h jl_]cm[ ^_ oh[ go_mnl[ l_jl_m_hn[ncp[ _m
hh n_g[ ]ihnlip_lnc^i( f[ _pc^_h]c[ ]ih l_f[]c}h [ f[m go_mnl[m
^c6 f[m ko_ n_h_gim l[t}h j[l[ ]l__l ko_ hi mih l_jl_m_hn[ncp[m(
fci b[]_ _`c][t [ f[ ch^o]]c}h jil _hog_l[]c}h* Ii m_ly l[tih[\f_
[]_jn[l oh[ bcj}n_cm ]igi p_l^[^_l[ mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ n[f _pc^_h)
]c[*
G[ `ilg[ [laog_hn[f ^_f mcfiacmgi _mn[^{mnc]i l_koc_l_ n[g)
\czh oh[ g[sil l_mnlc]]c}h* Qifpc_h^i ^_ ho_pi [ ho_mnli _d_g)
jfi ^_ fim a[nim ^_ <c\[l( mojiha[gim ko_ m_ m[\_ ko_ ho_mnli
a[fi hi _r[gch[^i `o_ p[]oh[^i ]ihnl[ f[ l[\c[( [oh ]o[h^i oh
jil]_hn[d_ gos j_ko_|i ^_ f[ ji\f[]c}h `_fch[ ^_ <c\[l `o_ p[)
8 o|[^i* @hnih]_m( _f [laog_hni [hn_m `ilgof[^i hi m_l{[ _`c][t(
[oh ]o[h^i _f a[ni ko_ g_ gil^c} hi b[s[ mc^i _r[gch[^i j[l[
^]c_lgch[l mc n_h{[ l[\c[* Ii m_l{[ l[tih[\f_ []_jn[l ]igi p_l^[)
^_l[ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ _f a[ni ko_ g_ gil^c} nc_h_ l[\c[( mi\l_
f[ \[m_ ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[* Gi ko_ [ko{ m_ h_]_mcn[ _m [fah l_ko_lc)
gc_hni ^_ _pc^_h]c[ nin[f( oh l_ko_lcgc_hni _h _f m_hnc^i ^_ ko_
f*c_pc^_h]c[ ch]fos[ ni^i fi ko_ _m cgjiln[hn_ j[l[ f[ bcj}n_mcm
_h ]o_mnc}h*
EXK SXMYX]S]^OXMSK
D [m ^im `ilg[m ^_ [laog_hn[]c}h ]cn[^[m _mnyh _hnl_ fim ][h^c)
^[nim gym jf[omc\f_m j[l[ m_l `ilg[m n[f_m ^_ [laog_hn[]c}h ch)
^o]ncp[( ko_ mc fim _hoh]c[^im ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ mih p_l^[^_lim( _h)
fih]_m _m l[tih[\f_ []_jn[l f[m bcj}n_mcm ]igi p_l^[^_l[m* K_li
_mn[m `ilg[m [laogzhn[f_m( [ohko_ mih fim ][h^c^[nim gym `o_l)

12

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

n_m( hi fial[h i\n_h_l _f ][cai* Hym [h( jimn_lcil_m l_mnlc]]cih_m

s [nlc\onim hi l_]nc`c][lyh f[ mcno[]c}h* C[s oh p[]{i `[n[f*
K[l[ p_l _h koz ]ihmcmn_ zmn_( pifp[gim [f _d_gjfi ^_ fim a[)
nim ^_ <c\[l* Nojiha[gim ko_ b[s -,, ,,, a[nim _h <c\[l s ko_
b_gim _r[gch[^i oh[ go_mnl[ l_jl_m_hn[ncp[ ^_ -, ,,, a[nim(
^_ fim ]o[f_m _f 23 jil ]c_hni nc_h_ l[\c[* <bil[ mojiha[gim ko_
fi][fcti oh a[ni( ohi ko_ g_ _m nin[fg_hn_ _rnl[|i( ]osi hig\l_
_m >f_i* Kil mcgjf_ _hog_l[]c}h ]ih]fosi ko_ _f 23 jil ]c_hni
^_ fim a[nim ^_ <c\[l nc_h_ l[\c[* Oig[h^i [bil[ _mn[ ]ih]fomc}h
]igi _pc^_h]c[( ]ih]fosi jil mcfiacmgi _mn[^{mnc]i ko_ >f_i nc_h_
l[\c[* <bil[ mojiha[gim( _gj_t[h^i jil f[ gcmg[ _pc^_h]c[
chc]c[f m_ah f[ ]o[f _f 23 jil ]c_hni ^_ fim a[nim ^_ <c\[l nc_h_
l[\c[( ko_ ]ihmnlosi m_lc_m ^_ mcfiacmgim _mn[^{mnc]im( ^_ b_]bi
5, ,,, ^_ _ffim( ][^[ ohi ^_ fim ]o[f_m nc_h_ ]igi m_aoh^i _hoh)
]c[^i ^_ _pc^_h]c[ s ko_ ohi ^_ fim a[nim hi _r[gch[^im _m oh
a[ni ^_ <c\[l( s _h ][^[ mcfiacmgi ]ih]fosi ko_ _f a[ni hi _r[)
gch[^i nc_h_ l[\c[* <m{( jil mcfiacmgi _mn[^{mnc]i b[\lz ch`_lc^i
^_ ][^[ ohi ^_ fim 5, ,,, a[nim hi _r[gch[^im ko_ nc_h_ l[\c[*
@mn_ ]ihdohni ^_ ]ih]fomcih_m( ]o[h^i m_ nig[h dohni ]ih ho_m)
nl[ _pc^_h]c[ l_mj_]ni [ f[ go_mnl[ ^_ a[nim _r[gch[^im( nc_h_
]igi l_mofn[^i ko_ gym ^_f 52 jil ]c_hni( _f 52*3, jil ]c_hni
j[l[ m_l _r[]nim( ^_ fim a[nim ^_ <c\[l nc_h_ l[\c[* G[ ]ih]fomc}h
_m( jil mojo_mni( f}ac][g_hn_ ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih oh[ jl_gcm[ ^_
ho_mnli mcfiacmgi _mn[^{mnc]i( [ m[\_l( ko_ _f 23 jil ]c_hni ^_ fim
a[nim ^_ <c\[l nc_h_ l[\c[* <m{( ^_ fim _hoh]c[^im ^_ _pc^_h]c[
p_l^[^_l[ l_mj_]ni [ oh[ go_mnl[ ^_ a[nim _r[gch[^im i\n_h_)
gim( jil f[m `ilg[m ^_ [laog_hn[]c}h ^_ ch^o]]c}h jil _hog_)
l[]c}h s mcfiacmgi _mn[^{mnc]i( oh ]ihdohni ^_ ]ih]fomcih_m ch)
]igj[nc\f_m* >igi l_mofn[^i ^_ f[ ch^o]]c}h jil _hog_l[]c}h
]ih]focgim ko_ _f 23 jil ]c_hni ^_ fim a[nim ^_ <c\[l nc_h_ l[\c[*
@hnih]_m( jil mcfiacmgi _mn[^{mnc]i( om[h^i f[ ]ih]fomc}h ]igi
_pc^_h]c[( ch`_lcgim oh ]ihdohni ^_ bcj}n_mcm mi\l_ fim a[nim hi
_r[gch[^im ko_ cgjfc][ ko_ _f 52*3, jil ]c_hni ^_ fim a[nim ^_
<c\[l nc_h_ l[\c[*
<f j_l][n[lm_ ^_f jli\f_g[( fim f}ac]im ch^o]ncpim b[h jli)
jo_mni oh[ p[lc_^[^ ^_ moa_l_h]c[m j[l[ nl[n[lfi* Klcg_li( m_
b[ moa_lc^i ko_ _f l[tih[gc_hni ch^o]ncpi( [ ^c`_l_h]c[ ^_f l[)
tih[gc_hni ^_^o]ncpi( _m XY MYXT_X^S`Y( Nc n_h_gim oh[ m_lc_ ^_
[laog_hnim ^_^o]ncpim pyfc^im ko_ nc_h_h f[m ]ih]fomcih_m A& B
s C& ji^_gim ^_^o]cl f[ ]ihdoh]c}h ^_ _mim nl_m _hoh]c[^im( _mni

G< DI?P>>DI

13

_m( _f _hoh]c[^i #nc B c C& ^_ oh ]ihdohni ^_ jl_gcm[m ^_ fim [l)

aog_hnim ilcach[f_m* K_li( m_ [`clg[( _mni gcmgi hi _m p_l^[^_li
_h _f ][mi ^_ f[ ch^o]]c}h* Ki^_gim n_h_l oh[ m_lc_ ^_ [laog_h)
nim ch^o]ncpim _`c][]_m j[l[ f[ bcj}n_mcm A& B c C ]o[h^i hi b[s
oh [laog_hni ch^o]ncpi _`c][t [ j[lncl ^_ _hoh]c[^im ^_ _pc^_h)
]c[ ^_ fim [laog_hnim ilcach[f_m j[l[ f[ ]ihdoh]c}h ^_ A& B s N*
?_\_l{[ [`clg[lm_( _h nzlgchim ^_ ho_mnli _d_gjfi s [ f[ fot ^_f
jlch]cjci ^_ f[ hi ]ihdoh]c}h ^_f [laog_hni ch^o]ncpi( ko_ [oh)
ko_ ji^_gim ch`_lcl ch^o]ncp[g_hn_ ko_ ][^[ ohi ^_ fim a[nim
hi _r[gch[^im( >f_i( Oigym s ?ih B[ni( _n]*( nc_h_h l[\c[( hi
ji^_gim ch`_lcl ch^o]ncp[g_hn_ f[ ]ihdoh]c}h ^_ _mn[m bcj}n_mcm(
_m ^_]cl( ko_ ni^im( >f_i( Oigym s ?ih B[ni( _n]*( nc_h_h l[\c[* @h
]ihm_]o_h]c[ hi ji^l{[gim ch`_lcl ch^o]ncp[g_hn_ ko_ _f 52*3,
jil ]c_hni ^_ fim a[nim ^_ <c\[l nc_h_ l[\c[*
@f chn_hni [hn_lcil jil _pcn[l oh[ j[l[^id[( [ohko_ nc_h_ ^_)
`_hmil_m ^cmnchaoc^im( hi _m _`_]ncpi( s[ ko_ [oh ]o[h^i hi ji)
^_gim ch`_lcl ch^o]ncp[g_hn_ _f _hoh]c[^i ^_ ko_ _f 52*3, jil
]c_hni ^_ fim a[nim ^_ <c\[l nc_h_ l[\c[( m{ m_ mcao_h ]ihm_]o_h]c[m
fyn[f_m* < j[lncl ^_ ho_mnl[ _pc^_h]c[ ilcach[f mi\l_ fim a[nim ^_
<c\[l( ^_ ko_ b[s -,, ,,, ^_ _ffim s _h oh[ go_mnl[ l_jl_m_h)
f[ncp[ ^_ -, ,,, a[nim m_ _h]ihnl[lih 2 3,, l[\cimim( ch`_lcgim
ch^o]ncp[g_hn_ jil ch^o]]c}h jil _hog_l[]c}h ko_ _f 23 jil
]c_hni ^_ fim a[nim ^_ <c\[l nc_h_ l[\c[** <f nig[l _m[ ]ih]fomc}h
]igi _pc^_h]c[ ch`_lcgim jil m_lc_m ^_ mcfiacmgim _mn[^{mnc]im ko_
][^[ ohi ^_ fim 5, ,,, a[nim hi _r[gch[^im nc_h_ l[\c[* K_li
]igi g_l[ ]o_mnc}h ^_ [lcngznc][( hi _m jimc\f_ ko_ f[m ]ih]fo)
mcih_m ^_ _mnim mcfiacmgim _mn[^{mnc]im m_[h ni^[m jimc\f_g_hn_
p_l^[^_l[m( mc fim _hoh]c[^im ^_ _pc^_h]c[ _h _mim [laog_hnim
mih p_l^[^_lim* <m{( _mn_ ]ihdohni ^_ _hoh]c[^im ch`_lc^im jil
ch^o]]c}h _m f}ac][g_hn_ ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ f[ ko_
m _ ch`c_l_h* @mn_ l_mofn[^i `lomnl[ ho_mnli i\d_ncpi ^_ _pcn[l _f
_llil* Ph ]ihdohni ^_ _hoh]c[^im ]ihnl[^c]nilcim( ch]fos[gim i
hi oh[ ]ihdoh]c}h ^_hnli ^_ zf( ^_\_ ^_ ]ihn_h_l [fah _llil*
;XN_MMSiX c Z\YLKLSVSNKN/ VK ZK\KNYTK NOV ]Y\^OY
-*-[laog_hni [hn_lcil cfomnl[ oh jli\f_g[ n{jc]i ko_ _h`l_hn[ _f
chn_hni ^_ jlijil]cih[l `ilg[m [laogzhn[f_m j[l[ f[ f}ac][ ch)
^o]ncp[* C[s oh[ ^c`c]ofn[^ mo\s[]_hn_ ko_ a_h_l[ _f jli\f_g[*
- m h[nol[f [mogcl ko_ [m{ ]igi oh [laog_hni ^_^o]ncpi pyfc^i

14

G< DI?P>>DI

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

_m [ko_f _h _f ko_ mc f[m jl_gcm[m mih p_l^[^_l[m( _hnih]_m f[ ]ih)

]fomc}h ^_\_ m_l p_l^[^_l[( [m{ oh [laog_hni ch^o]ncpi _`c][t _m
[ko_f _h _f ko_ mc fim _hoh]c[^im ^_ _pc^_h]c[ mih p_l^[^_lim( _h)
nih]_m f[ bcj}n_mcm _m Z\YLKLVO( G[ hi]c}h ^_ jli\[\cfc^[^ _m oh[
hi]c}h ]igjf_d[ ko_ ^cm]oncl_gim _h _f >[j{nofi +' K_li _m _m_h)
]c[f g_h]cih[l [ko{ ko_ f[ jli\[\cfc^[^( ch]fomi f[ [fn[ jli\[\c)
fc^[^( hi \[mn[ly j[l[ f[ _`c][]c[ ch^o]ncp[* O[hni _h f[ ch^o]]c}h
jil _hog_l[]c}h ]igi _h _f mcfiacmgi _mn[^{mnc]i ji^_gim moji)
h_l ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ch`_lc^[ _m jli\[\f_( ch]fomi [fn[g_hn_ jli)
\[\f_( mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[* <m{( ohi m_ ch]fch[ jil f[ c^_[
^_ ko_ f[ `ilg[ [laog_hn[f _m _`c][t* K_li _mn[ f{h_[ h[nol[f ^_
l[tih[gc_hni ff_p[ ^cl_]n[g_hn_ [ f[ ch]ihmcmn_h]c[*
?cmjih_gim ^_ oh [laog_hni gym a_h_l[f j[l[ gimnl[l ko_
f[ jli\[\cfc^[^( ch]fomi f[ gos [fn[ jli\[\cfc^[^( ^_ oh[ bcj}n_mcm
mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ XY \[mn[ j[l[ f[ _`c][]c[ ch^o]ncp[*
@mn[ ^_j_h^_ ^_ ko_ ]ihmc^_l_gim miln_im domnim ko_ him j_l)
gcn[h _mj_]c`c][l f[m jli\[\cfc^[^_m ]ih jl_]cmc}h* Nojiha[gim(
jil _d_gjfi( ko_ j_hm[gim ko_ [faoh[ bcj}n_mcm nc_h_ oh[ jli\[)
\cfc^[^ ^_ 55+-,,( i gym( mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ jo_^_
ch`_lclm_ _`c][tg_hn_ [ j[lncl ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ jil ch^o]]c}h* Dg[)
ach_gim ko_ n_h_gim oh miln_i ko_ ]ihnc_h_ -,, \if_nim hog_)
l[^im ]ihm_]oncp[g_hn_ ^_f - [f -,,* Dg[ach_gim ko_ oh \if_ni
b[ m[fc^i s ko_ _f miln_i _m domni* Oi^i _mni _m ho_mnl[ _pc^_h)
]c[* <bil[ ]ihmc^_l_gim _f \if_ni ]ih _f hg_li -,,* C[s oh[
jli\[\cfc^[^ mi\l_ -,, ^_ ko_ zmn_ b[s[ m[fc^i* @mni mcahc`c][
ko_ f[ jli\[\cfc^[^ ^_ ko_ b[s[ m[fc^i [fah inli \if_ni _m ^_
55+-,,* <mogc_h^i ko_ zmn[ _m oh[ jli\[\cfc^[^ mo`c]c_hn_g_hn_
[fn[ j[l[ oh[ ch`_l_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[ _`c][t( ji^_gim ch`_lcl _`c][t)
g_hn_ [ j[lncl ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ b[\ly m[fc^i [fah \if_ni ^c`_)
l_hn_ ^_f \if_ni -,,* K[lnc_h^i ^_ f[ gcmg[ _pc^_h]c[( ji^l{[gim
om[l oh [laog_hni ^_ f[ gcmg[ `ilg[ j[l[ ch`_lcl ko_ b[\ly
m[fc^i [fah inli \if_ni ^c`_l_hn_ ^_f 55( ko_ b[\ly m[fc^i inli
ko_ hi m_[ zf 54( s [m{ mo]_mcp[g_hn_* @h ][^[ ][mi f[ bcj}n_mcm
n_h^l{[ oh[ jli\[\cfc^[^ ^_ 55+-,, mi\l_ f[ _pc^_h]c[* <m{( j[l[
][^[ \if_ni ji^l{[gim ch`_lcl _`c][tg_hn_ ko_ b[\ly m[fc^i ]o[f)
koc_l inli \if_ni* K_li _hnih]_m _f ]ihdohni ^_ ]ih]fomcih_m m_l{[
ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih ho_mnl[ _pc^_h]c[ ilcach[f( jilko_ _f ]ihdohni
^_ ]ih]fomcih_m him ^cl{[( j[l[ ][^[ \if_ni( ko_ hi m[fc}( s _mni
_m ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih ho_mnl[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ ko_ m[fc} oh \if_ni* @h
l_mog_h( _f ]ihdohni ^_ bcj}n_mcm ch`_lc^[m ch^o]ncp[g_hn_ cg)

15

jfc][ ko_ hi m[f_ ][^[ ohi ^_ fim \if_nim ^_f - [f -,,( gc_hnl[m
ko_ ho_mnl[ _pc^_h]c[ him ^c]_ ko_ m[f_ ohi ^_ _ffim*/
@m cgjiln[hn_ m_|[f[l ko_ _mn_ [laog_hni hi ^_j_h^_ _m_h)
]c[fg_hn_ ^_f hg_li 55+-,,* Nc [faoc_h jc_hm[ ko_ [faoh[ [fn[
jli\[\cfc^[^ \[mn[ly j[l[ f[ _`c][]c[ ch^o]ncp[( mc_gjl_ s ]o[h^i
_f hg_li m_[ g_hil ko_ -( ji^_gim l_]ihmnlocl f[ j[l[^id[
j[l[ l_`on[lfi ]ihmc^_l[h^i mcgjf_g_hn_ oh miln_i gym [gjfci*
Kil _d_gjfi( mc _m_ [faoc_h jc_hm[ ko_ oh[ jli\[\cfc^[^ ^_
555 555+- ,,, ,,, _m mo`c]c_hn_g_hn_ [gjfc[( m}fi h_]_mcn[gim
]ihmc^_l[l oh miln_i ^_ - ,,, ,,, ^_ \if_nim s f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_
ko_ m[f^ly _f \if_ni ]ih _f hg_li - ,,, ,,,* G[ jli\[\cfc^[^
^_ ko_ m[fa[ inli \if_ni _m ^_ 555 555+- ,,, ,,,( s f[ jli\[\cfc)
^[^ ^_ ko_ hi m[fa[ inli \if_ni _m f[ gcmg[*
@f [laog_hni [hn_lcil go_mnl[ ko_ hi mih _`c][]_m fim [lao)
g_hnim ch^o]ncpim ko_ nc_h_h f[ mcaoc_hn_ `ilg[6
D I ? P > > D I

K J M K M J = < = DG D? < ?

@m [fn[g_hn_ jli\[\f_ ko_ @(

@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
@(
Ii mih _`c][]_m jilko_ n[f_m `ilg[m [laogzhn[f_m p[h ^_ _hoh)
]c[^im ^_ _pc^_h]c[ p_l^[^_l[ [ _hoh]c[^im ch]ihmcmn_hn_m* C_)
gim ^c]bi ko_ oh [laog_hni ch^o]ncpi _`c][t _m [ko_f _h _f ko_
mc fim _hoh]c[^im ^_ _pc^_h]c[ mih p_l^[^_lim( _hnih]_m _m l[ti)
h[\f_ []_jn[l f[ bcj}n_mcm ]igi p_l^[^_l[ ]ih _f `ch ^_ []_jn[l
bcj}n_mcm p_l^[^_l[m s _pcn[l _llil_m* <f []_jn[l oh ]ihdohni ch)
]ihmcmn_hn_ ^_ _hoh]c[^im [m_aol[gim ko_ [faohi ^_ fim _hoh)
]c[^im ko_ []_jn[gim m_ly _ll}h_i* Kil fi n[hni( f[m `ilg[m [l)
aogzhn[f_m ch^o]ncp[m hi mih _`c][]_m ]o[h^i a[l[hnct[h f[ ch)
`_l_h]c[ ^_ oh ]ihdohni ch]ihmcmn_hn_ ^_ _hoh]c[^im [ j[lncl ^_
_hoh]c[^im ^_ _pc^_h]c[ p_l^[^_lim*
8PSMKMSK c MYWZO^OXMSK
@f [laog_hni [hn_lcil cfomnl[ f[ ^c`c]ofn[^ j[l[ ff_a[l [ _mj_]c)
`c][l ]o[fkoc_l `ilg[ ^_ [laog_hn[]c}h ko_ m_[ ch^o]ncp[g_hn_
'
@mn_ l_mofn[^i m_ ^_\_ [ C * @* Fs\ola( El*( ;WTGFGNQNY^ FSI 4MJ 7TLNH T K =FYNT$
SFQ QNJQNJK# R_mf_s[h Phcp_lmcns Kl_mm( Hc^^f_niqh( >ihh*( -52-( j* -53*

2,

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

_`c][t* Ki^_gim i\n_h_l oh[ _rjfc][]c}h g_dil[^[ ^_ _`c][]c[ ch)

^o]ncp[ m_|[f[h^i f[ cgjiln[h]c[ ^_f ]ih]_jni ^_ MYWZO^OXMSK _h)
nl_ f[m bcj}n_mcm ]igi oh l[mai ^_ f[ ch^o]]c}h* @f ko_ m_[ l[ti)
h[\f_ []_jn[l oh _hoh]c[^i ]igi p_l^[^_li ^_j_h^_ ^_ ]oyf_m
inlim _hoh]c[^im ]igjcn_h ]ih zf( [m{ ]igi ^_ f[ jli\[\cfc^[^
^_f _hoh]c[^i l_mj_]ni ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[* K[l[ _hn_h^_l _mni( ]ih)
mc^_l_gim ^_ ho_pi f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_ f[ ch^o]]c}h jil _hog_)
l[]c}h _h _f ][mi ^_ fim a[nim* G[ bcj}n_mcm ch`_lc^[ ch^o]ncp[)
g_hn_ `o_ ko_ _f 23 jil ]c_hni ^_ fim a[nim ^_ <c\[l n_h{[ l[\c[*
@m l[tih[\f_ []_jn[l _m[ bcj}n_mcm mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ f[ _pc^_h)
]c[; G[ l_mjo_mn[ [ f[ jl_aohn[ ^_j_h^_ ^_ ]ih koz _hoh]c[^im
m_ ]ihmc^_l[ ko_ ]igjcn_ f[ bcj}n_mcm* Nc f[ ]igj_n_h]c[ ]ihmn[
^_ inlim _hoh]c[^im ko_ _mj_]c`c][h _f jil]_hn[d_ ObKM^Y ^_ l[\c[
^_ fim a[nim ^_ <c\[l( _hnih]_m m_l{[ gym l[tih[\f_ []_jn[l _m[
bcj}n_mcm ko_ ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ f[m inl[m jilko_ _m gym jli\[\f_ ko_
]o[fkoc_l inl[* Kil inli f[^i( mc f[ ]igj_n_h]c[ hi m}fi ch]fos_ f[
bcj}n_mcm l_mj_]ni ^_ jil]_hn[d_m _r[]nim( mchi n[g\czh bcj}n_mcm
g_him _r[]n[m jil _d_gjfi( _f _hoh]c[^i ^_ ko_ _f jil]_hn[d_
`fo]n[ _hnl_ _f 2, s _f 4, jil ]c_hni ( _hnih]_m _f jli\f_g[ b[
][g\c[^i l[^c][fg_hn_* G[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ _f jil]_hn[d_ `fo]n[
^_hnli ^_ _m_ chn_lp[fi _m go]bi gym jli\[\f_ ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm
gym _r[]n[ ko_ _mj_]c`c][ _f jil]_hn[d_ _h oh[ mif[ ]c`l[ ^_hnli
^_ _m_ chn_lp[fi*
EX OTOWZVY PSVY]iPSMY/ VK ObS]^OX&MSK NO VY] ]O\O] =hWKXY]
@f gcmgi ncji ^_ jli\f_g[m mola_ _h ]ihn_rnim gym ^cl_]n[g_hn_
`cfim}`c]im* O[g\czh [ko{ _m ]_hnl[f _f ]ih]_jni ^_ ]igj_n_h)
]c[ j[l[ _hn_h^_l _f l[tih[gc_hni ch^o]ncpi _`c][t* >ihmc^_l_)
gim oh _d_gjfi ^_ l[tih[gc_hni ch^o]ncpi ko_ oh[ p_t ff_p}
[ fim `cf}mi`im s [ fim ]c_hn{`c]im [ f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_ ko_ _f ohc)
p_lmi `o_ ^cm_|[^i jil [fah [a_hn_* K[l[ [jl_]c[l _f l[tih[)
gc_hni ch^o]ncpi ko_ ff_p[ [ _mn[ ]ih]fomc}h( _m cgjiln[hn_ l_)
]il^[l ko_ [hn_m ^_ ko_ `o_l[ ]ih]_\c^[ f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ _pifo]c}h
b[\{[ oh `_h}g_hi ko_ ]ihmncno{[ oh jli\f_g[ chn_f_]no[f `oh)
^[g_hn[f6 f[ _rcmn_h]c[ ^_ fim m_l_m bog[him* <oh ]o[h^i m_
n_h{[h n_il{[m ^_ f[ g[n_lc[ [^_]o[^[m j[l[ ^[l ]o_hn[ ^_ go)
]bim l[maim ^_f ohcp_lmi `{mc]i( f[ _rcmn_h]c[ ^_ fim m_l_m bog[him
m_ao{[ mc_h^i oh _hcag[* G[ _rcmn_h]c[ ^_ [hcg[f_m jl_m_hn[\[
oh ]ihnl[mn_ miljl_h^_hn_ ]ih f[ g[n_lc[ ch[hcg[^[( j_li [oh)

G< DI?P>>DI

)$

ko_ [faohim `cf}mi`im ko_l{[h ]ihmc^_l[l [ fim [hcg[f_m ]igi g_)

8[hcmgim `{mc]im ]igjf_dim( m[][l f[ gcmg[ ]ih]fomc}h l_mj_]ni ^_
fim m_l_m bog[him l_mofn[\[ l_joah[hn_* Locty f[ l[t}h jlch]cj[f
j[l[ _mn[ [p_lmc}h _l[ f[ _rcmn_h]c[ ^_f j_hm[gc_hni ]ihm]c_hn_ s
^_ f[ l_`f_rc}h l[]cih[f* Ph `cf}mi`i ko_ l_]b[t[\[ ^_ \o_h[ a[h[
f[ c^_[ ^_ ko_ fim [hcg[f_m ch`_lcil_m j_hm[l[h s l[tih[l[h hi
ji^{[ h_a[l ko_ zf gcmgi _mn[\[ j_hm[h^i s l[tih[h^i ]o[h^i
m_ i]oj[\[ ^_ _m[m gcmg[m []ncpc^[^_m* <m{( f[ _rcmn_h]c[ ^_ fim
bog[him( m_l_m j_hm[hn_m s l[tih[hn_m( ]ihmncno{[ ^_ b_]bi oh
`_h}g_hi jli\f_gync]i* I[nol[fg_hn_( f[ ]o_mnc}h molac} [ j[l)
ncl ^_ ]}gi _rjfc][l _mni*
Ki^_gim `ilgof[l _mn[ ]o_mnc}h jl_aohn[h^i koz bcj}n_mcm
m_l{[ l[tih[\f_ []_jn[l ]igi p_l^[^_l[ jil ch^o]]c}h [ j[lncl
^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[* K[l[ [faohim j_hm[^il_m j[l_]{[ ko_ b[\{[ m}fi
^im bcj}n_mcm _h ]igj_n_h]c[* ?_ []o_l^i ]ih oh[ fim m_l_m bo)
g[him ff_a[lih [ _rcmncl ]igi oh g_li ][mi ^_ mo_ln_ i []]c^_hn_
]}mgc]i* ?_ []o_l^i ]ih f[ inl[ fim m_l_m bog[him ff_a[lih [
_rcmncl ]igi l_mofn[^i ^_ [fah ^cm_|i i jf[h* Kil fi n[hni( ^_
f[ g[h_l[ ]igi _mnim j_hm[^il_m ]ihmc^_l[\[h _f [mohni( f[m ^im
bcj}n_mcm mcaoc_hn_m ]igj_n{[h j[l[ ko_ m_ f_m []_jn[l[ _h _mn_
]ihn_rni6
-* Gim m_l_m bog[him ff_a[lih [ _rcmncl jil mo_ln_*
.* Gim m_l_m bog[him ff_a[lih [ _rcmncl jil ^cm_|i*
?[^i ko_ zmn[m _l[h f[m ^im bcj}n_mcm _hnl_ f[m ko_ b[\{[ ko_ _m)
]ia_l( hi _m ^_ miljl_h^_l ko_ f[ m_aoh^[( _h g[sil g_^c^[
ko_ f[ jlcg_l[( `o_l[ ]ihmc^_l[^[ gym jli\[\f_ ^[^[ f[ _pc^_h)
]c[* K[l_]{[ _rnl_g[^[g_hn_ chp_lim{gcf ko_ [fai n[h g[l][^[)
g_hn_ chnlch][^i s ]igjf_di ]igi oh m_l bog[hi bo\c_l[ ff_)
a[^i [ _rcmncl jil mo_ln_* ?_ b_]bi( f[ chnlch][^[ s ]igjf_d[
ila[hct[]c}h ^_ fim m_l_m bog[him [j[l_]{[ miljl_h^_hn_g_hn_
[hyfia[ [ f[m chnlch][^[m s ]igjf_d[m ][l[]n_l{mnc][m ^_ fim i\d_nim
^cm_|[^im jil fim m_l_m bog[him* @mn_ [laog_hni jil [h[fia{[(
%do_ ]ihmc^_l[l_gim ^_ ho_pi gym n[l^_ %>[j{nc^i 1&( _l[ jil
mojo_mni ch^o]ncpi( j_li n[g\czh m_ \[m[\[ _h oh ]ihdohni gym
\c_h fcgcn[^i ^_ bcj}n_mcm [fn_lh[ncp[m* >ih f[ ]igj_n_h]c[ fcgc)
n[^[ ^_ _mn[ g[h_l[( hi _m _h [\mifoni miljl_h^_hn_ ko_ [faohim
^_ fim gym [ao^im s ]l{nc]im j_hm[^il_m ^_f j[m[^i ]ihmc^_l[l[h

2.

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

f[ bcj}n_mcm %.& ]igi f[ ko_ m_ ch`_l{[ ch^o]ncp[g_hn_ [ j[lncl ^_

f[ _pc^_h]c[*
<bil[ _f f_]nil [mnoni jo_^_ b[\_lm_ j_l][n[^i ^_ ko_( _mnlc])
n[g_hn_ b[\f[h^i( oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ ]ihmc^_l[ f[m bcj}n_mcm %-& s
%.& ^_\_l{[( j[l[ m_l ]igjf_n[g_hn_ m_hm[n[( ]ihmc^_l[l n[g\czh
inl[ bcj}n_mcm( [ m[\_l( f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ hc %-& hc %.& `o_l[h ]i)
ll_]n[m* <m{( n[g\czh ji^l{[gim ]ihmc^_l[l f[ mcaoc_hn_ bcj}n_mcm
h_a[ncp[6
/* Gim m_l_m bog[him ff_a[lih [ _rcmncl jil [fai ^c`_l_hn_ [ f[
mo_ln_ i _f ^cm_|i*
@f b_]bi ^_ ko_ _mn[ bcj}n_mcm ko_^[ly `o_l[ ^_ f[ ]igj_n_h]c[ m_
domnc`c][\[ jil mo h[nol[f_t[ hi ch`ilg[ncp[* Ii i`l_]_ hchaoh[
_rjfc][]c}h ^_ fim `_h}g_him i\m_lp[^im* <ohko_ \c_h jo_^_
m_l p_l^[^_l[( mc m_ _mny \om][h^i oh[ bcj}n_mcm j[l[ _rjfc][l f[
_rcmn_h]c[ ^_f big\l_( f[ bcj}n_mcm %/& hi ]igjcn_ j[l[ _m_ j[j_f*
Ph[ jlijil]c}h go]bi g_hil ^_ `cf}mi`im s ]c_hn{`c]im ]ihmc)
^_l[l{[ bis _`c][t f[ moa_l_h]c[ ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm %.& [ j[lncl ^_ f[
_pc^_h]c[* K_li oh[ l[t}h j[l[ _mni _m ko_ _h f[ []no[fc^[^ hi
]ihmc^_l[gim ko_ _mn[m ^im bcj}n_mcm m_[h f[m jXSMK] [fn_lh[ncp[m
_h ]igj_n_h]c[* @mny( jil mojo_mni( f[ bcj}n_mcm _pifo]cihcmn[6
0* Gim m_l_m bog[him ff_a[lih [ _rcmncl jil _pifo]c}h*
<ko{ _m ^_ mog[ cgjiln[h]c[ hi ]ih`oh^cl f[ bcj}n_mcm ch`il)
g[ncp[ %0& ]ih f[ bcj}n_mcm hi ch`ilg[ncp[ %/&* G[ bcj}n_mcm %/&
_mny f}ac][g_hn_ cgjfc][^[ jil %0&( j_li f[domnc`c][]c}h ^_ %/& ^_)
j_h^_ _h mo nin[fc^[^ ^_ f[ _`c][]c[ ^_f [laog_hni ch^o]ncpi _h
`[pil ^_ %0&* Ph[ p_t ko_ m_ ]ih]_\c} f[ bcj}n_mcm _pifo]cihcmn[(
f[ ]igj_n_h]c[ ch]fos} hi m}fi [ %-& s [ %.&( mchi n[g\czh [ %0&* T[
ko_ go]bim ]c_hn{`c]im s `cf}mi`im( kocty f[ g[sil{[( ]ihmc^_l[l{[h
ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm %0& _m f[ gym jli\[\f_ ^_ f[m nl_m _h ]igj_n_h)
]c[( ]ihmc^_l[l_gim ko_ _m _`c][t f[ ch^o]]c}h ^_ _m[ bcj}n_mcm [
j[lncl ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[*
@m cgjiln[hn_ m_|[f[l f[ ^c`_l_h]c[ _hnl_ f[ bcj}n_mcm %/& s f[
bcj}n_mcm %0&* G[ jlcg_l[ _m h_a[ncp[ s hi _rjfc][ _f `_h}g_hi
_h ]o_mnc}h( Y_rcmn_h]c[ ^_ fim m_l_m bog[him* G[ m_aoh^[( jil
_f ]ihnl[lci( i`l_]_ oh[ n_il{[ gos mi`cmnc][^[ s ]igjl_hmcp[( f[
n_il{[ ^_ f[ _pifo]c}h( ]igi oh[ _rjfc][]c}h j[l[ _m_ `_h}g_hi*
@m jil _m[ l[t}h ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ hi ]ihmc^_l[l[ f[ bcj}n_mcm

G< DI?P>>DI

2/

%/& ]igi ]igj_ncncp[( ]ihmc^_l[l{[ ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm %0& _m oh[

]igj_nc^il[ s( ^_ b_]bi( oh[ ]igj_nc^il[ ]ih zrcni*
Gim [laog_hnim [hn_lcil_m ff_p[h [ oh[ m_lc_ ^_ ]ih]fomcih_m
cgjiln[hn_m* Klcg_l[( f[ _`c][]c[ ^_ oh [laog_hni ch^o]ncpi ^_)
j_h^_ _h j[ln_ ^_ ]oyf_m mih fim inlim _hoh]c[^im ]ih fim ko_
]igjcn_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_f [laog_hni* N_aoh^[( ]ih koz _hoh]c[)
^im ]igjcn_ oh[ bcj}n_mcm ^_j_h^_ ^_ ]oyf_m mih f[m bcj}n_mcm
ko_ m_ b[h ]ih]_\c^i s( ^_ _mn[ g[h_l[( ^_f ]ihn_rni ^_ f[ chp_m)
nca[]c}h* Ki^_gim ^_]cl [ko{ [faoh[m inl[m ]im[m mi\l_ f[ hi]c}h
]lo]c[f ^_ ]igj_n_h]c[* T[ m_ b[ m_|[f[^i ko_ f[m bcj}n_mcm _h
]igj_n_h]c[ ^_\_h m_l SXPY\WK^S`K]( @m ^_]cl( mc mih p_l^[^_l[m(
^_\_ ^_]clhim ][^[ oh[ [fai mi\l_ _f goh^i* Hym [h( ][^[ oh[
^_ f[m bcj}n_mcm _h ]igj_n_h]c[ ^_\_ m_l ZO\^SXOX^O j[l[ f[ _pc^_h)
]c[ ^_ f[ ko_ ^cmjih_gim* G[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ f[ _rcmn_h]c[ ^_ bo)
g[him m_ ^_\_ [ f[ _pifo]c}h _m j_lnch_hn_ j[l[ f[ _pc^_h]c[ %f[
_pc^_h]c[ _m ko_ f[ a_hn_ _rcmn_ s nc_h_ ]c_ln[m jlijc_^[^_m `{mc][m
s jmc]if}ac][m&( gc_hnl[m ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ [faoh[m ]lc[no)
l[m g[lch[m mih g[g{`_lim hi _m _h [\mifoni j_lnch_hn_ j[l[ _mn[
_pc^_h]c[* @mn[m ]ihmc^_l[]cih_m ^_j_h^_h ^_f ]ihn_rni ^_ chp_m)
nca[]c}h s [m{ [jis[h _f johni ^_ pcmn[ ^_ ko_ mih [mohnim ^c`_)
l_hn_m [ f[PY\WK ^_ oh [laog_hni ch^o]ncpi fim ko_ ^_n_lgch[h
mo _`c][]c[* Jnli `[]nil cgjiln[hn_ _m f[ l_jl_m_hn[ncpc^[^ ^_ f[m
go_mnl[m g_h]cih[^[m [hn_m( _h f[m jj* 10)12( s jil mojo_mni
zmn[ p[lc[ly [ g_ho^i ^_ ]ihn_rni [ ]ihn_rni* Ph[ go_mnl[ ko_
m_l{[ l_jl_m_hn[ncp[ _h oh ]ihn_rni hi fi m_l{[ _h inli( jil _d_g)
jfi ]o[h^i n_h_gim oh[ ho_p[ _pc^_h]c[* Ach[fg_hn_( m_ ]ihmc)
^_l[ ko_ f[m bcj}n_mcm ]ih f[m ko_ ]o[fkoc_l bcj}n_mcm ^[^[ ]ig)
jcn_ ^_j_h^_h ^_ f[ mcno[]c}h _h ]o_mnc}h* @f [laog_hni [ j[lncl
^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ j[l[ f[ bcj}n_mcm %.& jo_^_ b[\_l mc^i _`c][t _h
oh[ mcno[]c}h _h f[ ko_ f[ hc][ bcj}n_mcm _h ]igj_n_h]c[ _l[ %-&*
K_li _mi hi mcahc`c][ ko_ n[f [laog_hni m_[ _`c][t _h oh ]ihn_rni
_h _f ko_ %0& n[g\czh m_ ch]fos_ _h f[ ]igj_n_h]c[*
8PSMKMSK SXN_M^S`K MYWY MYWZO^OXMSK ObS^Y]K
>ih]focgim ko_ f[ _`c][]c[ ch^o]ncp[ ^_j_h^_ ^_ g[h_l[ _m_h)
]c[f ^_f ]ihn_rni _pc^_h]c[f s ]ih]_jno[f ^_f l[tih[gc_hni* Ki)
^_gim ^[l oh[ ^_`chc]c}h ^_ f[ _`c][]c[ ch^o]ncp[ _h nzlgchim
^_ f[ hi]c}h ^_ ]igj_n_h]c[ ^_ f[ mcaoc_hn_ g[h_l[6 oh [lao)
g_hni ch^o]ncpi [ j[lncl ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ j[l[ f[ bcj}n_mcm _m ch)

20

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

^o]ncp[g_hn_ _`c][t mc s m}fi mc f[ bcj}n_mcm _m [ko_ff[ ko_( ^_ ^YNK]

f[m bcj}n_mcm _h ]igj_n_h]c[( nc_h_ f[ g[sil jli\[\cfc^[^ ^_ m_l
p_l^[^_l[ mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[* <m{( _f ko_ oh[ bcj}n_mcm
m_[ l[tih[\f_g_hn_ p_l^[^_l[ mc fim _hoh]c[^im ^_ _pc^_h]c[ mih
p_l^[^_lim( _mny ^_n_lgch[^i jil _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ _m[ bcj}n_mcm
m_[ f[ gym jli\[\f_ ]ih \[m_ _h f[ _pc^_h]c[ ]igj[l[^[ ]ih [ko_)
ff[m ]ih f[m ko_ ]igjcn_*
G[ ]ih]fomc}h ko_ b_gim [f][ht[^i him jlijil]cih[ oh[ g_)
ni^ifia{[ j[l[ jli\[l f[ _`c][]c[ ^_ oh [laog_hni ch^o]ncpi*
Al_hn_ [ oh [laog_hni ch^o]ncpi ohi ^_\_l{[ jf[hn_[l ^im jl_)
aohn[m ^_]cmcp[m6
-* >ih koz _hoh]c[^im ]igjcn_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_f [laog_hni;
.* @m gym jli\[\f_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ko_ ni^[m [ko_ff[m bcj}n_mcm
]ih f[m ko_ ]igjcn_;
N}fi mc _m [`clg[ncp[ f[ l_mjo_mn[ [ f[ m_aoh^[ jl_aohn[ ji^_)
gim ]ihmc^_l[l ko_ _f [laog_hni _m _`c][t* Hym [h( hi b[s oh[
jlo_\[ [onigync][ i oh[ l_af[ `ilg[f jil f[ ]o[f ohi ^z oh[
l_mjo_mn[ [ ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ _mn[m jl_aohn[m* K[l[ l_mjih^_l f[ jlc)
g_l[ ^_\_gim b[]_l omi ^_ ni^im fim l_]olmim chn_f_]no[f_m [
ho_mnli [f][h]_* @f `l[][mi [f ]ihmc^_l[l [faoh[ ]igj_nc^il[ j[)
l[ oh[ bcj}n_mcm jo_^_ ff_p[lhim [ []_jn[l [faoh[ bcj}n_mcm ko_
m_[ nin[fg_hn_ cll[tih[\f_ []_jn[l* Nch _g\[lai( mc b_gim \om)
][^i ^cfca_hn_g_hn_ oh[ ]igj_nc^il[( s ]ihmc^_l[^i ]ih m_lc_)
^[^ f[ jli\[\cfc^[^ ^_ ][^[ oh[( _hnih]_m ji^_gim( _h `ilg[
n_hn[ncp[( ]ihmc^_l[l oh [laog_hni ch^o]ncp[g_hn_ _`c][t ]o[h)
^i f[ ]ih]fomc}h _m f[ gym jli\[\f_ _hnl_ ^YNK] f[m ]igj_nc^il[m
ko_ ji^_gim ]ih]_\cl*
=om][l oh[ ]igj_nc^il[ gym jli\[\f_ j[l[ l_`on[l f[ _`c][]c[
ch^o]ncp[ _m ]igi \om][l oh ]ihnl[_d_gjfi j[l[ l_`on[l f[ p[fc)
^_t ^_^o]ncp[* Ii _h]ihnl[l oh ]ihnl[_d_gjfi hi jlo_\[ ko_
hi b[s[ hchaohi* ?_ g[h_l[ mcgcf[l( hi _h]ihnl[l oh[ bcj}n_mcm
]igj_nc^il[ gym jli\[\f_ hi jlo_\[ ko_ hi b[s[ hchaoh[* Hym
[h( _mnim gi^im ^_ l_`on[]c}h hi mih gym _`_]ncpim ko_ f[ j_l)
mih[ ko_ fim _gjf_[* Kil fncgi( j[l[ ^_]c^clhim [ []_jn[l oh
[laog_hni ]igi ^_^o]ncp[g_hn_ pyfc^i i ch^o]ncp[g_hn_ _`c][t(
hi p[gim [ ^_j_h^_l ^_ hchah jli]_^cgc_hni [onigync]i( mchi
^_ ho_mnl[ chn_fca_h]c[ _ chn_alc^[^* @mni hi _m oh ^_`_]ni* Oi^i
_f jlial_mi _h f[ ]c_h]c[ s _h f[m bog[hc^[^_m ^_j_h^_ _h fncg[

21

@E@M>D>DJN

chmn[h]c[ ^_ _mnim _f_g_hnim* Ii b[s g_ni^ifia{[ ko_ nl[m]c_h^[

i [hof_ _f chn_f_]ni bog[hi*
@E@ M > D> DJ

-* @ h k o z ]ihmcmn_ o h [la o g _h ni ; L oz _m oh [ la o g _h ni pyfc^i;

L o z _m oh[ `i lg [ ^ _ [ la o g _h n[]c}h pyfc^[; > }g i m_ ^ _lcp[ oh
[la o g _h ni pyfc^i ^ _ o h [ `i lg [ ^ _ [la o g _h n[]c}h pyfc^[; L oz
_m o h [la o g _h ni m}fc^i;
.* > i h mc^ _l_ fim mcaoc_hn_m [la o g _h ni m6
G [ p[fc^_t h i nc_h _ cg j iln[h ]c[* P h [la o g _h ni j o _^ _ n_ h _ l
j l_g cm[m `[fm[m s m_ao cl mc_h ^ i pyfc^i* ? _ b _]b i ( j o _^ _ n_h _l
jl_g cm[m `[fm[m s ]ih]fomc}h `[fm[ s m_ao cl mc_h^i pyfc^i* Kil
fi n[h ni( h i b [s l_f[]c}h _ h nl_ p_l^ [^ s p[fc^_t* <m{( m_ p_ k o _
f[ p[fc^_t _m cll_f_p[h n_ j [l[ f[ p_l^ [^ s j i l fi n[h ni j [l[ f[
chp_mnca[]c}h `cfim}`c][*
> }g i l_mj ih ^ _l{[ [ _mn_ [la o g _h ni ; > oyf_m mih Dkm _h oh ]c[^ im
]i ll_]ni m ^_f [ la o g _h ni s ]oyf_m fim ch ]i ll_]nim;
/ * > }g i mclp_ _f g zni ^ i ^ _f ]i h nl[_d_g j fi j [l[ j li \ [l f[ chp[fc)
^_t; Kil k o z o h ]i h nl[_d_g j fi g o _mnl[ ko_ oh [la o g _h ni _m
chpyfc^i; K i l koz oh [la o g _h ni _m pyfc^i mc h i nc_h _ ]i h nl[_d_g )
jfim; L o z j li ]_^ cg c_h ni m_ j li j i h _ j [l[ ^ _]c^ cl mc m_ []_j n[ i
h i k o _ oh [la o g _h ni _m pyfc^i; > l__ omn_^ k o _ _m o h j li ]_ ^ c)
g c_h ni l[tih[\f_; Kil koz;
0* L o z _m o h [ la o g _h ni ^ _ j _nc]c}h ^ _ jlch]cjci; Kil koz ^ _\_
_pcn[lm_;
1 * K o _^ _ oh [ la o g _ h ni ch]ihmcmn_hn_ n_ h _ l oh[ ]ih ]fo mc}h p _ l^ [ )
^ _l[; Kil koz; K o _^ _ o h [la o g _h ni ch]ihmcmn_hn_ j _ li pyfc^i
n_ h _ l o h [ ]ih]fomc}h p_l^ [^ _l[; K i l koz;
2* > i h mc^ _l_ _f mcao c_hn_ [la o g _h ni 6
O_{mn[m s n_}fiaim b [h i`l_]c^ i ]c_lni h g _ li ^ _ [la o g _h ni m
j [l[ j li \ [l f[ _rcmn_h ]c[ ^ _ ?cim* Nch _g \ [la i( h ch a o h i ^ _
zmnim _m ]ihmcmn_hn_* < faohim nc_h _h jl_g cm[m `[fm[m s i nli m mih
chpyfc^im( j _ li ni^im nc_h_h o h i o i nli ^ _ _mnim ^_`_]nim* K il
fi n[h ni ( j i^ _g im ]ih ]fo cl pyfc^ [g _h n_ k o _ ?cim h i _rcmn_*
@m m}fc^i _mn_ [la o g _h ni ; K i l koz; N o j ih a[g im ko_ ni^im fim
_h o h ]c[^ im ko_ j l_]_^ _h [ f[ ]ih]fomc}h mih p _ l^ [ ^ _ li m( m_l{[
m}fc^i _f [la o g _h ni ( _h pcmn[ ^ _ _m[ mojimc]c}h; Kil koz;

22

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

3* L o z _m o h _h o h ]c[^ i f}a c][g _h n_ cgjimc\f_; L o z _m oh _ h o h )

]c[^ i f}ac][g _h n_ h _]_m[lci; ?_ k o z g [ h _ l[ _mnyh l_f[]cih [^ im
_mnim ^im ncjim ^ _ _h oh ]c[^ im; L oz ncj i ^ _ _h o h ]c[^ i _m ] i h )
nl[^ c]ni lci s ]oyf [h[f{nc]i; > }g i j o _^ _ o m[lm_ oh[ ^_`chc]}h
j [l[ g i mnl[l k o _ oh _h o h ]c[^ i _m f}a c][g _h n_ h _]_m[lci i k o _ _m
f}ac][g _h n_ cgjimc\f_;
4* L o z _m o h [ ^_`chc]c}h ch`ilg [ncp[; L o z j lch ]cj ci ^ _ momncno]c}h
_mny a[l[h nct[^ i j i l oh[ ^_`chc]c}h ch`ilg [ncp[; > }g i ^ _\ _ ][fc)
`c][lm_ n[f jlch]cjci; Kil k o z h i j o _^ _ o m[lm_ _f j lch ]cj ci ^ _ mom)
ncno]c}h ]i g i j lo _\ [ j [l[ f[m ^_`chc]cih_m; L o z j li]_^ cg c_h ni
j i^ _g im [ ^ i j n[ l j[l[ j li \ [l f[m ^_`chc]cih_m; > o yh ^ i oh[ ^_`c)
hc]c}h _m ^ _g [mc[^i [g jfc[ s ]o yh ^ i ^ _g [mc[^i l_^ o ]c^ [; K o _)
^ _ o h [ ^_`chc]c}h n_h _l _mnim ^im ^_`_]nim; > }g i;
5* L o z _m o h [ ^_`chc]c}h _mncjof[ncp[; Kil k o z h i j o _^ _ l_]b [t[lm_
oh[ ^_`chc]c}h _mncjof[ncp[ g _^ c[h n_ oh ]ih nl[_d_g j fi; > }g i
j o _^ _ o m[lm_ g [f oh[ ^_`chc]c}h _mncjof[ncp[ j [l[ j li ^ o ]cl f[ `[)
f[]c[ ^ _ f[ l_^_`chc]c}h; @ h k o z ]ihmcmn_ _m[ `[f[]c[ s ] } g i ^ _\_
nl[n[lm_;
-,* L o z _m o h [ ]ih nl[^ c]]c}h KTWR FQ` Kil k o z hi ni^[m f[m ] i h nl[ )
^c]]cih_m mih ]ih nl[^ c]]cih _m `ilg [f_m; > }g i _m oh[ ^_`chc]c}h
k o _ m_ _g j f_[ j [l[ l_^ o ]cl oh[ ]ih nl[^ c]]c}h [ oh[ ]ih nl[^ c]]c}h
`ilg [f; @m jimc\f_ oh[ l_^ o ]]c} h mcg cf[l _h _f ][mi ^ _ fim _ h o h )
]c[^im [h[f{nc]im; > }g i;
--* > i h mc^ _l_ _f mcao c_hn_ [la o g _h ni 6
< faoh[m j _lmih [m mimnc_h_h k o _ _f mi]c[fcmg i _m o h mcmn_g [ ko_
[so^[ [ fim ji\l_m* Nch _g \ [la i( _f mcahc`c][^i ^ _ f[ j [f[\l[ mi)
]c[fcmg i _m nin[fg _h n_ ^ c`_l_h n_ ^_f mcahc`c][^i ^ _ f[m j[f[\l[m
mcmn_g [ k o _ [so^[ [ fim j i \ l_m* K il fi n[h ni ( f[ j lcg _l[ j [f[)
\l[ h i l_ `c_ l_ [ f[ g cmg [ ]im[ k o _ _f fncg i a lo j i ^ _ j[f[\l[m*
K i^ _g im( j o_m( ]ih ]fo cl k o _ _f mi]c[fcmg i h i _m o h mcmn_g [ ko_
[so^[ [ fim ji\l_m*
> oyf _m _f j li\ f_g [ ]ih _mn_ [la o g _h ni ; G [ il[]c} h k o _ _ g )
jc_t[ ]ih f[ _rj l_mc} h j il fi n[ h ni m_ mcao _ ^ _ f[ il[]c} h k o _ f[
j l_]_^ _; Kil koz;
-.* > }g i m_ ^ _`ch _ f[ j[f[\l[ cg jfc][; L o z `ilg [m [fn_lh [ncp[m
b [s j [l[ ^_`chcl _mn[ j [f[\l[; Kil koz ni^ [m _mn[m ^_`chc]cih_m
mih _kocp[f_hn_m;
-/* L o z _m oh _h o h ]c[^ i F UWNTWN; L o z _m oh _h o h ]c[^ i F UTXYJWNTWN;
Nih ni^im fim _h o h ]c[^ im F UTXYJWNTWN _g j {lc][g _h n_ p_lc`c][\f_m i

@E@M>D>DJN

23

_g j {lc][g _h n_ `[fm[\f_m; Kil koz; I i ifpc^_ ^ [l _d_g jfim j [l[

[j i s [l mom j oh nim ^ _ pcmn[*
-0* L o z _m oh [la o g _h ni ch^o]ncpi; > }g i m_ ^ cmnch ao _ f[ ch^o ]]c}h
^ _ f[ ^ _^ o ]]c}h ; > }g i m_ ^_`ch_ f[ JKNHFHNF NSIZHYN[F; > }g i m_
^ c`_l_h ]c[ ^ _ f[ p[fc^_t;
-1* >oyf_m mih f[m ^im `ilg [m ^ _ [la o g _h ni m ch^o]ncpim _mn[^{mnc]im
k o _ ff_p[h [ ]ih]fomcih_m ch]ihmcmn_hn_m; > }g i mo la_ f[ ch ]i h )
mcmn_h]c[; @f j lch ]cj ci ^ _ f[ h i ]ihdohncpc^[^ ^_f [la o g _h ni ch)
^ o ]ncpi him ][j[]cn[ j [l[ _pcn[l f[ ch]ihmcmn_h]c[; Kil koz;
-2* L o z ch]ihmcmn_h]c[ m_ \[m[ _h o h [ ]ih mc^ _l[]c}h ^ _ miln_i m; L oz
j lo _\ [ f[ ch]ihmcmn_h]c[ l_mj _]ni ^ _ f[ _`c][]c[ ^ _ f[m `ilg [m [ la o )
g zh n[f_m ch^o]ncp[m;
-3* > oyf _m f[ cg j iln[h]c[ ^_f ]i h ]_j ni ^ _ ]ig j _n_h ]c[ j [l[ f[ _`c)
][]c[ ch^o]ncp[; > }g i cfomnl[ _f j li\ f_g [ ^ _ f[ _rj fc][]c}h ^ _
f[ _rcmn_h ]c[ ^ _ fim m_l_m b og [him f[ cg j iln[h]c[ ^_f ]i h ]_ j ni ^_
]i g j _n_h ]c[ j [l[ _f l[ti h [g c_h ni ch^o]ncpi;
-4* L o z g zni ^ i m_ j li j i h _ j [l[ j li \ [l f[ _`c][]c[ ^_f [la o g _h ni
ch^o]ncpi; > }g i _mnyh fim ]ih ]_j nim ^ _ ]i g j _n_h ]c[ s j li\ [\ c)
fc^[^ ch]foc^im _h _f g zni ^ i ; > }g i j o _ ^ _ ^ _m[j li \ [lm_ f[ _`c)
][]c[ ch^o]ncp[;
-5* > i h mc^ _l_ _f [la o g _h ni mcaoc_hn_6
G i k o _ cg jiln[ _h `cfimi`{[ _m k o _ o h i fia l_ f[ p _l^ [^ * Nc mo
ij ch c}h _m p _ l^ [ ^ _ l[ s ] i ll_ ]n[ ( _h nih ]_m j i ]i cg j iln[ mc j o _ )
^ _ ^ _`_h ^_lf[ ]ih o h [ la o g _h ni i oh[ lzj fc][ [f [ la o g _ h ni ^ _
inlim* K il i nli f[^i( mc mo ij ch c}h _m `[fm[( _h nih ]_m m}fi _mn[ly
[do mn[h ^i mom _ lli l_ m j [l[ ^ _`_h ^ _l mo ij ch c}h ]i h [la o g _h )
nim s [ n[][h ^ i fim [la o g _h ni m ^ _ j _lmih [m ]ih g [s il ]f[lc^[^
^ _ j _h m[g c_h ni k o _ jim__h f[ p _l^ [^ * <m{( _f [la o g _h ni _m
cll_f_p[h n_ j [l[ f[ chp_mnca[]c}h `cfim}`c][*
?cm]on[ _mn_ [la o g _h ni *
. , * N_ b[ ][l[]n_lct[^ i [^ _]o [^ [g _h n_ f[ hi]c}h ^ _ ]ig j _n_h ]c[
k o _ m_ j l_m_h n} _h _f n_rni ; Ko _^_h fim _h o h ]c[^ im [h[f{nc]im
]i g j _ncl ]i h fim _h o h ]c[^ im ]ih ncha_hn_m; Ko _^_h ]i g j _ncl fim
_h o h ]c[^ im [o ni]ih nl[^ c]nilcim; Nc ^im _h oh ]c[^ im ]ig j cn_h _ h )
nl_ m{( ^_\_h _mn[l l_f[]cih [^ im _f o h i ]ih _f i nli ^ _ [fao h [ g [ )
h _ l[ ;( j i l _d_g j fi( ^_\_h m_l f}a c][g _h n_ ch]ig j[nc\f_m _f o h i
]ih _f i nl i i f}ac][g _h n_ ch ^ _j _h^ c_h n_m _f o h i ^_f i nli ;
. - * > i h mc^ _l_ _f [ la o g _h ni mcaoc_hn_6

24

>JIO@ID?J T HvOJ?JN ?@ G< ADGJNJA<

Ki^l{[ ^ _]clm_ k o _ f[ _rj fc][]c}h ^ _ f[ _`c][]c[ ch^o]ncp[ ^ _m)

]lcn[ _h _f n_ r ni mo]og \_ n[g \czh [ f[ j [l[^ id[ ^_f miln_i * G [
l[t} h _m zmn[6 j c_hm_ _h oh mi ln_i ^ _ - , , \if_nim s ]i h mc^ _l_
k o _ m_ m[][ oh j lcg _l \if_ni* K [l_]_l{[ k o _ fim _h o h ]c[^ im @f
j lcg _l \if_ni k o _ m_ m[ko_ m_ly _f a [ h [ ^ i l s @f j lcg _l \if_ni
k o _ m_ m[ko_ h i m_ly _f a [ h [ ^ i l ]ig j cn_h _f o h i ]i h _f inli*
Kil f[ j l_m_h n_ _rj fc][]c}h ^ _ ch`_l_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[ _`c][t( ] i h )
]focl{[g im k o _ _m l[tih[\ f_ []_j n[l f[ fncg [ s[ k o_( ]i h \[m_
_h f[ _pc^_h]c[( _m g ym j li \ [ \ f_ k o _ mo ]i g j _nc^ i l[* K _ li i \ n_ )
h _g im oh l_mo fn[^ i mcg cf[l mc ]ih mc^ _l[g im _f m_a o h ^ i \if_ni
ko _ m[fa[6 _f _h o h ]c[^ i @f \if_ni ]ih _f h g _li . h i m_ly _f
a [ h [ ^ i l _m g ym jli\[\f_ k o _ mo ]ig j _nc^ il( [ m[\_l( @f \ i)
f_ni ]i h _f h g _ li . m_ly _f a [ h [ ^ i l * G i g cmg i m_ly p_l^ [^
^ _ ][^[ o h i ^ _ fim 5 4 _h oh ]c[^ im l_mn[h n_m %@f \ if_ni ]ih _f
h g _ li / h i m_ly _f a [ h [ ^ i l(** *
@f \ if_ni ]ih _f h g _ li -,,
h i m_ly _f a [ h [ ^ i l&* > [^ [ o h i _m g ym jli\[\f_ k o _ XZ ] i g )
j _nc^il( [ m[\_l( _f _h o h ]c[^ i ^ _ k o _ _m_ \if_ni _mj_]{`c]i m_ly
_f a[h [^ il* <m{( j [ l_]_l{[ k o _ s[ k o _ _m l[ti h [\ f_ ] l _ _ l ][^[
o h i ^ _ _mnim $## _h o h ]c[^ im ch^cpc^o[f_m( n[g \czh _m l[ti h [)
\f_ ] l_ _ l k o _ hchah \if_ni m_ly _f a[h [^ il* @mn[ ]ih]fomc}h(
mch _g \ [la i( _m ]i h nl[lc[ [ fi k o _ j i^ _g im [mog cl ]i g i j [ln_
^ _ f[ _pc^_h]c[( [ m[\_l( ko_ _m o h mi ln_i do m ni k o _ n_h ^ ly _ r [ ] )
n[g _h n_ o h a[h [^ il*
@ p[f _ _mn_ [la o g _h ni * <][mi g o _mnl[ k o _ f[ _rj fc][]c}h ^ _ _`c)
][]c[ ch^o]ncp[ ch nli^ o ]c^ [ _h _mn_ ][j{no fi _m ^ _`_]noim[; Nc _m
[m{( f[ _rj fc][]c}h j o _^ _ m_l l_j [l[^ [;
. . * K [l_]_l{[ jimc\f_( j [l[ g ym ^ _ o h _h o h ]c[^ i _ h nl_ ni^im fim ko_
]ig j cn_h l_mj _]ni ^ _ [faoh[ _pc^_h]c[( k o _ l_mo fn[l[ m_l RbX UWT$
GFGQJ k o _ ni^im fim ^ _g ym ]ig j _nc^ il_m* @m _mn_ oh j li\ f_g [ [f
k o _ _m h _]_m[lci _h `l_h n[lm_; > }g i ^ _\_l{[ m_l nl[ n[ ^ i mc `o_l[
oh j li\ f_g [;

DD
@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G
@N>@KOD>DNHJ
C[s go]b[m `ilg[m s p[lc_^[^_m ^_ _m]_jnc]cmgi* Ph `cf}mi`i _m
_m]zjnc]i l_mj_]ni [ ]c_lni n_g[ mc hc_a[ ko_ f[ a_hn_ ]ihi]_ fi
ko_ zmn[ ]ighg_hn_ ^c]_ ko_ ]ihi]_* Kil _d_gjfi( f[ g[sil{[
^_ f[m j_lmih[m mojih_ ko_ [^koc_l_ ]ihi]cgc_hni jil g_^ci
^_ fim m_hnc^im* Nojih_ ko_ p_( ni][ s mc_hn_ i\d_nim( is_( bo_f_ s
m[\il_[ ]im[m s ko_( jil g_^ci ^_ _m[m j_l]_j]cih_m m_hmilc[f_m(
i\nc_h_ ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_ fim i\d_nim j_l]c\c^im* <oh[^i [ _mni( _m
n{jc]i mojih_l ko_ f[m j_lmih[m j_l]c\_h f[m ]o[fc^[^_m m_hmilc[)
f_m ^_ fim i\d_nim s ko_ g_^c[hn_ _mn[ j_l]_j]c}h [^koc_l_h ]i)
hi]cgc_hni ^_ f[m ]o[fc^[^_m m_hmilc[f_m* <m{( oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ hi
_m oh _m]zjnc]i mimn_h^l{[( mc _mnopc_l[ gcl[h^i _h _mn_ gig_hni
gc g_m[( ko_ _h _ff[ p_ oh[ gykoch[ ^_ _m]lc\cl s( \[myh^im_ _h
ko_ f[ p_ [b{( ko_ m[\_ ko_ b[s oh[ gykoch[ ^_ _m]lc\cl mi\l_
f[ g_m[* <^_gym( chmcmncl{[ _h k_ p_ _f ]ifil alcm ^_ f[ gykoch[
^_ _m]lc\cl s( ]ih \[m_ _h _m[ []]c}h ^_ p_l( ko_ m[\_ n[g\czh
ko_ b[s oh[ gykoch[ ^_ _m]lc\cl alcm mi\l_ f[ g_m[* @h inl[m j[)
f[\l[m( mimn_h^l{[ b[\_l i\n_hc^i ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_ f[ _rcmn_h]c[
^_ f[ gykoch[ ^_ _m]lc\cl s ^_ oh[ ^_ mom ]o[fc^[^_m m_hmilc[)
f_m( ]ih \[m_ _h mo ]ih]_j]c}h pcmo[f* K_li go]bim `cf}mi`im b[h
mc^i _m]zjnc]im _h _f m_hnc^i ^_ ko_ b[h h_a[^i ko_ f[m j_lmih[m
]ihit][h ch]fomi b_]bim n[h ]igoh_m ]igi zmnim*
Gim

H JODQJN ? @G @N>@KOD> DNH J

Hos \c_h ji^l{[gim jl_aohn[l koz gincpim jo_^_ n_h_l oh `cf})

mi`i j[l[ h_a[l ko_ ]ihi]_gim fi ko_ j_hm[gim ko_ ]ihi]_gim*
G[ gincp[]c}h gym ^cl_]n[ mola_ ^_ f[ n_il{[ s f[ _mj_]of[]c}h*

3,

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

>o[h^i oh[ chp_mnca[]c}h `cfim}`c][ ff_p[ [f `cf}mi`i [ ]ih]fomci)

h_m ko_ _hnl[h _h ]ih`fc]ni ]ih fi ko_ f[m j_lmih[m ]ighg_hn_
^c]_h ]ihi]_l( [kozf m_ ch]fch[ly [ _]b[l [\[di f[m [`clg[]cih_m
[^p_lm[m j[l[ [\lcl j[mi [ _mn[ n_il{[* Kf[n}h `o_ oh `cf}mi`i _m)
j_]of[ncpi ko_ ff_a} [ f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_ ko_ f[ l_[fc^[^( _f i\d_ni
jlijci ^_f ]ihi]cgc_hni( hi ]ihmcmn{[ _h fim i\d_nim ko_ [jl_b_h)
^_gim ]ih ho_mnlim m_hnc^im( mchi _h i\d_nim chn_fcac\f_m [jl_)
b_h^c^im jil g_^ci ^_f chn_f_]ni*- @mnim i\d_nim chn_fcac\f_m ch)
]fo{[h fim i\d_nim ^_ f[m g[n_gync][m hg_lim( nlc[haof[lc^[^ s
]ihalo_h]c[( ^_ f[ gil[f domnc]c[( \ih^[^ s bihil ( s inlim
_f_g_hnim cao[fg_hn_ [\mnl[]nim* <laog_hn[\[ ko_ _mim i\d_nim
chn_fcac\f_m _l[h ]ihmn[hn_m s _n_lhim( _h ]ihnl[mn_ ]ih fim i\d_)
nim ^_ f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ m_hmilc[f ko_ ][g\c[h ]ihmn[hn_g_hn_ s m_
^_mp[h_]_h* M_]b[t[\[ fim i\d_nim ^_ f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ m_hmilc[f jil
hi m_l mchi mig\l[m ^_ f[ l_[fc^[^ ^_ f[m `ilg[m chn_fcac\f_m* @m
jil _ffi ko_ Kf[n}h ff_a} [ h_a[l ko_ n_ha[gim ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_
i\d_nim m_hmilc[f_m( n[f_m ]igi g_m[m( _mnl_ff[m i ch]fomi j[ln{]of[m
^_ jifpi* No _m]_jnc]cmgi `o_ oh chal_^c_hn_ ^_ mo n_il{[ _mj_)
]of[ncp[ l_mj_]ni [ f[ h[nol[f_t[ chn_fcac\f_ ^_ f[ l_[fc^[^*
G[m `ilg[m omo[f_m ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi mola_h [ g_ho^i ^_ f[
n_il{[ s ^_ f[ _mj_]of[]c}h ]c_hn{`c][m* Kil _d_gjfi( f[ fot ^_ oh[
_mnl_ff[ ^cmn[hn_ l_koc_l_ ^_ [faohim [|im j[l[ ff_a[l [ himinlim*
<m{ ko_ _mn[gim nin[fg_hn_ _kocpi][^im ]o[h^i( [f p_l _f ]c_fi _h
oh[ hi]b_ ]f[l[( j_hm[gim ko_ p_gim oh[ _mnl_ff[ n[f ]igi _m _h
_f gig_hni _h ko_ f[ p_gim s( _h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( m[\_gim [f g_)
him [fai []_l][ ^_ ]}gi m_ p_ _h _m_ gig_hni* Ko_^_ m_l ko_ f[
_mnl_ff[ s[ hi _rcmn[( s ko_ fi ko_ p_gim [bil[ m_[ f[ fot _g[h[^[
^_ _ff[ b[]_ \o_h hg_li ^_ [|im* <bil[ \c_h( =_lnl[h^ Momm_ff(
[f l_`f_rcih[l mi\l_ _mn_ b_]bi( bcti hin[l ko_ ch]fomi fim i\d_nim
]_l][him( ^ca[gim oh[ mcff[ ko_ _mny [ ohim ]o[hnim g_nlim ^_
himinlim( m_ ]ihmc^_l[h n[g\czh ]igi l_mofn[^i ^_ f[m ih^[m ^_
fot ko_ ]bi][h ]ih _f idi( s ko_ _m[m ih^[m fogchim[m h_]_mcn[h
[fah nc_gji j[l[ pc[d[l ^_f i\d_ni [ f[ moj_l`c]c_ ^_f idi* Kil
fi n[hni( [laog_hn[\[ Momm_ff( mch ^o^[ ji^_gim _mn[l _kocpi][)
^im mc mojih_gim ko_ _mn[gim pc_h^i _f i\d_ni n[f ]igi _m s ko_
m[\_gim [fai []_l][ ^_ ]}gi m_ p_ [bil[* @f i\d_ni jo_^_ mo`lcl
-
Kf[n}h( =JUeGQNHF( jj* 0 3 2 0 3 5 ( 1 , 0 1,5( 1, 5 1- -* %@mnim hg _lim ^_ j y)
ach[ mih fim h g _lim g[lach[f_m ko_ ]ig hg _hn_ m_ ^[h _h fim n_rnim ^_ Kf[)
n}h*&

GJN HJODQJN ?@G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

3 -

[fah ][g\ci [oh _h _m_ ]ilni j_lci^i ^_ nc_gji ko_ h_]_mcn[ f[

fot ko_ _g[h[ ^_f i\d_ni j[l[ ff_a[l [f idi* >ihm_]o_hn_g_hn_(
_m jimc\f_ ko_ KRY\K hi m_[ cao[f [ ]igi him j[l_]_ ko_ _m* Mom)
m_ff ]ih]fos_ ko_ hi m[\_gim mc fim i\d_nim mih ^_ f[ `ilg[ ko_
j[l_]_h( mc f[ mcff[ _m h_al[( jil _d_gjfi( i [ j[lncl ^_ _mni( mc fim
i\d_nim ko_ p_gim _h _mn_ gig_hni _rcmn_h*. <m{ ]igi oh i\d_ni
jo_^_ ][g\c[l _h _f ]ilni j_lci^i ^_ nc_gji ko_ h_]_mcn[h f[m
ih^[m ^_ fot j[l[ ff_a[l [ ho_mnlim idim( ^_ f[ gcmg[ g[h_l[ _f
i\d_ni jo_^_ ^_mnloclm_ ^_f ni^i _h _m_ gcmgi f[jmi ^_ nc_gji*
@h _mn_ ][mi( oh[ n_il{[ ]c_hn{`c][ ko_ n_ha[ ko_ p_l ]ih f[m ih^[m
^_ fot s ]ih f[ `cfimi`{[ ^_ fim jli]_mim j_l]_jno[f_m jlijil]cih[
f[m jl_gcm[m j[l[ f[ [laog_hn[]c}h _m]zjnc][*
Jnli _d_gjfi ^_ n_il{[ ]c_hn{`c][ ko_ ]ih^o]_ [ ]ih]fomcih_m
_m]zjnc][m _mny \[m[^[ _h fim _m]lcnim ^_ Rcf`lc^ N_ff[lm* N_ff[lm
jc_hm[ ko_ ho_mnl[m ]ihpc]]cih_m ^_ m_hnc^i ]igh m_ ijih_h
[ f[m ]ih]fomcih_m ]c_hn{`c][m l_f[ncp[m [ fim ]ifil_m ^_ fim i\d_)
nim* Nojiha[gim ko_ n_h_gim oh ]o\i ^_ pc^lci nl[hmj[l_hn_
ko_ ]o[h^i m_ ]iln[ ]oc^[^im[g_hn_ j[l_]_ m_l lim[ ^_ f[^i [
f[^i* Kil fi ]igh( ]ihmc^_l[l{[gim ko_ _f ]o\i _m oh ]o\i bi)
giazh_i* N_ah N_ff[lm( _mni hi _m [m{* G[ ]c_h]c[ him ^c]_ ko_ _f
]o\i _mny b_]bi ^_ ynigim( fim ko_ mih ch]ifilim( ^cmnlc\oc^im _h
_mj[]ci s nc_gji* >ihmc^_l[^i _h _f hcp_f [n}gc]i( hi b[s ][l[])
n_l{mnc][ ^_f ]o\i ko_ ^ca[ ko_ zmn_ _m bigiazh_i ^_ f[^i [ f[^i*
< ][om[ ^_f ji^_l _rjfc][ncpi ^_ f[ ]c_h]c[( N_ff[lm ]ih]fos_ ko_
^_\_l{[gim []_jn[l f[ n_il{[ [n}gc][ s l_]b[t[l f[ c^_[ ^_ ko_
_f ]o\i _m bigiazh_[g_hn_ lim[*/ ?_ _mn[ g[h_l[( N_ff[lm ff_)
a[l{[ [ l_]b[t[l f[m [`clg[]cih_m ^_ ]ihi]cgc_hni ]ih \[m_ _h _f
m_hnc^i ]igh ko_ b[\f[l{[ ^_f ]ifil bigiazh_i ^_ fim i\d_nim*
@mnz ohi ^_ []o_l^i i hi ]ih _mnim [laog_hnim( _ffim cfomnl[h
oh l[mai `oh^[g_hn[f ^_ f[ g[sil j[ln_ ^_ f[ `cfimi`{[ ^_f _m)
]_jnc]cmgi( [ m[\_l( ko_ zmn[ l_]c\_ mo g[sil [jisi ^_ f[ _mj_)
]of[]c}h l_f[]cih[^[ ]ih inlim [mohnim* H_h]cih[gim f[m n_il{[m
]c_hn{`c][m s `cfim}`c][m ko_ aoc[lih [ fim `cf}mi`im jil _f m_h^_li
^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi* K_li n[g\czh f[m n_il{[m l_fcacim[m b[h _pi][^i
g[koch[]cih_m _m]zjnc][m* Ph `oh^[g_hn[fcmn[( i ]o[fkoc_l[ ko_
.
= _lnl[h^ Momm_ff( ?MJ ,SFQ^XNX T K 8 NSI# <fc_h # Phqch( G ih ^ l_m( -5.-(
jj* - . 0 )- / 2 *
'
Rcf`lc^ A* N_ff[lm( >HNJSHJ# ;JWHJUYNTS# FSI =JFQNY^# C og [hcnc_m( I o_p[ Tile(
- 52/( jj* . 1 ) . 5 *

3.

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

]l_[ _h f[ l_p_f[]c}h ^_ f[ p_l^[^ g_^c[hn_ `o_hn_m mi\l_h[no)

l[f_m( jo_^_ ff_a[l [ l_]b[t[l f[m [`clg[]cih_m ^_ m_hnc^i ]igh
mi\l_ _f ]ihi]cgc_hni* Kil _d_gjfi( mc ]l__gim( ]ih \[m_ _h f[
chn_ljl_n[]c}h \{\fc][( ko_ f[ nc_ll[ m}fi b[ _rcmnc^i ^_m^_ b[]_
ohim ]o[hnim gcf_m ^_ [|im( n_h^l_gim ko_ l_]b[t[l( jil gil
^_ f[ `_( _mim mojo_mnim ko_ f[ g[sil{[ ^_ f[ a_hn_ ]l__ ]ihi]_l(
m_ah fim ]o[f_m f[ nc_ll[ b[ _rcmnc^i ^_m^_ b[]_ gcffih_m ^_ [|im*
8]MOZ^SMS]WY c NYQWK^S]WY
Nch _g\[lai( _f _m]_jnc]cmgi _m cgjiln[hn_ ]o[h^i m_ f_ ]ihmc)
^_l[ ch^_j_h^c_hn_g_hn_ ^_ _m[m n_il{[m ko_ mclp_h j[l[ fim `c)
h_m ^_ f[ _mj_]of[]c}h `cfim}`c][( ]c_hn{`c][ i l_fcacim[( s[ ko_ b[s
jimc\cfc^[^_m ^_ ko_ _f b_]bi ^_ m_l i hi _m]zjnc]im ch`fos[ _h f[
g[h_l[ _h ko_ ^cm_ln_gim _ chp_mncao_gim mi\l_ f[ p_l^[^* Nc oh
big\l_ ^c]_ ko_ ]KLO f[ l_mjo_mn[ [ [fah jli\f_g[( s fo_ai him
^c]_ fi ko_ m[\_( mo [`clg[]c}h _h _f m_hnc^i ^_ ko_ fi m[\_ nc_h_
jil i\d_ncpi ^[l jil n_lgch[^[ f[ ^cm]omc}h ^_f n_g[ _h ]o_mnc}h*
Nc him jl_aohn[gim mc ni^im fim f{koc^im m_ _rj[h^_h ]o[h^i
_mnyh ]iha_f[^im( ]igi fi b[]_ _f [ao[( i mc m_ nl[n[ ^_ oh[ ][)
l[]n_l{mnc][ _mj_]c[f ^_f [ao[( s [faoc_h [`clg[ m[\_l ko_ m_ nl[n[
^_ oh[ ][l[]n_l{mnc][ _mj_]c[f ^_f [ao[ s ko_ fim inlim f{koc^im hi
m_ ]igjiln[h ^_ g[h_l[ mcgcf[l( _m_ [faoc_h _mny b[]c_h^i oh[
[`clg[]c}h ]osi `ch _m ^[l jil n_lgch[^[ f[ chp_mnca[]c}h ^_ _m_
jli\f_g[* < g_ho^i ^[gim f[ \c_hp_hc^[ [ n[f fc\_l[]c}h ^_ f[
ch]_lnc^og\l_ _jcmnzgc][( j_li p[f_ f[ j_h[ jl_aohn[lm_ mc n[f fc)
\_l[]c}h ^_ f[ ^o^[ _m mc_gjl_ m[fo^[\f_ ^_m^_ _f johni ^_ pcmn[
`cfim}`c]i* Ph[ p_t ko_ m_ b[ [^p_lnc^i ko_ oh[ [`clg[]c}h ^_
]ihi]cgc_hni nc_h_ oh[ chn_h]c}h ]ih]fomcp[( ji^_gim pifp_l)
him l[tih[\f_g_hn_ ][onim mi\l_ f[ []_jn[]c}h ^_ n[f_m [`clg[)
]cih_m* ?_ g[h_l[ moncf( n[f_m [`clg[]cih_m mih ^iagync][m* Ii
_m ]igh ]ihmc^_l[lf[m ^iagync][m( [f g_him hi _h ]o_mncih_m
goh^[h[m j_li( oh[ p_t ko_ nl[n[gim ]ih ]o_mncih_m `oh^[g_h)
n[f_m( ^iag[ s ]ihi]cgc_hni pc_h_h [ _mn[l ch_rnlc][\f_g_hn_ _h)
nl_f[t[^im* Kil _d_gjfi( ]o[h^i [ f[ g[sil{[ ^_ f[m j_lmih[m m_
f_m jl_aohn[ koz ]ihmc^_l[h oh ^iag[( chg_^c[n[g_hn_ g_h]ci)
h[h _m[m _hm_|[ht[m l_fcacim[m ^_ f[ @^[^ H_^c[ _h f[m ko_( g_)
^c[hn_ f[ [onilc^[^ l_fcacim[( m_ l_mifp{[h ni^[m f[m ]o_mncih_m ^_
h[nol[f_t[ a_h_l[f( [m{ ]igi go]b[m gym _mj_]{`c][m* Kil _d_g)
jfi( _l[h ^iag[m fim jlch]cjcim \ymc]im( fim l_f[ncpim [ fim ^_gi)

GJN HJODQJN ?@G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

3/

hcim( f[ jim_mc}h ^_gihc[][ s ]im[m l_f[]cih[^[m* N_ ^_]{[ ko_

_mni m_ m[\{[ jil l_p_f[]c}h* N_ ]ihmc^_l[\[ ko_ f[ l_p_f[]c}h _l[
f[ `o_hn_ fncg[ ^_ ]ihi]cgc_hni* @mni cfomnl[ oh [mj_]ni \ymc]i*
Io_mnl[m mojimc]cih_m `oh^[g_hn[f_m( f[m ko_ ^[gim jil ]c_ln[m
[onigync][g_hn_ s mch ]ih]_^_lf_m oh gig_hni ^_ l_`f_rc}h( ch)
`foclyh _h fi ko_ j_hm[gim ko_ m[\_gim s _h f[ g[h_l[ _h ko_
j_hm[gim ko_ fi m[\_gim* Io_mnl[m ]ihpc]]cih_m l_mj_]ni [ f[
`o_hn_ ^_ ]ihi]cgc_hni( _m ^_]cl( l_mj_]ni [ ]}gi _m ko_ m[\_gim(
mih oh jli\f_g[ ^_ ^iag[* @h ]c_ln[ zji][( ]l__l ko_ _f ]ihi]c)
gc_hni jlip_h{[ ^_ f[ l_p_f[]c}h ]ihmncno{[ oh ^iag[* Ph[ j_l)
mih[ ko_ []_jn_ n[f ^iag[ ji^l{[ j_hm[l ko_ m[\_ ko_ [faoc_h
_mn[ jim_{^i jil _f ^_gihci ]o[h^i jl_m_hn[ f[m [fn_l[]cih_m _h
mo j_lmih[fc^[^ s _h mo ]ih^o]n[ ko_ ][l[]n_lct[h [ oh[ jim_mc}h
^_gihc[][* Nc j[lncgim ^_ mojimc]cih_m ^cmnchn[m( h_a[l_gim ko_
n[f j_lmih[ _rj_lcg_hn[ oh[ jim_mc}h ^_gihc[][* K_li _m cgjil)
n[hn_ [^p_lncl ]oyh ^iagync][m mih ho_mnl[m [`clg[]cih_m* @gj_)
t[gim ]ih oh[ mojimc]c}h ^c`_l_hn_( ^c]bi ]lo^[g_hn_( ^_ ko_
f[ ]c_h]c[ _gj{lc][ _m f[ `o_hn_ ^_ ]ihi]cgc_hni s( oh[ p_t [^ij)
n[^i _m_ ^iag[( l_]b[t[gim _m[m [`clg[]cih_m ^_ ]ihi]cgc_hni
\[m[^[m _h mojimc]cih_m lcp[f_m*
@h mog[( ][^[ j_lci^i ^_ f[ bcmnilc[ chn_f_]no[f nc_h_ [fah
^iag[ ko_ _h _m_ gig_hni hi _m ]ihmc^_l[^i ]igi n[f( mchi mcg)
jf_g_hn_ ]igi [fai ko_ _m O`SNOX^O( ?[^i ko_ f[m j_lmih[m \om)
][h fc\_l[lm_ ^_ fim l[tih[gc_hnim s ^_ f[m domnc`c][]cih_m chn_l)
gch[\f_m( m_ [a[ll[h ^_ [fah jlcg_l jlch]cjci i ^iag[ \ymc]i
[`clg[h^i ^_ [b{ _h [^_f[hn_ ko_ _m [fai ko_ m[\_h ko_ _m p_l)
^[^_li* Nc f[ l_p_f[]c}h l_fcacim[ `o_ _f ^iag[ ^_f j[m[^i( _f _g)
jclcmgi ]c_hn{`c]i _m _f ^iag[ ^_ bis* @h oh _m`o_lti jil _h)
n_h^_l _f ^iag[ ko_ [onigync][g_hn_ [mogcgim ]igi ]ihi]c)
gc_hni( _gjl_h^_gim oh _mno^ci ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi _h l_f[]c}h
]ih fim m_hnc^im* Nojih_gim ko_ jil g_^ci ^_ ho_mnlim m_hnc)
^im m[\_gim ^_ f[ _rcmn_h]c[ s ^_ f[m ][l[]n_l{mnc][m ^_ fim i\d_nim
ko_ j_l]c\cgim* Lo_ f[ j_l]_j]c}h s f[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f mih
`o_hn_m ^_ ]ihi]cgc_hni _m [fai ^_ fi ko_ hoh][ ^o^[ _f big)
\l_ ^_ f[ ][ff_( _f big\l_ il^ch[lci ]ih m_hnc^i ]igh* K_li
b_gim moa_lc^i ko_ _f big\l_ il^ch[lci _m ^iagync]i* <mog_
^iagync][g_hn_ mom ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m( go]b[m ^_ f[m ]o[)
f_m ]ihmncnos_h _h [faoh[ g_^c^[ ]ihi]cgc_hni* ?_\_gim ]ih)
mc^_l[l _h koz g_^c^[ mom [`clg[]cih_m nc_h_h gzlcni* Kil inl[
j[ln_( [oh mc _f _m]_jnc]cmgi l_mj_]ni [ fim m_hnc^im cgj_l[ _h

30

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

f[ []no[fc^[^( _m jl_]cmi ko_ hi p_[gim _h _mni [fai ^_m]ih]_l)

n[hn_* Nc [][mi l_mofn[l[ ko_ ho_mnl[m [`clg[]cih_m omo[f_m []_l][
^_f ]ihi]cgc_hni hi jo_^_h a[l[hnct[lm_( _m ^_]cl ko_( _mnlc])
n[g_hn_ b[\f[h^i( hi m[\_gim fi ko_ ^_]cgim s ]l__gim m[\_l(
^_ _mni hi m_ mcao_ ^_ hchaoh[ g[h_l[ ko_ f[ g[sil j[ln_ ^_
ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m mih _kocpi][^[m* Gi hc]i ko_ m_ mcao_ _m ko_
_f nzlgchi ^iagync]i ^_ f[ chp_mnca[]c}h ch]iljil[^i [ ho_mnl[m
[`clg[]cih_m mi\l_ ]ihi]cgc_hni hi ]ihmncnos_ oh[ a[l[hn{[* @h
_mn_ ][mi( f[ chp_mnca[]c}h ^_ f[ p_l^[^ ^_\_ ]ihmc^_l[lm_ gym
]igi oh[ \mko_^[ chn_lgch[\f_ ko_ ]igi oh[ chp_mnca[]c}h fc)
gcn[^[* >igi s[ fi moa_lcgim( hi b[s h[^[ chhi\f_ s ^_m]il[)
tih[^il _h f[ c^_[ ^_ ko_ f[ chp_mnca[]c}h nc_h_ mc_gjl_ f{gcn_m
[\c_lnim* >igi b_gim m_|[f[^i( fim [hn_]_^_hn_m bcmn}lc]im s[
b[h moa_lc^i n[f ]ih]_j]c}h*
EX KXfVS]S] NOV MYXYMSWSOX^Y
<hn_m ^_ _r[gch[l fim [laog_hnim ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi( s _h j[lnc]o)
f[l fim l_f[ncpim [f ]ihi]cgc_hni j_l]_jno[f( ^_\_gim ]ihmc^_l[l
\l_p_g_hn_ fi ko_ m_ koc_l_ ^_]cl ]o[h^i m_ [`clg[ ko_ oh[ j_l)
mih[ MYXYMO [fai* <f nl[n[l ^_ ^_`chcl _mn[ hi]c}h( ]ihmc^_l[l_gim
_f jli\f_g[ ^_m^_ f[ j_lmj_]ncp[ ^_f m_hnc^i ]igh( chn_hn[h^i
ko_ ho_mnl[ ^_`chc]c}h m_ [domn_ [ ho_mnli omi il^ch[lci ^_ f[ j[)
f[\l[( s m}fi ^_mjozm jf[hn_[l_gim f[ jl_aohn[ l_mj_]ni [ mc mih
a[l[hnct[\f_m ho_mnl[m ]ihpc]]cih_m ^_ m_hnc^i ]igh mi\l_ _m)
nim [mohnim* Ii b[s h[^[ ch]c_lni _h _mn_ jli]_^cgc_hni* Io_m)
nl[ _mnl[n_ac[ ]ihmcmn_ _h _gj_t[l ^_`chc_h^i _f ]ihi]cgc_hni
^_ []o_l^i ]ih f[m mojimc]cih_m ^_f m_hnc^i ]igh* ?_mjozm ^_
jf[hn_[l _mn[ ]ih]_j]c}h ^_f ]ihi]cgc_hni( ]_hnl[l_gim ho_mnl[
[n_h]c}h _h f[m [`clg[]cih_m ^_f _m]zjnc]i* Nc m_ jo_^_ ]ihmnlocl
oh [laog_hni _m]zjnc]i m}fc^i ]ih \[m_ _h _mn[ ]ih]_j]c}h ^_f
]ihi]cgc_hni( _hnih]_m _f _m]zjnc]i b[\ly gimnl[^i ko_ hi b[s
]ihi]cgc_hni OX OV ]OX^SNY Y\NSXK\SY NO VK ZKVKL\K( Nc fi bc]c_l[ ^_
inl[ g[h_l[( _f _m]zjnc]i ]ill_l{[ _f lc_mai ^_ ^_`chcl _f ]ihi]c)
gc_hni ^_ oh[ `ilg[ _mj_]c[f ko_ ]ihpchc_l[ [ mom `ch_m( s [m{ m_
f_ []om[l{[ ^_ ]ig_n_l f[ `[f[]c[ ^_ f[ l_^_`chc]c}h*
@hnih]_m( koz mcahc`c][ ^_]cl ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ ]ihi]_ [fai;
K[l[ ]ihn_mn[l ]f[l[g_hn_ _mn[ jl_aohn[ jlcg_li n_h_gim ko_
_mj_]c`c][l ^_ g[h_l[ gym jl_]cm[ koz m_ _mny jl_aohn[h^i( s[

GJN HJODQJN ?@G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

31

ko_ f[ j[f[\l[ ]ihi]_l' nc_h_ al[h p[lc_^[^ ^_ omim s mcahc`c][)

^im ^c`_l_hn_m* Kil _d_gjfi( m_ jo_^_ ^_]cl ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ m[\_
doa[l aif`( n[g\czh m_ jo_^_ ^_]cl ko_ ]ihi]_ K[l{m s( `ch[fg_hn_(
m_ jo_^_ ^_]cl ko_ m[\_ ko_ f[ Phcp_lcm^[^ ^_ N[h H[l]im _m f[
gym [hncao[ ^_f b_gcm`_lci i]]c^_hn[f* @f fncgi omi ^_ f[ j[f[)
\l[ ]ihi]_l _m _f ko_ _mny l_f[]cih[^i gym ^cl_]n[g_hn_ ]ih f[
p_l^[^ s _m _f i\d_ni omo[f ^_ f[ ]l{nc][ _m]zjnc][* ?_]cl ko_ oh[
j_lmih[ m[\_ ko_ f[ Phcp_lmc^[^ ^_ N[h H[l]im _m f[ gym [hncao[
^_f b_gcm`_lci i]]c^_hn[f _kocp[f_ [ ^_]cl ko_ m[\_ ko_ _m `O\NK'
NO\Y ko_ N[h H[l]im _m f[ ohcp_lmc^[^ gym [hncao[ ^_f b_gcm`_lci
i]]c^_hn[f* @mn_ ncji ^_ ]ihi]cgc_hni n[g\czh m_ ff[g[ n_}lc]i i
^cm]olmcpi* Nch _g\[lai( _f l[mai ^cmnchncpi ^_ n[f ]ihi]cgc_hni
_m ko_ mo i\d_ni _m f[ p_l^[^6 _m _f ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_ f[ p_l^[^*
>igi p_l_gim( _f _m]_jnc]cmgi [`clg[ ko_ [fai( []_l][ ^_ fi ]o[f
][mc ni^[ f[ a_hn_ mojih_ ]ighg_hn_ ko_ m[\_gim ko_ _m p_l)
^[^( _m _h l_[fc^[^ [fai ]os[ p_l^[^ hi ]ihi]_gim* O[f ]ihi]c)
gc_hni jo_^_ `ilgof[lm_ n[hni ^c]c_h^i ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ ]ihi]_
S ]igi ^c]c_h^i ko_ m[\_ ko_ S _m `O\NKNO\Y( @mn[m ^im g[h_l[m
^_ _hoh]c[l [`clg[]cih_m ^_ ]ihi]cgc_hni mih _kocp[f_hn_m* <m{(
f[ p_l^[^ _m oh[ ]ih^c]c}h h_]_m[lc[ ^_ n[f*]ihi]cgc_hni7 mc oh[
j_lmih[ m[\_ ko_ [fai _m ^_ ]c_ln[ g[h_l[( _hnih]_m ^_\_ m_l p_l)
^[^_li ko_ m_[ ^_ _m[ g[h_l[*
<^pczln[m_ ko_ _m `l_]o_hn_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ KPS\WO m[\_l ko_
[fai _m ^_ ]c_ln[ g[h_l[ ]o[h^i hi fi _m( j_li [ohko_ [`clg[
ko_ m[\_( hi m[\_* ?_ b_]bi cahil[ f[ p_l^[^* Kil _d_gjfi( mc
oh[ j_lmih[ [`clg[l[ m[\_l ko_ f[ Phcp_lmc^[^ ^_ C[lp[l^ _m f[
gym [hncao[ ^_ @mn[^im Phc^im _mn[l{[ _kocpi][^[( s[ ko_ _mi hi
_m p_l^[^* @m[ j_lmih[ hi m[\_ fi ko_ [`clg[ m[\_l* >o[h^i oh[
j_lmih[ _mny _kocpi][^[ s ]l__ fi ko_ _m `[fmi( _hnih]_m ][l_]_ ^_
]ihi]cgc_hni* C_gim pcmni [bil[ ko_ oh[ ]ih^c]c}h h_]_m[lc[
j[l[ ko_ [faoc_h ]ihit][ [fai _m ko_ m_[ p_l^[^_li* Jnl[ ]ih)
^c]c}h h_]_m[lc[ _m ko_ f[ j_lmih[ ^_\_ jil fi g_him ]l__l f[
]im[ _h ]o_mnc}h* @m i\pci ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ hi m[\_ ko_ [fai _m
p_l^[^_li mc hc mckoc_l[ ]l__ ko_ _m p_l^[^_li* @hnih]_m( ji)
^_gim mcgjf_g_hn_ cao[f[l _f ]ihi]cgc_hni [ f[ ]l__h]c[ p_l^[)
^_l[; @h fi [\mifoni K[l[ p_l jil koz hi( ]ihmc^_l_gim [ oh[
'
K[l[ fim jlij}mcnim ^_ _mn_ ][j{nofi( nl[^o]cgim gYT PST\ jil ]ihi]_l
i m[\_l [n_h^c_h^i [ f[m _rca_h]c[m ^_f ]ihn_rni( _m ^_]cl( ]igi mc _h _mj[|if
n[g\czh m_ nl[n[l[ ^_ oh mifi p_l\i* D9% IJ QFX ?%E

32

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

j_lmih[ ko_ nc_h_ oh jl_m_hncgc_hni s _hnih]_m ]l__ ko_ _f g[l)

][^il `ch[f ^_f do_ai ^_ `n\if ^_ f[ [lg[^[ ]ihnl[ f[ g[lch[ ^_f
jl}rcgi [|i m_ly oh _gj[n_ [ .-* Kil inl[ j[ln_( mojiha[gim
ko_ f[ j_lmih[ cahil[ jil ]igjf_ni _f l_mofn[^i ^_ fim _h`l_hn[)
gc_hnim [hn_lcil_m s inlim ^[nim cgjiln[hn_m* Ach[fg_hn_( cg[ac)
h_gim ko_( jil oh g_li aifj_ ^_ mo_ln_( l_mofn[ ko_ _m[ j_lmih[
_mny _h fi ]ill_]ni* Lo_ m_ nl[n[ ^_ oh g_li aifj_ ^_ mo_ln_ m_
p_ _h _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ ]ih `l_]o_h]c[ nc_h_ n[f_m jl_m_hncgc_hnim
mi\l_ fim g[l][^il_m `ch[f_m ^_ fim do_aim ^_ `n\if( s ko_ ][mc
mc_gjl_ m_ _kocpi][* No ]l__h]c[ p_l^[^_l[ []_l][ ^_f l_mofn[^i
^_f do_ai _hnl_ f[ [lg[^[ s f[ g[lch[ hi ^_\_l{[ ]ihn[l ]igi
]ihi]cgc_hni* Ao_ oh[ ]ihd_nol[ [`ilnoh[^[ s h[^[ gym*
>}gi m_ ^cmnchao_ _f ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_ f[ g_l[ ]l__h]c[ p_l)
^[^_l[; G[ g[sil{[ ^_ fim `cf}mi`im( ch]fos_h^i [ fim _m]zjnc]im(
b[h [laog_hn[^i ko_ _f ko_ f[ ]l__h]c[ p_l^[^_l[ m_[ ]ihmc^_)
l[^[ ]igi ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_j_h^_ ^_ koz n[hn[domnc`c][]c}h nc_h_
f[ j_lmih[ j[l[ ]l__l _h fi ko_ ]l__* G[ j_lmih[ ko_ nc_h_ oh[
]l__h]c[ p_l^[^_l[ mi\l_ _fdo_ai _hnl_ f[ [lg[^[ s f[ g[lch[ hi
nc_h_ domnc`c][]c}h [faoh[ j[l[ ]l__l fi ko_ ]l__( s[ ko_ _h l_[fc)
^[^ hi nc_h_ hc l[t}h hc domnc`c][]c}h j[l[ ]l__l ko_ _f g[l][^il
m_ly oh _gj[n_ [ .-* Kil inli f[^i( oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ p_ _f do_ai s
_m]o]b[ _f mcf\[n_i `ch[f ko_ ch^c][ f[ n_lgch[]c}h ^_f do_ai( _mny
[\mifon[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[ j[l[ n_h_l n[f ]l__h]c[ s jil fi n[hni
m[\_ ko_ _f g[l][^il `ch[f _m ^_ .- j[l[ ][^[ _kocji* <m{( ji)
^_gim [mogcl ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ ][l_]_ ^_ ]ihi]cgc_hni [ g_him
ko_ n_ha[ domnc`c][]c}h( s ^_ b_]bi jf_h[ domnc`c][]c}h( j[l[ ]l__l
fi ko_ ]l__* <^_gym( fi ko_ jil fi a_h_l[f ^_n_lgch[ly ko_ oh[
j_lmih[ n_ha[ f[ mo`c]c_hn_domnc`c][]c}h j[l[ mo ]l__h]c[ _m f[ ][fc)
^[^ ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ `ilg[ f[ \[m_ ^_ mo ]l__h]c[* G[ _pc^_h]c[
^_ f[ j_lmih[ ko_ _mny _h f[m al[^[m pc_h^i _fdo_ai _m nin[fg_hn_
[^_]o[^[( gc_hnl[m ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ f[ j_lmih[ ko_ ]ihd_nol[
_m g{hcg[*
N_ l_koc_l_ oh l_kocmcni gym* Ph[ j_lmih[ jo_^_ _mn[l nin[f)
g_hn_ domnc`c][^[ j[l[ ]l__l fi ko_ ]l__ [oh ]o[h^i _m[ domnc`c)
][]c}h _mnz \[m[^[ _h [faoh[ mojimc]c}h `[fm[*0 Kil _d_gjfi( mc
oh[ j_lmih[ _mn[]cih[ mo ]i]b_ _h oh _mn[]cih[gc_hni j\fc]i
0
@^g oh^ B_nnc_l( Dmdo mnc`c_^ Olo_ =_fc_` Fhiqf_^a_;( ,SFQ^XNX# Qif* ./
%- 5 2 / &( jj* - . - )- . / *

GJN HJODQJN ?@G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

33

^ol[hn_ oh[m ]o[hn[m bil[m( nc_h_ mi\l[^[ domnc`c][]c}h j[l[ [mo)

gcl( ]o[h^i l_al_m[ jil mo ][lli s hi i\m_lp[ hchaoh[ [fn_l[]c}h(
ko_ _f ginil ^_f ]i]b_ mcao_ ^_hnli ^_f ]i`l_* Kil mojo_mni( mc [f)
aoc_h b[ li\[^i _f ginil gc_hnl[m _f ^o_|i ^_f ]i]b_ hi _mn[\[
[b{( _hnih]_m mo ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ b[s oh ginil ^_hnli ^_f ]i`l_
hi [f][ht[ [ m_l ]ihi]cgc_hni mcgjf_g_hn_ jilko_ hi _m p_l^[^
ko_ _f ginil _mnz [b{* Ii i\mn[hn_( cg[ach_gim ko_ ^_mjozm ^_
li\[^i _f ginil( oh [gcai ff_a} s [f hin[l ko_ m_ fi b[\{[h ff_)
p[^i [ll_af}( [hn_m ^_ ko_ _f ^o_|i ^_f ]i]b_ l_al_m[l[( ko_ f_
jomc_l[h inli ginil j[l[ l_gjf[t[l _f li\[^i s [m{ _pcn[l [f jli)
jc_n[lci f[ [haomnc[ ^_ _h]ihnl[lm_ ]ih ko_ m_ b[\{[h li\[^i mo
ginil* @hnih]_m( ]o[h^i _f ^o_|i l_al_m[( _mny nin[fg_hn_ _h fi
]ill_]ni [f ]l__l ko_ b[s oh ginil ^_hnli ^_f ]i`l_ ^_ mo ][lli*
Hym [h( m_ domnc`c][ jf_h[g_hn_ ko_ zf ]l_[ _mi* Nch _g\[lai( f[
]l__h]c[ ^_f jlijc_n[lci _mn[ly \[m[^[ _h oh[ mojimc]c}h `[fm[( [
m[\_l( ko_ _f ginil ko_ _mn[\[ _h _f ]i`l_ ^_ mo ][lli ]o[h^i zf
m_ `o_ m_ao{[ _mn[h^i [b{* @mn[ mojimc]c}h `[fm[ fi ff_p[ [ f[ ]ih)
]fomc}h p_l^[^_l[ ^_ ko_ b[s oh ginil _h mo ]i`l_( j_li f[ hc][
domnc`c][]c}h j[l[ ko_ ]l_[ _mi _mny \[m[^[ _h oh[ mojimc]c}h `[fm[*
Kil fi n[hni( hi ji^_gim ^_]cl ko_ f[ j_lmih[ ]KLO ko_ b[s oh
ginil ^_hnli ^_f ]i`l_ ^_ mo ][lli*
?_\_gim j_^cl hi m}fi ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ n_ha[ \o_h[ domnc`c)
][]c}h _h fi ko_ ]l__( mchi n[g\czh ko_ mo domnc`c][]c}h hi ^_)
j_h^[ O]OXMSKVWOX^O ^_ [faoh[ mojimc]c}h `[fm[7 ^_ inl[ g[h_l[(
hi jo_^_ ^_]clm_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ ]ihit][* @mn_ l_kocmcni ^_\_
_mn[l [lnc]of[^i ^_ ^cp_lm[m g[h_l[m* M_ko_lcl_gim ko_ oh[ j_l)
mih[ _mnz nin[fg_hn_ domnc`c][^[ _h ]l__l [fai ]ih _f `ch ^_ m[\_l
ko_ fi ko_ ]l__ _m p_l^[^_li( s n[g\czh ko_ mo domnc`c][]c}h hi
^_\_ m_l KX_VKNK jil hchaoh[ mojimc]c}h `[fm[*
@h ]ih]fomc}h( oh[ j_lmih[ m[\_ [fai m}fi ]o[h^i mo ]l__h)
]c[ _m p_l^[^_l[( ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[ s f[ domnc`c][]c}h hi
jo_^_ [hof[lm_* Ph _m]zjnc]i ko_ jf[hn_[ mo ][mi _h _mn_ g[l]i
^_ [hyfcmcm ^_ ]ihi]cgc_hni jo_^_ [lacl l_mj_]ni [ _m[m ]im[m
ko_ f[ a_hn_ ]ighg_hn_ [mog_ ko_ m[\_6 %-& ko_ hc mckoc_l[
]l__gim _m[m ]im[m7 %.& ko_ _m[m ]im[m hi mih p_l^[^_l[m7 %/& ko_
hi _mn[gim ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^im _h ]l__lf[m7 i %0& ko_
ho_mnl[domnc`c][]c}h( [ohko_ ]igjf_n[( _m [hof[^[ jil [faoh[ mo)
jimc]c}h `[fm[ ^_ f[ ko_ ^_j_h^_ ^_ g[h_l[ _m_h]c[f* @f johni
gym m_aoli j[l[ ko_ _f _m]zjnc]i ]ihmca[ oh g[sil mimnzh _m
f[ ]ih^c]c}h %/&* Kil _d_gjfi( oh _m]zjnc]i ko_ ^_m_[ ^_`_h^_l

34

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

[faoh[ `ilg[ gos [gjfc[ ^_ _m]_jnc]cmgi( [f mimn_h_l ko_ hi

m[\_gim mc [faoh[ ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m _m p_l^[)
^_l[( [laog_hn[ly mi\l_ ni^i ko_ f[ ]ih^c]c}h %/& ^_f [hyfcmcm hi
ko_^[ m[ncm`_]b[ jil ^c]b[m ]l__h]c[m* Kil mojo_mni( zf jo_^_ mim)
n_h_l ko_ ni^[m f[m ]l__h]c[m ^_ _m[ {h^if_ mih `[fm[m( j_li mc ]ih)
]_^_ ko_ n_h_gim jf_h[ domnc`c][]c}h _h ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l)
]_jno[f_m( f_ m_ly mog[g_hn_ ^c`{]cf ]ihp_h]_l [ mom ^_nl[]nil_m
^iagync]im ^_ fim gzlcnim ^_ mo _m]_jnc]cmgi* K[l[ ji^_l g[hn_)
h_l mo jimc]c}h m_l{[ h_]_m[lci( ]igi jlcg_l j[mi( ko_ [laog_h)
n[l[ ko_ n[f_m ]l__h]c[m hi _mnyh ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[m*
? J B H < O DN H J

T @ K DN O @ H DN H J

@h oh[ j[ln_ [hn_lcil ^_ _mn_ m_aoh^i ][j{nofi b[\f[gim ^_ f[m

^c`_l_hn_m `ilg[m ^_ ^iag[ncmgi s ^_ ^cmnchnim ^iag[m* Ph ^ia)
g[( n[f ]igi om[gim _f nzlgchi( _m oh[ mojimc]c}h ko_ ohi b[]_
_h `ilg[ []l{nc][( mch hchah chn_hni ^_ domnc`c][]c}h l_`f_rcp[( s
ko_ ohi mc_hn_ ko_ _m nin[fg_hn_ _pc^_hn_7 [fai ko_ hi l_koc_l_
hchah _r[g_h m_lci* Ph ^iag[ m_g_d[hn_ m_l{[ f[ mojimc]c}h
ch]o_mncih[^[( ]ihmc^_l[^[ ]igi nin[fg_hn_ _pc^_hn_( ^_ ko_ i\)
n_h_gim ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_ f[ _rcmn_h]c[ s ^_ f[m ][l[]n_l{mnc][m m_h)
milc[f_m ^_ fim i\d_nim il^ch[lcim jil g_^ci ^_ ^cp_lmim ncjim ^_
j_l]_j]c}h* @hnih]_m( [ _mn_ l_mj_]ni ZS NYQWf^SMY m_l{[ oh[ j_l)
mih[ ko_ []_jn[l[ _mn[ mojimc]c}h mch ]o_mncih[gc_hnim s f[ ]ih)
mc^_l[l[ ]igi nin[fg_hn_ _pc^_hn_( ]igi [fai ko_ hi l_koc_l_
hchah [jisi _mj_]c[f*
Nch _g\[lai( hi h_]_m[lc[g_hn_ _m ^iagync][ oh[ j_lmih[
ko_ []_jn[ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ i\n_h_gim ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_ fim
i\d_nim [ j[lncl ^_ f[ j_l]_j]c}h( s[ ko_ n[f j_lmih[ ji^l{[ m_l
nin[fg_hn_ ]l{nc][ s l_`f_rcp[ []_l][ ^_ _m[ mojimc]c}h s ^_ b_)
]bi mimn_h_l ko_ b[s \o_h[m l[tih_m j[l[ mimn_h_lf[ i []_jn[lf[*
<]o|_gim oh[ ho_p[ j[f[\l[ j[l[ _f ncji ^_ j_lmih[ ko_ hi _m
jlijc[g_hn_ ^iagync][ ]ih l_f[]c}h [ _mn_ [mohni* ?cl_gim ko_
oh OZS]^O\\j]^K %_)jcm)n_qc)cmn[& l_mj_]ni ^_f ]ihi]cgc_hni j_l]_j)
no[f _m [ko_f ko_ hi m}fi []_jn[ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ i\n_h_gim
]ihi]cgc_hni g_^c[hn_ f[ j_l]_j]c}h( mchi koc_h n[g\czh jc_hm[
ko_ b[s go]b[m \o_h[m l[tih_m _h `[pil ^_ _m[ [`clg[]c}h* @f
_m]zjnc]i( _h ]ihnl[jimc]c}h( chmcmn_ _h ko_ b[s \o_h[m l[tih_m(
s ^_ b_]bi g_dil_m( j[l[ h_a[l n[f mojimc]c}h* @hn_h^_l_gim f[
mcaoc_hn_ ^cm]omc}h ]igi oh chn_l][g\ci ko_ m_ ^[ _hnl_ _f _jcm)

@G @N>@KOD>DNHJ M@NK@>OJ ?@ GJN N@IOD?JN

35

n_gcmn[ s _f _m]zjnc]i( gym ko_ _hnl_ _f ^iagync]i s _f _m]zjnc]i*

@f ^iagync]i s[ hi _m oh ijih_hn_ n[h [jl_]c[^i ]igi ji^l{[
m_lfi _m_ _m]zjnc]i nin[fg_hn_ ^iagync]i ko_ ]SWZVOWOX^O mojih_
ko_ hi b[s ]im[m n[f_m ]igi _f ]ihi]cgc_hni j_l]_jno[f*
Ph _jcmn_gcmn[ mimn_h^ly ko_ f[ mojimc]c}h ^_f ]ihi]cgc_hni
j_l]_jno[f %f[ mojimc]c}h ^_ ko_ i\n_h_gim ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_ fim
i\d_nim g_^c[hn_ f[ j_l]_j]c}h& m_ [jis[ _h _f m_hnc^i ]igh
\OPVObS`Y( <ko{ f[ c^_[ _m ko_ f[ mojimc]c}h ^_f ]ihi]cgc_hni j_l)
]_jno[f _m oh l[mai ^_f m_hnc^i ]igh( j_li ko_ hi m}fi _m _mi*
>o[h^i ohi ]ihmc^_l[ s l_`f_rcih[ m_lc[g_hn_ mi\l_ f[ moji)
mc]c}h( s nl[n[ ^_ j_hm[l _h ]ihmc^_l[]cih_m ko_ n_h^_l{[h [ gim)
nl[l ko_ i \c_h _m `[fm[ i \c_h [f g_him ^o^im[( ohi _h]o_hnl[
ko_ hi b[s ]ihmc^_l[]cih_m ^_ _mn_ ncji* <f hi _h]ihnl[l l[tih_m
n[f_m ]ihnl[ f[ mojimc]c}h( nl[m ]ihmc^_l[]cih_m ]oc^[^im[g_hn_
l_`f_rcih[^[m( _f _jcmn_gcmn[ mimnc_h_ ko_ nc_h_ [f g_him KVQ_XK
l[t}h j[l[ []_jn[l f[ mojimc]c}h ^_f ]ihi]cgc_hni j_l]_jno[f* @f
m_hnc^i ]igh l_`f_rcpi( hi ^iagync]i( ]ihmncnos_ _f [jisi jimc)
ncpi [ `[pil ^_ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ [ g_ho^i i\n_h_gim ]ihi)
]cgc_hni ^_ fim i\d_nim g_^c[hn_ f[ j_l]_j]c}h*
@

@N> @KO D> DNH J M@NK@>OJ ?@ GJN N@I OD? J N

Iim i]oj[l_gim [bil[ ^_ _r[gch[l _f [laog_hni _m]zjnc]i l_m)

j_]ni ^_ f[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f* <f b[]_l _mi ]ihmc^_l[l_gim m_)
lc[ s [gjfc[g_hn_ oh[ i\d_]c}h [ oh[ ^_ f[m mojimc]cih_m gym
`oh^[g_hn[f_m ^_f g_^ci chn_f_]no[f ]igh( [ m[\_l( ko_ i\n_h_)
gim ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_f goh^i g_^c[hn_ f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ m_hmilc[f(
jil i\m_lp[]c}h s j_l]_j]c}h* G[m _n[j[m chc]c[f_m ^_f [laog_hni
jo_^_h j[l_]_lf_m gcmn_lcim[m s ^_milc_hn[^ il[m* @mi _m jl_pcmc)
\f_* >o[h^i ho_mnl[m mojimc]cih_m s jl_mojimc]cih_m `oh^[g_h)
n[f_m m_ jl_m_hn[h [hn_ f[ ]iln_ ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ s _h]ihnl[gim ko_
mih ch[^_]o[^[m( him m_hncgim [\[h^ih[^im _h ho_mnl[ ch]_lnc)
^og\l_ mch [fai ko_ him [jis_* T _hnih]_m( [ j_m[l ^_ fi ]ihpch)
]_hn_ ko_ jo_^[ m_l _f [laog_hni( ji^_gim l_jo^c[l [ f[ ]iln_
jil chdomn[* O[f l_mjo_mn[ _m [f gcmgi nc_gji h[nol[f s ][l_hn_
^_ a[l[hn{[m* Ph _m]zjnc]i ko_ [`clg[ ko_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l)
]_jno[f_m hi ff_a[h [ m_l ]ihi]cgc_hni( hi h_]_mcn[ moa_lcl ko_
zmn[m ^_\_h m_l [\[h^ih[^[m* Nc_gjl_ s ]o[h^i _m[m ]l__h]c[m
mca[h mc_h^i gym jli\[\f_m ko_ [ko_ff[m ]ih f[m ko_ ]igjcn_h(
b[s l[t}h mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ g[hn_h_lf[m* K_li mc _f _m]zjnc]i a[h[

4,

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

f[ j[lnc^[( _hnih]_m ch]fomi f[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m gos l[)

tih[\f_m ^_\_h mimn_h_lm_ ]ih g_hn_ [\c_ln[ s _rjih_lm_ a_h_)
lim[g_hn_ [ f[ ]l{nc][ s [f ^_\[n_* @rjih_lf[m [f _m]lonchci s [f
_r[g_h( [oh ]o[h^i _h oh jlch]cjci l_mofn_ gif_mni ]igi mc
_rjomczl[gim ho_mnli jlijci ]o_lji [ fim _f_g_hnim jlihni m_
]ihpc_ln_ _h oh[ lonch[ s( [^_gym( jlip__ oh pcailct[hn_ m_hnc^i
^_ \c_h_mn[l* >ih _mn[m j[f[\l[m nl[hkocfct[^il[m _gjl_h^_l_)
gim ho_mnl[ chp_mnca[]c}h mi\l_ _f _m]_jnc]cmgi ]ih l_mj_]ni [
fim m_hnc^im*
Io_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m []_l][ ^_ fi ko_ i{gim( ni)
][gim s p_gim m_ \[m[h _h f[ _pc^_h]c[* Ko_^_ m_l ko_ _mni hi
j[l_t][ i\pci _h oh jlch]cjci jilko_ n[f _pc^_h]c[ l[l[ p_t m_
`ilgof[ _h j[f[\l[m* Kil fi ]igh hi domnc`c][gim ho_mnl[m
]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m jil _d_gjfi gc ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ p_i oh[
g[ht[h[ lid[ _h gc g[hi [j_f[h^i [ [faoh[ inl[ ]l__h]c[ i
[m_p_l[]c}h* Nch _g\[lai( _mn[m ]l__h]c[m hi ][l_]_h ^_ _pc^_h)
]c[* @m f[ _pc^_h]c[ hi `ilgof[^[ ^_ ho_mnlim m_hnc^im( f[ _pc^_h)
]c[ ^cl_]n[ _ chg_^c[n[ ^_ f[ _mncgof[]c}h m_hmilc[f( f[ ko_ [mogc)
gim ko_ domnc`c][ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m* Kil _d_gjfi(
cg[ach_gim ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ ]l__ _h oh ^_n_lgch[^i gig_hni
ko_ p_ oh[ g[ht[h[ lid[* Kil fi a_h_l[f( [mogcgim ko_ fi ko_
domnc`c][ _mn[ ]l__h]c[ _m f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ pcmo[f ko_ _ff[ nc_h_ _h
_m_ gig_hni( f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ j_l]_jno[f pcmo[f ^_ oh[ g[ht[h[
lid[* @m omo[f ko_ hi `ilgof_gim s _hoh]c_gim _rjf{]cn[g_hn_
n[f _pc^_h]c[( jilko_ omo[fg_hn_ hi n_h_gim l[tih_m j[l[ b[)
]_lfi* Ii i\mn[hn_( jil fi a_h_l[f [mogcgim ko_ _mn[ _pc^_h]c[(
f[m i]oll_h]c[m ^_ _rj_lc_h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m ^_ i\d_nim s ^_ mom
]o[fc^[^_m m_hmilc[f_m( domnc`c][ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m*
G[ ]o_mnc}h ko_ [bil[ ^_\_gim ]ihmc^_l[l _m mc _mn[ _pc^_h]c[
jlijil]cih[ nin[f domnc`c][]c}h j[l[ _mn[m ]l__h]c[m*
EX K\Q_WOX^Y O]MgZ^SMY
Qifp_l_gim [ Kf[n}h j[l[ chc]c[l ho_mnl[m ]ihmc^_l[]cih_m mi\l_
_f _m]_jnc]cmgi* >igi ^cdcgim( Kf[n}h h_a} ko_ m_j[gim ko_
_f fyjct ko_ p_gim _m [g[lcffi( i ko_ ]o[fkoc_l ]im[ i\m_lp[\f_
n_ha[ i hi ]o[fkoc_l ][l[]n_l{mnc][ i\m_lp[\f_* Ph [laog_hni
jl_m_hn[^i jil Kf[n}h j[l[ ^_`_h^_l mo _m]_jnc]cmgi `o_ ohi
\[m[^i _h f[ l_f[ncpc^[^ ^_f i\m_lp[^il* Nojiha[gim ko_ [fai

@G @N>@KOD>DNHJ M@NK@>OJ ?@ GJN N@IOD?JN

4 -

_mncgof[ gcm }la[him m_hmilc[f_m s ko_ p_i [fai lidi* Ko_^_ mo)
]_^_l ko_ _f i\d_ni n[g\czh _mncgof_ fim }la[him m_hmilc[f_m ^_
[faoc_h gym( koc_h p_ oh i\d_ni ^_ ]ifil ^c`_l_hn_( jil _d_gjfi
p_l^_* Dg[ach_gim ko_ _f i\d_ni ^_ b_]bi _m \f[h]i( ko_ b[s oh
jfymnc]i lidi nl[hmj[l_hn_ _hnl_ _f i\d_ni s si( s oh jfymnc]i p_l^_
_hnl_ _f i\d_ni s _f inli i\m_lp[^il* Nc hc _f inli i\m_lp[^il hc si
m[\_gim ^_ f[ jl_m_h]c[ ^_ _mim jfymnc]im( _hnih]_m ][^[ ohi ^_
himinlim jo_^_ _mn[l nin[fg_hn_ ]ihp_h]c^i ^_ ko_ p_ f[ ]im[
^_f ]ifil ko_ l_[fg_hn_ _m* @mn_ _d_gjfi gym \c_h g[|imi nc_h_
go]b[m cgjfc][]cih_m a_h_l[f_m( s[ ko_ mc jih_gim ]oc^[^im[
[n_h]c}h [ fi ko_ p_gim( m_ po_fp_ jf[omc\f_ [`clg[l ko_ ^im j_l)
mih[m hoh][ p_h _f gcmgi i\d_ni _r[]n[g_hn_ ^_ f[ gcmg[ g[)
h_l[* Kil _d_gjfi( ]ihmc^_l_gim oh j_hcko_ il^ch[lci ^_ ]i\l_*
Kiha[ omn_^ go]b[ [n_h]c}h [ fi ko_ p_ ]o[h^i gcl[ _mn_ j_hc)
ko_* Nc _f j_hcko_ m_ g[hnc_h_ chg}pcf gc_hnl[m omn_^ m_ go_p_(
i mc m_ go_p_ gc_hnl[m omn_^ m_ g[hnc_h_ chg}pcf( fi ko_ omn_^ p_
][g\c[ly ]ihmn[hn_g_hn_* <m{( ]o[h^i omn_^ p_ _f j_hcko_ ^_m^_
oh yhaofi m_ly [fai ][mc j_l`_]n[g_hn_ l_^ih^i( j_li mc omn_^ m_
go_p_ b[]c[ inli f[^i s p_ _f j_hcko_ ^_m^_ oh yhaofi gym i\fc)
]oi( p_ly [fai _f{jnc]i* ?_ _mn[ g[h_l[( ^im j_lmih[m ko_ p_h _f
j_hcko_ ^_m^_ yhaofim ^c`_l_hn_m hi p_lyh f[ gcmg[ ]im[* @mnim
mih b_]bim `[gcfc[l_m ^_ _rj_lc_h]c[ j_l]_jno[f* >}gi jo_^_h
om[lm_ j[l[ m_lpcl [ fim jlij}mcnim ^_f _m]zjnc]i;
@f _d_gjfi ^_f j_hcko_ jo_^_ oncfct[lm_ j[l[ gimnl[l ko_ [f
g_him oh[ ^_ f[m ^im j_lmih[m chpifo]l[^[m hi p_ _f j_hcko_
]igi _m* @f j_hcko_ hi jo_^_ Y_l [f gcmgi nc_gji j_l`_]n[g_hn_
l_^ih^i s _f{jnc]i* <m{( mc mo]_^_ ko_ f[m ^im j_lmih[m nc_h_h oh[
]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f( oh[ ]ih _f _`_]ni ^_ ko_ pci oh j_hcko_ l_)
^ih^i s f[ inl[ ]ih _f _`_]ni ^z ko_ pci oh j_hcko_ ^_ `ilg[
_f{jnc][( _hnih]_m [f g_him oh[ ^_ _ff[m _mn[ly _kocpi][^[* Kil fi
n[hni( [f g_him oh[ ^_ _ff[m hi m[\ly ko_ mo ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f
_m p_l^[^_l[ ]ih \[m_ _h mo j_l]_j]c}h* <bil[ \c_h( jil fi a_h_)
l[f f[m j_lmih[m `ilg[h ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m ko_ _mnyh \[m[^[m
_h mom _rj_lc_h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m s ko_ ]ill_mjih^_h [ _ff[m* <m{(
f[ j_lmih[ ko_ p_ _f j_hcko_ ^cl_]n[g_hn_ ^_m^_ [llc\[ s ko_
^_ []o_l^i ]ih _ffi p_ oh i\d_ni l_^ih^i( m_ `ilg[ly f[ ]l__h)
]c[ j_l]_jno[f ^_ ko_ p_ oh j_hcko_ l_^ih^i* ?_ g[h_l[ mcgc)
f[l( oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ p_ oh[ mcff[ ko_ j[l_]_ p_l^_ m_ `ilg[ly f[
]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f ^_ ko_ p_ oh[ mcff[ p_l^_* @f b_]bi ^_ ko_
f[ j_l]_j]c}h m_[ l_f[ncp[( ^_ ko_ fi ko_ ohi p_ _r[]n[g_hn_ i(

4.

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ Q @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

_h inl[m j[f[\l[m( j_l]c\_( ][g\c[ly ]ih fim ][g\cim ^_ inlim `[])

nil_m ^cp_lmim %f[ jimc]c}h ^_f i\m_lp[^il( f[ cfogch[]c}h( f[ ]ih)
^c]c}h ^_f i\m_lp[^il s ]im[m mcgcf[l_m&( \[mn[ j[l[ gimnl[l ko_
mc_gjl_ ko_ m_ `ilgof[ oh[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f( ohi _m ][j[t
^_ _mn[l ]ig_nc_h^i oh _llil( s[ ko_ a_h_l[fg_hn_ `ilgof[gim
]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m ko_ ]ill_mjih^_h ]ih fi ko_ j_l]c\cgim(
i ]ih f[ g[h_l[ ]igi [j[l_]_h f[m ]im[m _h oh gig_hni ^[^i*
@h f[ g_^c^[ _h ko_ _mn[ fncg[ mc_gjl_ _mnz ][g\c[h^i( ji^_)
gim ]ih]focl ko_ [ p_]_m ]ig_n_gim _llil_m _h ho_mnl[m ]l__h)
]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m*
Kil mojo_mni( oh _jcmn_gcmn[ jo_^_ []_jn[l _mn[ ]ih]fomc}h
]ih _]o[hcgc^[^* @m h[nol[f ko_ [ p_]_m ]ig_n[gim _llil_m j_l)
]_jno[f_m* K_li hi ji^_gim ch`_lcl [ j[lncl ^_ _mni ko_ hi b[s[
]ihi]cgc_hni j_l]_jno[f* ?_f b_]bi ^_ ko_ K `OMO] `l[][m[gim
[f i\n_h_l ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_ fim i\d_nim g_^c[hn_ f[ j_l]_j]c}h(
^c`{]cfg_hn_ m_ mcao_ ko_ ]SOWZ\O `l[][m[gim [f i\n_h_l n[f ]ihi)
]cgc_hni jil _mim g_^cim*
@mn[ ch`_l_h]c[ jo_^_ l_`ilt[lm_ ]ih `[]cfc^[^ [|[^c_h^i oh[
jl_gcm[ j_l`_]n[g_hn_ p_l^[^_l[* Ko_mni ko_ ]ih m_aolc^[^ ji)
^_gim [|[^cl ko_ mc oh[ j_lmih[ ]ihi]_ [fai s ko_( jil fi n[hni(
_mny ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[ j[l[ ]l__l _h _ffi( hi _m jimc\f_
ko_ _mnz _kocpi][^[ _h mo ]l__h]c[* Nc oh[ j_lmih[ ^c]_ ko_ ]l__
[fai j_li [^gcn_ ko_ ji^l{[ _mn[l _kocpi][^[( _hnih]_m ]ih _mi
b[ [^gcnc^i ko_ hi nc_h_ jf_h[ domnc`c][]c}h _h mo ]l__h]c[ s hi
m[\_ mc fi ko_ ]l__ _m p_l^[^_li* ?_ g[h_l[ mcgcf[l( mc ^_]cgim
ko_ inl[ j_lmih[ ji^l{[ _mn[l _kocpi][^[( n[g\czh b_gim [`cl)
g[^i ko_ _ff[ ][l_]_ ^_ ]ihi]cgc_hni []_l][ ^_ _m[ g[n_lc[* Dh)
]fomi ]o[h^i oh[ j_lmih[ hi _mny _kocpi][^[( mc jo^c_l[ _mn[lfi(
_hnih]_m _ff[ hi m[\l{[ mc fi ko_ ]l__ _m p_l^[^_li* <m{( oh[ j_l)
mih[ m[\_ [fai m}fi mc jo_^_ hi _mn[l _kocpi][^[ [f ]l__lfi*
G[ cgjiln[h]c[ ^_ fim ]ig_hn[lcim [hn_lcil_m _m ch^o^[\f_*
N_|[f[gim ko_ [ p_]_m f[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ m_ly
_ll}h_[ _h j[ln_ jil f[ l_f[ncpc^[^ ^_ f[ j_l]_j]c}h* >ih m_aolc)
^[^ _h n[f_m ][mim f[ j_lmih[ hi i\nc_h_ ]ihi]cgc_hni j_l]_jno[f*
@mni go_mnl[ ko_ _m jimc\f_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ m_ _kocpiko_ _h mo
]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f* ?_mjozm ^_ ni^i( mc NO ROMRY [ p_]_m f[ a_hn_
m_ _kocpi][ _h n[f_m ]l__h]c[m( _hnih]_m _m ]f[li ko_ O] ZY]SLVO ko_
_mnz _kocpi][^[ []_l][ ^_ _m[m ]l__h]c[m* <^_gym( n_h_gim jf_h[
domnc`c][]c}h j[l[ ff_a[l( [ j[lncl ^_ f[ jl_gcm[ ^_ ko_ f[ a_hn_ [
p_]_m _mny _kocpi][^[ ]o[h^i ]l__ ko_ p_ %i( _h inl[m j[f[\l[m(

@G @N>@KOD>DNHJ M@NK@>OJ ?@ GJN N@IOD?JN

4/

j_l]c\_&( [ f[ ]ih]fomc}h a_h_l[f ^_ ko_ _mni mc_gjl_ _m jimc\f_*

T[ ko_( i \c_h f[ jl_gcm[ ^_ ko_ f[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f ^_ oh[
j_lmih[ ko_ j_l]c\_ oh[ ]im[ ]ih ]c_ln[ ]o[fc^[^ m_hmc\f_( cgjfc][
ko_ b[s oh[ ]im[ ]ih _m[ ]o[fc^[^( i \c_h hi fi cgjfc][* >igi
[ p_]_m ]ig_n_gim _llil_m _h f[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m ^_ _mn[
]f[m_( _m i\pci ko_ f[ cgjfc][]c}h hi m_ mimnc_h_* Nc f[ cgjfc][]c}h
hi m_ mimnc_h_( _hnih]_m f[ jl_gcm[ ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ nc_h_ oh[
]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f ^_ ^_n_lgch[^i ncji hi cgjfc][ ko_ f[ ]l__h)
]c[ j_l]_jno[f m_[ p_l^[^_l[( s( jil fi n[hni( mc_gjl_ _m [f g_him
f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ ^_\[ n_h_l oh[ ]l__h]c[
j_l]_jno[f s ko_ mch _g\[lai f[ ]l__h]c[ _mnz _kocpi][^[*
<f b[\_l _mn[\f_]c^i fim johnim jl_]_^_hn_m( ji^_gim [bil[
l_]ihmnlocl _f [laog_hni ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi* Nc_gjl_ ko_ oh[ j_l)
mih[ ]l_[ fi ko_ p_ _m jimc\f_ ko_ _mnz _kocpi][^[* Nc oh[ j_lmih[
]ihi]_ [fai( _hnih]_m hi _m jimc\f_ ko_ _mnz _kocpi][^[* Kil fi
n[hni( ]o[h^i oh[ j_lmih[ ]l__ [fai ko_ p_( hi fi ]ihi]_* @mn[
]ih]fomc}h m_ ^_lcp[ ]ill_]n[g_hn_ ^_ f[m jl_gcm[m ^_`_h^c^[m
jl_pc[g_hn_*
Kil inl[ j[ln_( _f [laog_hni _gjf_[^i j[l[ gimnl[l ko_ h[)
^c_ m[\_ hoh][ mc oh i\d_ni nc_h_ [faoh[ ]o[fc^[^ m_hmc\f_ jo_^_
]ihpch]_hn_g_hn_ a_h_l[fct[lm_ j[l[ gimnl[l ko_ hoh][ h[^c_
m[\_ mc _rcmn_ [fah i\d_ni m_hmc\f_* T[ ko_ [m{ ]igi [ p_]_m himi)
nlim p_gim [fai ]igi mc nopc_l[ [faoh[ M_KVSNKN m_hmc\f_ ]o[h^i
hi f[ nc_h_( [m{ [ p_]_m p_gim [faoh[ MY]K m_hmc\f_ ]o[h^i f[ ]im[ hc
mckoc_l[ _rcmn_* G[m [fo]ch[]cih_m mih _rj_lc_h]c[m ^_ _mn[ ]f[m_*
Ph[ j_lmih[ ko_ mo`l_ NOVS\S_W ^\OWOX]& i oh[ ko_ b[ nig[^i oh[
[fn[ ^imcm ^_ GN?( [ p_]_m p_ ]im[m jil _d_gjfi l[n[m lim[^[m
]o[h^i hi f[m b[s* <m{ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo_^_ ]l__l ko_ fi ko_
p_ _rcmn_ s _mn[l ]igjf_n[g_hn_ _kocpi][^[ _h fi ko_ ]l__* Q_l
oh i\d_ni hi _kocp[f_ [ m[\_l ko_ _m_ i\d_ni _rcmn_* Ph[ j_lmih[
ko_ m[\_ [fai hi jo_^_ _mn[l _kocpi][^[*
BO]_WOX NOV K\Q_WOX^Y( Ph[ jl_gcm[ ]f[p_ ^_f [laog_hni jl_]_)
^_hn_ _m ko_ f[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m( ]l__h]c[m _h fi ko_ oh[
j_lmih[ p_ i j_l]c\_ ]ih ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ fim inlim m_hnc^im( ^[h fo)
a[l [ _llil_m n[hni ]o[fcn[ncpim ]igi _rcmn_h]c[f_m* Ncgjfc`c][h^i
_mn[ jl_gcm[( ji^_gim [bil[ `ilgof[l oh [laog_hni j[l[ _f _m)
]_jnc]cmgi ^_ f[ mcaoc_hn_ g[h_l[6
-* <p_]_m _mn[gim _kocpi][^im _h ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_j)
no[f_m*

40

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

.* Nc [ p_]_m _mn[gim _kocpi][^im _h ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l)

]_jno[f_m( _hnih]_m mc_gjl_ _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_
ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m m_[h `[fm[m*
/* Nc mc_gjl_ _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m
j_l]_jno[f_m m_[h `[fm[m( _hnih]_m hoh][ m[\_gim mc [fao)
h[m ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m mih p_l^[^_l[m*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
0* Iiminlim hoh][ m[\_gim ko_ [faoh[m ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m
j_l]_jno[f_m mih p_l^[^_l[m*
@mn[ ]ih]fomc}h m_ ^_^o]_ pyfc^[g_hn_ ^_ f[m nl_m jl_gcm[m ko_
m_ [][\[h ^_ ^_`_h^_l*
?LTOMSiX K VK ]OQ_XNK Z\OWS]K
@f _m]zjnc]i b[ [^ijn[^i cf{]cn[g_hn_ f[ jl_gcm[
.* Nc [ p_]_m _mn[gim _kocpi][^im _h ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l)
]_jno[f_m( _hnih]_m mc_gjl_ _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_
ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m m_[h `[fm[m*
@h _mim ][mim _h fim ko_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m ]YX `[fm[m(
i\pc[g_hn_ _m ZY]SLVO ko_ m_[h `[fm[m* K_li( _mi ]}gi jlo_\[ ko_
]SOWZ\O _m jimc\f_ ko_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m m_[h `[fm[m;
Ko_^_ m_l ko_ b[s[ [faoh[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m p_l^[^_l[m
ko_ hi jo_^[h m_l `[fm[m* Hc_hnl[m hi n_ha[gim inl[m l[tih_m
j[l[ j_hm[l ^z inl[ g[h_l[( mch ^o^[ n_h_gim domnc`c][]c}h j[l[
[`clg[l ko_ b[s n[f_m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m p_l^[^_l[m s( _h ]ih)
m_]o_h]c[( j[l[ l_]b[t[l f[ jl_gcm[ %.& ^_f [laog_hni _m]zjnc]i*
@hnih]_m ji^_gim l_]b[t[l n[g\czh f[ ]ih]fomc}h _m]zjnc][*
EXK \gZVSMK O]MgZ^SMK/ nM_fV O] VK NSPO\OXMSK3
@m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ [faoh[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f p_l^[^_l[
_mnz _kocpi][^[* >ih `l_]o_h]c[( ]o[h^i oh[ j_lmih[ nc_h_ oh[
]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f p_l^[^_l[( ^c]b[ j_lmih[ hi _mny _h oh[ ji)
mc]c}h g_dil j[l[ m[\_l mc f[ ]l__h]c[ _m p_l^[^_l[ ko_ ]o[h^i
mo ]l__h]c[ _m `[fm[* >igi oh[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f hi ]ihmncnos_
]ihi]cgc_hni ]o[h^i _m `[fm[( n[gji]i ]ihmncnos_ ]ihi]cgc_hni
]o[h^i _m p_l^[^_l[*

@G @N>@KOD>DNHJ M@NK@>OJ ?@ GJN N@IOD?JN

41

K[l[ []f[l[l _mn[ ]o_mnc}h mojiha[gim ko_ ^im j_lmih[m gc)

l[h [ nl[pzm ^_ ^c`_l_hn_m p_hn[h[m* G[ jlcg_l[ j_lmih[ ^c]_ ko_
b[s oh[ _m`_l[ _h oh[ g_m[ ko_ _mny ^_f inli f[^i ^_ mo p_hn[h[7
p_ ko_ f[ _m`_l[ _m p_l^_* Q_ _mi mch cgjiln[l ^_m^_ koz johni ^_
pcmn[ i\m_lp[ f[m ]im[m* Nojiha[gim ^_mjozm ko_ f[ m_aoh^[ j_l)
mih[ ko_ gcl[ [ nl[pzm ^_ mo p_hn[h[ p_ s ^c]_ f[ gcmg[ ]im[* G[m
^im j_lmih[m nc_h_h _r[]n[g_hn_ f[ gcmg[domnc`c][]c}h j[l[ [`cl)
g[l ko_ m[\_h ko_ b[s oh[ _m`_l[ p_l^_ ^_f inli f[^i ^_ mom l_m)
j_]ncp[m p_hn[h[m* Ph[ _mny _h n[h \o_h[ jimc]c}h j[l[ m[\_l _mni
]igi f[ inl[( s hchaoh[ _mny _h g_dil jimc]c}h ko_ f[ inl[* >ih
m_aolc^[^( f[ hc][ ]ih]fomc}h ]ill_]n[ [ f[ ko_ m_ ff_a[ _m ko_
, [g\[m j_lmih[m m[\_h ko_ b[s oh[ _m`_l[ p_l^_ ^_f inli f[^i
^_ mom p_hn[h[m i ko_ hchaoh[ ^_ _ff[m fi m[\_* N_l{[ nin[fg_hn_
[l\cnl[lci( s jil fi n[hni cll[tih[\f_( ^_]cl ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ fi
m[\_ s f[ inl[ hi*
Nch _g\[lai( _m j_l`_]n[g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ oh[ ^_ _mn[m j_lmi)
h[m _mnz _kocpi][^[ s ko_ f[ inl[ hi* Nojiha[gim ko_ f[ jlcg_l[
j_lmih[ p_ fi ko_ p_ jilko_ b[s oh[ _m`_l[ ^_f inli f[^i ^_ mo
p_hn[h[* Kil inli j[ln_( mojiha[gim ko_ f[ m_aoh^[ j_lmih[ p_
fi ko_ p_ jilko_ m_ f_ _mny _ha[|[h^i ]ih _mj_dim s ^c\odim( s
hi b[s _h [\mifoni oh[ _m`_l[ p_l^_ ^_f inli f[^i ^_ mo p_hn[h[*
<^_gym( _f _ha[|i _mny n[h \c_h b_]bi ko_ ^_ oh f[^i ^_ f[m p_h)
n[h[m h[^c_ ji^l{[ ^_n_]n[l hchaoh[ ^c`_l_h]c[ ]ih fi ko_ m_ p_
[`o_l[* G[ hc][ ]ih]fomc}h l[tih[\f_ _m ko_ hchaoh[ ^_ f[m j_l)
mih[m nc_h_ ]ihi]cgc_hni* Ph[ j_lmih[ _mny _kocpi][^[ s f[ inl[
ji^l{[ b[\_lfi _mn[^i*
Gi ko_ [][\[gim ^_ cg[ach[l nc_h_ cgjfc][]cih_m a_h_l[f_m*
- g[ach_gim [ ^im j_lmih[m ko_ p_h f[ gcmg[ ]im[ [oh ]o[h^i fi
ko_ oh[ ^_ _ff[m p_ l_[fg_hn_ _rcmn_ s fi ko_ f[ inl[ p_ hi _rcmn_*
@h a_h_l[f( f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ nc_h_ ]o[h^i p_
[fai ko_ l_[fg_hn_ _rcmn_ jo_^_h ^ojfc][lm_ _h f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m
^_ inl[ j_lmih[ [ f[ ko_ m_ _mny _ha[|[h^i* Ko_mni ko_ f[m _r)
j_lc_h]c[m _h ]o_mnc}h jlijil]cih[h f[ hc][ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ oh[
j_lmih[ nc_h_ j[l[ ]l__l _h fi ko_ ]l__( mc oh[ j_lmih[ hi m[\_
fi ko_ ]l__( fi gcmgi jo_^_ j[m[lf_ [ f[ inl[* Nc oh[ _mny _koc)
pi][^[ [f ]l__l [fai( _hnih]_m inl[ j_lmih[ ko_ n_ha[ oh[ ]l__h)
]c[ mcgcf[l( \[m[^[ _h _rj_lc_h]c[m mcgcf[l_m( jo_^_ mch ^o^[ _m)
n[l _kocpi][^[ [oh ]o[h^i ^_ b_]bi hi m_ b[s[ _kocpi][^i*
>ihmc^_l_gim ^_ ho_pi [ f[m ^im j_lmih[m ko_ p_h oh[ _m`_l[
p_l^_ [ nl[pzm ^_ mom l_mj_]ncp[m p_hn[h[m* G[ m_aoh^[ j_lmih[

42

_mny _kocpi][^[ [f ]l__l ko_ b[s oh[ _m`_l[ p_l^_ ^_f inli f[^i ^_
mo p_hn[h[* @mni go_mnl[ ko_ f[ jlcg_l[ j_lmih[( ko_ ^_ b_]bi
hi _mny _kocpi][^[( ji^l{[ b[\_lfi _mn[^i* G[ m_aoh^[ j_lmih[
_mn[\[ _kocpi][^[ s f[ jlcg_l[ hi n_h{[ gym _pc^_h]c[ [ `[pil ^_
fi ko_ ]l_{[ ko_ f[ ko_ n_h{[ f[ m_aoh^[ j_lmih[* <f n_h_l f[ ]f[m_
^_ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ n_h{[( f[ jlcg_l[ j_lmih[ ji^l{[ b[\_l _mn[^i
_kocpi][^[* G[ jlo_\[ _m ko_ f[ m_aoh^[ j_lmih[ nc_h_ _r[]n[)
g_hn_ _m[ ]f[m_ ^_ _pc^_h]c[ s _mn[\[ _kocpi][^[* Gi ko_ `o_ ^_
_m[ g[h_l[ _h _f jlcg_l ][mi ji^l{[ b[\_l mc^i [m{ _h _f inli* @f
[laog_hni [ `[pil ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi hi l_koc_l_ inl[ mojimc]c}h*
@ G <MB P H @I OJ @N> vKO D> J H J?DAD><?J

@hnih]_m ji^_gim ]ih]focl ]ih oh[ `ilgof[]c}h fca_l[g_hn_

gi^c`c][^[ ^_f [laog_hni [ `[pil ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi* G[m jlcg_l[m
^im jl_gcm[m ^_f [laog_hni( ko_ ^c`c_l_h ^_ f[m jl_gcm[m chc]c[)
f_m ^_f jl_]_^_hn_ [laog_hni _m]zjnc]i( mih f[m mcaoc_hn_m6
-* G[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ nc_h_ oh[ ]l__h]c[
j_l]_jno[f p_l^[^_l[ jo_^_h ^ojfc][lm_ _h f[m _rj_lc_h)
]c[m ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ]os[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f _m _r[]n[g_h)
n_ mcgcf[l j_li `[fm[*
.* Nc f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ nc_h_ oh[ ]l__h]c[
j_l]_jno[f p_l^[^_l[ jo_^_h ^ojfc][lm_ _h f[m _rj_lc_h)
]c[m ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ]os[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f _m _r[]n[g_h)
n_ mcgcf[l j_li `[fm[( _hnih]_m mc_gjl_ _m f}ac][g_hn_ ji)
mc\f_ ko_ ]o[f_mkoc_l[ ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m
m_[h `[fm[m*
G[ mcaoc_hn_ jl_gcm[ _m f[ gcmg[ ko_ _h _f [laog_hni [hn_)
lcil6
/* Nc mc_gjl_ _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ ]o[f_mkoc_l[ ^_ ho_m)
nl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m m_[h `[fm[m( _hnih]_m hoh][ m[\_)
gim mc [faoh[m ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m mih p_l)
^[^_l[m*
?_ _mn[m nl_m jl_gcm[m ji^_gim ^_^o]cl f[ ]ih]fomc}h _m]zjnc][6
0* I[^c_ m[\_ hoh][ ko_ [faoh[m ^_ mom ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m
mih p_l^[^_l[m*

43

G< <GP>DI<>DI T @G >@M@=MD IJ

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

?^\K YLTOMSiX/ OV Z\YLVOWK NO VK QOXO\KVSdKMSiX

@f [laog_hni jl_]_^_hn_ jo_^_ ]o_mncih[lm_ mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_
ko_ m_ i\nc_h_ oh[ ]ih]fomc}h a_h_l[f [ j[lncl ^_ oh _d_gjfi
j[lnc]of[l* @m ]c_lni ko_ f[m ^im j_lmih[m ko_ gcl[h [ nl[pzm ^_
mom l_mj_]ncp[m p_hn[h[m jo_^_h n_h_l ][mc _r[]n[g_hn_ f[m gcm)
g[m _rj_lc_h]c[m( [oh ]o[h^i oh[ ^_ _ff[m _mny _kocpi][^[ s f[
inl[ _mny _h fi ]ill_]ni* Locty _mni go_mnl_ ko_ [g\[m j_lmih[m
ji^l{[h b[\_l _mn[^i _kocpi][^[m s ko_ hchaoh[ ^_ _ff[m ]ihi]_
fi ko_ ]l__* Nch _g\[lai( []_jn[l _mn_ [laog_hni hi mcahc`c][
[]_jn[l f[ ]ih]fomc}h gym a_h_l[f ^_ ko_ mc_gjl_ ko_ [faoc_h
p_[ [fai ko_ ^_ b_]bi m_[ _f ][mi( mom _rj_lc_h]c[m jo_^_h m_l
_r[]n[g_hn_ mcgcf[l_m [ f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ^_ inl[ j_lmih[ ko_ p_
f[ gcmg[ ]im[( [ohko_ ^_ b_]bi _mnz _kocpi][^[* Kil _d_gjfi(
]ihmc^_l_gim [ oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ mimnc_h_ ^cl_]n[g_hn_ `l_hn_ [
_ff[ _f i\d_ni ko_ p_* >}gi ji^l{[h mom _rj_lc_h]c[m ^ojfc][lm_
_h f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ^_ [faoc_h ko_ hi nc_h_ [hn_ m{ n[f i\d_ni; Nc
hi jo^c_l[h ^ojfc][lm_ mom _rj_lc_h]c[m( _hnih]_m ji^l{[ l_]b[)
t[lm_ f[ jl_gcm[ %-& ^_f [laog_hni _m]zjnc]i [hn_lcil*
JOMJN

< M B P H @ I O J N < A< Q J M ? @ G @ N > @ K O D> DN H J

G<

< GP>DI <>D I T @ G > @M @= M DI J

G[ ]f[m_ ^_ _rj_lc_h]c[m ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ nc_h_ ]o[h^i l_[fg_hn_

_mny `l_hn_ [f i\d_ni ko_ p_ _h a_h_l[f jo_^_ m_l c^zhnc][ [ f[m
_rj_lc_h]c[m ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ hi _mny `l_hn_ [ _m_ i\d_ni* N_)
|[f[gim _h ho_mnli _rj_lcg_hni ko_ [g\[m j_lmih[m p_h fi ko_
]l__h ko_ _m oh[ _m`_l[ p_l^_ [ nl[pzm ^_ mo p_hn[h[* K_li kocn[l
f[ p_hn[h[( [ohko_ ji^l{[ [so^[l [ _m[m ^im j_lmih[m [ ^_m]o\lcl
_f nlo]i ko_ m_ f_ bcti [ oh[ ^_ _ff[m( hi [fn_l[l{[ f[ `o_lt[ jlcg[)
" lc[ ^_f [laog_hni* Oi^im himinlim p_gim _f goh^i [ nl[pzm ^_
f[ p_hn[h[ ^_ ho_mnlim m_hnc^im s( ]igi l_mofn[^i ^_ _ffi( oh[
j_lmih[ ko_ p_ [fai ko_ _rcmn_ jo_^_ _h a_h_l[f n_h_l f[ gcmg[
_rj_lc_h]c[ ko_ [faoc_h ko_ p_ [fai ko_ hi _rcmn_*
8V K\Q_WOX^Y LK]KNY OX VK] KV_MSXKMSYXO]
G[^s H[]\_nb jlijil]cih[ _f _d_gjfi gym ]f[li ^_ fi ko_ _mn[)
gim nl[n[h^i ^_ jli\[l* @h oh gig_hni ^[^i( ^_mjozm ^_f [m_)
mch[ni ^_ ?oh][h( _ff[ p_ m[hal_ _h mom g[him* <^_gym( n[g\czh

44

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

mc_hn_ f[ m[hal_* Nom g[him j[l_]_h _mn[l ]o\c_ln[m jil f[ m[h)

al_ ^_ ?oh][h* G[^s H[]\_nb m_ po_fp_ fi][* K[ln_ ^_ mo fi]ol[
]ihmcmn_ _h p_l s m_hncl m[hal_ _h mom g[him* Kil mojo_mni( zmn[ _m
oh[ [fo]ch[]c}h* Nom g[him _mnyh j_l`_]n[g_hn_ fcgjc[m* K_li f[m
_rj_lc_h]c[m ko_ _ff[ nc_h_ ]o[h^i _mny [fo]ch[h^i ji^l{[h m_l
_r[]n[g_hn_ mcgcf[l_m [ f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ko_ nopi ]o[h^i l_[f)
g_hn_ nopi m[hal_ _h f[m g[him* <m{ ]igi _ff[ ji^l{[ _mn[l _koc)
pi][^[ _h _f fncgi gig_hni [f ]l__l ko_ b[\{[ m[hal_ _h mom
g[him ^_ b_]bi _mny _kocpi][^[ n[g\czh ji^l{[ _mn[l _koc)
pi][^[ [f ]l__l fi gcmgi _h gig_hnim [hn_lcil_m* @h [g\im ][)
mim( G[^s H[]\_nb nc_h_ f[m gcmg[m _rj_lc_h]c[m j[l[ ]l__l _mi*
?_m^_ f[ j_lmj_]ncp[ ^_ mom jlijc[m _rj_lc_h]c[m( _ff[ hi _mn[\[
_h oh[ jimc]c}h g_dil j[l[ ]l__l ko_ b[\{[ m[hal_ _h mom g[him
_h gig_hnim [hn_lcil_m ko_ f[ jimc]c}h ko_ n_h{[ _h _f fncgi
gig_hni7 f[ _pc^_h]c[ i\n_hc^[ ^_ f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ hi jlijil)
]cih[\[ oh[ l[t}h g_dil j[l[ ]l__l _mi _h oh gig_hni s hi
_h _f inli* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( m_l{[ [l\cnl[lci( cll[]cih[f s _jcmn_)
gif}ac][g_hn_ [hnc^_gi]lync]i mojih_l ko_ G[^s H[]\_nb m[\_
ko_ nc_h_ m[hal_ _h f[m g[him _h _f gig_hni [hn_lcil j_li hi
_h _f fncgi gig_hni*
G[m [fo]ch[]cih_m ^_ _mn_ ncji go_mnl[h ko_ f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m
ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ nc_h_ ]o[h^i p_ [fai ko_ _rcmn_ jo_^_h ^ojfc)
][lm_ _h f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ko_ nc_h_ ]o[h^i p_ fi ko_ hi _rcmn_* Kil
inli f[^i( [^_gym ^_ m_l p{]ncg[ ^_ oh _ha[|i jil j[ln_ ^_ oh[
_rj_lc_h]c[ pcmo[f( _f mod_ni ^_ f[m [fo]ch[]cih_m jo_^_ n[g\czh
m_l p{]ncg[ ^_ oh _ha[|i jil j[ln_ ^_ f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ ny]ncf( [m{
]igi jil f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ ^_ fim inlim m_hnc^im* Ki^_gim cg[ach[l
ko_( oh[ p_t fi][( G[^s H[]\_nb hi m}fi p_( mchi ko_ n[g\czh
mc_hn_ s bo_f_ f[ m[hal_ _h mom g[him( [ohko_ _h _ff[m hi b[s[
h[^[* O[f [fo]ch[]c}h _m ]igjf_n[ s mcmn_gync][ l_mj_]ni [ ni^im
fim m_hnc^im* < ^c`_l_h]c[ ^_ f[ [fo]ch[]c}h ^_ H[]\_nb( koc_h p_
oh[ ^[a[ ko_ hi jo_^_ ni][l hc m_hncl( ko_ _m oh[ [fo]ch[]c}h
j[l]c[f s hi mcmn_gync][ s ko_ m}fi [`_]n[ [ ohi ^_ mom m_hnc^im( f[
[fo]ch[]c}h ^_ G[^s H[]\_nb m_ _rnc_h^_ [ ni^im fim m_hnc^im s
n[g\czh _m ]igjf_n[ s mcmn_gync][*
@f _d_gjfi ko_ [][\[gim ^_ ]ihmc^_l[l cgjfc][ n[hni _f _llil
_rcmn_h]c[f ]igi _f ]o[fcn[ncpi* G[^s H[]\_nb ]l__ _ll}h_[g_hn_
ko_ b[s m[hal_ _h ]om g[him ]o[h^i hi f[ b[s oh _llil _rcm)
n_h]c[f s ]l__ ko_ mom g[him _mnyh lid[m s bo_f_h [ m[hal_ ]o[h)
^i hc _mnyh lid[m hc bo_f_h [ m[hal_ oh _llil ]o[fcn[ncpi* @mn[m

G< <GP>DI<>DI T @G >@M@=MDIJ

45

]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m cgjfc][h _llil_m n[hni _rcmn_h]c[f_m ]igi

]o[fcn[ncpim s( jil fi n[hni( hi ]ihmncnos_h ]ihi]cgc_hni*
Nch _g\[lai( [oh ]o[h^i f[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m ^_ G[^s
H[]\_nb m_[h ]ill_]n[m %chg_^c[n[g_hn_ ^_mjozm ^_f [m_mch[ni
^_ ?oh][h&( zmn[m m_ \[m[h _h _rj_lc_h]c[m m_hmilc[f_m ko_ gym
n[l^_ m_ l_jli^o]_h ]o[h^i G[^s H[]\_nb _mny [fo]ch[h^i s mom
]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m mih _ll}h_[m* <m{( ho_mnl[ ^_`_hm[ ^_ f[
jl_gcm[
-* G[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ nc_h_ oh[ ]l__h]c[
j_l]_jno[f p_l^[^_l[ jo_^_h ^ojfc][lm_ _h f[m _rj_lc_h)
]c[m ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ]os[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f _m _r[]n[g_h)
n_ mcgcf[l j_li `[fm[
_m ko_ n[f ^ojfc][]c}h ^_ f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m jo_^_ m_l mc_gjl_ _f
l_mofn[^i ^_ [fo]ch[]cih_m* @m i\pci ko_ f[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[)
f_m _ll}h_[m \[m[^[m _h _rj_lc_h]c[m [fo]ch[nilc[m hi ]ihmncnos_h
]ihi]cgc_hni( s f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ hi ]illi\il[ g_dil f[m ]l__h]c[m
j_l]_jno[f_m ]ill_]n[m* Kil fi n[hni( f[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m _h
a_h_l[f( m_[h p_l^[^_l[m i _ll}h_[m( hi ]ihmncnos_h hoh][ ]ihi)
]cgc_hni*
Ph[ p_t gym( _m cgjiln[hn_ ]oc^[lm_ ^_ fim g[f_hn_h^c^im* <f
^cmnchaocl _hnl_ fim ][mim ko_ ]ihff_p[h [fo]ch[]cih_m s fim ko_
hi( _f _m]zjnc]i hi m_ ]ihnl[^c]_ [f mojih_l ko_ himinlim m[\_)
gim ]oyh^i m_ nl[n[ ^_ oh ][mi s ]oyh^i ^_f inli* Oi^i fi ko_
_f _m]zjnc]i h_]_mcn[ mojih_l _m ko_ [faoh[m ]l__h]c[m []_l][ ^_
n[f_m [mohnim mih p_l^[^_l[m s inl[m `[fm[m* @f _m]zjnc]i h_a[l{[
ko_ G[^s H[]\_nb m[\_ ko_ nc_h_ m[hal_ _h mom g[him chg_^c[)
n[g_hn_ ^_mjozm ^_f [m_mch[ni ^_ ?oh][h( j_li ji^l{[ ]ih]_^_l
]ihmcmn_hn_g_hn_ ko_ _ff[ ]l_{[ _mi s ko_ mo ]l__h]c[ _l[ p_l^[)
^_l[* Iiminlim ji^_gim( mch ][_l _h f[ ch]ihmcmn_h]c[( n[hni _mn[l
^_ []o_l^i _h ko_ b[s oh[ ^cmnch]c}h _hnl_ f[ [fo]ch[]c}h ko_
_pi][ oh[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f `[fm[ s f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ il^ch[lc[
ko_ _pi][ oh[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f p_l^[^_l[( ]igi h_a[l ko_
m_j[gim ko_ f[ jlcg_l[ _m `[fm[ s f[ m_aoh^[ p_l^[^_l[* O[f _m f[
jimc]c}h ko_ [^ijn[ [ko{ _f _m]zjnc]i*
EXK YLTOMSiX NO ]OX^SNY MYWjX/ n]YX ]SOWZ\O ZY]SLVO] VK] KV_MSXKMSYXO]3
Io_mnl[ i\d_]c}h [f [laog_hni [hn_lcil ^_f _m]zjnc]i _m _r[]n[)
g_hn_ [hyfia[ [ ho_mnl[ i\d_]c}h [ mo [laog_hni \[m[^i _h _f

5,

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

_d_gjfi ^_ f[ j_lmih[ ko_ p_ oh[ _m`_l[ p_l^_ ch_rcmn_hn_* @h _m_

][mi i\d_n[gim ko_ _f _m]zjnc]i ff_a[\[ ]ih oh mifi _d_gjfi [ oh[
]ih]fomc}h nin[fg_hn_ a_h_l[f* N_|[f[gim ko_ zmn_ _m oh jli]_)
^cgc_hni ]igjf_n[g_hn_ cf_a{ncgi* <ohko_ ]ih]_^_gim ko_ f[m
_rj_lc_h]c[m ^_f big\l_ ko_ p_ f[ _m`_l[ p_l^_ _rcmn_hn_ jo_^_h
^ojfc][lm_ _r[]n[g_hn_ _h f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ^_ f[ j_lmih[ ko_ p_
oh[ _m`_l[ p_l^_ ch_rcmn_hn_( h_a[gim ko_ f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ^_
f[ j_lmih[ ko_ p_ [fai ko_ l_[fg_hn_ _rcmn_ jo_^[h ]SOWZ\O ^o)
jfc][lm_ _h f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ p_ [fai ko_ hi
_rcmn_* <]_jn[gim fi ko_ m_ ^cdi mi\l_ _m_ _d_gjfi j[lnc]of[l( j_li
h_a[gim f[ ]ih]fomc}h a_h_l[f ^_lcp[^[ ^_ zf*
?_ ho_pi him _h`l_hn[gim( ]ih oh ][mi mcgcf[l* @f _m]zjnc]i
_f[\il[ oh _d_gjfi6 G[^s H[]\_nb ]ih s mch g[him _hm[hal_h)
n[^[m* G[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ko_ _ff[ nc_h_ ]o[h^i p_ [fai ko_ _rcmn_ m_
l_jli^o]_h \[di f[ `ilg[ ^_ [fo]ch[]cih_m ]o[h^i p_ [fai ko_ hi
_rcmn_* >ih]focgim ko_ ]o[h^i oh[ j_lmih[ p_ [fai ko_ _rcmn_(
mom _rj_lc_h]c[m jo_^_h gos \c_h ^ojfc][lm_ \[di f[ `ilg[ ^_
[fo]ch[]cih_m ]o[h^i p_ [fai ko_ hi _rcmn_* K_li( ]}gi m_ mcao_
oh[ ]ih]fomc}h a_h_l[f ^_ _m_ hc]i _d_gjfi; Kil koz g_^cim
p[ [ jli\[l _f _m]zjnc]i ko_ mc_gjl_ _m jimc\f_ ^ojfc][l \[di f[
`ilg[ ^_ [fo]ch[]cih_m f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m m_hmilc[f_m ko_ n_h_gim
]o[h^i ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m mih p_l^[^_l[m; >}gi
^_gimnl} zf ko_ f[m [fo]ch[]cih_m mc_gjl_ mih jimc\f_m( mch cg)
jiln[l ]}gi m_[h ho_mnl[m _rj_lc_h]c[m; C[mn[ [b{ hi ff_a} f[
^_gimnl[]c}h7 jil fi n[hni( hi n_h_gim l[tih_m j[l[ []_jn[l f[
]ih]fomc}h ^_f _m]zjnc]i*
7OPOX]K NOV O]MOZ^SMS]WY/ VY _XY c VY WjV^SZVO
C[s [ko{ oh[ jl_aohn[ l_mj_]ni [ ^}h^_ m_ _h]o_hnl[ _f j_mi ^_
f[ jlo_\[* Nc ohi ]ih]_^_ ko_ oh[ [fo]ch[]c}h ]igi f[ ^_ G[^s
H[]\_c _m jimc\f_( koz l[t}h b[s j[l[ h_a[l ko_ ]o[fkoc_l inl[
[fo]ch[]c}h m_[ jimc\f_; >o[h^i ]l__gim p_l [fai _h ho_mnl[m
jlijc[m g[him( zm_ _m _f ncji ^_ ]l__h]c[ ko_ ]ighg_hn_ []_j)
n[gim ]ih f[ g[sil ]ih`c[ht[ s _]o[hcgc^[^* >o[h^i ]l__gim
ko_ p_gim [fai [ ^cmn[h]c[( i ]o[h^i ho_mnl[ pcmc}h m_ _h]o_h)
nl[ fcgcn[^[ ^_ ]o[fkoc_l inl[ g[h_l[( ji^_gim n_h_l [faoh[
^o^[* K_li ]o[h^i p_gim [fai _h ho_mnl[m g[him s n[g\czh fi
m_hncgim s fi if_gim( _hnih]_m hi n_h_gim ^o^[m* Kil _f ]ih)
nl[lci( him m_hncgim m_aolim ^_ ko_ f[ ]im[ _rcmn_* Nc f[m _rj_)

G< <GP>DI<>DI T @G >@M@=MDIJ

5 -

lc_h]c[m ^_ _mn_ ncji jo_^_h m_l jli^o]c^[m jil [fo]ch[]cih_m( s

mc f[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m l_mofn[hn_m mih oh _llil( _hnih]_m
]}gi ji^_gim h_a[l l[tih[\f_g_hn_ ko_ ]o[fkoc_l _rj_lc_h)
]c[ jo_^[ m_l jli^o]c^[ jil [fo]ch[]cih_m s( ]ihm_]o_hn_g_hn_(
p_lm_ []igj[|[^[ ^_ ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m _kocpi][^[m; >c_l)
n[g_hn_ hi ji^_gim h_a[l _mni* G[ a[g[ ^_ _rj_lc_h]c[m ko_ f[m
[fo]ch[]cih_m jo_^_h jli^o]cl hi nc_h_ f{gcn_* T _f [laog_hni [
`[pil ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi _m j_l`_]n[g_hn_ m}fc^i*
EXK NOPOX]K NO ]OX^SNY MYWjX/ VK MYRO\OXMSK c OV ^O]^SWYXSY NO Y^\Y]
@f [laog_hni ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi ko_ [][\[gim ^_ _hoh]c[l mojih_
ko_ f[m [fo]ch[]cih_m ]igjf_n[m s mcmn_gync][m mc_gjl_ mih jimc)
\f_m* vmn[ _m f[ jl_gcm[ ko_ _r[gch[l_gim [bil[ ]l{nc][g_hn_* <f)
aoh[m p_]_m f[m [fo]ch[]cih_m i]oll_h s him ]ih`oh^_h l_mj_]ni
[ fi ko_ _rcmn_ _h ho_mnl[m jlijc[m g[him* K_li hi _mn[gim nin[f)
g_hn_ [ f[ g_l]_^ _jcmn_gif}ac][ ^_ n[f_m [fo]ch[]cih_m s[ ko_
n_h_gim g[h_l[m ^_ ^_m]o\lcl ]oyh^i ho_mnl[m _rj_lc_h]c[m mih
[fo]ch[nilc[m* ?_ b_]bi( [ g_him ko_ bo\c_l[ [faoh[ g[h_l[ ^_
]ihmn[n[l ko_ n_h_gim [fo]ch[]cih_m( [oh ]o[h^i _m[m [fo]ch[]ci)
h_m `o_l[h gos mcmn_gync][m s ]igjf_n[m( hi _mn[l{[gim [bil[ _h
jimc]c}h ^_ [`clg[l ko_ n[f_m [fo]ch[]cih_m mih jimc\f_m* K_li mc
n_h_gim [faoh[ `ilg[ ^_ ]ihmn[n[l mc _mn[gim i hi mo`lc_h^i oh[
[fo]ch[]c}h( _hnih]_m ^_\_ b[\_l [faoh[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m
[]igj[|[^[m jil _rj_lc_h]c[m ko_ ^_m][ln[h f[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_
f[m [fo]ch[]cih_m* @h _mn_ ][mi( f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m _h f[m ko_ m_ \[m[
ho_mnl[ ]l__h]c[ hi jo_^_h m_l [fo]ch[nilc[m*
Kil inl[ j[ln_( hi _m ^c`{]cf _rjfc][l koz ncji ^_ _rj_lc_h)
]c[m ^_m][ln[h f[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ f[m [fo]ch[]cih_m* N}fi _m h_]_)
m[lci jl_aohn[lhim ]}gi ^_m]o\lcgim ^_ b_]bi ko_ _mn[gim mo)
`lc_h^i oh[ [fo]ch[]c}h* Ph[ g[h_l[ ^_ b[]_l n[f ^_m]o\lcgc_h)
ni _m g_^c[hn_ _f n_mncgihci ^_ inl[m j_lmih[m ko_ m[\_h ko_
ho_mnl[m _rj_lc_h]c[m mih [fo]ch[nilc[m* Ho]b[m j_lmih[m _mn[)
\[h _h jimc]c}h ^_ ^_]clf_ [ G[^s H[]\_nb ko_ mom _rj_lc_h]c[m
_l[h [fo]ch[nilc[m s( [ohko_ _h mo fi]ol[ hi bo\c_l[ []_jn[^i
n[f ch`ilg[]c}h( _m[ ch`ilg[]c}h _mn[\[ nin[fg_hn_ [ mo [f][h]_*
Ko_mni ko_ himinlim hi _mn[gim chn_l_m[^im jlcgil^c[fg_hn_ _h
f[ fi]ol[ mchi _h f[ hilg[fc^[^( _m gos cgjiln[hn_ m_|[f[l ko_
oh[ j_lmih[ hilg[f jo_^_ ^_m]o\lcl al[]c[m [ f[ [so^[ ^_ fim
inlim ko_ [faoh[m ^_ mom _rj_lc_h]c[m mih [fo]ch[nilc[m* Hym [h(

5.

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

]o[h^i ohi _mny _h ]igj[|{[ ^_ inlim s ni^im ]ich]c^cgim l_m)

j_]ni [ fi ko_ p_gim( _m ^_f ni^i l[tih[\f_ [mogcl ko_ hi m_
_mny mo`lc_h^i oh[ [fo]ch[]c}h* Ii i\mn[hn_( m_ b[]_ h_]_m[lc[
oh[ m[fp_^[^* <faoh[m p_]_m( _h ]cl]ohmn[h]c[m chomo[f_m( m[\_)
gim ko_ ni^i oh aloji ^_ j_lmih[m _m mom]_jnc\f_ ^_ [fo]ch[)
]cih_m* Kil _d_gjfi( mojiha[gim ko_ ni^i oh aloji ^_ j_lmi)
h[m b[ nig[^i oh[ ^lia[ ko_( m_ m[\_( jli^o]_ [fo]ch[]cih_m7 i
\c_h mojiha[gim ko_ ni^im fim chn_al[hn_m ^_ _m_ aloji b[h mc^i
jlcp[^im ^ol[hn_ go]bi nc_gji ^_ \_\c^[ i mo_|i* O[f_m ]ih^c)
]cih_m jo_^_h jli^o]cl [fo]ch[]cih_m ^_ aloji* Nch _g\[lai( mc
f[m j_lmih[m s f[m ]cl]ohmn[h]c[m mih nin[fg_hn_ hilg[f_m( ]igi
]ighg_hn_ fi mih( _hnih]_m oh []o_l^i _h f[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_j)
no[f ^_m][ln[ f[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ [fo]ch[]cih_m*
C[s inl[ g[h_l[ ^_ ^_n_]n[l f[m [fo]ch[]cih_m ko_ hi l_koc_l_
^_f n_mncgihci ^_ inlim* @m f[ ko_ nc_h_ ko_ p_l ]ih f[ ]ib_l_h)
]c[ _hnl_ ho_mnl[m _rj_lc_h]c[m* Ph[ j_lmih[ ko_ mo`l_ f[ [fo]c)
h[]c}h ^_ _mn[l \_\c_h^i [ao[ ]o[h^i hi b[s [ao[ [ mo [f][h]_(
jo_^_ p_l( m_hncl _ ch]fomi m[\il_[l _f [ao[ ko_( [ ][om[ ^_ mo [fo)
]ch[]c}h( ]l__ _ll}h_[g_hn_ ko_ _rcmn_* Nch _g\[lai( mc _m[ j_l)
mih[ b[ mc^i jlcp[^[ ^_ [ao[ jil go]bi nc_gji( jlihni m_ ^[ly
]o_hn[ ^_ ko_ mo m_^ hi b[ mc^i m[]c[^[ _h fi [\mifoni* ?_ b_]bi(
[ j[lncl ^_ n[f_m _rj_lc_h]c[m f[m j_lmih[m b[h ]ih]foc^i ko_ _mn[)
\[h mo`lc_h^i oh[ [fo]ch[]c}h* @h fi mo]_mcpi hi m_ _kocpi][lyh*
<m{( _h _mn_ ][mi b[s oh[ `[ff[ _h f[ ]ib_l_h]c[ _rj_lc_h]c[f* <f
\_\_l [ao[ _mj_l[gim m[]c[l f[ m_^( s ]o[h^i n_h_gim f[ _rj_)
lc_h]c[ ^_ p_l( m_hncl s \_\_l [ao[ j_li ho_mnl[ m_^ hi _m m[]c[^[(
_hnih]_m f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m j[l_]_h ch]ib_l_hn_m _ ch]igjl_hmc)
\f_m* Kil fi n[hni( f[ ch]ib_l_h]c[ _m oh mcahi ^_ f[m [fo]ch[]cih_m
s( _h ][g\ci( f[ ]ib_l_h]c[ _m oh mcahi ^_ f[ l_[fc^[^* ?_ b_]bi(
f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ko_ mih mo`c]c_hn_g_hn_ ]ib_l_hn_m _r]fos_h f[
jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ f[m [fo]ch[]cih_m*
Kil fncgi( _mnim ]lcn_lcim ^_ hi)[fo]ch[]cih_m( i ^_ _rj_lc_h)
]c[m p_l{^c][m( jo_^_h m[ncm`[]_lm_ dohnim s [m{ jo_^_h l_`ilt[lm_
_f ohi [f inli gono[g_hn_* >ih `l_]o_h]c[ ho_mnl[m _rj_lc_h)
]c[m mih nin[fg_hn_ ]ib_l_hn_m s ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m
]ich]c^_h ^_f ni^i ]ih f[m ]l__h]c[m ^_ inlim ko_ _mnyh ]ih himi)
nlim*

G< <GP>DI<>DI T @G >@M@=MDIJ

5/

7OPOX]K NOV O]MOZ^SMS]WY/ ]YL\O MiWY XY MYWO^O\ _XK ZO^SMSiX NO Z\SXMSZSY

@f b_]bi ^_ ko_ _f [laog_hni [hn_lcil l_]oll[ [f n_mncgihci ^_
fim ^_gym ]igi oh[ m[fp[ao[l^[ ]ihnl[ f[m [fo]ch[]cih_m ff_p[ [
]ig_n_l oh[ j_nc]c}h ^_ jlch]cjci( s[ ko_ j[l[ m[\_l koz _m _f
n_mncgihci ^_f inli( jlcg_li ^_\_gim m[\_l ko_ _mn[gim mc_h^i
]igj[l[^im ]ih inli s m[\_l fi ko_ _f inli ^c]_* K_li ]ihi]_l
_mn[m ]im[m _m m[\_l [fai [f p_l i j_l]c\cl ^_ [faoh[ inl[ g[h_l[(
ko_ _ff[m mih [m{* @f [laog_hni ^_m][hm[ ^cl_]n[g_hn_ _h f[ moji)
mc]c}h ^_ ko_ j_l]c\cl n[f_m ]im[m ]ihmncnos_ oh ]ihi]cgc_hni* Kil
mojo_mni( fim [laog_hnim ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi chn_hn[h l_`on[l jl_]c)
m[g_hn_ _mn[ mojimc]c}h* Hym [h( _m nin[fg_hn_ jimc\f_ [gjfc[l
_mnim [laog_hnim ^_ n[f gi^i ko_ m_ [jfcko_h [f jl_m_hn_ ][mi*
Nojiha[gim ko_ G[^s H[]\_nb( [^_gym ^_ n_h_l f[ [fo]ch[]c}h
^_ p_l( m_hncl s if_l m[hal_ _h mom g[him( n[g\czh nc_h_ f[ [fo]c)
h[]c}h ^_ i{l ko_ fim inlim f_ ^c]_h ko_ b[s m[hal_ _h mom g[him*
G[ _rj_lc_h]c[ ^_ i{l n[f n_mncgihci ^_ ko_ b[s oh []o_l^i jil
j[ln_ ^_ fim inlim jo_^_ ^ojfc][lm_ _h _rj_lc_h]c[m [fo]ch[nilc[m
^_ f[ gcmg[ g[h_l[ _h ko_ i]oll_ ]ih f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ^_ p_l(
m_hncl( if_l s m[\il_[l*
Kil inl[ j[ln_( _f m_aoh^i [laog_hni \[m[^i _h f[ ]ib_l_h)
]c[ _rj_lc_h]c[f nc_h_ f[ gcmg[ ^_\cfc^[^* >c_ln[m [fo]ch[]cih_m
m_ b[]_h _pc^_hn_m j[l[ mom p{]ncg[m jil [fah ncji ^_ ch]ib_)
l_h]cy j_li oh[ [fo]ch[]c}h m_g_d[hn_ _m j[l]c[f i ch]igjf_n[* <
p_]_m hi [j[l_]_h l[maim ^_ f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ _mj_l[^im( s f[ _rj_)
lc_h]c[ m_ go_mnl[ ]igi [fo]ch[nilc[ [f m_l ^_g[mc[^i miljl_h)
^_hn_* K_li( jil koz n_h_gim ko_ [mogcl ko_ f[m [fo]ch[]cih_m
m_ jl_m_hn[h mc_gjl_ ^_ _m[ g[h_l[; Loz jlo_\[ b[s ^_ ko_
f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m mcmn_gync][m s ]ib_l_hn_m hi jo_^[h l_mofn[l ^_
[fo]ch[]cih_m; Ii b[s l[t}h j[l[ mojih_l ko_ n[f_m [fo]ch[]ci)
h_m mih cgjimc\f_m* Kil fi n[hni( n_h_gim ^_ ho_pi domnc`c][]c}h
j[l[ ]ih]focl ko_ f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ nc_h_ ]o[h^i
mom ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m mih p_l^[^_l[m jo_^_h l_j_nclm_ _r[])
n[g_hn_ _h [fo]ch[]cih_m ]o[h^i mom ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m mih
`[fm[m* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( n[f_m ]l__h]c[m hoh][ ]ihmncnos_h ]ihi)
]cgc_hni*
8V K\Q_WOX^Y NOV MO\OL\SXY
Nch _g\[lai( ^_\_gim ^_n_h_lhim gym _h _f [laog_hni ^_ fim
]l{nc]im j[l[ [m_aol[l ko_ _f _m]zjnc]i hi m_[ []om[^i oh[ p_t gym

50

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

^_ j[m[l ^_g[mc[^i lyjc^[g_hn_ ^_f _d_gjfi j[lnc]of[l [ oh[

]ih]fomc}h a_h_l[f* K[l[ fc\l[lhim ^_ _mn[ i\d_]c}h l_]oll_hn_(
_hnl_aozgihim oh ji]i [ f[ ]c_h]c[ `c]]c}h s [f b[]_lfi jli\_)
gim ^_ oh[ p_t jil ni^[m ko_ _f _m]_jnc]cmgi _m f[ jimc]c}h ]i)
ll_]n[ s mimn_hc\f_* Dg[ach_gim ko_ oh moj_l]c_hn{`c]i chp_hn[
oh[ gykoch[( [ f[ ko_ ff[g[l_gim ]_l_\lchi( ko_ f_ j_lgcn_
jli^o]cl [fo]ch[]cih_m _h ]c_lnim mod_nim* G[ gykoch[ ij_l[ ch)
`fos_h^i _h _f ]_l_\li ^_ oh mod_ni ko_ om[ oh ][m]i _mj_]c[f( ff[)
g[^i ][m]i ]_l_\lchi* >o[h^i _f ][m]i ]_l_\lchi _m ]ifi][^i
_h f[ ][\_t[ ^_ oh mod_ni( _f ij_l[^il ^_f ]_l_\lchi jo_^_ [`_])
n[l _f ]_l_\li ^_f mod_ni ^_ n[f g[h_l[ ko_ jli^o]_ _h zmn_ ]o[f)
koc_l [fo]ch[]c}h ko_ [kozf ^_m__* @f ]_l_\lchi _m oh[ gykoch[
jli^o]nil[ ^_ moj_l[fo]ch[]cih_m* G[m [fo]ch[]cih_m ko_ jli)
^o]_ jo_^_h m_l n[h ]igjf_n[m( mcmn_gync][m s ]ib_l_hn_m ]igi
f[m ^_m__ _f ij_l[^il ^_f ]_l_\lchi*
C[s ko_ [^gcncl ko_ hi b[s n[f_m gykoch[m* Nch _g\[lai( oh[
gykoch[ m_g_d[hn_ _m ]c_ln[g_hn_ oh[ jimc\cfc^[^* Ii b[s hch)
aoh[ ]ihnl[^c]]c}h chpifo]l[^[ _h f[ c^_[ ^_ n[f gykoch[ s( jil
ni^i fi ko_ m[\_gim( ^_ b_]bi [faoc_h jo_^_ chp_hn[lf[ _h _f `o)
noli* Loz jlo_\[ f[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ m_g_d[hn_ gykoch[; Klo_\[
ko_ f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ nc_h_ ]o[h^i mom ]l__h]c[m
j_l]_jno[f_m mih p_l^[^_l[m ji^l{[h ^ojfc][lm_ _h [fo]ch[]cih_m
]o[h^i f[m gcmg[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m mih `[fm[m* @mni go_m)
nl[ ko_ hi b[s g[l][m i mcahim _h f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ g_^c[hn_ fim
]o[f_m ji^[gim ^cmnchaocl f[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m p_l^[^_l[m
^_ [ko_ff[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m `[fm[m ko_ mih ]ih`omcih_m ko_
l_mofn[h ^_ [fo]ch[]cih_m*
Ph[ [h[fia{[ [so^[ly [ cfomnl[l f[ cgjiln[h]c[ ^_ f[m ]ihmc^_)
l[]cih_m [hn_lcil_m* Nojiha[gim ko_ _mn[gim `l_hn_ [ oh \[llcf
ff_hi ^_ g[ht[h[m [faoh[m ^_ f[m ]o[f_m _mnyh ji^lc^[m s inl[m
hi* Pmo[fg_hn_ b[\ly [fah mcahi i g[l][ al[]c[m [f ]o[f ji^[)
gim ^c`_l_h]c[l _hnl_ f[m ji^lc^[m s f[m ko_ _mnyh _h \o_h _mn[^i*
G[m g[ht[h[m ji^lc^[m _mn[lyh g[h]b[^[m } \f[h^[m( i n_h^lyh
[fah inli ^_`_]ni pcmc\f_ jil _f ko_ ji^[gim ^_n_]n[l mo ]ih)
^c]c}h* Kil inli f[^i( f[m g[ht[h[m _h \o_h _mn[^i _mn[lyh ^o)
l[m( lid[m s [^_gym m_ p_lyh [j_n_]c\f_m* <m{( ji^_gim ^_]cl ko_
^c`_l_h]c[gim *_hnl_ oh[ g[ht[h[ _h \o_h _mn[^i s oh[ ji^lc^[
jilko_ n_h_gim mcahim j[l[ aoc[lhim*
Nch _g\[lai( mojiha[gim ko_ _mn[gim `l_hn_ [ oh \[llcf ^_
g[ht[h[m ko_ mih nin[fg_hn_ ch^cmnchaoc\f_m _h [j[lc_h]c[( [oh)

G<<GP>DI<>DI T @G >@M@=MDIJ

51

%jc_ [faoh[m g[ht[h[m _mnzh ji^lc^[m ^_f ]_hnli* Ki^_gim cg[)

ach[l ko_ hi b[s mcahim _rn_lhim jil fim ko_ ji^[gim [`clg[l
%jc_ f[m g[ht[h[m _mnyh ji^lc^[m* O_h_gim [bil[ `l_hn_ [ himi)
nlim oh[ g[ht[h[ ^_ _m_ \[llcf s m_ him b[ jlibc\c^i j[lnclf[* @h
_mn_ jl_^c][g_hni( mc [faoc_h him jl_aohn[l[ mc f[ g[ht[h[ _mny
ji^lc^[ i hi( f[ hc][ ]im[ ko_ ji^l{[gim ]ihn_mn[l _m hi fi mz*
Ki^l{[gim [al_a[l hi b[s `ilg[ ^_ m[\_lfi*
?_ g[h_l[ mcgcf[l( ]igi hi b[s g[l][m i mcahim _h f[ _rj_)
lc_h]c[ jil g_^ci ^_ fim ]o[f_m ji^[gim ^cmnchaocl f[m ]l__h]c[m
j_l]_jno[f_m p_l^[^_l[m ko_ m_ ^[h _h f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ il^ch[)
lc[ ^_ f[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m `[fm[m jli^o]ni ^_ [fo]ch[]ci)
h_m( mc [faoc_h him jl_aohn[l[ mc ho_mnl[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f _m
p_l^[^_l[ i `[fm[( fi hc]i ko_ ji^l{[gim ]ihn_mn[l _m hi fi
mz* Ki^l{[gim [al_a[l( hi b[s `ilg[ ^_ m[\_lfi* @r[]n[g_hn_
]igi hi b[s g[h_l[ ^_ m[\_l mc f[m g[ht[h[m ^_ oh m_aoh^i
\[llcf _mnyh ji^lc^[m jilko_ hi n_h_gim mcahim _rj_lc_h]c[f_m
j[l[ aoc[lhim( ^_ f[ gcmg[ `ilg[ hi b[s g[h_l[ ^_ [`clg[l ko_
ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m mih p_l^[^_l[m jo_mni ko_ hi n_)
h_gim mcahim _rj_lc_h]c[f_m j[l[ aoc[lhim*
Ii b[s g[h_l[ ^_ ]ihmn[n[l jil g_^ci ^_ f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ mc
ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m mih p_l^[^_l[m( s [f hi n_h_l gym
ko_ f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ ]igi ao{[( hi n_h_gim `ilg[ ^_ ^_m_]b[l f[
jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ _llil* <oh ]o[h^i mo]_^[ ko_ ho_mnl[ _rj_lc_h]c[
j_l__jno[f m_[ p_l^[^_l[( ji^l{[gim ^_ ]o[fkoc_l g[h_l[ _mn[l
_kocpi][^im* ?_ b_]bi( ]o[h^i oh[ ]l__h]c[ j_l__jno[f _m p_l)
^[^_l[( _mni m_ ^_\_ gym [ oh[ ]o_mnc}h ^_ \o_h[ mo_ln_ ko_ ^_
m_hnc^i ]igh* Kil mojo_mni( hchaoh[ ]l__h]c[ ko_ l_mofn_ m_l
p_l^[^_l[ jil g_l[ mo_ln_ jo_^_ l[tih[\f_g_hn_ m_l ]ihmc^_)
l[^[ ]igi ]ihi]cgc_hni*
EXK YLTOMSiX/ ZY]SLSVSNKN c \OKVSNKN
@h fim jlcg_lim [laog_hnim _r[gch[^im( _f _m]zjnc]i [laog_hn}
j[lnc_h^i ^_ oh mifi _d_gjfi \[m[^i _h [fo]ch[]cih_m s ff_a} [
oh[ ]ih]fomc}h a_h_l[f( fi ko_ mch ^o^[ _m oh[ `[f[]c[7 j_li [f _pc)
n[l [bil[ _mn[ `[f[]c[( [laog_hn[ [ j[lncl ^_ f[ jimc\cfc^[^ j[l[
ff_a[l [ f[ l_[fc^[^( fi ko_ hi ^_d[ ^_ m_l oh[ `[f[]c[* Gim [lao)
g_hnim jl_m_hn_m j[ln_h ^_ f[ jl_gcm[ ^_ ko_ _f ]_l_\lchi _m oh[
jimc\cfc^[^ f}ac][ s ^_ ko_( ]ihm_]o_hn_g_hn_( _m oh[ jimc\cfc^[^
f}ac][ _f ko_ ^_\[ b[\_l [fo]ch[]cih_m ]ib_l_hn_m( ]igjf_n[m s

52

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

mcmn_gync][m _h ni^im m_hnc^im* ?_ _mn[ jl_gcm[ ^_ f[ jimc\cfc^[^

f}ac][ zf ff_a[ [ f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_ ko_ NO ROMRY hi n_h_gim `ilg[ ^_
]ihmn[n[l mc _mn[gim [fo]ch[h^i i hi* Ncaoc_h^i koz f{h_[ ^_ l[)
tih[gc_hni jo_^_ ^_lcp[lm_ ^_ oh[ jl_gcm[ ko_ m}fi m_ l_`c_l_ [
f[ jimc\cfc^[^( oh[ ]ih]fomc}h `y]nc][; <oh ]o[h^i _m f}ac][g_hn_
jimc\f_ ko_ f[m [fo]ch[]cih_m ^_\[h m_l ]ib_l_hn_m( ]igjf_n[m s
mcmn_gync][m( f[m [fo]ch[]cih_m ^_ b_]bi hi mih n[h ^c`{]cf_m ^_ ^_)
n_]n[l* Kil fi n[hni( f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ NO ROMRY him j_lgcn_ ]ihmn[n[l
mc ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m mih p_l^[^_l[m i `[fm[m*
EXK \gZVSMK O]MgZ^SMK/ MiWY ZK]K\ NO VK ZY]SLSVSNKN K VK \OKVSNKN
G[ ijchc}h ^_ ko_ ^_ b_]bi f[m [fo]ch[]cih_m hi mih n[h ^c`{]cf_m
^_ ^_n_]n[l _m _f g_iffi ^_ _mn_ jli\f_g[* Nc _f ]_l_\lchi _m oh[
jimc\cfc^[^ f}ac][( _hnih]_m ]}gi ji^_gim ^_]cl ko_ ^_ b_]bi
f[m [fo]ch[]cih_m hi mih n[h ^c`{]cf_m ^_ ^_n_]n[l; Locty( jil _f
]ihnl[lci( mo`l[gim ]ihmn[hn_g_hn_ [fo]ch[]cih_m ko_ hi ji^_)
gim ^_n_]n[l* Nc _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ f[m [fo]ch[]cih_m m_[h
]ib_l_hn_m( ]igjf_n[m s mcmn_gync][m _h ni^im m_hnc^im( _hnih]_m
hi b[s g[h_l[ ^_ ^_n_]n[l _h hchah gig_hni ko_ hi _mn_gim
mo`lc_h^i oh[ [fo]ch[]c}h* Io_mnli ]l{nc]i mojih_ ko_ b[s ^_
b_]bi go]b[m [fo]ch[]cih_m ko_ ji^_gim ^_n_]n[l( j_li _mni _m
m_]oh^[lci l_mj_]ni [f jli\f_g[ \ymc]i* @f jli\f_g[ l[^c][ _h
_rjfc][l ]}gi _m jimc\f_ ]ihmn[n[l ko_ hi _mn[gim [fo]ch[h^i*
Io_mnli [laog_hni [ j[lncl ^_f ]_l_\lchi `o_ ]ih]_\c^i j[l[ _m)
n[\f_]_l ko_ hoh][ ji^_gim ]ihmn[n[lfi( [oh ]o[h^i [faoh[m p_)
]_m ji^[gim ]ihmn[n[l ko_ _mn[gim [fo]ch[h^i*
Lo_ _f [laog_hni _mn[\f_]_ _mni jo_^_ p_lm_ l_`f_rcih[h^i ^_
ho_pi mi\l_ ho_mnlim \[llcf_m ^_ g[ht[h[m* Nojiha[gim ko_ _m
`y]cf ^_n_]n[l [faoh[m g[ht[h[m ji^lc^[m* Oc_h_h g[h]b[m ][`z(
_mnyh \f[h^[m( _n]* K_li mojiha[gim ko_ _m ^c`{]cf ]ihmn[n[l ko_
inl[m g[ht[h[m _mnyh ji^lc^[m s( mc him fcgcn[gim [ oh _r[g_h
_rn_lhi( ko_ _mni _m nin[fg_hn_ cgjimc\f_* Ii b[s mcahi _rn_lhi
^_ f[ jonl_`[]]c}h ^_ [faoh[m g[ht[h[m ji^lc^[m* @h _mn_ ][mi
m_l{[ nin[fg_hn_ lc^{]ofi [`clg[l ko_ ji^_gim ]ihmn[n[l ]oyh^i
oh[ g[ht[h[ hi _mny ji^lc^[ jilko_ [ p_]_m him ^[gim ]o_hn[
^_ ko_ f[m g[ht[h[m _mnyh ji^lc^[m*
Ph [caog_hni _r[]n[g_hn_ [hyfiai m_ [jfc][ [f ][mi ^_ f[m
[fo]ch[]cih_m* <faoh[m p_]_m ji^_gim ^_n_]n[l ko_ ho_mnl[ _r)
j_lc_h]c[ _m [fo]ch[nilc[* K_li m_l{[ lc^{]ofi ]ih]focl [ j[lncl ^_

G< <GP>DI<>DI T @G >@M@/MDIJ

53

_mni ko_ mc_gjl_ ji^_gim ]ihmn[n[l ]oyh^i oh[ _rj_lc_h]c[ hi

_m [fo]ch[nilc[* < p_]_m ji^_gim ]ihmn[n[l ko_ _mn[gim [fo]c)
h[h^i( j_li hi n_h_gim `ilg[ ^_ ]ihmn[n[l ko_ hi _mn[gim [fo)
]ch[h^i*
Io_mnli [laog_hni j[l[ [jis[l _mn[ [`clg[]c}h ko_^[ g_dil
jf[hn_[^i \[di f[ `ilg[ ^_ oh l_n}* >ihmc^_l_gim [faoh[m ]l__h)
]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m ^_ f[m ko_ ji^l{[gim mimn_h_l ko_ hi mih _f l_)
mofn[^i ^_ [fo]ch[]cih_m( Loz _rj_lc_h]c[ i _rj_lc_h]c[m a[l[h)
nct[h _mni; @m gym( koz _rj_lc_h]c[m him jlijil]cih[h [faoh[
O`SNOXMSK ^_ _ffi; N_|[f_gim ko_ j[l[ ]o[fkoc_l _rj_lc_h]c[ ko_
m_ ch^cko_( _f [laog_hni ^_f ]_l_\lchi m_ly ^_f ni^i mo`c]c_hn_
j[l[ jli\[l ko_ n[f _rj_lc_h]c[ hi _m a[l[hn{[ ^_ ko_ hi _mn_gim
[fo]ch[h^i* Oi^i fi ko_ h_]_mcn[gim b[]_l _m cg[ach[l ko_ n_h_)
gim( mch m[\_lfi( oh ][m]i ]_l_\lchi _h ho_mnl[ ][\_t[* @f ij_)
l[^il ^_f ]_l_\lchi _mny jli^o]c_h^i _rj_lc_h]c[m [fo]ch[nilc[m
ko_ mih f[m gcmg[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ko_ [`clg[gim ko_ a[l[hnct[h
ko_ hi _mn[gim [fo]ch[h^i
@f j[mi ^_ f[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ f[m [fo]ch[]cih_m [ f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_
ko_ ^_ b_]bi hi b[s g[h_l[ ^_ ]ihmn[n[l ko_ ohi hi _mny [fo)
]ch[h^i _m f_a{ncgi( jilko_ f[ jlcg_l[ jimc\cfc^[^ jo_^_ om[lm_
j[l[ l_]b[t[l ]o[fkoc_l _rj_lc_h]c[ ko_ m_[ n[h ji]i j_lnch_hn_
]igi j[l[ m_l oh mcahi m_aoli ^_ f[ l_[fc^[^* Ko_^_ gimnl[lm_
ko_ oh[ _rj_lc_h]c[ m_g_d[hn_ _m ch[^_]o[^[ j[l[ _mn[ n[l_[ mi)
\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ ko_ _m j_l`_]n[g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ oh[ _rj_lc_h]c[
n[f m_[ jli^o]c^[ jil [fo]ch[]cih_m*
8 V K\Q_WOX^Y NOV YZO\KNY\ WKVSQXY
@f [laog_hni [hn_lcil jo_^_ l_`ilt[lm_ mc ^_d[gim ko_ ho_m)
nlim _d_gjfim m_ nilh_h gym `[hn[mcimim ^_ fi ko_ b[h mc^i b[mn[
[bil[* ?_m][ln_m cg[ach} oh a_hci g[fcahi gos ji^_limi ko_
]ihmn[hn_g_hn_ m_ _gj_|[ _h _ha[|[lhim* C_gim jlipcmni [
?_m][ln_m ^_ fim g_^cim nz]hc]im j[l[ _mn_ _rj_lcg_hni cg[ach[)
lci* Dg[ach_gim ko_ ni^[m f[m j_lmih[m _mnyh ]ihnlif[^[m jil _f
]_l_\lchi s ko_ f[ gykoch[ _m g[h_d[^[ jil [fah m_l g[fcahi(
_f ?l* J( koc_h nl[g[ g[hn_h_lhim ]igjf_n[g_hn_ _h _f _llil
jil g_^ci ^_ [fo]ch[]cih_m* @f ?l* J hi ^_m_[ m_l ^_n_]n[^i(
[m{ ko_ mogchcmnl[ [fo]ch[]cih_m ko_ mih ]ib_l_hn_m( ]igjf_n[m
s mcmn_gync][m* Io_mnl[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ff_h[h ho_mnl[m _rj_]n[nc)
p[m s hi ]ihnc_h_h gym miljl_m[m ^_ f[m ko_ _mj_l[l{[gim ^_ f[

54

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

l_[fc^[^* K_li hi _m f[ l_[fc^[^ fi ko_ _rj_lcg_hn[gim7 ho_mnl[m

]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m []_l][ ^_f goh^i mih nin[fg_hn_ _kocpi)
][^[m( s[ ko_ f[ `o_hn_ ^_ ho_mnl[m _rj_lc_h]c[m _m oh[ mcgjf_
gykoch[( _f ]_l_\lchi( ko_ ]l_[ [fo]ch[]cih_m* @h n[f jl_^c][)
g_hni ji^l{[gim n_h_l domn[g_hn_ f[ ]f[m_ ^_ ]l__h]c[m j_l]_j)
no[f_m ko_ [bil[ n_h_gim( \[m[^[m _h _rj_lc_h]c[m _r[]n[g_hn_
mcgcf[l_m [ f[m ko_ n_h_gim [bil[* K_li ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l)
]_jno[f_m m_l{[h nin[fg_hn_ `[fm[m*
G[ mcno[]c}h cg[ach[^[ hi ^c`c_l_ ^_ f[m ho_mnl[m l_mj_]ni [
f[m l[tih_m i _pc^_h]c[ ko_ n_h^l{[gim j[l[ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m
j_l]_jno[f_m* G[ _rj_lc_h]c[ _m pclno[fg_hn_ f[ gcmg[ _h [g\im
][mim* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( mc ][l_]_gim ^_ ]ihi]cgc_hni _h oh[ mc)
no[]c}h( ^_\_gim mch ^o^[ ][l_]_l ^_ zf _h f[m inl[m* @m i\pci
ko_ ][l_]_gim ^_ ]ihi]cgc_hni ]o[h^i migim ]ihnlif[^im jil
_f ]_l_\lchi s[ ko_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m mih _hnih)
]_m `[fm[m* Kil fi n[hni( n[g\czh ][l_]_gim ^_ ]ihi]cgc_hni _h
ho_mnl[ mcno[]c}h jl_m_hn_* ?c]bi ^_ g[h_l[ gym jl_]cm[( ho_m)
nl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m hi jo_^_h ]ih`ilg[l ]ihi]cgc_hni
_h ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ fim ^im ][mim*
Ii _mn[gim moaclc_h^i ko_ _f ]_l_\lchi _rcmn[ i ko_ _mn_gim
]ihnlif[^im jil zf* @f [laog_hni [hn_lcil hi ^_j_h^_ ^_ ko_
m_ ]l_[ [fai n[h _rnl[|i ]igi _mi7 m}fi ^_j_h^_ ^_ f[ jl_gcm[
^_ ko_ ]c_ln[ mcno[]c}h _m cg[ach[\f_ s( jil fi n[hni( f}ac][g_hn_
jimc\f_* @mn[ jimc\cfc^[^ go_mnl[ ko_ f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m _h f[m ko_
\[m[gim ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m ji^l{[h ff_p[l n[h `y]cf)
g_hn_ [f _llil ]igi [ f[ p_l^[^* Nc f[ mcno[]c}h cg[ach[^[ _rcm)
nc_l[ l_[fg_hn_( _hnih]_m ^_\_l{[gim m_l ff_p[^im [ _llil* Iimi)
nlim ]l__gim ko_ hi _mn[gim ]ihnlif[^im jil oh[ gykoch[ n[f(
s mc migim [`ilnoh[^im _h _m[ ]l__h]c[( _hnih]_m hi b[s ^o^[
^_ ko_ go]b[m ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m mih p_l^[^_)
l[m* K_li ^_\_gim [al[^_]_l f[ ]ill_]]c}h ^_ _mn[m ]l__h]c[m [ f[
\o_h[ `ilnoh[ s hi [ oh[ \o_h[ _pc^_h]c[* Nigim mcgjf_g_hn_
[`ilnoh[^im mc hi b[s oh ?l* J ko_ him ]ihnlif_ ]ih oh ]_l_)
\lchi* Io_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m( ]o[h^i mih p_l^[^_l[m(
l_mofn[h m_lfi m}fi ]igi oh[ ]o_mnc}h ^_ \o_h[ mo_ln_* =[m[^[m
h[nol[fg_hn_ _h f[m gcmg[m _rj_lc_h]c[m( _m[m ]l__h]c[m mih `[f)
m[m mc hi n_h_gim mo_ln_* Nc oh[ ]l__h]c[ _m p_l^[^_l[ ]igi l_)
mofn[^i ^_ f[ mo_ln_( _hnih]_m _m oh[ ]ihd_nol[ [`ilnoh[^[ s
hi ]ihi]cgc_hni* @h mog[( migim [`ilnoh[^im mc hi b[s oh m_l

G< <GP>DI<>DI T @G >@M@=MDIJ

55

g[fzpifi ko_ him ]ihnlif[ ]ih oh ]_l_\lchi* s ^_ _m[ \o_h[ `il)

noh[ jo_^_ l_mofn[l oh[ \o_h[ `ilnoh[ [^c]cih[f ^_ ko_ f[ g[)
sil{[ ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m m_[ p_l^[^_l[* K_li _N
m}fi ]o_mnc}h ^_ mo_ln_( h[^[ _jcmn_gif}ac][g_hn_ gym afilcimi
ko_ _mi*
BO]_WOX NO VK ZY]SMSiX O]MgZ^SMK
?_`_h^cgim [hn_m _f _m]_jnc]cmgi _gjf_[h^i oh [laog_hni ]os[
jlcg_l[ jl_gcm[ `o_
-* G[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ nc_h_ oh[ ]l__h]c[
j_l]_jno[f p_l^[^_l[ jo_^_h ^ojfc][lm_ _h f[m _rj_lc_h)
]c[m ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ]os[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f _m _r[]n[g_h)
n_ mcgcf[l j_li `[fm[*
?_ _mn[ jl_gcm[ s ^_ f[m ^im mcaoc_hn_m
.* Nc f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ nc_h_ oh[ ]l__h]c[
j_l]_jno[f p_l^[^_l[ jo_^_h ^ojfc][lm_ _h f[m _rj_lc_h)
]c[m ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ]os[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f _m _r[]n[g_h)
n_ mcgcf[l j_li `[fm[( _hnih]_m mc_gjl_ _m f}ac][g_hn_ ji)
mc\f_ ko_ ]o[f_mkoc_l[ ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m
m_[h `[fm[m
/* Nc mc_gjl_ _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ ]o[f_mkoc_l[ ^_ ho_m)
nl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m m_[h `[fm[m( _hnih]_m hoh][ m[\_)
gim mc [faoh[m ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m mih p_l)
^[^_l[m
^_^odcgim f[ ]ih]fomc}h _m]zjnc][
0* I[^c_ m[\_ hoh][ ko_ [faoh[m ^_ mom ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m
mih p_l^[^_l[m*
Gim ijih_hn_m ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi nl[d_lih [ ]if[]c}h f[ jl_gcm[
%-& ^_f [laog_hni s [bil[ himinlim b_gim ^_lcp[^i _mn[ jl_gcm[
^_ f[m mcaoc_hn_m jl_gcm[m6
1* G[ bcj}n_mcm ^_f ]_l_\lchi _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_*
2* Nc f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_f ]_l_\lchi _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_( _hnih]_m
]o[fkoc_l _rj_lc_h]c[ jo_^_ ^ojfc][lm_ _h [fo]ch[]cih_m*

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

3* Nc ]o[fkoc_l _rj_lc_h]c[ jo_^_ ^ojfc][lm_ _h [fo]ch[]cih_m(

_hnih]_m f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ nc_h_ oh[
]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f p_l^[^_l[ jo_^_h m_l c^zhnc][m [ f[m
_rj_lc_h]c[m ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ]os[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f m_[
_r[]n[g_hn_ mcgcf[l j_li {[fm[*
< j[lncl ^_ _mn[m jl_gcm[m p_l^[^_l[m jo_^_ ^_^o]clm_ pyfc^[)
g_hn_ f[ jl_gcm[ %-&*
EXK YLTOMSiX/ VK NOQ\KNKMSiX NOV 7\( ?
@r[gch_gim f[ mcno[]c}h ko_ _mn[gim cg[ach[h^i( [ m[\_l( oh[
_h f[ ko_ _f a_hci g[fcahi( _f ?l* J( him _ha[|[ [ ni^im( s[ ko_
m_ i]oj[ ^_ jlijil]cih[lhim [fo]ch[]cih_m ]ih mo ]_l_\lchi* @m
l_[fg_hn_ jimc\f_ _mn[ mcno[]c}h; >ihmc^_lzgimf[ _h nzlgchim
gos ]ih]l_nim* Dg[ach_gim [f ?l* J cha_hcyh^im_f[m j[l[ _ha[)
|[lhim* Hym [h( ]ih]_hnlzgihim _h f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ ^_ oh big)
\l_( ]osi hig\l_ _m Oigym( [ koc_h _f ?l* J koc_l_ _ha[|[l* <f
`ch[f ]ihmc^_l[l_gim ]}gi ji^l{[ _ha[|[l _f ?l* J [ Oigym ]ih
_f ]_l_\lchi( j_li jlcg_li ]ihmc^_l_gim oh[ nz]hc][ oh n[hni ^c)
`_l_hn_ ko_ nc_h_ _f ?l* J j[l[ _ha[|[l [ Oigym* Hym [^_f[hn_
l_mofn[ly ]f[l[ f[ cgjiln[h]c[ ^_ _mni*
Nojiha[gim ko_ _f ?l* J _m _m_ a_hci g[fcahi ^_ koc_h ?_m)
][ln_m _m]lc\c}6
<m{ jo_m( mo j ih ^ lz k o _ b[s( h i o h p _ l^ [ ^ _ li ?cim ko_ _m `o _h n_
moj l_g [ ^ _ p_l^[^ ( mchi ]c_lni a_h ci g [fcahi( h i g _him [ ln_ l i s
_h a [| [^ i l k o_ j i^ _limi( _f ]o [f b[ o m[^ i ^ _ ni^ [ mo ch^omnlc[ j [l[
_h a [| [lg _* K _hm[lz k o _ _f ]c_fi( _f [cl_( f[ nc_ ll[ ( fim ]i fi l_m( f[m
`caol[m( fim mihc^im s f[m ^ _g ym ]im[m _ r n_ lci l_ m h i mih mchi cfomcih_m
s _hmo_|im( ^ _ fim k o _ zf m_ mclp_ j [l[ [ nl[ j [ l g c ]l_^ o fc^ [^ *1

<bil[ cg[ach_gim [ ho_mnli a_hci g[fcahi [ johni ^_ _ha[)

|[l [ Oigym* Io_mnl[ cg[ach[]c}h _mn[ly aoc[^[ jil f[ cha_hcim[
g[hi ^_ J* F* =ioqmg[( koc_h _m]lc\_6
G [m g _hncl[m ]ig o h _m( f[m g _hnclcff[m ^ _ ni^im fim ^{[m( f[m j _k o _)
|[m( f[m pc_d[m( h i f_ j lipi][\[h h ch a h jf[]_l* ?_m_[\[ [fa i h o _p i
1
M_hz ?_m][ln_m( 8JINYFHNTSJX RJYFKcXNHFX HTS TGOJHNTSJX ^ WJXUZJXYFX# nl[^* ^_
Qc^[f K_|[( @^c]cih_m <f`[ao[l[( H [^lc^( -533( j* .-*

G< <GP>DI<>DI T @G >@M@=MDIJ

- , -

s [fai a l[ h ^ _ * @ rj fi n[\ [ mo a_h c[fc^ [^7 l_p_f[\[ oh[ c^ _[* T _ g )

\ illih [\ [ [f ch n_lci l ^ _ mo a[mn[^ [ [o l_i f[( H [| [h[ fi nl[ h m`i l)
g [ lz ni^ i( ni ^ i ( ni^ i* O l[h m`i lg [lz f[m `fil_m( fim m_l_m b o g [h i m(
fim yl\if_m( f[m ]ifch[m( _f ]c_fi( _f mif s ni^ i fi ^ _g ym( _h j [j_f* G i
h c]i ko_ h i nl[ h m`i lg [ lz _m _f j[j_f* C [\ ly `fil_m ^ _ j [j _f( m_)
l_m b o g [h i m ^ _ j [j _f( yl\if_m ^ _ j [j_f* T fim m_l_m b o g [h i m m_lyh
_h a[| [^ im* K _hm[lyh k o _ b [s `fil_m( m_l_m b o g [h i m( yl\if_m( j _ li
h i b [\ly mchi j [j_f* N_ly aca[h n_m]i* T ^ _\ _ `oh]cih[l* ? _mjozm ^ _
ni ^ i ( [ fim b ig \ l_m m_ f_m b [ _h a [| [^ i mch n[hn[m gif_mnc[m* C o \ i
oh [ p_t o h g [ lch _ li ( ] l_ i ko_ _ l[ \[oncmn[( k o _ ^_]{[ k o _ ni ^ i _ l[
[a o [* T h i b[\{[ g ym [a o [ ^ _ f[ k o _ b[s [ b i l[ * T b o \ i o h [ p_t
o h _g j f_[^ i ^ _ \cff[l k o _ ^ _]{[ ko_ ni^ i _ l[ \if[m ^ _ \cff[l* K i l
moj o_mni( _mni mo]_^c} b [ ]_ g o ]b i nc_g j i( g o ]b i [h n_m ^ _ ko_
[\ lc_l[h o h \cff[l s [f _m]o ]b [l( i{ ko_ _mn[\[ ff_hi ^_f mih c^i ^ _
o h [ nli g j _n[* Hcm jf[h_m mih \o_him* G i ch n_h n[lz*
T _f a_h ci g [fcahi mcaoc} mom j lij c[m ch mnlo ]]cih_m s i \ l} m_a h
mom j[f[\l[m* T _mni `o_ fi k o _ j[m}*
Dg [ach _g i m [ o h di p _ h ( O ig ym( n[h \ lcff[hn_ bis ] i g i fi `o_
[s_l( [ ]_l]yh ^ i m_ [ o h [ g _m[ _h f[ k o _ [s _l b[\{[ pcmni o h d[ l l } h
]i h `fil_m* Cis( ^ _ j li h ni f_ mi lj l_ h ^ _ ko_ h i mih `fil_m* Acd[ mo
[n_h ]c} h _ h _ff[m( ]ih `o h ^ c^ i ( ^ _mp{[f[ g cl[ ^ [ ( po_fp_ [ g cl[l* Nih
zmn[m `fil_m; I c_a[ ]i h f[ ][\_t[* N_ l{_ _ h nl_ ^c_hn_m* <d[( _m ] o )
lcimi* @ m _mni o h nlo ]i ; > i h ni^ [ m_aolc^[^$( [s _l b[\{[ `fil_m _h
_m_ d[ ll } h * J f`[n_[ mimj_]bim[( _mj _l[h t[^ [g _h n_( j _ li h i j _ l)
]c\_ h [^ [* No h [lct h i f_ i `l_ ]_ h ch a o h [ m_ao lc^ [^* Kc_hm[ _h fim
jyd[lim ko_ po _f[h b []c[ f[m op[m ^ _f ] o [ ^ li j [ l[ jc]in_[lf[m s _h f[
s_ao[ k o _ l_fch ]b [ [h n_ _f j [l_]c^ i ^_f ][\[ffi ^ _ < f_d[h^li* Dfo )
mcih_m @f ]o [^ li h i mo j o l[\ [ do a i [fao h i( s _f j [l_]c^ i m_ g [ h )
n_ h {[ `cdi* > [g ch } f_h n[g _h n_ b []c[ _f d[ ll } h ]i h `fil_m* H cl} s if)
`[n_} s f_p[h n} f[ g [h i* B ifj_} fca _l[g _h n_ o h j zn[fi( ]i g i \ o _h
[g [h n_ ^ _ f[m `fil_m( s l_nli ]_^ c} * ?c`{]cfg_hn_ ji^{[ ] l_ _ l fi ko_
ni][\ [h mom ^_^im* I i _ l[ h `fil_m* @ l[ h j[j_f*
H c_hnl[m zf j _ lg [ h _ ] _ j [l[^ i ( j _lj f_di( Hcffs( [g ca[\f_ s k o _)
lc^ [( _ h nl[ _h f[ b[\cn[]c}h* Q czh^ ifi [ zf i]o j [^ i ]ih f[m `fil_m(
_mny [ j o h ni ^ _ ni g [ l _ fd[ l l } h s i `l_]_lf_ [ zf f[m `fil_m( ]o [ h ^ i ^_
j li h ni h o _p [g _h n_ zf _m j l_m[ ^ _ m_hncg c_hnim ^ _ _ r nl[ | _ t [ * Hcffs
j [l_]_ o h [ _ h i lg _ g o | _][* H cl[ g os ^ _ ] _ l][ ( n[h ]_l][ ]i g i m_
[nl_p _( pc_h ^ i k o _ ^ _mjozm ^ _ ni ^ i zm[ j o _ ^ _ m_l Hcffs* Hcffs( _l_m
Hcffs; _mi h i ] o [ ^ l[ * G [ \ i][ ^ _ _ff[ ]b[mko _[ ]o [ h ^ i f[ [\ l_(
b[\f[( s m_ ] c_ ll[ ]i h jl_]cmc}h * No `l_h n_ \lcff[ s zf m_ _mnl_ g _ ]_ [f
j _h m[l _h f[ ^ _ H g _ Oomm[o^* @ f ][\_ffi _mny nl_ h t [ ^ i _h `i lg [
o h c`ilg _( j _l`_]n[( ]i g i _f ^ _ Hcffs( j _ li g c_h nl[m _ff[ [ft[ oh[
g [h i j [ l[ j li n_ a _ l mo [ ll_a fi ( ni]yh ^ i fi( g i mnlyh ^ im_ g o s m[ncm)
`_]b [( mo mo ll[ ]i g i o h j _lc}^ c]i* Nom ^ c_hn_m mih \f[h]im ]i g i

- , .

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

o h [ jo\fc][]c}h g _h mo[f _f_a[h n_* Nom _h]{[m mih lim[ s b [s o h \ [)

^ [di _ h mo \ i ][* @f jc_hm[ _ h g o | _][m s _ h f[ g o | _][ ^ _ ][ o ]b i ko_
zf [ j l_n[\ [7 nc_h _ _f ig \fcai g [f ]ifi][^ i( do mni _h G[ ]ih ][pc^[^
^ _ f[ _mj[f^ [( f[ k o _ mcf\[\[* B [f[n_[ _h j [j_f Dfomcih_m
O ig } h in[ ^ _ ni^ im _mnim ^_n[ff_m( ^ _mn_ffi [ ^_mn_ffi [ ^_mn_ffi*
< f][ht[ o h [ mcff[ j [l[ ][fg [lm_ s do mni [ nc_g j i* @ff[ m_ []_ l][ ]i h
_f d[ l l } h ] i h `fil_m s( [f m_lf_ [ ] _ l] [ ^ i [ zf _f d[ l l } h ( fim \l[tim ^ _
_ff[ m _ m[]o ^ _h l_j _h nch [g _h n_* G [ `f_rc\cfc^[^( f[ mo[pc^[^( f[ l _ )
^ i h ^ _t ^ _ f[ pc^[ m_ b [ c^i* P h [ mihlcm[ ]lcmj [^ [ cfog ch[ ch [^ _]o [)
^ [ g _ h n_ mo li mnli * @f _ rnc_h ^ _ f[ g [h i j [l[ ni g [ l _f d[ l l } h s mom
j li j ci m \l[tim m_ m[]o ^_h l_j _h nch [g _h n_ ] i g i [h n_m f_ mo]_^c}
[ fim ^ _ _ff[* Oig [ _f d[ l l } h s( g c_h nl[m fi b []_( p_ mo g [h i* @mny
j yfc^ [( `l_m][( h _p[^ [* O _g \ f[h ^i( ncl[ _f d[ l l } h ( j _ li h i m_ li g j _
s _f [a o [ h i m_ ^ _ ll[ g [ * L o z \olf[
N _ j l_]cjcn[ b[]c[ f[ p_h n[h [( _mj _l[h ^ i p _l _f g o h ^ i l_[f* @ f _m)
j _]ny]o fi _m _f ^ _ oh _m]_h [lci n_[nl[f* < oh _f ]o [ ^ li ^ _ f[ p_h n[h [
b[ mc^ i nl[t[^ i g o s `ch [g _h n_( ]i g i j [j_f ]_fi`yh* < ^cmn[h]c[ m_
p_h f[m mcfo_n[m ^ _ b ig \ l_m k o _ ^ _[g \ o f[h ( yl\ if_m ko_ m_ m[]o ^ _h
s ][m[m s j c_^ l[m k o _ lo _^ [h s ]ifch[m mi\ l_ _f ^ _fa[^ i ] i ln_ nl[ h m)
p _lm[f ^ _ o{c ][g c}h ]osim l_mijfc^im j li ^ o ]_h _ ] i [f g i p_lm_* Q_
b []c[ [llc\ [( [f ]c_fi( s _mny \[di* C [s oh j [l]b _ do mni _h ]cg [ ^ _ zf(
o h [ p_n[ [h ^ [ mo_fn[* @f mif \lcff[ l_m[fn[h ^ i _ h nl_ _f [tof ]i g i oh[
a i n[ ^ _ jf[n[ [f_g [h [* @ rnc_h ^ _ mo jyfc^[ g [h i b []c_h ^ i ]lo dcl _f
]_fi `yh ( s mo g [h i ni][ _f ]c_fi* @f ]c_fi m_ m[]o ^ _ s ][_h j _ko_|im
j _^ [ti m ^ _ zf( ]o \ lc_h ^ i mo g [h i \f[h][ ^ _ ]ih`_nc* <lnc`c]ci 2

G[ f_]]c}h ko_ ^_\_gim [jl_h^_l ^_ _mn[ bcmnilc[ hi _m ko_ _f

g[f mc_gjl_ `l[][m[( mchi ko_ _f _ha[|i jl_mojih_ mc_gjl_ f[
jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ ko_ m_ f_ ^_m]o\l[* K[l[ ^_m]o\lcl ko_ b[ mc^i
_ha[|[^i( ni^i fi ko_ Oigym h_]_mcn[ _m ^[lm_ ]o_hn[ ^_ ko_
fi ko_ ]ihmc^_l[ ko_ mih `fil_m( Hcffs( _n]*( mih _h l_[fc^[^ j[j_f*
?_ _m[ g[h_l[ _f `l[o^_ _m jo_mni ^_ g[hc`c_mni*
Nch _g\[lai( _f _m]zjnc]i him b[ j_^c^i ko_ cg[ach_gim ko_
_f ?l* J hi m_ ]ihn_hn[ ]ih [fai n[h _h^_\f_ s ^o^imi ]igi
_f j[j_f7 jil _f ]ihnl[lci( _f a_hci g[fcahi him jlijil]cih[ly
_rj_lc_h]c[m g_^c[hn_ _f ]_l_\lchi* <m{( hi h_]_mcn[ gif_mn[lm_
om[h^i [fai j[l[ b[]_lhim j_hm[l ko_ _mi _m inl[ ]im[* ?_ b_)
]bi( ji^l{[gim gos \c_h cg[ach[l ko_ ff_p[ [ ][\i mo ^c[\fol[
]o[h^i hi _mn[gim `l_hn_ [ hchaoh[ ]im[* ?[^i ko_ _f ]_l_\lchi
2
J * F * =ioqmg[( ?_m][ln_m @pcf B_hcom( ?MJ ;MNQTXTUMNHFQ =J[NJ\# Qif* 14
%- 5 0 5 &( j j * - 0 - )- 0 . *

G< <GP>DI<>DI T @G >@M@=MDIJ

- , /

_m _f ko_ jli^o]_ [fo]ch[]cih_m( hi h_]_mcn[gim mojih_l _h [\mi)

foni ko_ _rcmn_ ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ f[m ]im[m omo[f_m ^_f goh^i ]o[h^i
_f ?l* J _ha[|[ [ mom p{]ncg[m* Kil fi n[hni( mojiha[gim ko_ ni)
^[m _m[m ]im[m _mnyh ^_mnloc^[m* Ki^_gim _hnih]_m cg[ach[l ko_
Oigym j_lg[h_]_ mifi _h oh goh^i p[]{i( ]ih oh ][mko_n_ ]_l_)
\lchi [n[^i `clg_g_hn_ [ mo ]lyh_i* Kil mojo_mni( zf m_ _h]o_h)
nl[ [d_hi [ mo mcno[]c}h s[ ko_ _f ?l* J( `c_f [ mo jf[h( jlip__ [
Oigym ^_ [fo]ch[]cih_m ko_ mih c^zhnc][m [ f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ^_
mo _rcmn_h]c[ omo[f* Nc Oigym _m]lc\c_l[ _h mo ^c[lci %_f ko_( jil
^_mal[]c[ ( s[ hi _rcmn_&( ji^l{[ _m]lc\cl fi ko_ =ioqmg[ cg[)
ach[6
Cis( ] i g i mc_g j l_( _ h nlz [f ] o [ lni s [b { _mn[\[ _f d[ l l } h ]i h `fil_m
mi\ l_ f[ g _m[* H _ ^ clca{ [ _ff[m( f[m j [fjz s f[m if{* ? is al[]c[m [
?cim j i l f[m `fil_m K [l[ g { h i b[s h [^ [ n[h l_[f ] i g i f[m `fil_m*
@ h _ff[m _mny f[ _m_h]c[ a_h o ch[ ^ _ f[ momn[h]c[ ^_f g o h ^ i * K [l_]_
ch ^ cah [h n_ j _h m[l ch]fomi _ h _ff[m ]i g i [fai _ l_ ]ni s ih ^ o f[h n_
mi\ l_ ]ifo g h [m ^ _ m[pc[* N[pc[ N[pc[
C [\{[ g ym mi\ l_ _mn_ g cmg i n_hil( k o _ h i p[f_ f[ j _h[ nl[h m)
]lc\cl* Ti j i^ l{[ ^ _]cl k o _ _f a_h ci g [fcah i _mn[\[ g o s ^ cp_lnc^ i(
^ _ b _]b i m_ l_{[ ]i h ^ _mj l_]ci ]o [ h ^ i f_{[ f[m j[f[\l[m n[h l_ [ f(
_m_h]c[( momn[h]c[( _n]*( j _ li ^_mj ozm `loh ]c} _f ]_ | i s j [l_]c}
j _lj f_di* Oig ym mcaoc} ^ _m]lc\ c_h^ i ]} g i Hcffs _ h nl} [f ] o [ lni s
]o yh ]i h n_h ni m_ j omi [f p_lf[* C [\ f[lih mi \ l_ f[m `fil_m* ? _mjozm
Oig ym ][g ch } b[]c[ f[ p _h n[h [ s g cl} ]} g i _f d[ l^ ch _ li b []{[ oh
_mj[]ci [ ji][ ^ cmn[h ]c[* @f mif \lcff[\[ j _ li b[\{[ oh[m ]o[h n[m
ho\_y alcm_m* < \lc} f[ p_h n[h [( _ r n_ h ^ c} f[ g [h i s ] o [ nli a l[ h )
^_m ain[m ^ _ ffopc[ g i d[li h mo g [h i* M _a l_m} [f ] o [ lni s ]cn} j [l[
Hcffs o h [ ][h ]c}h ^ _ 7 F YJRUJXYFI% ?cdi f[m j[f[\l[m ]i ll_ ]n[ m s m_
mchnc} ]ig j f[]c^ i ]ih mcai g cmg i* C [\{[ _m]lcni g ym( j _ li _mni _m
mo`c]c_hn_ j [l[ g i mnl[l ] } g i ni^ i j [l_]{[ n[h h ilg [f* T( n[g \czh(
] } g i _f a_h ci g [fcahi b[\{[ n_h c^i zrcni *3

@f zrcni ^_f a_hci g[fcahi _m ]igjf_ni* @ha[|[ [ Oigym b[)

]c_h^i ko_ zmn_ ]l_[( g_^c[hn_ [fo]ch[]cih_m( ko_ _rcmn_ fi ko_ _f
a_hci b[\{[ ^_mnloc^i* G[m _rj_lc_h]c[m [fo]ch[nilc[m ^_ Oigym
^ojfc][h _r[]n[g_hn_ f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ko_ bo\c_l[ n_hc^i mc [h
_rcmnc_l[h f[m ]im[m ^_mnloc^[m* @m oh _ha[|i _rnl[il^ch[lc[g_h)
n_ chn_fca_hn_( j_li [ j_m[l ^_ _mn_ [j[l_hn_ zrcni( _f ?l* J _mnopi
gym ]_l][ ^_ n_h_l zrcni [f _ha[|[lm_ [ m{ gcmgi ko_ [f _ha[|[l
3 4GNI%%# jj* - 0 2 )0 3 *

- , 0

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

[ Oigym* Kil koz _m _mni [m{; Qifp[gim [ f[ [j[l_hn_g_hn_ p[]{[

_m]_h[ ^_f ^l[g[*
Dg[ach_gim ko_ _f ?l* J( b[\c_h^i _ha[|[^i [ Oigym( m_
_h`[^[ jilko_ mo zrcni hi `o_ l_]ihi]c^i s ^_m_[( gc_hnl[m mc)
ao_ ]ih _f _ha[|i( _hn_l[l [ Oigym ^_ mo fiali* <f ^{[ mcaoc_hn_(
]o[h^i Oigym nc_h_ f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ ^_ _hnl[l _h _f ]o[lni ^ih^_
_mnyh f[m `fil_m( _f a_hci g[fcahi moncfg_hn_ moac_l_ [ Oigym ko_
hi b[s `fil_m* @hnih]_m Oigym nc_h_ f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ ^_ []_l][l f[m
`fil_m [ mo h[lct( if_l{[m s ni][lf[m* Oigym m_ nl[hkocfct[* Ic_a[
ko_ b[s[ oh _ha[|i* ?_mjozm ^_ ni^i( [f b[\_lf[m gcl[^i( if)
`[n_[^i( m_hnc^i( ]ih l_mofn[^im m[ncm`[]nilcim( koz ji^l{[ ko_)
l_l ^_]cl _f a_hci g[fcahi [f [`clg[l ko_ Oigym _mn[\[ mc_h^i
_ha[|[^i; < _mni( _f a_hci g[fcahi ]ihn_mn[ fi mcaoc_hn_6 Oom
`fil_m hi mih mchi oh[ [fo]ch[]c}h* K_li Oigym hi m_ ^_d[ j_l)
mo[^cl* Nom `fil_m mih j_l`_]n[m* Ph[ [fo]ch[]c}h; Ioh][
@h _mn_ gig_hni ^_f ^l[g[( _f ?l* J mc_hn_ oh[ `o_ln_ n_h)
n[]c}h ^_ acl[l _f chn_llojnil ^_f ]_l_\lchi s gimnl[l _f `l[o^_
[ Oigym* K_li b[]_l _mi _kocp[f^l{[ [ [][\[l ]ih _f _ha[|i( fi
ko_ hi koc_l_ b[]_l [ ][om[ ^_ ni^i _f nl[\[di ko_ b[ chp_lnc^i
_h _ffi* <m{ ko_ _f a_hci g[fcahi( ko_ [bil[ s[ hi m_ mc_hn_ n[h
cha_hcimi( m_ _h`l_hn[ ]ih oh ^cf_g[* J \c_h g[hnc_h_ _f _ha[|i
_h ]osi ][mi Oigym( [f hi ko_l_l l_]ihi]_l _f _ha[|i( h_a[ly
ko_ zmn_ _rcmn_ ( i \c_h [fn_l[ mo jf[h _h ]osi ][mi Oigym(
[f ^[lm_ ]o_hn[ ^_ ko_ b[ mc^i _ha[|[^i( ]ihp_lncly oh _ha[|i
j_l`_]ni _h oh[ `[lt[ j_l`_]n[* @h ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ fim ^im ][mim(
_f ?l* J hi fial[ly [f][ht[l mo g_n[( s[ ko_ mc _f _ha[|i ]ih)
nch[( ]}gi b[ly _f ?l* J j[l[ ko_ Oigym n_ha[ [fah ch^c]ci
^_f _ha[|i;
?_m^_ f[ j_lmj_]ncp[ ^_ Oigym( _f _ha[|i nin[f hi _m _h [\mi)
nofi oh _ha[|i* Ph[ p_t ko_ m_ fial[ ko_ i]oll[h ni^[m f[m _rj_)
lc_h]c[m omo[f_m( f[ moa_l_h]c[ ^_ ko_ Oigym _mny mo`lc_h^i oh[
[fo]ch[]c}h l_mofn[ mch m_hnc^i* Oigym hi jo_^_ j_hm[l _mi* @m
m}fi oh mchm_hnc^i mc mojih_gim ko_ migim i\d_ni ^_ oh _ha[|i
m_g_d[hn_* >o[h^i oh big\l_ _mny [fo]ch[h^i( ^_\_ ^_ b[\_l
g[h_l[m j[l[ ^_n_]n[l ko_ [m{ _m( ch]fomi mc f[ p{]ncg[( ]igi _h
_f ][mi ^_ G[^s H[]\_nb( hi fial[ ^[lm_ ]o_hn[ ^_ f[ [fo]ch[]c}h
jil _mim g_^cim* Ph[ p_t ko_ m_ l_[fct[h f[m jlo_\[m [jlijc[^[m
]ih _f `ch ^_ [m_aol[lm_ ^_ ko_ ohi hi _mny [fo]ch[h^i( hi nc_h_
m_hnc^i f[ moa_l_h]c[ ^_ ko_ ohi ji^l{[ m_aocl [fo]ch[h^i* Gi

G< <GP>DI<>DI T @G >@M@=MDIJ

- , 1

ko_ ko_l_gim ^_]cl ]o[h^i [`clg[gim ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ _mny [fo)
]ch[h^i _m ko_ [faoh[m ^_ _m[m jlo_\[m `[ff[lyh* G[ [fo]ch[]c}h
j_l`_]n[ _m oh[ \ol\od[ ^_ ch]ihalo_h]c[ m_gyhnc][ ko_ ^_m[j[)
l_]_ \[di f[ jl_mc}h ^_f _m]lonchci m_gyhnc]i*
@f _m]zjnc]i [laog_hn[ ko_ hi b[s g[h_l[ m_aol[ ^_ ^_n_])
n[l oh[ [fo]ch[]c}h j_l`_]n[( _m ^_]cl( oh[ [fo]ch[]c}h j_l`_]n[)
g_hn_ ]ib_l_hn_( ]igjf_n[( mcmn_gync][* >ih]fos_ ko_ f[ ]l__h]c[
^_ ko_ hi _mn[gim [fo]ch[h^i( mc _m p_l^[^_l[( hi l_mofn[ m_l gym
ko_ oh[ ]ihd_nol[ [`ilnoh[^[* @f ^_`_]ni _h _mn_ [laog_hni l[)
^c][ _h ko_ _f _m]zjnc]i [mog_ ko_ oh[ [fo]ch[]c}h j_l`_]n[ _m
jimc\f_* G[ cg[ach[]c}h( ]o[h^i nl[\[d[ _h _r]_mi( ji^l{[ ]ih)
p_h]_lhim ^_ ko_ _m jimc\f_ oh[ [fo]ch[]c}h j_l`_]n[( j_li _mni
hi jo_^_ m_l* K[l[ ko_ [fai m_[ jimc\f_ ^_\_ n_h_l m_hnc^i* Nch
_g\[lai( f[ cg[ach[]c}h hi m_ l_mnlcha_ [ fim f{gcn_m ^_ fi ko_
nc_h_ m_hnc^i* M_mofn[ ji]i ^c`{]cf cg[ach[l [fai [oh ]o[h^i f[
c^_[ gcmg[ ^_ _ffi _m jil ]igjf_ni oh mchm_hnc^i* Ki^_gim cg[)
ach[l oh a[ni _h oh yl\if ]os[m j[ln_m ^_m[j[l_]_h oh[ jil oh[(
jlcg_li f[ ]if[( fo_ai f[ j[n[( fo_ai _f ]o_lji( b[mn[ ko_ `ch[f)
g_hn_ ni^i fi ko_ ko_^[ ^_f a[ni _h _f yl\if _m oh[ mihlcm[ `_fch[*
Ki^_gim cg[ach[l _mni( j_li f[ c^_[ ^_ oh[ mihlcm[ `_fch[ mch oh[
][\_t[ _m jil ]igjf_ni oh mchm_hnc^i* G[ ][j[]c^[^ ^_ f[ cg[ac)
h[]c}h bog[h[ _m ohi ^_ fim aitim ^_ f[ pc^[( j_li ]ihmncnos_
oh[ nl[gj[ j[l[ f[ l_`f_rc}h `cfim}`c][* @mni _m p_l^[^_li jl_]c)
m[g_hn_ jilko_ _m gos `y]cf mojih_l ko_ fi ko_ _m cg[ach[\f_ _m
jimc\f_( fi ]o[f ]ihmncnos_ oh[ mojimc]c}h _ll}h_[ s `[f[t*
G[ [fo]ch[]c}h ^_ oh goh^i mch goh^i _m jl_]cm[g_hn_ ]igi
f[ mihlcm[ ^_ oh a[ni mch a[ni* Ki^_gim cg[ach[l [g\[m( j_li
hchaoh[ ^_ _ff[m nc_h_ fcn_l[fg_hn_ m_hnc^i*
<m{( ho_mnl[ lzjfc][ [f _m]_jnc]cmgi _m oh[ lzjfc][ m_gyhnc][* @f
[laog_hni ^_f _m]zjnc]i []_l][ ^_f a_hci g[fcahi m_ mcao_ ^_ f[
jl_gcm[ ^_ ko_ _m jimc\f_ oh[ [fo]ch[]c}h j_l`_]n[* K_li f[ c^_[
^_ oh[ [fo]ch[]c}h j_l`_]n[ ][l_]_ ^_ m_hnc^i s jil fi n[hni oh[
[fo]ch[]c}h n[f hi _m jimc\f_* >igi _f [laog_hni ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi
jli]_^_ ^_ oh[ jl_gcm[ `[fm[( ^_\_ m_l l_]b[t[^i*
< K ObZVSMKMSiX NO VK MK\OXMSK NO ]SQXSPSMKNY
Kil koz j[l_]_ n[h jf[omc\f_ [`clg[l ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ f[ [fo)
]ch[]c}h j_l`_]n[ ][l_]_ ^_ mcahc`c][^i; G[ _rjfc][]c}h ^_ f[ [j[)
l_hn_ ][l_h]c[ ^_ mcahc`c][^i ^_ _mn[ ^i]nlch[ moca_ ^_ oh[ [g)

$#)

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

\ca_^[^ _h nzlgchim n[f_m ]igi mchm_hnc^i s ][l_h]c[ ^_ mca)

hc`c][^i* Oi^im _mnim nzlgchim m_ om[h n[hni _h oh m_hnc^i m_)
gyhnc]i ]igi _h ohi _jcmnzgc]i* Ph[ il[]c}h _m oh mchm_hnc^i(
i ][l_]_ ^_ mcahc`c][^i( _h _f m_hnc^i m_gyhnc]i ^_f nzlgchi( m}fi
mc f[ il[]c}h hi [m_p_l[ h[^[ s( ]ihm_]o_hn_g_hn_( hi _m hc p_l^[)
^_l[ hc `[fm[* Ph _d_gjfi j_l`_]ni ^_ oh[ il[]c}h ^_ _m_ ncji _m
Kclin_m ][lofct[h _fy]nc][g_hn_* @mn[ il[]c}h hi [m_p_l[ h[^[7
hi _m hc p_l^[^_l[ hc `[fm[* Ii _mny b_]b[ ^_ j[f[\l[m ]ih mca)
hc`c][^i* Ph _d_gjfi ^_ oh[ il[]c}h ko_ ][l_]_ ^_ mcahc`c][^i
_h _f m_hnc^i m_gyhnc]i( j_li ko_ _mny b_]b[ ^_ j[f[\l[m ]ih
mcahc`c][^i( _m Q_l\i _h b[]_l hc_\f[ Eimz* @f ^_`_]ni ^_ _mn[
il[]c}h l[^c][ _h ko_ _m [al[g[nc][f* Ki^_gim ch]fomi n_h_l oh[
il[]c}h ko_ _m al[g[nc][f s ko_ _mnz ]igjo_mn[ ^_ j[f[\l[m ]ih
mcahc`c][^i j_li ko_ mch _g\[lai ][l_t][ ^_ mcahc`c][^i _h _f m_h)
nc^i m_gyhnc]i* Ph _d_gjfi _m Gim aom[him chn_al[h f[ foh[ jil
6 % bigiazh_[g_hn_ ]o[h^i gil[fct[h j[l[ [hof[l [ f[m g[h)
t[h[m* @mn[ il[]c}h( ]igi f[m jl_]_^_hn_m( hi [m_p_l[ h[^[*
Oi^[m f[m il[]cih_m ko_ b_gim ]ihmc^_l[^i mih mchm_hnc^im s
][l_]_h ^_ mcahc`c][^i jil m_l m_gyhnc][ i al[g[nc][fg_hn_ ^_)
`_]noim[m( ^_ n[f g[h_l[ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ f[m ^cd_l[ hi _m)
n[l{[( _h ]cl]ohmn[h]c[m ]igoh_m( [m_p_l[h^i h[^[* @h ]ihnl[mn_
]ih _mn_ m_hnc^i ^_ fim nzlgchim mchm_hnc^i s ][l_hn_ ^_ mca)
hc`c][^i( b[s oh m_hnc^i _jcmnzgc]i* < p_]_m ^_]cgim ko_ oh[
il[]c}h hi nc_h_ m_hnc^i jilko_( [ohko_ [m_p_l[ [fai( fi ko_
[m_p_l[ _m ^_m][\_ff[^i* Nc oh big\l_ ^c]_ Oi^i _f goh^i b[
go_lni( ji^l{[gim ]ihn_mn[l Oihn_l{[m( i( [fn_lh[ncp[g_hn_(
Loz koc_l_m ^_]cl; i ch]fomi @mi hi nc_h_ m_hnc^i* Ii _m
ko_ f[ il[]c}h hi [m_p_l_ h[^[7 jil _f ]ihnl[lci( _m jilko_ f[
il[]c}h [m_p_l[ [fai _pc^_hn_g_hn_ `[fmi jil fi ko_ ]ihn_mn[gim
fi ko_ ]ihn_mn[gim* G[ il[]c}h _hoh]c[^[ _m j_l`_]n[g_hn_ mca)
hc`c][ncp[7 fi ko_ l_mofn[ mchm_hnc^i s ][l_hn_ ^_ mcahc`c][^i _m ko_
f[ j_lmih[ f[ b[s[ jli`_lc^i* K[l[ jf[hn_[l _f jli\f_g[ ^_ inl[
`ilg[( ^ca[gim ko_ ji^_gim ^[lf_ m_hnc^i [ f[ il[]c}h7 m[\_gim
fi ko_ [m_p_l[* K_li hi ji^_gim _hn_h^_l jil koz _f big\l_ f[
_hoh]c[7 hi _hn_h^_gim jil koz b[\l{[ ^_ ^_]clf[* <m{( ]o[h^i
om[gim nzlgchim ]igi mchm_hnc^i s ][l_hn_ ^_ mcahc`c][^i _h
_f m_hnc^i _jcmnzgc]i( _f omi ]ill_]ni ^_ _ffim l_koc_l_ m}fi ko_ fi
ko_ m_ ^c]_ j[l_t][ [\mol^[g_hn_ `[fmi* Kil mojo_mni( j[l[ ko_
j[l_t][ ^_m][\_ff[^[g_hn_ `[fmi( f[ il[]c}h ^_\_ [m_p_l[l [fai( s
[m{ m_l p_l^[^_l[ i `[fm[*

G< <GP>DI<>DI T @G >@M@=MDIJ

$#*

@mnim m_|[f[gc_hnim mih ^cl_]n[g_hn_ j_lnch_hn_m j[l[ f[ bc)

j}n_mcm ^_ f[ [fo]ch[]c}h j_l`_]n[* G[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ f[ [fo]ch[]c}h
j_l`_]n[ _m oh mchm_hnc^i s ][l_hn_ ^_ mcahc`c][^i _h _f m_h)
nc^i _jcmnzgc]i ^_ _mnim nzlgchim( s m}fi _h _m_ m_hnc^i* M_mofn[
]ill_]ni [jfc][l n[f_m nzlgchim [ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ f[ [fo]ch[]c}h j_l)
`_]n[ jilko_ j[l_]_ ^_m][\_ff[^[g_hn_ `[fm[* Dh]fomi _f _m]zjnc]i
jo_^_ []_jn[l( ]igi \c_h ^_\_l{[ l_]il^[lm_( ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm j[)
l_]_ `[fm[* Ii i\mn[hn_( j[l[ ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm j[l_t][ `[fm[ ^_\_
m_l mcahc`c][ncp[7 ^_\_ [m_p_l[l [fai j[l[ ko_ jo_^[ j[l_]_l `[fm[*
Nc f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ f[ [fo]ch[]c}h j_l`_]n[ _m$ mcahc`c][ncp[ _h _f
m_hnc^i m_gyhnc]i _mni _m( mc [m_p_l[ [fai _hnih]_m _f b_]bi
^_ ko_ hi m_[ mcahc`c][ncp[ _h _f m_hnc^i _jcmnzgc]i _m cll_f_p[hn_
j[l[ f[m [laog_hn[]cih_m ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi* >igi m_|[f[gim [h)
n_m( _f _m]zjnc]i jo_^_ ]ih]_^_l( s m_l nin[fg_hn_ ]ihmcmn_hn_( ko_
f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ f[ [fo]ch[]c}h j_l`_]n[ j[l_]_ `[fm[* Ko_^_ ]l__l
ch]fomi ko_ _m `[fm[* @m jli\[\f_ ko_ ni^[m f[m j_lmih[m( _m]zjnc][m
i hi( ]l_[h _mni* K_li [ohko_ ni^[m ]l_[h ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm _m `[fm[(
_f _m]zjnc]i [laog_hn[ ko_ h[^c_ m[\_ ko_ _m `[fm[* >ih]fos_ ko_
jo_mni ko_ h[^c_ m[\_ ko_ _m `[fm[( h[^c_ m[\_ mc [faoh[ ^_ mom
]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m _m p_l^[^_l[* Kil fi n[hni( n[f_m ]l__h]c[m
hi ]ihmncnos_h ]ihi]cgc_hni*
4^K[_O K Y^\K Z\OWS]K O]MgZ^SMK/ Z\YLKLSVSNKN c XY ]_O\^O
Nojiha[gim ko_ _f _jcmn_gcmn[ ]ih]_^_( ]ih _f `ch ^_ _pcn[l oh[
^c`c]ofn[^( ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ f[ [fo]ch[]c}h j_l`_]n[ [m_p_l[ [fai
ko_ _m i \c_h p_l^[^_li i \c_h `[fmi* Io_p[g_hn_ himinlim ]ih)
]_^_l_gim ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ n_h_gim ^_ f[ _rj_lch]c[ m_h)
milc[f mc_gjl_ _m n[f ko_ _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ m_[h `[fm[m
ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m \[m[^[m _h _mn[ _pc^_h]c[*
Nc b[]_gim _mn[m ]ih]_mcih_m( ^_\_gim ]ih]_^_l n[g\czh _f
nlcoh`i [f _m]_jnc]cmgi; K[l[ p_l ko_ hi h_]_mcn[gim b[]_lfi(
_r[gch_gim oh[ p_t gym ]ih ^_n[ff_ f[ _mnlo]nol[ f}ac][ ^_f [l)
aog_hni ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi*
@f [laog_hni _m ]igi mcao_6
-* G[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ nc_h_ oh[ ]l__h]c[
j_l]_jno[f p_l^[^_l[ jo_^_h ^ojfc][lm_ _h f[m _rj_lc_h)
]c[m ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ]os[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f _m _r[]n[g_h)
n_ mcgcf[l j_li `[fm[*

- , 4

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

.* Nc f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ nc_h_ oh[ ]l__h]c[

j_l]_jno[f p_l^[^_l[ jo_^_h ^ojfc][lm_ _h f[m _rj_lc_h)
]c[m ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ]os[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f _m _r[]n[g_h)
n_ mcgcf[l j_li `[fm[( _hnih]_m mc_gjl_ _m f}ac][g_hn_ ji)
mc\f_ ko_ ]o[f_mkoc_l[ ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m
m_[h `[fm[m*
/* Nc mc_gjl_ _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ ]o[f_mkoc_l[ ^_ ho_m)
nl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m m_[h `[fm[m( _hnih]_m hoh][ m[\_)
gim mc [faoh[m ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m mih p_l)
^[^_l[m*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
0* I[^c_ m[\_ hoh][ ko_ [faoh[m ^_ mom ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m
mih p_l^[^_l[m*
<f ^_`_h^_l f[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ oh[ [fo]ch[]c}h j_l`_]n[( _f _m)
]zjnc]i b[ domnc`c][^i f[ jl_gcm[ %-&* Hym [h( ]ih]_^[gim n[g)
\czh f[ p_l^[^ ^_ f[ jl_gcm[ %.&* K[l[ hi l_mjihm[\cfct[lhim ^_ f[m
]ihm_]o_h]c[m ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi( ^clcacl_gim [bil[ ho_mnli [n[)
ko_ ]ihnl[ f[ jl_gcm[ %/&* G[ ^_`_hm[ _m]zjnc][ ^_ f[ jl_gcm[ %/&
jo_^_ `oh^[lm_ _h mo _hoh]c[]c}h ^_f [laog_hni ^_f ij_l[^il
g[fcahi %jj* 53)54&( ^ih^_ nl[n[ ^_ [nlc\ocl [ f[ mo_ln_ f[ p_l^[^
^_ f[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m* @mni f_ j_lgcn_ ^_lcp[l f[ jl_gcm[
%/& ^_
4* Nc _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ [faoh[m ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m
j_l]_jno[f_m m_[h `[fm[m( _hnih]_m oh[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f
ko_ l_mofn_ m_l p_l^[^_l[ hi _m mchi oh[ [^cpch[]c}h [`il)
noh[^[
5* Nc [faoh[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f ko_ l_mofn_ p_l^[^_l[ hi _m
mchi oh[ [^cpch[]c}h [`ilnoh[^[( _hnih]_m hoh][ m_ m[\_ mc
[faoh[m ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m mih p_l^[^_l[m*
<ohko_ _m pyfc^[ f[ ^_^o]]c}h ^_ f[ jl_gcm[ %/& ^_ %4& s ^_ %5&(
^_\_l{[ l_]b[t[lm_ f[ jl_gcm[ %4&* ?_ _m[ g[h_l[ ji^_gim _pcn[l
[]_jn[l f[ jl_gcm[ %/&*
@h f[ jl_gcm[ %4& _f _m]zjnc]i b[ [mogc^i ko_ mc _m f}ac][g_hn_
jimc\f_ ko_ oh[ ]l__h]c[ m_[ `[fm[( _hnih]_m ]o[h^i oh[ ]l__h]c[
l_mofn[ p_l^[^_l[ hi m_ nl[n[ mchi ^_ oh[ [^cpch[]c}h [`ilnoh[^[(

G< <GP>DI<>DI T @G >@M@=MD IJ

- , 5

s jil fi n[hni hi _m h[^[ ko_ ]ihit][gim* Kil ]ihp_hc_h]c[ _nc)

ko_n_gim ]igi MY\\OQSLVO ]o[fkoc_l ]l__h]c[ ^_ oh ncji n[f ko_ m_[
f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ ]o[fkoc_l ]l__h]c[ ko_ _hnl_ _h _m_ ncji
l_mofn_ `[fm[* <m{( _h f[ jl_gcm[ %/& _f _m]zjnc]i koc_l_ ^_]cl ko_
hoh][ m_ m[\_ mc _m p_l^[^_l[ ]o[fkoc_l ]l__h]c[ ]ill_ac\f_* @mn[
mojimc]c}h ^_\_ l_]b[t[lm_ ^_]c^c^[g_hn_( jo_mni ko_ ]ihff_p[
cgjfc][]cih_m p[mn[m s j_lhc]cim[m*
>[mc ni^[m ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m mi\l_ n_g[m ko_ hi m_[h f[ f}ac][
s f[m g[n_gync][m mih ]ill_ac\f_m* Io_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m mi\l_ _f j[)
m[^i( _f `onoli( inl[m j_lmih[m s foa[l_m ^cmn[hn_m( j[l[ ^[l m}fi
ohim ]o[hnim _d_gjfim( mih ni^[m _ff[m ]ill_ac\f_m* @m \[mn[hn_
`y]cf cg[ach[l ]}gi _f ]_l_\lchi ji^l{[ om[lm_ j[l[ _ha[|[lhim
_h n[f_m [mohnim* Hym [h( ni^[m f[m ]l__h]c[m ko_ ^_j_h^_h ^_f
[laog_hni ch^o]ncpi( _h _f ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ n_h_gim XY cg)
jfc][ f[ bcj}n_mcm ko_ ]l__gim( mih ]l__h]c[m ]ill_ac\f_m* Nc f[ _pc)
^_h]c[ ko_ n_h_gim hi cgjfc][ ko_ m_[ p_l^[^_l[ f[ bcj}n_mcm
ko_ ]l__gim( _hnih]_m _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ _mn_gim _koc)
pi][^im* Kil fi n[hni( mc []_jn[gim f[ mojimc]c}h _m]zjnc][ ^_ ko_
h[^c_ m[\_ mc _m p_l^[^_l[ [faoh[ ]l__h]c[ ]ill_ac\f_( _hnih]_m
_mn[l_gim i\fca[^im [ h_a[l ko_ b[s [fai ]igi _f ]ihi]cgc_hni
ch^o]ncpi* <m{( pifp[gim [ f[ n[l_[ ^_ gimnl[l ko_ f[ jl_gcm[ %4&(
s ]ih _ff[ f[ jl_gcm[ %/&( mih n[hni ^o^im[m ]igi j_ldo^c]c[f_m*
G[ jl_n_hmc}h _m]zjnc][ ^_ ko_ f[ ]l__h]c[ ]ill_ac\f_ him ^_d[
_hn_l[g_hn_ [ g_l]_^ ^_ f[ mo_ln_ ]igi fi [`clg[ f[ jl_gcm[
%4& hi _m ^c`{]cf ^_ l_`on[l ]ih mifc^_t* G[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ hi _r)
]fos_ f[ jimc\cfc^[^ f}ac][ ^_ _llil jo_^_ l_^o]cl [gjfc[g_hn_ f[
jli\[\cfc^[^ ^_ _llil* Hym [h( ]o[h^i f[ jli\[\cfc^[^ ^_ _llil
m_ l_^o]_ ]ih ho_mnl[ _pc^_h]c[ [ oh al[^i _h _f ko_ _m chmcahc)
`c][hn_( _m [\mol^i ^_]cl ko_ _m][j[l ^_f _llil hi _m mchi \o_h[
mo_ln_* @m nin[fg_hn_ l[tih[\f_ ]l__l fi ko_ _m _h _rnl_gi jli\[)
\f_ s hi ]l__l fi ko_ _m chg_hm[g_hn_ cgjli\[\f_* >o[h^i oh[
j_lmih[ ]l__ [fai ko_ m_ nilh[ _r]_mcp[g_hn_ jli\[\f_( ^[^[ f[
_pc^_h]c[ _h f[ ko_ \[m[ mo ]l__h]c[( _hnih]_m hi _m oh[ g_l[
]o_mnc}h ^_ mo_ln_ ko_ _ff[ _mnz _h fi ]ill_]ni s ko_ mo ]l__h]c[
m_[ p_l^[^_l[*
>ihmc^zl_hm_ f[m jli\[\cfc^[^_m _h oh do_ai ^_ [t[l* Nc si
[jo_mni [ oh[ [fn_lh[ncp[ _h oh do_ai n[f s f[m p_hn[d[m ^_ _m[
[fn_lh[ncp[ mih ^_ ^c_t [ ohi( gc [jo_mn[ ][f]of[^[ hi _m oh[ mcg)
jf_ [^cpch[]c}h* Hym [h( ]o[h^i f[m p_hn[d[m mih ^_ oh gcff}h
[ ohi( ^c`{]cfg_hn_ jo_^_ mimn_h_lm_ ko_ m_ nl[n[ ^_ acl[l f[

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

lo_^[ ^_ f[ mo_ln_* >o[h^i f[ jli\[\cfc^[^ _m mo`c]c_hn_g_hn_

al[h^_( hi b[s h_]_mc^[^ ^_ [^cpch[l( s ^_ b_]bi !! b[s h_]_mc)
^[^ ^_ mo_ln_* G[m ]l__h]c[m ko_ mih mo`c]c_hn_g_hn_ jli\[\f_m(
[oh ]o[h^i m_[h ]ill_ac\f_m( ^_\_l{[h ]ihmc^_l[lm_ ]igi ]ihi)
]cgc_hni mc_gjl_ ko_ m_[h p_l^[^_l[m*
BgZVSMK NOV O]MgZ^SMY/ ZY]SLSVSNKN& Z\YLKLSVSNKN c P\OM_OXMSK
Oi^i chn_hni jil _m][j[l ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi ni][( n[l^_ i n_gjl[)
hi( [ f[ jo_ln[ ^_ f[ jli\[\cfc^[^* K_li hi b[s hchaoh[ [so^[
nl[m _m[ jo_ln[* ?_ b_]bi( oh[ p_t nl[mj[m[^i _m_ og\l[f( mch
^o^[ him _h]ihnl[l_gim _h f[ gcmg{mcg[ ao[lc^[ ^_f _m]_jnc)
]cmgi* >ihmc^_l_gim ]}gi _]b[l _f ]_llidi [ f[ jo_ln[*
Nc _f [j_f[l [ f[ jli\[\cfc^[^ b[ ^_ n_h_l zrcni( _f ijih_hn_
^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi ^_\_ [`clg[l hi m}fi ko_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m ]i)
ll_ac\f_m m_ \[m[h _h oh[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ f[m b[]_ [fn[g_hn_ jli)
\[\f_m( mchi ko_ n[g\czh ^_\_ _mn[\f_]_l ko_ ]KLOWY] ko_ n[f_m
]l__h]c[m mih [fn[g_hn_ jli\[\f_m* Ii \[mn[ ko_ oh[ ]l__h]c[
m_[ [fn[g_hn_ jli\[\f_7 _f ko_ ]l_[ ko_ nc_h_ oh[ ]l__h]c[ ^_\_
m[\_l ko_ _mni _m [m{7 ^_ inl[ g[h_l[( f[ ]l__h]c[( mc _m p_l^[)
^_l[( m_ly ^_ ho_pi oh[ g_l[ ]o_mnc}h ^_ mo_ln_* K[l[ p_l _mni(
pifp[gim [f _d_gjfi ^_ f[ g_m[ ^_ do_ai* Dg[ach_gim ko_ oh[
j_lmih[ _m chpcn[^[ [ doa[l oh j[lnc^i ^_ Hcff__( ko_ m_ do_a[
]igi mcao_6 b[s oh[ gykoch[ ko_ ]c_ll[ oh[ p_hn[h[ ]o[h^i m_
ijlcg_ oh \in}h s ^_mjozm m_ [\l_ j[l[ gimnl[l oh ]o[^li lidi i
ohi p_l^_* <^_gym( j[ln_ ^_ f[ ^_`chc]c}h ^_f do_ai chpifo]l[ f[
mcaoc_hn_ l_af[ l_f[ncp[ [f ]igjiln[gc_hni ^_ f[ gykoch[6 ^_\_
m_l [domn[^[ j[l[ ko_ _f ]o[^li p_l^_ [j[l_t][ m}fi oh[ p_t _h
oh gcff}h ^_ doa[^[m* <m{( f[m jimc\cfc^[^_m mih oh[ _h oh gcff}h
^_ ko_ _f ]o[^li lidi ^_d_ ^_ [j[l_]_l ]o[h^i m_ [\l_ f[ p_hn[h[*
Dg[ach_gim ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ _m chpcn[^[ [ doa[l Hcff__ j_li
hi f_ ^c]_h f[m jli\[\cfc^[^_m* @ff[ ji^l{[ _m]ia_l f[ [jo_mn[ ^_
ko_ _f ]o[^li lidi [j[l_]_ly ]o[h^i m_ [\l[ f[ p_hn[h[ s jil
mojo_mni _mn[ly _h fi ]ill_]ni* < j_m[l ^_ f[m jli\[\cfc^[^_m [
mo `[pil( _mn[l{[ jf_h[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[ [f ^_]cl ko_ mo ]l__h]c[
^_ ko_ _f ]o[^li lidi [j[l_]_l{[ `o_( ^_m^_ mo johni ^_ pcmn[(
oh[ [^cpch[]c}h [`ilnoh[^[* G[ l[t}h l[^c][ _h ko_ _ff[ hi m[\_
ko_ f[m jli\[\cfc^[^_m mih oh gcff}h [ oh[ [ mo `[pil* ?_ b_]bi(
b[mn[ ^ih^_ m[\_( f[m jli\[\cfc^[^_m ji^l{[h m_l ]o[f_mkoc_l[*

G< <GP>DI<>DI T @G >@M@=MDIJ

- !! [om_h]c[ ^_ n[f ]ihi]cgc_hni( _f _mn[l _h fi ]ill_]ni hi _m mchi

*mo_ln_*
<bil[ mojiha[gim ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ ]l__ ko_ l_[fg_hn_ b[s
oh dcnig[n_ `l_hn_ [ _ff[ s ko_ mo ]l__h]c[ m_ \[m[ _h f[ _pc^_h]c[
^_ c[ _rj_lc_h]c[ m_hmilc[f i _h ]o[fkoc_l inl[ _pc^_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[
ko_ m_ koc_l[* G[m jli\[\cfc^[^_m ji^l{[h m_l oh gcff}h [ oh[ ^_
ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm l_mofn[ly p_l^[^_l[ ]o[h^i m_ \[m[ _h n[f _pc^_h)
]c[* K_li mc f[ j_lmih[ hi m[\_ ko_ _m[m mih f[m jli\[\cfc^[^_m( s
mc( [^_gym( b[mn[ ^ih^_ m[\_( f[m jli\[\cfc^[^_m ji^l{[h m_l ]o[)
f_mkoc_l[( _h ][mi ^_ _mn[l _h fi ]ill_]ni( hi _mn[l{[gim b[\f[h^i
mchi ^_ oh[ ]o_mnc}h ^_ mo_ln_* O[hni _h _mn_ ][mi ]igi _h _f ^_
f[ j_lmih[ _h f[ g_m[ ^_ do_ai( _mn[l _h fi ]ill_]ni _m ]o_mnc}h ^_
mo_ln_( [oh ]o[h^i f[m jli\[\cfc^[^_m _mnzh ]ihmc^_l[\f_g_hn_ [
`[pil ^_ ko_ [g\[m j_lmih[m _mnzh _h fi ]ill_]ni* @m ]o_mnc}h ^_
mo_ln_ jilko_ [g\[m SQXY\KLKX f[m jli\[\cfc^[^_m*
Kil mojo_mni( n[hni _f doa[^il ]igi _f ]l_s_hn_ j_l]_jno[f _m)
n[l{[h _h oh[ jimc]c}h ]igjf_n[g_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_ mc ]ihi]c_l[h f[m
jli\[\cfc^[^_m* Nc [g\im ]ihi]c_l[h f[m jli\[\cfc^[^_m( _hnih]_m
^_ hchaohi ^_ fim ^im ji^l{[ ^_]clm_ ]ih _r[]ncno^ ko_ _mnyh _h
fi ]ill_]ni m}fi jil mo_ln_* G[ jl_aohn[ ko_ ^_\_ l_mjih^_l _f
_m]zjnc]i _m f[ mcaoc_hn_6 h_]_mcn[gim mojih_l ko_ _f ]l_s_hn_
j_l]_jno[f cahil[ f[m jli\[\cfc^[^_m [ `[pil ^_ mo ]l__h]c[; Ph[
j_lmih[ ko_ \[m[ mom ]l__h]c[m _h f[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ po_fp_ [fn[)
g_hn_ jli\[\f_ mo ]l__h]c[ hi ji^l{[ m[\_l n[g\czh ]oyh jli)
\[\f_ _m mo ]l__h]c[; K[l[ _mn[\f_]_l f[ n_mcm ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi ^_)
\_gim jli\[l ko_ _f ]l_s_hn_ j_l]_jno[f cahil[ ch_fo^c\f_g_hn_
n[f_m jli\[\cfc^[^_m*
>igi oh jlcg_l j[mi( ]ihmc^_l_gim \l_p_g_hn_ ]}gi m[\_)
gim [fai []_l][ ^_ f[m jli\[\cfc^[^_m* N_ chn_ljl_n[ _f nzlgchi
jli\[\cfc^[^ ^_ ^c`_l_hn_m g[h_l[m( j_li f[ c^_[ ko_ j[l_]_ gym
j_lnch_hn_ _h _mn_ ]ihn_rni _mny l_f[]cih[^[ ]ih f[ `l_]o_h]c[ ^_
f[ p_l^[^* Nc oh[ j_lmih[ ^_\_ nl[hm`ilg[l mom ]l__h]c[m j_l)
]_jno[f_m _h ili _jcmnzgc]i( jil g_^ci ^_ mo ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_
f[ jli\[\cfc^[^( ^_\_ m[\_l ko_ mo ]l__h]c[( \[m[^[ _h f[ _pc^_h)
]c[ ko_ nc_h_( _m _f ncji ^_ ]l__h]c[ ko_ _m ]ih g[sil `l_]o_h]c[
^_ b_]bi( ]ih go]b[ g[sil `l_]o_h]c[ p_l^[^_l[ ko_ `[fm[
]o[h^i m_ \[m[ _h f[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ nc_h_* @f ]l_s_hn_ j_l]_jno[f
^_\_ m[\_l ko_ f[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m \[m[^[m _h f[ _pc^_h)
]c[ omo[f ^_ f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ m_hmilc[f mih ]ih g[sil `l_]o_h]c[
p_l^[^_l[m ko_ `[fm[m*

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

K_li _m[ j_lmih[ hi jo_^_ m[\_l n[f ]im[( mc m}fi ]ihmc^_l[gim

]}gi oh[ j_lmih[ m[\_ ko_ _m p_l^[^_l[ oh[ [`clg[]c}h mi\l_
f[ `l_]o_h]c[* @f ncji ^_ `l_]o_h]c[ chpifo]l[^[ _m f[ `l_]o_h]c[
l_f[ncp[7 f[ `l_]o_h]c[ ]ih f[ ko_ ]c_ln[ ]im[ i]oll_ _m l_f[ncp[ [
f[ i]oll_h]c[ ^_ ]im[m ^_ inli ncji* Kil _d_gjfi( moj}ha[m_ ko_
^_m_[gim m[\_l koz n[h jli\[\f_ _m ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ mch al[^i
ohcp_lmcn[lci ff_ao_ [ a[h[l " 0,(,,, ^}f[l_m [f [|i* K[l[ _mn[\f_)
]_l _mn[ jli\[\cfc^[^( [faoc_h ^_\_ ^_m]o\lcl koz n[h `l_]o_h)
n_g_hn_ mo]_^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ mch al[^i ohcp_lmcn[lci a[h_
! 0,(,,, ^}f[l_m* G[ g[h_l[ ^_ ^_m]o\lcl _mni ]ihmcmn_ _h _h)
]ihnl[l oh[ go_mnl[ l_jl_m_hn[ncp[ ^_ j_lmih[m mch al[^i ohc)
p_lmcn[lci* Noj}ha[m_( jil mcgjfc]c^[^( ko_ mo go_mnl[ ]ihnc_h_
gcf ch^cpc^oim ko_ ][l_]_h ^_ al[^i ohcp_lmcn[lci s ko_ _r[]n[)
g_hn_ ih]_ ^_ _ffim a[h[h " 0,(,,, ^}f[l_m [f [|i* @hnih]_m m_
^_\_l{[ ]ih]focl ko_( ]ih \[m_ _h mo b[ff[tai( _m l[tih[\f_ _mj_)
l[l ko_ f[ `l_]o_h]c[ l_f[ncp[ m_|[f[^[ m_[ ^_ --+- ,,,* G[ gcmg[
]c`l[ _m f[ jli\[\cfc^[^ [jlircg[^[ ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ mch al[^i
ohcp_lmcn[lci a[h_ f[ mog[ _mj_]c`c][^[*
@h l_mog_h( j[l[ ^_m]o\lcl f[ `l_]o_h]c[ ]ih f[ ko_ f[m ]im[m
^_ ncji 4 l_mofn[h m_l n[g\czh ]im[m ^_ oh ncji 5& ^_\_gim _h)
]ihnl[l oh[ go_mnl[ ^_ ]im[m ko_ mih 4 s ^_n_lgch[l ]oyhn[m
^_ _ff[m mih 5( Kil fi n[hni( ]ihmc^zl_m_ _f jli\f_g[ ko_ oh[
j_lmih[ _h`l_hn[ ]o[h^i ^_m_[ _mn[\f_]_l ko_ f[m ]l__h]c[m j_l)
]_jno[f_m \[m[^[m _h f[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ m_hmilc[f mih
]ih g[sil `l_]o_h]c[ p_l^[^_l[m ko_ `[fm[m* K[l[ ^_m]o\lcl _mni(
_ff[ n_h^ly ko_ _h]ihnl[l oh[ go_mnl[ ^_ ]l__h]c[m ^_f ncji _m)
j_]c`c][^i s ^_n_lgch[l ]oyhn[m ^_ _ff[m `o_lih p_l^[^_l[m* G[
ch`ilg[]c}h mi\l_ n[f go_mnl[ m_l{[ nin[fg_hn_ _m_h]c[f j[l[ mo
^_m]o\lcgc_hni ^_ ko_ f[m ]l__h]c[m ^_ _mn_ ncji mih ]ih g[sil
`l_]o_h]c[ p_l^[^_l[m ko_ `[fm[m* K_li ]}gi p[ [ ]ihm_aocl _mn[
ch`ilg[]c}h; K[l[ i\n_h_l ^c]b[ ch`ilg[]c}h( ^_\_ m_l ][j[t ^_
^_n_lgch[l ]oyhn[m ^_ f[m ]l__h]c[m ^_ mo go_mnl[ mih p_l^[^_)
l[m* K[l[ ^_n_lgch[l ]oyhn[m ^_ _mn[m ]l__h]c[m mih p_l^[^_l[m(
^_\_ m[\_l ]oyf_m ^_ _ff[m ]ihmncnos_h ]ihi]cgc_hni s ]oyf_m hi*
Nch _g\[lai( _mn_ l_ko_lcgc_hni _m oh[ ][f[gc^[^( jo_m s[ b_)
gim gimnl[^i ko_ oh[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f jo_^_ ]ihmncnocl ]i)
hi]cgc_hni m}fi mc f[ j_lmih[ m[\_ ko_ f[m ]l__h]c[m ^_ _mn_ ncji
mih ]ih g[sil `l_]o_h]c[ p_l^[^_l[m ko_ `[fm[m* <bil[ b_gim
]ih]foc^i ko_ ]ih _f `ch ^_ m[\_l ko_ f[m ]l__h]c[m ^_ _mn_ ncji mih

AM@>P@I>D<( <?@>P<>DI T KMJ=<=DGD?<?

- - /

]ih g[sil `l_]o_h]c[ p_l^[^_l[m ko_ `[fm[m( ^_\_gim m[\_l jlc)

g_li ]oyf_m ^_ _m[m ]l__h]c[m mih p_l^[^_l[m s ]oyf_m mih `[fm[m*
Kil fi n[hni( [hn_m ^_ ko_ ji^[gim m[\_l mc KVQ_XK ]l__h]c[ j_l)
]_jno[f _m p_l^[^_l[( ^_\_gim ]KLO\ Z\SWO\Y ko_ ]c_ln[m ]l__h]c[m
j_l]_jno[f_m mih p_l^[^_l[m* @mn[ _m oh[ mcno[]c}h _jcmnzgc][ ni)
n[fg_hn_ j_lhc]cim[* Hym [h( f[ hc][ [fn_lh[ncp[ _m _f _m]_jnc)
]cmgi* @h mog[( i \c_h m[\_gim ko_ ]c_ln[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[)
f_m mih p_l^[^_l[m [hn_m ^_ m[\_l ko_ M_KV[_SO\ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_j)
no[f _m p_l^[^_l[( fi ]o[f _m [\mol^i( i \c_h hi m[\_gim ko_ [f)
aoh[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m mih p_l^[^_l[m* @m i\pci ko_ ^_\_
[]_jn[lm_ f[ fncg[ [fn_lh[ncp[*
M_pcm_gim \l_p_g_hn_ _f [laog_hni* >ih _f `ch ^_ _m][j[l [f
_m]_jnc]cmgi l_f[ncpi [ f[m ]l__h]c[m ]ill_ac\f_m( ^_\_ gimnl[lm_
ko_ n[f_m ]l__h]c[m m_ \[m[h _h f[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ f[m po_fp_ [fn[)
g_hn_ jli\[\f_m( s n[g\czh ko_ ]KLOWY] ko_ _m[m ]l__h]c[m mih
[fn[g_hn_ jli\[\f_m* K[l[ m[\_l _mni fncgi( ^_\_gim m[\_l ko_
n[f_m ]l__h]c[m( ]o[h^i m_ \[m[h _h f[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ oh[ ]f[m_ _m)
j_]{`c][( mih ]ih g[sil `l_]o_h]c[ p_l^[^_l[m ko_ `[fm[m* Nch _g)
\[lai( j[l[ ^_m]o\lcl ko_ n[f_m ]l__h]c[m mih ]ih g[sil `l_]o_h)
]c[ p_l^[^_l[m ko_ `[fm[m( ^_\_gim ]ihmc^_l[l oh[ go_mnl[ ^_
n[f_m ]l__h]c[m s ^_n_lgch[l koz jil]_hn[d_ ^_ f[m ]l__h]c[m ^_
f[ go_mnl[ _m p_l^[^_li* K[l[ ^_n_lgch[l koz jil]_hn[d_ ^_ f[m
]l__h]c[m _m p_l^[^_li( ^_\_gim m[\_l ]oyf_m( _h ]c_ln[ go_mnl[(
mih p_l^[^_l[m* Kil fi n[hni( [hn_m ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo_^[
m[\_]mc [faoh[ ]l__h]c[ ]ill_ac\f_( \[m[^[ _h f[ _pc^_h]c[ ch^o])
ncp[( _m p_l^[^_l[ ^_\_ m[\_l mc _m p_l^[^_l[ ]c_ln[ [`clg[]c}h
^_ jli\[\cfc^[^* K_li hi jo_^_ m[\_l mc n[f [`clg[]c}h _m p_l^[)
^_l[ [ g_him ko_ s[ m_j[ ko_ mih p_l^[^_l[m ]c_ln[m ]l__h]c[m
]ill_ac\f_m \[m[^[m _h f[ _pc^_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[* Kil fi n[hni( h[^c_
jo_^_ m[\_l mc _m p_l^[^_l[ [faoh[ ]l__h]c[ ]ill_ac\f_ \[m[^[ _h
f[ _pc^_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[* ?_ b_]bi( f[ p{[ ^_ _m][j_ [ nl[pzm ^_ f[
jli\[\cfc^[^ _m oh ][gchi lyjc^i b[]c[ _f _m]_jnc]cmgi*
@ G @KDNO@H DNO< M@NKJI ? @6
AM @> P @I > D< ( <?@>P<>DI T KMJ=<=DGD?<?

G[ lzjfc][ \ymc][ [ _mn_ `ilgc^[\f_ [laog_hni _m ko_ f[ jli\[\cfc)

^[^ hi _m ni^[ _ff[ `l_]o_h]c[* @f [laog_hni [hn_lcil [mog_ ko_
f[ n_mcm ^_ ko_ f[m ]l__h]c[m ]ill_ac\f_m \[m[^[m _h f[ _pc^_h]c[ ch)
^o]ncp[ mih [fn[g_hn_ jli\[\f_m( pc_h_ [ m_l f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_

- - 0

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

n[f_m ]l__h]c[m mih ]ih g[sil `l_]o_h]c[ p_l^[^_l[m ko_ `[fm[m*

@m _mn[ jl_gcm[ ^_f [laog_hni f[ ko_ him ff_p[ jil _f m_h^_li
^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi7 _m f[ ko_ l_]b[t[ly _f _jcmn_gcmn[*
?_ b_]bi( ]igi f[ jli\[\cfc^[^ [ g_ho^i moac_l_ f[ `l_]o_h)
]c[( _m g_dil _rjl_m[l f[ n_mcm ^_f _jcmn_gcmn[ mch om[l _f nzlgchi
jli\[\cfc^[^* G[ n_mcm _jcmn_gcmn[ _m f[ mcaoc_hn_6 [ohko_ _m
f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ ]o[fkoc_l ]l__h]c[ ]ill_ac\f_ m_[ `[fm[(
]o[h^i n[f_m ]l__h]c[m mih `O\NKNO\K] hi mc_gjl_ fi mih jil i\l[
^_ f[ mo_ln_( s[ ko_ [faoh[m p_]_m f[m ]l__h]c[m _mnyh ]igjf_n[)
g_hn_ domnc`c][^[m* Hym [h( ji^_gim m[\_l ko_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h)
]c[m ]ill_ac\f_m _mnyh ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[m ]SX m[\_l jlc)
g_li ]ih koz `l_]o_h]c[ mih p_l^[^_l[m n[f_m ]l__h]c[m* G[m jl_)
aohn[m _jcmn_gif}ac][m l_mj_]ni [ mc ]c_ln[ _pc^_h]c[ domnc`c][ ko_
m_ ]l_[ [fai( mih [hyfia[m [ f[m jl_aohn[m znc][m l_mj_]ni [ mc ]c_l)
n[m ]ih^c]cih_m domnc`c][h ko_ m_ b[a[ [fai* <g\[m jl_aohn[m m_
l_mo_fp_h l_]ollc_h^i [ [faoh[ hilg[ i ]lcn_lci* G[m hilg[m i
]lcn_lcim [ fim ko_ [j_f[gim hi h_]_mcn[h _mn[\f_]_lm_ g_^c[hn_ f[
^_n_lgch[]c}h ^_ `l_]o_h]c[m* Ph[ \l_p_ _r]olmc}h jil f[ znc][
^_\_l{[ [so^[l [ _m]f[l_]_l _mn[ [`clg[]c}h*
Dg[ach_gim ko_ oh big\l_ b[ jlig_nc^i [ mo [gcai s \_)
h_`[]nil ff_p[l [ f[ _mjim[ ^_ zmn_ [ inl[ ]co^[^ s ]oc^[l ^_ ko_
hchah ^[|i f_ mo]_^[ _h f[ ][ll_n_l[* Hym [h( mojiha[gim
ko_ gc_hnl[m ff_p[ [ _mn[ god_l [ mo ^_mnchi( m_ ^_mjc_ln[h f[m j[)
mcih_m m_ro[f_m ^_f big\l_ s( ]igi zf m[\_ ko_ _ff[ _m `c_f jil
_h]cg[ ^_ ]o[fkoc_l jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ m_^o]]c}h( ^_]c^_ [n[][lf[*
N_ domnc`c][\[ ko_ _f big\l_ bc]c_l[ fi ko_ bcti; Ichaoh[ j_l)
mih[ l[tih[\f_ ji^l{[ h_a[l ko_ _f big\l_ `o_ oh \lc\}h s ko_
mo []]c}h `o_ n[hni chdomnc`c][^[ ]igi pofa[l* K[l[ ff_a[l [ _mn[
]ih]fomc}h hi m_ h_]_mcn[ m[\_l h[^[ mi\l_ f[ `l_]o_h]c[ ]ih f[
ko_ i]oll_h mo]_mim ^_ _mn_ ncji i ^_ ]o[fkoc_l inli* Oi^i fi ko_
zf nc_h_ ko_ b[]_l _m ]ihmofn[l mom hilg[m ^_ ]ih^o]n[* Ii m_
h_]_mcn[l{[ m[\_l ko_ f[m ]ihm_]o_h]c[m ^_ n[f_m [n[ko_m mih ]ih
g[sil `l_]o_h]c[ g[f[m ko_ \o_h[m* ?_ b_]bi( ]o[f_mkoc_l[ ko_
m_[h f[m ]ihm_]o_h]c[m ^_ b[]_l n[f ]im[( mih chdomnc`c][\f_m jil
_f ncji gcmgi ^_ []]cih_m ^_ ko_ m_ nl[n[* Ph[ []]c}h ko_ _m oh[
]ig\ch[]c}h ^_ chal[ncno^( ch`c^_fc^[^( chmofni _ chdolc[ _m n[f ko_
mo ][ly]n_l gcmgi f[ m_|[f[ ]igi znc][g_hn_ [\_ll[hn_ _ chdomnc)
`c][\f_*
?_ g[h_l[ mcgcf[l( [faoh[m ]l__h]c[m mih n[f_m ko_ mo ][ly]n_l
f[m m_|[f[ ]igi _jcmnzgc][g_hn_ [\_ll[hn_m _ chdomnc`c][\f_m* Ph[

AM@>P@I>D<( <?@>P<>DI T KMJ=<=DGD?<?

- - 1

]l__h]c[ ]ihnl[^c]nilc[ _m oh _d_gjfi ^_ _mni( s inli m_l{[ oh[

]l__h]c[ ko_ `o_l[ jil ]igjf_ni _h ]ihnl[ ^_ oh[ _pc^_h]c[ [\lo)
g[^il[* Ph[ j_lmih[ ko_ m_ hc_a[( _h oh[ i][mc}h ]o[fkoc_l[
^_ mo pc^[( [ ]l__l fi ko_ mom m_hnc^im f[ ff_p[h [ ]l__l s ko_(
[^_gym( ]l__ domn[g_hn_ fi ]ihnl[lci( _m oh[ j_lmih[ n[h cll[ti)
h[\f_ _jcmnzgc][g_hn_ ]igi znc][g_hn_ cll[tih[\f_ _m _f big)
\l_ [hn_m ]ihmc^_l[^i* Kil inli f[^i( _mny _jcmnzgc][g_hn_ domnc)
`c][^[ oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ ]l__ jl_]cm[g_hn_ fi ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_
mom m_hnc^im f[ ff_p[ [ ]l__l*
Kil fi n[hni( [m{ ]igi oh[ []]c}h jo_^_ _mn[l nin[fg_hn_ dom)
nc`c][^[ [oh ]o[h^i _f [a_hn_ hi m_j[ koz []]cih_m ^_ _mn_ ncji
ff_p[h ]ih g[sil `l_]o_h]c[ [ ]ihm_]o_h]c[m \o_h[m ko_ [ g[)
f[m( [m{ oh[ ]l__h]c[ jo_^_ _mn[l ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[ [oh
]o[h^i _f ]l_s_hn_ hi m_j[ koz ]l__h]c[m ^_ _mn_ ncji mih ]ih g[)
sil `l_]o_h]c[ p_l^[^_l[m ko_ `[fm[m* Kil fi n[hni( oh[ ]l__h]c[
jo_^_ domnc`c][lm_ jf_h[g_hn_ ]ih \[m_ _h f[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ n_h_)
gim ^_ _ff[( [oh ]o[h^i hi b[s[ `ilg[ ^_ _mn[\f_]_l ko_ n[f_m
]l__h]c[m mih ]ih g[sil `l_]o_h]c[ p_l^[^_l[m ko_ `[fm[m*4
Q[f_ f[ j_h[ m_|[f[l ko_ b[s oh ncji ^_ [lnc`c]c[fc^[^ _h _f [l)
aog_hni ^_f _m]zjnc]i ko_ [bil[ jo_^_ _rjih_lm_ jil ]igjf_ni*
@f _m]zjnc]i [laog_hn[ ko_ [hn_m ^_ ko_ ji^[gim m[\_l mc [faoh[
]l__h]c[ ]ill_ac\f_ _m p_l^[^_l[( ^_\_gim ^_n_lgch[l jlcg_li
ko_ f[m ]l__h]c[m ^_ _mn_ ncji mih ]ih g[sil `l_]o_h]c[ p_l^[)
^_l[m ko_ `[fm[m* ?_ b_]bi( _m gos `y]cf ^_n_lgch[l n[f_m ]im[m(
^_n_lgch[l jil _d_gjfi ko_ mc oh[ j_lmih[ ]l__ ko_ nc_h_ ][)
\_t[( _hnih]_m ]ih g[sil `l_]o_h]c[ _mn[ ]l__h]c[ _m p_l^[^_l[
ko_ `[fm[* Nc_gjl_ _m p_l^[^_l[* Nojiha[gim ko_ _f _m]zjnc]i
l_jfc][6 K[l[ ^_n_lgch[l _mni fncgi( ohi ^_\_ ^_n_lgch[l jlc)
g_l[ _h oh[ go_mnl[ f[ jlijil]c}h ^_ ][mim _h fim ko_ _mn[
]l__h]c[ `o_ p_l^[^_l[* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( j[l[ gimnl[l ko_ [f)
aoh[ ]l__h]c[ _m p_l^[^_l[ ^_\_gim m[\_l jlcg_li ko_ n[f_m
]l__h]c[m mih ]ih g[sil `l_]o_h]c[ p_l^[^_l[m ko_ `[fm[m* Nch
^o^[ _mn[ l_mjo_mn[ _m [\mol^[g_hn_ [lnc`c]c[f* >oyh lc^{]ofi _
cll_f_p[hn_ _m [laog_hn[l ko_ [hn_m ^_ ko_ ji^[gim m[\_l ko_
oh[ j_lmih[ nc_h_ ][\_t[( h_]_mcn[gim ]ihmc^_l[l oh[ go_mnl[ ^_
][mim _h fim ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ ]l__ ko_ nc_h_ ][\_t[ s ^_n_lgch[l
_h koz jlijil]c}h n[f_m ]l__h]c[m mih p_l^[^_l[m* J\pc[g_hn_(
4
Mi^_lc]e H* >bcmbifg ( ;JWHJN[NSL) , ;MNQTXTUMNHFQ >YZI^# >ilh_ff P hcp_lmcns
Kl_mm( Dnb[][( I* T*( -513( jj* / - ) / 5 *

- - 2

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

hi h_]_mcn[gim b[]_l n[f ]im[ j[l[ m[\_l ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ _mny
]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[ j[l[ ]l__l ko_ nc_h_ ][\_t[* Io_mnli
]ihi]cgc_hni ^_ ko_ _mn[gim ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^im j[l[
]l__l n[f_m ]im[m hi ^_j_h^_ ^_ hchah ]ihi]cgc_hni [hn_lcil
^_ `l_]o_h]c[m* Hos jil _f ]ihnl[lci( ]igi _mn[gim jil ]ig)
jf_ni domnc`c][^im j[l[ ]l__l ]c_ln[m ]im[m( ji^_gim m[\_l ]oyh^i
n[f_m ]l__h]c[m mih p_l^[^_l[m s _h ]ihm_]o_h]c[ ^_]c^cl ]ih koz
`l_]o_h]c[ mih p_l^[^_l[m f[m ]l__h]c[m ]ill_ac\f_m ^_ ]c_lni ncji*
<m{( oh _m]zjnc]i( j[l[ a[h[l f[ \[n[ff[( ^_\_ jli\[l ko_ b[s
[fai _kocpi][^i _h f[m hilg[m _jcmnzgc][m ko_ []_jn[gim* M_)
mofn[ ]igjf_n[g_hn_ cll_f_p[hn_ ko_ hi b[s[ g[h_l[ ^_ m[\_l mc
ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m ]ill_ac\f_m mih ]ih g[sil `l_]o_h]c[ p_l^[)
^_l[m ko_ `[fm[m [hn_m ^_ m[\_l mc [faoh[m ^_ _ff[m mih p_l^[^_l[m*
?[^[m ho_mnl[m hilg[m _jcmnzgc][m( _mn[gim jil ]igjf_ni domnc)
`c][^im _h go]b[m ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m ch^o]ncp[m %jil _d_gjfi
]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m&( [hn_m ^_ _g\liff[lhim( s [oh mc hoh][
ff_a[gim [ _g\liff[lhim( _h chp_mnca[]cih_m _mn[^{mnc][m l_`_l_h)
n_m [ f[ `l_]o_h]c[ ^_ p_l^[^ ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m ch^o]ncp[m* Kil
mojo_mni( n[f_m chp_mnca[]cih_m mih gos cgjiln[hn_m j[l[ _mn[\f_)
]_l ko_ ]c_ln[m ]l__h]c[m _mnyh ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[m( j_li
b[s inl[m ]l__h]c[m( f[ g[sil{[ ^_ f[m ]o[f_m him mih ^_ fi gym `_)
gcfc[l_m( ]os[ domnc`c][]c}h hi ^_j_h^_ ^_f l_mofn[^i ^_ hchaoh[
chp_mnca[]c}h _mn[^{mnc][* <f b[\_l []_jn[^i hilg[m ^_ _pc^_h)
]c[ ko_ him j_lgcn_h ]ih]focl ko_ [faoh[m ]l__h]c[m ]ill_ac\f_m
%jil _d_gjfi ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m& _mnyh ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc)
`c][^[m( ^_d[gim [\c_ln[ f[ jl_aohn[ ^_ mc Y^\K] ]l__h]c[m _mnyh ni)
n[fg_hn_ domnc`c][^[m* @mni jo_^_ _mn[\f_]_lm_ ^_n_lgch[h^i `l_)
]o_h]c[m* K_li f[ c^_[ ^_ ko_ ^YNK] f[m ]l__h]c[m ^_\_h \[m[lm_
_h f[ ^_n_lgch[]c}h ^_ `l_]o_h]c[m s ^_ ko_ hchaoh[ _mny domnc)
`c][^[ [ g_him ko_ m_ \[m_ _h _ffi( ff_p[ [f _m]_jnc]cmgi* Nch _g)
\[lai( ji^_gim _m][j[l [f _m]_jnc]cmgi l_]b[t[h^i f[ c^_[ [\)
mol^[ ^_ ko_ hchaoh[ ]l__h]c[ _mny ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[ [
g_him ko_ m_ \[m_ _h oh[ chp_mnca[]c}h _mn[^{mnc][*
@h l_mog_h( ho_mnl[m hilg[m ^_ _pc^_h]c[ a[l[hnct[h ko_ [f
g_him [faoh[m ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m ]ill_ac\f_m _mnyh ]igjf_)
n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[m* <m{( [ohko_ n[f_m ]l__h]c[m mih ]ill_ac\f_m(
hi _m g_l[ ]o_mnc}h ^_ mo_ln_ ko_ l_mofn_h p_l^[^_l[m* K[l[ gim)
nl[l ko_ _mn[m [`clg[]cih_m mih `[fm[m( _f _m]zjnc]i ^_\_ ^[l [faoh[
l[t}h j[l[ l_]b[t[l ho_mnl[m hilg[m ^_ _pc^_h]c[( s b[mn[ [bil[
hi m_ b[ jl_m_hn[^i oh [laog_hni m_g_d[hn_*

AM@>P@I>D<* <?@>P<>DI T KMJ=<=DGD?<?

- - 3

8V O]MgZ^SMY \OZVSMK/ _X NO]KPhY K X_O]^\K] XY\WK]

G[m _mj_]of[]cih_m ^_f _jcmn_gcmn[ m_ b[h [jis[^i _h oh[ [h[)
fia{[ ]ih f[ znc][ s _h oh ff[g[^i [ f[m hilg[m _jcmnzgc][m* O[f_m
ff[g[^im ]ihmncnos_h _f l_`oaci ]igh ^_ ni^im [ko_ffim ko_ \om)
][h _m][j[l ^_ f[m j_h[m ^_ f[ chp_mnca[]c}h s f[ ]l{nc][* @m nc_gji
^_ _rjih_l _mn[ `ilg[ ^_ l[tih[gc_hni ]igi _f jlin_]nil[^i ch)
n_f_]no[f ^_f ]^K^_] [_Y( Ph[ p_t _rjo_mni _mni( ji^_gim _hnih]_m
_f[\il[l oh[ [fn_lh[ncp[ _m]zjnc][ j[l[ f[ ]ihm_lp[]c}h ^iagync][
^_ f[ ijchc}h []_jn[^[*
@rjiha[gim _f [laog_hni ^_f _jcmn_gcmn[( ]ih gym ]oc^[^i
^_ fi ko_ zf b[ mifc^i b[]_lfi( ko_ _m _f mcaoc_hn_6
-* <faoh[m ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m _mnyh ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c)
][^[m _h nzlgchim ^_ ho_mnl[m hilg[m _jcmnzgc][m ^_ _p[)
fo[]c}h _jcmnzgc][*
.* Nc [faoh[m ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m _mnyh ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc)
`c][^[m _h nzlgchim ^_ ho_mnl[m hilg[m ^_ _p[fo[]c}h _jcm)
nzgc][( _hnih]_m _m[m ]l__h]c[m _mnyh ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c)
][^[m [oh ]o[h^i ]l__h]c[m ^_ _m_ ncji ][mc mc_gjl_ l_mofn_h
`[fm[m*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
/* <faoh[m ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m _mnyh ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c)
][^[m [oh ]o[h^i ]l__h]c[m ^_ _m_ ncji ][mc mc_gjl_ l_mc^n_h
`[fm[m*
vmn_ _m _f [laog_hni s mch ^o^[ m}fi h_]_mcn[ m_l _hoh]c[^i [m{
^_ _m]o_n[g_hn_ j[l[ ko_ m_ po_fp[ ch_`_]ncpi j[l[ fim jlij}mcnim
^_ f[ l_`on[]c}h ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi* <f jl_m_hn[l _f [laog_hni( _f
_jcmn_gcmn[ b[ [nl[{^i chn_fca_hn_g_hn_ ho_mnl[ [n_h]c}h b[]c[
f[ jl_gcm[ %-&( ko_ ^_\_ _mn[l \c_h mimn_hc^[ jil f[ [h[fia{[ znc][
ko_ zf [jis[* K_li mo _mnl[n_ac[ _mny jl_^_mnch[^[ [ f[ loch[ jil f[
ch[^_]o[]c}h ^_ f[ jl_gcm[ %.&( f[ ]o[f _m h_]_m[lc[ j[l[ ff_p[lhim
[ f[ ]ih]fomc}h _jcmn_gcmn[*
@f jli\f_g[ j[l[ _f _jcmn_gcmn[ _m ko_ ^_f b_]bi ^_ ko_ [fai
m_domnc`c][ jf_h[g_hn_ OX ^g\WSXY] NO X_O]^\K] XY\WK] ^_ _p[fo[]c}h
hi m_ mcao_ _h [\mifoni ko_ _m_ [fai m_ domnc`cko_ jf_h[g_hn_*
@mni _m _mj_]c[fg_hn_ ]f[li ]o[h^i _f ncji ^_ ]l__h]c[ _h ]o_mnc}h
l_mofn[ ][mc mc_gjl_ `[fm[* Kilko_( ^_mjozm ^_ ni^i( koz mcahc)
`c][ ^_]cl ko_ [faoh[ ]l__h]c[ m_ domnc`c][ nin[fg_hn_ _h nzlgchim

- - 4

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>D HD @IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

^_ ho_mnl[m hilg[m ^_ _p[fo[]c}h; Gi ko_ ]ih m_aolc^[^ mca)

hc`c][ _m ko_ himinlim KMOZ^KWY] oh jlch]cjci ^_ []o_l^i ]ih _f
]o[f f[m ]l__h]c[m ^_ _m_ ncji _mnyh ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[m*
K_li _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ [fah jlch]cjci m_[ []_jn[^i hi go_mnl[
^_ hchaoh[ g[h_l[ ko_ m_[ p_l^[^_li* Kil fi n[hni( ]o[h^i oh
jlch]cjci n[f him ^c]_ ko_ oh[ ]l__h]c[ m_ domnc`c][ jil ]igjf_ni(
ji^_gim [h jl_aohn[l l[tih[\f_g_hn_ mc _m ]ill_]ni fi ko_ _f
jlch]cjci [`clg[* Nc fi ko_ _f jlch]cjci mimnc_h_ hi _m ]ill_]ni(
_hnih]_m _m[m ]l__h]c[m ko_ zf ]_lnc`c][ ]igi nin[fg_hn_ domnc`c][)
^[m jo_^_h m_l l_`n[^[m jil ]igjf_ni7 _mni _m( jo_^_h hi _mn[l
domnc`c][^[m*
Gim ]ig_hn[lcim [hn_lcil_m ko_^[lyh g_dil cfomnl[^im ]ih f[
[so^[ ^_ oh _d_gjfi jly]nc]i* Nojiha[gim ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ [m_)
aol[ ko_ hi mih h[nol[f_m f[m l_f[]cih_m m_ro[f_m _hnl_ j_lmih[m
ko_ hi _mnyh ohc^[m jil _f m[al[^i g[nlcgihci* Dg[ach_gim ko_
]o[h^i mom j[f[\l[m mih ]o_mncih[^[m( _ff[ mcgjf_g_hn_ l_jfc][
ko_ n[f_m []]cih_m mih [hnch[nol[f_m ^_ []o_l^i ]ih mom hilg[m
^_ _p[fo[]c}h gil[f* <bil[ \c_h( _mni _m mcgjf_ ^iag[ncmgi* Nch
^o^[( oh ^_nl[]nil ]ihn_mn[ly6 O[hni j_il j[l[ mom hilg[m ^_
_p[fo[]c}h gil[f* @h oh[ ^cmjon[ gil[f( oh[ j_lmih[ hi jo_^_
hc mckoc_l[ `chacl ko_ [jis[ mom doc]cim gil[f_m ^c]c_h^i mcgjf_)
g_hn_ ko_ mom hilg[m gil[f_m mih f[m ko_ ^_\_gim []_jn[l* Kil
_f ]ihnl[lci( mc _ff[ _fca_ l[tih[l ]ih himinlim( nc_h_ f[ i\fca[]c}h
^_ i`l_]_l [fah [laog_hni [ `[pil ^_ mom ijchcih_m s mom hil)
g[m* @f l_]b[ti [ b[]_lfi [m{ s _m domn[g_hn_ oh l_]b[ti [`cl)
g[l mcgjf_g_hn_ ko_ mo doc]ci _mny ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^i
jilko_ mom hilg[m gil[f_m [m{ fi [`clg[h _m oh l_jo^ci [ f[
l[t}h s f[ chp_mnca[]c}h*
@h _mn_ _d_gjfi b_gim _m]iac^i oh jli\f_g[ _h _f ko_ go)
]b[m j_lmih[m _mn[l{[h _h ^_m[]o_l^i ]ih ho_mnli gil[fcmn[ ^ia)
gync]i s jil fi n[hni m_l{[h m_hmc\f_m [ f[ ch[^_]o[]c}h ^_ mo
l_]olmi* Ii i\mn[hn_( ]o[h^i ][mc ni^[m f[m j_lmih[m _mnyh ^_
[]o_l^i( s himinlim ]ich]c^cgim ]ih _ff[m( _hnih]_m _m gos jli)
\[\f_ ko_ ]ih`h^[hfim ho_mnli []o_l^i ]igh ]ih oh jlcg_l
jlch]cjci ]ihm[al[^i* >o[h^i ]ich]c^cgim( him m_hncgim ch]fc)
h[^im [ [mogcl ko_ ho_mnli []o_l^i m_ \[m[ _h [faoh[ hilg[
^_ _p[fo[]c}h ko_ _mny gym [ffy ^_ f[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ _llil i ^_
]l{nc][* K_li f[m hilg[m ^_ f[ g[sil{[ hi ^c`c_l_h ^_ f[m hilg[m
^_ f[ gchil{[* >ih]focl ko_ ]c_ln[ []]c}h i ]l__h]c[ m_ domnc`c][
jf_h[g_hn_ jilko_ m_ domnc`c][ _h nzlgchim ^_ [faoh[ hilg[ ^_

AM@>P@I>D<* <?@>P<>DI T KMJ=<=DGD?<?

_p[fo[]c}h ko_ []_jn[gim( _m i`l_]_l oh [laog_hni mch hchah

gzlcni( s[ ko_ mcgjf_g_hn_ hi m_ mcao_ ^_ hchaoh[ g[h_l[ ko_
_mn_gim ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^im _h [faoh[ []]c}h i ]l__h]c[
mif[g_hn_ jilko_ _m[ []]c}h i ]l__h]c[ m_ [domn[ [ [faoh[ hilg[
^_ _p[fo[]c}h* G[ hilg[ gcmg[ jo_^_ m_l nin[fg_hn_ ^_`c]c_hn_*
Ko_^_ cfomnl[lm_ gym _mn[ ]o_mnc}h( s ^_ g[h_l[ gos ncf( [f
]ihmc^_l[l oh[ [`clg[]c}h _jcmn_gif}ac][ ]ihnlip_lnc^[* Dg[ac)
h_gim ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ _mny nin[fg_hn_ ]ihp_h]c^[ ^_ ko_ nc_h_
ji^_l_m _rnl[m_hmilc[f_m s( gym _mj_]{`c][g_hn_( ko_ jo_^_ m[\_l
koz ][ln[m m_ _rnl[_h ^_ oh[ \[l[d[( [oh mch p_lf[m( ]o[h^i m_ ]ih)
]_hnl[ ^_ oh[ g[h_l[ _mj_]c[f* @hnih]_m ^c]b[ j_lmih[ [`clg[
l_j_nc^[g_hn_ ko_ m[\_ koz ][ln[ m_ b[ _rnl[{^i ^_ f[ \[l[d[*
>o[h^i jih_gim _h _hnl_^c]bi mo ]ihi]cgc_hni( ^c]_ ko_ zmn_
m_ domnc`c][ jf_h[g_hn_ _h nzlgchim ^_ mom hilg[m _jcmnzgc][m*
Iiminlim m_|[f[gim _hnih]_m ko_ mom [`clg[]cih_m mih ]ih g[)
sil `l_]o_h]c[ ch]ill_]n[m ko_ ]ill_]n[m7 ^_ b_]bi( ji^l{[gim
ch]fomi m_|[f[l ko_ hi _m g[sil f[ `l_]o_h]c[ ^_ f[m i][mcih_m _h
ko_ _mny _h fi ]ill_]ni ^_ fi ko_ ji^l{[gim _mj_l[l ^_ f[ mo_ln_*
@hnih]_m _m[ j_lmih[ him gcl[ ]ih ]l_^ofc^[^ ^_m^_|im[ s m_|[f[
ko_ [j[l_hn_g_hn_ hi b_gim _hn_h^c^i* Nom ]l__h]c[m _h n[f_m
[mohnim _mnyh ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[m _h nzlgchim ^_ mom hil)
g[m ^_ _p[fo[]c}h _jcmnzgc][( s jil fi n[hni m_ domnc`c][h jf_h[)
g_hn_( [oh ]o[h^i f[m ]l__h]c[m ^_ _mn_ ncji ][mc mc_gjl_ m_[h
`[fm[m* vm[m mih mom hilg[m s johni*
I[^c_ []_jn[l{[ ko_ _m_ [laog_hni g_l_]_ [fah ncji ^_ ]l_)
^c\cfc^[^* J\pc[g_hn_( ^_f b_]bi ^_ ko_ oh[ ]l__h]c[ _mnz ]ig)
jf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[ _h nzlgchim ^_ mom hilg[m hi m_ mcao_
ko_ oh[ ]l__h]c[ m_g_d[hn_ _mnz domnc`c][^[* @mni mcao_ mc_h^i
pyfc^i ]o[h^i m_ a_h_l[fct[* Ii cgjiln[ ]}gi m_[ f[ ]l__h]c[ i
f[ hilg[( ^_f b_]bi ^_ ko_ f[ ]l__h]c[ _mnz ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc)
`c][^[ ^_ []o_l^i ]ih [faoh[ hilg[( hi m_ mcao_ ko_ f[ ]l__h]c[
_mnz l_[fg_hn_ domnc`c][^[* Ko_^_ hi _mn[l domnc`c][^[ _h [\mifoni*
>igi m_|[f[gim( _m jli\[\f_ ko_ j[m_gim _mni jil [fni ]o[h^i
f[m hilg[m _h ]o_mnc}h mih f[m ko_ []_jn[gim* K_li _f [laog_hni
^_f _jcmn_gcmn[ hi _m g_dil ko_ _f [laog_hni ^_ ho_mnli [oni)
jli]f[g[^i _rj_lni _h ji^_l_m _rnl[m_hmilc[f_m* <j_f[l [ hil)
g[m _jcmnzgc][m ]igoh_m hi _m mchi oh gipcgc_hni gym _p[mcpi
ko_ _pcn[ f[ nl[gj[ ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi* @f _jcmn_gcmn[ ^_\_ gimnl[l(
mch l_]ollcl mo\l_jnc]c[g_hn_ [ ]_] hilg[m ^_ _pc^_h]c[( ko_ f[m

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m mih ]ih g[sil `l_]o_h]c[ p_l^[^_l[m ko_

`[fm[m i ]ih]_^_l ]yh^c^[g_hn_ f[ ^_llin[*
EXK YL]O\`KMSiX NOV OZS]^O\\N]^K/ VK T_]^SPSMKMSiX SXYMOX^O
Ko_^_ ]ih]_^_lm_ ko_ l_]ollcl [ hilg[m _jcmnzgc][m hi _m _`_])
ncpi mc [fah [caog_hn} nc_h_ ko_ gimnl[l ko_ n[f_m hilg[m mih
]ill_]n[m* K_li m_ l_koc_l_ oh [laog_hni n[f; @f _m]zjnc]i ]ih)
ncho[g_hn_ mojih_ ko_ n_h_gim ko_ m[\_l ko_ ]c_ln[m `l_]o_h)
]c[m _mnyh _mn[\f_]c^[m( i ko_ ]c_ln[m$`l_]o_h]c[m hi fi _mnyh( mc
b_gim ^_ m[\_l ko_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m ]ill_ac\f_m mih p_l^[^_)
l[m* K_li b[ jo_mni _f t[j[ni _h _f jc_ _jcmnzgc]i _kocpi][^i*
<faoh[m ]l__h]c[m ]ill_ac\f_m jil _d_gjfi ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m
j_l]_jno[f_m s ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m l_f[]cih[^[m ]ih f[ g_gilc[
hi mih ^_ f[m ko_ b[s[ ko_ ]illi\il[l _mn[\f_]c_h^i jl_pc[g_hn_
ko_ f[m ]l__h]c[m ^_ _mn_ ncji mih ]ih g[sil `l_]o_h]c[ p_l^[^_)
l[m ko_ `[fm[m* Kil _f ]ihnl[lci( [ g_him ko_ b[s[ [faoh[ l[t}h
j[l[ ]l__l ko_ n[f_m ]l__h]c[m mih ]ih g[sil `l_]o_h]c[ `[fm[m
ko_ p_l^[^_l[m( _mn[gim ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^im _h n_h_l n[)
f_m ]l__h]c[m* Ph[ g[h_l[ ^_ jf[hn_[l _f jli\f_g[ ]ihmcmn_ _h
^_]cl ko_ n[f_m ]l__h]c[m mih _jcmnzgc][g_hn_ chi]_hn_m gc_hnl[m
hi m_ jlo_\_ mo ]ofj[\cfc^[^* @mnyh domnc`c][^[m [ g_him ko_ m_
go_mnl_ ko_ _mnyh chdomnc`c][^[m*
Kil inl[ j[ln_( [ g_ho^i ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m _m)
nyh n[h ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[m ko_ m_l{[ _jcmnzgc][g_hn_
chncf( s ^_ b_]bi cll[tih[\f_( chn_hn[l domnc`c][lf[m [laos_h^i
ko_ n[f_m ]l__h]c[m mih ]ih g[sil `l_]o_h]c[ p_l^[^_l[m ko_ `[f)
m[m* Kil _d_gjfi( mc p_i _f [hcffi ^_ \i^[m _h gc ^_^i s n[g\czh
fi mc_hni [b{( gc ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ l_[fg_hn_ b[s n[f [hcffi _h gc
^_^i hi _m oh[ ]l__h]c[ ko_ jo^c_l[ l[tih[\f_g_hn_ ^_`_h^_lm_
]ih oh [laog_hni m_g_d[hn_* @mn[ ]l__h]c[ _mny n[h ]igjf_n[)
g_hn_ domnc`c][^[ ko_ ]o[fkoc_l [laog_hni ko_ m_ nig[l[ j[l[
^_`_h^_lf[ jli]_^_l{[ mch ^o^[ ^_ jl_gcm[m g_him _pc^_hn_m( i
[f g_him hi gym _pc^_hn_m( ko_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h ko_ [jis[h* O[f
[laog_hni m_l{[ _jcmnzgc][g_hn_ chncf* K[l[ T_]^SPSMK\ oh[ ]ih)
]fomc}h( [faoh[m ^_ f[m jl_gcm[m ^_f [laog_hni ^_\_h m_l gym _pc)
^_hn_m ko_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h( s hchaoh[ ^_ f[m jl_gcm[m ^_\_ m_l g_)
him _pc^_hn_* N}fi oh [laog_hni ]ih _mn[m ][l[]n_l{mnc][m jo_^_
[|[^cl j_mi _jcmnzgc]i [ f[ ]ih]fomc}h* < g_him ko_ [faoh[m ^_
f[m jl_gcm[m m_[h chc]c[fg_hn_ gym _pc^_hn_m ko_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h(

AM@>P@I>D<( <?@>P<>DI T KMJ=<=DGD?<?

hi b[\l{[ gym l[t}h j[l[ []_jn[l f[m jl_gcm[m ko_ f[ ko_ bo\i
j[l[ []_jn[l f[ ]ih]fomc}h* <m{( j[l[ ko_ oh [laog_hni domnc`cko_
f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_^o]c^[ [ j[lncl ^_ f[m jl_gcm[m( ^_\_ [f g_him
m_l gym l[tih[\f_ []_jn[l [faoh[m ^_ f[m jl_gcm[m i m_l zmn[m gym
_pc^_hn_m ko_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h*
Nch _g\[lai( f[ ]l__h]c[ mi\l_ _f [hcffi ^_ \i^[ _mny n[h ]ig)
jf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[ ko_ hi b[s ]l__h]c[ ko_ m_[ gym l[tih[\f_
i _pc^_hn_* >o[h^i p_i [fai ko_ n[g\czh ni]i s mc_hni( _h [om_h)
]c[ ^_ _pc^_h]c[ ]ihnl[lc[( f[ ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ n[f ]im[ _rcmn_ _m n[h
_pc^_hn_( n[h l[tih[\f_( ko_ m_l{[ chncf \om][l oh [laog_hni ^_
`l_]o_h]c[ ko_ domnc`cko_ f[ ]l__h]c[* < koz jl_gcm[m ji^l{[ si
l_]ollcl; Nch ^o^[ ]o[fkoc_l jl_gcm[ [ f[ ko_ jo^c_l[ l_]ollcl
m_l{[ g_him _pc^_hn_( i [f g_him hi gym _pc^_hn_( ko_ f[ ]l__h)
]c[ gcmg[ ko_ _mn[\[ nl[n[h^i ^_ domnc`c][l* G[ ]l__h]c[ _mny n[h
]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[ ko_ hi ji^l{[ l[tih[\f_g_hn_ ^[lm_
oh [laog_hni ko_ f[ domnc`cko_*
7_NK O]MgZ^SMK/ M_O]^SiX NO SXYMOXMSK
@f ^_`_]ni jlch]cj[f ^_ _mn[ ^_`_hm[ ^_f _jcmn_gcmgi l[^c][ _h f[
g[h_l[ _h ko_ m_ ^_m][ln[h by\cfg_hn_ ni^[ cao[f^[^ s domnc]c[
_h ^cmjon[ j[l[ `[pil_]_l [f _jcmn_gcmgi* @gj_t[gim jl_aoh)
n[h^i mc f[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m _mnyh ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][)
^[m* T ]oyf _m f[ l_mjo_mn[ [ ho_mnl[ chn_llia[hn_; @m f[ [o^[t
[`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ _mn[m ]l__h]c[m mih n[h _pc^_hn_m s _mnyh n[h
]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[m _h m{ gcmg[m ko_ hchah [laog_hni
jo_^_ i`l_]_lm_ j[l[ mimn_h_lf[m* K_li _mn[ l_mjo_mn[ ]ihmncnos_
oh[ j_nc]c}h ^_ jlch]cjci nin[fg_hn_ chg_^c[n[ s i\pc[ ]ihnl[ _f
_m]_jnc]cmgi* @f _jcmn_gcmn[ mcgjf_g_hn_ b[ `ilgof[^i ko_ ^_\_
]ih]_^_lm_ ko_ fi ko_ ZK\OMO gym _pc^_hn_ s ]igjf_n[g_hn_ dom)
nc`c][^i j[l[ zf( ^_\_ []_jn[lm_ ]igi ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^i
mch [laog_hni i ^_\[n_* @mn[gim ^_ []o_l^i _h ko_ f[m ]l__h]c[m
_h ]o_mnc}h jo_^_h ZK\OMO\ ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[m [f _jcmn_)
gcmn[( ^_ b_]bi n[h ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[m ko_ hchah [lao)
g_hni m_lpcl{[ j[l[ b[]_l ko_ _m[m ]l__h]c[m `o_l[h gym _pc^_h)
n_m j[l[ gV( Gi ko_ himinlim h_a[gim _m ko_ _m[m ]l__h]c[m _mnzh
]igjf_n[g_hn_domnc`c][^[m( s fi ko_ j_^cgim _m [fah [laog_hni
ko_ XY] ]ihp_ht[ ^_ ko_ _m[m ]l__h]c[m m_ domnc`c][h al[]c[m [ zf*
K[l_]_ ko_ _mn[gim ^_mnch[^im [ j_lg[h_]_l chm[ncm`_]bim*

 !!

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

Nc f[m ]im[m j_lg[h_]_h [f hcp_f ^_ h_a[]c}h s mcgjf_ [`cl)

g[]c}h( b_gim ff_a[^i [ oh ][ff_d}h mch m[fc^[( s hi ^_\_ ]ihmc)
^_l[lm_ ^_llin[^[ [ hchaoh[ ^_ f[m j[ln_m _h ^cmjon[* @m _m_h]c[f
ko_ p[s[gim gym [ffy ^_ _mn_ hcp_f ^_ [laog_hn[]c}h* Ki^_gim
b[]_lfi [m{ gos `y]cfg_hn_ jilko_ f[m ]ihmc^_l[]cih_m [hn_lci)
l_m i`l_]_h ^_ chg_^c[ni f[ jl_gcm[ _m]zjnc][ h_]_m[lc[* Nc oh[
^cmjon[ b[ ^_ jli]_^_ldomn[ s _kocn[ncp[g_hn_( _hnih]_m hi ^_\_
]ihmc^_l[lm_ ko_ [faoh[ ^_ f[m j[ln_m nc_h_( ^_ _hnl[^[( f[ l[t}h
^_ mo f[^i* >igi n[gji]i ^_\_ [mogclm_ ko_ f[m ]ih]fomcih_m
jl_m_hn[^[m ^_ _hnl[^[ jil ohi ^_ fim ^cmjon[hn_m _mnyh domnc`c)
][^[m s ko_ f[m ko_ _f inli mimnc_h_ _mnyh chdomnc`c][^[m*
@f _jcmn_gcmn[ ^c]_ ko_ p_ ko_ b[s oh fyjct _h mo g[hi s _mny
nin[fg_hn_ domnc`c][^i j[l[ ]l__l *ko_ p_ _mi* @hnih]_m himinlim
jl_m_hn[gim [faoh[m bcj}n_mcm _m]zjnc][m( ]igi f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_f
]_l_\lchi( s m_|[f[gim ko_( ^_ m_l p_l^[^_l[ _mn[ bcj}n_mcm( zf
hi p_ ko_ b[s oh fyjct _h mo g[hi s( jil fi n[hni( hi _mny nin[f)
g_hn_domnc`c][^i _h _mn[ ]l__h]c[* @f _jcmn_gcmn[ ]ihn_mn[ mcgjf_)
g_hn_ [`clg[h^i ko_ mo ]l__h]c[ _h _mn_ [mohni _mny n[h domnc`c)
][^[ ko_ hi jo_^_ i`l_]_l oh [laog_hni ko_ [jis_ mo jimc]c}h*
K_li _mni mcahc`c][ ko_ mo [`clg[]c}h j_l]_jno[f( h_a[^[ jil f[
bcj}n_mcm _m]zjnc][( hi _mny [jis[^[ jil oh [laog_hni* Iiminlim
hi [mogcgim ko_ _mny domnc`c][^[ f[ bcj}n_mcm _m]zjnc][* Kli]_^_l
[m{ m_l{[ ]ig_n_l oh[ j_nc]c}h ^_ jlch]cjci [ `[pil ^_f _m]_jnc)
]cmgi* ?_ g[h_l[ mcgcf[l( _f _jcmn_gcmn[ hi ^_\_l{[ [mogcl ko_
mo [`clg[]c}h j_l]_jno[f _mny domnc`c][^[( jilko_ jli]_^_l [m{ _m
cao[fg_hn_ ]ig_n_l oh[ j_nc]c}h ^_ jlch]cjci [ mo `[pil* Ph jlch)
]cjci ^_ cgj[l]c[fc^[^ l_koc_l_ ko_ b[mn[ ko_ hi m_ i`l_t][ [fah
[laog_hni domnc`c][nilci( hi [mog[gim ko_ f[m [`clg[]cih_m ^_
]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ f[m j[ln_m _mnyh domnc`c][^[m i chdomnc`c][^[m*
Nch _g\[lai( s [ko{ _mny _f jli\f_g[( _mn_ jlch]cjci ^_ cgj[l)
]c[fc^[^ ]olcim[g_hn_ `[pil_]_ [f _m]zjnc]i* Nc m_ [mog_ ko_ hc
f[m [`clg[]cih_m ^_f _jcmn_gcmn[ hc f[m ^_f _m]zjnc]i _mnyh ]igjf_)
n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[m( _hnih]_m hi ^_\_ [mogclm_ ko_ f[m ]l__h]c[m
j_l]_jno[f_m ^_f _jcmn_gcmn[ _mnyh ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[m* Nc
hi m_ [mog_ ko_ _mnyh ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[m( _hnih]_m n[g)
ji]i ^_\_ [mogclm_ ko_ ]ihmncnos_h ]ihi]cgc_hni* ?_ _mn[ g[)
h_l[( f[ mcgjf_domnc]c[ _ cgj[l]c[fc^[^ _h _f ^cm]olmi s f[ ^cmjon[
[jis[h f[ ][om[ ^_f _m]zjnc]i* G[ [`clg[]c}h ^_f _jcmn_gcmn[ _h _f
m_hnc^i ^_ ko_ ]c_ln[m ]l__h]c[m jo_^_h [mogclm_ ]igi ]igjf_)
n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[m b[mn[ ko_ hi m_ _rjiha[ [fah [laog_hni

M@NPH@I KMJQDNDJI<G

- . /

]ihnl[lci( ]ihnl[^c]_ f[ p_l^[^* G[m l_af[m ^_ oh ^_\[n_ _koc)

n[ncpi l_koc_l_h ko_ XY [mog[gim ko_ f[m ]l__h]c[m _h ^cmjon[
_mnyh ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[m [ g_him ko_ m_ jiha[ ^_ g[hc)
`c_mni [fah [laog_hni domnc`c][nilci ko_ f[m [jis_* <m{( ^_\_gim
[mogcl ^_ _hnl[^[ ko_ f[m ]l__h]c[m _h ]o_mnc}h( ch]fos_h^i f[m
]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m ]cn[^[m jil _f _jcmn_gcmn[( hi m_ domnc`c][h
]igjf_n[g_hn_ b[mn[ ko_ m_ jl_m_hn_ [fah [laog_hni ko_ f[m
domnc`cko_* Nc m_ nl[n[ ^_ g[h_l[ domn[ [f _m]_jnc]cmgi [hn_ _f nlc)
\oh[f ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[( ^_\_ l_]ihi]_lm_ ko_ _f j_mi ^_ f[ jlo_\[
^_m][hm[ _hn_l[g_hn_ _h _f _jcmn_gcmn[*
M

@ N P H @ I K M J Q DN DJ I < G

C[a[gim oh[ _p[fo[]c}h* @f _jcmn_gcmn[ s _f _m]zjnc]i b[h _mn[^i

^cm]onc_h^i mi\l_ f[ p_l^[^ i `[fm_^[^ ^_ f[ jl_gcm[ %4&*
4* Nc _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ [faoh[m ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m
j_l]_jno[f_m m_[h `[fm[m( _hnih]_m oh[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f
ko_ l_mofn_ m_l p_l^[^_l[ hi _m mchi oh[ mojimc]c}h [`ilno)
h[^[*
@f _jcmn_gcmn[ ]o_mncih} _mn[ jl_gcm[ s [f_a} ko_ gimnl[l{[ ko_
_l[ `[fm[*
K[l_]_l{[ ko_ b[mn[ [ko{ _mn_ [f_a[ni hi b[ ]ihn[^i ]ih mo`c)
]c_hn_m jlo_\[m* <bil[ f[ jl_gcm[ %4& `o_ nl[{^[ [ ]if[]c}h jil
_f _m]zjnc]i( dohni ]ih f[ jl_gcm[ %5&( _h oh chn_hni jil i`l_]_l
[jisi [ f[ jl_gcm[ %/& %pz[m_ j* -,4&6
/* Nc mc_gjl_ _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ ]o[f_mkoc_l[ ^_ ho_m)
nl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m m_[h `[fm[m( _hnih]_m hoh][ m[\_)
gim mc [faoh[m ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m mih p_l)
^[^_l[m*
Kil fi n[hni( s[ ko_ _f _jcmn_gcmn[ hi fial} l_`on[l ]ih zrcni %4&(
j[l_]_l{[ ko_ %/& m_ b[ g[hn_hc^i jil ]igjf_ni chn[]n[( _h ]osi
][mi f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_f _m]zjnc]i m_l{[ nin[fg_hn_ l[tih[\f_* N_l{[
l[tih[\f_ mimn_h_l( _m ^_]cl( ^_ []o_l^i ]ih _f _m]zjnc]i( ko_
0* I[^c_ m[\_ hoh][ ko_ [faoh[m ^_ mom ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m
mih p_l^[^_l[m*

$%'

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

EX X_O`Y ]O]QY NOV OZS]^OWS]^K/ Z\YLKLSVSNKN c MYWZO^OXMSK

@h _f >[j{nofi - ^cm]oncgim f[ ch`_l_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[ s [b{ mimnopc)
gim ko_ oh[ ch`_l_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[ _`c][t ^_ oh[ bcj}n_mcm ^_j_h^_
^_ ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm m_[ gym jli\[\f_( mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ f[ _pc^_h)
]c[( ko_ ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ f[m bcj}n_mcm lcp[f_m* <bil[ ji^_gim ji)
h_l [ nl[\[d[l _mn[ c^_[ [ `[pil ^_f _jcmn_gcmn[* >ihmc^_l_gim ^_
ho_pi _f _d_gjfi ^_f fyjct* Ti [`clgi ko_ p_i gc fyjct* Hc _pc^_h)
]c[ ^_ _mni ]ihmcmn_ _h f[ _pc^_h]c[ pcmo[f ^_ fim m_hnc^im7 n_hai
^cp_lm[m _rj_lc_h]c[m pcmo[f_m ^_ oh fyjct ^_m^_ ^c`_l_hn_m j_lm)
j_]ncp[m* <bil[ ]ihmc^_l_gim ^im bcj}n_mcm6 f[ bcj}n_mcm R& ko_
_m f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ _`_]ncp[g_hn_ p_i gc fyjct( s f[ bcj}n_mcm U&
ko_ _m f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ f[ n_il{[ ^_f ]_l_\lchi _m ]ill_]n[* @m)
n[m ^im bcj}n_mcm ]igjcn_h _hnl_ m{ _h l_f[]c}h ]ih f[ gcmg[ _pc)
^_h]c[* K_li m_aol[g_hn_( [`clg[ _f _jcmn_gcmn[( R _m go]bi gym
jli\[\f_ ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm lcp[f( ^[^[ _m[ _pc^_h]c[* Kil fi n[hni
ji^l{[gim mimn_h_l ko_ f[ ch`_l_h]c[ [ j[lncl ^_ _m[ _pc^_h]c[
j[l[ R _m oh[ ch`_l_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[ _`c][t* T n[g\czh ji^l{[gim
chmcmncl _h ko_( ^[^[ n[f _pc^_h]c[( _m nin[fg_hn_ l[tih[\f_ ]l__l
R& [ j_m[l ^_ ko_ _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ _mn[ ]l__h]c[ m_[
`[fm[* @mnim b_]bim go_mnl[h ko_ f[ jl_gcm[ %4& _m( ^_mjozm ^_
ni^i( `[fm[( s[ ko_ _m nin[fg_hn_ l[tih[\f_ ko_ si ]l_[ R& ^[^[
gc _pc^_h]c[7 _mni hi _m g_l[g_hn_ ]o_mnc}h ^_ mo_ln_* Kil _f
]ihnl[lci( _m oh ][mi ^_ ]l__h]c[ _gch_hn_g_hn_ l[tih[\f_*
@f _m]zjnc]i jo_^_ n_h_l f[ _mj_l[ht[ ^_ i\d_n[l _mn_ ho_pi
[laog_hni mi\l_ \[m_m mcgcf[l_m [ f[m [hn_lcil_m* Nch ^o^[ mim)
n_h^ly ko_ ]ih _f `ch ^_ ko_ m_[ l[tih[\f_ ko_ si ]l_[ R& ^[^[ gc
_pc^_h]c[( hi _m mo`c]c_hn_ ko_ R jo_^[ ]O\ gym jli\[\f_ ko_ ]o[f)
koc_l[ ^_ mom lcp[f_m( mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[* ?_\i n[g\czh
]KLO\ ko_ _m gym jli\[\f_ ko_ _ff[m( ^_ []o_l^i ]ih _f _m]zjnc]i*
>ih _f `ch ^_ i\n_h_l _mn_ ]ihi]cgc_hni( mimn_h^ly _f _m]zjnc]i(
^_\i m[\_l [fai []_l][ ^_ f[m `l_]o_h]c[m [jlijc[^[m( _mni _m( ]ih
koz `l_]o_h]c[ mih p_l^[^_l[m bcj}n_mcm ]igi R& ^[^[ f[ _pc^_h)
]c[ ^_ fim m_hnc^im* K_li _mn_ l_ko_lcgc_hni ^[ foa[l [ ni^[m f[m ^c)
`c]ofn[^_m ko_ m_|[fy\[gim jl_pc[g_hn_ _h f[m jyach[m -,5)--, (
l_mj_]ni [f l_]olmi l_f[]cih[^i ]ih f[ jli\[\cfc^[^ jil j[ln_ ^_f
_jcmn_gcmn[*
@f _jcmn_gcmn[ nc_h_ oh[ lzjfc][ _`_]ncp[ j[l[ _mn[ ny]nc][ _m)
]zjnc][* O[hni f[ bcj}n_mcm R ]igi f[ U mclp_h j[l[ ObZVSMK\ f[ _pc)
^_h]c[ m_hmilc[f( f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m pcmo[f_m ko_ n_hai ^_f fyjct* Nch

M@NPH@I KMJQDNDJI<G

$%(

_g\[lai( R _m oh[ _rjfc][]c}h go]bi g_dil ko_ mo lcp[f U jil)

ko_ R _m ]ihmc^_l[\f_g_hn_ gym m_h]cff[ ]igi bcj}n_mcm ko_ U(
?_mjozm ^_ ni^i( U l_koc_l_ ko_ mojiha[gim ko_ f[m _rj_lc_h)
]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m m_[h ][om[^[m a_h_l[fg_hn_ jil _f ch^omnlcimi
ij_l[^il g[fcahi( oh m_l ko_ ]ihmn[hn_g_hn_ n_h^l{[ ko_ _mn[l
fo]b[h^i j[l[ ch^o]cl _h `ilg[ [jlijc[^[ s _h ni^i ncji ^_ j_l)
mih[m f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m m_hmilc[f_m ijilnoh[m* @h ]ihnl[mn_( R m}fi
l_koc_l_ ko_ fim i\d_nim `{mc]im ]igi fim fyjc]_m _mnzh l_f[]cih[^im
f_a{ncg[g_hn_ ]ih f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ko_ n_h_gim ^_ _ffim( s m_g_)
d[hn_ c^_[ _m ]ihmc^_l[\f_g_hn_ gym m_h]cff[ ko_ f[ ko_ ]igjcn_
]ih _ff[* Hym [h( _f _jcmn_gcmn[ jo_^_ mimn_h_l jf[omc\f_g_hn_
ko_ _h pcmn[ ^_ ko_ R _m oh[ g_dil _rjfc][]c}h ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[
m_hmilc[f ko_ mo lcp[f U& R _m gym jli\[\f_ ko_ U& ^[^[ _m[ _pc)
^_h]c[* ?_ b_]bi( jo_^_ [`clg[l ko_ [^_gym zf ]KLO ko_ R _m gym
jli\[\f_ ko_ U& ^[^[ f[ _pc^_h]c[( s[ ko_ hi b[s h[^[ ko_ f_ cg)
jc^[ m[\_l ko_ R _m oh[ g_dil _rjfc][]c}h ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ U(
K[l[ m[\_l ko_ R _m gym jli\[\f_ ko_ <( ^[^[ f[ _pc^_h]c[( ohi hi
h_]_mcn[ m[\_l [\mifon[g_hn_ h[^[ []_l][ ^_ `l_]o_h]c[m l_f[ncp[m
^_ f[ p_l^[^ ^_ bcj}n_mcm ]igi R& ^[^[ m_g_d[hn_ _pc^_h]c[* @h)
nih]_m( f[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f( [ohko_ jimc\f_g_hn_ _kocpi][^[(
hi h_]_mcn[ m_l ]o_mnc}h ^_ mo_ln_* Kil _f ]ihnl[lci( \c_h jo_^_
m_l oh ][mi ^_ ]l__h]c[ [\mifon[g_hn_ l[tih[\f_* <m{( f[ jl_gcm[
%4& _m( ^_ b_]bi( `[fm[( s _f [laog_hni [ `[pil ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi
l_f[ncpi [ f[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f m_ ^_llog\[*
EX X_O`Y K\Q_WOX^Y O]MgZ^SMY/
T_]^SPSMKMSiX ^Y^KV c ZY]SLSVSNKN NO O\\Y\
<ohko_ _f [laog_hni _m]zjnc]i gym cgjiln[hn_ hi b[s[ n_hc^i
zrcni( b[s inlim [ fim ko_ f_m jo_^_ cl g_dil* @h j[lnc]of[l( mc
l_]il^[gim ko_ oh[ ]ih^c]c}h ^_f ]ihi]cgc_hni _m ko_ f[ j_l)
mih[ _mnz nin[fg_hn_ domnc`c][^[ _h mo ]l__h]c[( ji^_gim ]ihm)
nlocl lyjc^[g_hn_ oh ho_pi [laog_hni j[l[ _f _m]_jnc]cmgi l_)
f[ncpi [ f[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f* K[l[ _hn_h^_l ]}gi ji^l{[ jli)
]_^_lm_ _h _mni( ]ihmc^zl_m_ _f ][mi ^_ oh[ j_lmih[( N[go_f( [
koc_h m_ f_ jc^_ ko_ l_acmnl_ ]c_ln[ ][m[ ^_ ^c_t ]o[lnim j[l[ [p_)
lcao[l mc m_ _h]o_hnl[ [faoh[ j_lmih[ _h _ff[* Dg[ach_gim ko_ p[
[f jlcg_l ]o[lni( [\l_ f[ jo_ln[ s m_ [mig[ s hi p_ [ h[^c_* Go_ai
b[]_ fi gcmgi _h _f m_aoh^i ]o[lni( ]ih _f gcmgi l_mofn[^i( s _h
_f n_l]_li( _f ]o[lni s [m{ mo]_mcp[g_hn_( b[mn[ _f ^z]cgi s fncgi

$%)

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

]o[lni s mc_gjl_ ]ih _f gcmgi l_mofn[^i* Ii p_ [ h[^c_ _h hch)

aohi ^_ fim ^c_t ]o[lnim* Kil fi n[hni( m_ domnc`c][ jf_h[g_hn_ ko_
zf ]l_[ ko_ hi b[s h[^c_ _h f[ ][m[* Nojiha[gim( mch _g\[lai(
ko_ m_ f_ ^c]_ ko_ hi b[ _fcgch[^i ni^[m f[m jli\[\cfc^[^_m ^_
_llil mi\l_ _f [mohni( s[ ko_ ji^l{[ b[\_l a_hn_ _m]ih^c^[ _h
fim ]fim_nm( [\[di i ^_nlym ^_ fim go_\f_m( [nlym ^_ f[m ]ilnch[m( i
_h foa[l_m jil _f _mncfi* N_ f_ _hp{[ ^_ ho_pi [ f[ ][m[ j[l[ ko_
\omko_ oh[ p_t gym _h fim ]o[lnim* @mn[ p_t N[go_f _m go]bi gym
]oc^[^imi7 l_pcm[ ni^im fim ]fim_nm( \om][ ^_\[di ^_ f[m ][g[m s ^_
inlim go_\f_m s ^_nlym ^_ ni^[m f[m jo_ln[m s ]ilnch[m* K[l[ _mn[l
m_aoli( gcl[ ch]fomi jil _f ncli ^_ f[ ]bcg_h_[* ?_ ho_pi( hi
_h]o_hnl[ [ h[^c_ _h hchah ]o[lni ^_ f[ ][m[* Kil fi n[hni( _mny
gos domnc`c][^i _h ]l__l ko_ hi b[s h[^c_ _h f[ ][m[* ?_ b_]bi(
_mny ]f[li ko_ _mny go]bi gymdomnc`c][^i _h mo ]l__h]c[ [bil[ ^_
fi ko_ fi _mn[\[ ^_mjozm ^_ mo jlcg_l[ l_pcmc}h7 N[go_f b[ l_)
^o]c^i [gjfc[g_hn_ f[m jimc\cfc^[^_m ^_ _llil ]ih _mn[ m_aoh^[
l_pcmc}h n[h ]oc^[^im[*
@mn_ _d_gjfi cfomnl[ oh b_]bi cgjiln[hn_6 ]o[h^i f[ domnc`c)
][]c}h ^_ ohi j[l[ n_h_l oh[ ]l__h]c[ m_ po_fp_ gym s gym `o_ln_(
f[m jimc\cfc^[^_m ^_ ko_ f[ ]l__h]c[ _mnz _ll[^[ m_ po_fp_h ][^[
p_t g_hil_m* <m{ _m nin[fg_hn_ h[nol[f mojih_l ko_ oh[ domnc`c)
][]c}h MYWZVO^K j[l[ oh[ ]l__h]c[ ^_\_l{[ m_l [ko_ff[ _h f[ ko_
ni^[m f[m jimc\cfc^[^_m ^_ _llil ko_^_h _fcgch[^[m* <m{( s[ ko_ _f
]ihi]cgc_hni l_koc_l_ ^_ oh[ domnc`c][]c}h ]igjf_n[ _h f[ ]l__h)
]c[ ^_ ohi( ji^_gim ^_]cl ko_ f[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f ^_ oh[ j_l)
mih[ ]ihmncnos_ ]ihi]cgc_hni m}fi mc hi b[s jimc\cfc^[^ [faoh[ ^_
ko_ mo ]l__h]c[ _mnz _ll[^[* T _mn_ b_]bi jlijil]cih[ [f _m]zjnc]i
f[ jl_gcm[ ko_ h_]_mcn[ j[l[ oh ho_pi [laog_hni _m]zjnc]i*
G[ l[t}h _m gos mcgjf_* G[ bcj}n_mcm ^_f ]_l_\lchi( s inl[m bc)
j}n_mcm ^_f gcmgi ]iln_ _m]zjnc]i( go_mnl[h ko_ _rcmn_ [faoh[ ji)
mc\cfc^[^ ^_ ko_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m m_[h `[fm[m* C[s
[faoh[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_f ]_l_\lchi m_[ p_l^[)
^_l[( jil gos ^z\cf ko_ m_[( s jil fi n[hni b[s [faoh[ jimc\cfc^[^
^_ ko_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m il^ch[lc[m _mnzh _ll[^[m*
@h f[ g_^c^[ _h ko_ _rcmn_ [faoh[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ ko_ ho_mnl[m
]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m il^ch[lc[m _mnzh _ll[^[m( zmn[m hi m_ domnc)
`c][h jf_h[g_hn_* >igi hi m_ domnc`c][h jf_h[g_hn_( hi m[\_gim
mc mih p_l^[^_l[m*

M@NPH@I KMJQDNDJI<G

$%*

BO]_WOX NOV K\Q_WOX^Y

@f [laog_hni ko_ [][\[gim ^_ jl_m_hn[l jo_^_ _rjih_lm_ ^_ f[
mcaoc_hn_ g[h_l[6
-* Nc [faoc_h m[\_ ko_ [faoh[ ^_ mom ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m _m
p_l^[^_l[( _hnih]_m _mny ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^i _h mo
]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f*
.* Nc [faoc_h _mny ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^i _h mo ]l__h]c[
j_l]_jno[f( _hnih]_m mo domnc`c][]c}h ^_ mo ]l__h]c[ j_l]_j)
no[f _r]fos_ ]o[fkoc_l jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ _llil*
?_ _mn[m ^im jl_gcm[m ]ih]focgim
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
/* Nc [faoc_h m[\_ ko_ [faoh[ ^_ mom ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m _m
p_l^[^_l[( _hnih]_m mo domnc`c][]c}h ^_ mo ]l__h]c[ j_l]_j)
no[f _r]fos_ ]o[fkoc_l jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ _llil*
<f ff_a[l [ _mn[ ]ih]fomc}h( l_]ollcgim [f g[n_lc[f ^_ oh [lao)
g_hni [hn_lcil j[l[ [f][ht[l ho_mnl[ ]ih]fomc}h _m]zjnc][*
0* Nc _rcmn_ [faoh[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ ko_ m_[ p_l^[^_l[ f[ bcj}n_)
mcm ^_f ]_l_\lchi( _hnih]_m f[ domnc`c][]c}h ko_ [faoc_h nc_h_
^_ mo ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f hi _r]fos_ ni^[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_
_llil*
1* @rcmn_ [faoh[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_f ]_l_\lchi
m_[ p_l^[^_l[*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
2* G[ domnc`c][]c}h ko_ ]o[fkoc_l[ nc_h_ j[l[ mo ]l__h]c[ j_l)
]_jno[f hi _r]fos_ ni^[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ _llil*
?_ f[m ]ih]fomcih_m %/& s %2& i\n_h_gim oh[ ho_p[ ]ih]fomc}h
_m]zjnc][6
3* I[^c_ m[\_ mc [faoh[ ^_ mom ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m _m p_l)
^[^_l[*
Ki^l{[gim ^_]cl ko_ oh[ p_t ko_ him b_gim j_l][n[^i [\mi)
fon[g_hn_ ^_ fi ko_ m_ l_koc_l_ j[l[ ko_ f[ domnc`c][]c}h ^_ oh[
]l__h]c[ m_[ ]igjf_n[( n[g\czh him _h]ihnl[gim ]ih ko_ hch)
aoh[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f m_ _h]o_hnl[ l_[fg_hn_ [ f[ [fnol[ ^_
_m[ hilg[* Kil fi n[hni( hi b[s ]ihi]cgc_hni j_l]_jno[f*

- . 4

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

>SXQ_XK ZY]SLSVSNKN ZK\K VK RSZi^O]S] NOV MO\OL\SXY/

OV OZS]^OWS]^K \O]ZYXNO
Ki^_gim []_jn[l f[ g[sil j[ln_ ^_ _mn_ [laog_hni mch []_jn[l f[
]ih]fomc}h( s[ ko_ ji^_gim h_a[l ko_ b[s[ [faoh[ jimc\cfc^[^
^_ ko_ m_[ p_l^[^_l[ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_f ]_l_\lchi* C_gim ]ih]_)
^c^i ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_f ]_l_\lchi _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_* K_li
f[ jimc\cfc^[^ f}ac][ ^_ f[ p_l^[^ hi go_mnl[ ko_ b[s[ [faoh[
jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm m_[ p_l^[^_l[* <laog_hn[l ko_
oh[ ]l__h]c[ hi _mny ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[ jilko_ [faoh[
bcj}n_mcm lcp[f _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_( _m [laog_hn[l `[f[tg_hn_*
T[ [hn_m gimnl[gim _mni* <m{( mc _f _m]zjnc]i chn_hn[ [laog_hn[l
^_m^_ f[ jimc\cfc^[^ f}ac][ ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_f ]_l_\lchi j[l[ ff_)
a[l [ f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_ ko_ b[s [faoh[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ ko_ m_[ p_l)
^[^_l[( mo [caog_hni _mn[ly g[f `oh^[^i* Ii b[s jimc\cfc^[^
^_ ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_f ]_l_\lchi m_[ p_l^[^_l[7 _m mcgjf_g_hn_
[\mol^[*
EXK ZY]SLSVSNKN NO O\\Y\ Wf] \OKVS]^K/ OV O]MgZ^SMY c VY] Q_QYV]
@f _m]zjnc]i ^_ hchaoh[ g[h_l[ ]ih]_^_ly ko_ hi b[s jimc\c)
fc^[^ ^_ ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_f ]_l_\lchi m_[ p_l^[^_l[* ?_mjozm
^_ ni^i( ]}gi m[\_ ohi ko_ _m `[fm[; I}n_m_ ko_ ]o[fkoc_l _pc)
^_h]c[ ko_ m_ _rbc\[ [ `[pil ^_ f[ `[fm_^[^ ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ji^l{[
_rjfc][lm_ _h nzlgchim ^_ fim chn_hnim ^_f ?l* J ^_ ]ih`oh^cl)
him j[l[ ko_ hi jo^czl[gim b[]_l ]ihd_nol[m mi\l_ mo _rcmn_h)
]c[* Nch _g\[cai( jil gil ^_f [laog_hni( m_ly ncf jl_m_hn[l
oh[ bcj}n_mcm _m]zjnc][ ko_ n_ha[ gym jimc\cfc^[^_m ^_ i\n_h_l
oh []o_l^i g_^c[hn_ oh[ ]ihmc^_l[]c}h cgj[l]c[f* <m{ ko_( jil
fncgi( ]ihmnlocl_gim oh[ bcj}n_mcm ko_ i\pc[g_hn_ nc_h_ [faoh[
jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ m_l ]ill_]n[*
K[l[ b[]_l _mni chp_hn[l_gim jlcg_li oh[ bcmnilc[ ko_ kocty
m_[ gym ch]l_{\f_ ko_ f[ ^_f ?l* J* ?_mjozm b[l_gim omi ^_ _mn[
bcj}n_mcm j[l[ ]ihmnlocl oh[ bcj}n_mcm _m]zjnc][ ]ih l_mj_]ni [ f[
]o[f( mimn_h_gim( ^_\_ ]ih]_^_lm_ ko_ nc_h_ [faoh[ jimc\cfc^[^
^_ m_l p_l^[^_l[*
Dg[ach_gim ko_ f[ Oc_ll[ b[ mc^i i\m_lp[^[ jil gc_g\lim
^_ oh[ ]cpcfct[]c}h gos [p[ht[^[ ^_ inli jf[h_n[* Dg[ach_gim
ko_ _mim m_l_m mih go]bi gym chn_fca_hn_m ko_ himinlim( [jli)
rcg[^[g_hn_ J-,, p_]_m gym chn_fca_hn_m* T[ ko_ _m_ hg_li
b[ mc^i ^_higch[^i aoaif( him l_`_lcl_gim [ _mim m_l_m ]ih _m_

M@NPH@I KMJQDNDJI<G

- . 5

hig\l_* <bil[ \c_h( ohi ^_ fim aoaifm( ^_ hig\l_ @hlcko_( b[

]ihp_lnc^i [ fim n_ll_mnl_m _h i\d_ni ^_ oh _mno^ci _mj_]c[f* >ih
f[ [so^[ ^_ mo hin[\f_ ]igjon[^il[( ff_a} [ oh[ ]ih]fomc}h _m)
nl_g_]_^il[ m_ah f[ ]o[f fim n_ll{]if[m mih ]c_hn{`c]im _rj_lnim(
j_li [f gcmgi nc_gji ch_jnim gil[f s jif{nc][g_hn_* ?_ b_]bi(
mo ]igjon[^il[ f_ jlijil]cih} oh[ jlis_]]c}h( ]ih oh gos [fni
al[^i ^_ jli\[\cfc^[^( m_ah f[ ]o[f fim n_ll{]if[m m_ ^_mnlocl{[h
[ m{ gcmgim _h g_him ^_ ]c_h [|im jilko_ gimnl[l{[h m_l ch]ig)
j_n_hn_m j[l[ g[h_d[l f[ ch`ilg[]c}h ]c_hn{`c][ s fim jlial_mim
n_]hif}ac]im ko_ _mn[\[h m_aolim ^_ ji^_l ^_m[lliff[l* @hlcko_
m_ mchnc} gos [\[nc^i [f m[\_l _mni( jo_m f_ b[\{[ nig[^i go)
]bi ][lc|i [ _m[ ]cpcfct[]c}h oh n[hni ^cp_lnc^[ [ohko_ nl_g_h^[)
g_hn_ [al_mcp[* Ii ji^{[ j_hm[l _h [faoh[ mifo]c}h m[ncm`[]nilc[*
<m{ ko_ jomi oh [hoh]ci _h f[ jl_hm[ aoaif s i`l_]c} oh jl_gci
[ f[ g_dil _mnl[n_ac[ jl[]nc][\f_ j[l[ m[fp[l [ fim n_ll{]if[m* Ph[
aoaif ff[g[^[ H[l{[ `o_ f[ a[h[^il[ ^_f jl_gci*
H[l{[ i\m_lp} ko_ _f ]_l_\li ^_ fim n_ll{]if[m ]ihn_h{[ ]c_ln[
yl_[( oh ]_hnli ^_ jf[]_l( ko_( [f m_l _mncgof[^[( jlijil]cih[\[
oh chn_hmi jf[]_l [ f[ j_lmih[ _h ]o_mnc}h* @rjfc]} _hnih]_m ]})
gi _mn_ ]_hnli ^_ jf[]_l ji^{[ m_l _mncgof[^i _fz]nlc][g_hn_
g_^c[hn_ oh[ `o_hn_ ^_ ji^_l ]_l][h[ [ f[ Oc_ll[ s ]ihnlif[^[
jil oh[ ]igjon[^il[ aoaif* @f jf[h ko_ _ff[ jlijomi _l[ _f mc)
aoc_hn_6 [laog_hn[\[ ko_ oh[ p_t ^igch[^[( _h ]o_mnc}h ^_ bi)
l[m( f[ jmc]ifia{[ ^_ fim n_ll{]if[m( zmnim ji^l{[h m_l ]ih^c]cih[^im
j[l[ n_h_l ]c_ln[m ]l__h]c[m [f m_l _mncgof[^im mom ]_hnlim ^_ jf[)
]_l ]o[h^i nopc_l[h n[f_m ]l__h]c[m( gc_hnl[m ko_ m_ ji^l{[ cgj_)
^cl n[f _mncgof[]c}h jf[]_hn_l[ _h inlim ][mim* H[l{[ ]ih]fos} ko_
mc m_ _mncgof[h fim ]_hnlim ^_ jf[]_l ^_ f[m j_lmih[m ]o[h^i mom
]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m mih fca_l[g_hn_ _ll}h_[m( s hi _h inlim
][mim( _h oh j_lci^i ^_ nc_gji l_f[ncp[g_hn_ ]ilni ^c]b[m j_l)
mih[m ff_a[lyh [ n_h_l ]l__h]c[m ][mc nin[fg_hn_ _ll}h_[m( [ ]ih)
^c]c}h ^_ ko_ _f _llil hi m_[ n[h al[h^_ ]igi j[l[ ]ih^o]clf[m
[ oh[ _rj_lc_h]c[ chg_^c[n[g_hn_ ^ifilim[* Nc f[m j_lmih[m mih
]ih^c]cih[^[m ^_ _mn[ g[h_l[ j[l[ n_h_l ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[)
f_m fca_l[g_hn_ _ll}h_[m( hoh][ ff_a[lyh [ _m[m n_il{[m ]c_hn{`c][m
hc ^_m[lliff[lyh _mim [p[h]_m n_]hif}ac]im ko_ ]ih^o]cl{[h [ mo
go_ln_* Nch ^o^[ [faoh[( fim n_ll{]if[m ]ih]_\clyh go]b[m n_i)
l{[m ]c_hn{`c][m s jlis_]n[lyh go]bim [^_f[hnim n_]hif}ac]im( j_li
mc_gjl_ b[\ly f[ mo`c]c_hn_ ]ih`omc}h _ ch]ib_l_h]c[ ^_hnli ^_ mo
]ih]_j]c}h ]c_hn{`c][ ^_f goh^i ]igi l_mofn[^i ^_ mom ]l__h]c[m

- / ,

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

j_l]_jno[f_m ^_`_]noim[m( [m{ ko_ `l[][m[lyh _h _h]ihnl[l _m[m

p_l^[^_m ]c_hn{`c][m ko_ fim ^_mnlocl{[h*
<bil[ \c_h( [faohim `cfim}`im i ]c_hn{`c]im ^_ f[ Oc_ll[ m_|[)
f[lyh ko_ ch]fomi f[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m n_h^lyh ko_ m_l l_)
]b[t[^[m _h i][mcih_m jil _f \c_h ^_ f[ n_il{[* G[ l[t}h jil f[
]o[f m_g_d[hn_m ]l__h]c[m n_h^lyh ko_ m_l l_]b[t[^[m l[^c][ _h
ko_ m_lyh ^_ n[f g[h_l[ _ll}h_[m ko_ hchaoh[ n_il{[ ji^l{[ ^[l
][\c^[ [ ni^[m* K[l[ ff_a[l [ mo ]c_h]c[ s n_]hifia{[ lo^cg_hn[)
lc[m( l_jo^c[lyh [faoh[m ^_ mom ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m* K_li fim
n_ll{]if[m g[hn_h^lyh mo ]igjligcmi ]ih _f _gjclcmgi _f ]o[f
fim ff_p[ly [ l_pcm[l mom n_il{[m oh[ s inl[ p_t _h nzlgchim ^_
]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m ko_ mc_gjl_ m_lyh _ll}h_[m* Kil mojo_m)
ni( H[l{[ _rjfc]} ]ih oh[ mihlcm[ ^_ m[ncm`[]]c}h ]c_hn{`c][ ko_
_mim _llil_m j_l]_jno[f_m mih h_]_m[lcim j[l[ mo ]ihncho[^[ _rcm)
n_h]c[*
T [m{ `o_ ]igi H[l{[ a[h} _f jl_gci s m[fp} [ fim n_ll{]if[m*
Locty omn_^ ji^l{[ _mn[l ^cmjo_mni [ ]l__l ko_ _mn[ bcmnilc[(
i oh[ j[l_]c^[( _m p_l^[^_l[* Nc []_jn[ ko_ b[s [faoh[ jimc\cfc)
^[^ ^_ ko_ m_[ p_l^[^_l[( _hnih]_m b[s [faoh[ jimc\cfc^[^( hi
_r]foc^[ jil f[ domnc`c][]c}h ko_ n_h_gim j[l[ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m
j_l]_jno[f_m( ^_ ko_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m m_[h _ll})
h_[m jilko_ fim aoaifm him b[h ]ih^c]cih[^i j[l[ ]l__l ^_ g[)
h_l[ _ll}h_[* Kil inli f[^i( hi cgjiln[ mc f[ bcmnilc[ j[l_]_ oh[
`[hn[m{[ i]cim[ mch jimc\cfc^[^ [faoh[ ^_ l_mofn[l p_l^[^_l[* @f
i\d_ni ^_ ]ihn[l f[ bcmnilc[( [^_gym ^_f _hnl_n_hcgc_hni ko_ zmn[
jo^c_l[ jlijil]cih[l( l[^c][ _h [nl[_l mo [n_h]c}h b[]c[ _f b_]bi
^_ ko_ ho_mnl[ moj_lpcp_h]c[ jo_^_ ^_j_h^_l ^_ ho_mnl[ cahi)
l[h]c[* C[s [f g_him [faoh[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ ko_ mc ho_mnl[m ]l__h)
]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m hi `o_l[h fca_l[g_hn_ _ll[^[m( fca_l[g_hn_ ch)
]ill_]n[m( _hnih]_m ^_ b_]bi him ^_mnlocl{[gim ]igi l_mofn[^i
^_ fim ^_m]o\lcgc_hnim ]c_hn{`c]im s ^_f g[f omi n_]hif}ac]i \[)
m[^i _h _ffim* <m{( jlijih_gim ko_ _rcmn_ [f g_him oh[ jimc\c)
fc^[^ ^_ ko_ f[m ]l__h]c[m _ll}h_[m n_ha[h oh p[fil ^_ moj_lpc)
p_h]c[ s( gym [h( ^_ ko_ fi _ll[^i ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_j)
no[f_m him b[s[ m[fp[^i ^_ ho_mnl[ ^_mnlo]]c}h nc_gji [nlym* C[s
[faoh[ jimc\cfc^[^( jil j_ko_|[ ko_ zmn[ m_[( ^_ ko_ fi _ll[^i ^_
ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m n_ha[ oh p[fil ^_ moj_lpcp_h]c[*
Nojiha[gim( [ g[h_l[ ^_ _d_gjfi( ko_ _rcmn_ [faoh[ n_il{[
j[lnc]of[l _mj_]c[fg_hn_ j_fcalim[ j[l[ f[ bog[hc^[^* Dg[ach_)
gim ko_ [fah ^_m]o\lcgc_hni ^_ f[ `{mc][ kocty ohi ko_ him

M@NPH@I KMJQDNDJI<G

- / -

j_lgcn[ `ilgof[l oh[ n_il{[ ]igjf_n[g_hn_ ^_n_lgchcmn[ _h _f

hcp_f mo\[n}gc]i( s jil fi n[hni l_cpch^c][^il[ ^_ @chmn_ch( koc_h
[\ia} [ `[pil ^_ oh[ n_il{[ m_g_d[hn_ him j_lgcnc_l[ _hn_h^_l
]}gi fc\_l[l al[h^_m ][hnc^[^_m ^_ _h_ca{[ _h `ilg[ m_h]cff[(
]ih g[n_lc[f_m ]igoh_m* Nc jil inli f[^i cg[ach[gim ko_ n[f_m
^cmjimcncpim jo_^_h n_h_l _f ji^_l ^_ f[m \ig\[m n_lgiho]f_[)
l_m s ko_ ]o[fkoc_l j_lmih[ jo_^_ [jl_h^_l ]ih `[]cfc^[^ ]}gi
]ihmnloclfim [ j[lncl ^_ g[n_lc[f_m [ fim ko_ ni^im n_h_gim []]_mi(
_hnih]_m ji^_gim ^_^o]cl ko_ n[f_m ^cmjimcncpim him jih^l{[h [
ni^im [ g_l]_^ ^_ j_lmih[m ^_g_hn_m s ^_m_mj_l[^[m( ^cmjo_mn[m
[ ^_mnloclm_ [ m{ gcmg[m j[l[ ^_mnlocl [ fim ^_gym( jil fi ko_ _f
bifi][omni l_mofn[l{[ ^_ f[ fi]ol[ ^_ ohim ]o[hnim*
Gi [hn_lcil hi _m mchi oh[ `ilg[ _h f[ ko_ _f ^_m]o\lcgc_hni
^_ [fah jlch]cjci ji^l{[ m_lpcl j[l[ ^_mnloclhim* C[s go]b[m
inl[m ko_ ohi ji^l{[ cg[ach[l* Nc _f ^_m]o\lcgc_hni ^_ ^c]bi
jlch]cjci [ll[m[l[ ]ih f[ pc^[( _hnih]_m m_l{[ h_]_m[lci hi ^_m]o)
\lclfi j[l[ ko_ ho_mnl[ _rcmn_h]c[ ]ihncho[l[* <bil[ \c_h( oh[
g[h_l[ ^_ _pcn[l _f ^_m]o\lcgc_hni ^_ m_g_d[hn_ jlch]cjci m_l{[
_f _llil j_l]_jno[f* Nc migim p{]ncg[m ^_f _ha[|i [f hcp_f j_l)
]_jno[f( ho_mnlim chn_hnim jil l_pcm[l _m[m n_il{[m ko_ jo^c_l[h
ff_p[lhim [ fi `[n[f m_ ^_mnlocl{[h [f hcp_f ^_ f[ i\m_lp[]c}h* ?_\_)
gim m_hnclhim gincp[^im( [ `o_lt[ ^_ n_h_l i\m_lp[]cih_m ^_`_])
noim[m( j[l[ []_jn[l [faoh[m n_il{[m fca_l[g_hn_ ch]ill_]n[m ko_
mih gym jli\[\f_m( _h nzlgchim ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[)
f_m fca_l[g_hn_ _ll}h_[m( ko_ _mn[m n_il{[m ]ill_]n[m ko_( [ohko_
`[n[f_m( l_]b[t[gim* @h mog[( f[ n_il{[ m_ \[m[( s[ m_[ ^cl_]n[ i
ch^cl_]n[g_hn_( _h f[ i\m_lp[]c}h s( jil fi n[hni( f[ i\m_lp[]c}h
cgj_l`_]n[( f[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m _ll}h_[m( jo_^_ cgj_^cl
ko_ ff_ao_gim [ n_il{[m ]ill_]n[m* Iiminlim jlijih_gim ko_ b[s
[faoh[ jimc\cfc^[^( jil j_ko_|[ ko_ jo_^[ m_l( ^_ ko_ _h _mn_
gig_hni ho_mnl[ moj_lpcp_h]c[ gcmg[ ^_j_h^[ ^_ ho_mnl[ cg)
jimc\cfc^[^ j[l[ []_jn[l ]c_ln[ n_il{[ ]ill_]n[( ^_\c^i [ ho_mnl[m
]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m _ll}h_[m* ?_ _mn[ g[h_l[( _hnih]_m( b[s
[faoh[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ ko_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m m_[h
_ll}h_[m( s( ^_ b_]bi( ^_ ko_ ho_mnl[ moj_lpcp_h]c[ ^_j_h^[ ^_
_ffi* Nc omn_^ m_ jl_aohn[ ]}gi b[ mc^i jimc\f_ ko_ _f _llil hi
b[s[ mc^i ^_n_]n[^i( f[ l_mjo_mn[ _m ko_( ^_ b[\_lm_ ^_n_]n[^i(
[bil[ hi b[\l{[ h[^c_ ko_ ch`ilg[l[ ^_f l_mofn[^i*
@f [laog_hni [hn_lcil jo_^_ [\l_pc[lm_ _h `ilg[ ^_ oh ^_m[)
|i* Nc [faoc_h mimnc_h_ ko_ m[\_ ko_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_j)

- / .

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

no[f_m hi mih _ll}h_[m s ko_ n[f _llil hi nc_h_ p[fil ^_ moj_lpc)

p_h]c[( b[aygimf_ oh[ jl_aohn[ ^_]cmcp[* >}gi m[\_ omn_^ ko_
_f _llil _h ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m hi nc_h_ oh p[fil ^_
moj_lpcp_h]c[; Gim _m]zjnc]im [laos_h ko_ h[^c_ nc_h_ oh[ l_m)
jo_mn[ m[ncm`[]nilc[ [ _mn[ jl_aohn[* ?_ b_]bi( hi cgjiln[ koz
]f[m_ ^_ ]l__h]c[m _m]id[gim( mc jl_aohn[gim [ oh _jcmn_gcmn[
]}gi m[\_ l_mj_]ni [ n[f_m ]l__h]c[m ko_ _f _llil _h ^c]b[m ]l__h)
]c[m hi nc_h_ p[fil ^_ moj_lpcp_h]c[( m}fi ji^_gim _mj_l[l _f mc)
f_h]ci ]igi l_mjo_mn[* K_li mc _f _jcmn_gcmn[ hi jo_^_ _rjfc][l
]}gi m[\_ _mn[m ]im[m( _hnih]_m ^_\_ [^gcncl ko_ [ko{ b[s [faoh[
jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ _llil( s ko_ hi m[\_ fi ko_ ^c]_ m[\_l*
BO]_WOX NOV jV^SWY K\Q_WOX^Y O]MgZ^SMY
<bil[ jl_m_hn[gim oh l_mog_h ^_f [caog_hni jl_]_^_hn_* @h
ho_mnli l_mog_h him l_`_lcgim [ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ fi _ll}h_i
^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m nc_h_ p[fil ^_ moj_lpcp_h]c[
]igi _h _f ][mi ^_ f[ RSZi^O]S] NO VK ]_ZO\`S`OXMSK( @hnih]_m _f [l)
aog_hni _m _f mcaoc_hn_6
-* Nc [faoc_h m[\_ ko_ ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ mom ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m
_m p_l^[^_l[( _hnih]_m mo ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f nc_h_ jf_h[
domnc`c][]c}h*
.* Nc [faoc_h nc_h_ jf_h[ domnc`c][]c}h _h mo ]l__h]c[ j_l]_j)
no[f( _hnih]_m f[ domnc`c][]c}h ^_ mo ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f _r)
]fos_ ni^[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ _llil*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
/* Nc [faoc_h m[\_ ko_ ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ mom ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m
_m p_l^[^_l[( _hnih]_m f[ domnc`c][]c}h ^_ mo ]l__h]c[ j_l)
]_jno[f _r]fos_ ni^[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ _llil*
>ihncho[gim _f fncgi [laog_hni _m]zjnc]i6
0* Nc b[s [faoh[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ f[ moj_lpc)
p_h]c[ m_[ p_l^[^_l[( _hnih]_m h[^c_ _mny domnc`c][^i j[l[
j_hm[l ko_ b[s [faoh[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f ko_ _r]fos[ ni)
^[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ _llil*
1* C[s [faoh[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ f[ moj_lpcp_h)
]c[ m_[ p_l^[^_l[*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y

@G @NO<OPN ?@G K<NJ ?JN

- / /

2* I[^c_ _mny domnc`c][^i j[l[ j_hm[l ko_ [faoh[ ]l__h]c[ j_l)

]_jno[f _r]fos_ ni^[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ _llil*
@hnih]_m( ^_ f[m [`clg[]cih_m %/& s %2&( _f _m]zjnc]i ]ih]fos_6
3* I[^c_ m[\_ mc [faoh[ ^_ mom ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m _m p_l)
^[^_l[*
Nc [ mo p_t m_ f_ jl_aohn[l[ [f _m]zjnc]i jil koz jc_hm[ ko_ _f
j[mi %1& _m p_l^[^_li( ji^_gim _mj_l[l ko_ l_mjih^[ ]ih`ilg_
[ fim fch][gc_hnim ^_ mo i\d_]c}h6 h[^c_ m[\_ mc f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ f[
moj_lpcp_h]c[ _m `[fm[* Kil fi n[hni( b[s [faoh[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ ko_
m_[ p_l^[^_l[( ]igi m_ [`clg[ _h %1&*
P I < M@NKP@NO< ? @G @KDNO@H DNO< 6 @ G @NO<OPN ? @G K<NJ ?JN

?_ hchaoh[ g[h_l[ ko_^[ ]f[li ko_ oh _jcmn_gcmn[ []_jn_ f[ p_l)

^[^ ^_f j[mi %1&* ?_mjozm ^_ ni^i( ji^l{[ [laog_hn[l( _f m_hnc^i
^_ jimc\cfc^[^ i ^_ jli\[\cfc^[^ j_lnch_hn_ j[l[ _f j[mi %1&
hi _m _f ^_ f[ `l_]o_h]c[ l_f[ncp[* G[ `l_]o_h]c[ l_f[ncp[ ^_ ko_
bcj}n_mcm n[f_m ]igi f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ f[ moj_lpcp_h]c[ m_[h gym p_l)
^[^_l[m ko_ `[fm[m( ]igj[l[^[ ]ih f[ `l_]o_h]c[ ^_ ko_ m_g_d[h)
n_m bcj}n_mcm m_[h `[fm[m( b[mn[ ^ih^_ m_ m[\_( jimc\f_g_hn_ m_[
^_ ]_li* <oh [m{( _f [mj_]ni ko_ ]ih g[sil jli\[\cfc^[^ [n[][l{[
_f _jcmn_gcmn[ m_l{[ _f j[mi %.&* @f jli\f_g[ ]ih _m[ jl_gcm[ _m(
_h ji][m j[f[\l[m( ko_ _f ]lcn_lci j[l[ ko_ oh[ domnc`c][]c}h m_[
MYWZVO^K m_ b[ `cd[^i _h oh hcp_f cll_[fg_hn_ [fni* ?_ b_]bi( j[)
l_]_l{[ ko_ ^_nlym ^_ f[ jl_gcm[ %.& hi m_ _m]ih^_ gym ko_ f[
c^_[ s[ ^_m][ln[^[ ^_ ko_ ohi nc_h_ jf_h[ domnc`c][]c}h j[l[ n_)
h_l oh[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f m}fi mc _m f}ac][g_hn_ cgjimc\f_ ko_
f[ ]l__h]c[ m_[ `[fm[*
K[l[ _hn_h^_l g_dil _mn[ [`clg[]c}h ^_f _jcmn_gcmn[( ]ihmc^_)
l_gim oh _d_gjfi _h _f ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ nc_h_ oh[ ]l__h]c[ j_l)
]_jno[f ]igi l_mofn[^i ^_ p_l oh dcnig[n_ mi\l_ f[ g_m[* Dg[ac)
h_gim n[g\czh ko_ nc_h_ [faoh[ _pc^_h]c[ j[l[ n_h_l _m[ ]l__h)
]c[( _mj_]{`c][g_hn_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ fim m_hnc^im( ^cm]onc^[ [h)
n_lcilg_hn_ _h _mn_ ][j{nofi s kocty n[g\czh inl[ _pc^_h]c[* Kil
]igi^c^[^( ^ca[gim ko_ _mn[ _pc^_h]c[ _m O( @m O f[ ko_ domnc`c][
[ f[ j_lmih[ _h mo ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f mi\l_ _f dcnig[n_* Nojih)
a[gim [^_gym ko_ O \[mn[ j[l[ ko_ _m[ j_lmih[ domnc`cko_ MYW'
ZVO^KWOX^O _m[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f* @h _m_ ][mi( ^[^[ f[ jl_gcm[

- / 0

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

%.&( hi b[\l{[ hchaoh[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ _llil _h _mn[ ]l__h]c[ j_l)

]_jno[f* K_li [bil[ _f _jcmn_gcmn[ m_ jl_aohn[6 \[di koz ]ih^c)
]cih_m hi b[\ly jimc\cfc^[^_m ^_ _llil( ^[^[ f[ _pc^_h]c[ O3 >ih
m_aolc^[^ f[ l_mjo_mn[ _m ko_ zmn[ m_ i\n_h^ly m}fi mc O& i f[m il[)
]cih_m ko_ ^_m]lc\cl{[h f[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ fim m_hnc^im( SWZVSMK ko_ f[
j_lmih[ ^_ b_]bi p_ ohdcnig[n_ mi\l_ f[ g_m[* K_li ^_]cl ko_ _m)
n[m il[]cih_m ^_ _pc^_h]c[ cgjfc][h f[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f _m ^_)
]cl hc][g_hn_ ko_( ^[^[ f[ _pc^_h]c[( _m f}ac][g_hn_ cgjimc\f_
ko_ f[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno* m_[ `[fm[* <m{( oh[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f
nc_h_ jf_h[ domnc`c][]c}h( ]igi [bil[ fi p_gim( m}fi mc f[ _pc^_h]c[
^_ fim m_hnc^im b[]_ ko_ m_[ f}ac][g_hn_ cgjimc\f_ ko_ _m[ ]l__h)
]c[ j_l]_jno[f m_[ `[fm[* @h inl[m j[f[\l[m( ^_nlym ^_ f[ jl_gcm[
%.& _mny _m]ih^c^[ f[ c^_[ ^_ ko_ mc _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_
oh[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f m_[ `[fm[( ^[^[ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ fim m_hnc)
^im( _hnih]_m f[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f hi nc_h_ jf_h[ domnc`c][]c}h*
Nch _g\[lai( s[ b_gim pcmni ko_ _mn[ c^_[ _m]zjnc][ ]f[p_ _m( _h
_f g_dil ^_ fim ][mim( mog[g_hn_ ^o^im[7 mch ^o^[ himinlim hi
b_gim _h]ihnl[^i hchaoh[ \o_h[ l[t}h j[l[ []_jn[lf[* ?_ _mn[
g[h_l[( ^_\_l{[gim l_]b[t[l f[ jl_gcm[ %.& ^_ _mn_ fncgi [l)
aog_hni _m]zjnc]i* Qch]of[l f[ hi]c}h ^_ ko_ hi b[s hchaoh[
jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ _llil ]ih f[ hi]c}h ^_ f[ jf_h[ domnc`c][]c}h _m m}fi
oh[ g[h_l[ ^cm`l[t[^[ ^_ l_chnli^o]cl oh jlch]cjci _jcmnzgc]i
s[ ^_m[]l_^cn[^i*
J OMJN

< M B P H @ I O J N @ K DN O @ H DN O < N

Gim [laog_hnim [ `[pil ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi l_mj_]ni [f ]ihi]cgc_hni

j_l]_jno[f b[h l_]ollc^i [ f[ jimc\cfc^[^ f}ac][ ^_f ]ihi]cgc_hni
j_l]_jno[f _kocpi][^i* @mni b[ molac^i \ymc][g_hn_ ^_ ^im g[)
h_l[m* J \c_h _f _m]zjnc]i oncfct[ oh[ jl_gcm[ ]igi f[ mcaoc_hn_6
-* Nc _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ m_[ `[fm[ gc ]l__h]c[ j_l]_j)
no[f( ^[^[ gc _pc^_h]c[( _hnih]_m hoh][ mz mc oh[ ]l__h]c[
j_l]_jno[f _m p_l^[^_l[7
i n[g\czh l_]oll_ [ [fai ]igi fi mcaoc_hn_6
.* Nc _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ gc ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f m_[
`[fm[( ^[^[ gc _pc^_h]c[( _hnih]_m hoh][ _m jf_h[ gc dom)
nc`c][]c}h ^_ oh[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f*

JOMJN <MBPH@IOJN @KDNO@HDNO<N

- / 1

?_ oh[ o inl[ g[h_l[( s[ m_[ [\c_ln[ s _rjf{]cn[g_hn_ i ^_

`ilg[ _h]o\c_ln[( fim [laog_hnim _m]zjnc]im ko_ b_gim ]ihmc^_)
l[^i b[h ^_j_h^c^i ^_ ohi ^_ _mnim ^im jlch]cjcim i ^_ [g\im*
O[g\czh him b_gim ^[^i ]o_hn[ ^_ ko_ _f _jcmn_gcmn[ jo_^_
]ihnl[[n[][l ]ih zrcni fim [laog_hnim _m]zjnc]im jilko_ jo_^_
jlijil]cih[l f[m l[tih_m j[l[ l_]b[t[l %-& s %.& i( [f g_him( ^_
ko_ jo_^_ gimnl[l ko_ hi b[s \o_h[m l[tih_m j[l[ []_jn[lf[m*
<bil[ \c_h( _f _jcmn_gcmn[ b[ mimn_hc^i ko_ b[s [f g_him oh[
jl_mojimc]c}h chc]c[f [ `[pil ^_ mo jimc]c}h( s[ ko_ _f _jcmn_gcmgi
nc_h_ _f [jisi ^_f m_hnc^i ]igh l_`f_rcpi* Kil mojo_mni( zmn_ hi
_m oh [jisi gos jimcncpi j[l[ mo johni ^_ pcmn[ s m}fi _m oh[
p_hn[d[ chc]c[f* @m ^_]cl( _m oh[ p_hn[d[ ko_ _f _jcmn_gcmn[ nc_h_
[hn_m ^_ _hnl[l _h f[ ^cm]omc}h ]ih _f _m]zjnc]i* <m{ ko_ _m oh[
p_hn[d[ ko_ ji^l{[ _p[jil[lm_ lyjc^[g_hn_ mc fim [laog_hnim ^_f
_m]zjnc]i `o_l[h ]f[l[g_hn_ []_jn[\f_m s ]ihpch]_hn_m* <ohko_(
]igi him b_gim ^[^i ]o_hn[( _mni hi b[ mo]_^c^i jo_mni ko_ _m)
nim [laog_hnim b[h _gjf_[^i fim ^o^imim jlch]cjcim %-& s %.&* Kil
fi n[hni( _f _jcmn_gcmn[ _mny [bil[ _h jimc]c}h ^_ jl_m_hn[l [jisi
[^c]cih[f j[l[ mo ^i]nlch[ s[ ko_ _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ m_ ^_m_]b[l[h
[laog_hnim [ `[pil ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi ko_ chc]c[fg_hn_ m_ ]ihmc^_)
l[\[h ^_ j_mi( _m m_aol[g_hn_ oh[ l[t}h gym j[l[ j_hm[l ko_
_f _jcmn_gcmgi _mny _h fi ]ill_]ni* Nc( ]ih \[m_ _h f[ _pc^_h]c[( _f
_m]_jnc]cmgi l_f[]cih[^i ]ih _f ]ihi]cgc_hni j_l]_jno[f b[ ^_
m_l _f_p[^i [f l[hai ^_ oh[ ^i]nlch[ gym l[tih[\f_ ko_ _f _jcm)
n_gcmgi( _hnih]_m _m h_]_m[lci ohi i p[lcim ho_pim [laog_hnim
_m]zjnc]im* Nch _g\[lai( hi b[s l[tih_m j[l[ j_hm[l ko_ [ ]o[)
f_mkoc_l[ ^_ fim ho_pim [laog_hnim _m]zjnc]im f_m cly g_dil ko_
[ [ko_ffim ko_ b_gim ]ihmc^_l[^i*
?_ b_]bi( b[s oh [caog_hni [^c]cih[f [ `[pil ^_f _jcmn_gcm)
gi* >igi s[ m_|[f[gim [hn_m _h _mn_ gcmgi ][j{nofi( _f ]ihi]c)
gc_hni ^_\_ ^_`chclm_ ^_ []o_l^i ]ih p[lc[m ]ih^c]cih_m* N_ ]ih)
mc^_l[ ]igi ]ihi]cgc_hni f[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f ^_ oh[ j_lmih[
m}fi ]o[h^i6 %-& _m p_l^[^_l[( %.& nc_h_ jf_h[domnc`c][]c}h( s %/& f[
domnc`c][]c}h hi ^_j_h^_ _m_h]c[fg_hn_ ^_ hchaoh[ mojimc]c}h
`[fm[* >ih _mni( _f _jcmn_gcmn[ _mny _h jimc]c}h ^_ m_aocl ]ih f[
i`_hmcp[( s[ ko_ jo_^_ jf[omc\f_g_hn_ mimn_h_l ko_ oh[ j_lmih[
[ g_ho^i nc_h_ jf_h[ domnc`c][]c}h j[l[ ]l__l ko_ ][^[ oh[ ^_
_mn[m domnc`c][]cih_m _mny l_f[]cih[^[ ]ih [faoh[m ^_ mom jlijc[m
]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m* >ihmc^_l_gim _f s[ ]ihi]c^i _d_gjfi ^_f
dcnig[n_* N[l[ nc_h_ f[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f ^_ ko_ p_ oh dcnig[n_

- / 2

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

mi\l_ f[ g_m[( j_li n[g\czh koc_l_ n_h_l g[sil m_aolc^[^ mi)

\l_ _f b_]bi( [m{ ko_ ][gch[ b[mn[ _f foa[l _h _f ko_ jc_hm[ ko_
b[s oh[ g_m[ s n[hn_[ ]ih f[m g[him* ?cl{[gim ko_ mc_hn_ f[ ilc)
ff[( fim ]ihnilhim s f[ moj_l`c]c_7 ]ih g[sil _r[]ncno^( N[l[ nc_h_
_rj_lc_h]c[m ny]ncf_m mi\l_ f[ `ilg[ ^_ f[ g_m[ [f gcmgi nc_gji
ko_ nc_h_ _rj_lc_h]c[m pcmo[f_m ^_ oh ncji mcgcf[l* Locty n[g\czh
n_ha[ [faoh[m _rj_lc_h]c[m [o^cncp[m( ]o[h^i aifj_[ fi ko_ ]ih)
mc^_l[ ko_ _m oh[ g_m[ s( [^_gym( _rj_lc_h]c[m ny]ncf_m ko_ mih _f
l_mofn[^i ^_ fi ko_ ]ihmc^_l[ ko_ _m [a[ll[l _f dcnig[n_ ko_ p_*
@h n[f ][mi( m_ domnc`c][ ko_ N[l[ ]l_[ ko_ mo ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f
_m p_l^[^_l[7 hi b[s m_lc[m ^o^[m [f l_mj_]ni* K_li n[g\czh m_
domnc`c][ ko_ ]l_[ ko_ mo domnc`c][]c}h j[l[ n_h_l _m[ ]l__h]c[ j_l)
]_jno[f _m jf_h[( s[ ko_ mch ^o^[ _mnydomnc`c][^i ko_ _ff[ ]l_[ ko_
hi b[s h[^[ gym ko_ jo_^[ b[]_l i _rj_lcg_hn[l ko_ ^_\[ [o)
g_hn[l modomnc`c][]c}h ^_ _m[ ]l__h]c[ %[mogc_h^i( jil mojo_mni(
ko_ f[m ][j[]c^[^_m ^_ N[l[ mih nin[fg_hn_ hilg[f_m&* Hym [h(
fi ]o[f _m n{jc]i ^_ ][mim ]igi zmnim( N[l[ _mn[ly domnc`c][^[ j[l[
]l__l ko_ hi _rcmn_ hchaoh[ ^_j_h^_h]c[ _m_h]c[f ^_ mo domnc`c)
][]c}h _h [faoh[ mojimc]c}h `[fm[( jo_mni ko_ m_domnc`c][ ko_ _ff[
]l_[ ko_ ni^[ f[ _pc^_h]c[ j_l]_jno[f ^_ mom m_hnc^im _m oh[ _pc)
^_h]c[ \o_h[ s jimcncp[ j[l[ mo ]l__h]c[ s ko_( _h _m[m ]cl]ohm)
n[h]c[m( hi b[s hY^[ gym ko_ m_[ j_lnch_hn_ j[l[ f[ ]l__h]c[*
@h l_mog_h( n_h_gim f[ mcaoc_hn_ mcno[]c}h mom]cn[^[ jil _f
_jcmn_gcmn[6 oh[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f m_ nig[ ]igi ]ihi]cgc_hni
mc s m}fi mc m_ m[ncm`[]_h nl_m ]ih^c]cih_m* < g_ho^i oh[ j_lmih[
nc_h_ domnc`c][]c}h j[l[ ]l__l ko_ _m[m nl_m ]ih^c]cih_m m_ ]K^S]'
PKMOX _h _f ][mi ^_ f[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m ko_ nc_h_ _h _m_
gig_hni* <m{( ]ih `l_]o_h]c[ f[ a_hn_ nc_h_ jf_h[ domnc`c][]c}h
j[l[ ]l__l ko_ [faoh[m ^_ mom ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m p[f_h ]igi
]ihi]cgc_hni* T zmn_ _m oh [jisi \o_hi s jimcncpi j[l[ _f _jcmn_)
gcmgi7 ^_ b_]bi( oh [jisi ko_ _m nin[fg_hn_ ch^_j_h^c_hn_ ^_f
`l[][mi ^_ fim [laog_hnim _m]zjnc]im* @f _jcmn_gcmgi hi _m g_)
l[g_hn_ oh[ mojimc]c}h ko_ ni^im b[]_gim* @m( jil _f ]ihnl[lci(
oh[ ]l__h]c[ \c_h `oh^[^[ ko_ ][mc ni^im himinlim jim__gim*
6YXMV_]SiX
G[ ]ih]fomc}h a_h_l[f [ f[ ko_ b_gim ff_a[^i _m ko_ _f _jcmn_)
gcmgi _m gym l[tih[\f_ ko_ _f _m]_jnc]cmgi jil fi ko_ ni][ [
f[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f* Nch _g\[lai( _m h_]_m[lci b[]_l bch][jcz

$&*

@E@M>D>DJN

_h ^im [mj_]nim ]ih]fos_hn_m* Klcg_li( [ohko_ ho_mnli _r[g_h

^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi him b[ ^_po_fni [ f[ j_lmj_]ncp[ _jcmn_gcmn[ ko_
][mc ni^im himinlim b[\l{[gim [^ijn[^i [hn_m ^_ _gjl_h^_l _f
_mno^ci ^_ _mn_ g[n_lc[f( hi ^_\_gim j_hm[l jil _ffi ko_ hi b[
n_hc^i m_hnc^i _f _mno^ci ^_ fim [laog_hnim _m]zjnc]im( i ko_ b[
mc^i oh[ jzl^c^[ ^_ nc_gji* @f _r[g_h m_lci ^_ f[m i\d_]cih_m
b[]c[ f[m ^i]nlch[m ko_ ohi jl_`c_l_ l_mofn[ m_l ]ih `l_]o_h]c[
oh[ _r]_f_hn_ g[h_l[ ^_ ]ihm_aocl g[sil ]f[lc^[^ l_mj_]ni ^_
^c]b[m ^i]nlch[m s( fi ko_ _m gym cgjiln[hn_( ^_ ^_m]o\lcl _r[]n[)
g_hn_ _h koz m_ \[m[h _m[m ^i]nlch[m jl_`_lc^[m jil ohi* @mn_ b[
mc^i _f ][mi ^_ f[ ^c[fz]nc][ [hn_lcil7 m_ b[ []f[l[^i _h al[h g_)
^c^[ _f _jcmn_gcmgi s m_ b[h _rjo_mni mom \[m_m* Ph[ m_aoh^[ s
fncg[ ]o_mnc}h _m cao[fg_hn_ cgjiln[hn_* ?_\_ i\m_lp[lm_ ko_
ho_mnl[ ]ih]fomc}h [ `[pil ^_f _jcmn_gcmgi m_ \[m[ _h f[ _pc^_h]c[
nin[f ]ihmc^_l[^[ _h _mn_ ][j{nofi* K_hm[gim ko_ l_mj_]ni [ _m[
_pc^_h]c[( fim [laog_hnim ^_f _jcmn_gcmgi mih fim gym `o_ln_m*
Ii i\mn[hn_( ho_mnli l_mj[f^i [f _jcmn_gcmgi ^_\_ ]ihmc^_l[lm_
n_hn[ncpi( ^_ []o_l^i ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ ^cmjihc\f_* ?_\_ [^gcnclm_
f[ jimc\cfc^[^ l_[f ^_ oh ho_pi [laog_hni _m]zjnc]i( [ j_m[l ^_
ko_ _m ji]i jli\[\f_ ko_ ]o[fkoc_l _pc^_h]c[ ho_p[ \[mn_ j[l[
ch]fch[l f[ \[f[ht[ [ `[pil ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi* <^ijn[l oh[ jimc]c}h
gym l[^c][f ko_ f[ [hn_lcil _kocp[f^l{[ [ oh ^iag[ncmgi l_mj_]ni
[f ]ihi]cgc_hni j_l]_jno[f( oh[ j_lmj_]ncp[ ko_ m_ ijih_ n[hni
[f _jcmn_gcmgi ]igi [f _m]_jnc]cmgi*
@E@ M > D> DJ

-* Loz _m _f _m]_jnc]cmgi; Kil koz fim _mj_]of[^il_m b[h mc^i _m)

]zjnc]im [faoh[m p_]_m; @m omn_^ oh _m]zjnc]i( oh _mj_]of[^il( i
[g\im; Kil koz;
.* >ihmc^_l_ f[ mcaoc_hn_ [`clg[]c}h6
Ki^_gim ^_`chcl _f ]ihi]cgc_hni ]igi n_h_l f[ l_mjo_mn[
]ill_]n[ * >o[h^i oh[ j_lmih[ m[\_ f[ l_mjo_mn[( nc_h_ f[ l_m)
jo_mn[ ]ill_]n[( s ]o[h^i nc_h_ f[ l_mjo_mn[ ]ill_]n[( ]ihi]_ f[
l_mjo_mn[* ?_ gi^i ko_ f[ ^_`chc]c}h ^[^[ _m nin[fg_hn_ ]i)
ll_]n[*
Loz jli\f_g[ jf[hn_[ _mn[ ^_`chc]c}h;
/* >ihmc^_l_ _f mcaoc_hn_ [laog_hni6

 "'

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

Ichaoh[ ]l__h]c[ chdomnc`c][^[ jo_^_ ]ihn[l ]igi oh ][mi ^_

]ihi]cgc_hni* Kil inli f[^i( ni^i ][mi ^_ ]ihi]cgc_hni cgjfc][
oh[ ]l__h]c[ domnc`c][^[* ?_ gi^i ko_ hi b[s ^c`_l_h]c[ _hnl_
]ihi]cgc_hni s ]l__h]c[ domnc`c][^[*
Loz jli\f_g[ jf[hn_[ _mn_ [laog_hni;
0* <faoh[m p_]_m m_ ^c]_ ko_ ]ihi]cgc_hni s p_l^[^ mih oh[ s f[
gcmg[ ]im[* @mn[l{[ omn_^ ^_ []o_l^i ]ih _mni; @rjfcko_ sdomnc)
`cko_ mo l_mjo_mn[*
1* >ihmc^_l_ _f mcaoc_hn_ [laog_hni6
>o[h^i oh[ j_lmih[ p_ [fai( hi nc_h_ hchaoh[ _pc^_h]c[ j[l[
]l__l fi ko_ p_* Kil fi n[hni( f[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m mih
[ko_ff[m j[l[ f[m ko_ hi n_h_gim _pc^_h]c[*
@m ]ill_]n[ _mn[ [`clg[]c}h; Kil koz;
2* Loz _m _f m_hnc^i ]igh l_`f_rcpi; @f _jcmn_gcmn[ _mny _h fi ]i)
ll_]ni ]o[h^i jc_hm[ ko_ [fah [jisi chc]c[f j[l[ mo jimc]c}h m_
^_lcp[ ^_f m_hnc^i ]igh l_`f_rcpi; J( gym \c_h( _f b_]bi ^_ ko_
hi jo_^[ j_hm[l _h hchaoh[ l[t}h j[l[ [\[h^ih[l mo jimc]c}h _m
g_l[g_hn_ oh[ ch^c][]c}h ^_ ko_ mo ][j[]c^[^ cg[ach[ncp[ _mny
^_ [faoh[ g[h_l[ fcgcn[^[;
3* @f _m]zjnc]i mimnc_h_ ko_ mc [ p_]_m _mn[gim _kocpi][^im _h ho_m)
nl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m( _hnih]_m mc_gjl_ _m f}ac][g_hn_ ji)
mc\f_ ko_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m m_[h `[fm[m* >}gi _g)
jf_[ zf _mn[ jl_gcm[ j[l[ mimn_h_l f[ ]ih]fomc}h _m]zjnc][ ^_ ko_
hoh][ m[\_gim mc mih p_l^[^_l[m ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m;
>}gi jih_ _f _jcmn_gcmn[ _h n_f[ ^_ doc]ci f[ jl_gcm[; Oc_h_
zrcni _f ]o_mncih[gc_hni;
4* @h l_mjo_mn[ [ oh[ i\d_]c}h ^_f _jcmn_gcmn[( m_ gi^c`c][ _f [lao)
g_hni _m]zjnc]i* Ph[ ^_ f[m jl_gcm[m jlch]cj[f_m ^_f [laog_hni
gi^c`c][^i _m _h f[ ko_ m_ [mog_ ko_ f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ^_ oh[ j_l)
mih[ ko_ nc_h_ oh[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f p_l^[^_l[ jo_^_h ^ojfc)
][lm_ _h f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ]os[ ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f
_m _r[]n[g_hn_ mcgcf[l j_li `[fm[* >}gi ^_`c_h^_ _f _m]zjnc]i
_mn[ jl_gcm[; >}gi f[ ]o_mncih[ _f _jcmn_gcmn[; Loz inl[m jl_)
gcm[m m_ h_]_mcn[h j[l[ f[ ^_^o]]c}h ^_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h _m]zjnc][;
N_ om[lih [faoh[m ^_ _mn[m jl_gcm[m _h oh [laog_hni [hn_lcil;
5* Loz jl_gcm[ _m]zjnc][ m_ ^_`c_h^_ [j_f[h^i [ [fo]ch[]cih_m;
>}gi chn_hn[ jli\[l _f _m]zjnc]i ko_ f[m [fo]ch[]cih_m mih mc_g)
jl_ jimc\f_m; >}gi l_mjih^_ _f _m]zjnc]i [ f[ i\d_]c}h ^_f _jcm)
n_gcmn[ _h _f m_hnc^i ^_ ko_ f[m [fo]ch[]cih_m jo_^_h ^_n_]n[lm_ [f

@E@M>D>DJN

"(

[jfc][l f[m jlo_\[m ^_ f[ ]ib_l_h]c[ _rj_lc_h]c[f s ^_f n_mncgihci

^_ inlim;
-,* >ihmc^_l_ _f mcaoc_hn_ [laog_hni ^_f _jcmn_gcmn[6
<j_f[l [ [fo]ch[]cih_m j[l[ ^_`_h^_l _f _m]_jnc]cmgi _m nin[f)
g_hn_ cf_a{ncgi* <f ^_m]lc\cl [faoh[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ]igi [fo]c)
h[nilc[m( _f _m]zjnc]i _mny [mogc_h^i ny]cn[g_hn_ ko_ ji^_gim
_mn[\f_]_l f[ ^c`_l_h]c[ _hnl_ f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ko_ mih [fo]ch[)
nilc[m s [ko_ff[m ko_ hi fi mih* K_li mc ji^_gim _mn[\f_]_l f[
^c`_l_h]c[( _hnih]_m _f _m]_jnc]cmgi _m `[\i* ?_ gi^i ko_ _f
omi _m]zjnc]i ^_ f[m [fo]ch[]cih_m _m [oni[hof[nilci*
>oyf _m f[ l_mjo_mn[ ^_f _m]zjnc]i [ _mn_ [laog_hni; Loczh _mny
_h fi ]ill_]ni; Kil koz;
--* @f _m]zj^]i nl[_ [ ]if[]c}h _f [laog_hni ^_f ]_l_\lchi j[l[ ^_)
`_h^_l oh[ jl_gcm[ ^_ mo [laog_hni s j[l[ l_`on[l oh[ i\d_]c}h
^_f _jcmn_gcmn[* ?_ koz jl_gcm[ m_ nl[n[ s ]oyf `o_ f[ i\d_]c}h
^_f _jcmn_gcmn[; ?_ koz i\d_]c}h( ko_ chpifo]l[ f[ ^cmnch]c}h _h)
nl_ jimc\cfc^[^ s l_[fc^[^( _]b[ g[hi _f _jcmn_gcmn[ ]ihnl[ _f [l)
aog_hni ^_f ]_l_\lchi; >}gi jc_hm[ _f _m]zjnc]i ko_ ji^_gim
j[m[l f_a{ncg[g_hn_ ^_ f[ jimc\cfc^[^ [ f[ l_[fc^[^;
-.* >ihmc^_l_ _f mcaoc_hn_ [laog_hni ^_f _jcmn_gcmn[6
G[ c^_[ ^_ ko_ oh[ gykoch[ ]igi _f ]_l_\lchi _rcmn[ hi _m mchi
oh[ `[hn[m{[ i]cim[* Ii ^_\_ nig[lm_ ]ih gym m_lc_^[^ ko_ fim
]o_hnim ^_ N[hn[ >f[om* <m{( f[ c^_[ ^_ ko_ _mn[gim ]ihnlif[)
^im jil _f ]_l_\lchi( [ f[ ko_ _f _m]zjnc]i jl_m_hn[ ]igi oh[
bcj}n_mcm m_lc[( jo_^_ l_]b[t[lm_ mch hchah inli [laog_hni*
M_]b[t[l f[ c^_[ him j_lgcn_ l_]b[t[l n[g\czh f[m ]ih]fomcih_m
^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi*
Loz l_mjih^_l{[ _f _m]zjnc]i [ _mnim m_|[f[gc_hnim;
-/* G[ bcmnilc[ ^_ Oigym s _f ?l* J _mny ^_mnch[^[ [ l_`on[l oh[ jl_)
gcm[ ^_f [laog_hni ^_f _m]zjnc]i* >oyf _m f[ jl_gcm[; Kil koz
m_ ^c]_ ko_ _f _ha[|i j_l`_]ni hi _m _h [\mifoni oh _ha[|i; Kil
koz m_ ^c]_ ko_ f[ [fo]ch[]c}h ][l_]_ ^_ mcahc`c][^i; @m ]ill_]ni
fi ko_ ^c]_ _f _jcmn_gcmn[; M_`on[ _mi [f _m]_jnc]cmgi;
-0* >ihmc^zl_m_ _f mcaoc_hn_ [laog_hni ^_f _m]zj^]i6
I[^c_ jo_^_ cg[ach[l ]}gi ji^l{[ m_l [fai ]ihnl[^c]nilci*
Kil _d_gjfi( h[^c_ jo_^_ cg[ach[l ]}gi m_l{[ oh ]o[^l[^i
l_^ih^i* Kil fi Phni( mc ji^_gim cg[ach[l [fai( _hnih]_m _m
f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ s hi ]ihnl[^c]nilci* ?_ gi^i ko_ _f g_li
b_]bi ^_ ko_ ji^[gim cg[ach[l ]}gi m_l{[ oh[ [fo]ch[]c}h

- 0 ,

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G @N>@KOD>DNHJ

@E@M>D>DJN

- 0 -

j_l`_]n[( ]igi fi bc]cgim ]ih f[ bcmnilc[ ^_ Oigym s ^_f ?l* J(

go_mnl[ ko_ n[f [fo]ch[]c}h _m jimc\f_*

_fo^cl f[ j [l[^ id[ ^_f miln_i* @f hc]i j li\ f_g [ l[^ c][ _h ^ _]cl
]oyf _m _m_ i nli `[]nil*

>}gi ji^l{[ l_mjih^_l oh _jcmn_gcmn[ [ _mn_ [laog_hni; O_h)

^l{[ zrcni f[ l_mjo_mn[; Kil koz;

L oz jc_hm[ omn_^ ^ _ _mn_ [la o g _h ni ; @m jf[omc\f_; K o _^ _ om)

n_^ j li j i h _ l _f `[]nil `[fn[hn_;

-1* Loz _rjfc][]c}h ^_ f[ mcahc`c][ncpc^[^ m_ ^_\_ [ f[ ^cmnch]c}h _h)

nl_ oh m_hnc^i _jcmnzgc]i s ohi m_gyhnc]i ^_ mchm_hnc^i; M_)
[fg_hn_ [so^[ _mn[ ^cmnch]c}h [ f[ ][om[ ^_f _m]zjnc]i; @h koz
`ilg[;
-2* K[l[ p_h]_l [f _m]_jnc]cmgi _f _jcmn_gcmn[ mimnc_h_ ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[
ko_ hi _r]fos_ f[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ _llil jo_^_ mch _g\[lai l_^o]cl
[gjfc[g_hn_ f[ jli\[\cfc^[^ ^_ _llil* Loz jl_gcm[ ^_f _m]zjnc]i
_mj_l[ l_`on[l _f _jcmn_gcmn[ [f [`clg[l _mni; Kil koz _m _mj_]c[f)
g_hn_ cgjiln[hn_( ^_m^_ f[ jimc]c}h ^_f _jcmn_gcmn[( ^_llin[l [ f[
jl_gcm[ ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi; Oc_h_ zrcni _f _jcmn_gcmn[;
-3* Loz [laog_hni _gjf_[ _f _m]zjnc]i j[l[ gimnl[l ko_ _f b_]bi
^_ ko_ _f _jcmn_gcmn[ l_]oll[ [ f[ jli\[\cfc^[^ ]ih^o]cly [f _m)
]_jnc]cmgi; >}gi m_ chnli^o]_ _h _f [laog_hni f[ ]o_mnc}h ^_
_mn[\f_]_l `l_]o_h]c[m _h oh[ go_mnl[; >}gi om[ _f _jcmn_gcmn[
oh[ [h[fia{[ znc][ j[l[ [n[][l _mn_ [laog_hni ^_f _m]zjnc]i; <
koz jl_gcm[ ^_f [laog_hni chn_hn[ l_`on[l f[ [h[fia{[; C[s inl[
jl_gcm[ ^_f [laog_hni _m]zjnc]i pofh_l[\f_ [f [n[ko_;
-4* @f _jcmn_gcmn[ mimnc_h_ ko_ jo_^_ [mogclm_ ko_ [faoh[m ]l__h]c[m
_mnyh ]igjf_n[g_hn_domnc`c][^[m gc_hnl[m hi m_ i`l_t][ oh [lao)
g_hni ]ihnl[lci* >oyf m_ly f[ l_mjo_mn[ ^_f _m]zjnc]i [ _mn[ [`cl)
g[]c}h; >oyf _m _f j[j_f ^_f jlch]cjci ^_ cgj[l]c[fc^[^ _h f[
l_mjo_mn[; @m _`_]ncp[ f[ l_mjo_mn[;
-5* @f _jcmn_gcmn[ l_]oll_ [ f[ hi]c}h ^_ ]igj_n_h]c[ _h oh chn_hni
jil l_`on[l f[ jl_gcm[ %4&* >oyf _m _f [laog_hni ^_f _jcmn_gcmn[
_h _mn[ f{h_[; Oc_h_ zrcni;
.,* >ihmc^zl_m_ _f mcaoc_hn_ [laog_hni6
@f _m]zjnc]i [laog_hn[ ko_ ni^[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ _llil ^_\_ _r)
]foclm_ [hn_m ^_ ko_ _mn_gim nin[fg_hn_ domnc`c][^im _h oh[
]l__h]c[* @mni ff_p[ [ f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_ ko_ hoh][ _mn[gim ni)
n[fg_hn_ domnc`c][^im s jil fi n[hni ^_ ko_ hi m[\_gim h[^[*
K_li ]ih m_aolc^[^ _m[ ]ih]fomc}h _m [\mol^[* >ihm_]o_hn_)
g_hn_( ^_\_m_l l[tih[\f_ l_]b[t[l f[ jl_gcm[ _h f[ ko_ m_ \[m[*
<ohko_ ^_\_gim [^gcncl ko_ oh[ [fn[ jli\[\cfc^[^ hi \[mn[ly
j[l[ oh[ jf_h[ domnc`c][]c}h( _m jimc\f_ ko_ oh[ [fn[ jli\[\cfc)
^[^ gym [fah inli `[]nil jo_^[h \[mn[l sn[g\czh j_lgcnclhim

. - * @f fncg i [la o g _h ni _m]zj nc]i m_ _hoh]c[ _h nzlg chim ^ _ f[ bc)

j}n_mcm ^ _ f[ moj_lpcp_h]c[* Nch _g \ [lai( _f _jcmn_gcmn[ nc_h _ oh[
l_mj o_mn[ [ _mn_ [la o g _h ni ( l_mj o_mn[ ]ih f[ ko_ m_ i j i h _ [ f[
h i]c}h ^_f _m]zj nc]i mi\ l_ f[ jf_h[ domnc`c][]c}h* @m _`_]ncpi [ko{
_f [la o g _h ni ^_f _jcmn_g cmn[; C [s [faoh[ l_mjo_mn[ l[tih[\f_
k o _ _f _m]zj nc]i j o ^ c_l[ ^ [ l s ko_ b[s[ mc^i j[m[^[ j i l [fni;
. . * > ihmc^ zl_m_ _mn_ h o_pi [la o g _h ni _m]zjnc]i6
> ih _f `ch ^ _ ko_ oh[ j _lmih [ HTST_HF l_[fg _h n_ [fai( ^ _\_
_mn[l nin[fg _h n_ XJLZWF ^ _ _mi* ? _ g i ^ i ko_( j [l[ k o _ N[l[
m_j[ ko_ _f f{koc^i ^ _f p[mi ^ _ f[\ il[nilci _m oh y]c^i( ^ _\_ _m)
n[l nin[fg _h n_ m_ao l[ ^ _ ko_ _f f{koc^i _m oh y]c^i* K _li j [l[
ko_ _mnz nin[fg _hn_ m_ao l[ ^ _ _mi( h i ^ _\_ b [\_l hchah g i )
ncpi cg [ach[\f_ j [l[ ^ o ^ [l ^ _ ko_ _f f{koc^i _m oh y]c^i* < o h )
ko_ ]i h m_ao lc^ [^ _m `y]cf cg [a ch [l g incpim j [l[ ^ o ^ [ l ^ _ _m[
[`clg []c}h* ?_ g [h _l[ mcgcf[l( _m nin[fg _hn_ m_h]cffi cg [ach[l
g incpim j [ l[ ^ o ^ [ l ^ _ ]o[fkoc_l mojo_mn[ g o _mnl[ ^ _ ]ih i]c)
g c_hni j _l]_j no [f* Kil fi n[h ni( h chaoh [ ]l__h ]c[ j _l]_j no [f
_m m_ao l[ s j i l fi n[h ni hchaoh [ p[f_ ]i g i ]ih i]cg c_h ni* @f
_m]_jnc]cmg i b[ mc^i l_cpch^c][^i*
@mn_ h o_pi [la o g _h ni nc_h_ zrcni ^ i h ^ _ i nli m b[h `[ff[^i;

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

@f jli\f_g[ ^_ f[ fc\_ln[^ s _f ^_n_lgchcmgi ]ihmncnos_ \ymc][)
g_hn_ oh[ j[l[^id[* Ph[ j[l[^id[ mold_ ]o[h^i ^im mojo_mnim
cao[fg_hn_ _pc^_hn_m ]ih^o]_h [ l_mofn[^im _h [j[lc_h]c[ ch)
]igj[nc\f_m* Kil fi n[hni( oh[ j[l[^id[ _m l[]cih[fg_hn_ chni)
f_l[\f_* Ichaoh[ j_lmih[ l[]cih[f jo_^_ []_jn[l l_mofn[^im ch)
]igj[nc\f_m7 ^_ [b{ ko_ hchaoh[ j_lmih[ l[]cih[f jo_^[ []_jn[l
f[ j[l[^id[*
Loz j[l[^id[ _mny pch]of[^[ [f jli\f_g[ ^_ f[ fc\_ln[^ s _f
^_n_lgchcmgi; =ymc][g_hn_ _m f[ mcaoc_hn_* @f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m
f[ n_mcm ^_ f[ ][om[fc^[^ ohcp_lm[f( f[ n_mcm m_ah f[ ]o[f ni^i nc_h_
oh[ ][om[* Kil inl[ j[ln_( f[ ^i]nlch[ ^_ f[ fc\_ln[^ mimnc_h_ ko_
[faohim ^_ ho_mnlim []nim mih fc\l_m* <g\[m ]ih]_j]cih_m j[)
l_]_h ]c_ln[m* Ii m}fi ]l__gim ko_ ni^i nc_h_ oh[ ][om[ mchi
n[g\czh ko_ [faohim ^_ ho_mnlim []nim mih fc\l_m* Nch _g\[lai(
_mn[m ^im ]l__h]c[m ]ih^o]_h [ l_mofn[^im [j[l_hn_g_hn_ ch]ig)
j[nc\f_m* K[l[ ]igjli\[l fi [hn_lcil( ]ihmc^zl_m_ _f ][mi ^_f ^_)
n_lgchcmgi*
Ph < MB P H @I OJ

@I A<QJM ? @G ? @O@MH DI DNH J 6

<GBJ @I GJ L P @ OJ?JN >M@@H JN

Gi jlcg_li ko_ b[s ko_ m_|[f[l []_l][ ^_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgc)

hcmgi _m ko_ ni^im ]l__gim ko_ _m p_l^[^_l[* Oi^im himinlim
]l__gim( i [f g_him _mn[gim ^cmjo_mnim [ ]l__l( ko_ ni^i ]o[hni
i]oll_ nc_h_ oh[ ][om[* K[l[ ]ih`clg[l ko_ _`_]ncp[g_hn_ ]l__
_mni( ]ihmc^_l_ omn_^ ]oyf m_l{[ mo *l_[]]c}h [hn_ f[ mcaoc_hn_ mc)
no[]c}h6 oh[ g[|[h[ omn_^ m_ f_p[hn[ s m[f_ [ _h]_h^_l mo ho_pi
[onig}pcf* H_n_ f[ ff[p_( ijlcg_ _f []_f_l[^il( fo_ai _f \in}h ^_

- 0 0

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

_h]_h^c^i s hi j[m[ h[^[* No [oni hi _h]c_h^_* <m{ ko_ [\l_ _f

]i`l_( l_pcm[ f[m \od{[m( _f ][l\ol[^il( _f []ogof[^il( s [m{ mo]_)
mcp[g_hn_7 j_li ni^i j[l_]_ _mn[l _h j_l`_]ni il^_h* T mch _g)
\[lai( fi ]c_lni _m ko_ _f [oni hi _h]c_h^_* Ph n[hni g[fbogi)
l[^i jil f[ mcno[]c}h( ff[g[ [f g_]yhc]i koc_h ff_a[ [f foa[l ^_ fim
b_]bim ff_hi ^_ ]ih`c[ht[* @f ]igjih^ly _f [oni s fi b[ly [ll[h)
][l* Gi _r[gch[ ]oc^[^im[g_hn_( fi l_pcm[ ]ih f[ gcho]cimc^[^
^_ oh _rj_lni( j_li hc mckoc_l[ zf jo_^_ _h]ihnl[l f[ l[t}h ^_ f[
^_m]igjimnol[*
?[^i ko_ _f [oni _m ]igjf_n[g_hn_ ho_pi( [ _mn[m [fnol[m om)
n_^ m_ go_mnl[ cgj[]c_hn_ s ff[g[ [f l_jl_m_hn[hn_ ^_ f[ `y\lc][*
@mn_ ff_a[ ji]i ^_mjozm [n[pc[^i ]ih oh[ cgj_][\f_ \[n[ \f[h][(
][l[]n_l{mnc][ ^_ mo jli`_mc}h( s _gjc_t[ [ l_pcm[l mo [oni* Ph[
p_t n_lgch[^[ oh[ gos ]ih]c_hto^[ chp_mnca[]c}h( s ]o[h^i mo
\[n[ b[ ^_d[^i ^_ m_l \f[h][( omn_^ f_ jl_aohn[( Loz j[m[;
No l_mjo_mn[ _m( I[^[* @h pcmn[ ^_ ko_ mo ]i]b_ [h hi _h)
]c_h^_( ^_]c^_ [ll_af[l _f [mohni _h inlim nzlgchim* <m{ ko_ omn_^
jl_aohn[6 =o_hi( ]oyf _m f[ ][om[ ^_f jli\f_g[; @m _hnih]_m
]o[h^i _f l_jl_m_hn[hn_ ^_ `y\lc][ m_ [ll_af[ f[ ]il\[n[ s ]ih)
n_mn[ _h oh nihi i`c]c[f( Ii b[s ][om[ [faoh[* Ii f_ j[m[ h[^[
[ mo [oni* Ncgjf_g_hn_ hi _h]c_h^_* T jlimcao_( @mn[ _m oh[
^_ _m[m mcno[]cih_m ]olcim[m _h f[m ko_ mola_ oh jli\f_g[ ko_
l_[fg_hn_ hi nc_h_ ][om[ [faoh[* Ii b[s l[t}h [faoh[ j[l[ ko_
mo [oni hi _h]c_h^[* Ncgjf_g_hn_ hi _h]c_h^_( s _m ni^i fi ko_
jo_^_ ^_]clm_*
No ch`ilg_ _m [\mol^i* Pmn_^ m_aocly ]ihp_h]c^i ^_ ko_ ^_\_
b[\_l oh[ ][om[* ?_f b_]bi ^_ ko_ _f l_jl_m_hn[hn_ ^_ f[ `y\lc][
hi b[s[ ji^c^i _h]ihnl[l f[ ][om[ ^_f jli\f_g[( hi m_ mcao_ ko_
hi _rcmn_ oh[ ][om[* ?_\_ b[\_l [faoh[ ][om[ ko_ _f l_jl_m_h)
n[hn_ hi b[ mc^i ][j[t ^_ ^_m]o\lcl* G[ l[t}h jil f[ ko_ omn_^
_h]o_hnl[ ch[]_jn[\f_ _f ch`ilg_ _m ko_ _mny ]ihp_h]c^i ^_ ko_
f[m ]im[m nc_h_h ][om[m* Pmn_^( ]igi ni^[m f[m j_lmih[m ]ih m_h)
nc^i ]igh( ]l__ ko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li*
K[l[ l_`ilt[l _mn[ c^_[( ]ihmc^_l_gim oh _d_gjfi gym* No)
j}ha[m_ ko_ f[ <mi]c[]c}h I[]cih[f ^_ f[ N[fo^ b[ ]ihnl[n[^i [
oh ]c_hn{`c]i j[l[ _h]ihnl[l f[ ][om[ ^_ f[ _h`_lg_^[^ ]ihi]c^[
]igi l_]h[]* Ol[m go]bim [|im ^_ chp_mnca[]c}h( _f ]c_hn{`c]i
lch^_ _f mcaoc_hn_ ch`ilg_ mi\l_ mo chp_mnca[]c}h6

<GBJ @I GJ LP@ OJ?JN >M@@HJN

* - .

C_gim _mn[^i chp_mnca[h^i ^ol[hn_ go]bim [|im f[ ][om[ ^_f l_])

h[]* C_gim ^_m]o\c_lni ko_ n[hni fim [hcg[f_m ]igi fim m_l_m bo)
g[him m_ p_h [`_]n[^im i][mcih[fg_hn_ jil _mn[ _h`_lg_^[^* @m
oh[ _h`_lg_^[^ l[l[ p_t `[n[f s[ m_[ _h fim [hcg[f_m( s[ m_[ _h
fim big\l_m( j_li ]ihmn[ ^_ oh[ m_lc_ mog[g_hn_ ^_m[al[^[\f_ ^_
m{hnig[m ko_ m_ ]ihi]_h gos \c_h* C[\c_h^i _mno^c[^i f[m ]ih^c)
]cih_m \cif}ac][m s [g\c_hn[f_m ^_f _h`_lgi _f _mn[^i ^_ f[ m[h)
al_( _f ^_ fim }la[him pcn[f_m( _f ^_f mcmn_g[ l_mjcl[nilci( _f ^_f mcm)
n_g[ h_lpcimi s _f ^_ fim a_h_m( [m{ ]igi ni^[m f[m ch`fo_h]c[m _rn_l)
h[m ko_ jo^cgim [cmf[l b_gim ff_a[^i [ f[ ch_pcn[\f_ ]ih]fomc}h
^_ ko_ f[ _h`_lg_^[^ hi jim__ oh[ ][om[* Iim ^[gim ]o_hn[ ^_
ko_( nl[m chp_lncl p[lcim gcffih_m ^_ ^}f[l_m _h _f _mno^ci ^_f l_]h[](
jo_^_ j[l_]_l ^_m[`ilnoh[^i b[\_l ff_a[^i [ _mn_ l_mofn[^i* K_li
^_\c} l_]ihi]_lm_ ^_m^_ _f jlch]cjci ko_ zmn_ _l[ ohi ^_ fim l_mofn[)
^im jimc\f_m ^_ f[ chp_mnca[]c}h* >ighg_hn_( ]o[h^i _mno^c[gim
oh[ _h`_lg_^[^( _h]ihnl[gim( n[l^_ i n_gjl[hi( ko_ jim__ oh[
][om[( ko_ _rcmn_ [fah a_lg_h i pclom i [fah inli [a_hn_ ][om[hn_
ko_ ^[ foa[l [ f[ _h`_lg_^[^* K_li _mn[ _h`_lg_^[^( _f l_]h[]( hi
_m oh[ _h`_lg_^[^ ]igh* N_ jli^o]_ ^_ p_t _h ]o[h^i( j_li hi
nc_h_ ][om[ [faoh[* O[h m}fi _rcmn_* N_hncgim n_h_l ko_ l_h^cl oh
ch`ilg_ ko_ go]b[m^_ f[m p{]ncg[m^_ f[ _h`_lg_^[^ ]ihmc^_l[lyh(
jil l[tih_m mo\d_ncp[m( ^_m[f_hn[^il* Nch _g\[lai( hi jl_m_hn[gim
hchaoh[ ^cm]ofj[ jil ho_mnl[ ]ih]fomc}h6 m_ ff_a} [ _ff[ _h `ilg[
i\d_ncp[ s ]c_hn{`c][ al[]c[m [ f[ gym ]oc^[^im[ s ]ih]c_hto^[ chp_m)
nca[]c}h _rj_lcg_hn[f*
@mn_ ch`ilg_ m_l{[ l_]b[t[^i jil m_l ]ihmc^_l[^i ]igi oh gih)
n}h ^_ mchm_hnc^im jl_n_hmcimim* @f `l[][mi ^_ fim ]c_hn{`c]im j[l[
_h]ihnl[l f[ ][om[ ^_f l_]h[] hi j_lgcncl{[ _mn[\f_]_l ko_ f[ _h)
`_lg_^[^ hi nc_h_ ][om[ [faoh[* Kil _f ]ihnl[l{i( ni^im mojih)
^l{[gim ko_ nc_h_ ko_ n_h_l oh[ ][om[( ko_ hi ji^l{[ ^_d[l ^_
n_h_lf[*
Kil mojo_mni( _h fim ^im ][mim ]ihmc^_l[^im _mn[l{[gim ^cm)
jo_mnim [ []_jn[l f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_ ko_ fim chp_mnca[^il_m gym _r)
j_lcg_hn[^im hi jo^c_lih _h]ihnl[l f[ ][om[* @m jimc\f_ ko_ f[m
][om[m m_[h ^c`{]cf_m ^_ _h]ihnl[l( j_li ^_]cl ko_ oh[ ][om[ _m
NSPhMSV NO OXMYX^\K\ hi _kocp[f_ [ ^_]cl ko_ f[ ][om[ hi ObS]^O( Kil fi
n[hni( ni^im _mn[gim ]ihp_h]c^im ^_ ko_ n[hni _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ _f
[onig}pcf hi _h]c_h^[ ]igi f[ _h`_lg_^[^ jim__h [faoh[ ][om[*
Nih n[h m}fi ^im _d_gjfim ^_ ]im[m ko_ ]l__gim ko_ mih ][om[)
^[m jil [fai( j_li _f gcmgi [laog_hni ji^l{[ [jfc][lm_( jil _r)
n_hmc}h( j[l[ gimnl[l ko_ himinlim ]l__gim ko_ ni^[m f[m ^_gym

 #)

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

]im[m n[g\czh mih ][om[^[m jil [fai* >o[fkoc_l ]im[ _h f[ ko_

]_hnl_gim ho_mnl[ [n_h]c}h( ]o[fkoc_l ]im[ []_l][ ^_ f[ ]o[f him
b[a[gim jl_aohn[m( _m oh[ ]im[ j[l[ f[ ko_ ji^_gim \om][l f[
][om[* Kil koz mo]_^c} _mni;( him jl_aohn[gim s _mj_l[gim
oh[ _rjfc][]c}h ][om[f* Ii cgjiln[ fi ko_ j[m_( omn_^ mc_gjl_
ji^ly jl_aohn[l Kil koz i]ollc} _mni; i \c_h( >oyf `o_ f[
][om[ ^_ _mi; Oi^im himinlim ]l__gim ko_ m_g_d[hn_m jl_aoh)
n[m nc_h_h oh[ l_mjo_mn[* Gi [hn_lcil go_mnl[ ko_ ni^im _mn[gim
]ihp_h]c^im ^_ ko_( j[m_ fi ko_ j[m_( ni^i nc_h_ ko_ m_l ][o)
m[^i jil [fai( ch]fomi koc_h_m hi b_gim ]ihmc^_l[^i _f [mohni
_h nzlgchim n[h a_h_l[f_m*
>f[li _mny ko_ _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi m_[
]l_{^[ jil ni^i _f goh^i hi f[ b[]_ p_l^[^_l[* Ph[ ]l__h]c[ a_)
h_l[fct[^[ ^_ _mn_ ncji go_mnl[ n[h m}fi ko_ f[ ]l__h]c[ _m j[ln_
^_f m_hnc^i ]igh s ko_( [f cao[f ko_ inl[m ]l__h]c[m ^_ m_hnc^i
]igh( jo_^_ m_l `[fm[* Nch _g\[lai( f[ ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ _f ^_)
n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li _m oh[ ]l__h]c[ \KdYXKLVO& s[ ko_ ]ihm)
ncnos_ oh l[mai ^_ m_hnc^i ]igh l_`f_rcpi* @m ^_]cl( [^_gym ^_
m_l [gjfc[g_hn_ ]l_{^i( _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m oh[ n_mcm _h f[ ko_
ni^im m_aocgim ]l_s_h^i nl[m ^_ j_hm[l _h _ff[ ]oc^[^im[ s ]ihm)
]c_hn_g_hn_( nl[m ^_ _r[gch[l fi ko_ mcahc`c][ s ^_ nl[n[l mch zrcni
^_ j_hm[l _h ]ihnl[_d_gjfim* @mnim `[]nil_m n[g\czh `o_lih _m)
alcgc^im _h f[ ^cm]omc}h [hn_lcil( s \[mn[h j[l[ gimnl[l ko_ _f
^_n_lgchcmgi _m l[tih[\f_* Kil inl[ j[ln_( f[ ]l__h]c[ _h _f ^_n_l)
gchcmgi [ ^c`_l_h]c[ ^_ [faoh[m ]l__h]c[m ^_ m_hnc^i ]igh
hi jo_^_ m_l l_`on[^[ jil ho_mnl[ cgjimc\cfc^[^ j[l[ ^_m]o\lcl
f[ ][om[ ^_ [fai* @f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m oh[ n_mcm ko_ ni^im ]l__gim
p_l^[^_l[ s hi jo_^_ l_`on[lm_ g_^c[hn_ f[ cgjimc\cfc^[^ j[l[
_h]ihnl[l f[m ][om[m ko_ \om][gim* Nojiha[gim _hnih]_m ko_
ni^i nc_h_ oh[ ][om[* Kil koz b[\l{[ _mni ^_ a_h_l[l oh[ j[l[)
^id[; Loz jli\f_g[ mola_ [ j[lncl ^_ _mn[ ]ihpc]]c}h ^_ m_hnc^i
]igh;
8V Z\YLVOWK
Noj}ha[m_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jim__ oh[ _h`_lg_^[^ b_l_^cn[lc[
s ko_ ^c]b[ _h`_lg_^[^ _m _f l_mofn[^i ^_ `[]nil_m ][om[f_m mi\l_
fim ]o[f_m hi n{_h_ hchah ]ihnlif* I[^[ ^_ fi ko_ jo^i b[\_l
b_]bi fi b[\l{[ jl_p_hc^i ]ihnl[ _m[ _h`_lg_^[^* Ii _m [fai ko_
jim__ jil pifohn[^ jlijc[7 _m _f l_mofn[^i ch_pcn[\f_ ^_ mo]_mim

<GBJ @I GJ LP@ OJ?JN >M@@HJN

$$*

s jli]_mim ko_ _mn[\[h gym [ffy ^_ mo ch`fo_h]c[* @h ]ihm_]o_h)

]c[( l[tih[\f_g_hn_ hi ji^l{[ b[]zlm_f_ l_mjihm[\f_ jil n_h_lf[*
Jnl[ `ilg[ ^_ jf[hn_[l _f [mohni _m f[ mcaoc_hn_* @f n_h_l oh[ _h)
`_lg_^[^ hi _m [fai ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ b[]_7 hi _m mo K\VY( @m [fai
ko_ f_ mo]_^_* < _mn_ l_mj_]ni( f[ j_lmih[ _m \ymc][g_hn_ j[mcp[*
>oyf _m f[ l_f_p[h]c[ ^_ _mn_ _d_gjfi j[l[ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_l)
gchcmgi; @f m_hnc^i ]igh [`clg[ ko_ ni^i ]o[hni i]oll_ _m
][om[^i jil [fai* N_ mcao_ ^_ _mni ko_ ni^i ]o[hni b[ai ^_\_
m_l ][om[^i jil [fai( jo_m( _hnl_ f[m ]im[m ko_ i]oll_h _h _f
ohcp_lmi( m_ _h]o_hnl[h []nim ko_ si l_[fcti* Dg[ach_gim ko_
go_pi _f ^_^i {h^c]_* @mni ^_\_ n_h_l oh[ ][om[* Kil in l[ j[ln_(
mch cgjiln[l koz `o_ fi ko_ ][om} _f gipcgc_hni( zmn_ ^_\_ _mn[l
[ mo p_t ][om[^i jil [faohim `[]nil_m s ]ih^c]cih_m jl_pcim* @mim
`[]nil_m s ]ih^c]cih_m ^_\c_lih m_l ][om[^im [ mo p_t jil `[]ni)
l_m [hn_lcil_m s [m{ mo]_mcp[g_hn_* @mn[ m_lc_ ^_ `[]nil_m ][om[f_m
^_\_ _rn_h^_lm_ ch^_`chc^[g_hn_ b[]c[ [nlym _h _f j[m[^i* Kil
fi n[hni( _f gipcgc_hni ^_ gc ^_^i _m ][om[^i( _h fncg[ chmn[h)
]c[( jil `[]nil_m ko_ _rcmn_h _h _f j[m[^i l_gini [hn_m ^_ ko_ si
h[]c_l[_h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( jil `[]nil_m mi\l_ fim ]o[f_m hi n_hai
hchah ]ihnlif*
Nch _g\[lai( mc ]igi ]ihm_]o_h]c[ ^_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^]n_lchc)
hcmgi fim []nim ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ mih _f l_mofn[^i ch_pcn[\f_ ^_
jli]_mim ][om[f_m ko_ m_ chc]c[lih [hn_m ^_ ko_ _ff[ h[]c_l[ s mi)
\l_ fim ]o[f_m hi nc_h_ hchah ]ihnlif( _hnih]_m( hi cgjiln[ fi
ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ b[a[( hi jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ ifci gi^i*
Ii jo^i b[\_l _pcn[^i ko_ mom []nim i]ollc_l[h( ]igi n[gji]i
jo^i b[\_l l_[fct[^i ]o[fkoc_l inli []ni [fn_lh[ncpi* O[hni mo
[]]c}h ]igi mo ch[]]c}h mih _f l_mofn[^i ch_pcn[\f_ ^_ mo]_mim s
jli]_mim gym [ffy ^_ mo ch`fo_h]c[* Ii n_h{[ [fn_lh[ncp[ ]o[h^i
[]no}* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( l[tih[\f_g_hn_ hi jo_^_ b[]_lm_ l_m)
jihm[\f_ [ h[^c_ ^_ ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ mom []nim*
K[l[ ]igjli\[l ko_ _mn[ ]ih]fomc}h _m ch_pcn[\f_( ]igj[l_)
gim _f ][mi ^_ f[ j_lmih[ ko_ jim__ oh[ _h`_lg_^[^ b_l_^cn[)
lc[ ]ih _f ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ [][\[ ^_ ^cmj[l[l ]ihnl[ inli m_l
bog[hi s fi b[ [m_mch[^i* ?cdcgim [hn_lcilg_hn_ ko_ [ oh[ j_l)
mih[ ko_ nc_h_ oh[ _h`_lg_^[^ b_l_^cn[lc[ hi jo_^_( l[tih[)
\f_g_hn_( b[]zlm_f_ l_mjihm[\f_ ^_ n_h_lf[ jilko_ hi m_ nl[n[ ^_
[fai ko_ nc_h_ jil pifohn[^ jlijc[* K_li( jil koz hi; Kil mo)
jo_mni( f[ l_mjo_mn[ _m ko_ _f ko_ _ff[ n_ha[ f[ _h`_lg_^[^ _m _f
l_mofn[^i ch_pcn[\f_ ^_ `[]nil_m ][om[f_m mi\l_ fim ]o[f_m hi nc_h_

- 0 4

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

hchah ]ihnlif* Ii i\mn[hn_( m_ ji^l{[ ]ih]_^_l _r[]n[g_hn_ fi

gcmgi ]ih l_mj_]ni [f [m_mchi ]o[h^i mojih_gim ko_ _f ^_n_lgc)
hcmgi _m p_l^[^_li* T[ ko_ _f []ni ^_ ^cmj[l[l _f a[ncffi ^_f [lg[
[m_mch[ `o_ n[h ch_pcn[\f_ ]igi _f b_]bi ^_ ]ihnl[_l oh[ _h`_l)
g_^[^ b_l_^cn[lc[* Ii jo^i _pcn[l ^cmj[l[l _f a[ncffi ^_ f[ gcmg[
g[h_l[ ]igi f[ j_lmih[ _h`_lg[ n[gji]i jo^i _pcn[l ]ihnl[_l
f[ _h`_lg_^[^* ?cmj[l[l _f a[ncffi s ]ihnl[_l f[ _h`_lg_^[^ mih
[g\im _f l_mofn[^i ch_pcn[\f_ ^_ jli]_mim ][om[f_m ko_ m_ _rnc_h)
^_h b[]c[ [nlym _h _f nc_gji [hn_m ^_f h[]cgc_hni ^_ ]o[fkoc_l[
^_ _mn[m j_lmih[m* <g\[m l_mofn[h cao[fg_hn_ cgjin_hn_m* @f [m_)
mchi( [f cao[f ko_ f[ j_lmih[ _h`_lg[( l_[fg_hn_ _m gym j[mcpi
ko_ []ncpi* Ii nc_h_ [fn_lh[ncp[( hc pifohn[^ jlijc[( hc ij]c}h
l_[f* @h _`_]ni( zf _m gym koc_h _m gipc^i ko_ koc_h go_p_* @h
]ihm_]o_h]c[( _f [m_mchi _m n[h l_mjihm[\f_ jil ^cmj[l[l _f a[ncffi
]igi f[ j_lmih[ _h`_lg[ fi _m jil ]ihnl[_l f[ _h`_lg_^[^*
@h _mn_ johni b[s ko_ b[]_l `l_hn_ [ oh[ i\d_]c}h* Ko_^_ j[)
l_]_l ko_ _rcmn_ oh[ cgjiln[hn_ ^c`_l_h]c[ _hnl_ fim ^im ][mim
ko_ [][\[gim ^_ ]ihmc^_l[l( s[ ko_ _f [m_mchi ^_\c} b[\_l b_]bi
go]b[m ]im[m j[l[ _h]ihnl[lm_ [hn_ f[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ ^cmj[l[lf_
[ mo p{]ncg[* Oopi ko_ ]ihm_aocl oh[ jcmnif[( b[]_l `l_hn_ [ mo
p{]ncg[( [`ch[l f[ john_l{[( s [m{ mo]_mcp[g_hn_* Ki^l{[ [laog_h)
n[lm_ ko_ _f [m_mchi jo^i b[\_l _pcn[^i `y]cfg_hn_ ]ig_n_l _f
]lcg_h ]ih m}fi igcncl ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ _mn[m []]cih_m jl_j[l[ni)
lc[m* K_li _mni _m oh[ g_l[ cfomc}h* >[^[ oh[ ^_ _mn[m []]cih_m
jl_j[l[nilc[m `o_ _h m{ gcmg[ f[ ]ihm_]o_h]c[ ][om[f ch_pcn[\f_
^_ ]ih^c]cih_m jl_pc[m _rcmn_hn_m [hn_m ^_ ko_ f[ j_lmih[ h[]c_l[
s( _h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( nin[fg_hn_ `o_l[ ^_ mo ]ihnlif* H_^c[hn_ _f
gcmgi [laog_hni ko_ oncfct[gim j[l[ gimnl[l ko_ _f ^cmj[li ^_f
a[ncffi `o_ oh []ni ko_ f_ _l[ cgjimc\f_ _pcn[l( ji^l{[gim gimnl[l
ko_ `o_ cao[fg_hn_ cgjin_hn_ j[l[ _pcn[l ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ fim []nim
ko_ ]ih^od_lih [ f[ []]c}h ]fcgync][* Ic ohi mifi ^_ mom []nim _m
fc\l_* Oi^im _mnyh ^_n_lgch[^im jil ]im[m nin[fg_hn_ `o_l[ ^_ mo
]ihnlif*
>[\_ b[]_l oh[ fncg[ m[fp_^[^* C_gim ^c]bi ko_ f[ j_lmih[
hi n_h{[ [fn_lh[ncp[ _h fi ko_ b[]{[* Ii ^_\_ j_hm[lm_ ko_ _mni
moac_l_ ko_ f[ j_lmih[ hi _fca_ hc ^_]c^_ b[]_l f[m ]im[m ko_ b[]_*
Nc _h oh jlch]cjci _mni l_mofn[ j_]ofc[l( ^_\_ l_]il^[lm_ ko_ _m
j_l`_]n[g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ _fcd[ b[]_l [fai ]o[h^i(
^_ b_]bi( hi nc_h_ [fn_lh[ncp[* @ff[ jo_^_ j_hm[l ko_ b[s go]b[m

<GBJ @I GJ LP@ OJ?JN >M@@HJN

- 0 5

ij]cih_m ]o[h^i _h l_[fc^[^ hi f[m b[s Ph ][mi n{jc]i ^_ fi [hn_)

lcil( nig[^i ^_ Eibh Gi]e_( _m _f mcaoc_hn_*- Noj}ha[m_ ko_ oh[
j_lmih[ _m nl[hmjiln[^[ [ oh[ b[\cn[]c}h gc_hnl[m m_ _h]o_hnl[
^ilgc^[ s ko_ f[ jo_ln[ ^_ ^c]b[ b[\cn[]c}h( ko_ _m f[ hc][ p{[
^_ _m][j_( b[ mc^i ]_ll[^[ ]ih ff[p_ jil `o_l[* K_li f[ j_lmih[
hi m[\_( s hc mckoc_l[ mimj_]b[( ko_ f[ jo_ln[ _mny ]_ll[^[ ]ih
ff[p_* N_ ^_mjc_ln[( m_ ^[ ]o_hn[ ^_ ko_ _mny _h f[ b[\cn[]c}h s ^_
ko_ nc_h_ oh[ [al[^[\f_ ]igj[|{[* Nch m[\_l ko_ m_ _h]o_hnl[
_h]_ll[^[( f[ j_lmih[ ji^l{[ ]ihmc^_l[l f[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ [\[h)
^ih[l f[ b[\cn[]c}h j_li _fca_ j_lg[h_]_l _h _ff[* Kil mojo_mni(
l_[fg_hn_ f[ j_lmih[ hi nc_h_ [fn_lh[ncp[( hi jo_^_ m[fcl( j_li _h
p_l^[^ _mny _fcac_h^i* J][mcih[fg_hn_( ijn[gim jil b[]_l ]c_ln[
]im[ ]o[h^i _h l_[fc^[^ hi n_h_gim [fn_lh[ncp[*
@mn_ [mj_]ni _m cgjiln[hn_ j[l[ f[ ZY]SMSiX NO^O\WSXS]^K( >ih
_mn_ fncgi nzlgchi him l_`_lcl_gim hi m}fi [ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_l)
gchcmgi( mchi n[g\czh [ f[ _rca_h]c[ m_ah f[ ]o[f _f ^_n_lgc)
hcmgi ]ihff_p[ ko_ hi _rcmn[h []nim fc\l_m( s [ f[ _rca_h]c[ ^_ ko_(
_h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( hchah []ni m_[ fc\l_* Njchit[ _l[ ^_n_lgchcmn[
_h _mn_ m_hnc^i( s mimn_h{[ mo [laog_hn[]c}h ^_ f[ mcaoc_hn_ g[)
h_l[6 ]l__gim ko_ migim fc\l_m jilko_ cahil[gim f[m ][om[m ^_
ho_mnlim []nim*. <f cao[f ko_ _f jlcmcih_li( mc jim_szm_gim [faoh[
fot mi\l_ f[ p_l^[^_l[ h[nol[f_t[ ^_ ho_mnl[ mcno[]c}h( p_l{[gim
ko_ hi migim fc\l_m* N_ah f[ jimc]c}h ^_n_lgchcmn[( f[ ]ih^o]n[
bog[h[ m_ _h]o_hnl[ ^_n_lgch[^[ ^_ f[ gcmg[ g[h_l[ ko_ f[
]ih^o]n[ ^_ oh jlis_]ncf* Nc _f jlis_]ncf `o_l[ ]ihm]c_hn_ ji^l{[
^_]clm_ [ m{ gcmgi gc_hnl[m po_f[ jil fim [cl_m6 Nis fc\l_ ^_
^_mpc[lg_ b[]c[ f[ ctkoc_l^[ i f[ ^_l_]b[ j_li ijni jil ]ihnc)
ho[l pc[d[h^i _h _mn[ ^cl_]]c}h* Kil mojo_mni( ni^i _mni hi nc_h_
m_hnc^i* @f jlis_]ncf hi nc_h_ [fn_lh[ncp[* G[ lon[ ko_ mcao_ _mny
][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^[7 hi jo_^_ pcl[l hc j[l[ f[ ctkoc_l^[ hc
j[l[ f[ ^_l_]b[* <ohko_ `o_l[ ]ihm]c_hn_ _ cahil[hn_ ^_ f[ ^_)
n_lgch[]c}h ][om[f ^_ mo po_fi( _f jlis_]ncf ji^l{[ gos \c_h ]ih)
mc^_l[lm_ [ m{ gcmgi ]igi fc\l_* N_ah Njchit[( ^c]bi jlis_]ncf
m_l{[ n[h h_]ci ]igi f[ g[sil j[ln_ ^_ f[ a_hn_( s[ ko_ fim gipc)
gc_hnim ko_ zmn[ b[]_ hi mih gym fc\l_m ko_ fim gipcgc_hnim ^_
- Ei b h Gi]e_( 0SXF^T XTGWJ JQ JSYJSINRNJSYT MZRFST# Gc\li DD( >[j{nofi . - (
j [lyal[`i -,*
. =[lo]b Njchit[( aYNHF# K[ln_ D( <jzh^c]_( j[lyal[`i ^im( s K[ln_ DD( Kli)
jimc]c}h S S S Q ( >HMTQNZR%

- 1 ,

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MH DIDNHJ

oh jlis_]ncf* Ii migim gym fc\l_m ^_ ^_mpc[lhim ^_ f[m lon[m ko_

nig[gim ko_ _f jlis_]ncf fi _m ^_ ^_mpc[lm_ ^_ mo lon[* ?_\c^i [
ko_ migim ]ihm]c_hn_m( _ cahil[hn_m ^_ f[ ^_n_lgch[]c}h ][om[f
^_ ho_mnlim []nim( ]l__gim ko_ migim fc\l_m ^_ pcl[l[ f[ ctkoc_l^[
i [ f[ ^_l_]b[( [ohko_ ijn[gim jil hi pcl[l b[]c[ hchah f[^i*
?_ [b{ f[ cfomc}h ^_ ko_ migim fc\l_m* @f_acgim m}fi jilko_ hi
ji^_gim ^[lhim ]o_hn[ ^_ ko_ hi migim fc\l_m* @f []ni ^_ _f_acl(
]o[h^i ohi hi nc_h_ [fn_lh[ncp[ ]o[h^i ohi hi _m fc\l_ ( m_
\[m[ _h f[ cahil[h]c[*
>f[li( mc migim cahil[hn_m s _f_acgim ]o[h^i l_[fg_hn_ hi
n_h_gim [fn_lh[ncp[( ni^i _mni n[g\czh _mny ^_n_lgch[^i* Nc l_)
mofn[ oh[ h_]_^[^ _f_acl ]o[h^i hi m_ nc_h_ [fn_lh[ncp[( [f g_him
him ko_^[ f[ nl[hkocfc^[^ ^_ f[ ]_lnc^og\l_ ^_ ko_ h[^[ ji^_)
gim b[]_l [f l_mj_]ni* Nigim cgjin_hn_m j[l[ _pcn[l _mn_ _mn[^i
^_ ]im[m* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( [ohko_ jo_^[ j[l_]_l h_]ci( hi fi _m*
G[ h_]_^[^ ko_ hi m_ jo_^_ _pcn[l hi _m h_]_^[^( _m ch`ilnohci( s
zmn[ _m f[ hc][ `ilg[ ]ill_]n[ ^_ ^_m]lc\cl fi ko_ [j[l_hn_g_hn_
_m chm_hm[n_t i g[f^[^* Loc_h [m_mch[ [ inl[ j_lmih[ _m cgji)
n_hn_ j[l[ _pcn[l _f []ni ko_ l_[fct[* <f cao[f ko_ oh jlis_]ncf(
_m gym j[mcpi ko_ []ncpi7 mom gipcgc_hnim mih f[m ]ihm_]o_h]c[m
][om[f_m ^_ jli]_mim s `o_lt[m ko_ fim b[]_h n[h ch_pcn[\f_m ]igi
_f gipcgc_hni ^_ oh jlis_]ncf*
M_mofn[ [bil[ gos ]f[li ko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi nc_h_
n[g\czh ]ihm_]o_h]c[m j[l[^}dc][m* T[ ko_ mc []_jn[gim ^c]b[ n_)
mcm( s ni^im j[l_]_gim ^cmjo_mnim [ []_jn[lf[( ^_\_gim _hnih]_m
[]_jn[l f[m ]ihm_]o_h]c[m _h _f m_hnc^i ^_ ko_ hchah []ni bo)
g[hi _m fc\l_ s( jil fi n[hni( ^_ ko_ h[^c_ _m l_mjihm[\f_ ^_ fim
[]nim ko_ l_[fct[* Ii migim gym l_mjihm[\f_m ^_ ho_mnlim []nim
^_ fi ko_ fi _m oh[ j_lmih[ _h`_lg[ jil n_h_l oh[ _h`_lg_^[^
b_l_^cn[lc[ i oh jlis_]ncf jil m_aocl f[ lon[ ko_ mcao_*
@mn[ f{h_[ ^_ j_hm[gc_hni ch`fos} _hilg_g_hn_ _h _f hip_)
fcmn[ N[go_f =onc_l* G_ j[l_]{[ ko_ hi _l[ gym l[tih[\f_ ][mnca[l
[ fim ]lcgch[f_m ^_ fi ko_ m_l{[ ][mnca[l [ oh _h`_lgi( s[ ko_ fim
]lcgch[f_m hi nc_h_h gym ]ihnlif mi\l_ mo ]igjiln[gc_hni ko_
_f ko_ nc_h_h fim _h`_lgim mi\l_ mo _mn[^i ^_ m[fo^* <g\im ][mim
mih _f l_mofn[^i ^_ jli]_mim ][om[f_m ko_ koc_h_m fi mo`l_h mih
ch][j[]_m ^_ ]ihnlif[l* K[l[ l_g[]b[l _f ]f[pi mi\l_ _mn_ [mohni(
=onc_l _m]lc\c} oh[ hip_f[ m[n{lc][( 8\OaRYX& []_l][ ^_ oh j[{m
_h _f ko_ _f mcmn_g[ j_h[f _l[ ]olcim[g_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_ [f ho_mnli*
@h @l_qbih( f[m j_lmik[m ko_ ]ig_n_h []nim ]lcgch[f_m( ]igi

<GBJ @I GJ LP@ OJ?JN >M@@HJN

- 1 -

`l[o^_m [ ]igj[|{[m ^_ m_aolim( [m_mch[nim s ^_gym( mih nl[n[^[m

]igi himinlim nl[n[gim [ fim _h`_lgim* N_ f_m _hp{[ [ bimjcn[f_m
^ih^_ l_]c\_h nl[n[gc_hni j[l[ mom ^if_h]c[m gil[f_m* Ichah
_mncag[ _mny fca[^i [f b_]bi ^_ m_l [n_h^c^i ^_ _mn[ g[h_l[* Kil
inl[ j[ln_( f[m j_lmih[m ko_ _mnyh _h`_lg[m mih jli]_m[^[m _h f[
]iln_ s ][mnca[^[m ]igi himinlim ][mnca[gim [ fim ]lcgch[f_m* G[
mcaoc_hn_ _m f[ ^_m]lcj]c}h ^_ oh doc]ci _h @l_qbih6
@f jlcmcih_li `o_ ]ifi][^i _h _f \[hkocffi ^_ fim []om[^im s fimdo_)
]_m jl_mn[lih dol[g_hni gos [f _mncfi _olij_i7 ][mc ni^im ho_mnlim
gi^im ^_ jli]_^_l _l[h l_jli^o]c^im( _rcac_h^i ch]fomi [f jlcmci)
h_li ko_ m_ ^_]f[l[m_ ]ofj[\f_ i chi]_hn_* vmn_ m_ ^_]f[l} chi]_hn_ s
m_ jli]_^c} [ [h[fct[l _f ][mi* G[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_f `cm][f _l[ gos m}fc^[(
j_li ^_\i b[]_ldomnc]c[ [ f[ ]iln_ [^gcnc_h^i ko_ _fdoc]ci _l[ [\mi)
fon[g_hn_ cgj[l]c[f* N_ j_lgcnc} [f jlcmcih_li ]ihn[l ]ih oh [m_mil
f_a[f j[l[ _malcgcl ni^i [ko_ffi ko_ jo^c_l[ ^_]clm_ _h mo ^_`_hm[*
G[ []om[]c}h _l[ ko_ _f jlcmcih_li _mn[\[ mcgof[h^i oh[ no\_l]o)
fimcm ]ih _f `ch ^_ ^_`l[o^[l [ oh[ ]igj[|{[ ^_ m_aolim ]ih f[ ko_
_mn[\[ [ johni ^_ [^koclcl oh[ j_hmc}h [ho[f s ko_ [m{ _mj_l[\[ i\)
n_h_lf[ _h nzlgchim gym p_hn[dimim* Nc m_ bo\c_l[ ji^c^i ]igjli)
\[l ko_ `o_ [m{( b[\l{[ _m][j[^i [f _hdoc]c[gc_hni ]lcgch[f s b[\l{[
mc^i _hpc[^i [ oh bimjcn[f ]igi _h _f ][mi ^_ oh[ ^if_h]c[ gil[f*
Nch _g\[lai( _mn[ pcmc}h hi ji^{[ mimn_h_lm_ l[tih[\f_g_hn_* < j_)
m[l ^_ ni^[ f[ cha_hoc^[^ s _fi]o_h]c[ ^_ ohi ^_ fim gym `[gimi'
[\ia[^im ^_f j[{m( _f ][mi _mn[\[ ^_g[mc[^i ]f[li* T _m ko_ _f jlc)
mcih_li _mn[\[ [ johni ^_ gilcl s _l[ miljl_h^_hn_ ko_ hi bo\c_m_
mc^i _hdoc]c[^i s ]ih^_h[^i go]bi nc_gji [hn_m* No nim `o_ ch]_)
m[hn_ ^ol[hn_ ni^i _f doc]ci s ni^i fi ko_ fim ^im ][l]_f_lim ko_ fi
n_h{[h \[di mo ][lai jo^c_lih b[]_l `o_ g[hn_h_lfi _h jc_ b[mn[
ko_ ni^i bo\i n_lgch[^i*1
G[ l_][jcnof[]c}h ^_f do_t `o_ [^gcl[\f_* N_ _rn_h^c} _h ni^im
fim [mj_]nim ko_ ji^{[h _malcgclm_ _h `[pil ^_f jlcmcih_li( j_li
]ih`ilg_ jlim_ao{[ `o_ ]f[li ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ _l[ ^_g[mc[^i ]ih)
pch]_hn_ j[l[ [^gcncl ]o[fkoc_l ^o^[ s f[ ijchc}h ^_ f[ ]iln_ _l[
oh[ _h ]o[hni [f chgch_hn_ p_l_^c]ni ]o[h^i _f dol[^i m_ l_ncl} [
^_fc\_l[l* vmn_ m_ [om_hn} ^ol[hn_ ^c_t gchonim s[ mo l_al_mi _f jl_)
mc^_hn_ ^_]f[l} ]ofj[\f_ [f jlcmcih_li* Co\i oh n_ho_ golgoffi ^_
[jf[omi ko_ `o_ chmn[hnyh_[g_hn_ l_jlcgc^i* @fdo_t jli]_^c} _h)
nih]_m [ jlihoh]c[l f[ m_hn_h]c[ ]ih oh[m j[f[\l[m ko_ hi ji^lz
ifpc^[l s ko_ bo\c_l[ ^_m_[^i ]ijc[l _h oh ]o[^_lhi*** G[ m_h)
n_h]c[ `cd_ f[ mcaoc_hn_6 Klcmcih_li( b[ mc^i []om[^i ^_ oh ]lcg_h
' N[go_f =onc_l( 0WJ\MTS# <* >* Ac`c_f^( G ih^l_m( -5-5( jj* - - . )- - / *

- 1 .

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

gccs al[p_ ko_ _m _f ^_ nl[\[d[l \[di fim _`_]nim ^_ oh[ ]ihmoh]c}h

jofgih[l s( nl[m ohdoc]ci cgj[l]c[f [hn_ ohdol[^i ]igjo_mni jil
mom ]ih]co^[^[him( omn_^ b[ mc^i ^_]f[l[^i ]ofj[\f_* I[^[ jo_^i
^_]cl _h ]ihnl[ ^_ f[domnc]c[ ^_f p_l_^c]ni* G[ _pc^_h]c[ _h mo ]ih)
nl[ _m ]ih]fos_hn_ s m}fi g_ ko_^[ nl[hmgcnclf_ [ omn_^ m_g_d[hn_
m_hn_h]c[( m_ah ]ihpc_h_ [ fim `ch_m ^_ f[ f_s* ?c]b[ m_hn_h]c[ ^_\_
m_l gos m_p_l[* H_ ^o_f_ go]bi p_l ko_ [faoc_h [h gosdip_h(
s ]osim jlis_]nim _h f[ pc^[ _l[h jil inli f[^i n[h _r]_f_hn_m( m_[
]ih^o]c^i [ _mn[ j_him[ ]ih^c]c}h jil oh[ ]ihmncno]c}h ko_ m}fi
jo_^i ]ihn_gjf[l ]igi l[^c][fg_hn_ pc]cim[7 j_li _f mosi hi _m
oh ][mi ko_ go_p[ [ ]igj[mc}h* Ii _m zmn[ mo jlcg_l[ i`_hm[* Pm)
n_^ b[ ff_p[^i oh[ pc^[ ^_ ]l{g_h_m s m}fi m_ b[ [jlip_]b[^i ^_ f[
ch^ofa_h]c[ ko_ m_ f_ b[ gimnl[^i _h j[m[^[m i][mcih_m j[l[ i`_h)
^_l [h gym m_lc[g_hn_ f[m f_s_m s f[m chmncno]cih_m ^_ mo j[{m* Pmn_^
`o_ ]ih^_h[^i jil \lihkocncm ]l}hc][ _f [|i j[m[^i sp_i ko_( [ j_)
m[l ^_ ko_ [bil[ m}fi nc_h_ p_hncnlzm [|im( b[ _mn[^i _h jlcmc}h _h
hi g_him ^_ ][nil]_ i][mcih_m jil _h`_lg_^[^_m ^_ {h^if_ gym i
g_him i^cim[7 ^_ b_]bi( hi _m _r[a_l[^i ^_]cl ko_ b[ j[m[^i f[
g[sil j[ln_ ^_ mo pc^[ _h jlcmc}h*0
@m gos `y]cf j[l[ omn_^ ^_]cl ko_ jlipc_h_ ^_ j[^l_m ji]i m[fo)
^[\f_m s ko_ nopi oh al[p_ []]c^_hn_ _h mo hc|_t ko_ gch} ^_ jil
pc^[ mo ]ihmncno]c}h7 _r]om[m ]igi zmn[m mih _f l_`oaci il^ch[lci ^_f
]lcgch[f7 j_li hi jo_^_h( hc jil oh gig_hni( m_l j_l]c\c^[m jil _f
i{^i ^_ f[domnc]c[* Ii _mnis [ko{ j[l[ [^_hnl[lg_ _h ]olcim[m ]o_m)
ncih_m g_n[`{mc][m l_f[ncp[m [f ilca_h ^_ _mni i [ko_ffi ]o_mncih_m
j[l[ f[m ko_ hi b[\l{[ oh johni `ch[f mc m_ chnli^od_l[h [ko{( s ko_
^[l{[h ]igi l_mofn[^i [nlc\ocl f[ ]ofj[ hc][g_hn_ [f nkc^i ^_ f[
]zfof[ jlcgil^c[f i [ fim a[m_m _f_g_hn[f_m* Ii ][\_ jl_aohn[lm_
]}gi m_ ]ihpclnc} omn_^ _h oh m_l pcf( m}fi ][\_ jl_aohn[lm_ _mni6
_m i hi oh m_l pcf; @mn[ jl_aohn[ b[ mc^i l_mjih^c^[ [`clg[ncp[)
g_hn_( s hc mckoc_l[ jo_^i p[]cf[l oh mifi gig_hni []_l][ ^_ f[
domnc]c[ ^_ m_g_d[hn_ ^_]cmc}h* Pmn_^ _m oh[ j_lmih[ g[f[ s j_fc)
alim[ s b[ ko_^[^i g[l][^i [ fim idim ^_ mom ]ih]co^[^[him ]ih
oh[ ^_ f[m gym h_`[h^[m i`_hm[m*** Ki^ly ^_]cl ko_ hi _m mo ]ofj[*
G[ l_mjo_mn[ [ _mni _m chg_^c[n[ s _kocp[f_ [ fi mcaoc_hn_6 ko_ mc
omn_^ bo\c_m_ n_hc^i ohim j[^l_m m[fo^[\f_m s []igi^[^im s mc bo)
\c_m_ l_]c\c^i \o_him ]oc^[^im ]o[h^i hc|i hoh][ b[\l{[ [n_hn[^i
]ihnl[ f[m f_s_m ^_ mo j[{m( hc m_ b[\l{[ _h]ihnl[^i _h f[ mcno[]c}h
[]no[f* Nc omn_^ g_ ^c]_ ko_ hi nopi h[^[ ko_ p_l _h mo [m]_h^_h)
]c[ s ko_ jil fi n[hni l_mofn[ chdomni [nlc\oclf_ f[ l_mjihm[\cfc^[^
^_ _mn[m ]im[m( si f_ l_mjih^i ko_( m_[ i hi mo ]ofj[ f[ no\_l]ofi)
mcm ko_ f_ [ko_d[( _m oh[ `[ff[ _h omn_^ s _m gc ^_\_l pcacf[l ko_ f[
0 4GNI%# jj* - - / )- - 0 *

<GBJ @I GJ LP@ OJ?JN >M@@HJN

l_j\fc][ ko_^_ jlin_ac^[ ]ihnl[ `[fn[m ]igi zmn[* Ko_^_ omn_^ ^_)
]cl ko_ mo ]ih^c]c}h ^_ ]lcgch[f _m oh ch`ilnohci7 si f_ l_mjih^i
ko_ mo ]lcg_h ]ihmcmn_ _h m_l ^_m[`ilnoh[^i*1
G[ h_a[ncp[ ^_f do_t ^_ [^_hnl[lm_ [ ]ihmc^_l[l ]olcim[m ]o_m)
ncih_m g_n[`{mc][m _kocp[f_ [ f[ h_a[ncp[ ^_ p_l f[ ch]ihalo_h]c[
^_ mo jimnol[* J\pc[g_hn_( []_jn[ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi7 _h
]ihm_]o_h]c[( ^_\_l{[ [^gcncl ko_ _f _mn[l _h`_lgi hi _m ]ofj[
^_f jlcmcih_li* Ii _m ]ofj[ ^_f jlcmcih_li jilko_ mo _mn[^i _m f[
ch_pcn[\f_ ]ihm_]o_h]c[ ][om[f ^_ `[]nil_m ko_ _mnyh gym [ffy ^_
mo ]ihnlif* Kil fi n[hni( l_mofn[ [\mifon[g_hn_ cll[]cih[f b[]_l
l_mjihm[\f_ [f jlcmcih_li ^_ mo _mn[^i ^_ m[fo^( i m_hn_h]c[lfi [
oh ][mncai*
Nch _g\[cai( mc =onf_l _mny _h fi ]ill_]ni( ho_mnli mcmn_g[ j_)
hcn_h]c[lci _m n[h cll[]cih[f ]igi fi _m _f mcmn_g[ j_hcn_h]c[lci
^_ @l_qbih( s[ ko_ ho_mnlim do_]_m ^c]n[h m_hn_h]c[m j[l[ ko_
f[m j_lmih[m m_[h ][mnca[^[m jil []nim ]lcgch[f_m ]o[h^i ko_( ^_
m_l ]c_ln[ f[ n_mcm ^_n_lgchcmn[( nc_h_ cao[f ]ofj[ f[ j_lmih[ ko_
]ig_n_ oh []ni ]lcgch[f ko_ _f jlcmcih_li ^_ @l_qbih jil n_h_l
no\_l]ofimcm* O[hni _f []ni ]lcgch[f _h ho_mnl[ mi]c_^[^ ]igi f[
_h`_lg_^[^ ]lcgch[f _h @l_qbih mih _f l_mofn[^i ^_ jli]_mim
][om[f_m ko_ _f ]lcgch[f _m ch][j[t ^_ _pcn[l* Ii _m l_mjihm[\cfc)
^[^ ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ _f ko_ i]oll[h i hi _mnim jli]_mim* @h ]ih)
m_]o_h]c[( n[gji]i jo_^_ b[]zlm_f_ l_mjihm[\f_ ^_ _ffim*
@mn[ f{h_[ ^_ j_hm[gc_hni b[ ff_p[^i [ ]c_ln[m j_lmih[m [ oh[
pcmc}h gos bog[hcn[lc[* Kil _d_gjfi( >f[l_h]_ ?[lliq( `[gimi
[\ia[^i( ]ih `l_]o_h]c[ ^_`_h^{[ [ j_lmih[m ko_ _l[h _hdoc]c[)
^[m jil oh ]lcg_h ko_ g_l_]{[ f[ _d_]o]c}h( [j_f[h^i [ f[ n_)
mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi*2 No ^_`_hm[ m_ \[m[\[ _h fi ko_ nc_h_h _h
]igh _f ]co^[^[hi il^ch[lci s _f ]lcgch[f* T _m ko_ mc f[ ]ih)
^o]n[ ^_f ]lcgch[f _m _f l_mofn[^i ^_ `[]nil_m ][om[f_m ]igi f[
b_l_h]c[ s _f g_^ci [g\c_hn_ ^_ f[ jlcg_l[ ch`[h]c[( _mnim gcm)
gim `[]nil_m ^_n_lgch[h f[ ]ih^o]n[ ^_ ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ f[m j_lmi)
h[m ko_ i]oj[h f[ nlc\oh[ ^_f dol[^i* O[hni f[m \o_h[m []]cih_m
]igi f[m `_]bil{[m ]ihmncnos_h ]ihm_]o_h]c[m ][om[f_m ^_ ]im[m
ko_ i]ollc_lih _h _f j[m[^i l_gini s ko_ _mn[\[h gym [ffy ^_
1 4GNI%# jj* - - 0 )- - 1 ( --3*
2 K[l[ ]ihi]_l fim johnim ^_ pcmn[ ^_ ?[lliq( pz[hm_ fim ^cm]olmim ^_ >f[)
l_h]_ ?[lliq l_]iac^im _h ,@TRJ^ KT W 4MJ /FRSJI# Ncg}h [h^ N]bomn_l( Io_p[
Tile( -513( < lnbol R_ch\_la %_^*&*

- 1 0

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

f[ ch`fo_h]c[ ^_f ][om[hn_ ^_ f[ []]c}h* Nigim _f l_mofn[^i [`il)

noh[^i i ^_m[`ilnoh[^i ^_ oh[ ][^_h[ ][om[f ^_ mo]_mim ko_ m_
chc]c} [hn_m ^_ ko_ ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ himinlim _rcmnc_l[* >igi n[f_m(
hi migim l_mjihm[\f_m ^_ ho_mnlim []nim* N_l{[ ch]ill_]ni _d_]o)
n[l [ oh[ j_lmih[ jil oh []ni ko_ b[ ]ig_nc^i* >ih `l_]o_h]c[(
f[ ^_`_hm[ ^_ ?[lliq j_lmo[^{[ [f dol[^i* >igi ji^_gim p_l(
hi p[]cf} _h l_]ollcl [ ]olcim[m ]o_mncih_m g_n[`{mc][m j[l[ m[fp[l
f[ pc^[ ^_ mo ]fc_hn_*
BO]_WOX
G[ [laog_hn[]c}h ko_ b_gim ]ihmc^_l[^i( f[ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi(
b[ l_mofn[^i j_lmo[mcp[ j[l[ go]bim `cf}mi`im* < _mf[m [fnol[m
m_l{[ ncf l_mogcl f[m jl_gcm[m s fim mojo_mnim ^_ f[ [laog_h)
n[]c}h* J\pc[g_hn_( oh[ ^_ f[m jl_gcm[m _m
-* G[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_l[*
@mni _kocp[f_ [ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ f[ ][om[fc^[^ ohcp_lm[f( _m ^_]cl(
[ mimn_h_l ko_ ni^i _mny ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i* Ph[ m_aoh^[
jl_gcm[ _m
.* Nc f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_l[( _hnih]_m hi b[s
[]nim fc\l_m*
@mn[m ^im jl_gcm[m ^[h ]igi ]ih]fomc}h
/* Ii b[s []nim fc\l_m*
@mn[ ]ih]fomc}h dohni ]ih f[ ho_p[ jl_gcm[
0* Nc hi b[s []nim fc\l_m( _hnih]_m h[^c_ _m l_mjihm[\f_ ^_ mom
[]nim
^[ foa[l [ f[ mcaoc_hn_ ]ih]fomc}h
1* I[^c_ _m l_mjihm[\f_ ^_ mom []nim*
@f ^_n_lgchcmn[( ^_ []o_l^i ]ih ho_mnl[ chn_ljl_n[]c}h ^_ _mn[
jimnol[( []_jn[ f[m ]ch]i [`clg[]cih_m [hn_lcil_m*
@m cgjiln[hn_ i\m_lp[l ko_ f[ jl_gcm[ %.& _m nin[fg_hn_ ch)
^_j_h^c_hn_ ^_ f[ jl_gcm[ %-&* >o[fkoc_l[ ^_ _ff[m jo_^_ m_l
p_l^[^_l[ mc_h^i f[ inl[ `[fm[* Kil fi n[hni( koc_h ^_m__ h_a[l
f[ ]ih]fomc}h %/&( _m ^_]cl( [`clg[l ko_ [faohim []nim mih fc\l_m(
jo_^_ h_a[l ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ f[m ^im jl_gcm[m* G[ jl_gcm[ %.& hi
mimnc_h_ ko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li* @m g_l[g_hn_ oh[

<GBJ @I GJ LP@ OJ?JN >M@@HJN

- 1 1

[`clg[]c}h bcjinznc][ []_l][ ^_ fi ko_ mo]_^_l{[ ]S _f ^_n_lgc)

hcmgi `o_l[ p_l^[^_li* - _mn_ l_mj_]ni( f[ jl_gcm[ % m_ j[l_]_
[ f[ [`clg[]c}h6 Nc ffo_p_( him gid[l_gim G[ j_lmih[ ko_ b[]_
_mn[ [`clg[]c}h hi b[ mimn_hc^i ko_ ffip_ly i ko_ him gid[l_gim7
mo [`clg[]c}h _m g_l[g_hn_ oh[ [`clg[]c}h bcjinznc][ []_l][ ^_
fi ko_ mo]_^_ly ]S ffo_p_* ?_ n[f g[h_l[ ko_ f[ jl_gcm[ %-& jo_^_
m_l p_l^[^_l[ s f[ jl_gcm[ % `[fm[* Ko_^_ m_l ko_( [ j_m[l ^_ ko_
f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi m_[ p_l^[^_l[( b[s[ ]c_lnim []nim fc\l_m*
?_ f[ gcmg[ g[h_l[( f[ jl_gcm[ % jo_^_ m_l p_l^[^_l[ s f[ jl_)
gcm[ %-& `[fm[* Ko_^_ m_l ko_ [ohko_ f[ n_mcm ^_{]f_n_lgchcmgi hi
m_[ p_l^[^_l[( mc fi `o_l[( _hnih]_m hi b[\l{[ []nim fc\l_m*
G[ jl_gcm[ % mimnc_h_ f[ ch]igj[nc\cfc^[^ ^_f []ni fc\l_ ]ih
f[ ][om[fc^[^ ohcp_lm[f* ?_ n[f mo_ln_ ko_ f[ jimc]c}h ko_ b_gim
]ihmc^_l[^i b[mn[ [bil[ ^_m][hm[ hi m}fi _h f[ jl_gcm[ ^_ ko_ _f
^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( mchi n[g\czh _h f[ jl_gcm[ ^_ ko_ _f
^_n_lgchcmgi s _f []ni fc\l_ mih ch]igj[nc\f_m* >c_lnim `cf}mi`im
ko_ b[h l_]b[t[^i f[m [`clg[]cih_m %/& s %1& b[h [][\[^i l_]b[)
t[h^i f[ jl_gcm[ %-& s []_jn[h^i f[ jl_gcm[ %.&( s inlim b[h l_)
]b[t[^i f[ jl_gcm[ % s []_jn[^i f[ jl_gcm[ %-&* G[ hc][ ji)
mc]c}h ko_ b_gim ]ihmc^_l[^i b[mn[ [bil[( f[ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmn[(
_m oh[ jimc]c}h ]igjlig_nc^[ n[hni ]ih f[ jl_gcm[ %-& ]igi ]ih
f[ % " Pncfc]_gim ]c_ln[m _ncko_n[m j[l[ _h`iko_m [fn_lh[ncpim( s
ff[g_gim [ oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ l_]b[t[ f[ jl_gcm[ %.& %s ko_( _h
]ihm_]o_h]c[( [`clg[ f[ ]igj[nc\cfc^[^ ^_f []ni fc\l_ s _f ^_n_l)
gchcmgi ohcp_lm[f& oh MYWZK^SLSVS]^K( T [ koc_h []_jn[ f[ jl_gcm[
% ji^_gim ff[g[lfi oh SXMYWZK^SLSVS]^K( Kil fi n[hni( oh ^_n_lgc)
hcmn[( m_ah _f omi ko_ ^[gim [f nzlgchi( _m oh ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[
ko_ []_jn[ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi* Ach[fg_hn_( ff[g_gim [ f[
j_lmih[ ko_ l_]b[t[ f[ jl_gcm[ %-& oh VSLO\^K\SY( >ihnl[lc[g_hn_
[f [laog_hni ko_ b_gim ]ihmc^_l[^i b[mn[ [bil[( _f fc\_ln[lci
[`clg[ ko_ _f []ni fc\l_ _rcmn_( j_li ^[^i ko_ []_jn[ f[ jl_gcm[
% ! hc_a[ f[ p_l^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi* Ki^_gim p_l f[m ^c`_l_hn_m
jimc]cih_m ko_ m_ ^_mjl_h^_h ]ih [so^[ ^_ f[ n[\f[ ko_ [j[l_]_
_h f[ jyach[ mcaoc_hn_*
>f[l[g_hn_( fim nl_m jlcg_lim j[mim mih ]lo]c[f_m s[ ko_ f[m
nl_m jimc]cih_m []_jn[h _f j[mi %0&* O[g\czh _m ]f[li ko_ n[hni
_f ^_n_lgchcmn[ ]igi _f fc\_ln[lci mih ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[m ^[^i ko_
[g\im []_jn[h _f j[mi % " Ach[fg_hn_( ji^_gim i\m_lp[l( j[l[
`onol[m l_`_l_h]c[m( ko_ m}fi f[ jimc]c}h ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ []_jn[ KW'

-12

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

@K]Y] NOV 4\Q_WOX^Y

SXWONSK^KWOX^O KX^O\SY\O]
ZK]Y #*$ O_mcm ^_f
^_n_lgchcmgi

7O^O\WSXS]^K

<SLO\^K\SY

6YWZK^SLSVS]^K

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l_]b[t[

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ZK]Y #+$ Nc f[ n_mcm ^_f

^_n_lgchcmgi _m
p_l^[^_l[( _hnih]_m
hi b[s []nim fc\l_m

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ZK]Y #,$ Ii b[s []nim

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fc\l_m( _hnih]_m
h[^c_ _m l_mjihm[\f_
^_ mom []nim

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ZK]Y #.$ I[^c_ _m l_mjih)

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?@GD=@M<>DI T >M@@I>D< ?@ LP@ NJHJN GD=M@N

\l_g_hn_ ]igi fi _m ]l__l ko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi ohcp_lm[f

_m p_l^[^_l[*
PI < M B P H @I OJ

LK] [`clg[]cih_m ]ih`clg[^[m jil _f m_hnc^i ]igh( [ m[\_l( %- & s

f[ h_a[]c}h ^_ %/&* Kilko_ []_jn[ f[ jl_gcm[ %.&( hc_a[ f[ p_l^[^
^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi* G[ jimc]c}h fc\_ln[lc[ _m f[ ko_ ]ihmc^_l[l_)
hcim [ ]ihncho[]c}h*
G < KJ ND>D I GD=@M O< M D<

C_gim _r[gch[^i fim [laog_hnim jl_m_hn[^im jil _f ^_n_lgc)

hcmn[ j[l[ gimnl[l ko_ hi b[s []nim fc\l_m* Loz jo_^_ ^_]clm_ ^_
f[ ]ih]_j]c}h fc\_ln[lc[; @f fc\_ln[lci mimnc_h_ ko_ f[ a_hn_ nc_h_
fc\l_ [f\_^l{i( ko_ _f []ni fc\l_ _rcmn_( s ko_( _h ]ihm_]o_h]c[(
f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m `[fm[* ?_ n[f mo_ln_ ko_ _f fc\_ln[)
lci hc_a[ ko_ ni^im fim []nim bog[him n_ha[h oh[ ][om[* T[ b_)
gim i\m_lp[^i ko_ j[l_]_ oh[ mcgjf_ ]o_mnc}h ^_ m_hnc^i ]igh
[]_jn[l f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi* O[f j[l_]_ ko_ ni^im ]l__gim
ko_ ni^i _mny ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i* Nc _mni _m oh[ mcgjf_
]o_mnc}h ^_ m_hnc^i ]igh( ]}gi jo_^_ _hnih]_m mimn_h_lm_ l[)
tih[\f_g_hn_( mch ]ihnl[lc[l _f m_hnc^i ]igh( ko_ b[s []nim
fc\l_m; G[ l_mjo_mn[ jl_m_hn[^[ jil ]c_lnim fc\_ln[lcim ]igi
jil _d_gjfi Obig[m M_c^ s >* <* >[gj\_ff _m \[mn[hn_ jl_)
]cm[* N_ah >[gj\_ff s M_c^( ^_m^_ ni^im fim johnim ^_ pcmn[( _m
]o_mnc}h ^_ ]ihpc]]c}h ^_ m_hnc^i ]igh ]l__l ko_ []no[gim fc)

- 1 3

G D= @ M O < M DJ 6

? @G D= @M < > D I T > M @ @ I > D< ?@ L P @ NJHJN G D= M @ N

>ih _f `ch ^_ ]igjli\[l jil koz _mnim s inlim `cf}mi`im b[h j_h)
m[^i ko_ _l[ mcgjf_ ]o_mnc}h ^_ m_hnc^i ]igh ]l__l ko_ f[m j_l)
mih[m l_[fct[h []nim fc\l_m( l_mofn[ly ncf _r[gch[l ]ih ]c_lni ]oc)
^[^i f[ hi]c}h ^_ []ni fc\l_* >ih [hn_lcilc^[^ i\m_lp[gim ko_
m_ah _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ ni^im migim ch][j[]_m ^_ []no[l _h `ilg[
^c`_l_hn_ ^_ ]igi fi b[]_gim* ?_ n[f mo_ln_ ko_( m_ah _f ^_)
n_lgchcmn[( ][^[ p_t ko_ []no[gim( hi _mny _h ho_mnli ji^_l hi
[]no[l( s ][^[ p_t ko_ hi []no[gim( hi _mny _h ho_mnli ji^_l
[]no[l* @f fc\_ln[lci mimnc_h_ ^im ijchcih_m ^c`_l_hn_m* Nimnc_h_
ko_ [faoh[m p_]_m ]o[h^i []no[gim( _mny _h ho_mnli ji^_l hi [])
no[l7 s [faoh[m p_]_m ]o[h^i hi []no[gim( _mny _h ho_mnli ji^_l
[]no[l* @h ji][m j[f[\l[m( _h ]c_ln[m i][mcih_m ji^_gim []no[l
_h `ilg[ ^c`_l_hn_ ^_ ]igi fi b[]_gim* Jnl[ `ilg[ ^_ jf[hn_[l
_mn_ [laog_hni _m ^_]cl ko_ [faoh[m p_]_m _mny _h ho_mnli ji^_l
l_[fct[l i hi fim []nim ko_ l_[fct[gim* Nc _mni _m ]c_lni( _hnih]_m
ho_mnlim []nim mih []nim fc\l_m* Kil fi ko_ ^_]cl ko_ oh []ni _m
fc\l_ _kocp[f_ [ ^_]cl ko_ jo^cgim b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i(
ko_ _mny\[gim _h fc\_ln[^ j[l[ []no[l ^_ inli gi^i( i ko_ _mn[\[
_h ho_mnli ji^_l []no[l ^_ inli gi^i* N_ah _f fc\_ln[lci( ni^im
]l__gim ko_ l_[fct[gim []nim fc\l_m7 _h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( f[ ]l__h]c[
^_ ko_ l_[fct[gim []nim fc\l_m _m ]o_mnc}h ^_ m_hnc^i ]igh _h
f[ gcmg[ g_^c^[ _h ko_ fi _m f[ ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_)
n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_l[* >}gi jo_^_ gimnl[l _f fc\_ln[lci ko_
ni^im ]l__gim _mni;
Ph[ `ilg[ ^_ gimnl[lfi jo_^_ m_l l_`f_rcih[l []_l][ ^_ f[
h[nol[f_t[ ^_ f[ ^_fc\_l[]c}h* @h oh gig_hni ^[^i( ni^im hi)
minlim ^_fc\_l[gim* <faohim ^_ himinlim ji^_gim ^_fc\_l[l _h
gos ji]i nc_gji7 inlim ji^_gim nig[l go]bi nc_gji j[l[ ^_)
fc\_l[l* @h i][mcih_m( ho_mnl[m ^_fc\_l[]cih_m jo_^_h m_l chm_h)
m[n[m s _h inl[m i][mcih_m m[\c[m( j_li _m oh b_]bi ]igh ko_
_h _`_]ni m_ ^_h f[m ^_fc\_l[]cih_m* Ichaohi ^_ himinlim l_bos_
f[ n[l_[ ^_ ^_fc\_l[l []_l][ ^_ f[ l_[fct[]c}h i hi l_[fct[]c}h ^_
]c_lnim []nim* <^_gym( ][^[ ohi ^_ himinlim jo_^_ ]ihmn[n[l( g_)
^c[hn_ mcgjf_ chnlimj_]]c}h( ko_ l_[fg_hn_ ^_fc\_l[* ?_ koz g[)

 $'

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

|_l[ go_mnl[ _mn_ b_]bi _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ ni^im ^_fc\_l[gim

ko_ ]l__gim n_h_l fc\l_ [f\_^l{i; @f [laog_hni _m gos m_h]c)
ffi* @h j[ln_( f[ ^_fc\_l[]c}h ]ihff_p[ f[ ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ migim
fc\l_m* Nc si ^_fc\_li []_l][ ^_ mc ^_\i i hi l_[fct[l [fah []ni(
^_\i ]l__l ko_ ^_j_h^_ ^_ g{ l_[fct[l ^c]bi []ni s ko_ n[g\czh
^_j_h^_ ^_ g{ hi l_[fct[lfi* Nc g_ ]l_s_l[ ch][j[t j[l[ l_[fct[l
i hi l_[fct[l _f []ni( m_l{[ [\mol^i ko_ si ^_fc\_l[l[ []_l][ ^_ mo
l_[fct[]c}h i hi l_[fct[]c}h* @h _`_]ni( mc l_[fg_hn_ g_ ]l_s_l[ [
g{ gcmgi ch][j[t [ _mn_ l_mj_]ni( _hnih]_m hi ]l_i ko_ nopc_l[
m_hnc^i ^_]cl ko_ _mnis ^_fc\_l[h^i []_l][ ^_ l_[fct[l i hi _f []ni
g_h]cih[^i* Ko_^i ^_fc\_l[l []_l][ ^_ mc ^_\i i hi l_[fct[l _f
[]ni ]S ^_j_h^_ ^_ g{ l_[fct[lfi s mc n[g\czh ^_ g{ ^_j_h^_ _f
hi l_[fct[lfi* K_li ^_fc\_l[l []_l][ ^_ fi ko_ ohi b[l{[ mc ohi hi
`o_l[ ch][j[t hi _kocp[f_ [ ^_fc\_l[l []_l][ ^_ fi ko_ ohi ^_\_
b[]_l*
K[l[ _m]f[l_]_l f[ l_f[]c}h _hnl_ f[ ^_fc\_l[]c}h s f[ ]l__h]c[ ^_
ko_ migim fc\l_m( ]ihmc^_l_gim oh _d_gjfi ]ih]l_ni* Nojiha[)
gim ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ _mny ^_fc\_l[h^i mc j[a[l i hi f[ l_hn[* @mn[
j_lmih[ mij_m[ f[m ]ih^c]cih_m _h [g\im ][mim* Kil _d_gjfi( l_)
]o_l^[ ko_( _h chpc_lhi( _f ][m_li hi jl_h^c} f[ ][f_`[]]c}h mchi
b[mn[ gos [p[ht[^[ f[ n[l^_7 l_]o_l^[ ko_ _f ][m_li hi l_j[l}
f[ ain_l[ ^_ mo \[|i7 l_]o_l^[ ko_ _f ][m_li hi l_ncl} f[ hc_p_
^_ f[ []_l[ ^_mjozm ^_ f[ fncg[ nilg_hn[7 s [m{ mo]_mcp[g_hn_*
Kil inl[ j[ln_( l_]o_l^[ ko_ _f ][m_li m_ gimnl} gym \c_h j[)
]c_hn_ ]o[h^i( ^_\c^i [ oh[ jlifiha[^[ _h`_lg_^[^( hi jo^i
j[a[l f[ l_hn[ _f j[m[^i chpc_lhi _ ch]fomi ko_ _f gcmgi ][m_li
hi b[ ait[^i ^_ \o_h[ m[fo^ fncg[g_hn_* Ach[fg_hn_( nl[m mi)
j_m[l fim jlim s fim ]ihnl[m( ff_a[ [ oh[ ^_]cmc}h* ?_]c^_( nl[m
b[\_l ]ihmc^_l[^i ni^im fim `[]nil_m( ko_ ^_\_ j[a[l f[ l_hn[*
Kil mojo_mni( mc _m oh[ j_lmih[ ]ihm]c_hn_ j[a[ly f[ l_hn[( mc _m
ko_ jo_^_ b[]_lfi( jilko_ [m{ fi _rca_ _f ^_\_l* vmn_ _m oh _d_g)
jfi j_l`_]n[g_hn_ ]igh ^_ ^_fc\_l[]c}h* Kil inl[ j[ln_( ni^i
fi ko_ b_gim cg[ach[^i gos \c_h jo^i b[\_l j[m[^i [ohko_
f[ j_lmih[ hi `o_l[ ][j[t ^_ j[a[l f[ l_hn[* Dg[ach_gim ko_ mo
]o_hn[ \[h][lc[ _mny _h ]_lim( [ohko_ hi fi m[\_( s ko_ hi f_ _m
jimc\f_ i\n_h_l _f ^ch_li mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ j[a[l f[ l_hn[* @h _mn_
][mi( [ohko_ ji^l{[ ^_fc\_l[l mc j[a[l i hi f[ l_hn[( hi ^_j_h^_
^_ _ff[ j[a[lf[ i hi j[a[lf[* @m j_l`_]n[g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ oh[
j_lmih[ ^_fc\_l_ []_l][ ^_ mc ^_\_ i hi b[]_l [fai( ]igi j[a[l
f[ l_hn[( [ohko_ oh[ ^_ f[m [fn_lh[ncp[m hi ^_j_h^_ ^_ _ff[*

?@GD=@M<>DI T >M@@I>D< ?@ LP@ NJHJN GD=M@N

$(

Ii i\mn[hn_( _m cgjiln[hn_ b[]_l hin[l ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ hi

^_\_ m[\_l i ]l__l ko_ _m ch][j[t ^_ j[a[l f[ l_hn[ mc b[ ^_ ^_m)
]lc\{lm_f_ ]igi oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ ^_fc\_l[ []_l][ ^_ _m_ [mohni* Nc
gi^c`c][gim _f _d_gjfi _ cg[ach[gim ko_ f[ j_lmih[ m[\_ ko_ mo
]o_hn[ \[h][lc[ _mny _h ]_lim s ko_ hi jo_^_ ]ihm_aocl ^ch_li(
_hnih]_m hi ji^l{[gim ^_m]lc\clf[ ]ill_]n[g_hn_ ]igi [faoc_h
ko_ ^_fc\_l[ mi\l_ mc j[a[l i hi f[ l_hn[* Ki^l{[ _mn[l ^_fc\_)
l[h^i mi\l_ mc j[a[l{[ f[ l_hn[ mc _mnopc_l[ _h mo ji^_l j[a[lf[*
K_li _mn_ ][mi _m oh n[hni ^c`_l_hn_ ^_f ][mi ko_ ]ihmcmn_ _h ^_)
fc\_l[l mi\l_ mc j[a[l i hi f[ l_hn[* N_l{[ [\mol^i( _h p_l^[^ mch
m_hnc^i( ^_m]lc\cl [ _mn[ j_lmih[ ]igi [ [faoc_h ko_ ^_fc\_l[ mi)
\l_ mc j[a[l i hi f[ l_hn[ ]o[h^i m[\_ j_l`_]n[g_hn_ \c_h ko_ hi
nc_h_ _f ^ch_li j[l[ b[]_lfi* K[l[ ko_ ji^[gim ^_m]lc\cl [ ^c]b[
j_lmih[ ]ill_]n[g_hn_ ]igi [faoc_h ko_ ^_fc\_l[ mi\l_ mc j[a[
i hi f[ l_hn[( ^_\_ [f g_him ]l__l ko_ jo_^_ j[a[lf[( s( jil mo)
jo_mni( ^_\_ ]l__l ko_ ji^l{[ ^_d[l ^_ j[a[lf[* ?_\_ ]l__l ko_
_mny _h mo ji^_l j[a[l i hi f[ l_hn[* @mn_ ][mi ^_ ^_fc\_l[]c}h
_m n{jc]i ^_ ni^im fim ][mim ^_ ^_fc\_l[]c}h [ _mn_ l_mj_]ni* G[
j_lmih[ ko_ ^_fc\_l[ mi\l_ mc b[]_l 4 Y 5& ^_\_ ]l__l ko_ _mny
_h mo ji^_l l_[fct[l+D s ko_ _mny _h mo ji^_l l_[fct[l 5( Nc ]l__
ko_ oh[ ^_ _mn[m ij]cih_m hi _mny _h mo ji^_l( _hnih]_m hi _mny
^_fc\_l[h^i mi\l_ mc l_[fct[l 4 Y 5( Kil fi n[hni( f[ ^_fc\_l[]c}h
]ihff_p[ f[ ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ _m _m fc\l_* Oi^im [ko_ffim ko_ ^_fc\_)
l[h ^_\_h ]l__l( _h _f gig_hni ^_ f[ ^_fc\_l[]c}h( ko_ l_[fct[h
[]nim fc\l_m*
@h pclno^ ^_ ko_( _h [fah gig_hni ^_ ho_mnl[ pc^[( ni^im
^_fc\_l[gim( _m oh[ ]ihpc]]c}h ^_ m_hnc^i ]igh _f b_]bi ^_ ko_
l_[fct[gim []nim fc\l_m* Kil fi n[hni( _f fc\_ln[lci mimnc_h_ ko_( jil
g_l[ chnlimj_]]c}h( ji^_gim ^cm]_lhcl ko_ ]ih `l_]o_h]c[ ]l_)
_gim ko_ l_[fct[gim []nim fc\l_m* @h i][mcih_m j_l]c\cgim _mni
_h j_lmj_]ncp[( ]o[h^i _mn[gim ]ihmc^_l[h^i oh[ []]c}h `onol[(
s _h i][mcih_m j_l]c\cgim _mni _h l_nlimj_]ncp[( ]o[h^i ]ihmc^_)
l[gim oh[ []]c}h j[m[^[* <^_gym( _h [g\im ][mim( [`clg[l{[ oh
fc\_ln[lci( f[ ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ migim fc\l_m _m oh [mohni ^_ m_hnc^i
]igh l_`f_rcpi* Nc j_hm[gim ]oc^[^im[g_hn_ []_l][ ^_ _mnim
][mim s ]ihmc^_l[gim mc him bo\c_l[ mc^i jimc\f_ []no[l ^_ inli
gi^i( ^_m]o\lcl_gim ko_ m{ ]l__gim ko_ ji^l{[gim b[\_lfi b_)
]bi* G[ ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ [faohim []nim mih fc\l_m _m oh[ ^_ f[m
]l__h]c[m jl_n_}lc][m ^_f m_hnc^i ]igh l_`f_rcpi* @m( jil n[hni(
oh[ ]l__h]c[ ko_ jim__ ]c_lni al[^i ^_ l[]cih[fc^[^ chc]c[f*

- 2 ,

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

?LTOMSYXO] KV K\Q_WOX^Y KX^O\SY\/

KM^_K\ MYXPY\WO KV WY^S`Y Wf] P_O\^O
<faohim ^_n_lgchcmn[m b[h ^_m[`c[^i _mnim jl_n_h^c^im ^[nim
^_ f[ chnlimj_]]c}h* @m ^_]cl( [faohim ^_n_lgchcmn[m b[h h_a[^i
ko_ l_[fg_hn_ ^_m]o\l[gim( g_^c[hn_ f[ chnlimj_]]c}h( ko_ ]l__)
gim ko_ jo^cgim b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* Kil _d_gjfi(
<^if` Bloh\[og( ^_n_lgchcmn[( [laog_hn[ ]igi mcao_6
@r[gch_gim ]oc^[^im[g_hn_ _f ]ihn_hc^i ^_ _m[ m_hm[]c}h ^_ koc)
_h ]c_ln[ i][mc}h jo^cgim b[\_l []no[^i _h `ilg[ ^c`_l_hn_ ^_
]igi l_[fg_hn_ []no[gim* Loz _h]ihnl[gim; <][mi f[ m_hm[]c}h
ko_ _rj_lcg_hn[gim him l_p_f[ ko_ jo^cgim b[\_l []no[^i NO O^a
WYNY ObKM^KWOX^O LKTY VK] WS]WK] MYXNSMSYXO] WY^S`KMSYXKVO] Ob^O\XK] O SX'
^O\XK]3 Ii( mimnc_h_ _f ^_n_lgchcmn[( _mn[ m_hm[]c}h mcgjf_g_hn_ him
l_p_f[ ko_ `ocgim ][j[]_m ^_ []no[l ^_ []o_l^i ]ih ho_mnli ^_m_i
gym `o_ln_ _h _m_ gig_hni( s ko_ _`_]ncp[g_hn_ jo^cgim b[\_l
[]no[^i ^_ inli gi^i mc bo\c_m_ jl_p[f_]c^i oh gin{pi ^c`_l_hn_
_h _m_ gig_hni*3
@f _f_g_hni ]f[p_ ^_ _mn[ ^cm]omc}h _mny mo`c]c_hn_g_hn_ ]f[li* T
_m ko_ ][^[ p_t ko_ l_`f_rcih[gim mi\l_ oh[ []]c}h j[m[^[ hi
^_m]o\lcgim ko_ ]l__gim ko_ jo^cgim b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli
gi^i ^_ ]igi ^_ b_]bi []no[gim( mchi ko_ mc_gjl_ []no[gim
^_ []o_l^i ]ih ho_mnli ^_m_i gym `o_ln_* >* <* >[gj\_ff b[ l_m)
jih^c^i ko_ b[s [faohim ][mim _h fim ko_ ji^_gim ^_m]o\lcl(
jil chnlimj_]]c}h( ko_ hi []no[gim ^_ []o_l^i ]ih ho_mnli ^_)
m_i gym `o_ln_( [ m[\_l( ]o[h^i ]ogjfcgim ]ih ho_mnli ^_\_l
_h oh _m`o_lti gil[f* >[gj\_ff mimnc_h_ ko_ ]o[h^i m_ _h]o_h)
nl[ _h oh[ mcno[]c}h _h f[ ko_ _f ]ogjfcgc_hni ^_ mo ^_\_l( H&
_hnl[ _h ]ih`fc]ni ]ih f[ m[ncm`[]]c}h ^_ mo ^_m_i gym `o_ln_( I&
g_ ^is ]o_hn[ ^_ ko_ hi jo_^i _pcn[l j_hm[l ko_ Z_ONY ]ogjfcl
]ih gc ^_\_l s _f_acl H0 ff_pyh^im_ [ ][\i _f ]ogjfcgc_hni ^_f ^_)
\_l al[]c[m [ fi ko_ ]ighg_hn_ m_ ]ihi]_ ]igi _m`o_lti ^_ f[
pifohn[^* T g_ ^is ]o_hn[ [^_gym( mc g_ jl_aohni [ g{ gcmgi
_r[]n[g_hn_ koz _m fi ko_ ]l_i ]o[h^i ]l_i ko_ jo_^i ]ogjfcl
]ih gc ^_\_l( ko_ hi jo_^i _pcn[l ]l__l ko_ _mny _h gc ji^_l( ni)
n[fg_hn_( [ko{ s [bil[( ]oyf ^_ f[m ^im jimc\cfc^[^_m a_hoch[g_hn_

?@GD=@M<>DI T >M@@I>D< ?@ LP@ NJHJN GD=M@N

- 2 -

[\c_ln[m [^ijni7 s[ m_[ ko_ si b[a[ oh _m`o_lti ^_ f[ pifohn[^ s

_fcd[ S i s[ m_[( jil inl[ j[ln_( ko_ j_lgcn[ ko_ gc h[nol[f_t[ [h)
b_f[hn_( _f ][ly]n_l ko_ b[mn[ [bil[ m_ b[ `ilg[^i _h g{ m_ m[fa[
]ih f[ mos[ s _fcd[ I& _f ][gchi _h f[ f{h_[ ^_ f[ g_hil l_mcmn_h)
]c[*4
G[ l_mjo_mn[ ^_ >[gj\_ff _m f[ lzjfc][ ]fymc][ ^_f fc\_ln[lci [
[laog_hnim ]igi fim ^_ Bloh\[og* >o[h^i him _h]ihnl[gim
[hn_ oh[ mcno[]c}h ^_ ]ih`fc]ni gil[f( m_ah _f fc\_ln[lci ^_\_)
gim _mn[l ]ihp_h]c^im ^_ ko_ hi cgjiln[ koz _f_]]c}h b[a[gim(
jo^cgim b[\_l ijn[^i jil []no[l ^_ inli gi^i _r[]n[g_hn_ _h
d[ gcmg[ mcno[]c}h( _m ^_]cl( _r[]n[g_hn_ \[di f[m gcmg[m ]ih)
^c]cih_m gincp[]cih[f_m _rn_lh[m _ chn_lh[m* @h m_g_d[hn_m mc)
no[]cih_m( ^_\_gim _mn[l ]ihp_h]c^im ^_ ko_ [g\im []nim _mnyh
_h ho_mnli ji^_l s ^_ ko_ _f []ni ko_ l_[fc]_gim ^_j_h^_ly
^_ himinlim* Kil fi n[hni( mimnc_h_ _f fc\_ln[lci( f[ chnlimj_]]c}h
go_mnl[ ko_ _h i][mcih_m _mn[gim ]ihp_h]c^im ^_ ko_ hi _mn[)
gim []no[h^i ]ih`ilg_ [ ho_mnli ^_m_i gym `o_ln_ s [^_gym(
ko_ ]l__gim ko_ ho_mnli []ni _m fc\l_*
@f [laog_hni ^_ >[gj\_ff j[l_]_ hi m}fi ^cl_]ni mchi jf[omc)
\f_* Ii i\mn[hn_( _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ nc_h_ oh[ l_mjo_mn[ [ fi [hn_lcil*
>igi ^c]_ Bloh\[og6
*** _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ him l_]o_l^[ ko_ ho_mnl[ m_hm[]c}h ^_ fc\_ln[^
hi l_p_f[ ko_( ^[^im fim gincpim ko_ him bc]c_lih []no[l _h _m_
gig_hni s ^[^[ mo `o_lt[ s ^cmnlc\o]c}h l_f[ncp[m( jo^cgim b[\_l
[]no[^i ^_ inli gi^i ^_ ]igi _h l_[fc^[^ fi bc]cgim* <m{ ]igi
n[gji]i m_hncgim ko_ jo^cgim b[\_l l_[]]cih[^i ^_ []o_l^i ]ih
_f gym ^z\cf ^_ fim gincpim _h joah[** * 5
?_ n[f mo_ln_ ko_ _h]ihnl[gim ko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ m_h]cff[g_hn_
hc_a[ fi ko_ [`clg[ _f fc\_ln[lci6 ko_ f[ chnlimj_]]c}h hi l_p_f[
ko_ ]l__gim ko_ jo^cgim b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i*
K[l[ [so^[lhim [ m[fcl ^_ _mn_ [j[l_hn_ ][ff_d}h mch m[fc^[( ]ih)
mc^_l_gim _f ][mi ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ m_ ^_\[n_ _hnl_ ^im ^_m_im
gos ^c`_l_hn_m* Phi ^_ _mnim ^_m_im( p[gim [ cg[ach[lfi [m{( _m
gym `o_ln_( gym chn_hmi( ko_ _f inli( s _mni _m [fai ^_ fi ko_ f[
4 >* <* >[gj\_ff( Dm nb_ Kli\f_g i ` A l__ Rcff [ Km_o^i)Kli\f_g ;( l_cg )

3
<^if` Bloh\[og ( >[om[fcns [h^ nb_ N]c_h]_ i ` C og [h = _ b [ p ci l ( l_cg )
jl_mi j[l]c[fg _hn_ _h ;MNQTXTUMNH ;WTGQJRX# H[olc]_ H [h^_f\[og J Q FQ% %_^m*&(
H[]gf[h( Io_p[ Tile( -513( j* / / 2 *

jl_mi _h , 8dIJR 4SYWTIZHYNTS YT ;MYQTXTUM^* _^c]c}h l_pcm[^[( K[of @^q[l^m s

< lnb ol K[j %_^m*&( O b _ Al__ Kl_mm( Io_p[ Tile( - 521( j* 3 /*
5 B loh\[og ( 3 ZRFS -JMF[NTW# j* / / 2 *

- 2 .

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

j_lmih[ _mny j_l`_]n[g_hn_ ]ihm]c_hn_ _h _m_ gig_hni( jo_mni

ko_ m_ mc_hn_ _rnl_g[^[g_hn_ [nl[{^[ jil _f ^_m_i gym `o_ln_*
Locty( _h pclno^ ^_ oh m_hnc^i ^_f ^_\_l ^_f ncji ko_ >[gj\_ff
^_m]lc\_( ^c]b[ j_lmih[ m_ ch]fch[( [ j_m[l ^_ ni^i( jil _f ^_m_i
gym ^z\cf* N_aol[g_hn_( _h ]cl]ohmn[h]c[m ]igi zmn[m _h ko_ f[
j_lmih[ m_ p_ m_lc[g_hn_ n_hn[^[ jil f[ `o_lt[ ^_ ohi ^_ fim ^_)
m_im( s _h f[m ko_ []no[l mcaoc_h^i _f ^_m_i g_him ji^_limi _rca_
oh al[h _m`o_lti ^_ mo j[ln_( _h oh ][mi ]igi zmn_ f[ j_lmih[
]l__l{[ ko_ jo_^_ []no[l( i ko_ b[ []no[^i( gipc^[ jil _f NO]OY
Wf]P_O\^O( T[ ko_( _h oh[ mcno[]c}h ]igi zmn[( f[ j_lmih[ m_aol[)
g_hn_ ]l__l{[ ko_ jo^i b[\_l ]_^c^i [ mo n_hn[]c}h* Kil fi n[hni(
ch^_j_h^c_hn_g_hn_ ^_ fi ko_ l_p_f_ i hi l_p_f_ f[ chnlimj_]]c}h
i f[ l_nlimj_]]c}h( b[s mo`c]c_hn_m l[tih_m ko_ [jis[h f[ jimc]c}h
^_f fc\_ln[lci( m_ah f[ ]o[f ]ih `l_]o_h]c[ ]l__gim ko_ jo^cgim
b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i ^_ ]igi _h l_[fc^[^ []no[gim*
>}gi ji^l{[ ]ihn_mn[l oh ^_n_lgchcmn[( ]igi Bloh\[og(
[ _mn_ [laog_hni; Ph[ `ilg[ ^_ b[]_lfi( moa_lc^[ jil _f `l[a)
g_hni ^_ Bloh\[og [hn_m ]cn[^i( m_l{[ f[ ^_ mimn_h_l ko_ ni^[
p_t ko_ ohi []n[ gipc^i jil oh ^_m_i( ohi mc_gjl_ []n[ gi)
pc^i jn:l _f ^_m_i gym `o_ln_* Kil fi n[hni( _mn_ ][mi mcgjf_g_hn_
hoh][ i]ollcly* Nch _g\[lai( _mn[ l_mjo_mn[ _m _gj{lc][g_hn_
`[fm[* @h i][mcih_m f[m j_lmih[m m_ mi\l_jih_h [ mo ^_m_i gym
`o_ln_ s []n[h gipc^im jil oh ^_m_i g_him ji^_limi* < _mn[m
[fnol[m( _m jli\[\f_ ko_ m_ i`l_t][ oh[ m_aoh^[ l_mjo_mn[ ^_n_l)
gchcmn[* @f ^_m_i gym `o_ln_( [`clg[ly( O]T_]^KWOX^O OV NO]OY ZY\ OV
M_KV _XK ZO\]YXK KM^jK( @h _`_]ni( _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ jo_^_ [jis[l
_mn_ [laog_hni ]ih _f l_]o_hni ^_ fi ko_ mo]_^_ ]o[h^i ohi j[)
l_]_ b[\_l moj_l[^i _f ^_m_i gym `o_ln_ s []n[ _h `oh]c}h ^_f
gym ^z\cf* Nimn_h^ly ko_ ]o[h^i ohi p[]cf[ _hnl_ ohi s inli ^_)
m_im( s fial[ ]ih zrcni l_mcmnclm_ [f ji^_limi _gjod_ ^_f ^_m_i
gym `o_ln_ s fo_ai mo\m_]o_hn_g_hn_ []n[ gipc^i jil _f ^_)
m_i gym ^z\cf( ohi b[ ]ihp_lnc^i( _h _mn_ gcmgi jli]_mi( [f
^_m_i gym ^z\cf _h _f ^_m_i ^igch[hn_ s gym `o_ln_* Gi ko_
ji^l{[gim ]ihmc^_l[l ]igi oh al[h _m`o_lti ^_ f[ pifohn[^ s
f[ l_mcmn_h]c[ [f ^_m_i gym `o_ln_ _m [m{( _h l_[fc^[^( oh jli]_mi
g_^c[hn_ _f ]o[f _f ^_m_i ilcach[fg_hn_ gym ^z\cf m_ nl[hm`ilg[
_h _f ^_m_i gym `o_ln_( _m ^_]cl( _f ^_m_i jil _f ]o[f ohi []n[*
C[s ]c_lni gzlcni _h _mn[ f{h_[ ^_ j_hm[gc_hni ^_n_lgchcmn[*
@h i][mcih_m( [f chn_hn[l gimnl[lhim moj_lcil_m [ f[ n_hn[]c}h s

?@GD=@M<>DI T >M@@I>D< ?@ LP@ NJHJN P=M@N

- 2 /

[]no[l ]ih`ilg_ [f ^_m_i gym ^z\cf j[l[ ]ogjfcl ]ih ho_mnli ^_)
\_l( f[ ]ih]c_h]c[ ^_ f[ hi\f_t[ ^_ ho_mnli _m`o_lti [llid[ fot
ho_p[ mi\l_ _f ^_m_i gym ^z\cf* G[ j_lmih[ m_ bch]b[ ^_ oh[ [o)
nim[ncm`[]]c}h j_l`_]n[g_hn_ a[h[^[( s _f ^_m_i ^_ ]ogjfcl ]ih mo
^_\_l m_ ]ihpc_ln_ _h fi gym cgjiln[hn_* @h _`_]ni( _h [faohim
][mim ^_ _mn_ ncji( f[ j_lmih[ jo_^_ [][\[l jl_aohnyh^im_( nl[m
^_ l_[fct[l f[ []]c}h( jil koz m_ m_hn{[ n[h n_hn[^[ jil _f inli
]olmi ^_ []]c}h* @f ^_m_i ko_ ilcach[fg_hn_ _l[ gym `o_ln_ b[
ff_a[^i hi m}fi [ j[l_]_l( mchi [ m_l( gym ^z\cf* Ii i\mn[hn_( _mn[
]f[m_ ^_ nl[hm`ilg[]c}h ^_ f[ mcno[]c}h ^_f ^_m_i hi mc_gjl_ i]o)
ll_ s ]o[h^i hi i]oll_ ji^_gim mojih_l( ]ih _f fc\_ln[lci( ko_
f[ j_lmih[ []n[ ]ih`ilg_ [f ^_m_i gym ^z\cf*
G[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ _f ^_m_i ^_ []o_l^i ]ih _f ]o[f ohi []n[
m_h]cff[g_hn_ O] _f ^_m_i gym `o_ln_ ^[ foa[l [ oh jli\f_g[ ^c)
`_l_hn_* Ph[ `ilg[ ^_ [jis[l _mn_ [caog_hn} m_l{[ _mn[\f_]_l
ko_ mc_gjl_ []no[gim ]ih`ilg_ [ ho_mnli ^_m_i gym al[h^_*
Ii i\mn[hn_( s[ b_gim i\m_lp[^i ko_ _mni j[l_]_ m_l `[fmi* G[
hc][ ij]c}h ko_ him ko_^[ m_l{[ mimn_h_l ko_ f[ _rjl_mc}h ^_)
m_i gym `o_ln_ mcahc`c][( jil ^_`chc]c}h( ^_m_i ]ih`ilg_ [f ko_
ohi []n[* @h _mn_ ][mi( ni^[ p_t ko_ []no[gim ]ih`ilg_ [ oh
^_m_i( _mn[l{[gim []no[h^i ]ih`ilg_ [ ho_mnli ^_m_i gym `o_ln_(
s _mn_ [laog_hni fc\_ln[lci `l[][m[l{[* ?_m[`ilnoh[^[g_hn_( _mn[
ij]c}h b[]_ ][_l [f ^_n_lgchcmn[ _h f[m l_^_m ^_ f[ `[f[]c[ ^_ f[
l_^_`chc]c}h* Ki^_gim p_lfi mc ]ihmc^_l[gim ^im ^_`chc]cih_m6
%-& ^_m_i gym `o_ln_2nOP [ko_f ^_m_i ko_( _hnl_ fim ko_ oh[
j_lmih[ _rj_lcg_hn[ _h oh gig_hni ^[^i( nc_h_ f[ g[sil
chn_hmc^[^*
%.& ^_m_i gym `o_ln_r2nSP ^_m_i ]ih`ilg_ [f ]o[f ohi []n[*
G[ ^_`chc]c}h %-& jlijil]cih[ n[hni _f mcahc`c][^i il^ch[lci ^_ f[
_rjl_mc}h ]igi _f mcahc`c][^i j_lnch_hn_ j[l[ _f [lao g_hn} fc\_l)
n[lci* Nch _g\[lai( f[ [hn_lcil ij]c}h ^_n_lgchcmn[ li^_[ [f [l)
aog_hni fc\_ln[lci m_h]cff[g_hn_ momncnoszh^if[ jil f[ ^_`chc]c}h
%.&* Ii i\mn[hn_( ]igi bc]cgim hin[l _h _f >[j{nofi -( hi m_ i\)
nc_h_ hchaoh[ pc]nilc[ l_[f _h f[ [laog_hn[]c}h l_^_`chc_h^i oh
nzlgchi ]f[p_ ^_ oh [laog_hni* ?_ n[f mo_ln_ ko_ f[ [`clg[]c}h
^_n_lgchcmn[ ^_ ko_ ho_mnli ^_m_i gym `o_ln_ _m mcgjf_g_hn_ _f
^_m_i ]ih`ilg_ [f ]o[f []no[gim ko_^[ mch `oh^[g_hn[]c}h*

- 2 0

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

Kil fi n[hni( ji^_gim ]ih]focl ko_ ^_ b_]bi _m ]c_lni ko_ f[

a_hn_ ]ih `l_]o_h]c[ ]l__ m_l fc\l_ s ko_ [faohim ^_ mom []nim
n[g\czh fi mih* Gim ][mim _h fim ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ _mny ]ihm]c_hn_
^_ f[ `o_lt[ ^_ oh ^_m_i gos `o_ln_ _f ]o[f( hi i\mn[hn_( p_h]_(
\[mn[h j[l[ _mn[\f_]_l fi [hn_lcil* @h _`_]ni( oh[ p_t ko_ j_l]c
\cgim _mni( n[g\czh ji^_gim j_l]c\cl ko_ f[ ]o_mnc}h _m a_h_l[f
s m_ [jfc][ [ ]o[fkoc_l ][mi ^_ ^_fc\_l[]c}h m_lc[* @m ^_]cl( ni^[
p_t ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ m_ _h]o_hnl[ mij_m[h^i [fn_lh[ncp[m s _mny
]ihm]c_hn_ ^_ ko_ _rcmn_h [g\[m [fn_lh[ncp[m s ^_ ko_ _mny ^_fc\_)
l[h^i _hnl_ _ff[m( f[ j_lmih[ ]l__ly _hnih]_m ko_ nc_h_ [hn_ m{ [f)
n_lh[ncp[m a_hoch[m s ko_ _m fc\l_ ^_ ^_]c^cl _hnl_ _ff[m* @h inl[m
j[f[\l[m( f[ ^_fc\_l[]c}h m_lc[ s ]ihm]c_hn_ cgjfc][ ko_ f[ j_l)
mih[ ]l_[ m_l fc\l_( ch^_j_h^c_hn_g_hn_ ^_ ko_ f[ ^_fc\_l[]c}h
]ihff_p_ ]c_lni ]ih`fc]ni gil[f*
BO]_WOX
C[a[gim oh[ _p[fo[]c}h ^_ ho_mnlim l_mofn[^im* @f ^_n_lgchcmn[
[`clg[ ko_ _m g_l[ ]o_mnc}h ^_ m_hnc^i ]igh ]l__l ko_ f[ n_)
mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_l[* <bil[ b_gim ^_m]o\c_lni(
nl[m _r[gch[l f[ jimnol[ fc\_ln[lc[( ko_ j[l_]_ m_l cao[fg_hn_
]o_mnc}h ^_ m_hnc^i ]igh ]l__l ko_ migim fc\l_m* @h koz johni
him _h]ihnl[gim _hnih]_m;
C_gim po_fni [ ho_mnl[ j[l[^id[ ilcach[f* T _m ko_ j[l_]_ m_l
]o_mnc}h ^_ m_hnc^i ]igh ]l__l hi m}fi ko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgc)
hcmgi _m p_l^[^_l[ mchi n[g\czh ko_ f[m j_lmih[m l_[fct[h []nim
fc\l_m* K_li( m_ah f[m jimc]cih_m n[hni ^_n_lgchcmn[ ]igi fc\_ln[)
lc[( _mni hi jo_^_ m_l* Qifp[gim \l_p_g_hn_ [f [cao g_hn} ]ih)
mc^_l[^i [hn_lcilg_hn_* >ihmcmn{[ _h ^im jl_gcm[m7 f[ jlcg_l[
jl_gcm[ _l[
-* G[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_l[
s f[ m_aoh^[ jl_gcm[ _l[
.* Nc f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_l[( _hnih]_m hi b[s
[]nim fc\l_m*
O[hni _f fc\_ln[lci ]igi _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ []_jn[h f[ m_aoh^[ jl_)
gcm[ ^_ _mn_ [laog_hni j_li( gc_hnl[m _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ []_jn[ f[
jlcg_l[ jl_gcm[ s( jil ]ihmcaoc_hn_( f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_ ko_ hi b[s
[]nim fc\l_m( _f fc\_ln[lci mimnc_h_ ko_ b[s []nim fc\l_m s( jil fi ]ih)
mcaoc_hn_( l_]b[t[ f[ jlcg_l[ jl_gcm[* C_gim pcmni s[ ko_ _f m_h)

G< I@>@ND?<? ?@ >M@@M @I G< GD=@MO<?

- 2 1

fc^i ]igh hi m_ ^_]f[l[ _h `[pil ^_ [faoh[ ^_ f[ ^im jimc]cih_m*

@rcmn_h ]c_ln[m ]ihmc^_l[]cih_m ko_ j_lgcn[h ^_gimnl[l ko_ _m
gym l[tih[\f_ []_jn[l f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi i ko_ _m gym l[)
tih[\f_ []_jn[l f[ ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ l_[fct[gim []nim fc\l_m; C[mn[
[bil[ b_gim m_|[f[^i ko_ b[s n[hni m_hnc^i ]igh _h ]l__l ko_
b[s []nim fc\l_m ]igi fi b[s _h ]l__l ko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgc)
hcmgi _m p_l^[^_l[ s pc]_p_lm[* K_li ^_\_gim [bil[ ]ihmc^_l[l
m_lc[g_hn_ f[ jl_aohn[ ko_ [][\[gim ^_ `ilgof[l* C[]c_h^i [
oh f[^i _f jli\f_g[ ^_ fi ko_ l_[fg_hn_ ]l__gim( ^_\_gim b[)
]_lhim f[ jl_aohn[ ^_ koz _m l[tih[\f_ ]l__l ]o[h^i f[ ]ihmcmn_h)
]c[ f}ac][ him i\fca[ [ m[]lc`c][l oh[ ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m* Q_[)
gim jlcg_li koz ]f[m_ ^_ ]ihmc^_l[]cih_m jo_^_h b[]_lm_ j[l[
^_gimnl[l ko_ _m l[tih[\f_ m[]lc`c][l ho_mnl[ ]l__h]c[ _h _f ^_)
n_lgchcmgi s g[hn_h_l ho_mnl[ ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ l_[fct[gim []nim
fc\l_m*
P

I < ? @ A @ I N < G D = @ M O < M D < )(

G< I@>@ND?<? ?@ > M @ @ M @I G< GD=@MO< ?

Ph [laog_hni fc\_ln[lci ko_ ^_go_mnl[ ko_ _m l[tih[\f_ ]l__l

ko_ b[s []nim fc\l_m ^_j_h^_ ^_ f[ jl_gcm[ ^_ ko_ hchaoh[ j_l)
mih[ jo_^_ _pcn[l ]l__l ko_ [faohim ^_ mom []nim mih fc\l_m* @f [l)
aog_hni _m _f mcaoc_hn_* Al_]o_hn_g_hn_ i]oll_ ko_ [ j_m[l ^_
ko_ ]l__gim ko_ ]c_ln[ ]im[ nc_h_ oh[ ][om[ ko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_)
n_lgchcmgi m_ mimnc_h_ _h fi ko_ [ _m_ ][mi j[lnc]of[l m_ l_`c_l_
hi i\mn[hn_ ji^_gim j_l`_]n[g_hn_ l_]b[t[l _mn[ ]l__h]c[* Kil
_d_gjfi( jo_^i ]l__l ko_ gcm gipcgc_hnim ]iljil[f_m _mnyh ][o)
m[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^im s ko_ [ko_ffi ko_ fim ][om[ _mny [ mo p_t
][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i ]igi j[ln_ ^_ oh[ ][^_h[ ][om[f ko_
m_ _rnc_h^_ ch^_`chc^[g_hn_ _h _f j[m[^i* Ko_^i m_hnclg_ [\)
mifon[g_hn_ n_hn[^i [ ]ihp_lnclg_ _h oh ^_n_lgchcmn[* Nch _g)
\[cai( jo_^i ijn[l jil hi ]l__l _mn[m ]im[m* Phi ji^l{[( ]ih
f[ jly]nc][( []imnog\l[lm_ [ l_hoh]c[l [ m_g_d[hn_ ]ihpc]]c}h(
]o[h^i g_him _h l_f[]c}h ]ih ]c_ln[m ]im[m ko_ i]oll_h _m ^_)
]cl( _h l_f[]c}h ]ih ]c_ln[m []]cih_m bog[h[m* Phi _mny []imnog)
\l[^i [ j_hm[l ko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( [ j_hm[l ko_
mc_gjl_ m_ jo_^_ _h]ihnl[l oh[ ][om[7 j_li mch ^o^[ _mn[ ]im)
nog\l_( ]igi n[hn[m inl[m( ji^l{[ _ll[^c][lm_ ]ih nc_gji s ^cm)
]cjfch[*

- 2 2

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

Nch _g\[lai( _f fc\_ln[lci m_ ijih_ [ _mn[ c^_[ _h fi ko_ l_m)

j_]n[ [ f[ ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ l_[fct[gim []nim fc\l_m* <`clg[ ko_ hi
ji^_gim _pcn[l ]l__l ko_ migim fc\l_m* Nc _f fc\_ln[lci jo_^_ _m)
n[\f_]_l mo jimc]c}h( m_ah f[ ]o[f [ohko_ ji^l{[gim [jl_h^_l
[ l_hoh]c[l [ ho_mnl[ ]l__h]c[ _h _f ^_n_lgchcmgi hi ji^l{[gim
^_d[l ^_ ]l__l ko_ l_[fct[gim []nim fc\l_m( _hnih]_m j[l_]_l{[ l[)
tih[\f_ l_]b[t[l ho_mnl[ ]l__h]c[ _h _f ^_n_lgchcmgi s ]ihm_l)
p[l f[ ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ l_[fct[gim []nim fc\l_m*
@f [caog_hni fc\_ln[lci ko_ j_lgcn_ jli\[l ko_ hi ji^_gim
_pcn[l f[ ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ ho_mnlim []nim mih fc\l_m l_koc_l_ ]c_ln[m
]ihmc^_l[]cih_m ko_ s[ b[h mc^i _hoh]c[^[m* T[ b_gim i\m_lp[^i
ko_ f[ ^_fc\_l[]c}h ]ihff_p[ f[ ]ih^c]c}h ^_ ko_ _f ^_fc\_l[^il
]l_[ m_l fc\l_( ko_ ]l_[ ko_ _mny _h mom g[him _f_acl _hnl_ ^im
[fn_lh[ncp[m* ?_ m_l zmn_ _f ][mi( ni^i fi ko_ _f fc\_ln[lci h_]_mcn[
_mn[\f_]_l j[l[ jli\[l ko_ _mn[ ]l__h]c[ _h f[ fc\_ln[^ _m ch_pcn[)
\f_ _m mcgjf_g_hn_ ko_ f[ ^_fc\_l[]c}h _m ch_pcn[\f_* >c_ln[g_hn_
l_mofn[ ^o^imi ko_ ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ himinlim jo_^[ _m][j[l ]ig)
jf_n[g_hn_ [ f[ ^_fc\_l[]c}h* @mny gos ]f[li ko_ ni^im himinlim
^_fc\_l[gim ^ol[hn_ ]c_lni f[jmi( jil \l_p_ ko_ zmn_ m_[( []_l][
^_ mc ^_\_gim l_[fct[l n[f i ]o[f []ni* Gi ko_ _f fc\_ln[lci [al_a[ [
fi [hn_lcil _m f[ i\m_lp[]c}h ^_ ko_ _f []ni i][mcih[f ^_ ^_fc\_l[l
`ilg[ j[ln_ ^_ f[ ]ihmncno]c}h jmc]if}ac][ ^_ fim m_l_m bog[him*
@h _`_]ni( _mni _m fi ko_( _h j[ln_( fim b[]_ m_l_m R_WKXY] s hi
g_lim li\inm* G[m j_lmih[m _mnyh jmc]if}ac][g_hn_ ]ihmncnoc^[m
j[l[ ^_fc\_l[l KV WOXY] OX MSO\^K] YMK]SYXO]( Kil fi n[hni( ]ih]fos_ _f
fc\_ln[lci( fim m_l_m bog[him _mnyh jmc]if}ac][g_hn_ ]ihmncnoc^im
^_ `ilg[ n[f ko_ ^_\_h ]l__l ko_ mih fc\l_m*
K[l[ l_`ilt[l _mn_ [laog_hni fc\_ln[lci ^_\_gim m_|[f[l( _h
jlcg_l foa[l( ko_ ]ih `l_]o_h]c[ f[m j_lmih[m []n[h jil ]im)
nog\l_ s hi ]igi ]ihm_]o_h]c[ ^_ oh[ ^_fc\_l[]c}h* K_li h[^c_
[]n[ jil ]imnog\l_ _h ni^i gig_hni s _h ni^[m f[m `ilg[m7 oh[
]lc[nol[ ko_ []no[l[ g_l[g_hn_ jil ]imnog\l_ ][^[ p_t ko_ [])
no[l[ ji^l{[ ]igj[l[lm_ ]ih oh li\in i oh [on}g[n[ s hi ]ih
oh[ j_lmih[* <^_gym( oh[ j_lmih[ hi jo_^_ []no[l mc_gjl_ jil
]imnog\l_7 ^_mjozm ^_ ni^i( f[m ]imnog\l_m nc_h_h ko_ chc]c[lm_
^_ [faoh[ g[h_l[( s fi ko_ f_m ^[ chc]ci _m( jil fi a_h_l[f( [fah
[]ni ko_ _m _f l_mofn[^i ^_ oh[ ^_fc\_l[]c}h* <m{ ko_( mc \c_h _m
]c_lni ko_ _h i][mcih_m f[m j_lmih[m []n[h mcgjf_g_hn_ jil ]im)
nog\l_( hi mc_gjl_ jo_^_h i\l[l ^_ _mn[ g[h_l[* < p_]_m( ^_\_h

G< I@>@ND?<? ?@ >M@@M @I G< GD=@MO<?

- 2 3

[]no[l ]igi l_mofn[^i ^_ oh[ ^_fc\_l[]c}h( s jil fi n[hni( ^_\_h

]l__l ko_ mih fc\l_m*
@f fc\_ln[lci [al_a[ly ko_ m}fi oh j[mi him m_j[l[ ^_ f[ ]ih)
]fomc}h ^_ ko_ f[ ]l__h]c[ _h _f []ni fc\l_ _m l[tih[\f_* T _m ko_( mc
[ oh[ j_lmih[ f_ l_mofn[ jmc]if}ac][g_hn_ cgjimc\f_ _pcn[l ]l__l
ko_ _m fc\l_( _hnih]_m _m l[tih[\f_ ko_ ^c]b[ j_lmih[ n_ha[ _m[
]l__h]c[* Ii ji^_gim ]ofj[l [ oh[ j_lmih[ jil []nim ko_ hi
jo^i _pcn[l ]ig_n_l( him l_]o_l^[h ^_\c^[g_hn_ fim ^_n_lgchcm)
n[m* ?_ n[f mo_ln_ ko_( hi ji^_gim ]ofj[l [ oh[ j_lmih[( _jcmn_)
gif}ac][g_hn_ b[\f[h^i( jil ]l__l _h [fai ko_ hi jo_^_ _pcn[l
]l__l* N_g_d[hn_m ]l__h]c[m( mimnc_h_ _f fc\_ln[lci( mih l[tih[\f_m(
s jil fi n[hni fi _m n[g\czh f[ ^i]nlch[ ^_f fc\_ln[lc[hcmgi*
EXK \O]Z_O]^K NO^O\WSXS]^K/ _XK M_O]^SiX NO O`SNOXMSK
Noj}ha[m_ ko_ []_jn[gim( jil gil ^_f [laog_hni( ko_ f[ ^_fc\_)
l[]c}h _m ch_pcn[\f_* <][mi _mni him i\fca[ [ []_jn[l f[ ]ih]fomc}h
^_ ko_ _m l[tih[\f_ l_]ihi]_l f[ n_mcm ^_f fc\_ln[lci s jil fi n[hni
[ l_]b[t[l f[ jimc]c}h ^_f ^_n_lgchcmn[; K[l[ ]igjli\[l ko_ hi
_m [m{( hc][g_hn_ h_]_mcn[gim _r[gch[l _f mojo_mni _mj_]c[f mi)
\l_ _f ko_ m_ [jis[ _f [laog_hni fc\_ln[lci* @f fc\_ln[lci b[ [mo)
gc^i ko_ mc ohi hi jo_^_ _pcn[l ]l__l [fai( _hnih]_m _m[ ]l__h]c[
_m l[tih[\f_* @mn_ mojo_mni( s hi _f ^_n_lgchcmgi( _m _f ko_ ^_)
\_l{[ m_l l_]b[t[^i jil gil ^_ f[ l[t}h* T[ ko_ fi ko_ ji^_gim i
hi ji^_gim _pcn[l ]l__l hi ]ihnlc\os_ [ ^_n_lgch[l koz _m l[ti)
h[\f_ ]l__l* Gi ko_ ]ighg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[ _mni fncgi _m f[ _pc)
^_h]c[ ko_ n_h_gim ^_ oh[ ]l__h]c[* Nc ]ihn[gim ]ih _pc^_h]c[
[^_]o[^[ ko_ domnc`cko_ oh[ ]l__h]c[( _hnih]_m f[ ]l__h]c[ _m l[)
tih[\f_7 gc_hnl[m ko_ mc n_h_gim _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ ko_ domnc`c)
ko_ fi ]ihnl[lci( _hnih]_m f[ ]l__h]c[ _m cll[tih[\f_* Nc i]ollc_l[
ko_ hi jo^czm_gim _pcn[l ]l__l [fai [ j_m[l ^_ ko_ n_ha[gim _pc)
^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ ko_ domnc`cko_ ]l__l fi ]ihnl[lci( _hnih]_m l_mof)
n[l{[ cll[tih[\f_ []_jn[l f[ ]l__h]c[* G[m i\m_lp[]cih_m [hn_lci)
l_m jo_^_h []f[l[lm_ g_^c[hn_ oh _d_gjfi* Noj}ha[m_ oh ch^c)
pc^oi ]os[ j_lmih[fc^[^ _m n[f ko_ hi jo_^_ _pcn[l ]l__l ko_ mo
g[^l_ fi [g[* I_]_mcn[( jil _h]cg[ ^_ ]o[fkoc_l inl[ ]im[( ]l__l
_mni s ^_ [b{ ko_ hi jo_^[ [fcg_hn[l hchaoh[ ]l__h]c[ ]ihnl[lc[*
<][mi jlo_\[ _mni ko_ _m l[tih[\f_ ko_ zf ]l_[ ko_ mo g[^l_ fi
[g[ s ko_ l_]b[]_ ]o[fkoc_l ]l__h]c[ ]ihnl[lc[; Nc omn_^ m_ _h)
]o_hnl[ _h [fah m_hnc^i ch]fch[^i [ ]ihn_mn[l [`clg[ncp[g_hn_

 %'

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

[ _mn[ jl_aohn[( cg[ach_ ko_ f[ g[^l_ _m \[cf[lch[ s ko_ i^c[ [

mo bcdi \[mn[l^i jilko_ mo h[]cgc_hni g[h]cff} mo l_jon[]c}h s
n_lgch} ]ih mo ][ll_l[* Kil inl[ j[ln_( cg[ach_ ko_ ni^im mom [])
nim b[]c[ mo bcdi mih g[fp[^im s my^c]im* >ihmn[hn_g_hn_ f_ _mny
^[h^i ni^[m f[m go_mnl[m ]ih]_\c\f_m ^_ mo ^_mjl_]ci gc_hnl[m
ko_ zf( _f bcdi( mcao_ ]l_s_h^i _h _f [gil ^_ mo g[^l_* @mny zf
[]no[h^i l[tih[\f_g_hn_; Nch ^o^[ mo ]igjiln[gc_hni _m ^_f
ni^i cll[tih[\f_( s fi _m jl_]cm[g_hn_ jilko_ zf hi jo_^_ _pcn[l
]l__l oh[ ]im[ ]o[h^i f[ l[t}h f_ _rca_ ko_ ]l_[ inl[*
G[ gil[f_d[ ^_ _mn[ bcmnilc[ _m ko_ jo_^_ m_l cll[tih[\f_ ]l__l
[fai ko_ ohi hi jo_^_ _pcn[l ]l__l* Oi^i ^_j_h^_ ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[*
@f ko_ hi ji^[gim _pcn[l ]l__l ko_ l_[fct[gim []nim fc\l_m hi
j_lgcn_ ^_gimnl[l ko_ _m l[tih[\f_ ko_ ]l_[gim _mni( ch]fomi mc
ji^_gim `y]cfg_hn_ hi ]l__l _h _f ^_n_lgchcmgi( [m{ ]igi _f b_)
]bi ^_ ko_ _f bcdi hi jo_^[ _pcn[l ]l__l ko_ mo g[^l_ fi [g[
hi j_lgcn_ ^_gimnl[l ko_ _m l[tih[\f_ ko_ zf ]l_[ _mni( [ohko_
`y]cfg_hn_ jo_^_ hi ]l__l fi ]ihnl[lci* K[l[ ^_gimnl[l ko_ oh[
]l__h]c[ _m gym l[tih[\f_ ko_ inl[ ^_\_ jli\[lm_ ko_ f[ _pc^_h)
]c[ _h `[pil ^_ f[ oh[ _m gym m}fc^[ ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil
^_ f[ inl[* Kil fi n[hni( j[l[ _mn[\f_]_l f[ jimc]c}h fc\_ln[lc[( _f
fc\_ln[lci ^_\_ jli\[l ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_ f[ ]l__h]c[
_h fim []nim fc\l_m _m gym m}fc^[ ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_f ^_)
n_lgchcmgi* <h hi m_ b[ jl_m_hn[^i hchaoh[ _pc^_h]c[ _h _mn_
m_hnc^i*
EXK \O]Z_O]^K VSLO\^K\SK/ \KdiX c MYX]S]^OXMSK
@m ]c_lni ko_ fi l[tih[\f_ ^_ oh[ ]l__h]c[ ^_j_h^_ a_h_l[fg_hn_
^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[* Nch _g\[lai( hi _m [m{ _h ni^im fim ][mim* Ko_^_
^_gimnl[lm_ ko_ oh[ ]l__h]c[ _m l[tih[\f_ jilko_ []_jnyh^if[(
s ]iVY []_jnyh^if[( _m jimc\f_ _pcn[l f[ ch]ihmcmn_h]c[* N_ah _f fc)
\_ln[lci( _m jl_]cm[g_hn_ _mn_ ncji ^_ ]ihmc^_l[]c}h _f ko_ l_mofn[
j_lnch_hn_ _h _mn[ ]isohnol[*
G[ [caog_hn[]c}h ^_f fc\_ln[lci _m [ko{ gos m_h]cff[* N[\_gim
ko_ n[hni _f fc\_ln[lci ]igi _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ mih ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[m6
[g\im []_jn[h f[ jimc]c}h m_ah f[ ]o[f f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi
s f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ [faohim []nim mih fc\l_m mih ch]ihmcmn_h)
n_m i ch]igj[nc\f_m* K_li( ^_ []o_l^i ]ih _mn[ gcmg[ [laog_h)
n[]c}h( ohi hi jo_^_ _pcn[l ]l__l ko_ [faohim []nim mih fc\l_m*
?[^i ko_( ]ihmcmn_hn_g_hn_( ohi hi jo_^_ ]l__l jil oh f[^i

G< I@>@ND?<? ?@ >M@@M @I G< GD=@MO<?

%(

ko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li s jil _f inli ko_ b[s []nim

fc\l_m( ohi jo_^_ _pcn[l f[m ]l__h]c[m ch]ihmcmn_hn_m hc][g_hn_
l_]b[t[h^i _f ^_n_lgchcmgi s []_jn[h^i _f [laog_hni ^_ ko_
[faohim []nim mih fc\l_m* ?_ m_l [m{( l_mofn[ l[tih[\f_ []_jn[l fi
m_aoh^i s l_]b[t[l fi jlcg_li7 _m ^_]cl( _m l[tih[\f_ []_jn[l _f
fc\_ln[lc[hcmgi* @f [laog_hni _m _hnih]_m _f mcaoc_hn_6
-* Nc ^_ b_]bi n_h_gim ]l__h]c[m ch]igj[nc\f_m l_mj_]ni ^_ f[
fc\_ln[^ s _f ^_n_lgchcmgi( s mc _m jmc]if}ac][g_hn_ cgjimc)
\f_ l_hoh]c[l [ f[ jlcg_l[ gc_hnl[m ko_ _m jmc]if}ac][g_hn_
jimc\f_ l_hoh]c[l [f m_aoh^i( _hnih]_m _m l[tih[\f_ ]ih)
m_lp[l f[ ]l__h]c[ _h f[ fc\_ln[^ s l_]b[t[l f[ ]l__h]c[ _h _f
^_n_lgchcmgi*
.* G[ ^i]nlch[ ^_ f[ fc\_ln[^ %^_ fim []nim fc\l_m& s f[ n_mcm ^_f
^_n_lgchcmgi mih ch]igj[nc\f_m*
/* ?_ b_]bi( ]l__gim n[hni _h f[ ^i]nlch[ ^_ f[ fc\_ln[^ ]igi
_h f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
0* Iiminlim %f[m j_lmih[m& n_h_gim( ^_ b_]bi( ]l__h]c[m ch]ih)
mcmn_hn_m j_lnch_hn_m*
1* Nigim jmc]if}ac][g_hn_ ch][j[]_m ^_ l_hoh]c[l [ f[ ]l__h)
]c[ _h f[ fc\_ln[^( gc_hnl[m ko_ migim jmc]if}ac][g_hn_ ][)
j[]_m ^_ l_hoh]c[l [ f[ ]l__h]c[ _h _f ^_n_lgchcmgi*
2* @m l[tih[\f_ ]ihm_lp[l f[ ]l__h]c[ _h f[ fc\_ln[^ s l_]b[t[l
f[ ]l__h]c[ _h f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi*
Qcgim ]ih [hn_lcilc^[^ _h _mn_ ][j{nofi ko_ f[ jl_gcm[ %/& _m
p_l^[^_l[( s m[\_gim ko_ f[ jl_gcm[ %.&( mc hi _m p_l^[^_l[( [f
g_him _m []_jn[^[ n[hni jil _f fc\_ln[lci ]igi jil _f ^_n_lgc)
hcmn[* Kil fi n[hni( _m j_l`_]n[g_hn_ ]ill_]ni oncfct[l f[ jl_gcm[
%.& _h _f jl_m_hn_ ]ihn_rni* Ach[fg_hn_( [ohko_ f[ jl_gcm[ %-& _m
gym \c_h ]igjf_d[( mc f[ [h[fct[gim ]ih ]oc^[^i ^_m]o\lcgim ko_
_m n[g\czh gos l[tih[\f_* Kil mojo_mni( _m cgjiln[hn_ i\m_lp[l
ko_ f[ jl_gcm[ %-& hi ^_j_h^_ ^_f ^_m[]l_^cn[^i mojo_mni ^_ ko_
fi ko_ ohi hi jo_^_ _pcn[l ]l__l _m [onigync][g_hn_ l[tih[\f_*
N_ [jis[( _h ][g\ci( _h f[ [`clg[]c}h gym moncf m_ah f[ ]o[f mc
ohi _m ch][j[t ^_ _pcn[l n_h_l ]c_ln[ ]l__h]c[ s mc f[ hc][ `ilg[
^_ _pcn[l n_h_l ]l__h]c[m ch]ihmcmn_hn_m _m ]ihm_lp[l _m[ gcmg[

- 3 ,

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

]l__h]c[( _hnih]_m _f ]ihm_lp[l _m[ ]l__h]c[ %_h f[ fc\_ln[^& _m l[)

tih[\f_* @mn_ [laog_hni j[l_]_ gos l[tih[\f_*
EXK \gZVSMK NO^O\WSXS]^K/ N_NK] KMO\MK NO VK Z\OWS]K .
G[ jl_gcm[ %1& nc_h_ ^im j[ln_m( s jil fi n[hni m}fi _m p_l^[^_l[
mc [g\[m j[ln_m mih p_l^[^_l[m* < _mn_ l_mj_]ni _f [laog_hni ^_)
n_lgchcmn[ _m ko_ f[ jlcg_l[ j[ln_ ^_ %1& _m `[fm[* @f fc\_ln[lci
mimnc_h_ ko_ ^[^i ko_ hchaoh[ j_lmih[ jo_^_ _fo^cl f[ ^_fc\_)
l[]c}h( ]o[h^i g_him _h ]c_ln[m i][mcih_m( s jo_mni ko_ f[ ^_fc\_)
l[]c}h cgjfc][ n_h_l f[ ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ m_ _m fc\l_( _hnih]_m ohi
hi jo_^_ _pcn[l ]l__l ko_ _m fc\l_* Kil fi n[hni( ohi hi jo_^_
l_hoh]c[l [ _mn[ ]l__h]c[* G[ `[f[]c[ ^_ _mn_ l[tih[gc_hni m_ ^[
_h f[ mojo_mn[ ]ih_rc}h _hnl_ f[ ^_fc\_l[]c}h s f[ ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_
m_ _m fc\l_* >o[h^i ohi _mny ^_fc\_l[h^i( ohi ]l__ ko_ _m fc\l_*
K_li hi b[s l[tih_m j[l[ ]l__l ko_ ohi MYX]O\`K\f _mn[ ]l__h]c[
[ nl[pzm ^_f nc_gji( s jil fi n[hni hi b[s l[t}h j[l[ ]l__l ko_
ohi hi ji^l{[ j_l^_l f[ ]l__h]c[ ]ih _f j[mi ^_f nc_gji* @f jli)
\f_g[ ^_f gig_hni ^_ f[ ^_fc\_l[]c}h s ^_ f[ ]l__h]c[( mimnc_h_ _f
^_n_lgchcmn[( _m ]lo]c[f* Oi^i fi ko_ _f fc\_ln[lci b[ gimnl[^i _m
ko_ jmc]if}ac][g_hn_ _m cgjimc\f_ _pcn[l ]l__l OX KVQjX WYWOX^Y
ko_ ohi _m fc\l_* K_li hi m_ b[h ^[^i l[tih_m j[l[ [jis[l f[ n_)
mcm ^_ ko_ ohi ]ihm_lp[ly _mn[ ]l__h]c[ ]ih _f j[mi ^_f nc_gji*
@h _`_]ni( jil fi ko_ a_h_l[fg_hn_ m[\_gim ^_ f[m ]l__h]c[m( b[s
mo`c]c_hn_m l[tih_m j[l[ j_hm[l ko_( [ g_him ko_ m_ p_[ l_`il)
t[^[ g_^c[hn_ ^_fc\_l[]c}h [^c]cih[f( f[ ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ ohi _m
fc\l_ jo_^_ gos \c_h [\[h^ih[lm_* @mni \[mn[ j[l[ l_`on[l f[ jl_)
gcm[ %1&* Kil mojo_mni( \[di _mn[m ]cl]ohmn[h]c[m ohi hi NO]MK\^K\hK
pifohn[lc[g_hn_ f[ ]l__h]c[ _h f[ fc\_ln[^7 j_li( hi i\mn[hn_( m_
j_l^_l{[*
Ph[ `ilg[ ^_ ][jn[l _f [caog_hni ^_f ^_n_lgchcmn[ _m cg[)
ach[l ko_ _m cgjimc\f_ j[l[ ]o[fkoc_l j_lmih[ _pcn[l b[]_l ^_fc)
\_l[]cih_m ]o[h^i g_him _h [faoh[m i][mcih_m( ^ca[gim _h nl_m
i][mcih_m* @h ][^[ oh[ ^_ zmn[m( _hnih]_m( f[ j_lmih[ ]l__ly ko_
_m fc\l_* @m jimc\f_( jmc]if}ac][g_hn_( ko_ _mn[ j_lmih[ m_ `ilg_
nl_m by\cnim [ j[lncl ^_ _mn[m nl_m []]cih_m( s ko_ hoh][ gym po_fp[
[ ^_fc\_l[l( mchi ko_ gym \c_h []n_ mc_gjl_ _h `oh]c}h ^_ ohi ^_
mom by\cnim* @h n[f ][mi( _m l[tih[\f_ mojih_l ko_ ^c]b[ j_lmih[
j_l^_ly mo ]l__h]c[ _h f[ fc\_ln[^ m_h]cff[g_hn_ jilko_ f[m ]l__h)
]c[m hi l_`ilt[^[m m_ jc_l^_h ]ih `l_]o_h]c[* T mc _m l[tih[\f_

@QD?@I>D< DIOMJNK@>ODQ< @I A<QJM ?@ G< GD=@MO<?

- 3 -

]l__l ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ j_l^_ly m_g_d[hn_ ]l__h]c[( _hnih]_m ji)

^_gim ]ih]focl ko_ _m jmc]if}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ _mni i]oll[*
Kil fi n[hni( _m jmc]if}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ l_hoh]c[l [ f[ ]l__h]c[
^_ ko_ m_ _m fc\l_( _mj_]{`c][g_hn_( [\[h^ih[h^i f[ ]l__h]c[ _h
f[ `ilg[ ]igi m_ b[ ^_m]lcni*
@mn[m ]ihmc^_l[]cih_m \[mn[h j[l[ _mn[\f_]_l ko_ f[ jl_gcm[ %1&
^_f [laog_hni fc\_ln[lci _m ^o^im[ s( jil fi n[hni( ko_ mo [lao)
g_hni hi m_ mimnc_h_* Gim ^im chn_hnim ^_f fc\_ln[lci jil nlcoh`[l
mch oh[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ fi [jis_ s jil ko_l_l gimnl[l( [ j_m[l ^_
_ffi( ko_ mo ^i]nlch[ _m gym l[tih[\f_ ko_ f[ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmn[ b[h
`l[][m[^i* @m nc_gji ^_ ]ihmc^_l[l koz _pc^_h]c[ l_[f jo_^_ b[)
\_l _h `[pil ^_ f[ jimc]c}h fc\_ln[lc[*
@ G N@B P I ? J < M B P H @I OJ G D= @ M O < M DJ 6
@ Q D? @I > D< DI O M J N K@ > O DQ < @I A<QJM ? @ G< GD=@M O< ?

T[ b_gim i\m_lp[^i ko_ _rcmn_h ^im ncjim ^_ [laog_hni ko_ _f fc)

\_ln[lci ji^l{[ oncfct[l j[l[ ^_gimnl[l ko_ mo jimc]c}h _m gym l[)
tih[\f_ ko_ f[ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmn[* C_gim _mno^c[^i oh [laog_hni
ko_ hi jf[hn_[ _f jli\f_g[ ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ j[l[ f[ jimc]c}h fc\_l)
n[lc[ s ko_( _h ][g\ci( ff[g[ f[ [n_h]c}h mi\l_ fi ko_ ohi jo_^_
]l__l ]ih ]ihmcmn_h]c[* Nch _g\[lai( _mn_ [laog_hni j[l_]_ b[)
\_l `l[][m[^i* @f hc]i ][gchi ko_ [bil[ f_ ko_^[ [f fc\_ln[lci
_m gimnl[l ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_ mo jimc]c}h _m gym m}fc^[
ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi* >}gi jo_^_ b[)
]_lfi; K[l[ l_mjih^_l [ _mn[ jl_aohn[ l_mofn[l{[ ncf []f[l[l b[mn[
]c_lni johni f[ jimc]c}h ^_f fc\_ln[lci* C_gim b[\f[^i ^_ f[ ]ih)
* pc]]c}h ^_ ko_ migim fc\l_m( ^_ ko_ l_[fct[gim []nim fc\l_m( ^_
ko_ migim fc\l_m ^_ []no[l ^_ oh gi^i i ^_ inli( s [m{ mo]_mc)
p[g_hn_* Kil _]ihig{[( [m{ ]igi j[l[ []f[l[l f[m ]im[m( `cd_gim
ho_mnl[ [n_h]c}h _h oh[ fi]o]c}h ko_ ji^_gim oncfct[l j[l[ _r)
jl_m[l f[ c^_[ ^_ ko_ f[m j_lmih[m l_[fct[h []nim fc\l_m* Locty f[
j[f[\l[ gym [^_]o[^[ j[l[ l_[fct[l _mn[ n[l_[ m_[ f[ j_ko_|[ j[)
f[\l[ ji^_l* Oi^[m f[m ^_gym c^_[m ko_ _f fc\_ln[lci \om][ _r)
jl_m[l jo_^_h _rjl_m[lm_ oncfct[h^i _mn[ j[f[\l[ _h mom ^cp_l)
mim nc_gjim* Kil _d_gjfi( _h i][mcih_m _f fc\_ln[lci `ilgof[ mom
c^_[m ^c]c_h^i ko_ mc oh[ j_lmih[ _m fc\l_ ]ih l_mj_]ni [ ]c_ln[
[]]c}h 4& _hnih]_m _mny _h mo ji^_l l_[fct[l 4 s n[g\czh _mny _h
mo ji^_l hi l_[fct[l 4( @mn[ c^_[ jo_^_ _rjl_m[lm_ ]ih \[mn[hn_
`[]cfc^[^ ^c]c_h^i ko_ f[ j_lmih[ jo_^_ l_[fct[ly s n[g\czh ko_

- 3 .

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

jo_^_( mc [m{ fi ^_m_[( hi l_[fct[l 4( Jnl[ `ilg[ ^_ jimnof[l f[

jimc]c}h fc\_ln[lc[ ]ihmcmn_ _h ^_]cl ko_ ]o[h^i oh[ j_lmih[ _m
fc\l_( ]o[h^i mo []ni _m fc\l_( _hnih]_m _m ^_]cmc}h mos[ l_[fct[l i
hi ^c]bi []ni* Io_p[g_hn_( _mn[ c^_[ jo_^_ _rjl_m[lm_ ^c]c_h^i
ko_ f[ j_lmih[ jo_^_ l_[fct[l _f []ni s n[g\czh ko_ jo_^_( mc [m{
fi ^_m_[( hi l_[fct[lfi* Ph[ `ilg[ gym ^_ _rjl_m[l f[ c^_[ ^_f
fc\_ln[lci _m ^_]cl ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ _m fc\l_ ]o[h^i nc_h_ [fn_lh[)
ncp[m* <bil[ \c_h( mc f[ j_lmih[ l_[fg_hn_ nc_h_ [fn_lh[ncp[m( _mni
koc_l_ ^_]cl ko_ ]o[fkoc_l[ ko_ m_[ mo _f_]]c}h( jo^i b[\_l [])
no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* <m{ ko_ ji^_gim _rjl_m[l f[ ^_[ ^_ ko_
oh[ j_lmih[ b[ l_[fct[^i oh []ni fc\l_ ^c]c_h^i ko_ [ohko_ l_)
[fct} _f []ni( s ko_( i\pc[g_hn_( jo^i b[]_lfi( n[g\czh _m ]c_lni
ko_ jo^i b[\_l b_]bi ]o[fkoc_l inl[ ]im[ _h mo foa[l* ?_ gi^i
ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ l_[fct[ oh []ni fc\l_ mc s m}fi mc jo^i b[\_l b_)
]bi ]o[fkoc_l inl[ ]im[ _h foa[l ^_ f[ ko_ bcti*
@f ko_ n_ha[gim _pc^_h]c[ ^_ ko_ f[m j_lmih[m mih fc\l_m( mi)
j_m[h^i f[ _pc^_h]c[ ]ih f[ ko_ ]ihn[gim _h `[pil ^_ f[ n_mcm ^_f
^_n_lgchcmgi( ^_j_h^_ ^_ koz n[h m}fc^[ _m ho_mnl[ _pc^_h]c[ _h
`[pil ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l b_]bi inl[
]im[ _h foa[l ^_ f[ ko_ bcti _h [faoh[ i][mc}h* Loz n[h m}fc^[
_m _mn[ _pc^_h]c[;
<Y] NK^Y] NO VK SX^\Y]ZOMMSiX
?_ b_]bi ni^im ^_fc\_l[gim( s _mni mcahc`c][ ko_ ni^im himinlim
]l__gim _h ]c_lni gig_hni ko_ jo^cgim b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli
gi^i* <m{ ko_ ^_\_ []_jn[lm_ ]igi oh b_]bi ^_ chnlimj_]]c}h
chh_a[\f_ ko_ m{ ]l__gim ko_ jo^cgim b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli
gi^i* @f jli\f_g[ ko_ ^_\_gim ]ihmc^_l[l [bil[ _m _f mcaoc_hn_*
<][mi _f ko_ himinlim ]l_[gim _mni ]ihmncnos_ oh[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_
him j_lgcn[ ^_]cl ko_ _m ]c_lni; >ih `l_]o_h]c[ ]l__gim ]im[m
ko_ mih `[fm[m s _f ko_ ]l_[gim ko_ mih p_l^[^_l[m hi ]ihmncnos_
_pc^_h]c[ [faoh[ ko_ him j_lgcn[ ^_]cl ko_ mih p_l^[^_l[m* Ii
i\mn[hn_ fi chp_lmi _m p_l^[^_li* J][mcih[fg_hn_ _f mifi b_]bi
^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ ]l_[ [fai m{ ]ihmncnos_ oh[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil
^_ f[ p_l[]c^[^ ^_ fi ko_ ]l__* Kil _d_gjfi( mc mis n_mncai ^_ oh
]lcg_h( s si ]l_i ko_ _f [m_mchi _m K_^li I[p[d[( _hnih]_m gc
]l__h]c[ ]ihmncnocl{[ oh[ _pc^_h]c[( kocty _pc^_h]c[ gos m}fc^[
_h l_[fc^[^( ^_ ko_ K_^li I[p[d[ _m ^_ b_]bi _f [m_mchi* @h _mn_
][mi( _f ko_ si ]l_[ ko_ [fai _m ^_ n[f g[h_l[ jlijil]cih[ oh[

@QD?@I>D< DIOMJNK@>ODQ< @I A<QJM ?@ G< GD=@MO<?

- 3 /

_pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ j[l[ ]ih]focl ko_ _m ^_ n[f g[h_l[* <][mi

ho_mnl[ ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ migim fc\l_m ]ihmncnos_ oh[ _pc^_h]c[
[^_]o[^[ ^_ ko_( ^_ b_]bi( migim fc\l_m;
<hn_m ^_ nl[n[l ^_ l_mjih^_l [ _mn[ jl_aohn[( _m h_]_m[lci b[)
]_l [faoh[m ^cmnch]cih_m cgjiln[hn_m* >ihmc^zl_m_ ho_p[g_hn_ [f
n_mncai ^_ oh ]lcg_h7 ]oyf _m ]_ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ ko_ oh ]lcg_h nopi
foa[l; Ko_m \c_h( ji^l{[ ohi ^_]cl( mo _pc^_h]c[ _m mo _rj_lc_h)
]c[ pcmo[f l_[f( _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ _h l_[fc^[^ zf p_ ]}gi i]oll_ _f
]lcg_h* <m{ ko_( f[ ]l__h]c[ ^_f n_mncai ^_ ko_ i]ollc} oh ]lcg_h
m_ \[m[ _h f[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ fim m_hnc^im( [ m[\_l( _h mo jlijc[ _rj_)
lc_h]c[ pcmo[f ^_f ]lcg_h* T( koz ^_]cl ^_f l_mni ^_ himinlim ko_
hi [n_mncao[gim _f ]lcg_h; >_O]^\K ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ i]ollc} oh
]lcg_h m_ \[m[ _h _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ ]l__ ko_ m{ nopi
foa[l( j_li hi mcgjf_g_hn_ _h _mni* @m[ j_lmih[ _m oh n_mncai
l_[f s m_ f_ ]ihi]_ ]igi n[f( i himinlim ]l__gim l[tih[\f_g_hn_
ko_ fi _m* G[ [h[fia{[ ko_ _f fc\_ln[lci oncfct[l{[ _m f[ mcaoc_hn_*
Ph ch^cpc^oi ^[^i( ^ca[gim 4& nc_h_ oh[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_
]_ ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ _m fc\l_( [ m[\_l( ]c_ln[ ]f[m_ ^_ m_hm[]c}h ^_
fc\_ln[^* @mn[ m_hm[]c}h( jo_m( _m [hyfia[ [ f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ pcmo[f
^_f n_mncai* @f l_mni ^_ himinlim n[g\czh nc_h_ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ ko_
4 _m fc\l_( [ m[\_l( f[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ ko_ _mni _m ]l_{^i jil 4 s ^_
ko_ nc_h_ i nopi f[ m_hm[]c}h [^_]o[^[* Gi ko_ l_mofn[ ]lo]c[f
j[l[ _f fc\_ln[lci( mch _g\[lai( _m f[ jlcg_l[ ]f[m_ ^_ _pc^_h]c[( f[
ko_ ji^l{[gim ff[g[l _pc^_h]c[ j_lmih[f* >o[fkoc_l j_lmih[(
]igi 4 jil _d_gjfi( nc_h_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ j_lmih[f ^_ ko_ _m fc\l_
][^[ p_t ko_ _rj_lcg_hn[ ^_n_lgch[^[ m_hm[]c}h ^_ fc\_ln[^( f[
m_hm[]c}h ^_ m_l fc\l_ j[l[ []no[l ^_ ^c`_l_hn_m g[h_l[m i j[l[
hi []no[l _h [\mifoni*
<faohim ^_n_lgchcmn[m b[h [laog_hn[^i ko_ _mn[ m_hm[]c}h i
]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ migim fc\l_m hi ]ihmncnos_ _pc^_h]c[ [faoh[ j[l[
]l__l ko_ migim fc\l_m( i ko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m `[fmi* Kil _d_g)
jfi( >[lc C_gj_f [laog_hn[ fi ko_ mcao_6
@h fi ko_ l_mj_]n[ [ f[ jlcg_l[ i\d_]c}h [f ^_n_lgchcmgi( f[ ]o[f m_
l_`c_l_ [ oh[ i\mnch[^[ m_hm[]c}h ^_ fc\_ln[^ ^_ _f_]]c}h( ** * Vzmn[X
hi jo_^_ ]ihn[l ]igi _pc^_h]c[ _h ]ihnl[ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi s[
ko_( mch ^o^[( _mn[ ]f[m_ ^_ m_hm[]c}h jo_^_ l_mofn[l _ha[|im[* ?_
b_]bi( ]ihmc^_li ko_ _mn[ m_hm[]c}h _m cll_f_p[hn_ j[l[ _f jli\f_g[
^_ f[ ^_n_lgch[]c}h ][om[f* Ko_mni ko_( j[l[ ^_]c^cl mc oh Pji ^[^i
^_ _f_]]c}h _mny ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i( n_h_gim ko_ ]ihmc^_l[l
mc b[s oh mo]_mi [hn_]_^_hn_ ]ih _f ]o[f f[ _f_]]c}h m_ _h]o_hnl[

- 3 0

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

MYXOM^KNK WONSKX^O _XK VOc QOXO\KV _h `ilg[ m_h]cff[* T( ]ih m_aolc)

^[^( mch ko_ fim ^[nim i\n_hc\f_m g_^c[hn_ chnlimj_]]c}h( _mj_]c[f)
g_hn_ f[ i\mnch[^[ m_hm[]c}h ^_ fc\_ln[^( ao[l^_h l_f[]c}h [faoh[
]ih _mn[ ]o_mnc}h* @f big\l_ n{gc^i( jil _d_gjfi( ko_ `ilg[ j[ln_
^_f [o^cnilci ^_ oh[ m_mc}h ^_ bcjhimcm s ko_ m_ f_p[hn[ j[l[ b[]_l
oh ^cm]olmi jo_^_( ]ih ni^[ p[fc^_t( [laog_hn[l oh[ m_hm[]c}h ^_
]igjf_n[ fc\_ln[^ [f _f_acl []no[l ^_ _m[ g[h_l[6 _mni l_mofn[ gos
]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ ko_ mo _f_]]c}h m_ _h]ihnl[l[ ][o)
m[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^[ %jil g_^ci ^_ f_s_m a_h_l[f_m l_f[]cih[^[m
]ih fim _`_]nim ^_ f[ bcjhimcm& jil f[ ch^c][]c}h ko_ jl_pc[g_hn_
l_]c\c} \[di fim _`_]nim ^_ f[ bcjhimcm*-,
@m cgjiln[hn_ i\m_lp[l ko_ C_gj_f hi _mny ]o_mncih[h^i fi ko_
^_m]o\lcgim g_^c[hn_ f[ chnlimj_]]c}h* vf [^gcn_ ko_ g_^c[hn_
f[ chnlimj_]]c}h ^_m]o\lcgim ko_ ]l__gim m_l fc\l_m i ko_ n_h_)
gim f[ m_hm[]c}h ^_ m_l fc\l_m( j_li ]o_mncih[ f[ l_f_p[h]c[ ^_
_mnim ^[nim ^_lcp[^im ^_ f[ chnlimj_]]c}h j[l[ _f jli\f_g[ ^_
mc ho_mnlim []nim _mnyh ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^im* <^gcn_ ko_(
g_^c[hn_ f[ chnlimj_]]c}h( ji^_gim ^_m]o\lcl ko_ n_h_gim _mn[
]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ migim fc\l_m( j_li hc_a[ ko_ _mn[ ]l__h]c[ ]ihmnc)
nos[ _pc^_h]c[ [faoh[ _h `[pil ^_ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ migim fc)
\l_m* Kil fi n[hni( f[ ]ihpc]]c}h fc\_ln[lc[ ^_ ko_ _h i][mcih_m jo)
^cgim b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i ^_ hchaoh[ g[h_l[ m_ [jis[(
mimnc_h_ C_gj_f( _h _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ _h l_[fc^[^ ]l__gim ko_ _m
[m{* No [laog_hni \ymc]i _m ko_ n[f ]l__h]c[ jo_^_ m_l _ha[|im[7
fim ^[nim jli^o]ni ^_ f[ chnlimj_]]c}h hi ]ihmncnos_h oh[ _pc^_h)
]c[ [^_]o[^[ j[l[ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ jo^cgim b[\_l []no[^i
^_ inli gi^i( jilko_ f[ chnlimj_]]c}h jo_^_ _ha[|[lhim* Kil
_mn[ l[t}h mimnc_h_ ko_ fim ^[nim ^_lcp[^im ^_ f[ chnlimj_]]c}h hi
ao[l^[h hchaoh[ l_f[]c}h ]ih _f jli\f_g[ ^_ mc ho_mnlim []nim
i _f_]]cih_m _mnyh ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^im jil [fah mo]_mi
[hn_]_^_hn_*
< j_m[l ^_ fi ]ihpch]_hn_ ko_ jo_^[ l_mofn[l _f [laog_hni ^_
C_gj_f( _f fc\_ln[lci \c_h ji^l{[ l_]b[t[lfi* @h jlcg_l foa[l(
^_f b_]bi ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ Z_ONO ]O\ _ha[|[^[ [f []_jn[l oh[
bcj}n_mcm mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ ]c_ln[ _rj_lc_h]c[ hi m_ mcao_ ko_ _f ko_
_ff[ n_ha[ ^c]b[ _rj_lc_h]c[ hi fial[ jlijil]cih[lf_ oh[ _pc^_h)
]c[ [^_]o[^[ j[l[ []_jn[l f[ bcj}n_mcm* G[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ko_ him
-,
>[lc B* C _g j_f( Nig _ M_`f_]ncihm ih O b_ ][m_ `il ? _n_lgcbcmg _h
/JYJWRNSNXR FSI 1WJJITR NS YMJ ,LJ T K 8TIJR >HNJSHJ# I_q Tile Phcp_lmcns Kl_mm(
I o_p[ Tile( - 514( Ns^h_s C iie %_^*&( j* -2-*

@QD?@I>D< DIOMJNK@>ODQ< @I A<QJM ?@ D< GD=@MO<?

- 3 1

jlijil]cih[h oh[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ j[l[ []ijf[l bcj}n_mcm mi)

\l_ ]o[fkoc_l ][hnc^[^ ^_ ]im[m mih _rj_lc_h]c[m ko_ jo_^_h l_)
mofn[l _ha[|im[m* Kil _d_gjfi( moj}ha[m_ ko_ p_i oh[ mcff[ `l_hn_
[ g{* G[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ko_ _mnis n_hc_h^i g_ jlijil]cih[l{[h
oh[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ j[l[ ]l__l ko_ oh[ mcff[ m_ _h]o_hnl[
[ff{* I[^c_ h_a[l{[ ko_ f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ko_ n_hai ]ihmncnos_h(
_h _`_]ni( oh[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ _h `[pil ^_ _m[ bcj}n_mcm* K_li(
hi i\mn[hn_( ]igi i\m_lp[gim _h _f >[j{nofi .( _mn[ _rj_lc_h]c[
jo_^_ m_l _ha[|im[* Kil _d_gjfi( oh bcjhinct[^il ji^l{[ jlipi)
][l _h g{ _rj_lc_h]c[m domn[g_hn_ ^_ _mn_ ncji ]o[h^i _h l_[fc^[^
hi m_ _h]o_hnl[ hchaoh[ mcff[ `l_hn_ [ g{* <m{ ko_ [f cao[f ko_ _f
bcjhinct[^il _ha[|[ [ oh[ j_lmih[ b[]czh^if_ ]l__l ko_ _m fc\l_
]o[h^i hi fi _m( [m{ n[g\czh _f bcjhinct[^il ji^l{[ _ha[|[lf[
b[]czh^if_ ]l__l ko_ b[s oh[ mcff[ `l_hn_ [ _ff[ ]o[h^i hi f[ b[s*
Nch _g\[lai( [g\[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ji^l{[h ]ihmncnocl oh[ _pc^_h)
]c[ [^_]o[^[ _h `[pil ^_ f[m bcj}n_mcm ko_ f[ j_lmih[ []_jn[*
@f [laog_hni ko_ [][\[gim ^_ ]ihmc^_l[l jo_^_ a_h_l[fc)
t[lm_* G[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ko_ him jlijil]cih[h oh[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_)
]o[^[ j[l[ []_jn[l oh[ bcj}n_mcm []_l][ ^_ ]c_lni i\d_ni `{mc]i(
]igi f[ ^_ ko_ b[s oh[ mcff[ `l_hn_ [ himinlim( []_l][ ^_ [faoh[
inl[ j_lmih[( ]igi f[ ^_ ko_ him _mny b[\f[h^i [ himinlim( s
[]_l][ ^_ [fah mo]_mi j[m[^i( ]igi f[ ^_ ko_ him ][m[gim [s_l(
ni^[m zmn[m mih _rj_lc_h]c[m ko_ jo_^_h m_l _ha[|im[m* C[s _r)
j_lc_h]c[m ko_ oh bcjhinct[^il jo_^_ oncfct[l j[l[ _ha[|[lhim*
?_ f[ gcmg[ g[h_l[ _h ko_ oh bcjhinct[^il _ha[|[ [ oh[ j_l)
mih[ b[]czh^if_ ]l__l ko_ _m fc\l_ ]o[h^i hi fi _m( [m{ n[g\czh _f
bcjhinct[^il f[ _ha[|[ b[]czh^if_ ]l__l ko_ b[s oh[ mcff[ `l_hn_ [
_ff[ ]o[h^i hi f[ b[s( ko_ _mny b[\f[h^i ]ih inl[ j_lmih[ ]o[h^i
hi fi _mny b[]c_h^i( s ko_ m_ ][m} [s_l ]o[h^i hi fi bcti* Ii i\m)
n[hn_( f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ko_ f[ j_lmih[ _mny n_hc_h^i f_ jlijil]ci)
h[h _h _`_]ni oh[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ j[l[ []_jn[l f[m bcj}n_mcm
ko_ _ff[ []_jn[( mc \c_h f[m bcj}n_mcm mih `[fm[m*
G[ l[t}h ^_ ko_ m_g_d[hn_m _rj_lc_h]c[m f_ ^_h [ oh[ j_lmih[
oh[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ _h `[pil ^_ mom ]l__h]c[m _m ko_ ^c]b[m
_rj_lc_h]c[m hi ^c`c_l_h _h ][ly]n_l ^_ f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ko_ n_)
h_gim ]o[h^i p_gim oh[ mcff[ `l_hn_ [ himinlim( b[\f[gim ]ih
inl[ j_lmih[ i l_]il^[gim ko_ him ][m[gim [s_l*
>igi pcgim _h _f >[j{nofi .( _rcmn_ f[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ ko_ _m)
n_gim _h oh _llil ]o[h^i ]l__gim ][mc ]o[fkoc_l ]im[* W fi [h)
n_lcil jo_^_ ]ihmc^_l[lm_ ]igi `oh^[g_hni j[l[ h_a[l ko_ ]K'

- 3 2

A*D* KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T A*D* ?@OA*MHDIDNHJ

LOWY]& ]o[h^i _f ]ihi]cgc_hni m_ ]ihmnlos_ [ j[lncl ^_f l_kocmcni

^_ ko_ m_ _r]fos[ ni^[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ _llil* K_li ch]fomi mc ]ih)
]focgim ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ n_h_gim _h ni^im _mnim ][mim hi him
^[ ]ihi]cgc_hni( ]igi ^_]f[l[ _f _m]zjnc]i( _h ^_`chcncp[ ni^[p{[
ji^_gim g[hn_h_l ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ him j_lgcn_ []_jn[l l[tih[)
\f_g_hn_ f[ bcj}n_mcm _h ]o_mnc}h* G[m bcj}n_mcm Z_ONOX m_l `[fm[m
[ j_m[l ^_ ho_mnl[ _pc^_h]c[( mc \c_h [faoh[m mih l[tih[\f_m [ j_)
m[l ^_ ni^i* ?_f b_]bi ^_ ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ jo_^_ _ha[|[lhim hi
m_ mcao_ ^_ hchaoh[ g[h_l[ ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ _m ch[^_]o[^[ j[l[
pifp_l l[tih[\f_m ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m* @f [laog_hni ^_ ko_ f[ _pc)
^_h]c[ jo_^_ m_l _ha[|im[ hi ^_go_mnl[( _h _f ][mi ^_ fim i\d_nim
`{mc]im( ^_ inl[m g_hn_m( ^_ mo]_mim j[m[^im i ^_ !!!! []ni fc\l_( ko_
ho_mnl[m _rj_lc_h]c[m hi ao[l^[h l_f[]c}h ]ih i mih j_lnch_h)
n_m j[l[ _f jli\f_g[ ^_ mc _m l[tih[\f_ ]l__l m_g_d[hn_m ]im[m*
Nimn_h_l ko_ _h pcmn[^_ ko_ oh[ _rj_lc_h]c[ jo_^_ m_l _ha[|im[
zmn[ hi jlijil]cih[ oh[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ j[l[ []_jn[l oh[
bcj}n_mcm( _kocp[f_ [ ]igjlig_n_lm_ ]ih oh[ jimc]c}h hcbcfcmn[
^_ []o_l^i ]ih f[ ]o[f ][mc hchaoh[ ]im[ m_l{[ l[tih[\f_*
<^_gym( hi m_ly f_a{ncgi ko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ l_mjih^[ [f [lao)
g_hni [hn_lcil ^c]c_h^i ko_ _f ][mi ^_f fc\l_ [f\_^l{i ^c`c_l_ ^_
fim ^_gym ][mim _h ko_ ]ihn[gim ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ ]illz_f[ ^_ ko_
[faohim []nim s _f_]]cih_m bog[him _mnyh ]ih_]n[^im ]ih mo]_mim
[hn_lcil_m al[]c[m [ oh[ f_s ^_ f[ h[nol[f_t[( _m ^_]cl( _mnyh ][o)
m[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^im* T _m ko_ _mn[ l_mjo_mn[ _gjf_[ f[ gcmg[
f}ac][ ^_f [laog_hni jl_]_^_hn_* @f ko_ [faohim ^_ ho_mnlim [])
nim _mnzh ][om[fg]hn_ ^_n_lgch[^im jil mo]_mim [hn_lcil_m hi fi)
al[ ^_gimnl[l ko_ ho_mnlim ^[fim chnlimj_]ncpim hi ]ihmncnos[h
oh[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ j[l[ ]l__l ko_ _h i][mcih_m jo^cgim b[)
\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* ?_ f[ gcmg[ g[h_l[( _f ko_ f[m j_lmi)
h[m mo`l[h [ p_]_m [fo]ch[]cih_m !! j_lgcn_ ^_gimnl[l %jc_ ho_m)
nlim m_hnc^im hi him jlijil]cih[h oh[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ j[l[
]l__l _h f[ _rcmn_h]c[ ^_ fim i\d_nim g[n_lc[f_m* Ach[fg_hn_( ko_
_h i][mcih_m him _kocpiko_gim []_l][ ^_ mo]_mim j[m[^im hi fi)
al[ ^_gimnl[l ko_ f[ g_gilc[ hi him jlijil]cih[ oh[ _pc^_h]c[
[^_]o[^[ j[l[ ]l__l _h f[ _rcmn_h]c[ ^_ mo]_mim j[m[^im* < j[lncl
^_ f[ jl_gcm[ ^_ ko_ _h ]c_lnim ][mim j[lnc]of[l_m hi migim fc\l_m(
hi ji^_gim ff_a[l pyfc^[g_hn_ [ f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_ ko_ f[ chnlim)
j_]]c}h hi him jlijil]cih[ oh[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ ^_ ko_ mi)
gim fc\l_m( [m{ ]igi [ j[lncl ^_ f[ jl_gcm[ ^_ ko_ _h ]c_lnim ][mim
j[lnc]of[l_m ho_mnlim m_hnc^im p ho_mnl[ g_gilc[ him _ha[|[h(

@QD?@I>D< DIOMJNK@>ODQ< @I A<QJM ?@ G< GD=@MO<?

- 3 3

n[gji]i ji^_gim ff_a[l ]ih p[fc^_t [ f[ ]ih]fomc}h a_h_l[f ^_

ko_ ho_mnlim m_hnc^im s ho_mnl[ g_gilc[ him him jlijil]cih[h
oh[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ j[l[ f[m ]l__h]c[m ko_ him b[]_h []_jn[l*
EXK \gZVSMK NO^O\WSXS]^K/ _XK KXKVYQhK NOPSMSOX^O
@f ^_n_lgchcmn[ _mny ^cmjo_mni [ []_jn[l ko_ jih_l zh`[mcm _h _f
b_]bi ^_ ko_ ohi Z_ONO m_l _ha[|[^i jil fim jlijcim m_hncgc_h)
nim l_mofn[ ch_`c][t* Ii i\mn[hn_( jli\[\f_g_hn_ ]o_mncih_ fi ko_
_f fc\_ln[lci b[ i`l_]c^i ]igi _pc^_h]c[ ch^_j_h^c_hn_ _h `[pil
^_ mo ]l__h]c[ ch^cpc^o[f ^_ ko_ _m fc\l_* @mn[ _pc^_h]c[( ]igi m_
l_]il^[ly( ]ihmcmn_ _h f[ m_hm[]c}h ^_ fc\_ln[^ ^_ oh[ j_lmih[*
N_ mojih_ ko_ _mn[ _pc^_h]c[ domnc`c][ _f ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ ]l_[
ko_ _m fc\l_( ^_ f[ gcmg[ g[h_l[ _h ko_ f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ pcmo[f ^_f
n_mncai i]of[l mclp_ j[l[ domnc`c][l mo ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ i]ollc} oh
[m_mch[ni* K_li ]ihmc^zl_m_ f[ mojo_mn[ [h[fia{[ ]ih gym ^_n[ff_*
M_[fg_hn_ f[ m_hm[]c}h ^_ fc\_ln[^ _m [hyfia[ [ oh[ _rj_lc_h]c[
pcmo[f( i ch]fomi [ ]o[fkoc_l ncji ^_ _rj_lc_h]c[ j_l]_jno[f; K[l[
]igjli\[l ko_ f[ l_mjo_mn[ _m XY& m}fi h_]_mcn[gim i\m_lp[l ko_
oh[ _rj_lc_h]c[ j_l]_jno[f( n[f ]igi f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ pcmo[f ^_ oh
[m_mch[ni( _m oh[ ]im[( s ko_ f[ ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ _f [m_mch[ni i]o)
llc} _m inl[* @f b_]bi ^_ ko_ b[s[ ^im mo]_mim ^cmnchnim [ko{( _f
^_ p_l jil oh f[^i s _f ^_ ]l__l jil _f inli( _m _m_h]c[f mc _f jlc)
g_li b[ ^_ m_l oh[ _pc^_h]c[ j[l[ _f m_aoh^i* Ph[ m_hm[]c}h
^_ fc\_ln[^( mch _g\[lai( ^_ hchaoh[ g[h_l[ _m ^c`_l_hn_ ^_ oh[
]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ ohi _m fc\l_* ?_ [b{ ko_ hi m_[ [hyfia[ [ f[ _r)
j_lc_h]c[ pcmo[f ^_ oh n_mncai i]of[l* @h ni^i ][mi( _m [hyfia[ [
f[ ]l__h]c[ ko_ m_ `ilg[ _f n_mncai i]of[l mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ mo _r)
j_lc_h]c[ s( jil fi n[hni( l_[fg_hn_ hi m_ b[ jli^o]c^i hchaoh[
_rj_lc_h]c[ SXNOZOXNSOX^O( Gi ko_ _h oh jlch]cjci j[l_]{[ m_l _m_
ncji ^_ _pc^_h]c[( [ m[\_l( oh[ m_hm[]c}h ^_ fc\_ln[^( l_mofn[ m_l(
nl[m oh _r[g_h ]oc^[^imi( h[^[ gym ko_ f[ ]l__h]c[ gcmg[ ^_
ko_ ohi _m fc\l_* >ih m_aolc^[^( fi [hn_lcil hi ][fc`c][ ]igi _pc)
^_h]c[ ch^_j_h^c_hn_ ^_ ko_ ohi _m fc\l_*
Ko_m \c_h( _hnih]_m( _rcmn_ [faoh[ _pc^_h]c[ ch^_j_h^c_hn_
^_ ko_ migim fc\l_m; Kil _pc^_h]c[ ch^_j_h^c_hn_ _hn_h^_gim
_pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_ oh[ ]l__h]c[( ko_ hi m_[ f[ ]l__h]c[ gcm)
g[( _m ^_]cl( [faoh[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ ]ihmcmn_ _h ]im[m ko_ m[\_gim
ko_ mih p_l^[^_l[m s ko_ [jis[h ^c]b[ ]l__h]c[* N}fi mc _f fc\_l)
n[lci jo_^_ jlijil]cih[l m_g_d[hn_ _pc^_h]c[ ch^_j_h^c_hn_ m_

- 3 4

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

domnc`c][ ko_ [`clg_ ko_ n_h_gim oh[ _pc^_h]c[ m}fc^[ _h `[pil

^_ _m[ ]l__h]c[ _h _f m_hnc^i ^_ ko_ _m oh[ _pc^_h]c[ j_lnch_hn_
j[l[ _f jli\f_g[ _h ]o_mnc}h*
O @ M > @ M <MB PH @I OJ GD=@M O< M DJ 6 @Q D? @I >D< @H KMD><
? @ L P @ KP?DHJN C < =@M <>OP<?J ?@ J OMJ HJ?J

@f fc\_ln[lci gos \c_h ji^l{[ [laog_hn[l ko_ ^_ b_]bi ]ihn[)

gim ]ih m_g_d[hn_ _pc^_h]c[ ch^_j_h^c_hn_* M_mofn[ gos ]f[li
ko_ _h i][mcih_m n_h_gim _pc^_h]c[m mo`c]c_hn_m _h `[pil ^_ f[
bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo_^_ b[]_l [fai( s[ ko_ ]ih `l_)
]o_h]c[ p_gim [ oh[ j_lmih[ b[]_l [fai( s ]o[h^i p_gim ko_
fi b[]_( _hnih]_m( jil mojo_mni( [mogcgim ko_ jo_^_ b[]_lfi*
@f jli\f_g[ ]lo]c[f _m mc ji^_gim n_h_l oh[ _pc^_h]c[ ch^_j_h)
^c_hn_ [^_]o[^[ _h `[pil ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[
jo_^_ b[]_l [fai( ]o[h^i hi f[ p_gim b[]_lfi s( [^_gym( ]o[h^i
hi fi b[]_* @r[gch_gim jlcg_li _f jli\f_g[ ^_ mc ji^_gim n_)
h_l f[ _pc^_h]c[ ch^_j_h^c_hn_ ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo_^_ b[]_l
[fai ]o[h^i hi f[ p_gim b[]_lfi* >}gi b_gim ^_ i\n_h_l m_)
g_d[hn_ _pc^_h]c[;
Q_l [ oh[ j_lmih[ b[]_l [fai _h [fah inli gig_hni _m oh[
`ilg[ ^_ i\n_h_l _pc^_h]c[ ^_ ko_ jo_^_ b[]_lfi ]o[h^i ^_ b_)
]bi hi _mn[gim pc_h^i ko_ fi b[]_* @mni _m( mc oh[ j_lmih[ b[]_
[fai bis( s mc fi bcti [s_l s [hn_[s_l( s mc mo ][j[]c^[^ j[l[ b[]_lfi
hi m_ b[ [fn_l[^i h_a[ncp[g_hn_( _hnih]_m ]o[h^i _f g[|[h[ ff_)
ao_ ji^_gim ch`_lcl ko_ [h jo_^_ b[]_lfi( ch]fomi mc hi f[ p_)
gim b[]_lfi _h _m_ gig_hni* Kil mojo_mni( _f b[\_l pcmni [ oh[
j_lmih[ b[]_l [fai hi _m f[ hc][ ]ihmc^_l[]c}h j_lnch_hn_( j_li
_m oh[ ]ihmc^_l[]c}h gos mcahc`c][ncp[* Gi ko_ ^_\_gim jl_aoh)
n[lhim [bil[ _m6 ]oyf_m mih f[m ^_gym ]ihmc^_l[]cih_m j_lnch_h)
n_m;
@rcmn_h inl[m ]o[nli ]ihmc^_l[]cih_m ^_ al[h cgjiln[h]c[* Nih
f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ^_ jlijch]oc^[^ n_gjil[f( p[lc_^[^ ]cl]ohmn[h)
]c[f( mcgcfcno^ ^_f [a_hn_ s `l_]o_h]c[ mcgjf_*
@\YZSXM_SNKN ^OWZY\KV( @f f[jmi nl[hm]ollc^i _hnl_ _f gig_hni _h
ko_ p_gim [ oh[ j_lmih[ l_[fct[l oh[ []]c}h s _f gig_hni _h
ko_ m_ [`clg[ ko_ _ff[ jo_^_ l_[fct[l ^c]b[ []]c}h _m ^_ ]ihmc)
^_l[\f_ cgjiln[h]c[* Kil _d_gjfi( mc pcgim [ oh[ j_lmih[ b[]_l
]o[l_hn[ f[a[lncd[m b[]_ p_chn_ [|im s hi f[ b_gim pcmni b[]_lf[m

KP?DHJN C<=@M <>OP<?J ?@ JOMJ HJ?J

- 3 5

^_m^_ _hnih]_m( ^c`{]cfg_hn_ m_ domnc`c][l{[ ko_ [`clgyl[gim m[)

\_l ko_ jo_^_ b[]_lf[m [bil[* Kil inl[ j[ln_( mc f[ pcgim b[]_l)
f[m [s_l( ho_mnl[ [`clg[]c}h n_h^l{[ go]b[ g[sil ]l_^c\cfc^[^*
Hc_hnl[m g_him m_[ _f f[jmi nl[hm]ollc^i _hnl_ _f gig_hni _h
ko_ p_gim [ oh[ j_lmih[ l_[fct[l oh[ []]c}h s _f gig_hni _h
ko_ [`clg[gim m[\_l ko_ jo_^_ l_[fct[lf[( gym domnc`c][^[ m_ly
ho_mnl[ [`clg[]c}h* @mn[ ]ih^c]c}h _rca_ oh l_kocmcni* >c_lnim
[]nim jil _d_gjfi( ]ill_l _h ]o[nli gchonim oh ecf}g_nli s
g_^ci l_koc_l_h ^_ oh[ l_mcmn_h]c[ ji]i omo[f s( _h ]ihm_]o_h)
]c[( mc [][\[gim ^_ p_l [ oh[ j_lmih[ b[]_l m_g_d[hn_ ]im[( l_)
mofn[ hilg[f mojih_l ko_( jil _mn[l ][hm[^[( hi ji^ly b[]_lfi
[bil[* @mn[ ]ih^c]c}h _m j_lnch_hn_ ch]fomi _h _f ][mi ^_ n[f_m [])
nim( j_li ^_\_gim [|[^cl _f l_kocmcni ^_ ko_ b[s[ nl[hm]ollc^i
oh f[jmi mo`c]c_hn_ _hnl_ _f gig_hni _h ko_ pcgim [ f[ j_lmih[
l_[t[l _f []ni s _f gig_hni _h ko_ m_ [`clg[ ko_ jo_^_ l_[fct[l
^c]bi []ni( j[l[ [m_aol[lhim ^_ ko_ _f [a_hn_ hi m_ _h]ihnl[ly
cgj_^c^i*
FK\SONKN MS\M_X]^KXMSKV( Hc_hnl[m g[sil m_[ f[ p[lc_^[^ ^_ ]cl]ohm)
n[h]c[m \[di f[m ]o[f_m b[s[gim pcmni [ oh[ j_lmih[ l_[fct[l oh
[]ni( gym m_ domnc`c][ly ko_ [`clg_gim ko_ jo_^_ l_[fct[lfi* <ko{
n[g\czh m_ l_koc_l_ ^_ oh[ ]ih^c]c}h* @h i][mcih_m( mc \c_h hi
b_gim pcmni [ oh[ j_lmih[ l_[fct[l oh []ni _h oh[ p[lc_^[^ ]ih)
mc^_l[\f_ ^_ ]cl]ohmn[h]c[m( f[ b_gim pcmni l_[fct[l _f []ni \[di ]cl)
]ohmn[h]c[m gos mcgcf[l_m [ f[m ]cl]ohmn[h]c[m _h ko_ m_ _h]o_hnl[
]o[h^i m_ [`clg[ ko_ jo_^_ l_[fct[lfi* @h _mn_ ][mi( gc_hnl[m g[)
sil m_[ f[ mcgcfcno^ ^_ f[m ]cl]ohmn[h]c[m( g_dil m_ly f[ _pc^_h]c[*
CSWSVS^S_V NOV KQOX^O( Nc f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ^_f [a_hn_ m_ gi^c`c][h l[)
^c][fg_hn_ ^_m^_ _f gig_hni _h ko_ fi pcgim l_[fct[l oh []ni
b[mn[ _f gig_hni _h ko_ m_ [`clg[ ko_ jo_^_ l_[fct[lfi( _hnih]_m
ho_mnl[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ ko_ jo_^_ l_[fct[l _f []ni _h ]o_mnc}h jo_^_
p_lm_ _hilg_g_hn_ ^_\cfcn[^[* Kil _d_gjfi( mc b_gim pcmni [ oh[
j_lmih[ f_p[hn[l oh[m j_m[m ^_ hip_hn[ ecfim( s [ ]ihncho[]c}h
m_ ligj_ oh \l[ti( _f ko_ himinlim f[ b[s[gim pcmni f_p[hn[l f[m
j_m[m ]c_ln[g_hn_ hi _m oh[ _pc^_h]c[ gos m}fc^[ _h `[pil ^_
ko_ jo_^_ b[]_lfi [bil[ ko_ mo \l[ti _mny lini* <m{ ko_( gc_h)
nl[m g[sil m_[ f[ mcgcfcno^ _hnl_ f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ^_f [a_hn_ _h _f
gig_hni _h ko_ fi pcgim l_[fct[l _f []ni s mom ]ih^c]cih_m _h
_f gig_hni _h ko_ [`clg[gim ko_ jo_^_ l_[fct[lfi( gym domnc`c)
][^[ _mn[ly ho_mnl[ [`clg[]c}h* @h ]c_ln[ g_^c^[( _mn[ ]ih^c]c}h(

$+#

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

]igi f[ [hn_lcil( jo_^_ `ilgof[lm_ ]igi ]ih^c]c}h ^_ p[lc_^[^

gym ko_ ]igi ]ih^c]c}h ^_ mcgcfcno^* Nch _g\[lai( ]ih l_mj_]ni
[ f[m ]cl]ohmn[h]c[m f[ p[lc_^[^ _m gym cgjiln[hn_( gc_hnl[m ko_
]ih l_mj_]ni [ f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ^_f [a_hn_ f[ mcgcfcno^ fi _m gym*
G[ l[t}h ^_ fi [hn_lcil _m ko_ ]ih `l_]o_h]c[ ][g\cim ]ihmc^_l[)
\f_m _h f[m ]cl]ohmn[h]c[m hi mih gos cgjiln[hn_m( gc_hnl[m ko_
][g\cim j_ko_|im _h f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ^_f [a_hn_ l_mofn[h go]b[m
p_]_m ]lo]c[f_m*
9\OM_OXMSK ]SWZVO( C[]c_h^i [ oh f[^i inl[m ]ih^c]cih_m( gc_hnl[m
g[sil m_[ f[ `l_]o_h]c[ ]ih ko_ b[s[gim pcmni [ oh[ j_lmih[ l_[)
fct[l oh []ni( gym m_ domnc`c][ly ko_ [`clg_gim m[\_l ko_ jo_^_
l_[fct[l ^c]bi []ni ]o[h^i hi f[ p_gim l_[fct[lfi*
@mn[m ]o[nli ]ih^c]cih_m _mnyh l_f[]cih[^[m ^_ p[lc[m g[h_l[m*
Kil _d_gjfi( f[ jlijch]oc^[^ n_gjil[f ^[ foa[l [ f[ mcgcfcno^ ^_f
[a_hn_ s[ ko_ jil fi a_h_l[f f[m j_lmih[m ][g\c[h g_him _h oh
f[jmi g_hil ko_ _h ohi g[sil* Kil mojo_mni( f[ p[lc_^[^ ]cl)
]ohmn[h]c[f ]ihnlc\os_ [ f[ `l_]o_h]c[ mcgjf_ s pc]_p_lm[* <m{ ko_
_mn[m ]ih^c]cih_m( ko_ mih mcgjf_m ]yhih_m ^_ _pc^_h]c[ ch^o])
ncp[ j[l[ ]c_lni ncji ^_ bcj}n_mcm( m_ _h]o_hnl[h ch^o]ncp[g_hn_
chn_ll_f[]cih[^[m*
<^_gym( f[ cgjiln[h]c[ ^_ f[m ^cp_lm[m ]ih^c]cih_m ^_j_h^_
_h al[h g_^c^[ ^_f ncji ^_ []ni chpifo]l[^i* >ih l_mj_]ni [ fim
[]nim j[l[ ]os[ l_[fct[]c}h hilg[fg_hn_ ]ihm_lp[gim f[ ][j[]c)
^[^ ^ol[hn_ go]bi nc_gji( n[f_m ]igi [acn[l ho_mnl[ il_d[( f[
jlijch]oc^[^ n_gjil[f _m g_him cgjiln[hn_( gc_hnl[m ko_ ]ih
l_mj_]ni [ fim []nim j[l[ ]os[ l_[fct[]c}h j_l^_gim lyjc^[g_hn_
f[ ][j[]c^[^( n[f_m ]igi ]ill_l oh ecf}g_nli s g_^ci _h ]o[nli
gchonim( f[ ]ih^c]c}h ^_ jlijch]oc^[^ n_gjil[f _m go]bi gym
cgjiln[hn_* <bil[ ko_ mc ni^[m _mn[m ]ih^ c]cih_m m_ m[ncm`[]_h jf_)
h[g_hn_( _mn[gim _h jim_mc}h ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ mo`c]c_hn_
j[l[ [jis[l f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo_^_ l_[fct[l oh
[]ni ]o[h^i hi _mn[gim pc_h^i ]}gi fi l_[fct[ s( _h [om_h]c[ ^_
f[ _pc^_h]c[ ]ihnl[lc[( mch ^o^[ m_ domnc`c][ ko_ [`clg_gim ko_
f[ bcj}n_mcm _m p_l^[^_l[* @mn[m ]ih^c]cih_m mih n[h ]igoh_m _h
fim ]yhih_m omo[f_m ^_ _pc^_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[ ko_( mc m_ m[ncm`[]_h(
_hnih]_m( ^_ []o_l^i ]ih fim ]yhih_m omo[f_m ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ch)
^o]ncp[( ho_mnl[ _pc^_h]c[ _m _r]_f_hn_*
@f jli\f_g[ ko_ ^_\_gim chp_mnca[l [bil[ _m _f mcaoc_hn_6
<][mi [faoh[ p_t m_ m[ncm`[]_h _mn[m ]ih^c]cih_m( _mnim ]yhih_m

KP?DHJN C<=@M <>OP<?J ?@ J OMJ HJ?J

$+$

^_ _pc^_h]c[; @h inl[m j[f[\l[m( [^koclcgim _h [fah gig_hni(

g_^c[hn_ f[ m[ncm`[]]c}h ^_ ni^[m _mn[m ]ih^c]cih_m( f[ _pc^_h]c[
mo`c]c_hn_ _h [jisi ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[)
\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i; Nih go]bim fim []nim ko_ [j_h[m p_)
gim [ oh[ j_lmih[ l_[fct[l s ][mc hoh][ p_gim [ f[ gcmg[ j_l)
mih[ l_[fct[l ^c]bim []nim gym ^_ oh[ p_t* >ih l_mj_]ni [ fim []nim
ji]i omo[f_m i jil fi a_h_l[f jlcp[^im( f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ko_ b_)
gim g_h]cih[^i hi m_ m[ncm`[lyh ][\[fg_hn_* Ii p_l_gim [ oh[
j_lmih[ l_[fct[l ]ih `l_]o_h]c[ oh []ni( [m{ ko_ f[ ]ih^c]c}h ^_
`l_]o_h]c[ mcgjf_ hi m_ m[ncm`[ly* Ii p_l_gim [f [a_hn_ l_[fct[l
_f []ni \[di oh[ p[lc_^[^ ]ihmc^_l[\f_ ^_ ]cl]ohmn[h]c[m( [m{ ko_
f[ ]ih^c]c}h ^_ p[lc_^[^ ]cl]ohmn[h]c[f n[gji]i m_ m[ncm`[ly*
Ii i\mn[hn_( b[s []nim ko_ f[ a_hn_ l_[fct[ go]b[m p_]_m( s
n[g\czh _m ]c_lni ko_ _mnim []nim `[gcfc[l_m mih `l_]o_hn_g_hn_
fim ]igjih_hn_m ^_ []nim g_him `[gcfc[l_m s gym chomo[f_m* Kil
_d_gjfi( ]ihmc^zl_m_ _f ][gch[l [ nl[pzm ^_ oh[ b[\cn[]c}h( f_)
p[hn[l oh \l[ti( gip_l oh ^_^i o inlim []nim ]igoh_m* @mnim
[]nim _`_]ncp[g_hn_ m[ncm`[]_h fim ]o[nli ]yhih_m ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[*
Q_gim [ f[ a_hn_ l_[fct[l ^c]bim []nim `l_]o_hn_g_hn_ s \[di ^c)
p_lm[m ]ih^c]cih_m( s go]b[m p_]_m b_gim pcmni gig_hnim [hn_m [
oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ b[ ][g\c[^i ji]i( l_[fct[l oh []ni ^_ _mn_ ncji*
Ay]cfg_hn_ ji^_gim cg[ach[l oh[ mcno[]c}h ko_ m[ncm`[a[ ni^[m
_mn[m ]ih^c]cih_m _h oh[ `ilg[ j[l[^cagync][*
Dg[ach_gim ko_ _mn[gim nl[n[h^i ^_ chc]c[l oh _rj_lcg_hni
ko_ ^_go_mnl_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo_^_ []no[l ^_ inli gi^i _h
oh gig_hni ^_n_lgch[^i* Kil inl[ j[ln_( nig_gim oh []ni gos
m_h]cffi ]igi f_p[hn[l oh \l[ti( j[l[ _pcn[l ]o[fkoc_l ]igjfc)
][]c}h cll_f_p[hn_* <bil[ p[gim [ _gjl_h^_l oh _rj_lcg_hni
ko_ go_mnl_ ko_ _h oh gig_hni ^_n_lgch[^i f[ j_lmih[ jo^i
b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* @f_acgim [o h mod_ni ko_ _m hilg[f
_h ni^im m_hnc^im _ chp_mnca[gim _h koz gig_hni ho_mnli mo)
d_ni jo_^_ s hi jo_^_ l_[fct[l _f gos m_h]cffi []ni _h ]o_mnc}h*
Kil _d_gjfi( ji^l{[gim jlcg_li ch^c][lf_ ko_ f_p[hn_ _f \l[ti
][^[ p_t ko_ m_ fi j_^cgim( s fo_ai p_l ko_ fi b[a[* Ki^l{[gim
^_mjozm ch^c][lf_ ko_ f_p[hn_ _f \l[ti ][^[ p_t ko_ f_ j_^cgim
ko_ hi fi b[a[( pc_h^i ko_ b[a[ _mni* Go_ai ji^l{[gim j_^clf_
ko_ b[a[ i hi ][mi ^_ ho_mnl[m chmnlo]]cih_m m_ah fi ^_m__ s
p_l ]}gi _h i][mcih_m f_p[hn[ _f \l[ti ]o[h^i m_ fi j_^cgim(
s _h i][mcih_m hi* Ki^l{[gim _hnih]_m b[]_l _mn_ gcmgi _rj_)
lcg_hni \[di oh[ p[lc_^[^ ^_ ]cl]ohmn[h]c[m6 _h chn_lcil_m i [f

 '!

' < ! KMJ=G@H< ?A* G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

[cl_ fc\l_( \[di jl_mc}h i _h ]ih^c]cih_m nl[hkocf[m( ]ih [fah

j_mi [g[ll[^i [ mo \l[ti( mch cgj_^cg_hni [faohi( s [m{ mo]_)
mcp[g_hn_* <^_gym( ji^l{[gim ff_p[l oh l_acmnli ]oc^[^imi ^_
f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ^_f mod_ni ^ol[hn_ ni^im ho_mnlim _rj_lcg_hnim7
`ch[fg_hn_( ji^l{[gim p[lc[l f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ^_f mod_ni g_^c[hn_
_f omi ^_ ^lia[m( ^_ f[ bcjhimcm s [m{ mo]_mcp[g_hn_*
<bil[ \c_h( moj}ha[m_ ko_ chmnlocgim [f mod_ni j[l[ ko_ b[a[
i hi ][mi ^_ ho_mnl[m ch^c][]cih_m m_ah fi ^_m__( s ko_ him [m_)
aol[gim ^_ ko_ f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ^_f mod_ni [m{ ]igi f[ mcno[]c}h
_h ko_ m_ _h]o_hnl[ mih [ko_ff[m ko_ b_gim pcmni ko_ mih f[m gym
jlijc]c[m j[l[ f_p[hn[l _f \l[ti* Kil inl[ j[ln_( moj}ha[m_ ko_
fi p_gim f_p[hn[l _f \l[ti( s fo_ai ^_mpc[gim f[ gcl[^[ jil oh
gig_hni s( mo\mcaoc_hn_g_hn_( fi p_gim f_p[hn[l _f \l[ti ho_p[)
g_hn_* @h _mn_ ][mi( f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ^_ jlijch]oc^[^ n_gjil[f(
p[lc_^[^ ]cl]ohmn[h]c[f( mcgcfcno^ ^_f [a_hn_ s `l_]o_h]c[ mcgjf_
mch ^o^[ ko_^[l{[h m[ncm`_]b[m*
@h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( n_h^l{[gim _hnih]_m mo`c]c_hn_ _pc^_h]c[
_gj{lc][ _h [jisi ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ _f [a_hn_ jo^i b[\_l
f_p[hn[^i _f \l[ti ^ol[hn_ _m_ \l_p_ f[jmi _h ko_ hi pcgim ko_
fi f_p[hn[l[* N_ domnc`c][l{[ j_l`_]n[g_hn_ ko_ [`clgyl[gim ko_
f[ bcj}n_mcm _m p_l^[^_l[* Kil fi n[hni( _m j_l`_]n[g_hn_ jimc\f_
i\n_h_l oh[ _pc^_h]c[( _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ j_l`_]n[g_hn_ pyfc^[(
_h `[pil ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i
^_ inli gi^i* Kli\[\f_g_hn_ _mn_ _rj_lcg_hni hi b[ mc^i _g)
jl_h^c^i hoh][( j_li \c_h ji^l{[ b[]_lm_* <f b[]_lfi( ji^l{[gim
i\n_h_l f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ [^_]o[^[ j[l[ _mn[\f_]_l ko_ _f ^_)
n_lgchcmgi _m `[fmi( jilko_ ]ihn[l{[gim ]ih oh[ m}fc^[ _pc^_h]c[
_gj{lc][ ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i*
G[ l_`f_rc}h _h nilhi [ _mn_ _rj_lcg_hni cg[ach[^i ji^l{[
gimnl[lhim ko_ go]bim []nim n[hni `[gcfc[l_m ]igi chomo[f_m(
n[hni m_h]cffim ]igi ]igjf_dim mih n[f_m ko_( ]o[h^i oh[ j_l)
mih[ fim l_[fct[( n_h_gim f[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ _h [jisi ^_ f[
[`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ ^c]b[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli
gi^i* T _m ko_ f[ g[sil j[ln_ ^_ fim []nim ji]i omo[f_m s ]ig)
jf_dim ]ihnc_h_h( ]igi ]igjih_hn_m _m_h]c[f_m( []nim `[gcfc[l_m
s m_h]cffim* Kil _d_gjfi( pifp[gim [f _d_gjfi ^_f [m_mchi* Noj}h)
a[m_ ko_ _f [lg[ ko_ oncfct[ _m oh[ jcmnif[( ko_ [john[ ]oc^[^im[)
g_hn_ [ mo p{]ncg[ s fo_ai [jlc_n[ _f a[ncffi* G[ []]c}h m_ b[ ]ih)
mog[^i7 mo p{]ncg[ b[ mc^i [f][ht[^[* I}n_m_ ko_ oh _f_g_hni i

KP?DHJN C<=@M <>OP<?J ?@ JOMJ HJ?J

- 4 /

]ihmncnos_hn_ _m_h]c[f ^_ mo []]c}h _m _f b[\_l ^cmj[l[^i _f a[nc)

ffi* Nc bo\c_l[ ji^c^i g[hn_h_l koc_ni _m_ ^_^i( n[g\czh ji^l{[
b[\_l _pcn[^i _f ^cmj[li ]ihnl[ mo p{]ncg[ s ]ih _ffi _pcn[^i ]i)
g_n_l oh [m_mch[ni* <m{ ko_ mc jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i
]ih l_mj_]ni [f []ni ^_ gip_l _f ^_^i( _f []ni ^_ [m_mch[l jo^i b[)
\_lm_ _pcn[^i* Kil mojo_mni( f[ []]c}h ^_ gip_l oh ^_^i _m gos
m_h]cff[ s `[gcfc[l( oh[ []]c}h ko_ `l_]o_hn_g_hn_ b_gim pcmni
l_[fct[l \[di oh[ _hilg_ p[lc_^[^ ^_ ]cl]ohmn[h]c[m s ]ih^c]ci)
h_m* Hos \c_h ji^l{[ [laog_hn[lm_ ko_ ^c]bim []nim ]igjf_dim
ko_ ]ihmc^_l[gim ko_ _f [a_hn_ jo^i b[\_l _pcn[^i ]ihnc_h_h(
_hnl_ mom _f_g_hnim( [fah []ni m_h]cffi s `[gcfc[l ko_ m[\_gim
ko_( mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][( _f [a_hn_ jo^i b[)
\_l _pcn[^i* ?_ n[f g[h_l[ ko_ ho_mnlim doc]cim _h _f m_hnc^i ^_
ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i jo_^_h ni)
^im _ffim [jis[lm_ `ch[fg_hn_ _h f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ ]ih f[ ko_
]ihn[gim _h `[pil ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ fim []nim `[gcfc[l_m s m_h)
]cffim jo^c_lih _pcn[lm_( ^_ ko_ [ohko_ _f [a_hn_ fim l_[fct}( jo^i
b[\_l ^_mcmnc^i ^_ b[]_lfim* Kil fi n[hni( ho_mnl[ ]l__h]c[ oh[
]l__h]c[ []_jn[^[ jil ni^[m f[m j_lmih[m ]ih m_hnc^i ]igh ^_
ko_ go]b[m p_]_m jo^cgim b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i( _m oh[
]l__h]c[ m}fc^[g_hn_ [jis[^[ jil f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][*
BO]_WOX NOV K\Q_WOX^Y
K[l[ ]igjli\[l f[ `o_lt[ ^_ _mn_ [caog_hn} fc\_ln[lci ]ihmc^_)
l_gim ]}gi m_ ^_lcp[ f[ ]ih]fomc}h [ j[lncl ^_ f[m jl_gcm[m ko_
b_gim ^_`_h^c^i* Klcg_li( b_gim mimn_hc^i ko_
-* @h i][mcih_m ]ihn[gim ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ [^_]o[^[
^_ ko_ jo^cgim b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i*
N_aoh^i( ^[^i ko_ b_gim ^c]bi ko_ ]o[h^i oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i
b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i mo []ni _m fc\l_( ji^_gim [al_a[l f[
jl_gcm[
.* Nc _h i][mcih_m ]ihn[gim ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ [^_)
]o[^[ ^_ ko_ jo^cgim b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i( _h)
nih]_m n[g\czh ]ihn[gim _h i][mcih_m ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ _g)
j{lc][ [^_]o[^[ ^_ ko_ l_[fct[gim []nim fc\l_m*

- 4 -

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

<^_gym( ^[^i ko_ n[g\czh ^cdcgim ko_ mc l_[fct[gim []nim fc

\l_m( _hnih]_m f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m `[fm[( ji^_gim n[g
\c_h []_jn[l f[ jl_gcm[
/* Nc _h i][mcih_m ]ihn[gim ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ [^_)
]o[^[ ^_ ko_ l_[fct[gim []nim fc\l_m( _hnih]_m ]ihn[gim ]ih
f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ [^_]o[^[ ^_ ko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgc)
hcmgi _m `[fm[*
< j[lncl ^_ _mn[m nl_m jl_gcm[m ji^_gim ^_^o]cl ]ih p[fc^_t f[
]ih]fomc}h
0* >ihn[gim ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ [^_]o[^[ ^_ ko_ f[ n_mcm
^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m `[fm[*
Kil mojo_mni( n[h m}fi ^_ f[m ^im jlcg_l[m jl_gcm[m m_ mcao_ ko_
_h i][mcih_m ]ihn[gim ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ [^_]o[^[ ^_ ko_
l_[fct[gim []nim fc\l_m*
<K \gZVSMK NO^O\WSXS]^K/ O`SNOXMSK OWZh\SMK NO [_O
VY] YLTO^Y] SXKXSWKNY] Z_NSO\YX RKLO\ KM^_KNY NO Y^\Y WYNY
@f ^_n_lgchcmn[ jo_^_ j_l`_]n[g_hn_ hi ko_^[l j_lmo[^c^i ]ih
_mn_ [laog_hni( s [n[][ly f[ jlcg_l[ jl_gcm[ _h oh[ ^_ f[m mc)
aoc_hn_m ^im `ilg[m* G[ jlcg_l[ `ilg[ ]ihmcmn_ _h h_a[l ko_ m_[
jimc\f_ n_h_l oh[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i
b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* K[l[ jli\[l mo [`clg[]c}h n_h^l{[
ko_ _h]ihnl[l [fah ^_`_]ni _h f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ko_ _f fc\_ln[lci
b[ l_ohc^i ]igi mo`c]c_hn_m j[l[ jlijil]cih[lhim f[ _pc^_h]c[
^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* @m ^_)
]cl( _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ n_h^l{[ ko_ mimn_h_l ko_( [ohko_ f[m ]o[nli
]ih^c]cih_m `o_l[h m[ncm`_]b[m( mo m[ncm`[]]c}h hi a[l[hnct[ ko_
n_ha[gim oh[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[)
\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* G[ m_aoh^[ `ilg[ ^_ ^_mnlocl f[m i\)
d_]cih_m ^_f fc\_ln[lci ]ihmcmncl{[ _h []_jn[l ko_ f[m ]ih^c]cih_m
mih [^_]o[^[m %mc _h [fah gig_hni m_ m[ncm`[]_h f[m ]ih^c]ci)
h_m( _hnih]_m ]ihn[gim ]ih oh[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ [^_]o[^[ ^_
ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i&( j_li h_)
a[h^i ko_( ^_ b_]bi( f[m ]ih^c]cih_m jo_^[h _h [fah gig_hni
m[ncm`[]_lm_*
C[s l[tih_m j[l[ [laog_hn[l ko_ f[m ]ih^c]cih_m hi mih f[m
[^_]o[^[m; @rcmn_ oh[ f{h_[ ^_ [laog_hn[]c}h oh n[hni chn_l_)

KP?DHJN C<=@M <>OP<?J ?@ JOMJ HJ?J

'$

m[hn_ ko_ go_mnl[ ko_ jo_^_h hi m_l f[m [^_]o[^[m* >ih `l_)
]o_h]c[ ^_]cgim ko_ [fai jo^i b[\_l i]ollc^i( ch]fomi ko_ [fai
jo^i b[\_lm_ b_]bi( ]o[h^i hi jl_n_h^_gim h_a[l ko_ f[ ]}m[
_h ]o_mnc}h _mn[\[ ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^[* Kil _d_gjfi( mo)
jiha[ omn_^ ko_ mo [onig}pcf _mny _mn[]cih[^i `l_hn_ [ mo ][m[*
Nojiha[ [^_gym ko_ [faoc_h m_ _mny jl_aohn[h^i mc b[]_ oh gi)
g_hni omn_^ jo^i b[\_l om[^i mo [onig}pcf j[l[ nl[hmjiln[lm_ [
]c_lni foa[l ^cmn[hn_* Pmn_^ ji^l{[ [m_aol[l( ]ihi]c_h^i f[m ]ih)
^c]cih_m ^_ mo [onig}pcf( ko_ jo^i b[\_l [ll[h][^i* K_li ^_]cl
ko_ jo^i b[\_l [ll[h][^i hi _kocp[f_ [ ^_]cl ko_ _f [onig}pcf
_l[ fc\l_( ko_ _mn[\[ _h fc\_ln[^ ^_ [ll[h][l* @f ]igjiln[gc_hni
^_f [onig}pcf _mny ]igjf_n[g_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i _h oh[ `ilg[
^_f ni^i g_]yhc][* Nch _g\[lai( _f ncji ^_ _pc^_h]c[ jl_m_hn[^[
_h [jisi ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l f_p[h)
n[^i _f \l[ti ]o[h^i hi fi bcti _m _r[]n[g_hn_ mcgcf[l [f ncji ^_
_pc^_h]c[ ko_ go_mnl[ ko_ _f [onig}pcf jo^i b[\_l [ll[h][^i
]o[h^i hi fi bcti* Nc m_ m[ncm`c]c_l[h j_l`_]n[g_hn_ ]ih^c]cih_m
]igi f[m ^_ p[lc_^[^ ]cl]ohmn[h]c[f( jlijch]oc^[^ n_gjil[f( mc)
gcfcno^ ^_f [a_hn_ s `l_]o_h]c[ mcgjf_ ]ih l_mj_]ni [f [onig}pcf(
_hnih]_m n_h^l{[gim f[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ i mo`c]c_hn_ ^_ ko_ _f
[onig}pcf jo^i b[\_l [ll[h][^i _h pclno^ ^_ f[ m[ncm`[]]c}h ^_
_mn[m ]ih^c]cih_m* Nc mo m[ncm`[]]c}h go_mnl[ hc][g_hn_ ko_ oh[
j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l f_p[hn[^i _f \l[ti ^_ f[ gcmg[ `ilg[ _h ko_
_f [onig}pcf jo^i b[\_l [ll[h][^i( _hnih]_m _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ m_)
g_d[hn_ _pc^_h]c[ go_mnl_ ko_ f[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l f_p[hn[^i
_f \l[ti( hi jlo_\[ ko_ zmn[ `o_m_ fc\l_( ]igi n[gji]i _f b_]bi
^_ ko_ m_g_d[hn_ _pc^_h]c[ go_mnl_ ko_ _f [onig}pcf jo^i b[\_l
[ll[h][^i jlo_\[ ko_ zmn_ `o_m_ fc\l_* Kil fi n[hni( f[ m[ncm`[]]c}h
^_ f[m ]o[nli ]ih^c]cih_m jl_pc[g_hn_ g_h]cih[^[m hi go_mnl[
ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i _h _f m_h)
nc^i j_lnch_hn_ j[l[ _f []ni fc\l_* @f [laog_hni hi fial[ gimnl[l
ko_ ji^_gim n_h_l f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ b[
l_[fct[^i oh []ni fc\l_*
EXK \O]Z_O]^K VSLO\^K\SK/ KQOX^O] c MY]K]
G[ l_mjo_mn[ ^_f fc\_ln[lci [ f[ i\d_]c}h [hn_lcil _m ko_ zmn[ ca)
hil[ oh[ ^c`_l_h]c[ `oh^[g_hn[f _hnl_ f[m ]im[m ko_ mih [a_hn_m
s f[m ko_ hi fi mih* Ph [a_hn_ b[]_ [fai7 []n[* <ko_ffi ko_ hi
_m oh [a_hn_ hi b[]_ h[^[7 m_ []n[ mi\l_ zf* <m{ ko_ b[\f[gim

$+)

A*G KMJ=G@H< ?@ D< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

^_ ko_ _f ]i]b_ [ll[h]}( j_li m_l{[ gym jl_]cmi ^_]cl ko_ _f ]i)
]b_ `o_ [ll[h][^i* @f ]i]b_ hi [ll[h][ jil m{ mifi7 zf hi chc]c[
_m_ ][g\ci* Hym ko_ chc]c[l _f ][g\ci( _m zf koc_h _m [ll[h][^i
jil [faoc_h* ?_ gi^i ko_ _f ]i]b_ hi _m oh [a_hn_ jo_m hi b[]_
h[^[*
>o[h^i ^_]cgim ko_ _f ]i]b_ jo^i b[\_l [ll[h][^i( hi _m)
n[gim [`clg[h^i ]ih _ffi ko_ _mn[\[ ^_hnli ^_ f[m jimc\cfc^[^_m
^_f ]i]b_ [ll[h][l* Ii _mn[gim ^[h^i [ _hn_h^_l ]ih _ffi ko_ _l[
^_]cmc}h ^_f ]i]b_ [ll[h][l i hi* Kil inl[ j[ln_( ]o[h^i ^_]cgim
ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l f_p[hn[^i _f \l[ti( m{ [`clg[gim
ko_ _mn[\[ ^_hnli ^_ mom jimc\cfc^[^_m f_p[hn[lfi* @mn[gim ^[h^i
[ _hn_h^_l ko_ _l[ ^_]cmc}h mos[ ko_ _f \l[ti m_ gipc_l[ i hi*
K_li f[ ^c`_l_h]c[ l_mc^_ hc][g_hn_ _h _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ _f ]i]b_
hi _m oh [a_hn_ s f[ j_lmih[ m{ fi _m* >o[h^i _f ]i]b_ [ll[h][(
_mni hi _m [fai ko_ _f ]i]b_ b[a[( jilko_ hi _m oh[ []]c}h ko_
_f ]i]b_ l_[fct[* K_li ]o[h^i f[ j_lmih[ go_p_ _f \l[ti( _mi m{
_m [fai ko_ _ff[ b[]_7 _m oh[ []]c}h ko_ _ff[ l_[fct[* <m{ ko_ _f
[laog_hni ^_f ^_n_lgchcmn[ `l[][m[*
Nch _g\[lai( _h f[ i\d_]c}h ^_f ^_n_lgchcmn[( b[s oh[ cgjil)
n[hn_ f_]]c}h ko_ ji^_gim [jl_h^_l* T _m ko_ b[s ]c_ln[ _pc^_h)
]c[( ]ih f[ ko_ ]ihn[gim _h _f ][mi ^_ oh[ j_lmih[( ^_ f[ ko_
][l_]_gim _h _f ][mi ^_ oh i\d_ni ch[hcg[^i( ko_ go_mnl[ ko_
oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l b_]bi [fai ko_ _h l_[fc^[^ hi bcti* G[
_pc^_h]c[ ]ihmcmn_ _h ho_mnli ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[
nl[n} ^_ b[]_l [fai* G[ jl_aohn[ ^_ mc oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i i hi
b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i jo_^_ ^_m][hm[l _hn_l[g_hn_ _h _f
b_]bi ^_ mc nl[n} i hi* K[l[ ]igjli\[l ko_ _mni _m [m{( pifp[gim
[ ho_mnli _rj_lcg_hni cg[ach[lci* Nojiha[gim ko_ ho_mnli mo)
d_ni _rj_lcg_hn[f hi f_p[hn[ _f \l[ti ]o[h^i f_ j_^cgim ko_ fi
b[a[ ^_mjozm ^_ ko_ f_ b[ mc^i [jfc][^[ oh[ ^lia[ _mj_]c[f* @h)
nih]_m him jl_aohn[gim mc jo^i i hi b[\_l f_p[hn[^i _f \l[ti*
G[ g_dil g[h_l[ ^_ [p_lcao[lfi _m jl_aohnyh^if_ mc chn_hn} i hi
f_p[hn[lfi* Nc ]ihn_mn[ ko_ hi bcti hchah chn_hni jil gip_lfi(
_hnih]_m _f mcgjf_ b_]bi ^_ ko_ mo \l[ti hi m_ b[s[ gipc^i hi
jlijil]cih[ oh[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_ ko_ hi jo^i b[\_l gi)
pc^i* <m{ ko_ mc oh[ j_lmih[ hi nl[n[ ^_ b[]_l [fai( _hnih]_m _f
ko_ hi fi b[a[ hi fial[ jlijil]cih[l oh[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ ko_ hi
jo^i b[\_lfi b_]bi* Kil inl[ j[ln_( mc ]ihn_mn[ ko_ nl[n} b[mn[
^ih^_ jo^i ^_ gip_l _f \l[ti s ko_ mch _g\[cai hi fi fial}(

KP?DHJN DD<=@M <>OP<?J ?@ JOMJ HJ?J

$+*

fi [hn_lcil ]ihmncnos_ oh[ _pc^_h]c[ _rnl_g[^[g_hn_ m}fc^[ _h

`[pil ^_ ko_ hi jo^i b[\_lfi gipc^i*
G[ [h[fia{[ ]ih _f [onig}pcf _m ^_ ho_pi cfomnl[ncp[* @f [o)
nig}pcf hi jo_^_ nl[n[l ^_ [ll[h][l jil m{ mifi* Ii b[s h[^[ ko_
_f ]i]b_ jo_^[ b[]_l j[l[ fial[l gip_lm_ _m jil _ffi ko_ hi _m
oh [a_hn_* Kil fi n[hni( oh ncji ^_ _pc^_h]c[ %jc_ ji^_gim l_ohcl
j[l[ gimnl[l ko_ oh [a_hn_ jo^i b[\_l b_]bi [fai( [fai %jc_ hi
ji^_gim i\n_h_l ^_ oh i\d_ni( _m _f n_mncgihci ^_f [a_hn_* T[
ko_ mc _f [a_hn_ [n_mncao[ ko_ ]o[h^i mo \l[ti hi m_ gipc} hi
m_ ^c} _f ][mi ^_ ko_ nl[n[l[ s hi fi fial[l[( _f ]jc_ !! fi b[s[
gipc^i hi jlijil]cih[ oh[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ ko_ hi jo^i b[\_lfi
gipc^i* <^_gym( _mn[ _pc^_h]c[ _m `oh^[g_hn[f* Ki^l{[gim n_)
h_l oh[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[]_l [fai jilko_
f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ^_ _pc^_h]c[ [hn_lcilg_hn_ g_h]cih[^[m ji^l{[h
m[ncm`[]_lm_ j_l`_]n[g_hn_ j_li( hi i\mn[hn_( ji^l{[gim `l[][m[l
_h ho_mnli chn_hni jil i\n_h_l f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ [^_]o[^[
^_ ko_ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* T _m ko_ ji^l{[gim
n[g\czh n_h_l oh[ _pc^_h]c[ ]ihnoh^_hn_ _h `[pil ^_ ]jc_ hi
jo^i b[\_lfi b_]bi( oh[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ ko_ f[ j_lmih[ nl[n} b[mn[
^ih^_ jo^i s mch _g\[lai `l[][m}* @mn[ _m f[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[
^_ ko_ hi jo^i b[\_l b_]bi fi ko_ nl[n} ^_ b[]_l* Ii i\mn[hn_(
]o[h^i f[m ]o[nli ]ih^c]cih_m m_ m[ncm`[]_h j_l`_]n[g_hn_( s
]o[h^i [^_gym hi ]ihn[gim ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ ko_ _f [a_hn_
hi jo^i b[\_l b_]bi f[ ]im[ _h ]o_mnc}h %_m ^_]cl( ]ihn[gim ]ih
mo n_mncgihci ^_ ko_ hi nl[n} s jil fi n[hni hi fial} b[]_lf[&(
_hnih]_m m_aol[g_hn_ n_h_gim oh[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ hin[\f_
^_ ko_ jo^i b[\_l b_]bi fi %jc_ hi bcti*
EXK ]OQ_XNK YLTOMSiX NO^O\WSXS]^K/ O`SNOXMSK c MK_]KVSNKN
Ph[ m_aoh^[ i\d_]c}h ko_ ji^l{[ jl_m_hn[l _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ ]ih)
nl[ _f [laog_hni [hn_lcil _m ]jc_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ g_h]cih[^[ jil
_f fc\_ln[lci hi l_mofn[ [^_]o[^[ j[l[ _mn[\f_]_l f[ bcj}n_mcm _h
]o_mnc}h* >ihmc^_l_gim ho_p[g_hn_ _f _rj_lcg_hni cg[ach[lci
]ih gym ^_n[ff_* Loz _pc^_h]c[ i\n_h_gim [ j[lncl ^_f _rj_lc)
g_hni; G[ _pc^_h]c[ ]ihmcmn{[ _h i\m_lp[l ]}gi oh[ j_lmih[ f_)
p[hn[ _f \l[ti _h ]cl]ohmn[h]c[m gos p[lc[^[m* Q[lc[gim n[hni f[m
]cl]ohmn[h]c[m _rn_lh[m ]igi f[m ]ih^c]cih_m chn_lh[m ^_f [a_hn_*
?_mjozm him jl_aohn[gim mc jo^i b[\_l f_p[hn[^i _f \l[ti _h
oh gig_hni _h ko_ hi fi _mn[\[ f_p[hn[h^i( s i\m_lp[gim ko_

- 4 4

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

f[ _pc^_h]c[ jl_pc[g_hn_ i\n_hc^[ [jis[\[ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ m{

jo^i b[\_l f_p[hn[^i _f \l[ti* K_li _m _mn[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[
j[l[ _mn[\f_]_l f[ bcj}n_mcm; Locty hi fi _m* T[ ko_( _h jlcg_l
foa[l( h}n_m_ ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ _m j_l`_]n[g_hn_ ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[
bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ mo ]igjiln[gc_hni _mn[\[ ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgc)
h[^i* <^_gym( l_mofn[ gos `y]cf ^_]cl _r[]n[g_hn_ _h koz `ilg[
_mn[\[ ^_n_lgch[^i jilko_ m[\_gim go]b[m ]im[m []_l][ ^_ f[
ij_l[]c}h g_]yhc][ ^_f \l[ti* N[\_gim ko_ mc ]c_lnim gm]ofim
j_lg[h_]_h chg}pcf_m s hi `f_rcih[^im gc_hnl[m inlim j_lg[)
h_]_h `f_rcih[^im _mni m_l{[ mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ ko_ mo \l[ti j_lg[)
h_]c_l[ chg}pcf*
<m{ ko_ ji^l{[gim b[\_l _mn[\f_]c^i gos `y]cfg_hn_ ko_ _h _f
gig_hni _h ko_ _f \l[ti ^_ _m[ j_lmih[ hi m_ gipc}( _f _mn[^i
^_ mom gm]ofim _l[ mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ ko_ _f \l[ti j_lg[h_]c_l[
chg}pcf* Ki^l{[gim n_h_l f[ _pc^_h]c[ [ j[lncl ^_f _rj_lcg_hni
s m[\_l n[g\czh ko_ _f _mn[^i ^_ mo \l[ti _mn[\[ ][om[fg_hn_
^_n_lgch[^i j[l[ j_lg[h_]_l chg}pcf7 _l[ ][mc cgjimc\f_ ko_
m_ gipc_l[* ?[^i ko_ mo \l[ti hi jo^i b[\_lm_ gipc^i( ^c]b[
j_lmih[ hi jo^i b[\_lfi gipc^i* Kil fi n[hni( f[ _pc^_h]c[ i\)
n_hc^[ _h _f _rj_lcg_hni hi fial[ gimnl[l ko_ _f mod_ni jo^i
b[\_l gipc^i _f \l[ti ]o[h^i j_lg[h_]c} chg}pcf*
< K \gZVSMK VSLO\^K\SK/ MYX^\YV NO VK] MYXNSMSYXO] MK_]KVO]
< _mn_ [laog_hni _f fc\_ln[lci m_ p_ly i\fca[^i [ l_mjih^_l ]ih
jlihncno^ ko_ ]ig_n_ oh[ j_nc]c}h ^_ jlch]cjci* Ko_^_ []_jn[l
^_ \o_h[ a[h[ ko_ _f ]igjiln[gc_hni ^_f \l[ti ^_f mod_ni _m)
n[\[ ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i jil _f _mn[^i ^_ mom gm]ofim(
j_li [`clg[ly ko_ hi m_ mcao_ ^_ _mni ko_ _f mod_ni hi jo^i b[)
\_l gipc^i _f \l[ti* <ohko_ _f _mn[^i ^_f \l[ti _mn[\[ ][om[f)
g_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i( \c_h ji^l{[ m_l ko_ _f [a_hn_ b[s[ ji^c^i
[fn_l[l f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ko_ ^_n_lgch[\[h ko_ mo \l[ti j_lg[)
h_]c_l[ chg}pcf* @f _mn[^i ^_ mom gm]ofim _l[ ][om[fg_hn_ mo`c)
]c_hn_ j[l[ ^_n_lgch[l ko_ mo \l[ti j_lg[h_]_l{[ chg}pcf( j_li
_m_ _mn[^i ^_ mom gm]ofim _l[ oh[ mcno[]c}h ko_ _mn[\[ j_l`_])
n[g_hn_ \[di mo ]ihnlif* Ko^i b[\_l gipc^i ]c_lnim gm]ofim s(
^_ b[\_lfim gipc^i( mo \l[ti hi bo\c_l[ j_lg[h_]c^i chg}pcf7
m_ b[\l{[ gipc^i*
G[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_f _rj_lcg_hni ^_go_mnl[ ko_ _f mod_ni jo^i
b[\_l gipc^i _f \l[ti( s ^_ _mni ^_\_gim ]ih]focl ko_ f[ _pc)

KP?DHJN C<=@M <>OP<?J ?F % :OMJ H,-S/

- 4 5

^_h]c[ go_mnl[ cao[fg_hn_ ko_ ]o[fkoc_l ]ih^c]c}h ko_ ^_n_l)

gch} ][om[fg_hn_ ko_ _f \l[ti j_lg[h_]c_l[ chg}pcf _l[ oh[
]ih^c]c}h ko_ _f [a_hn_ jo^i b[\_l [fn_l[^i* >o[fkoc_l ]ih)
^c]c}h h_]_m[lc[ j[l[ gip_l _f \l[ti ^_\c} b[\_l mc^i oh[ ]ih^c)
]c}h ko_ zf jo^i b[\_l jlipi][^i jilko_( ^_ b_]bi( zf jo^i b[)
\_l gipc^i _f \l[ti* >o[fkoc_l ]im[ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i
b[\_l b_]bi _m n[f ko_ i\pc[g_hn_ n[g\czh jo^i b[\_l b_]bi
]o[fkoc_l inl[ ]im[ ko_ ]ihmncnos_l[ oh g_^ci h_]_m[lci j[l[
b[]_l f[ jlcg_l[* Kil fi n[hni( f[ _pc^_h]c[ ]ih f[ ko_ `l_]o_h)
n_g_hn_ ]ihn[gim _h `[pil ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[
jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i( _h _`_]ni mi\l_pcp_ _h n[hni
_pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ s mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ [jis[l ^c]b[ ]ih]fomc}h*
COQ_XNY K^K[_O NOV NO^O\WSXS]^K/ VK NO^O\WSXKMSiX KXMO]^\KV
Nojiha[gim %jc_ _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ []_jn[ _f [laog_hni [hn_lcil*
Loz jo_^_ _hnih]_m l_mjih^_l; M_]il^_gim ko_ _f ^_n_lgc)
hcmgi hi m}fi cgjfc][ ko_ oh mo]_mi ^[^i _mny ^_ b_]bi ^_n_l)
gch[^i( _m ^_]cl( ko_ _rcmn_h ]ih^c]cih_m jl_pc[m ko_ ^_n_lgch[h
^c]bi mo]_mi( mchi n[g\czh ko_ _mn[m ]ih^c]cih_m _mnyh _ff[m gcm)
g[m ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^[m jil mo]_mim jl_pcim( ko_ [ko_ff[m
]ih^c]cih_m _mnyh [ mo p_t ^_n_lgch[^[m jil inlim mo]_mim [hn_)
lcil_m( s [m{ mo]_mcp[g_hn_ _h _f j[m[^i ch^_`chc^i* Kil fi n[hni( _f
]igjiln[gc_hni ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ hi m}fi _mny ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_l)
gch[^i mchi n[g\czh( ^ca[gim( KXMO]^\KVWOX^O ^_n_lgch[^i jil
oh[ ][^_h[ ^_ mo]_mim ko_ m_ ilcach[ _h _f j[m[^i ch^_`chc^i* <m{
%jc_ f[ l_mjo_mn[ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmn[ ^_j_h^_ly ^_f b_]bi ^_ ko_
_f ^_n_lgchcmgi cgjfcko_ hi m}fi ko_ _f ]igjiln[gc_hni _mny
][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i( mchi n[g\czh ko_ _mny [h]_mnl[fg_hn_
^_n_lgch[^i*
@f [laog_hni _m m_h]cff[g_hn_ _f mcaoc_hn_* Ki^ lc[gim n_h_l _f
ncji ^_ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ cg[ach[gim _h ho_mnli _rj_lcg_hni j[l[
[jis[l f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l f_p[hn[^i _f
\l[ti ]o[h^i( ^_ b_]bi( mo ]igjiln[gc_hni _mny hi m}fi ][om[f)
g_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i( mchi [h]_mn l[{g_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i* @f _mn[^i
^_f \l[ti ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ m_ _h]o_hnl[ ^_n_lgch[^i jil _f _m)
n[^i ^_ ]c_lnim gm]ofim ^_ mo ]o_lji* Nojih_gim ko_ _f _mn[^i
^_ _mim gm]ofim _mny ^_n_lgch[^i jil ]c_lnim jli]_mim `{mc]im
ko_ nc_h_h foa[l _h _f ]o_lji( s mch ^o^[ [faoh[ _mnim jli]_)
mim `{mc]im _mnyh ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^im jil jli]_mim `{mc]im

- 5 ,

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T A*G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

[hn_lcil_m( s _mnim fncgim jil inlim [hn_lcil_m( s [m{ mo]_mcp[)

g_hn_ _h _f j[m[^i ch^_`chc^i* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( mc _f gipcgc_hni
^_f \l[ti ^_ _m[ j_lmih[ _mny hi m}fi ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i(
mchi n[g\czh [h]_mnl[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i( _hnih]_m _mny ^_n_l)
gch[^i jil ]ih^c]cih_m ko_ _rcmnc_lih [hn_m ^_ ko_ ^c]b[ j_l)
mih[ h[]c_l[ s mi\l_ f[m ]o[f_m _ff[ hi nc_h_ hchah ]ihnlif* Kil
fi n[hni( _f gipcgc_hni ^_ mo \l[ti ^_\_ _mn[l ^_n_lgch[^i jil
]ih^c]cih_m ko_ hi jo^i ]ihnlif[l*
G[m i\m_lp[]cih_m [hn_lcil_m m_ \[m[h _h _f mojo_mni ^_ ko_
_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li* K_li _f _f_g_hni ]f[p_ _m ko_ f[
_pc^_h]c[ ko_ i\nopcgim [ j[lncl ^_f _rj_lcg_hni ^_f fc\_ln[lci
_m j_l`_]n[g_hn_ ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _f gipcgc_hni ^_f \l[ti ^_f mo)
d_ni( gipcgc_hni ko_ _mny [h]_mnl[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i* @m j_l)
`_]n[g_hn_ ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ p_l^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi* Nc f[ _pc)
^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[)
\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i _m ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ ^_n_lgch[]c}h
[h]_mnl[f ^_f ]igjiln[gc_hni ^_ ^c]b[ j_lmih[( _hnih]_m i\pc[)
g_hn_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ hi _m f[ [^_]o[^[ j[l[ _mn[\f_]_l f[ bcj}n_mcm
^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* T[ ko_ mc
f[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_ ho_mnli _rj_lcg_hni _m ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih
f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ _f _mn[^i ^_ chgipcfc^[^ ^_f \l[ti ^_f mod_ni
_mn[\[ [h]_mnl[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i( _hnih]_m n[g\czh _m ]ig)
j[nc\f_ ]ih f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ hi jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli
gi^i* ?[^i ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ hi fial[ gimnl[l ko_ mo ]igjiln[)
gc_hni hi _mn[\[ [h]_mnl[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i( n[g\czh `l[][m[
_h mo chn_hni jil gimnl[l ko_ _f mod_ni jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_
inli gi^i* Kil fi n[hni( f[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ ho_mnli _rj_lcg_hni l_)
mofn[ ch[^_]o[^[ j[l[ [jis[l f[ jimc]c}h fc\_ln[lc[*

KP?DHJN C<=@M <>OP<?J ?@ J`MJ Hn&?J

-5-

_pc^_h]c[ chmo`c]c_hn_ ^_ ko_ _f []ni hi _mny ][om[fg_hn_

^_n_lgch[^i(
jilko_ ]ih `l_]o_h]c[ mojih_gim ko_ oh gipcgc_hni _m ][o)
m[^i jil _f _mn[^i ^_ fim gm]ofim _n]*( ]o[h^i n[g\czh ]ihn[gim
]ih f[ mojo_mn[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_f []ni fc\l_* < _mn[ jl_gcm[
[|[^cgim _kocpi][^[g_hn_ f[ jl_gcm[
.* Nc f[ mojo_mn[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_f []ni fc\l_ _m oh[ _pc^_h)
]c[ chmo`c]c_hn_ _h `[pil ^_ ko_ _f []ni hi _mny ][om[fg_hn_
^_n_lgch[^i( _hnih]_m f[ mojo_mn[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_f
[]ni fc\l_ _m oh[ _pc^_h]c[ chmo`c]c_hn_ _h `[pil ^_ f[ `[fm_)
^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi*
Ach[fg_hn_( [|[^c_h^i f[ jl_gcm[
/* Nc f[ mojo_mn[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_f []ni fc\l_ _m oh[ _pc^_h)
]c[ chmo`c]c_hn_ _h `[pil ^_ f[ `[fm_^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi( _h)
nih]_m f[ mojo_mn[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_f []ni fc\l_ _m oh[
_pc^_h]c[ chmo`c]c_hn_ _h `[pil ^_ ^c]bi []ni(
]ih]focgim _h `ilg[ pyfc^[ ^_ f[m jl_gcm[m [hn_lcil_m ko_
0* G[ mojo_mn[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_f []ni fc\l_ _m oh[ _pc^_h)
]c[ chmo`c]c_hn_ _h `[pil ^_ ^c]bi []ni*

K[l[ [jl_]c[l f[ ^c[fz]nc][ [hn_lcil s( ]ih _ffi( f[ `o_lt[ ^_ f[

jimc]c}h ^_n_lgchcmn[( _m ]ihp_hc_hn_ ]ihmc^_l[l fim [laog_hnim
jl_]_^_hn_m _h oh[ `ilg[ gym jl_]cm[* <f jlch]cjci ^_`_h^cgim
f[ jimc]c}h ^_n_lgchcmn[ ko_ m_ ijih_ [ f[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_
fim []nim fc\l_m [laog_hn[h^i ko_

Nch _g\[lai( _mn_ [laog_hni l_mofn} m_l ^_`_]noimi* G[ jl_gcm[

%.& m_ [jis[ _h _f mojo_mni _ll}h_i ^_ ko_ mc f[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil
^_ oh []ni ko_ _m fc\l_ _m mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ l_`on[l _f ^_n_lgchcmgi(
_hnih]_m f[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_\_ m_l mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ gimnl[l ko_ _f []ni
hi _mn[\[ ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i* G[ l_mjo_mn[ ^_f fc\_ln[lci
[f [laog_hni jl_]_^_hn_ ]ihnlc\os} [ _m]f[l_]_l f[ h[nol[f_t[ ^_
ho_mnli _llil* G[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_ oh []ni fc\l_( f[ ]o[f _m
chmo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ gimnl[l ko_ _f []ni hi _mn[\[ ][om[fg_hn_ ^_)
n_lgch[^i( _m hi i\mn[hn_ mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ l_`on[l _f ^_n_lgchcmgi
mc _m mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ gimnl[l ko_ _f []ni hi _mn[\[ [h]_mnl[fg_hn_
^_n_lgch[^i* G[ l[t}h _m ko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmgi cgjfc][ ko_ ni^i
[]ni _mny [h]_mnl[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i* Nch _g\[lai( [bil[ ji^_)
gim gi^c`c][l `y]cfg_hn_ ho_mnli [laog_hni j[l[ b[]_lfi pyfc^i*
Klcg_li( _h foa[l ^_ f[ jl_gcm[ %-&( _mn[\f_]_gim f[ jl_gcm[
cao[fg_hn_ pyfc^[

-* G[ mojo_mn[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_f []ni fc\l_ _m ]igj[nc\f_

]ih [fai ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i s jil fi n[hni _m oh[

f[* G[ jl_n_h^c^[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_f []ni fc\l_ _m ]igj[)

nc\f_ ]ih f[ ^_n_lgch[]c}h [h]_mnl[f s jil fi n[hni _m oh[

BO]_WOX NO VY] K\Q_WOX^Y] KX^O\SY\O]

 (!

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

_pc^_h]c[ chmo`c]c_hn_ _h `[pil ^_ ko_ _f []ni hi _mny [h__m

nl[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i(
s _h foa[l ^_ f[ jl_gcm[ `[fm[ %.&( _mn[\f_]_gim f[ jl_gcm[ p_hc[
^_l[
+K( Nc f[ mojo_mn[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_f []ni fc\l_ _m oh[ _pc
^_h]c[ chmo`c]c_hn_ _h `[pil ^_ ko_ _f []ni hi _mny [h]_m)
nl[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i( _hnih]_m f[ mojo_mn[ _pc^_h]c[ _h
`[pil ^_f []ni fc\l_ _m oh[ _pc^_h]c[ chmo`c]c_hn_ _h `[pil ^_
f[ `[fm_^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi*
?_ _mn[m ^im ho_p[m jl_gcm[m s ^_ f[ jl_gcm[ %/& ^_f [laog_hni
[hn_lcil ^_^o]cgim f[ ]ih]fomc}h %0&* @m zmn_ _f l[tih[gc_hni
]ihnl[ f[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_f []ni fc\l_*
EXK \gZVSMK VSLO\^K\SK/ T_]^SPSMKMSiX ]SX NON_MMSiX
G[ l_mjo_mn[ fc\_ln[lc[ [ _mn_ [laog_hni m_ [m_g_d[ [ f[ l_mjo_mn[
[ f[ i\d_]c}h ^_n_lgchcmn[ [ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ f[ chnlimj_]]c}h* G[
i\d_]c}h ^_f ^_n_lgchcmn[ [ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ n_h_gim oh[
_pc^_h]c[ chnlimj_]ncp[ [^_]o[^[ j[l[ _mn[\f_]_l ko_ oh[ j_l)
mih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i ]ihmcmnc} _h ko_ ni^[ _m[
_pc^_h]c[ _m f}ac][g_hn_ ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ f[
j_lmih[ _h ]o_mnc}h hi jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* @f ^_)
n_lgchcmn[ ]ih]fos} ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ hi ^_j_h^_ ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm
^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i( hc nc_h_
l_f_p[h]c[ j[l[ ^c]b[ bcj}n_mcm*
G[ l_mjo_mn[ ^_f fc\_ln[lci f[ ]o[f ]ihmncnos_ oh l_]b[ti [ f[
jl_gcm[ %f[& _m ko_ _mn_ [laog_hni nc_h_ f[ gcmg[ `ilg[ ko_
go]bim [laog_hnim cll[]cih[f_m s( ]igi n[f( [^if_]_ ^_f ^_`_]ni
^_ m_l oh ncji ^_ [laog_hni ko_( mc m_ a_h_l[fct[( ]ih^o]cl{[ [ oh
cll[]cih[fcmgi ][mc nin[f* Gi ko_ _f [laog_hni ^_f ^_n_lgchcmn[
_mn[\f_]_ _m ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ n_h_gim _h `[pil ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm
^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l gipc^i _f \l[ti( ]o[h^i ^_ b_)
]bi hi fi gipc}( hi SWZVSMK ViQSMKWOX^O _m[ ]ih]fomc}h* Ii i\m)
n[hn_( j[l[ _m][j[l [f cll[]cih[fcmgi( _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ ^_\_ []_j)
n[l ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ hi cgjfc][ f}ac][g_hn_ oh[ bcj}n_mcm _m(
mch _g\[lai s ]ih `l_]o_h]c[( _pc^_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[ mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[
]l__lf[ l[tih[\f_g_hn_*
Ph[ p_t gym _m cgjiln[hn_ i\m_lp[l ko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ [lao)
g_hn[ _h oh[ `ilg[ ko_ m_l{[ l_]b[t[^[ jil ch[]_jn[\f_ _h inlim

KP?DHJN C<=@M <>OP<?J ?@ JOMJ HJ?J

("

]ihn_rnim* ?[^i ko_ f[ hc][ ko_d[ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmn[ _h ]ihnl[ ^_

f[ _pc^_h]c[ ]cn[^[ jil _f fc\_ln[lci _m ko_ _m f}ac][g_hn_ ]igj[)
nc\f_ ]ih _f l_]b[ti ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ko_ jl_n_h^_ _mn[\f_]_l( f[ i\)
d_]c}h ^_f ^_n_lgchcmn[ ]ihff_p[ f[ ijchc}h ^_ ko_ hchaoh[ ][h)
nc^[^ ^_ _pc^_h]c[ _m mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ domnc`c][l oh[ [`clg[]c}h i
]l__h]c[ _h _f m_hnc^i ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l b_]bi [fai
mc f[ _pc^_h]c[ hi cgjfc][ _m[ ]ih]fomc}h* @mni j[l_]_l{[ ]igjli)
g_n_lfi ]ih f[ n_mcm a_h_l[f ]igjf_n[g_hn_ chmimn_hc\f_ ^_ ko_
hchaoh[ ][hnc^[^ ^_ _pc^_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[( _pc^_h]c[ ko_ hi cg)
jfc][ mo ]ih]fomc}h( _m [^_]o[^[ i mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ mimn_h_l ]o[f)
koc_l ]ih]fomc}h* @mni mch ^o^[ _m [\mol^i* Oi^[m f[m bcj}n_mcm
ko_ []_jn[gim []_l][ ^_f `onoli s _f j[m[^i m_ \[m[h _h oh[ _pc)
^_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[ _h `[pil ^_ _m[m bcj}n_mcm* G[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ n_)
h_gim ]ih l_mj_]ni [f j[m[^i %jil _d_gjfi( ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[
m_ ][m} [s_l& i ]ih l_mj_]ni [f `onoli %jil _d_gjfi( ^_ ko_ b[\ly
oh _]fcjm_ mif[l _h oh gig_hni _mj_]{`c]i& mih bcj}n_mcm ko_ m_
mimnc_h_h m}fi ch^o]ncp[g_hn_* Nch ^o^[ [faoh[( f[ _pc^_h]c[ _h
`[pil ^_ _mn[m bcj}n_mcm hi cgjfc][ ko_ m_[h p_l^[^_l[m* Ii i\m)
n[hn_( f[ _pc^_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[ jo_^_ m_l j_l`_]n[g_hn_ [^_]o[^[
s mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ mimn_h_l _mn[m ]im[m*
Kil inl[ j[ln_( ji^_gim p_l ko_ f[ i\d_]c}h ^_f ^_n_lgchcmn[
_m _ll}h_[ jo_mni ko_ l_`f_rcih[ mi\l_ oh ][mi _h _f ko_ oh[ j_l)
mih[ l_[fct[ oh []ni( ^_gimnl[h^i [m{ ko_ ^c]b[ j_lmih[ ji^l{[
l_[fct[lfi( _h _f ]o[f m}fi ]ihn[gim ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[ ko_
go_mnl[ ko_ m{ fi l_[fct}* Kil _d_gjfi( mc p_gim [ oh[ j_lmih[
]osi ^_^i _mny jo_mni _h _f hc]i \in}h pch]of[^i [ oh ncg\l_(
s [ohko_ hi f[ p_gim ijlcgcl _f \in}h( i{gim mih[l _f ncg\l_(
_hnih]_m n_h_gim f[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ _h `[pil ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm
^_ ko_ _`_]ncp[g_hn_ ijlcgc}( s jil fi n[hni ^_ ko_ jo^i ijlc)
gcl( _f \in}h* G[ _pc^_h]c[ ]ih f[ ko_ ]ihn[gim hi cgjfc][ _m[
]ih]fomc}h j_li( hi i\mn[hn_( \c_h ji^l{[ m_l [^_]o[^[* @h l_)
mog_h( f[ i\d_]c}h ^_f ^_n_lgchcmn[ j[l[ hi []_jn[l f[ _pc^_h]c[
_h ]o_mnc}h ]igi [^_]o[^[ j[l[ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[
jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i( ^_m][hm[ _h _f ^z\cf [jisi
^_ f[ jl_gcm[ ^_ ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ hi cgjfc][ f[ bcj}n_mcm* @m_
[jisi _m ^_g[mc[^i ^z\cf* G[ _pc^_h]c[ gos \c_h ji^l{[ m_l mo)
`c]c_hn_ j[l[ mimn_h_l ch^o]ncp[g_hn_ _m[ bcj}n_mcm ch]fomi mc _m
j_l`_]n[g_hn_ ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _f l_]b[ti ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm( _m ^_)
]cl( ch]fomi mc hi cgjfc][ ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm _m p_l^[^_l[* I_a[l fi

- 5 0

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

KP?DHJN C<=@M <>Ox<?J ?@ JOMJ HJ?J

- 5 1

[hn_lcil _kocp[f_ [ jl_]cjcn[lm_ [nlij_ff[^[g_hn_ jil _f ][gchi

^_f cll[]cih[fcmgi*

oh[ _pc^_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[ [^_]o[^[ _h `[pil ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_

oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l b_]bi [fai ko_ hi bcti*

<K \O]Z_O]^K NOV NO^O\WSXS]^K/ NO^O\WSXS]WY ]SX S\\KMSYXKVS]WY

< K \O]Z_O]^K VSLO\^K\SK/ `O\NKN& PKV]ONKN O SXN_MMSiX

Ii ^_\_gim []_jn[l oh[ l_`on[]c}h ^_f fc\_ln[lc[hcmgi [ ]imn[

^_ [^koclcl ^_ j[mi _f cll[]cih[fcmgi* K_li _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ nc_h_
[h go]bi ko_ ^_]cl7 hi h_]_mcn[ [^ijn[l _f cll[]cih[fcmgi j[l[
l_`on[l f[ [laog_hn[]c}h fc\_ln[lc[ ^_ ko_ n_h_gim f[ _pc^_h]c[
[^_]o[^[ ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i*
I}n_m_ ko_ _h go]bim ][mim( [ j_m[l ^_ ko_ ho_mnl[ _pc^_h]c[ hi
cgjfc][ f[ bcj}n_mcm( hi i\mn[hn_ _m [f g_him jimc\f_ i\n_h_l _pc)
^_h]c[ ko_ f[ cgjfcko_* @m ^_]cl( _h f[ g[sil j[ln_ ^_ fim ][mim
_h ko_ ho_mnl[ _pc^_h]c[ _m oh[ _pc^_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[ [^_]o[^[ _h
`[pil ^_ oh[ bcj}n_mcm( _m [f g_him f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ i\n_h_l
]c_ln[ _pc^_h]c[ ofn_lcil ko_ cgjfc][l{[ ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm _m p_l^[)
^_l[* Nch ^o^[ _h n[f_m ][mim ji^_gim []_jn[l f[ _pc^_h]c[ ]igi
mo`c]c_hn_ s [^_]o[^[* >ihmc^zl_m_ _f _d_gjfi ko_ [][\[gim ^_
g_h]cih[l( _h _f ko_ ]ihn[gim ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[ gos
m}fc^[ ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l ni][^i _f ncg\l_7 [ohko_
ho_mnl[ _pc^_h]c[ hi cgjfc][ _m[ ]ih]fomc}h( zmn_ _m oh ][mi _h
_f ko_ _m [f g_him f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ i\n_h_l ]c_ln[ _pc^_h]c[
ofn_lcil ko_ cgjfc][l{[ _m[ ]ih]fomc}h* T _m ko_ mch ^o^[ _mn[)
gim mojihc_h^i ko_ f[ j_lmih[ _`_]ncp[g_hn_ ijlcgc} _f \in}h*
Nc _`_]ncp[g_hn_ ijlcgc} _f \in}h( _hnih]_m _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc)
\f_ i\m_lp[l ]}gi fi ijlcgc} s jil fi n[hni i\n_h_l f[ _pc^_h]c[
ko_ cgjfc][l{[ ko_ jo^i ijlcgclfi* @h a_h_l[f( ][^[ p_t ko_ oh[
j_lmih[ _`_]ncp[g_hn_ l_[fct[ oh []ni( _m [f g_him f}ac][g_hn_
jimc\f_ i\n_h_l f[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ cgjfcko_ ko_ _h _`_]ni l_[fct}
s jo^i l_[fct[l ^c]bi []ni* K_li( jil inl[ j[ln_( _h [ko_ffim ][)
mim _h ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ hi l_[fct[ oh []ni( l_mofn[ cgjimc\f_ i\)
n_h_l m_g_d[hn_ _pc^_h]c[* @m f}ac][g_hn_ cgjimc\f_ p_l ]}gi
oh[ j_lmih[ b[]_ [fai ]o[h^i hi fi _mny b[]c_h^i* Kil fi n[hni(
_h ]o[fkoc_l ][mi _h ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ hi l_[fct[ oh []ni l_mofn[
f}ac][g_hn_ cgjimc\f_ i\n_h_l oh[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ cgjfcko_ ko_
_h _`_]ni fi l_[fct[* Ki^_gim ]ih]focl ko_ _h n[f_m ][mim _m cg)
jimc\f_ i\n_h_l oh[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ i mo`c]c_hn_ ko_ go_mnl_
ko_ f[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l l_[fct[^i _f []ni _h ]o_mnc}h* @mni _m
ni^i fi ko_ m_ l_koc_l_ j[l[ f[ jimc]c}h ^_n_lgchcmn[* T _m ko_
f[ hc][ jl_aohn[ jil ^cm]oncl _m mc [faoh[ p_t ji^l_gim i\n_h_l

K[l[ ^_`_h^_l _f [laog_hni fc\_ln[lci m}fi _m h_]_m[lci j_l]c\cl

]oyh [l\cnl[lc[ _m f[ [laog_hn[]c}h ^_f ^_n_lgchcmn[* Ii m_ b[
^[^i hchaoh[ l[t}h _mj_]c[f j[l[ l_]b[t[l _f ncji j[lnc]of[l ^_
_pc^_h]c[ ko_ b_gim ]cn[^i ]igi _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ _h `[pil
^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm _h ]o_mnc}h* <^_gym( l_mofn[l{[ j_]ofc[l s [l\c)
nl[lci mimn_h_l ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ g_h]cih[^[ %f[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_
ji^l{[gim i\n_h_l l_[fct[h^i ho_mnli _rj_lcg_hni& _m [^_]o[^[
j[l[ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l f_p[hn[^i _f
\l[ti ]o[h^i _h _`_]ni fi f_p[hn[( s [oh [m{ h_a[l ko_ f[ _pc^_h)
]c[ _m [^_]o[^[ ]o[h^i hi fi f_p[hn[* G[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ jo^i
b[\_l f_p[hn[^i _f \l[ti m_ [jis[ i hi [^_]o[^[g_hn_ _h f[ _pc)
^_h]c[( s _f mifi b_]bi ^_ ko_ f_p[hn_ i hi f_p[hn_ _f \l[ti _h _f
gig_hni _h ]o_mnc}h l_mofn[ ]igjf_n[g_hn_ cll_f_p[hn_ j[l[ _f
jli\f_g[ ^_ mc _m [^_]o[^[ _m[ _pc^_h]c[*
N_l{[ ncf b[]_l [ko{ oh[ [h[fia{[* Nojiha[gim ko_ ]ihn[gim
]ih oh[ _pc^_h]c[ gos m}fc^[ ^_ ko_ b[s oh a[ni _h _f [lg[)
lci ^_ f[ m[f[* G[ _pc^_h]c[ ]ihmcmn_ _h b[\_l ic^i oh gc[o( oh
loc^i ]bcllc[hn_ i ]o[fkoc_l inl[ l_p_f[]c}h `_fch[ chpifohn[lc[*
@m _mn[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ _h [jisi ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ b[s
oh a[ni _h _f [lg[lci; Nch ^o^[ l_mofn[l{[ j_]ofc[l mimn_h_l ko_
_m oh[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ ^_ ko_ b[s oh a[ni _h _f [lg[lci mc
b[s oh a[ni [ff{( j_li ko_ hi _m oh[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ mc hi
b[s hchaohi* G[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm _m cao[fg_hn_
m}fc^[ ]o[h^i hi b[s oh a[ni _h _f [lg[lci ko_ ]o[h^i m{ fi b[s*
G[ jl_aohn[ ^_ ]ih ]oyhn[ `o_lt[ f[ _pc^_h]c[ [jis[ f[ bcj}n_mcm
^_ ko_ oh a[ni m_ _h]o_hnl[ _h _f [lg[lci ^_\_ m_l ]ihn_mn[^[
ch^_j_h^c_hn_g_hn_ ^_ f[ jl_aohn[ ^_ mc b[s i hi oh a[ni _h _f
[lg[lci* Nc f[ _pc^_h]c[ _m \o_h[ ]o[h^i _f a[ni _mny jl_m_hn_( _h)
nih]_m f[ gcmg[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_\_ n[g\czh m_l \o_h[ ch]fomi ]o[h^i
_f a[ni _mny [om_hn_* ?_ cao[f gi^i( mc f[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_ f[
bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l f_p[hn[^i fim \l[tim _m
oh[ _pc^_h]c[ ]ill_]n[ _h `[pil ^_ _m[ bcj}n_mcm ]o[h^i ^_ b_]bi
f[ j_lmih[ f_p[hn[ _f \l[ti( _hnih]_m n[g\czh ^_\_ m_l oh[ \o_h[
_pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_ ko_ jo^i b[\_l f_p[hn[^i _f \l[ti ]o[h^i
^_ b_]bi hi fi f_p[hn[* @h l_mog_h( _f ko_ oh[ _pc^_h]c[ [jis_

- 5 2

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

i hi oh[ bcj}n_mcm( _m ^_]cl( f[ [jis_ ch^o]ncp[g_hn_( hi ^_j_h^_

^_ hchaoh[ ]ihmc^_l[]c}h ofn_lcil []_l][ ^_ f[ p_l^[^ i `[fm_^[^
^_ ^c]b[ bcj}n_mcm*
G < DM M @AP O < = DG D? < ? ?@ G< O @ N DN ? @G ? @O @M H DI DNH J 6
PI < M B P H @I OJ ? @O @M H DI DNO <

<h hi b_gim _r[gch[^i ]ih ]oc^[^i _f [laog_hni gym `o_ln_

ko_ jo_^_ jl_m_hn[l _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ _h ]ihnl[ ^_ ni^[m f[m i\m_l)
p[]cih_m [hn_lcil_m* T _m ko_ _f [laog_hni gym m}fc^i _h ]ihnl[
^_ ni^im fim l_]f[gim fc\_ln[lcim _h _f m_hnc^i ^_ ko_ ]ihn[gim
]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ mo`c]c_hn_ ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l [])
no[^i ^_ inli gi^i s( jil fi n[hni( j[l[ ]igjli\[l f[ `[fm_)
^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m [kozf ko_ m_ \[m[ _h f[ c^_[ ^_ ko_
f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi hi jo_^_ l_`on[lm_ g_^c[hn_ hchaoh[
jlo_\[ _gj{lc][* >ihmc^_l_gim oh [laog_hni ^_ B* E * R[lhi]e
_h ^_`_hm[ ^_ _mn[ ]ih]fomc}h* R[lhi]e ^_`ch_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_l)
gchcmgi ]igi f[ n_mcm m_ah f[ ]o[f j[l[ ni^i mo]_mi N( _rcmn_ oh
]ihdohni ^_ ]ih^c]cih_m [hn_]_^_hn_m n[f_m ko_( ][^[ p_t ko_ m_
i\nc_h_h ^c]b[m ]ih^c]cih_m( i]oll_ oh mo]_mi ^_f ncji Cp( R[l)
hi]e ff[g[ [ _mn[ n_mcm D ( No [laog_hn[]c}h _m f[ mcaoc_hn_6
Noj}ha[m_ _hnih]_m ko_ him b[]_gim f[ jl_aohn[6 koz n_h^l{[
ko_ i]ollcl j[l[ [`clg[l ko_ D _m `[fm[; *** @m `y]cf cg[ach[l oh mo)
]_mi C& ]ih^c]cih_m mo`c]c_hn_m j[l[ mo i]oll_h]c[ ko_ m_ mojih_ ko_
mc_gjl_ b[h mc^i 4PS60 c ko_ [fah ^{[ _mn[m ]ih^c]cih_m ji^l{[h
i\n_h_lm_ s mch _g\[lai _f mo]_mi N hi i]oll_* K_li _pc^_hn_g_hn_
_mni hi l_`on[ D( T _m ko_ m_ ^cdi _h D ko_ hc][g_hn_ _rcmn_h MSO\'
^K] ]ih^c]cih_m mo`c]c_hn_m j[l[ f[ i]oll_h]c[ ^_ ]o[fkoc_l mo]_mi7
hi m_ _mj_]c`c]}]oyf_m mih _mn[m ]ih^c]cih_m _h ]o[fkoc_l ][mi( ]igi
n[gji]i m_ cgjfc]} ]ih _mni ko_ ]o[fkoc_l[ m[\_ h_]_m[lc[g_hn_ _h
]o[fkoc_l ][mi mc f[m ]ih^c]cih_m mih i hi mo`c]c_hn_m* ?_]cl ko_ _rcm)
n_h ]c_ln[m f_s_m ^_ f[ h[nol[f_t[ hi cgjfc][ ko_ ]o[fkoc_l[ m[\_( i
ko_ _h l_[fc^[^ m[\ly _h [fah gig_hni( _r[]n[g_hn_ fi ko_ mih*
T jil fi n[hni f[ ij_l[]c}h ^_ D _m ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _f l_]b[ti ^_
]o[fkoc_l [`clg[]c}h ^_ f_s( s ]o[fkoc_l [`clg[]c}h ][om[f ko_ b[s[
mc^i( _m i m_ly mimn_hc^[* Nc ^cai( <faoc_h [bil[ _h _mn[ ][m[ nc_h_ _f
j_fi p_l^_( jo_^_ gimnl[lm_ ko_ fiko_ ^cai _m `[fmi( s[ ko_ jo_^_
j_^{lm_f_ [ f[m j_lmih[m ^_ _mn[ ][m[ ko_ ^_m`cf_h j[l[ ]igjli\[l
ko_ hchaoh[ ^_ _ff[m nc_h_ _f j_fi p_l^_* K_li mc ^cai( Co\i oh[
p_t( i b[s i b[\ly( _h [fah foa[l ^_f ohcp_lmi( oh[ j_lmih[ ]ih
_f j_fi p_l^_( hi h_]_mcni [^gcncl ko_ _mnis _kocpi][^i* Kilko_

G< DMM@APO<=DGD?<? ?@ G< O@NDN ?@O@MHDIDNO<

- 5 3

hoh][ ji^l{[ ^_]clm_ ko_ `o_lih chmj_]]cih[^im ni^im fim lch]ih_m

^_f ohcp_lmi _h ]o[fkoc_l `_]b[ jimc\f_ s ko_ m_ _h]ihnl} ko_ hi
ch]fo{[h [ [faoh[ j_lmih[ ^_ j_fi p_l^_* ?_ f[ gcmg[ g[h_l[( mc
^cd_l[( >c_lni ]ihdohni ^_ ]ih^c]cih_m 456789 _m mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[
ko_ i]oll[ C & m_l{[ jimc\f_ gimnl[l ko_ _mnis _kocpi][^i* T[ ko_
ji^l{[ chn_hn[lm_ _f hg_li `chcni ^_ ]ig\ch[]cih_m ^_ hg_lim
s m_ p_l{[ ko_ hchaoh[ m_l{[ mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ ko_ N i]oll[* K_li mc
mcgjf_g_hn_ [`clgi ko_ _rcmn_h MSO\^K] ]ih^c]cih_m s hi ^_fcgcni
_f yl_[ ^_ \mko_^[ ^_ f[m gcmg[m( hoh][ h_]_mcn[lz [^gcncl ko_
_mnis _kocpi][^i* Ko_m hoh][ ji^l{[ [`clg[lm_ ko_ ni^i `[]nil i
]ihdohni ^_ `[]nil_m ]ih]_\c\f_m ko_ ji^l{[h m_l ]ih^c]cih_m ^_ N
`o_lih jo_mnim [ jlo_\[ s l_]b[t[^im7 ^_ n[f mo_ln_ ko_ mc_gjl_
ji^l{[ ^_]clm_ ko_ f[ ]ig\ch[]c}h ]ill_]n[ ^_ ]ih^c]cih_m hi b[
mc^i _h]ihnl[^[ ni^[p{[*--
?_ _mni R[lhi]e ]ih]fos_6
* * * hoh][ ji^l{[ i]ollcl oh mo]_mi ]o[fkoc_l[ ko_ `o_l[ h_]_m[)
lci( i ch]fomi h[nol[f( ^_m]lc\cl ]igi oh mo]_mi hi ][om[^i* Ioh][
ji^l{[ ^_]clm_ ko_ hchaohi ^_ mom ]igjf_dim _ ch`chcn[g_hn_ ho)
g_limim [hn_]_^_hn_m ji^l{[ m_l ]ihmc^_l[^i mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ ko_
^c]bi mo]_mi i]ollc_l[* T _mni _kocp[f_ [ ^_]cl ko_ h[^[ ji^l{[
i]ollcl ko_ _rcac_l[ ^_ himinl[m f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ D _m `[fm[***
Ii l_koc_l_ ^_ hchaoh[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ ko_ f[ [jis_ jilko_
hchaoh[ ji^l{[ m_lpcl _h mo ]ihnl[* Ii jo_^_ jli\[lm_ _gj{lc][)
g_hn_( jilko_ hchaoh[ jlo_\[ ji^l{[ `l[][m[l i gym \c_h( h[^[
ji^l{[ m_lpcl ]igi jlo_\[*-.
Ii l_mofn[ ^c`{]cf ]igjli\[l ]}gi f[m i\m_lp[]cih_m ^_ R[l)
hi]e jo_^_h m_l oncfct[^[m j[l[ l_mjih^_l [f [laog_hni fc\_ln[)
lci ko_ b_gim _mn[^i ]ihmc^_l[h^i* Nojiha[gim ko_ R[lhi]e
_mny _h fi ]ill_]ni s ko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi hi jo_^_ m_l
l_`on[^[ g_^c[hn_ oh[ jlo_\[ _gj{lc][7 mojiha[gim ko_ hoh][
hchaoh[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ l_mofn[l{[ mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ l_`on[lf[*
N_ah _f fc\_ln[lci( _rcmn_ [faoh[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ ko_ m_l{[ mo)
`c]c_hn_ j[l[ _mn[\f_]_l ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_
inli gi^i* >o[fkoc_l _pc^_h]c[ ko_ l_mofn_ mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ _mn[)
\f_]_l f[ p_l^[^ ^_ oh[ bcj}n_mcm _m n[g\czh mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ _m)
n[\f_]_l f[ `[fm_^[^ ^_ ]o[fkoc_l bcj}n_mcm ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _ff[*
-- B* E * R [lhi]e( @p_ls @p_hn C[m [ >[om_( l_cg jl_mi _h 7TLNH FSI 7FS$
LZFLJ# m_aoh^[ m_lc_( <hnbihs Af_q %_^*&( =[mcf =f[]eq_ff( J r`il^( -515( j* -,2*
-. 4GNI%# jj* - , 2 ), 3 *

- 5 4

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

Kil fi n[hni( jil _d_gjfi( mc jim_i f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ mo`c]c_hn_

j[l[ _mn[\f_]_l ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ _h ni^i _f ohcp_lmi nc_h_ _f ][\_)
ffi p_l^_( n_hai f[ _pc^_h]c[ mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ _mn[\f_]_l f[ `[fm_^[^
^_ ]o[fkoc_l bcj}n_mcm ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _ff[( ^ca[gim( f[ bcj}n_mcm
^_ ko_ ni^[m f[m j_lmih[m _h _f ohcp_lmi nc_h_h _f j_fi s[ m_[ ][`z(
s[ [g[lcffi( s[ lidi( s[ alcm* <bil[ \c_h( mc f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_
oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i _m ch]igj[nc\f_
]ih f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ mo ]igjiln[gc_hni _mn[\[ [h]_mnl[fg_hn_
^_n_lgch[^i %s( jil fi n[hni( ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_l)
gchcmgi& s mc ]o_hni ]ih f[ mo`c]c_hn_ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ j[l[
_mn[\f_]_l f[ p_l^[^ ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[)
\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i( _m[ _pc^_h]c[ m_ly n[g\czh mo`c]c_hn_
j[l[ _mn[\f_]_l f[ `[fm_^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi* Ii i\mn[hn_( mc f[
n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi hi jo_^_ l_`on[lm_ g_^c[hn_ ]o[fkoc_l
_pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][( _hnih]_m hi _rcmn_ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ [faoh[
ko_ jo_^[ _mn[\f_]_l mo `[fm_^[^* ?_ [b{ ko_( ^[^i ko_ f[ n_mcm
^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi hi jo_^_ m_l l_`on[^[ jil hchaoh[ _pc^_h]c[
_gj{lc][( f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ l_ohc^[ jil _f fc\_ln[lci _h [jisi
^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli
gi^i hi jo_^_ m_l oh[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ j[l[ _mn[\f_]_l ^c]b[
bcj}n_mcm* >igi l_mofn[^i ^_ fi [hn_lcil( _f fc\_ln[lci m_ b[ff[ _h
oh _llil [f mimn_h_l ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ ]ih f[ ko_ ]o_hn[(
s ]ih f[ ko_ ni^im ji^l{[gim ]ihn[l( j[l[ [jis[l f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_
ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i( _m oh[ _pc)
^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ j[l[ mimn_h_l _m[ bcj}n_mcm* Ii jo_^_ m_l [^_)
]o[^[ jilko_ hi _m [^_]o[^[ j[l[ gimnl[l ko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmgi
_m `[fmi*
<K \O]Z_O]^K VSLO\^K\SK/ VK ZY]SLSVSNKN NO O`SNOXMSK SXN_M^S`K
@m ]c_lni ko_ hi cgjiln[ ]oyhni nc_gji \omko_gim( s ]oyhn[m
p_]_m `l[][m_gim _h ho_mnli chn_hni( j[l[ _h]ihnl[l [ oh[ j_l)
mih[ ]ih _f ][\_ffi p_l^_( s hi cgjiln[ ]oyhni nc_gji \omko_)
gim( s ]oyhn[m p_]_m `l[][m_gim _h ho_mnli chn_hni( j[l[ _h]ih)
nl[l f[ ][om[ ^_ [fah mo]_mi( f[ jimc\cfc^[^ f}ac][ mcao_ mc_h^i
ko_ _rcmn_ oh[ j_lmih[ ]ih _f ][\_ffi p_l^_ s ko_ _f mo]_mi nc_h_
oh[ ][om[* <m{ ko_ R[lhi]e _mny _h fi ]c_lni ]o[h^i [`clg[ ko_
hoh][ m_l{[ h_]_m[lci ^_m]lc\cl oh mo]_mi ]igi ][l_hn_ ^_ ][om[*
K_li ^c`{]cfg_hn_ m_ mcao_ ^_ _mni ko_ hchaoh[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][
jo_^_ m_lpcl j[l[ l_`on[l f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ oh mo]_mi hi nc_h_

G< DMM@APO<=DGD ?<? ?@ G< O@NDN ?@O@MHDIDNO<

- 5 5

][om[* >igi n[gji]i m_ ^_mjl_h^_ ^_ fi ko_ [`clg[ R[lhi]e

ko_ hchaoh[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ jo_^_ m_lpcl j[l[ l_`on[l f[ bc)
j}n_mcm ^_ ko_ _rcmn_ oh[ j_lmih[ ]ih _f ][\_ffi p_l^_*
K[l[ ]igjli\[l ko_ _mni _m [m{( l_`f_rcih_gim mi\l_ f[ bcj}n_)
mcm6 <faoh[ p_t bo\i( i b[s( i b[\ly( _h [fah foa[l ^_f ohcp_lmi(
oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ nopi( i nc_h_( i n_h^ly _f ][\_ffi p_l^_* Kil mo)
jo_mni( _m ]c_lni ko_ hc mckoc_l[ ni^[ f[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ jo^czl[gim
i\n_h_l jil g_^ci ^_ f[ i\m_lp[]c}h i f[ chp_mnca[]c}h him ff_)
p[l{[ _h [fah gig_hni [ ]ih]focl ko_ ^c]b[ bcj}n_mcm _m `[fm[*
@m ^_]cl( hi cgjiln[ ]oyhn[ _pc^_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[ fial_gim l_ohcl
j[l[ ^_n_lgch[l f[ `[fm_^[^ ^_ _mn[ bcj}n_mcm( m_aocl{[ mc_h^i f})
ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_( ch]fomi ^[^[ _m[ _pc^_h]c[( ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm
`o_l[ p_l^[^_l[* Nch _g\[lai( ^c`{]cfg_hn_ m_ mcao_ ^_ _mni ko_
hoh][ ji^l_gim n_h_l _pc^_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[ [^_]o[^[ j[l[ jli)
\[l mo `[fm_^[^* @h _`_]ni( gos \c_h ji^l{[gim [`clg[l _h _mn_
gig_hni ko_ ]ihn[gim ]ih _m[ _pc^_h]c[* @f mifi b_]bi ^_ ko_
]o[fkoc_l[ ko_ m_[ f[ \mko_^[( s f[ chp_mnca[]c}h( hoh][ i\n_h)
^l_gim f[ _pc^_h]c[ [ j[lncl ^_ f[ ]o[f jo^czm_gim ^_^o]cl ko_
f[ bcj}n_mcm _m `[fm[( hi jlo_\[ al[h ]im[* Gi gcmgi _m pyfc^i
]ih l_mj_]ni [ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi* >o[fkoc_l[ ko_ m_[ f[
\mko_^[ s f[ chp_mnca[]c}h( hi i\n_h^l{[gim oh[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_
him ff_p[l[ [ ]ih]focl ko_ f[ n_mcm _m `[fm[* Ii cgjiln[ ]oyhn[ _pc)
^_h]c[ fial_gim l_ohcl( [oh [m{ m_l{[ f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_( ch]fomi
^[^[ _m[ _pc^_h]c[( ko_ f[ n_mcm `o_l[ p_l^[^_l[* Kil ]o[hncim[
ko_ m_[ _m[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][( hi _mn[l_gim [onilct[^im j[l[
^_^o]cl f[ `[fm_^[^ ^_ f[ p[fc^_t ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi* K_li \c_h
ji^l{[ m_l ko_ ]ihnyl[gim ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ mo`c]c_hn_
j[l[ _mn[\f_]_l ch^o]ncp[g_hn_ f[ `[fm_^[^ ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_f ][)
\_ffi p_l^_ s ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ mimn_h_l f[ `[fm_^[^
^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi*
@m j_l`_]n[g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ ]c_ln[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ [jis_
ch^o]ncp[g_hn_ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ hi _rcmn_ h[^c_ ]ih _f ][\_)
ffi p_l^_ i ^_ ko_ [fah mo]_mi ][l_]_ ^_ ][om[ [ohko_ f[ _pc)
^_h]c[ ^_d_ [\c_ln[ f[ jimc\cfc^[^ f}ac][ ^_ ko_ _rcmn[ oh[ j_l)
mih[ ]ih _f ][\_ffi p_l^_ s ^_ ko_ _f mo]_mi n_ha[ oh[ ][om[*
Ph[ p_t gym( _f [mj_]ni ]l{nc]i ^_f jli\f_g[ _m gos m_h]cffi* T
_m _f mcaoc_hn_6 ko_ f[ ch^o]]c}h( s f[ jlo_\[ ch^o]ncp[ j[l[ ]o[f)
koc_l bcj}n_mcm( _gjc_t[ ^ih^_ [][\[ f[ ^_^o]]c}h* >o[h^i hi
]ihn[gim ]ih oh[ jlo_\[ ^_^o]ncp[( him _h]ihnl[gim jl_]cm[)
g_hn_ _h _f n_ll_hi jlijc]ci j[l[ f[ chp_mnca[]c}h s f[ jlo_\[

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

ch^o]ncp[m* ?_ n[f g[h_l[ ko_( _f mifi b_]bi ^_ ko_ hchaoh[ _pc)

^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ m_[ ^_^o]ncp[g_hn_ mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ _mn[\f_]_l f[
`[fm_^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _h fi [\mifoni cgjfc][ i ^_go_mnl[
ko_ ]o[fkoc_l ][hnc^[^ ^_ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ _m mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[
_mn[\f_]_l ch^o]ncp[g_hn_ f[ `[fm_^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi* K_li mc
f[ `[fm_^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi jo_^_ _mn[\f_]_lm_ g_^c[hn_ jlo_)
\[m _gj{lc][m( f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi( ]ihnl[lc[g_hn_ [ fi ko_
R[lhi]e b[ mimn_hc^i( ko_^[ [\c_ln[ [ f[ l_`on[]c}h _gj{lc][* Kil
inl[ j[ln_( [ j[lncl ^_ ho_mnl[ chp_mnca[]c}h cg[ach[lc[ ^_f []ni
^_ f_p[hn[l oh \l[ti( l_mofn[ j_l`_]n[g_hn_ ]f[li ko_ hi m}fi _m
jimc\f_ i\n_h_l _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ l_`on[l f[ n_)
mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi( mchi ko_ n[g\czh _m ]c_lni ko_ m_g_d[hn_
_pc^_h]c[ _mny [ ho_mnli [f][h]_*
< K \O]Z_O]^K NO^O\WSXS]^K/
KVQY NOLO KXNK\ WKV OX OV K\Q_WOX^Y VSLO\^K\SY
Locty f[m l_mjo_mn[m i`l_]c^[m b[mn[ [bil[ jil _f ^_n_lgchcmn[
`ch[fg_hn_ hi n_ha[h _`_]ni* <h f_ ko_^[ oh[ ji^_lim[ l_m)
jo_mn[* Ki^l_gim j_l]c\clf[ g_dil l_`f_rcih[h^i ]oc^[^im[g_h)
n_ mi\l_ f[ {h^if_ _r[]n[ ^_f [cao g_hni fc\_ln[lci \[m[^i _h _f
_rj_lcg_hni cg[ach[lci* @f fc\_ln[lci mimnc_h_ ko_ [ j[lncl ^_
_mn_ _rj_lcg_hni i\n_h_gim _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ [^_]o[^[ j[l[
[`clg[l ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i ^_
]igi( ^_ b_]bi( []no}* Pncfct[ jo_m oh[ _kocp[f_h]c[ ^_`chc]ci)
h[f( [ m[\_l( ko_ oh []ni fc\l_ _m mcgjf_g_hn_ [ko_f _h _f ]o[f f[
j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* ?_ [b{ ko_ _f fc\_ln[)
lci [laog_hn_ ko_ b[ jl_m_hn[^i f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ [^_]o[^[
j[l[ mimn_h_l ko_ [faohim []nim mih fc\l_m* @f mcaoc_hn_ j[mi _m
l_]ollcl [ oh[ jl_gcm[ _h f[ ]o[f ]ich]c^_h [g\[m j[ln_m _h _mn[
^cmjon[( [ m[\_l( ko_ mc f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_l[(
_hnih]_m hchah []ni _m fc\l_* @mn[ fncg[ jl_gcm[( [ mo p_t( _m
i\pc[g_hn_ _kocp[f_hn_ [ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ mc [faohim []nim
]YX P\l_m( _hnih]_m f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi XY _m p_l^[^_l[*
>ih]fos_ [m{( _h ]ihdohni( ko_ b[ jlijil]cih[^i f[ _pc^_h]c[
]ihnoh^_hn_ _h `[pil ^_ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_l)
gchcmgi XY O] `O\NKNO\K( @h _mni _m _h fi ko_ _f fc\_ln[lci [jis[
mo [laog_hn[]c}h hi m}fi ]ihnl[ _f ^_n_lgchcmn[( mchi n[g\czh _h
`[pil ^_ mo jlijc[ jimc]c}h* T fi ko_ l_mofn[ chn_l_m[hn_ _m ko_

D< DMM@APO<=DGD ?<? ?@ G< O@NDN ?@O@MHDIDNO<

n[g\czh _h _mn_ gcmgi _f_g_hni ]ih]fos_hn_ _m ^ih^_ _hnl[ _h

do_ai f[ l_mjo_mn[ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmn[*
M_]il^_gim koz mcahc`c][ _r[]n[g_hn_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgc)
hcmgi* =ymc][g_hn_ m_ nl[n[ ^_ f[ n_mcm ^_ f[ ][om[fc^[^ ohcp_l)
m[f( _m ^_]cl( [ko_ff[ ko_ [`clg[ ko_ ni^i ]o[hni i]oll_ nc_h_ oh[
][om[* Kil fi n[hni( mc _f [laog_hni fc\_ln[lci [hn_lcil _m ]ill_]ni
_h ni^im mom [mj_]nim( fi ko_ l_[fg_hn_ m_ b[ jl_m_hn[^i _m f[ _pc)
^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ [^_]o[^[ ^_ ko_ ]c_lni []ni XY ^SOXO _XK MK_]K(
Nch _g\[lai( chmcmn_ _f ^_n_lgchcmn[( hi m_ b[ jl_m_hn[^i h[^[
m_g_d[hn_* G[ _pc^_h]c[ i\n_hc^[ [ j[lncl ^_f _rj_lcg_hni hi
^_go_mnl[( i ]o[h^i g_him hi [jis[( ]ihnoh^_hn_g_hn_ f[ [`cl)
g[]c}h ^_ ko_ [fai ko_ i]oll_ i ^_d[ ^_ i]ollcl hi nc_h_ ][om[* @f
^_n_lgchcmn[ him l_]ig_h^[ly ko_ l_]il^_gim f[ h[nol[f_t[ ^_f
_rj_lcg_hni* Ol[m jl_m_h]c[l _f []ni ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ f_p[hn[
s \[d[ _f \l[ti p[lc[m p_]_m s _h ]ih^c]cih_m ^cp_lm[m( him jl_i)
]oj[ _hnih]_m _f ko_ _mn[ gcmg[ j_lmih[ b[s[ ji^c^i f_p[hn[l
_f \l[ti ]o[h^i ^_ b_]bi hi fi gipc}* Hig_hnim [hn_m %pz[hm_
f[m jj* -44)-45&( _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ m_|[f} ko_ f[m gfncjf_m ]ih^c)
]cih_m ^_ fim gm]ofim ^_ ^c]b[ j_lmih[ _l[h ][om[fg_hn_ mo`c)
]c_hn_m j[l[ ko_ mo \l[ti j_lg[h_]c_l[ mch gipcgc_hni* @h _mni
_mnopi ^_ []o_l^i _f fc\_ln[lci( j_li jlimcaoc} mo [laog_hn[]c}h
mimn_hc_h^i ko_ f[ j_lmih[ _l[ mch _g\[lai ch][j[t ^_ ]ihnli)
f[l s [fn_l[l _f _mn[^i ^_ mom gm]ofim* Gi ko_ l_mofn[ ]lo]c[f
_m l_]ihi]_l ko_ _f _mn[^i ^_ mom gm]ofim _h _m_ gig_hni _l[
][om[fg_hn_ mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ ko_ mo \l[ti j_lg[h_]c_l[ chg}pcf*
T _m ko_( mc _h p_l^[^ mo \l[ti j_lg[h_]_ chg}pcf( _rcmn_ oh[
][om[ j[l[ _ffi( [ m[\_l( _f _mn[^i ^_ mom gm]ofim* <^_gym( _h
_f nig[)s)^[][ [hn_lcil _hnl_ _f fc\_ln[lci s _f ^_n_lgchcmn[( ni^i
_mni m_ ^ci jil m_hn[^i* ?_ n[f g[h_l[ ko_ ^c`{]cfg_hn_ m_ b[ ^_)
gimnl[^i ko_ _m l[tih[\f_ j_hm[l ko_ ]c_lni []ni %_h _mn_ ][mi( _f
[]ni ^_f \l[ti ko_ j_lg[h_]_ chg}pcf& XY ^SOXO MK_]K KVQ_XK( ?_
b_]bi( l_[fg_hn_ hi cgjiln[ mc _f fc\_ln[lci []_jn} [fai* T[ ko_
]f[l[g_hn_ _m ]c_lni ko_ _f _mn[^i ^_ fim ^cp_lmim gm]ofim `o_
][om[fg_hn_ mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ ko_ _f \l[ti j_lg[h_]c_l[ chg}pcf*
T( ^[^i ko_ _f \l[ti j_lg[h_]c} chg}pcf( zmn_ `o_ ff_p[^i [ [^ij)
n[l _m[ jimc]c}h jil _f _mn[^i ^_ fim gm]ofim* ?_ n[f mo_ln_ ko_
_f _rj_lcg_hni hi ^_go_mnl[ ko_ l_mofn[ l[tih[\f_ ]l__l ko_
]c_lni []ni ][l_]_ ^_ ][om[*
<bil[ \c_h( _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ jo_^_ f[ht[lm_ [ f[ i`_hmcp[ _h oh[
`ilg[ ilcach[f* Ii m_ b[ jlijil]cih[^i _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ [^_)

!!

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

]o[^[ ko_ [jis_ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ ]c_lni []ni hi nc_h_ ][om[

[faoh[* K_li( mc _f [laog_hni fc\_ln[lci `o_l[ ]ill_]ni( _hnih]_m
f[ _pc^_h]c[ _h [jisi ^_ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m
`[fmi ]O\hK oh[ _pc^_h]c[ _h [jisi ^_ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ ]c_lni
[]ni hi nc_h_ ][om[ [faoh[* @f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m n[h m}fi f[ n_mcm
m_ah f[ ]o[f ni^i ]o[hni i]oll_ nc_h_ oh[ ][om[* Kil fi n[hni(
_f ^_n_lgchcmn[ mimnc_h_ ko_ b[s KVQY ko_ hi ]o[^l[ _h _f [lao)
g_hni fc\_ln[lci( [ohko_ hi jo_^_ jl_]cm[l ]ih _r[]ncno^ [_g _m
_r[]n[g_hn_* @m[ [laog_hn[]c}h( ^_ m_l ]ill_]n[( l_mofn[l{[ _h
oh[ ]ih]fomc}h )ko_ b[s _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ _h `[pil ^_ f[ [`cl)
g[]c}h ^_ ko_ ]c_lnim []nim hi nc_h_h ][om[ [faoh[ ko_ _pc^_h)
n_g_hn_ hi m_ b[ _mn[\f_]c^i* <m{ ko_ [fai ^_\_ [h^[l g[f _h f[
[laog_hn[]c}h fc\_ln[lc[*
EXK \O]Z_O]^K VSLO\^K\SK/ _X jV^SWY MYWOX^K\SY
G[ l_mjo_mn[ ^_f fc\_ln[lci [ _mn[ ]l{nc][ ]ihmcmn_ _h l_cn_l[l mo
[`clg[]c}h ilcach[f* @h oh jlch]cjci mimnopi ko_ _mn[ _pc^_h]c[
_l[ [^_]o[^[ j[l[ [jis[l f[ n_mcm ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[)
\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* Gi ko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ b[ mimn_hc^i _m
ko_ _mn[ _pc^_h]c[ hi j[l_]_ m_l ^_f ncji ko_ jo^c_l[ l_`on[l f[
n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi* @f fc\_ln[lci l_mjih^_ ko_ f[ l[t}h jil f[
]o[f _mn[ _pc^_h]c[ hi j[l_]_ l_`on[l f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m
ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli
gi^i hi _m i\pc[g_hn_ ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgc)
hcmgi* G[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ j_lgcn_ gimnl[l ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i
b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i n[g\czh j_lgcn_ gimnl[l ko_ ]o[f)
koc_l bcj}n_mcm ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih zmn[ ^_\_ m_l `[fm[* Nch _g\[cai(
\c_h ji^l{[ ^[lm_ _f ][mi ^_ ko_ ]c_ln[ bcj}n_mcm m_[ ^_ b_]bi ch)
]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l [])
no[^i ^_ inli gi^i( j_li hi j[l_]_ m_l ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _ff[*
@h _m_ ][mi( f[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ oh[ j_l)
mih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i( f[ ]o[f _m mo`c]c_hn_ _h
`[pil ^_ _m[ bcj}n_mcm( kocty hi j[l_t][ ]ih]fos_hn_ j[l[ l_`on[l
f[ inl[ bcj}n_mcm* Nch _g\[lai( [ohko_ jo_^[ hi j[l_]_l ]ih]fo)
s_hn_ _m( hi i\mn[hn_( ]ih]fos_hn_*
Ph[ [h[fia{[ jo_^_ [so^[l [ _m]f[l_]_l _mn[ ]o_mnc}h* Ph[
j_lmih[ ji^l{[ p_l oh ^[^i mi\l_ mo _m]lcnilci s i\n_h_l [m{ oh[
_pc^_h]c[ ]ih]fos_hn_ ^_ ko_ b[s oh ^[^i _h mo _m]lcnilci* <bil[
\c_h( oh ^[^i _m jil ^_`chc]c}h oh ]o\i( s oh ]o\i _m [fai ko_

G< DMM@APO<=DGD?<? ?@ G< O@NDN ?@O@MHDIDNO<

.,/

nc_h_ ^i]_ [lcmn[m* @m ^_]cl( ^_f b_]bi ^_ ko_ [fai _m oh ]o\i ji)
^_gim ^_^o]cl ]ih p[fc^_t ko_ nc_h_ ^i]_ [lcmn[m Nch _g\[lai(
moj}ha[m_ ko_ f[ j_lmih[ ko_ i\m_lp[ _f ^[^i _h mo _m]lcnilci(
s ko_ m[\_ ko_ _m oh ]o\i( hi m_ ^[ ]o_hn[ ^_ ko_ ^_f b_]bi
^_ ko_ [fai _m oh ]o\i m_ mcao_ ko_ _m_ [fai nc_h_ ^i]_ [lcmn[m*
<ohko_ l_mofn[l[ [j[l_hn_ j[l[ _mn[ j_lmih[ ko_ ]o_hn[ ]ih f[
_pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ j[l[ [`clg[l ko_ b[s oh ]o\i mi\l_ mo _m]lc)
nilci( jo_^_ hi l_mofn[lf_ [j[l_hn_ ko_ ]o_hn[ ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[
[^_]o[^[ ^_ ko_ [fai mi\l_ mo _m]lcnilci nc_h_ ^i]_ [lcmn[m* Ii
i\mn[hn_( f[ _pc^_h]c[ ]ih f[ ko_ ]o_hn[ _m [^_]o[^[ j[l[ _mni
fncgi * @f ko_ zf p_[ oh ^[^i mi\l_ mo _m]lcnilci f_ jlijil]cih[
_pc^_h]c[ mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ _mn[\f_]_l ko_ _f i\d_ni mi\l_ mo _m]lc)
nilci nc_h_ ^i]_ [lcmn[m* @f b_]bi ^_ ko_ hi f_ j[l_t][ [ zf ko_ f[
_pc^_h]c[ ^_ p_l oh ^[^i _m mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ _mn[\f_]_l ko_ b[s oh
i\d_ni mi\l_ mo _m]lcnilci ko_ nc_h_ ^i]_ [lcmn[m _m ]im[ [j[ln_* G[
_pc^_h]c[ _m mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ [jis[l _m[ bcj}n_mcm( m_ ^z i hi ]o_hn[
^_ ko_ [m{ _m* ?_ cao[f `ilg[( mc f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[
jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i _m n[f ko_ ji^_gim domn[g_hn_
^_^o]cl [ j[lncl ^_ _ff[ ko_ _f ]igjiln[gc_hni ^_ ^c]b[ j_lmih[
hi _mn[\[ [h]_mnl[f g_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i s( jil fi n[hni( ko_ f[ n_mcm
^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m `[fm[( _hnih]_m f[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ ko_ n_h_gim
ko_ [jis[l f[ bcj}n_mcm m_ah f[ ]o[f oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l
[]no[^i ^_ inli gi^i _m n[g\czh oh[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ [jis[ f[
bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m `[fmi*
Ph[ j_lmih[ ko_ hi m_ ^[ ]o_hn[ ^_ ko_ ohi jo_^_ domn[)
g_hn_ ^_^o]cl f[ `[fm_^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi [ j[lncl ^_ f[ [`cl)
g[]c}h ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i _m
oh[ j_lmih[ j[l[ f[ ]o[f f[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_f _mn[\f_]cgc_hni
^_ f[ p_l^[^ ^_ f[ fncg[ [`clg[]c}h hi l_mofn[l{[ m_l _pc^_h]c[ _h
`[pil ^_f _mn[\f_]cgc_hni ^_ f[ `[fm_^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi* K_li
m{ m_l{[ _pc^_h]c[( s _pc^_h]c[ mo`c]c_hn_( ^_ _mni fncgi s( jil fi
n[hni( ^_ f[ `[fm_^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi* ?_ [b{ ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[
ko_ b_gim i\n_hc^i [ j[lncl ^_ ho_mnli _rj_lcg_hni cg[ach[lci
s f[ _pc^_h]c[ ^cmjihc\f_ [ j[lncl ^_ fim ch]ihnlif[\f_m [ohko_
[\oh^[hn_m l_]olmim ^_ f[ pc^[ ]inc^c[h[ _m mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ gim)
nl[l ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i s( jil fi
n[hni( ko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m `[fm[*
Lo_ m_g_d[hn_ _pc^_h]c[ jo_^[ hi l_mofn[l ^_f ncji ko_ m_ l_)
koc_l_ j[l[ l_`on[l f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi m_ ^_lcp[ ^_f b_]bi
^_ ko_ ji^l{[ j[l_]_l ko_ ohi hi jo_^_ ^_^o]cl ]ih domnc]c[ f[

.,0

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

`[fm_^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi [ j[lncl ^_ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ oh[

j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* Nch _g\[lai( f[ ^_)
^o]]c}h _m pyfc^[ s f[ l_`on[]c}h ^_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m
]ih]fos_hn_*
G[

KJND>DI >J H K<OD=DGDNO<

Kimc\f_g_hn_( ohi ji^l{[ mimn_h_l ko_ n[hni f[m i\m_lp[]cih_m `c)

h[f_m ^_f fc\_ln[lci ]igi f[m ^_f ^_n_lgchcmn[ nc_h_h ]c_lni gzlcni*
@f ^_n_lgchcmn[ [`clg[ ]ih ]c_ln[ jf[omc\cfc^[^ ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[
^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i hi _m
[^_]o[^[ j[l[ l_`on[l f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi* @h _`_]ni( _mni
j[l_]_ m_l ]c_lni s[ ko_ mc _f ^_n_lgchcmgi `o_m_ `[fmi( _hnih]_m
[fai ko_ i]oll_ ][l_]_l{[ ^_ ][om[ s f[ _pc^_h]c[ i\n_hc^[ [ j[l)
ncl ^_f _rj_lcg_hni cg[ach[lci hi j[l_]_ gimnl[l ko_ [fah []ni
][l_]_ ^_ oh[ ][om[* Kil inl[ j[ln_( mch ^o^[ ^_\_gim _mn[l ^_
[]o_l^i ]ih _f fc\_ln[lci _h ko_ b[s _pc^_h]c[m gos m}fc^[m _h
`[pil ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_
inli gi^i* K_li mc _m[ bcj}n_mcm cgjfc][ f[ `[fm_^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgc)
hcmgi( _hnih]_m [ ni^[m fo]_m ^_\_gim _mn[l ^_ []o_l^i ]ih _f
fc\_ln[lci _h ko_ n_h_gim _pc^_h]c[m mo`c]c_hn_m s [^_]o[^[m _h
`[pil ^_ f[ `[fm_^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi*
@gj_t[gim m_|[f[h^i oh[ j[l[^id[ [j[l_hn_6 _f m_hnc^i ]i)
gh l_`f_rcpi [jis[ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi s [jis[ n[g\czh
f[ n_mcm ^_ ko_ ]c_lnim []nim mih fc\l_m* Kil fi n[hni( _m l[tih[)
\f_ ]l__l ][^[ oh[ ^_ _mn[m [`clg[]cih_m* Nch _g\[cai( f[m ^im
[`clg[]cih_m j[l_]_h f}ac][g_hn_ ch]igj[nc\f_m* @h oh chn_hni
jil ^_]c^cl _hnl_ f[m [`clg[]cih_m _h ]o_mnc}h( b_gim mc^i ]ih)
^o]c^im( _h _`_]ni( [ inl[ [j[l_hn_ j[l[^id[( [ m[\_l( ko_ b[s oh[
m}fc^[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ l_`on[l _f ^_n_lgchcmgi(
j_li ko_ _m[ gcmg[ _pc^_h]c[ hi j[l_]_ cgjfc][l( i ch]fomi [ji)
s[l ch^o]ncp[g_hn_( f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ ]c_lnim []nim ][l_]_h ^_
][om[* @f b_]bi ^_ ko_ j[l_]_ b[\_l ]c_lni gzlcni _h [g\[m ji)
mc]cih_m( f[ fc\_ln[lc[ s f[ ^_n_lgchcmn[( b[ ]ih^o]c^i [ [faohim
[ \om][l oh[ ]ih]_j]c}h [fn_lh[ncp[* ?[^i ko_ ho_mnli chn_hni
jil ch]fch[lhim b[]c[ _f fc\_ln[lci i _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ b[ ]ih^o]c^i
[ inl[ j[l[^id[ [j[l_hn_( n_h_gim l[tih_m [^c]cih[f_m j[l[ \om)
][l oh[ jimc]c}h [fn_lh[ncp[( ^_m_[h^i ]ih ijncgcmgi _h]ihnl[l
oh[ ko_ mifo]cih_ f[m j[l[^id[m s [ f[ p_t ]ihm_lp_ fi ko_ j[l_]_h
m_l fim \o_him [laog_hnim ^_f fc\_ln[lci s _f ^_n_lgchcmn[*

G< KJND>DI >JHK<OD=D GDNO<

.,1

@f fc\_ln[lci s _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ ]igj[ln_h oh[ jl_gcm[ ]igh6

mc _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( _hnih]_m hi b[s []nim fc\l_m i( mc
fim b[s( _hnih]_m _f ^_n_lgchcmgi hi _m p_l^[^_li* @h inl[m j[)
f[\l[m( _f ^_n_lgchcmgi s _f []ni fc\l_ mih ch]igj[nc\f_m* @h ]ih)
m_]o_h]c[( ji^_gim p_l `y]cfg_hn_ ko_ [faoc_h ji^l{[ l_]b[t[l
^_f gcmgi gi^i n[hni f[ jimc]c}h ^_n_lgchcmn[ ]igi f[ fc\_ln[lc[
l_]b[t[h^i f[ jl_gcm[ ko_ f_m _m ]igh* Iim l_`_lcl_gim [ fim
`cf}mi`im ko_ jli]_^_h ^_ _mn_ gi^i ]ih f[ j[f[\l[ MYWZK^SLSVS]^K]&
_h ]ihnl[mn_ ]ih fim ^_n_lgchcmn[m s fim fc\_ln[lcim( [ fim ko_ him
l_`_lcl_gim _h ]ihdohni ]ih f[ j[f[\l[ SXMYWZK^SLSVS]^K]( %Qz[m_ f[
n[\f[ jl_m_hn[^[ [hn_lcilg_hn_ _h f[ j* -12*&
Lo_^[ j_l`_]n[g_hn_ ]f[li ko_ f[ jimc]c}h ^_f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[
l_mofn[ `cfim}`c][g_hn_ n_hn[^il[* Kl_pc[g_hn_ ^cdcgim ko_ _f
jli\f_g[ ^_ f[ fc\_ln[^ s _f ^_n_lgchcmgi jf[hn_[ oh[ j[l[^id[(
jilko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi [m{ ]igi f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ _h
i][mcih_m f[m j_lmih[m []n[h fc\l_g_hn_( mih [g\[m [`clg[]ci)
h_m ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ ]ih m_hnc^i ]igh []_jn[ ]igi _pc^_hn_m*
@f ko_ ^im ]l__h]c[m ko_ mih j_l`_]n[g_hn_ _pc^_hn_m ^_m^_ _f
johni ^_ pcmn[ ^_f m_hnc^i ]igh l_mofn_h m_l ch]igj[nc\f_m _m(
_h p_l^[^( oh[ j[l[^id[* G[ jimc]c}h ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ _m oh chn_hni
jil ^cmcj[l f[ [j[lc_h]c[ ^_ ch]ihmcmn_h]c[ s( ]ih _ffi( jil ^cmif)
p_l f[ j[l[^id[( gimnl[h^i ko_ fi ko_ j[l_]_ ch]ihmcmn_hn_ l_[f)
g_hn_ hi fi _m* G[ mojo_mn[ ch]ihmcmn_h]c[( m_ah _f ]igj[nc\c)
fcmn[( _m n[h m}fi [j[l_hn_ s hi l_[f* <^_gym( f[ inl[ j[l[^id[ [j[)
l_hn_ n[g\czh m_ ^cmifp_ly* T[ ko_( ]igi p_l_gim( f[ jimc]c}h
]igj[nc\cfcmn[ him j_lgcncly mimn_h_l l[tih[\f_g_hn_ ko_ ]ihn[)
gim ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ ^_ ko_ [faoh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[)
\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i( j_li _mni hi ]ihmncnos_ oh[ _pc^_h]c[
_gj{lc][ _h `[pil ^_ f[ `[fm_^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi s( jil fi n[hni(
hi _m oh[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ ^_ ko_ [fah []ni ][l_]_ ^_ ][om[*
>}gi m_ ^_`c_h^_ f[ jimc]c}h ]igj[nc\cfcmn[; K[l_]_ cgjf[o)
mc\f_ moa_lcl ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i
[oh mc mo ]igjiln[gc_hni _mnopi ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i jil
]ih^c]cih_m _rcmn_hn_m [hn_m ^_ mo h[]cgc_hni s mi\l_ f[m ]o[)
f_m hi n_h{[ hchah ]ihnlif* Ii i\mn[hn_( zmn[ _m jl_]cm[g_hn_
f[ ijchc}h ko_ fim ]igj[nc\cfcmn[m ^_`c_h^_h* No f{h_[ ^_ ^_`_hm[
b[ nig[^i ^im ^cl_]]cih_m* @h jlcg_l foa[l( [faohim ]igj[nc)
\cfcmn[m b[h chn_hn[^i gimnl[l( g_^c[hn_ _f [hyfcmcm ^_ f[ hi]c}h
^_ ^_n_lgch[]c}h ][om[f( ko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi ][om[f hi
cgjfc][ h[^[ ko_ m_[ ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _f []ni fc\l_* @f ^_`_hmil

.,2

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

gym f[gimi ^_ _mn[ c^_[ _m kocty Eibh Nno[ln Hcfc( j_li go]bim
`cf}mi`im b[h m_aoc^i _mn[ f{h_[ ^_ j_hm[gc_hni* @h m_aoh^i fo)
a[l( [faohim ]igj[nc\cfcmn[m b[h chn_hn[^i gimnl[l ko_ f[ ^_[ ^_
oh []ni fc\l_( _m ^_]cl( f[ c^_[ ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l [])
no[^i ^_ inli gi^i( hi cgjfc][ h[^[ ko_ m_[ ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih
_f ^_n_lgchcmgi* @mnim ^im _h`iko_m mih _h l_[fc^[^ ^im f[^im ^_
f[ gcmg[ gih_^[* T[ ko_( jil mojo_mni( mc f[ c^_[ ^_f []ni fc\l_
hi cgjfc][ h[^[ ko_ m_[ ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgc)
hcmgi ][om[f( n[g\czh m_ly ]c_lni ko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi
][om[f hi cgjfc][ h[^[ ko_ m_[ ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _f []ni fc\l_* Nch
_g\[lai( ^_m^_ oh johni ^_ pcmn[ g_ni^if}ac]i( ohi ji^l{[ _g)
j_t[l [h[fct[h^i ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ _mn[m hi]cih_m _h oh _m`o_lti jil
_mn[\f_]_l _mn[ ]igj[nc\cfc^[^* Ach[fg_hn_( ohi ji^l{[ chn_hn[l
jli\[l f[ ]igj[nc\cfc^[^ ^_f []ni fc\l_ s _f ^_n_lgchcmgi mch jl_)
m_hn[l oh [hyfcmcm ^_ ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ _ffim* vmn_ jo_^_ l_mofn[l _f
][gchi g_him jlig_n_^il( j_li _m oh ][gchi ko_ ^_\_gim ch)
p_mnca[l n[g\czh*
P I < M B P H @I OJ > J H K< O D=DGDNO < 6
G< ><PN<GD?<? >J H J > J I N O DO P T @ I O @ ?@ G< <>>D I

>c_lnim [laog_hnim s[ _rjo_mnim j[l[ ^_gimnl[l f[ ]igj[nc\c)

fc^[^ ^_f []ni fc\l_ s _f ^_n_lgchcmgi mih hc]im jilko_ nl[n[h
^_ ^_gimnl[lf[ [laog_hn[h^i ko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m ch^cmj_h)
m[\f_ j[l[ _f []ni fc\l_* @mn[ pcmc}h b[ [^ijn[^i ]c_lni hg_li
^_ `ilg[m* Ph[ ^_ _ff[m _m _f [laog_hni ^_ ko_ f[ ^cmnch]c}h _h)
nl_ _f []ni s f[ g_l[ j[mcpc^[^ nc_h_ ko_ p_l _ff[ gcmg[ ]ih f[
][om[fc^[^* <hn_lcilg_hn_ ]o[h^i _r[gch[gim _f ][mi ^_f ^_)
n_lgchcmn[ i\m_lp[gim ko_( m_ah zf( f[ p_l^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi
cgjfc][ ko_ f[m j_lmih[m mih gym j[mcp[m ko_ []ncp[m* Nc f[ []]c}h
bog[h[ _m _f l_mofn[^i ch_pcn[\f_ ^_ `o_lt[m ][om[f_m `o_l[ ^_f
]ihnlif ^_ oh[ j_lmih[( j[l_]_l{[ ko_ _m gym \c_h oh mod_ni mi)
\l_ _f ko_ m_ []n[ ko_ oh []nil* G[ j_lmih[ ko_ [jlc_n[ _f a[ncffi
^_f [lg[ [m_mch[ j[l_]_ []ncp[( j[l_]_ _mn[l l_[fct[h^i oh []ni*
K_li( m_ah [faohim ^_n_lgchcmn[m( l_[fg_hn_ hi _mny []ncp[7 gym
\c_h _mny l_mjih^c_h^i j[mcp[g_hn_ [ `o_lt[m ][om[f_m ko_ m_ _h)
]o_hnl[h nin[fg_hn_ `o_l[ ^_ mo ch`fo_h]c[* N_ah ]c_lnim ]ig)
j[nc\cfcmn[m( _mni _m oh[ chp_lmc}h nin[f ^_ f[ p_l^[^* Kilko_( n[f
s ]igi p_h f[m ]im[m( f[ ^c`_l_h]c[ _hnl_ oh[ l_mjo_mn[ j[mcp[ s
oh[ []]c}h ^_\_ _ff[ gcmg[ ^_fch_[lm_ _h nzlgchim ][om[f_m*

G< ><PN<GD?<? >JHJ >JINODOPT@IO@ ?@ G< <>>DI

.,3

>oyf _m f[ ^c`_l_h]c[ _hnl_ oh mcgjf_ []ni %]igi _f ^_ f_p[h)

n[l _f \l[ti& s oh mcgjf_ gipcgc_hni ^_f ]o_lji %_f ^_f \l[ti
gipczh^im_ b[]c[ [llc\[&( _f ]o[f hi _m oh []ni; Ph[ l_mjo_mn[
]igj[nc\cfcmn[ [ _mn[ jl_aohn[ _m ko_ _h _f ][mi _h ko_ si f_p[hni
_f \l[ti( [fai ko_ mo]_^_ ^_hnli ^_ g{ jlipi][ ko_ gc \l[ti m_
go_p[ b[]c[ [llc\[* @f b_]bi ^_ ko_ si l_[fc]_ _f mcgjf_ []ni ^_
f_p[hn[l _f \l[ti ]ihff_p[ ko_ gc \l[ti m_ go_p[ b[]c[ [llc\[ _h
l_mjo_mn[( l_mjo_mn[ ][om[f( [ [fai ko_ nc_h_ foa[l ^_hnli ^_ g{*
Gim ]igj[nc\cfcmn[m b[h ^_m]lcni _mni ko_ i]oll_ ^_hnli ^_ g{ ^_
p[lc[m g[h_l[m* Kil _d_gjfi( _h i][mcih_m m_ b[h l_`_lc^i [ _ffi
]ih f[ j[f[\l[ `YVSMSiX& _h f[ ko_ f[ c^_[ _m ko_ _f ko_ si f_p[hn_
_f \l[ti ]ihmcmn_ _h ko_ gc \l[ti m_ go_p[ b[]c[ [llc\[ ]igi
]ihm_]o_h]c[ ][om[f ^_ oh[ pi]c}h ko_ i]oll_ ^_hnli ^_ g{* G[
pifc]c}h \c_h ji^l{[ ^_m]lc\clm_ ]igi oh[ pifc]c}h)j[l[)ko_)oh)
\l[ti)m_)go_p[)b[]c[)[llc\[ i [fai jil _f _mncfi* Nch _g\[lai(
_f _mn[^i( ]igi m_ b[ ^_m]lcni( _m [ko_f ^_ ]os[ _rcmn_h]c[ gcmg[
ji^l{[s ^_ b_]bi [m{ b[ i]ollc^i ^o^[lm_* ?_ hchah gi^i
l_mofn[ _pc^_hn_ ko_ _rcmn[ n[f ]im[ ]igi oh[ pifc]c}h ^_ f_p[h)
n[l oh \l[ti ^_hnli ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ][^[ p_t ko_ zmn[ f_p[hn[
_f \l[ti* Ph[ pifc]c}h n_h^l{[ ko_ m_l ]c_lni ncji ^_ i]oll_h]c[(
]c_lni _jcmi^ci ko_ i]oll_ ^_hnli ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ j_li ko_ hi
jo_^_ c^_hnc`c][lm_ g_^c[hn_ f[ chnlimj_]]c}h* T _m ko_ hi l_)
mofn[ ^_f ni^i ]f[li ko_ ]o[h^i oh[ j_lmih[ f_p[hn[ _f \l[ti( zmn[
jo_^_ ^_n_]n[l _h [fah gig_hni( g_^c[hn_ f[ chnlimj_]]c}h(
ko_ m_g_d[hn_ pifc]c}h _mny i]ollc_h^i*
G[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ pifc]c}h jo_^_ [^o]clm_( mch _g\[lai( _h oh[
`ilg[ cgj_lg_[\f_ [ jli\f_g[m ^_ _mn_ ncji* Ko_^_ m_l ko_ f[
pifc]c}h ]ihmcmn[ _h [fah ncji \c_h ]ihi]c^i s b[mn[ ]igh ^_ _m)
n[^i jmc]if}ac]i* Kil _d_gjfi( jo_^_ [laog_hn[lm_ ko_ ]o[h^i
gc \l[ti m_ go_p_ b[]c[ [llc\[ jilko_ koc_li ko_ m_ go_p[ b[)
]c[ [llc\[( si b_ f_p[hn[^i _f \l[ti* <m{ ko_ _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ si
b[a[ [fai ]ihmcmn_ _h ko_ ]c_lni mo]_mi n_ha[ foa[l jilko_ [m{
fi koc_li* @mn[ ijchc}h _rca_ ko_ _rcmn[ [faoh[ ]ih_rc}h _hnl_
gc ^_m_i ^_ l_[fct[l _f []ni s mo i]oll_h]c[* @mn[ ]ih_rc}h i\pc[(
moac_l_ _f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[( _m oh[ ]ih_rc}h ][om[f* @f ^_m_i jli)
^o]_ ][om[fg_hn_ _f []ni* Nc _mn[ ijchc}h( i ]o[fkoc_l p[lc[]c}h
^_ f[ gcmg[( _m ]ill_]n[( _hnih]_m _f ko_ si b[a[ [fai l_koc_l_
ko_ _m_ [fai m_[ ][om[^i jil [fah _mn[^i jmc]if}ac]i ko_ i]oll_
^_hnli ^_ g{* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( _f []ni( s jil fi n[hni _f y]ni fc\l_*

.,4

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

^_f:_ m_l ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ ^_n_lgch[]c}h ][om[f jo_m ]ihff_p[ f*c

^_n_lgch[]c}h ][om[f ]igi oh ]ihmncnos_hn_*
EXK \gZVSMK SXMYWZK^SLkS]^K/ n[_g MYX^\YVK VK MKX]K3
@mn_ johni ^_ pcmn[ nc_h_ hog_limim ^_`_]nim* @h jlcg_l foa[l(
^_ hchaoh[ g[h_n [ l_mofn[ i\pci [ j[lncl ^_ f[ chnlimj_]]c}h koi
][^[ p_t ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ l_[fct[ oh []ni( zmn_ m_ p_ []igj[|[^i
^_ [faoh[ h_]_mc^[^( [hb_fi( i ^_m_i [hn_]_^_hn_( i ^_ ]o[fkoc_l
inli _mn[^i jmc]if}ac]i _mj_]{`c]i* Gim []nim i]oll_h \[di ]cl]ohm)
n[h]c[m gos p[lc[^[m s ko_ mcao_h [ ^c`_l_hn_m ncjim ^_ _mn[^im
jmc]if}ac]im* <m{ ko_ l_mofn[ chc]c[fg_hn_ cgjf[omc\f_ moa_lcl ko_
_rcmn_ oh ncji ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ _mn[^i jmc]if}ac]i ^_ chnlimj_]]c}h
ko_ _m oh _f_g_hni ]ihmncnoncpi ^_ ni^i []ni bog[hi*
Nch _g\[lai( ch]fomi mc []_jn[gim oh[ hi]c}h ^_ pifc]c}h ko_
hi ]ihmncnos_ oh _mn[^i ^_ chnlimj_]]c}h( s ^[gim ][\c^[ [ f[ ji)
mc\cfc^[^ ^_ ko_ ni^i []ni bog[hi jo_^[ n_h_l ]igi _f_g_hni
]ihmncnoncpi h_]_m[lci [fah chal_^c_hn_ ^_ _mn_ ncji( ^_f ko_ hch)
aohi ^_ himinlim _mny ]ihm]c_hn_( _f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ [h hi b[\ly
a[h[^i f[ \[n[ff[*
K[l[ ]igjli\[l fi [hn_lcil( mojiha[gim ko_ ni^i []ni nc_h_
oh _f_g_hni ]ihmncnoncpi h_]_m[lci( [fah _mn[^i ko_ b[]_ ko_
_f []ni i]oll[* ?_ hchaoh[ g[h_l[ ko_^[ ]f[li ko_ fi ko_ [ko{
_mn[gim mojihc_h^i _m ^_ [fah gi^i chn_fcac\f_* G[ c^_[ nc_h_
]c_lnim ^_`_]nim chn_lhim* Kil _d_gjfi( mc m_ ^c]_ ko_ _f _mn[^i _h
]o_mnc}h _m oh[ pifc]c}h( _hnih]_m ^_\_gim m_hnclhim ch]fch[^im
[ jl_aohn[l ^_ koz _m _mn[ pifc]c}h; Nojiha[gim ko_ f_p[hni _f
\l[ti* @m _mn[ pifc]c}h( f[ ]o[f _m oh _f_g_hni ]ihmncnoncpi ^_ _mn_
[]ni( oh[ pifc]c}h ^_ ko_ gc \l[ti m_ go_p[ b[]c[ [llc\[; T mc _m
oh[ pifc]c}h ^_ ko_ gc \l[ti m_ go_p[ b[]c[ [llc\[( _hnih]_m _m
_mn[ gcmg[ pifc]c}h oh []ni; T mc f[ pifc]c}h _m _ff[ gcmg[ !!!! []ni(
_hnih]_m ^_\_ b[\_l oh[ pifc]c}h ko_ [ mo p_t m_[ oh _f_g_hni
]ihmncnoncpi h_]_m[lci ^_f []ni; @h _m_ ][mi( ]o[h^i f_p[hni _f
\l[ti n_h^l{[ ko_ b[\_l oh[ pifc]c}h j[l[ ko_ gc \l[ti m_ go_p[
b[]c[ [llc\[ s( mc_h^i _m[ pifc]c}h gcmg[ oh []ni( n_h^l{[ ko_ n_)
h_l ]igi chal_^c_hn_ h_]_m[lci oh[ pifc]c}h s [m{ mo]_mcp[g_hn_*
@mn[ l_al_mc}h ji^l{[ _pcn[lm_ h_a[h^i ko_ f[m pifc]cih_m mih [])
nim i ko_ ni^im fim []nim nc_h_h ]igi _f_g_hnim ]ihmncnoncpim pi)
fc]cih_m* K_li ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ _mn[m [fn_lh[ncp[m j_lgcn_ l_mjih^_l

G< ><PN<GD?<? >JHJ >JINODOPT@IO@ ?@ G< <>>DI

.,5

ko_ ji^l{[gim ^_ f[ gcmg[ g[h_l[ ^[l jil n_lgch[^i _f [mohni

]ih _f []ni ^_ f_p[hn[l _f \l[ti ]igi ]ih f[ pifc]c}h ^_ f_p[hn[lfi*
N_[ ]igi `o_l_( ch]fomi mc ^[gim jil m_hn[^i _f mojo_mni ^_
ko_ fim []nim m{ nc_h_h ]c_lni chal_^c_hn_ ][om[f ]igi _f_g_hni
]ihmncnoncpi h_]_m[lci( _mn[ ijchc}h ]ihff_p[ oh[ [\log[^il[ ^c)
`c]ofn[^ chb_l_hn_* >ihmc^_l_gim oh []ni ][om[^i jil inli []ni*
Nojiha[gim ko_ f_p[hni oh[ \[ll[ _gjodyh^if[* @h _mn_ ][mi(
si l_[fcti oh []ni %f_p[hn[l f[ \[ll[& l_[fct[h^i ]c_lni []ni [hn_)
lcil %_gjod[l f[ \[ll[&* Hc jl_mc}h mi\l_ f[ \[ll[ _m fi ko_ ][om[
ko_ zmn[ m_ f_p[hn_ ^_f jcmi s jil fi n[hni fi ko_ jlipi][ f[ i]o)
ll_h]c[ ^_ gc []ni( _f f_p[hn[gc_hni ^_ f[ \[ll[* @h _`_]ni( _h
_mn_ ][mi _f ko_ si _gjod_ f[ \[ll[ _m oh _f_g_hni ]ihmncnoncpi
h_]_m[lci ^_f f_p[hn[gc_hni ^_ f[ gcmg[* @mn_ _m oh ][mi j_l`_])
n[g_hn_ ]f[li( _hnih]_m( ^_ oh []ni ko_ m{ nc_h_ ]igi chal_^c_hn_
oh _f_g_hni ]ihmncnoncpi ][om[f* Nc hi `o_l[ jil f[ l_f[]c}h ][om[f
_hnl_ _gjod[l f[ \[ll[ s _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ zmn[ m_ go_p[( _f []ni
hi b[\l{[ n_hc^i foa[l*
Nch _g\[lai( _mn_ mcgjf_ b_]bi _m j_l`_]n[g_hn_ ]igj[nc\f_
]ih f[ c^_[ ^_ ko_ hc _f []ni ^_ _gjod[l f[ \[ll[ hc _f []ni ^_ f_)
p[hn[lf[ `o_lih []nim fc\l_m* Nojiha[gim jo_m ko_ _f []ni ^_ _g)
jod[l f[ \[ll[ `o_ _f l_mofn[^i( _f l_mofn[^i ch_pcn[\f_( ^_ mo]_mim
mi\l_ fim ]o[f_m si hi n_h{[ hchah ]ihnlif* @h _m_ ][mi( hi jo^_
b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* ?[^i ko_ _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ si b[s[
f_p[hn[^i f[ \[ll[ `o_ _f l_mofn[^i ch_pcn[\f_ ^_f b_]bi ^_ ko_ f[
b[s[ _gjod[^i ]igi fi bc]_( m_ mcao_ ko_ ^_ f[ gcmg[ g[h_l[
]igi hi jo^_ b[]_l inl[ ]im[ mchi _gjod[l f[ \[ll[( [m{ n[g\czh
hi jo^_ b[]_l inl[ ]im[ mchi f_p[hn[lf[* Kil fi n[hni( [ohko_ gc
[]ni ^_ f_p[hn[l f[ \[ll[ ]ihnc_h_ oh _f_g_hni ^_ ^_n_lgch[]c}h
][om[f( s _h l_[fc^[^ l_koc_l_ ^_ f[ ^_n_lgch[]c}h ][om[f j[l[ mo
i]oll_h]c[( l_mofn[ j_l`_]n[g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ _f []ni hi `o_m_ fc)
\l_* <^_gym( s zmn_ _m _f _f_g_hni ]lo]c[f( \c_h ji^l{[ m_l _f ][mi
ko_ [ohko_ f[ ^_n_lgch[]c}h ][om[f `o_ oh chal_^c_hn_ _m_h]c[f
^_f []ni( `o_ f[ p_l^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi f[ ko_ ^c} jil l_mofn[^i
ko_ _f []ni hi `o_m_ fc\l_*
K[l[ _m]f[l_]_l _mn_ fncgi johni ^_\_gim l_]il^[l ko_ m_ mc)
ao_ ^_ f[ p_l^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi ko_ ni^i fi ko_ b[ai _mny
][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i jil ]ih^c]cih_m [hn_lcil_m [ gc h[)
]cgc_hni s mi\l_ f[m ]o[f_m hi n_hai hchah ]ihnlif* Ph[ [`cl)
g[]c}h ofn_lcil ^_f ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[ _m ko_ m_ mcao_ ^_ _mni ko_
si hi jo^_ b[\_l b_]bi h[^[ mchi fi ko_ bc]_( ko_ hi jo^_ b[\_l

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

[]no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* <m{ ko_ \c_h ji^l{[ m_l _f ][mi ko_ [oh)
ko_ f[ ^_n_lgch[]c}h ][om[f _l[ h_]_m[lc[ j[l[ l_[fct[l _f []ni
^_ f_p[hn[l f[ \[ll[( f[ p_l^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi ][om[f ohcp_lm[f
cgjfc][ ko_ _f []ni hi `o_ fc\l_* ?_f mojo_mni ^_ ko_ f[ ^_n_lgc)
h[]c}h ][om[f _m oh _f_g_hni ]ihmncnoncpi h_]_m[lci ^_ oh []ni
hi m_ mcao_ ko_ _f []ni ^_\_ m_l fc\l_( i ko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m
]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ _m_ []ni m_[ fc\l_* <oh mc _f []ni
bog[hi nc_h_ ]igi _f_g_hni ]ihmncnoncpi ]c_ln[ l_f[]c}h ][om[f(
ji^l{[ m_aocl mo]_^c_h^i ko_ _m_ []ni fc\l_ s _f ^_n_lgchcmgi
`o_l[h ch]igj[nc\f_m*
@f [mj_]ni ]l{nc]i ^_ _mn_ [laog_hni ^_j_h^_ ^_ f[ ^cmnch]c}h
_hnl_ f[ ^_n_lgch[]c}h ][om[f s f[ ^_n_lgch[]c}h [h]_mnl[f*$Ph
[]ni jo_^_ _mn[l ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i jil ]c_lnim `[]nil_m s
hi i\mn[hn_ m_l fc\l_( [ ]ih^c]c}h ^_ ko_ _f [a_hn_ gcmgi b[s[
]ihnlif[^i fim `[]nil_m ko_ fi bc]c_lih molacl* Nc _f []ni ^_ _gjo)
d[l f[ \[ll[ `o_ _h m{ gcmchi [fai \[di gc ]ihnlif( [fai ko_ l_mofn}
m_l oh []ni fc\l_ ^_ gc j[ln_( _hnih]_m [faoh[m ^_ f[m ]ihm_]o_h)
]c[m ][om[f_m ^_ _m_ []ni m_l{[h n[g\czh []nim fc\l_m ^_ gc j[ln_*
Nc _f []ni ^_ _gjod[l f[ \[ll[ _m oh []ni fc\l_ s jlipi][ ko_ f[ \[)
ll[ m_ f_p[hn_( _hnih]_m _f ko_ si f[ b[s[ f_p[hn[^i _m n[g\czh oh
[]ni fc\l_* @h a_h_l[f( mc f[ l_[fct[]c}h ^_ ]c_lni []ni S ^[ ]igi
l_mofn[^i ][om[f ko_ si l_[fc]_ n[g\czh ]c_lni []ni I& _hnih]_m _f
[]ni I& [ohko_ ^_n_lgch[^i ][om[fg_hn_( jo_^_ m_l fc\l_ [ ]ih)
^c]c}h ^_ ko_ _f []ni H b[s[ mc^i fc\l_* G[ ^_n_lgch[]c}h ][om[f
^_ oh []ni _m ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _f []ni ko_ _m fc\l_* Nch _g\[lai( mc
_f []ni _mny ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i jil ]c_lni []ni [hn_lcil( s
_f []ni [hn_lcil hi _m zf gcmgi fc\l_( _hnih]_m _f []ni l_mofn[hn_
n[gji]i _m fc\l_* <^_gym( f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi cgjfc][ [h
gym ko_ _f g_li b_]bi ^_ ko_ oh []ni _mnz ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgc)
h[^i6 cgjfc][ n[g\czh ko_ _m_ []ni _mny [h]_mnl[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgc)
h[^i* Nc oh []ni _mny [h]_mnl[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i( _hnih]_m _mny
][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i jil ]im[m ko_ i]ollc_lih [hn_m ^_ ko_
_f [a_hn_ h[]c_l[ s mi\l_ f[m ]o[f_m hi n_h{[ hchah ]ihnlif* @h
]ihm_]o_h]c[( _f [a_hn_ hi jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i7
mo []ni hi `o_ oh []ni fc\l_* Kil fi n[hni( hi jo_^_ ^_gimnl[lm_
ko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _f []ni fc\l_ gim)
nl[h^i ko_ _m_ []ni( s ]ih _ffi _f []ni fc\l_( ]ihff_p[ mc_gjl_ ]igi
_f_g_hni ]ihmncnoncpi f[ ^_n_lgch[]c}h ][om[f ^_f []ni ^_\c^[ [
[fah _mn[^i jmc]if}ac]i*

G< ><PN<GD?<? >JHJ >JINODOPT@IO@ ?@ G< <>>DI

<K \O]Z_O]^K NOV MYWZK^SLSVS]^K/ \KdYXO] c MK_]K]

@f [laog_hni ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[ [hn_lcil ^_j_h^_ ^_ f[ c^_[ ^_ ko_
oh []ni jo_^_ m_l f[ ][om[ ^_ inli []ni* Noj}ha[m_ ko_ []_jn[)
gim ko_ mc oh []ni _m f[ ][om[ ^_ inli( ^_\_ ^_gimnl[lm_ ko_ _f
jlcg_li _m fc\l_ mc _f m_aoh^i fi _m s( jil fi n[hni( gimnl[l ko_
fim []nim mih ][om[^im jil []nim hi ^_gimnl[l{[ ko_ _f []ni fc\l_
s _f ^_n_lgchcmgi mih ]igj[nc\f_m* Ii i\mn[hn_( _mni hi ^[ jil
n_lgch[^[ f[ ^cm]omc}h* T _m ko_ _f [laog_hni ^_f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[
hi _m n[h m}fi ko_ fim []nim mih ][om[^im( mchi ko_ mih ][om[^im
jil [fai ko_ _h m{ gcmgi hi _m oh []ni*
Locty _f j[l[^cag[ ^_f []ni( s ^_f []ni fc\l_ _h j[lnc]of[l( _m _f
[]ni l[]cih[f* Ph []ni l[]cih[f _m [ko_f j[l[ ]os[ l_[fct[]c}h _f
[a_hn_ nc_h_ l[tih_m* <bil[ \c_h( moj}ha[m_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ hi
m}fi l_[fct[ oh []ni( mchi ko_ nc_h_ l[tih_m j[l[ l_[fct[lfi* @mn[m
l[tih_m _rjfc][h jil koz fi l_[fct}* <m{ ko_ mc m_ f_ jl_aohn[ [
oh[ j_lmih[ jil koz f_p[hn} _f \l[ti s zmn[ ]ihn_mn[ ko_ ^_m_[\[
l_mjih^_l [ f[ jl_aohn[ ko_ m_ f_ bcti( _hnih]_m b[ l_[fct[^i oh
[]ni j[l[ _f ]o[f nc_h_ oh[ l[t}h* G[ l[t}h ko_ ^_m_[\[ l_m)
jih^_l [ f[ jl_aohn[ _rjfc][ _f []ni* >ih `l_]o_h]c[ f[m l[ti)
h_m cgjfc][h oh[ ][om[( j_li _mni hi _kocp[f_ [ ^_]cl ko_ ni^[
l[t}h _m oh[ ][om[* Nc [faoc_h _rjih_ oh [laog_hni( _hnih]_m
^[ l[tih_m j[l[ f[m ]ih]fomcih_m ^_f [laog_hni j_li( [f b[]_lfi(
i\pc[g_hn_ hi b[ jlipi][^i f[ ]ih]fomc}h* Nch _g\[lai( ^_\_
b[\_l [faoh[ ]ih_rc}h _hnl_ _f ]ihn_hc^i ^_ oh[ l[t}h s _f []ni
^_f ]o[f _m f[ l[t}h( ^_ fi ]ihnl[lci f[ l[t}h hi n_h^l{[ [\mifon[)
g_hn_ h[^[ ko_ p_l ]ih _f []ni* H[hc`c_mn[g_hn_( f[ l[t}h _mny
]ih_]n[^[ _h [faoh[ `ilg[ ]ih _f []ni*
G[ `ilg[ gym jf[omc\f_ ^_ _rjfc][l f[ ]ih_rc}h _hnl_ _f []ni
s f[ l[t}h _m ^_]cl ko_ m_ nl[n[ ^_ oh[ l_f[]c}h ][om[f* Ko_^_ l_)
mofn[l gos ^c`{]cf _rjfc][l _h koz `ilg[ _r[]n[g_hn_ f[ l[t}h ^_
oh[ j_lmih[ _mny ][om[fg_hn_ ]ih_]n[^[ ]ih mo []ni* Kil _d_g)
jfi( j[l_]_ oh n[hni cgjf[omc\f_ moa_lcl ko_ ]o[h^i oh[ j_lmih[
f_p[hn} f[ g[hi jilko_ ^_m_[\[ l_mjih^_l [ oh[ jl_aohn[( i]o)
llc} _h mo chn_lcil oh ^_m_i ^_ f_p[hn[l f[ g[hi ko_ [ mo p_t ][om}
ko_ mo \l[ti m_ [ft[l[* Nch ^o^[( zmn[ m_l{[ oh[ _rjfc][]c}h ][o)
m[f mog[g_hn_ ch[^_]o[^[ ^_ jil koz [ft} mo \l[ti* Ph[ _rjfc)
][]c}h [^_]o[^[ ^_ f[ `ilg[ _h ko_ mo ^_m_i m_ _h]ihnl[\[ ][o)
m[fg_hn_ l_f[]cih[^i ]ih _mn_ []ni ji^l{[ ch]focl oh[ l_`_l_h]c[
[ oh ]ihdohni mog[g_hn_ ]igjf_di ^_ ]ih^c]cih_m( [^_gym ^_

! !

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

f[m chg_^c[n[g_hn_ [j[l_hn_m( ko_ _rcmnc_lih _h [ko_f gig_hni*

Ph[ [h[fia{[ ncf _m f[ ^_ `lin[l oh ]_lcffi j[l[ _h]_h^_lfi* I[^c_
^o^[ ^_ ko_ _f `lin[gc_hni ^_ oh ]_lcffi _mny ][om[fg_hn_ ]ih_])
n[^i ]ih mo _h]_h^c^i( j_li ^_]cl ko_ _f `lin[gc_hni ^_f ]_lcffi
][om} mo _h]_h^c^i _kocp[f_ [ ^[l oh[ _rjfc][]c}h ][om[f nin[f)
g_hn_ ch[^_]o[^[* N[\_gim gos \c_h ko_ _f `lin[l fim ]_lcffim hi
_m oh []ni mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ fial[l ko_ m_ _h]c_h^[h* ?_\_ jl_p[f_)
]_l ni^[ ]f[m_ ^_ ]ih^c]cih_m [^c]cih[f_m6 ^_\_ b[\_l _f ir{a_hi
[^_]o[^i( f[ jl_mc}h mi\l_ _f ]_lcffi ^_\_ m_l fi mo`c]c_hn_g_hn_
`o_ln_( _f ]_lcffi ^_\_ _mn[l m_]i( s [m{ mo]_mcp[g_hn_* Ii i\mn[hn_(
^_]cl( ko_ _f ]_lcffi m_ _h]_h^c} jilko_ `o_ `lin[^i l_mofn[ chn_fc)
ac\f_ m}fi jilko_ b[s oh[ ]ih_rc}h ][om[f( kocty ch^cl_]n[( _hnl_
_f `lin[gc_hni ^_f ]_lcffi s mo _h]_h^c^i* <mcgcmgi( ^_]cl ko_
oh[ j_lmih[ f_p[hn} f[ g[hi jilko_ ^_m_[\[ l_mjih^_l [ oh[
jl_aohn[ l_mofn[ chn_fcac\f_ m}fi jilko_ b[s oh[ ]ih_rc}h ][o)
m[f( kocty ch^cl_]n[( _hnl_ mo ^_m_i ^_ l_mjih^_l [ f[ jl_aohn[ s
_f []ni ^_ f_p[hn[l _f \l[ti*
Oi^i _mni dohni jlijil]cih[ f[ \[m_ ^_ f[ jlo_\[ ^_ ]igj[)
nc\cfc^[^ _hnl_ _f []ni l[]cih[f s _f ^_n_lgchcmgi ko_ _m][j[ [f
[laog_hni jl_]_^_hn_ ^_f ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[* @f [laog_hni _m _f
mcaoc_hn_* G[m l[tih_m ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ nc_h_ j[l[ l_[fct[l ]c_lni
[]ni hi mih _h m{ gcmg[m []nim* @f n_h_l ]c_ln[m l[tih_m j[l[ l_[)
fct[l oh []ni hi _m n[g\czh [fai l_[fct[^i* @h _`_]ni( hi nc_h_
m_hnc^i b[\f[l ^_ l[tih_m ^_ l_[fct[]c}h* <^_gym( oh[ j_lmih[
jo_^_ hi n_h_l hchah ]ihnlif mi\l_ _f b_]bi ^_ n_h_l i hi ]c_l)
n[m l[tih_m* Kil _d_gjfi( oh[ j_lmih[ jo_^_ p_l ko_ mo]_^_ [fai
ko_ f_ jlijil]cih[ l[tih_m j[l[ oh []ni( [ohko_ f[ jim_mc}h ^_
_m[m l[tih_m _mny `o_l[ ^_ mo ]ihnlif* Nc p_gim ko_ [fai mo]_^_
ko_ him jlijil]cih[ oh[ l[t}h j[l[ []no[l( _hnih]_m hi ji^_)
gim _pcn[l n_h_l _m[ l[t}h j[l[ b[]_l fi ko_ b[]_gim* Nch _g)
\[lai( _mni hi fial[ gimnl[l ko_ _f []ni l_mofn[hn_ hi _m fc\l_*
Ko_^_ m_l j_l`_]n[g_hn_ fc\l_( [ohko_ f[m l[tih_m jil f[m ]o[f_m
`o_ l_[fct[^[ mih l[tih_m ko_ f[ j_lmih[ hi jo^i _pcn[l n_h_l*
Noj}ha[m_ ko_ p_i ko_ oh[ pca[ _mny [ johni ^_ ][_lf_ _h f[ ][)
\_t[ [ oh[ j_lmih[ s f[ jl_p_hai* Hc l[t}h j[l[ []no[l `o_ ko_
pc ko_ f[ pca[ _mn[\[ [ johni ^_ j_a[lf_ [ f[ j_lmih[ _h f[ ][)
\_t[* <ohko_ hi jo^_ _pcn[l n_h_l _m[ l[t}h( hi i\mn[hn_ _f []ni
_m P\l_* Kil fi n[hni oh []ni jo_^_ l_mofn[l ^_ ko_ m_ n_ha[ oh[
l[t}h ko_ ohi hi jo^i _pcn[l n_h_l( _m ^_]cl( oh[ l[t}h ko_ ohi
hi _mn[\[ _h fc\_ln[^ ^_ hi n_h_l( s mch _g\[lai( _f []ni ji^l{[

G< ><PN<GD?<? >JHJ >JINODOPT@IO@ ?A* G< <>>DI

. - /

m_l oh []ni fc\l_* Gi [hn_lcil go_mnl[ ko_ oh []ni fc\l_ jo_^_

l_mofn[l ][om[fg_hn_ ^_ [faoh[ ]ih^c]c}h ko_ _f [a_hn_ _mn[\[
cgjimc\cfcn[^i j[l[ jl_p_hcl*
Ii i\mn[hn_( _mni _kocp[f_ [ ]if[jmi ^_f [laog_hni _h `[pil
^_ f[ ch]igj[nc\cfc^[^ ^_f []ni fc\l_ s _f ^_n_lgchcmgi* @m_ [lao)
g_hni ^_j_h^_ ^_f mojo_mni ^_ ko_ mc oh []ni _mny ][om[fg_hn_
^_n_lgch[^i jil [faoh[ ]ih^c]c}h `o_l[ ^_f ]ihnlif ^_f [a_hn_(
_hnih]_m _f [a_hn_ hi jo^i _pcn[l b[]_l fi ko_ bcti* ?_j_h^_ ^_
f[ jl_gcm[ ^_ ko_ mc _f []ni ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ _mny [h]_mnl[fg_hn_
^_n_lgch[^i( hi _m oh []ni fc\l_* K_li f[ `ilg[ ^_ l_`on[l _mn[
jl_gcm[ _m [bil[ ]f[l[* Nc oh []ni _mny ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i
jil [faoh[ l[t}h ko_ f[ j_lmih[ hi jo^i _pcn[l n_h_l( _hnih]_m
_mny l_[fct[h^i oh []ni ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i jil ]ih^c]ci)
h_m `o_l[ ^_ mo ]ihnlif* K_li m_g_d[hn_ []ni jo_^_( mch _g\[lai(
m_l fc\l_* @f ko_ si jl_p_ha[ [ [faoc_h ^_ ko_ oh[ pca[ _mny [
johni ^_ j_a[lf_ _h f[ ][\_t[ _m domn[g_hn_ oh _d_gjfi ^_ []ni
fc\l_ ^_ _mn_ ncji* Kil fi n[hni( f[ l_mjo_mn[ [f ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[
_m m_h]cff[g_hn_ ko_ oh []ni jo_^_ m_l fc\l_ ch]fomi mc _mny [h]_m)
nl[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i( s jil fi n[hni ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i(
jil ]ih^c]cih_m mi\l_ f[m ]o[f_m _f [a_hn_ hi nc_h_ hchah ]ih)
nlif* ?[^i ko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi hi cgjfc][ h[^[ m[fpi
ko_ oh []ni _mny [h]_mnl[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i( fi ]o[f l_mofn[ ch)
]fomi ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ c^_[ ^_ ko_ oh []ni _m fc\l_( ji^_gim
]ih]focl ko_ _f []ni fc\l_ s _f ^_n_lgchcmgi mih _h _`_]ni ]igj[)
nc\f_m*
BO]_WOX NO VY] K\Q_WOX^Y] KX^O\SY\O]
K[l[ c^_hnc`c][l ]ih jl_]cmc}h f[ ^_\cfc^[^ ^_f [laog_hni ch]ig)
j[nc\cfcmn[( l_mn[\f_t][gim f[ jl_gcm[ [ j[lncl ^_ f[ ]o[f ^_lcp[ mo
]ih]fomc}h* Klcg_li ^c]_( ]ih go]b[ _r[]ncno^(
-* Nc _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( _hnih]_m [faoh[m ^_ f[m
]ih^c]cih_m ko_ ^_n_lgch[h ][om[fg_hn_ fim []nim _mnyh
`o_l[ ^_f ]ihnlif ^_f [a_hn_
j_li _hnih]_m [`clg[(
.* Nc [faoh[m ^_ f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ko_ ^_n_lgch[h ][om[fg_hn_
fim []nim _mnyh `o_l[ ^_f ]ihnlif ^_f [a_hn_( _hnih]_m hi b[s
[]nim fc\l_m

. - 0

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

jl_gcm[m ^_ f[m ko_ ^_^o]_ ]ih p[fc^_t f[ ]ih]fomc}h h]igjhh

\cfcmn[
/* Nc _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( _hnih]_m hi b[s []nim fc
\l_m*
K_li b_gim gimnl[^i [bil[ ko_ f[ jl_gcm[ %.& ^_f [laog_hni _m
_kocp[f_hn_ [ f[ [`clg[]c}h `[fm[ ^_ ko_ mc oh []ni _m fc\l_( _hnih
]_m ni^[m f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ko_ ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[h ^c]bi []ni
^_\_h _mn[l \[di _f ]ihnlif ^_f [a_hn_* ?_ b_]bi( ]igi b_gim
pcmni( b[s []nim fc\l_m ko_ _mnyh ^_n_lgch[^im jil ]ih^c]cih_m
ko_ hi _mnyh ni^[m _ff[m \[di _f ]ihnlif ^_f [a_hn_*
EXK \gZVSMK SXMYWZK^SLSVS]^K/ VK OVOMMSiX NO X_O]^\K] \KdYXO]
G[ g_dil l_mjo_mn[ [f [laog_hni jl_]_^_hn_ jlipc_h_ ^_ E_[h)
K[of N[lnl_* ?_m][hm[ _h f[ i\m_lp[]c}h ^_ ko_ _f ko_ oh[
j_lmih[ _h]o_hnl_ ko_ [fai _m oh[ l[t}h j[l[ []no[l jo_^_ ^_)
j_h^_l nin[fg_hn_ ^_ mo _f_]]c}h* @h _`_]ni( m_ah N[lnl_( n[)
f_m ]im[m mc_gjl_ ^_j_h^_h ]igjf_n[g_hn_ ^_ oh[ _f_]]c}h*-/
Nch _g\[lai( ]ihmc^_l_gim f[ [`clg[]c}h gym gi^_mn[ ^_ ko_
]o[h^i oh[ j_lmih[ l_[fct[ oh []ni fc\l_( _hnih]_m bo\i [fai ko_
`o_ oh[ l[t}h j[l[ l_[fct[lfi m}fi jilko_ ^c]b[ j_lmih[ _fcac} b[)
]_lf[ oh[ l[t}h* >ihmc^zl_m_ [ f[ j_lmih[ ko_ []n[ j[l[ _pcn[l
ko_ oh[ pca[ f_ ][ca[ [ [faoc_h _h f[ ][\_t[* C[s ]c_lnim `[]ni)
l_m ^_ _mn[ mcno[]c}h mi\l_ fim ]o[f_m f[ j_lmih[ jo_^_ hi n_h_l
hchah ]ihnlif* Kil _d_gjfi( jo_^_ hi m_l ][j[t ^_ ]ihnlc\ocl
[ ko_ m_ ]l_[ ko_ f[ pca[ _mny [ johni ^_ ][_lf_ _h f[ ][\_t[ [ f[
inl[ j_lmih[ ^_ hi m_l jilko_ _ff[ _mny _pcn[h^i ko_ _mni i]oll[*
Nch _g\[lai( f[ jl_aohn[ mcao_ mc_h^i mc _f i\m_lp[^il ]ihmc^_l[
i hi ko_ _mn[ ]l__h]c[ _m oh[ l[t}h j[l[ []no[l* Ii jo_^_ _pc)
n[l j_l]c\cl f[ mcno[]c}h( j_li _m fc\l_ ^_ ]ihmc^_l[lf[ ][l_hn_ ^_
chn_lzm* T _m ko_ _f ko_ [fai ]ihmncnos[ j[l[ _ff[ oh[ l[t}h ^_)
j_h^_ ^_ mo _f_]]c}h* @m fc\l_ ^_ l_]ihi]_l ]c_ln[ ch`ilg[]c}h
mch jil _ffi _f_acl ]ihmc^_l[lf[ ]igi oh[ l[t}h j[l[ []no[l* <oh)
ko_ `o_m_ oh[ j_lmih[ nin[fg_hn_ chm_hm[n[ s gcm[hnl}jc][( \c_h
ji^l{[ ]ihmc^_l[l ]ih ch^c`_l_h]c[ f[ ][{^[ ^_ f[ pca[ s mom jimc)
-N E_[h )K[o f N [lnl_( 0]NXYJSHNFQNXRT ^ MZRFSNXRT# Nol( =o_him <cl_m( -52,*
>ig jyl_hm_ n[g\czh f[m m_]]cih_m j_lnch_hn_m _h 0Q >JW ^ QF SFIF# Gim[^[( =o_)
him <cl_m( -52,*

G< ><PN<GD?<? >JHJ >JINODOPT@IO@ ?@ G< <>>DI

. - 1

\f_m ]ihm_]o_h]c[m* @h _mn_ ][mi( [ohko_ f[ ch`ilg[]c}h ^_\_l{[

m_l oh[ l[t}h j[l[ []no[l( ^_ b_]bi hi fi _m*
@mn[gim [bil[ _h jimc]c}h ^_ ]ihmn[n[l ko_ _f [laog_hni ^_f
]igj[nc\cfcmn[ _m nin[fg_hn_ chncf* @m jf[omc\f_ ^_]cl n[hni ko_
oh[ j_lmih[ hi jo_^_ _pcn[l n_h_l f[m l[tih_m ko_ nc_h_ ]igi
ko_ hi i\mn[hn_ []n[ fc\l_g_hn_( j_li m}fi jilko_ m_ b[ _g)
j[|[^i oh[ ^cmnch]c}h ]lo]c[f* @m ]c_lni ko_ _h i][mcih_m oh[
j_lmih[ hi jo_^_ _pcn[l n_h_l ]c_ln[ ]l__h]c[* <^_gym( n[g\czh
_m ]c_lni ko_ _h oh[ mcno[]c}h m_g_d[hn_ f[ j_lmih[ ji^l{[ [])
no[l fc\l_g_hn_( mc_h^i _m[ ]l__h]c[ mo l[t}h j[l[ []no[l* K_li
_f ko_ f[ j_lmih[ []n_ fc\l_g_hn_ ^_j_h^_ _hn_l[g_hn_ ^_ mc
jo^i [\mn_h_lm_ ^_ []no[l [ j_m[l ^_ _m[ ]l__h]c[* Jnl[ `ilg[
^_ jf[hn_[l f[m ]im[m _m ^_]cl ko_ f[ j_lmih[ []no} fc\l_g_hn_
m}fi mc jo^i ]ihp_lncl mo ]l__h]c[ _h [fai chncf* >ihp_lncgim
f[m ]l__h]c[m _h l[tih_m ]o[h^i ^_d[gim ko_ ch`fos[h _h ho_m)
nli ]igjiln[gc_hni* @m _h _mn_ m_hnc^i ko_ _f_acgim ko_ oh[
]l__h]c[ m_ ]ihpc_ln[ _h oh[ l[t}h* Nojiha[gim ko_ oh[ j_l)
mih[ nc_h_ oh[ ]l__h]c[ s ko_( ]igi l_mofn[^i ^_ n_h_l _m[ ]l__h)
]c[( hi jo_^_ mchi l_[fct[l ]c_lni []ni* @h _mn_ ][mi( mojihc_h^i
ko_ n[gji]i jo_^_ _pcn[l n_h_l f[ ]l__h]c[ _h ]o_mnc}h( m_aol[)
g_hn_ f[ j_lmih[ hi _mny []no[h^i fc\l_g_hn_* G[^s H[]\_nb(
]o[h^i s[ m_ b[ ]ihp_lnc^i _h oh[ fi][( ]ihmncnos_ oh _d_gjfi
j_l`_]ni ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ domn[g_hn_ ^_ _mn_ ncji* @ff[ ]l__ ko_ mom
g[him _mnyh g[h]b[^[m ^_ m[hal_ s( jil n_h_l _mn[ ]l__h]c[( hi
jo_^_ _pcn[l f[p[lm_ f[m g[him* No ]igjiln[gc_hni _m ]igjof)
mcpi s ^_ hchaoh[ g[h_l[ fc\l_* ?_\_ l_mjih^_l ^_ ]c_ln[ `ilg[
[ oh[ ]l__h]c[ ko_ hi jo_^_ _pcn[l n_h_l*
<bil[ \c_h( _m oh[ ]ihm_]o_h]c[ chg_^c[n[ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi
ko_ mc oh[ j_lmih[ ]l__ [fai( _hnih]_m hi jo_^_ _pcn[l n_h_l _m[
]l__h]c[( jilko_ _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ n_ha[ _m[ ]l__h]c[ _mny ^_n_l)
gch[^i jil ]ih^c]cih_m mi\l_ f[m ]o[f_m hi nc_h_ hchah ]ih)
nlif* <^_gym( _f ko_ _ff[ []n_ ]igi l_mofn[^i ^_ _m[ ]l__h]c[ _m
n[g\czh [fai ko_ hi jo_^_ _pcn[l( jilko_ mom []nim _mnyh n[g\czh
^_n_lgch[^im jil ]ih^c]cih_m `o_l[ ^_ mo ]ihnlif* Kil fi n[hni( mc
_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( _hnih]_m( [ohko_ ji^_gim []no[l
jil ]c_ln[m l[tih_m( hoh][ _mn[l_gim []no[h^i fc\l_g_hn_*
Gf_a[^i [ _mn_ johni( nig_ omn_^ hin[ ^_ ko_ _f [laog_hni
ko_ [][\[gim ^_ `ilgof[l _`_]ncp[g_hn_ mi][p[ly _h mo nin[fc)
^[^ f[ f{h_[ ^_ [laog_hn[]c}h ko_ _f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ b[ m_aoc^i
b[mn[ [bil[* @f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ b[ mimn_hc^i ko_ _f []ni fc\l_ _m

. - 2

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MIDIDNHJ

]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _f ^_n_lgchcmgi jilko_ _f []ni( s[ m_[ ]o[fkoc_l

[]ni i oh []ni ^_ oh ncji _mj_]{`c]i %jil _d_gjfi( fim []nim l[]ci)
h[f_m& ^_\_ m_l [h[fct[^i _h nzlgchim ][om[f_m* G[ moa_l_h]c[ _m
ko_ fim []nim _h ]o_mnc}h nc_h_h ^im _f_g_hnim ]ihmncnoncpim( 6 s
8& mc_h^i _mn_ fncgi ]o[h^i g_him f[ ]ihm_]o_h]c[ ][om[f ch^c)
l_]n[ ^_f jlcg_li* <bil[ \c_h( jo_^_ ko_ 6 m_[ oh []ni i ko_
hi fi m_[* Nc 6 _m oh []ni( _hnih]_m oh[ j_lmih[ b[ l_[fct[^i _f
[]ni 8 fc\l_g_hn_ m}fi mc b[ l_[fct[^i 6 fc\l_g_hn_* <m{ ko_( mc
\c_h _m ]c_lni ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo_^_ l_[fct[l oh []ni fc\l_g_hn_
[oh ]o[h^i zmn_ m_[ ][om[^i jil inli []ni( _mni hi ^_go_mnl[ f[
]igj[nc\cfc^[^ ^_f []ni fc\l_ s _f ^_n_lgchcmgi* @f []ni ][om[^i
_m fc\l_ m}fi mc _f []ni ko_ fi ][om} `o_ fc\l_ s( j[l[ ^_gimnl[l f[
]igj[nc\cfc^[^( ^_\_ jli\[lm_ ko_ _mni fncgi _m ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih
_f ^_n_lgchcmgi*
<^_gym( mi j_h[ ^_ l_al_mc}h( j[l_]_ ]igi mc [faohim []nim
^_\c_l[h m_l \ymc]im _h _f m_hnc^i ^_ ko_ hi mih ][om[^im jil
hchah inli []ni ^_f [a_hn_* @m ^_]cl( [ohko_ [faohim ^_ fim []nim
ko_ _f [a_hn_ l_[fct[ jo_^_h m_l ][om[^im jil inlim []nim ko_ l_[)
fct[( inlim []nim ^_\_h m_l ^_ oh ncji n[f ko_ hi mih ][om[^im jil
inlim* Kil mojo_mni( _mnim []nim \ymc]im \c_h ji^l{[h m_l ][om[^im
jil [fai gym* K_li f[ jl_aohn[ ko_ mola_ _hnih]_m s ko_ _rca_
oh[ l_mjo_mn[ _m zmn[6 @m ]ihmcmn_hn_ ^_]cl ko_ b[s []nim \ymc]im
fc\l_m s ko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li; Io_mnl[ l_mjo_mn[ [
_mn[ jl_aohn[ _m h_a[ncp[( s _f [laog_hni ^_f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ ^_
ko_ [faohim []nim mih ][om[ ^_ inlim []nim _m cll_f_p[hn_*-0
Kil inl[ j[ln_( mc _f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ [`clg[ ko_ fim []nim \ymc)
]im mih ][om[^im jil [fai ko_ _h m{ gcmgi hi _m oh []ni( s _mni
_m ^_f ni^i jimc\f_( _hnih]_m b[s inli [laog_hni j_l`_]n[g_hn_
]ih]fos_hn_ _h ]ihnl[ ^_f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[* T _m ko_( m_[ ]o[f `o_l_
[ko_ffi ko_ mojo_mn[g_hn_ ][om[ _f []ni( _f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ ^_\_
l_mjih^_l [ ^im jl_aohn[m l_f[ncp[m [ f[ ]im[ 6 ko_ ][om} _f []ni
8( Klcg_l[( f[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l _pcn[^i >; N_aoh^[( jo^i
hi b[\_l b_]bi 8 oh[ p_t i]ollc^[ >; K[l_]_ ]f[li ko_ mc moji)
h_gim ko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( _hnih]_m f[ l_mjo_mn[
[ [g\[m jl_aohn[m _m h_a[ncp[ s( _h _m_ ][mi( ]igi fi cfomnl[gim
]ih _f _d_gjfi ^_ G[^s H[]\_nb( f[ j_lmih[ ^_\_ l_[fct[l 8( ?_

-0
.K% < lnbol ?[hni( Al__^ig [h^ Ail_\_[l[h]_( _h 1WJJITR FSI /JYJWRN$
SNXR# F_cnb G _fcl_l %_^*&( M[h^ig C iom_( Io_p[ Tile( -522( jj* 0 3 ) 1 , *

G< ><PN<GD?<? >JHJ >JINODOPT@IO@ ?@ G< <>>DI

. - 3

[b{ ko_ f[ j_lmih[ hi b[s[ mc^i fc\l_* @f ko_ f[m ^im jl_aohn[m ^_)
\[h m_l ]ihn_mn[^[m h_a[ncp[g_hn_ m_ ^_\_ [f b_]bi ^_ ko_ n[hni
f[ i]oll_h]c[ ^_ 6 ]igi _f ko_ f[ j_lmih[ l_[fc]_ 8 ]igi l_mof)
n[^i ^_ >( mih [g\[m ]im[m ko_( mc _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li(
_mnopc_lih ^_n_lgch[^[m jil ]ih^c]cih_m mi\l_ f[m ]o[f_m f[ j_l)
mih[ hi nopi hchah ]ihnlif*
BO]_WOX NOV K\Q_WOX^Y( @f johni g_^of[l ^_f [laog_hni [hn_lcil
_m ko_ mc _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( _hnih]_m ^YNK] c MKNK _XK
^_ f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ko_ ^_n_lgch[h oh []ni _mnyh [h]_mnl[fg_hn_
^_n_lgch[^[m jil ]ih^c]cih_m `o_l[ ^_f ]ihnlif ^_f [a_hn_7 jil
]ihmcaoc_hn_( hchaoh[ ]ih^c]c}h m_g_d[hn_ _mny \[di _f ]ihnlif
^_f [a_hn_* ?_ n[f mo_ln_ ko_ ho_mnli [laog_hni _m ko_ ^_ f[m
jl_gcm[m
-* Nc _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( _hnih]_m ^YNK] f[m ]ih^c)
]cih_m ko_ ^_n_lgch[h []nim _mnyh [h]_mnl[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgc)
h[^[m jil ]ih^c]cih_m `o_l[ ^_f ]ihnlif ^_f [a_hn_7
.* Nc ^YNK] f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ko_ ^_n_lgch[h []]cih_m _mnyh [h)
]_mnl[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^[m jil ]ih^c]cih_m `o_l[ ^_f ]ih)
nlif ^_f [a_hn_( _hnih]_m hi b[s []]cih_m fc\l_m7
^_^o]cgim f[ ]ih]fomc}h ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[
/* Nc _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( _hnih]_m hi b[s []nim fc)
\l_m*
G[ m_aoh^[ jl_gcm[ ^_ _mn_ [laog_hni ^c`c_l_ ^_ f[ m_aoh^[ jl_)
gcm[ ^_f [laog_hni jl_pc[g_hn_ [nlc\oc^i [f ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[( [
m[\_l6
Nc KVQ_XK] ^_ f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ko_ ^_n_lgch[h ][om[fg_hn_
fim []nim _mnyh `o_l[ ^_f ]ihnlif ^_f [a_hn_( _hnih]_m hi b[s
[]nim fc\l_m*
@mni fncgi cgjfc][ ko_ ni^[m f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ko_ ^_n_lgch[h
][om[fg_hn_ oh []ni fc\l_ ^_\_h _mn[l \[di _f ]ihnlif ^_f [a_hn_*
<faoh[m ^_ f[m ]ih^c]cih_m hi nc_h_h ko_ _mn[l \[di _f ]ihnlif ^_f
[a_hn_( ]igi fi go_mnl[h fim _d_gjfim ^_f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[* Nch _g)
\[lai( f[ jl_gcm[ %.& ^_f jl_m_hn_ [laog_hni cgjfc][ hc][g_hn_
f[ [`clg[]c}h gym ^z\cf ^_ ko_ KV WOXY] KVQ_XK] ^_ f[m ]ih^c]ci)
h_m ko_ ^_n_lgch[h oh []ni fc\l_ ^_\_h _mn[l \[di _f ]ihnlif ^_f

. - 4

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

[a_hn_* Nch ^o^[( _mn_ mojo_mni _m fi mo`c]c_hn_g_hn_ ][on_fimi

]igi j[l[ ko_^[l chgoh_ [ f[ ^o^[*
EX ]OQ_XNY K\Q_WOX^Y MYWZKVSLSVS]VK/
VY [_O ]_MONO\f& XY VY [_O ^SOXO [_O ]_MONO\
@f ^_`_]ni jlch]cj[f _h f[ [hn_lcil l_mjo_mn[ ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ _m _f
mojo_mni ^_ ko_ mc _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( _hnih]_m oh[
j_lmih[ hi jo_^_ _pcn[l b[]_l fi ko_ b[]_ [oh ]o[h^i nc_h_ oh[
l[t}h j[l[ b[]_lfi* Ph[ j_lmih[ ko_ []n[ ]igi l_mofn[^i ^_
n_h_l oh[ l[t}h ji^l{[( mc hi _m ]igi G[^s H[]\_nb( [\mn_h_lm_
^_ []no[l ch]fomi ]ih f[ gcmg[ l[t}h* T ^_]cl _mni _m j_l`_]n[)
g_hn_ ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ p_l^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi* Ii i\mn[hn_(
_h [j[lc_h]c[ hchah [laog_hni _mn[\f_]_ly _mn[ jimc]c}h [ g_)
him ko_ gimnl_gim ko_ _m f}ac][g_hn_ ]ihmcmn_hn_ ^_]cl n[hni
ko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li ]igi ko_ n[g\czh _m ]c_lni
ko_( [ p_]_m( f[ a_hn_ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i*
@rcmn_h ^im gzni^im cao[fg_hn_ \o_him ^_ _mn[\f_]_l _mni*
Phi ]ihmcmn_ _h ]ihmc^_l[l koz _m fi ko_ _mny cgjf{]cni ]o[h^i
^_]cgim ko_ [fai _m ][om[^i7 _f inli ]ihmcmn_ _h ]ihmc^_l[l koz
_m fi ko_ _mny cgjf{]cni ]o[h^i ^_]cgim ko_ [faoc_h jo^i b[)
\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* Q_[gim jlcg_li f[ ][om[fc^[^* C[s
go]b[m im]olc^[^_m _h nilhi [f ]ih]_jni ^_ ][om[fc^[^( jilko_
f[ d_la[ ][om[f nc_h_ go]bim omim s( jil ]ihmcaoc_hn_( f[ j[f[\l[
][om[ nc_h_ go]bim m_hnc^im* Nch _g\[lai( hi b[s l[t}h j[l[
j_hm[l ]igi _f pofai( [oh mc ]ih `l_]o_h]c[ him p_gim i\fca[^im
[ b[\f[l ]ih zf( [m{ ko_ hi b[s l[t}h j[l[ chp_mnca[l fim ^cp_l)
mim omim s [\omim ^_ _mn_ nzlgchi* >ihmc^_l_gim( _h ][g\ci( oh
]ih]_jni ^_ ][om[fc^[^ ko_ _mny _mnl_]b[g_hn_ l_f[]cih[^i ]ih
f[ ]c_h]c[ s7 gym _mj_]{`c][g_hn_( ]ih f[ _rjfc][]c}h ]c_hn{`c][*
@f gi^_fi gym ]igh ^_ _rjfc][]c}h ]c_hn{`c][ _m _f gi^_fi
^_^o]^pi* Noj}ha[m_ ko_ ko_l_gim _rjfc][l [faohim `_h}g_)
him( ^ca[gim( ko_ oh j_^[ti ^_ bc_lli m_ boh^_ _h _f [ao[* Ol[)
n[gim _hnih]_m ^_ _h]ihnl[l [faoh[ ]ih^c]c}h [hn_]_^_hn_ s [f)
aoh[ f_s ^_ f[ h[nol[f_t[ n[f_m ko_( [ j[lncl ^_ f[ jl_gcm[ ^_ ko_
f[ ]ih^c]c}h _h ]o_mnc}h _rcmn_ s ^_ oh[ jl_gcm[ ko_ _mn[\f_]_ f[
f_s( ji^[gim ^_^o]cl f[ ]im[ ko_ b[ ^_ m_l _rjfc][^[* @h _f ][mi
^_f bc_lli ko_ m_ boh^_ _h _f [ao[( f[ ]ih^c]c}h [hn_]_^_hn_ _m
ko_ _f pifog_h ^[^i ^_f bc_lli j_m[ gym ko_ _f pifog_h ]igj[)
l[\f_ ^_f [ao[( _m ^_]cl( f[ al[p_^[^ _mj_]{`c][ ^_f bc_lli _m g[sil

G< ><PN<GD?<? >JHJ >JINODOPT@IO@ ?@ G< <>>DI

. - 5

ko_ f[ ^_f [ao[* G[ f_s _m ko_ ][^[ p_t ko_ oh i\d_ni m}fc^i _m
]ifi][^i _h oh f{koc^i s f[ al[p_^[^ _mj_]{`c][ ^_f m}fc^i _m g[)
sil ko_ f[ al[p_^[^ _mj_]{`c][ ^_f f{koc^i( _f i\d_ni m}fc^i m_ jl_)
]cjcn[ly jil ^_\[di ^_ f[ moj_l`c]c_ ^_f f{koc^i*
Jnl[ `ilg[ ^_ jf[hn_[l fi [hn_lcil m_l{[ ^_]cl ko_ mc f[ ]ih)
^c]c}h ^_f i\d_ni m}fc^i _m n_h_l oh[ al[p_^[^ _mj_]{`c][ g[sil
ko_ f[ ^_f f{koc^i( _mni _m ]ih^c]c}h mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ _f boh^c)
gc_hni ^_f i\d_ni m}fc^i ]o[h^i m_ f_ ]ifi][ _h _f f{koc^i* <m{
ko_( mc N _m _rjfc][^i _h pclno^ ^_f b_]bi ^_ ko_ _rcmn_h ]c_ln[m
]ih^c]cih_m > s oh[ f_s ^_ f[ h[nol[f_t[ < n[f_m ko_ N m_ ^_^o]_ ^_
6 s ^_ < dohn[m( _hnih]_m ^_\_gim ^_]cl ko_ 6 _m ][om[fg_hn_ mo)
`c]c_hn_ j[l[ _rjfc][l N* ?_ gi^i ko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi
cgjfc][ ko_ b[s ]ih^c]cih_m [hn_]_^_hn_m mo`c]c_hn_m j[l[ ni^i
]o[hni mo]_^_*
>o[h^i ^_m]lc\cgim _f ^_n_lgchcmgi ^_ _mn[ g[h_l[( _m ]f[li
ko_ hi _m ch]ihmcmn_hn_ ^_]cl ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l [])
no[^i ^_ inli gi^i _h ]c_ln[m i][mcih_m( [ohko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmgi
m_[ p_l^[^_li* >ihmc^zl_m_ fi ko_ _mny cgjf{]cni _h _f ^_n_lgc)
hcmgi6 [][mi _f ^_n_lgchcmgi him [so^[ [ ^_]c^cl koz ji^l{[ i
hi mo]_^_l; Ii* >igi b[]_ go]bi nc_gji m_|[f} Eibh Nno[ln
Hcfc( fi gym ko_ ji^_gim ^_]c^cl ]ih [so^[ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m
ko_( ^[^i _f ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_ ]c_ln[m ]ih^c]cih_m [hn_]_^_hn_m(
_rcmn_ [faoh[ f_s [ j[lncl ^_ f[ ]o[f ji^_gim ^_^o]cl koz ]_MONO\f
_h oh gig_hni mo\m_]o_hn_*-1 K_li ^_^o]cl ko_ [fai mo]_^_ly
hi _kocp[f_ [ ^_]cl ko_ ^_\_ mo]_^_l i ko_ hchaoh[ inl[ ]im[
ji^l{[ mo]_^_l _h mo foa[l*
Kil inl[ j[ln_( l_mofn[ gos ]f[li ko_ m_g_d[hn_ jl_^c]]c}h _m(
_h mo ]ihdohni( ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _f []ni fc\l_* <faoh[m j_lmih[m
m_ b[h ch]fch[^i [ j_hm[l ko_ mc ji^_gim jl_^_]cl fi ko_ b[ly
oh ch^cpc^oi( _hnih]_m m_ mcao_ ko_ zmn_ hi jo^i b[\_l b_]bi
hchaoh[ inl[ ]im[* K_li _mni _m oh[ ]ih`omc}h nin[f* @h `ilg[
jl_]c_hn{`c][( ]ih `l_]o_h]c[ jl_^_]cgim []_ln[^[g_hn_ fi ko_ f[
a_hn_ b[ly [ohko_ _mni hi fial[ jli\[l ko_ mom []nim hi mih fc)
\l_m* @h _`_]ni( [ g_ho^i jl_^_]cgim ko_ f[ a_hn_ b[ly ]im[m s
ko_( [^_gym( f[m b[ly fc\l_g_hn_* Kil _d_gjfi( moj}ha[m_ ko_ mz
ko_ oh [gcai g{i gos ko_lc^i p[ [ l_]c\cl oh[ \_][ ko_ zf b[
-1
j* 105*

Ei b h Nno[ln Hcfc( , >^XYJR TK 7TLNH# Gihag [hm( Bl__h( Gih^l_m( -5/2(

!!

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

^_m_[^i _hilg_g_hn_ s j[l[ ]os[ i\n_h]c}h b[ nl[\[d[^i go

]bi* >c_ln[g_hn_ jo_^i jl_^_]cl ko_( ]o[h^i f_ m_[ i`l_]c^[ f*c
\_][( zf f[ []_jn[ly* Kil inl[ j[ln_( n[g\czh jo_^i jl_^_]cl k o c )
f[ []_jn[ly fc\l_g_hn_* I[^c_ fi i\fca[ly [ []_jn[lf[* I[^[ f_
cgj_^cly l_]b[t[lf[ mc zm_ _m mo ^_m_i* @f []n[ fc\l_g_hn_ jil)
ko_ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* K_li n[g\czh []n[ _h
`ilg[ jl_^_]c\f_ s[ ko_ `y]cfg_hn_ jl_^_]cgim fi ko_ bcti* @mf{)
_m _f johni g_^of[l ^_f [mohni( jilko_ \c_h ji^l{[ m_l _f ][mi
ko_ bo\c_l[ f_s_m ]c_hn{`c][m ko_ _mn[\f_]c_l[h ko_ ]o[h^i oh[
j_lmih[ m_ _h]o_hnl[ _h ]c_ln[m ]ih^c]cih_m _mj_]{`c][m( l_[fct[ly
mo\m_]o_hn_g_hn_ ]c_lni []ni ]ih fc\_ln[^* G[m ]ih^c]cih_m [h)
n_]_^_hn_m hi m}fi jo_^_h m_l mo`c]c_hn_m j[l[ ko_ f[ j_lmih[
l_[fc]_ _f []ni( mchi ko_ jo_^_h n[g\czh m_l mo`c]c_hn_m j[l[ [m_)
aol[l ko_ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* @h l_mog_h( hi
b[s ]ihnl[^c]]c}h cgjf{]cn[ ^_ hchaoh[ ]f[m_ _h f[ c^_[ ^_ jl_)
^_]cl ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ l_[fct[ly oh []ni ch]fomi mc jo^i b[\_l
l_[fct[^i inli*
EXK \gZVSMK SXMYWZK^SLSVS]^K/
VY [_O NOLO ]_MONO\VO K _X VKN\SVVY
Noj}ha[m_ koz []_jn[gim f[ `ilgof[]c}h ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi i`l_)
]c^[ jil _f ][gj[nc\cfcmn[ s ko_ []_jn[gim mo [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_
f[ jl_^c]]c}h ^_ oh []ni s oh []ni fc\l_ mih ]igj[nc\f_m* <oh [m{
_mni hi _m ]ih]fos_hn_* G[ l[t}h _m ko_( ^[^[ _mn[ `ilgof[]c}h
^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi( cgjfc][ gym ko_ _f mcgjf_ b_]bi ^_ ko_ ni^i
jo_^_ m_l jl_^c]bi* G[ jl_^c]]c}h _h nzlgchim ^_ f_s_m a[l[h)
nct[ _f ko_ ^ca[gim( _h ]c_lni m_hnc^i( ko_ hchaoh[ inl[ ]im[ jo^i
b[\_l mo]_^c^i* Dg[ach_gim ko_ oh f[^lcffi ][s} ^_ oh _^c`c]ci
[fni s ko_ h[^[ cgjc^c} ko_ ][s_l[ c^ jcmi* Ni\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ _m)
n[m ]ih^c]cih_m s ^_ [faoh[m f_s_m ]ihi]c^[m( ji^_gim jl_^_]cl
ko_ _f f[^lcffi ][_ly* K_li mch ^o^[ hi m}fi l_mofn[ ko_ _f f[^lcffi
][_ly mchi n[g\czh ko_ ^_\_ ][_l7 hi ji^l{[ j_lg[h_]_l mom)
j_h^c^i _h _f [cl_* <m{ ko_( ^_f b_]bi ^_ ko_ ]c_lni hg_li ^_
]ih^c]cih_m [hn_]_^_hn_m _m mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ f[ i]oll_h]c[ ^_ oh
mo]_mi( ji^_gim ]ih]focl hi m}fi ko_ f[ i]oll_h]c[ ^_ _m_ mo]_mi
_l[ jl_^_]c\f_( mchi n[g\czh ko_ hchaoh[ inl[ ]im[ jo^i b[\_l
mo]_^c^i _h mo foa[l* ?_ gi^i ko_ ^_f b_]bi ^_ ko_ _rcmn_h
]ih^c]cih_m mo`c]c_hn_m j[l[ fi ko_ mo]_^_ ji^_gim ]ih]focl ko_
hchaoh[ inl[ ]im[ jo^i b[\_l mo]_^c^i*

D< ><PN<GD?<? >JHJ >JINODOPT@IO@ ?@ D< <>>DI

!!

EXK \gZVSMK MYWZKVSLSVS]^K/ nVY [_O XY Z_NY& Z_NY 3

Noj}ha[m_ ko_ ^[gim jil m_hn[^i ko_ mc _rcmn_ oh ]ihdohni ^_
]ih^c]cih_m mo`c]c_hn_m j[l[ f[ i]oll_h]c[ ^_ ]c_lni mo]_mi( _hnih)
]_m hchaoh[ inl[ ]im[ jo^i b[\_l mo]_^c^i _h mo foa[l* Ki^_gim
[mcgcmgi []_jn[l _mn_ [laog_hni jilko_ ji^l{[gim ^_`chcl ]ih
\[mn[hn_ `[]cfc^[^ oh m_hnc^i mcgcf[l ^_ jo^i* Ii i\mn[hn_( ch)
]fomi mc []_jn[gim ko_ mc _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li _hnih]_m
_h [fah m_hnc^i ^_ jo^i hchaoh[ inl[ ]im[ jo^i b[\_l mo]_)
^c^i( [h ko_^[ oh[ jl_aohn[ ]lo]c[f* <][mi _mny cgjf{]cni _f
m_hnc^i gcmgi ^_ jo^i ]o[h^i ^_]cgim C[\c_h^i mo`c]c_h)
n_m ]ih^c]cih_m [hn_]_^_hn_m j[l[ [fai( hchaoh[ inl[ ]im[ jo^i
b[\_l mo]_^c^i ko_ ]o[h^i ^_]clhim Nc_h^i oh[ j_lmih[ fc)
\l_( jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i; Nc _mnim ^im m_hnc^im
^_ jo^i hi mih cao[f_m( _hnih]_m f[ jlcg_l[ il[]c}h gos \c_h
ji^l{[ m_l ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ m_aoh^[* Nc mih ]igj[nc\f_m( f[ [`cl)
g[]c}h ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i
m_l{[ ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi* @h _`_]ni( f[ [j[)
lc_h]c[ ^_ ch]igj[nc\cfc^[^ ^_m][hm[l{[ h[^[ g_him ko_ _h oh
m_h]cffi _gjf_i _ko{pi]i ^_ f[ j[f[\l[ jo^i* N_l{[ ]igi _h
_f ][mi _h _f ko_ omn_^ [`clg[ ko_ b[s oh ]i]b_ _h oh n_ll_hi
[\c_lni s si fi hc_ai7 ho_mnl[m i\m_lp[]cih_m j[l_]_h ch]igj[nc)
\f_m* Noj}ha[m_ ko_ b[s oh ][lli ^_ nl_h _h _f n_ll_hi* Nc ]io f[
j[f[\l[ ]i]b_ omn_^ _hnc_h^_ hi m}fi ][lli ^_ nl_h mchi n[g\czh
[onig}pcf( s mc ]ih f[ j[f[\l[ ]i]b_ si m}fi _hnc_h^i [onig}pcf(
_hnih]_m ho_mnl[m i\m_lp[]cih_m m_l{[h _hn_l[g_hn_ ]igj[nc\f_m(
[ j_m[l ^_ f[m [j[lc_h]c[m ]ihnl[lc[m*
<m{ %jc_ jl_aohnzgihim mc _f m_hnc^i ^_ jo^i l_f[]cih[^i
]ih f[ mo`c]c_h]c[ ][om[f _m _f gcmgi m_hnc^i ^_ jo^i l_f[]ci)
h[^i ]ih f[ fc\_ln[^* Nc mih ^c`_l_hn_m( _hnih]_m _f [laog_hni
^_f ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[ ^_m][hm[ _h oh _ko{pi]i l_mj_]ni ^_ jo^i*
@rcmn_ oh [laog_hni gos m_h]cffi ko_ go_mnl[ ko_ _mni _m [m{*
Kl_pc[g_hn_( _h _f >[j{nofi /( []_jn[gim %jc_ oh []ni ^ca[)
gim( _gjod[l oh[m j_m[m ji^l{[ ][om[l inli []ni ^ca[gim(
f_p[hn[l oh[m j_m[m* <^_gym( [g\im []nim ji^l{[h m_l fc\l_m7 _f
[a_hn_ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* Ach[fg_hn_( ^[^i ko_
_f fncgi []ni _m ][om[^i jil _f jlcg_li( _rcmn_ ]c_lni hg_li
^_ ]ih^c]cih_m [hn_]_^_hn_m mo`c]c_hn_m j[l[ f[ i]oll_h]c[ ^_f
fncgi []ni* ?_ gi^i ko_ b[s mo`c]c_hn_m ]ih^c]cih_m [hn_]_^_h)
n_m j[l[ ko_ f[ j_lmih[ f_p[hn_ f[ \[ll[7 ^_ [b{ ko_( _h _f m_hnc^i

%%%

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

^_ jo^i l_f[]cih[^i ]ih f[ mo`c]c_h]c[ ][om[f( hchaoh[ inl[ ]im[

jo^i b[\_l mo]_^c^i* Kil fi n[hni( n_h_gim [ko{ oh ][mi _h _f
ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i( _h _f m_h)
nc^i ^_ jo^i l_f[]cih[^i ]ih f[ fc\_ln[^( [oh ]o[h^i hchaoh[
inl[ ]im[ jo^i b[\_l mo]_^c^i( _h _f m_hnc^i ^_ jo^i l_f[]ci)
h[^i ]ih f[ mo`c]c_h]c[ ][om[f* Kil fi n[hni( fim ^im m_hnc^im ^_
jo^i mih ^c`_l_hn_m( s f[ [j[lc_h]c[ ^_ ch]igj[nc\cfc^[^ _hnl_
_f ^_n_lgchcmgi s f[ fc\_ln[^ m_ _p[jil[ ^_ oh mijfi ^_ ]f[lc`c)
][]c}h m_gyhnc][*
EXK \O]Z_O]^K SXMYWZK^SLSVS]^K/ VK KWLSQkONKN NO qZ _NYr
C_gim po_fni [ oh[ ]o_mnc}h ^cm]onc^[ _h _f >[j{nofi /* @m ]c_lni(
^_f b_]bi ^_ ko_ _f []ni ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ _m ][om[^i jil ]c_lni []ni
[hn_]_^_hn_ i jil [faoh[ inl[ ]ih^c]c}h [hn_]_^_hn_ hi m_ mcao_
ko_ ^c]b[ j_lmih[ hi jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i i ko_
mo []ni hi `o_ fc\l_* @rcmn_ oh[ [g\ca_^[^ _h f[ j[f[\l[ jo^i(
s f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli
gi^i( _h _f m_hnc^i ^_ jo^i l_f[]cih[^i ]ih f[ fc\_ln[^( _m ]ig)
j[nc\f_ ]ih f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ hchaoh[ inl[ ]im[ jo^i b[\_l
mo]_^c^i( _h _f m_hnc^i ^_ jo^i l_f[]cih[^i ]ih f[ mo`c]c_h]c[
][om[f*
Nch _g\[lai( m_ah _f ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[( _mn_ jli\f_g[ hi _mny
nin[fg_hn_ l_mo_fni* >ih [hn_lcilc^[^ i\m_lp[gim ko_ _f ^_n_l)
gchcmgi cgjfc][ hi m}fi f[ ^_n_lgch[]c}h ][om[f mchi n[g\czh f[
^_n_lgch[]c}h [h]_mnl[f* @mn_ [mj_]ni [^gcn_ oh[ l_`ilgof[]c}h
s oh[ l_cn_l[]c}h _h nzlgchim ^_ f[m ]ih]_j]cih_m ^_f ^_n_lgc)
hcmgi gym jl_]cm[m ko_ b_gim _mn[^i ]ihmc^_l[h^i*
G[ []no[f `ilgof[]c}h ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _kocp[f_ [ f[ n_mcm ^_
ko_ _rcmn_h mo`c]c_hn_m ]ih^c]cih_m [hn_]_^_hn_m j[l[ ni^i ]o[h)
ni mo]_^_* Noj}ha[m_ ko_ f[ n_mcm _m p_l^[^_l[ s ko_ ]c_lni mo]_mi
N i]oll_* Ki^_gim ]ih]focl ko_ b[s oh ]ihdohni ^_ ]ih^c]cih_m
[hn_]_^_hn_m 7 mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ f[ i]oll_h]c[ ^_ N* K_li n[g\czh
ji^_gim ]ih]focl ko_ _rcmn_ oh ]ihdohni ^_ ]ih^c]cih_m [hn_]_)
^_hn_m 6 mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ f[ i]oll_h]c[ ^_ 7& s [m{ mo]_mcp[g_hn_*
Ii i\mn[hn_( fi ko_ _m cgjiln[hn_ hin[l _m ko_ mc 6 _m [hn_]_^_hn_
^_ 7 s mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ f[ i]oll_h]c[ ^_ 7 ( c ] S 7 _m [hn_]_^_hn_ ^_
N s mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ f[ i]oll_h]c[ ^_ N( _hnih]_m 6 _m [hn_]_^_hn_
^_ N s mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ f[ i]oll_h]c[ ^_ N* @mni l_mofn[ _pc^_hn_ [

G< ><PN<GD?<? >JHJ >JINODOPT@IO@ ?@ G< <>>DI

!!"

j[lncl ^_ ho_mnl[ ^_`chc]c}h ^_ mo`c]c_hn_* ?_]cl ko_ H _m mo`c)

]c_hn_ j[l[ f[ i]oll_h]c[ ^_ I _kocp[f_ [ ^_]cl ko_ I m_ ^_^o]_
^ _S s ^_ oh[ jl_gcm[ ko_ _mn[\f_]_ f[m f_s_m [jlijc[^[m* <m{ ko_(
mc ji^_gim ^_^o]cl N ^_ 7 dohni ]ih oh[ i gym f_s_m ^_ f[ h[no)
l[f_t[ <J& s ji^_gim ^_^o]cl 7 ^_ 6 dohni ]ih oh[ i gym f_s_m
^_ f[ h[nol[f_t[ <1n& _hnih]_m ji^_gim ^_^o]cl N ^_ > dohni ]ih
oh[ i gym f_s_m ^_ f[ h[nol[f_t[* Gi hc]i ko_ h_]_mcn[gim b[]_l
_m nig[l 6 dohni ]ih <J s ^_^o]cl 7& s ^_mjozm nig[l 7dohni ]ih
<1S s ^_^o]cl N* ?_ gi^i ko_ ]o[h^i nig[gim <J s < S dohni ]ih
>( ji^_gim i\pc[g_hn_ ^_^o]cl N*
Loz jlo_\[ ni^[ _mn[ f}ac][ _rnl[p[a[hn_; Klo_\[ ko_ mc _f
^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li s si l_[fcti oh []ni*0( _hnih]_m _rcmn_
oh ]ihdohni mo`c]c_hn_ ^_ ]ih^c]cih_m [hn_]_^_hn_m j[l[ ko_ si
l_[]_ 4& s ko_ _rcmn_ oh ]ihdohni mo`c]c_hn_ ^_ ]ih^c]cih_m [h)
n_]_^_hn_m j[l[ _m[m ]ih^c]cih_m( s [m{ mo]_mcp[g_hn_( l_nli]_)
^c_h^i _h _f nc_gji b[mn[ ff_a[l [ oh[m ]ih^c]cih_m ko_ _rcmnc_)
lih [hn_m ^_ ko_ si h[]c_l[* Gim []nim ko_ _mnyh ^_n_lgch[^im
^_ _mn[ g[h_l[( ]igi ^cdcgim [hn_lcilg_hn_( hi m}fi _mnyh ][o)
m[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^im( mchi ko_ _mnyh [h]_mnl[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgc)
h[^im* < f[ fot ^_f l[tih[gc_hni jl_]_^_hn_( ji^_gim ]ih]focl
ko_ ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ _m[m ]ih^c]cih_m mo`c]c_hn_m( _h f[ ][^_h[ ^_
]ih^c]cih_m mo`c]c_hn_m l_mofn[hn_m ^_ f[ l_[fct[]c}h ^_ gc []ni
+f( _m _h m{ gcmg[ mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ ko_ si l_[fc]_ _f []ni 4( ?[^i
ko_ [faoh[m ^_ _m[m ]ih^c]cih_m _rcmn{[h [hn_m ^_ ko_ si h[]c_l[(
ji^_gim ]ih]focl ko_( mc _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( _hnih)
]_m _rcmn_h ]ih^c]cih_m [hn_]_^_hn_m mo`c]c_hn_m j[l[ ko_ si l_)
[fc]_ 4& f[m ]o[f_m _rcmnc_lih [hn_m ^_ ko_ si h[]c_l[ s mi\l_ f[m
]o[f_m hi n_hai hchah ]ihnlif* <m{ ko_( mc _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m
p_l^[^_li( s si l_[ti _f []ni 4& _hnih]_m hi m}fi _m ]c_lni ko_
hchaoh[ inl[ ]im[ jo^i b[\_l mo]_^c^i( mchi n[g\czh _m ]c_lni
ko_ hchaoh[ inl[ ]im[ jo^i b[\_l mo]_^c^i ^[^[m f[m ]ih^c]ci)
h_m mi\l_ f[m ]o[f_m si hi n_h{[ hchah ]ihnlif* vm_ _m _f [mj_]ni
]lo]c[f*
T[ ko_ _m ]ill_]ni ^_]cl ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i
^_ inli gi^i ]o[h^i _rcmn_h ]ih^c]cih_m [hn_]_^_hn_m mo`c]c_h)
n_m j[l[ f[ l_[fct[]c}h ^_f []ni ko_ bcti ]iVY mc nopi \[di mo ]ih)
nlif [faoh[m ^_ f[m ]ih^c]cih_m gcmg[m* >l__gim ko_ [f g_him
[faoh[m ^_ f[m ]ih^c]cih_m mo`c]c_hn_m j[l[ ko_ si f_p[hn[l[ f[
\[ll[( ]igi f[ ^_ _gjod[l f[ \[ll[( _l[h ]im[m ko_ _mn[\[h \[di
gc ]ihnlif* @m jil _mni ko_ l_mofn[ l[tih[\f_ ]l__l ko_( [ohko_

!!#

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

_rcmnc_l[h ]ih^c]cih_m mo`c]c_hn_m j[l[ ko_ si f_p[hn[l[ f[ \[ll[(

si jo^_ b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* >l__gim ko_ si jo^_ b[)
\_l _pcn[^i ko_ i]ollc_l[h [faoh[m ^_ _mn[m ]ih^c]cih_m* Nch _g)
\[lai( h[^c_ jo_^_ _pcn[l ko_ [fai i]oll[ [hn_m ^_ h[]_l* Kil
]ihmcaoc_hn_( mc _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( s gcm []nim _mnyh
[h]_mnl[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^im( _hnih]_m mc_gjl_ b[\ly ]ih^c]ci)
h_m( mo`c]c_hn_m j[l[ f[ l_[fct[]c}h ^_ gc []ni( ko_ _rcmnc_lih [hn_m
^_ ko_ si h[]c_l[ s mi\l_ f[m ]o[f_m si hi n_h{[ hchah ]ihnlif*
K_li mc ]o[h^i si l_[fcti oh []ni _m ]c_lni ko_ hchaoh[ inl[ ]im[
jo^i b[\_l mo]_^c^i ^_\c^i [ ]ih^c]cih_m [hn_]_^_hn_m ]YL\O VK]
M_KVO] XY ^OXQY XSXQjX MYX^\YV& _hnih]_m i\pc[g_hn_ hi jo^_ b[)
\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* Oi^im fim g_^cim ko_ g_ bo\c_l[h
j_lgcnc^i []no[l ^_ inli gi^i g_ _l[h ch[]]_mc\f_m ^[^[m f[m
]ih^c]cih_m ko_ jl_]_^c_lih gc h[]cgc_hni*
Kil fi n[hni( [ohko_ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i
b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i %_h _f m_hnc^i ^_ jo^i l_f[]cih[^i
]ih f[ fc\_ln[^& _m ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ hchaoh[
inl[ ]im[ jo^i b[\_l mo]_^c^i %_h _f m_hnc^i ^_ jo^i l_f[]ci)
h[^i ]ih f[ mo`c]c_h]c[ ][om[f&( _mni hi fial[ jli\[l ko_ f[ [`cl)
g[]c}h ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i _m
]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ p_l^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi* G[ p_l^[^ ^_f ^_n_l)
gchcmgi nc_h_ oh[ cgjfc][]c}h gym l[^c][f( [ m[\_l( ko_ hchaoh[
inl[ ]im[ jo^i b[\_l mo]_^c^i ]igi ]ihm_]o_h]c[ ][om[f ^_ ]ih)
^c]cih_m ko_ si hi jo^_ b[\_l _pcn[^i %_h _f m_hnc^i ^_f jo^i
l_f[]cih[^i ]ih f[ fc\_ln[^&* Ii n_h{[ hchah ]ihnlif mi\l_ [ko_)
ffi ko_ i]ollc} [hn_m ^_ ko_ si l_mjcl[l[ jil jlcg_l[ p_t*
EXK \gZVSMK MYWZK^SLSVS]^K/ \OPVObSYXO] _V^O\SY\O] ]YL\O "Z_NY"
G[ jl_aohn[ ]_hnl[f ^_ f[ ^cm]omc}h _m f[ mcaoc_hn_6 [][mi f[ [`cl)
g[]c}h ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i _m
]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ _rcmn_h ]ih^c]cih_m mo`c]c_h)
n_m j[l[ mo []ni s mi\l_ f[m ]o[f_m ^c]b[ j_lmih[ hi nc_h_ hchah
]ihnlif; K[l[ mcgjfc`c][l f[ ^cm]omc}h( oncfc]_gim f[ j[f[\l[ jo^i
m}fi _h _f m_hnc^i l_f[]cih[^i ]ih f[ fc\_ln[^* <bil[ ]ihmc^_l_)
gim ]}gi ji^l{[gim [h[fct[l _f mcahc`c][^i ^_ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_
ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* <h[fct[h^i
_mn[ [`clg[]c}h ji^l_gim ^_gimnl[l ko_ f[ l_mjo_mn[ [ ho_mnl[
jl_aohn[ _m [`clg[ncp[*

G< ><PN<GD?<? >JHJ >JINODOPT@IO@ ?@ G< <>>DI

!!$

G[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli

gi^i jo_^_ m_l [h[fct[^[ bcjinznc][g_hn_* ?_]cl ko_ oh[ j_l)
mih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i mcahc`c][( hc gym hc g_)
him( ko_ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i mc ]c_ln[ ]ih^c]c}h _m)
j_]{`c][ bo\c_m_ _rcmnc^i* Kil _d_gjfi( moj}ha[m_ ko_ ^cai ko_
oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l f_p[hn[^i oh[m j_m[m* Loz mcahc`c][
_mni; Nch ^o^[( fi ko_ mcahc`c][ _m ko_ _mn[ j_lmih[ bo\c_l[ fi)
al[^i f_p[hn[l f[m j_m[m mc bo\c_m_ nl[n[^i ^_ f_p[hn[lf[m* <bil[
\c_h( ]ihmc^_l_gim f[ fncg[ [`clg[]c}h* G[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_
oh[ j_lmih[ bo\c_l[ fial[^i l_[fct[l oh []ni mc bo\c_m_ nl[n[^i
^_ l_[fct[lfi _m j_l`_]n[g_hn_ ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_
ko_( mc_h^i p_l^[^_li _f ^_n_lgchcmgi( _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ _ff[ m_
]igjiln[l[ _h oh[ `ilg[ ]ihnl[lc[ _mn[\[ ^_n_lgch[^i jil ]ih)
^c]cih_m jl_pc[m [ mo h[]cgc_hni* T _m ko_ f[ jlcg_l[ [`clg[]c}h
mimnc_h_ ko_( ^_ m_l ^c`_l_hn_m f[m ]ih^c]cih_m [hn_]_^_hn_m %_m
^_]cl( mc mo chn_hni jil l_[fct[l _f []ni bo\c_m_ `ilg[^i j[ln_
^_ f[m ]ih^c]cih_m [hn_]_^_hn_m&( _hnih]_m _f l_mofn[^i nin[f bo)
\c_m_ mc^i ^c`_l_hn_* @mni _m j_l`_]n[g_hn_ ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ [`cl)
g[]c}h ^_ ko_ mc_h^i f[m ]ih^c]cih_m [hn_]_^_hn_m fi ko_ _h l_[)
fc^[^ mih( s[ _mn[\[ ^_n_lgch[^i ko_ f[ j_lmih[ hi l_[fct[l{[ _f
[]ni* Kil fi n[hni( ho_p[g_hn_ ko_^[ ^_gimnl[^i ko_ _f ^_n_l)
gchcmgi _m ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _f []ni fc\l_*
Ph l_kocmcni _m h_]_m[lci* @h i][mcih_m ^_]cgim ko_ oh[ j_l)
mih[ jo^i b[\_l l_[fct[^i oh []ni ]o[h^i bi n_h^l{[ go]bi
m_hnc^i ^_]cl ko_ f[ j_lmih[ nl[n} ^_ l_[fct[l ^c]bi []ni* Kil
_d_gjfi( mc ^_]cgim ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ hilg[f jo^i b[\_l gi)
pc^i _f ^_^i g_^ci( l_mofn[l{[ j_]ofc[l [h[fct[l _mn[ [`clg[]c}h
ko_lc_h^i ^_]cl ko_ bo\c_l[ fial[^i gip_l _f ^_^i g_^ci mc fi
bo\c_m_ chn_hn[^i( s[ ko_ j[l_]_ _rnl[|i b[\f[l ^_ ko_ oh[ j_l)
mih[ hilg[f nl[n} ^_ gip_l oh ^_^i* Kil fi a_h_l[f( gip_gim
fim ^_^im mch chn_hn[lfi* Ph[ [`clg[]c}h m_g_d[hn_ ji^l{[ m_l g_)
di l [h[fct[^[ _h nzlgchim ^_ oh[ [`clg[]c}h bcjinznc][ ^c`_l_hn_
jil _d_gjfi( ko_lc_h^i ^_]cl ko_ ^c]b[ j_lmih[ b[\l{[ gi)
pc^i _f ^_^i mc [m{ fi bo\c_m_ ^_]c^c^i* Ii h_]_mcn[gim ]igjli)
g_n_lhim ]ih oh ncji ^_ [hyfcmcm bcjinznc]i j[l[ ni^[m f[m [`cl)
g[]cih_m l_f[ncp[m [ fi ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l b_]bi* K_li
][^[ p_t ko_ _h]ihnl[gim oh[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ f[ `ilg[ N jo^i
b[\_l l_[fct[^i 4r& _mn[ [`clg[]c}h jo_^_ m_l mc_gjl_ [h[fct[^[
_h nzlgchim ^_ [faoh[ [`clg[]c}h bcjinznc][ ^_ f[ `ilg[ N b[\l{[
l_[fct[^i 4 mc >* G[ ]ih^c]c}h > ji^l{[ p[lc[l ^_ ]ihn_rni [ ]ih)

%%)

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

n_rni* Gi hc]i ko_ h_]_mcn[gim mimn_h_l _m ko_ mc_gjl_ _m jimc)

\f_ _gjl_h^_l KVQjX [hyfcmcm bcjinznc]i m_g_d[hn_ jilko_( ^[^im
_mnim [hyfcmcm( l_mofn[ `y]cf ^_gimnl[l ko_ _f []ni fc\l_ s _f ^_n_l)
gchcmgi mih j_l`_]n[g_hn_ ]igj[nc\f_m*
EXK \O]Z_O]^K SXMYWZK^SLSVS]^K/ VY] q] Sr& VY] qZ _ONOrc VK] MKNOXK]
Nc `ozm_gim [ []_jn[l _f ncji ^_ [hyfcmcm jlijo_mni( ji^l{[gim ^_)
gimnl[l f[ ]igj[nc\cfc^[^ ^_f []ni fc\l_ s _f ^_n_lgchcmgi* K_li
fim [hyfcmcm mih chm[ncm`[]nilcim* G[m [`clg[]cih_m ^_ f[ `ilg[ "C
jo^i b[\_l l_[fct[^i 4r hi mih [h[fct[\f_m ]igi il[]cih_m ^_
f[ `ilg[ qC bo\c_m_ l_[fct[^i 4 mc 6r( <^_gym( f[m [`clg[]cih_m
^_ _mn[ fncg[ `ilg[ hc mckoc_l[ cgjfc][h f[m jlcg_l[m [`clg[)
]cih_m* Noj}ha[m_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ _mny _h][^_h[^[ [ oh goli
j_li kocmc_l[ gip_lm_* Noj}ha[m_ [bil[ ko_ [faoc_h [laog_hn[
ko_ ^c]b[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_lm_ gipc^i s ko_ [jis[ mo [lao)
g_hn[]c}h ]ih f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ f[ j_lmih[ m_ b[\l{[ gipc^i
mc hi _mnopc_m_ _h][^_h[^[* Nch ^o^[( zmn_ m_l{[ oh [laog_hni
[\mol^i* G[ l[t}h jil f[ ko_ _m [\mol^i _m ko_( [ohko_ f[ [`cl)
g[]c}h6
G[ j_lmih[ m_ gip_l{[ mc hi _mnopc_m_ _h][^_h[^[7
_m p_l^[^_l[( ]c_ln[g_hn_ hi cgjfc][ f[ [`clg[]c}h6
G[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_lm_ gipc^i7
ko_ _m `[fm[* G[ j_lmih[ hi jo^i b[\_lm_ gipc^i jl_]cm[g_hn_
jilko_ _mn[\[ _h][^_h[^[* Kil inl[ j[ln_( f[ l[t}h jil f[ ko_ hi
jo^i b[\_lm_ gipc^i _m ko_ hi jo_^_ kocn[lm_ f[m ][^_h[m* G[m
]ih^c]cih_m ko_ cgjc^_h mo gipcgc_hni _mnyh nin[fg_hn_ `o_l[
^_ mo ]ihnlif*
D D[mn[ [bil[ m}fi b_gim ]ihmc^_l[^i oh [hyfcmcm bcjinznc]i ^_
oh[ [`clg[]c}h []_l][ ^_ fi ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l b_]bi s(
[ohko_ f[ [`clg[]c}h bcjinznc][ _h ]o_mnc}h hi cgjfc][ ^c]b[ [`cl)
g[]c}h( [h _rcmn_ f[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ [h[fct[l f[ [`clg[]c}h []_l][
^_ fi ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l b_]bi( _h nzlgchim ^_ [faoh[
Y^\K [`clg[]c}h bcjinznc][*
Nch _g\[lai( _f [laog_hni jo_^_ a_h_l[fct[lm_* T _m ko_( s[
m_[ ko_ ^ca[gim ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ m_ b[\l{[ gipc^i mc hi _mnopc_m_
_h][^_h[^[( mc fi bo\c_m_ chn_hn[^i( mc bo\c_m_ ^_]c^c^i b[]_lfi(

G< ><PN<GD?<? >JHJ >JINODOPT@IO@ ?@ G< <>>DI

%%*

mc fi bo\c_m_ ^_m_[^i( i ]o[fkoc_l inl[ ]im[ jil _f _mncfi( [oh [m{ fi

ko_ ^ca[gim hi cgjfc][ly ko_ _ff[ b[\l{[ ji^c^i gip_lm_* Kil
koz hi; Kilko_ mcao_ mc_h^i jimc\f_ ko_ _rcmn[h ]ih^c]cih_m ni)
n[fg_hn_ `o_l[ ^_f ]ihnlif ^_ ^c]b[ j_lmih[ ko_ f_ cgjc^[h ch)
n_hn[l( ^_]c^cl( i ko_l_l b[]_l f[ ]im[ _h ]o_mnc}h* Kil _d_gjfi(
mc ]c_ln[m ]ih^c]cih_m `o_l[ ^_ mo ]ihnlif f_ cgjc^_h [ oh[ j_l)
mih[ nl[n[l ^_ b[]_l [fai( _hnih]_m _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ _ff[ b[\l{[
l_[fct[^i f[ ]im[ mc fi bo\c_m_ chn_hn[^i hi fial[ ^_gimnl[l ko_
f[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_lf[ b_]bi*
Kil inl[ j[ln_( mc _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( _hnih]_m _rcm)
n_h ]ih^c]cih_m [hn_]_^_hn_m mo`c]c_hn_m j[l[ ni^i ]o[hni mo]_)
^_7 _h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( _rcmn_h ]ih^c]cih_m mo`c]c_hn_m j[l[ _pcn[l
ni^i ]o[hni hi mo]_^c}* <^_gym( _m[m ]ih^c]cih_m m_ _rnc_h^_h
ch^_`chc^[g_hn_ b[]c[ _f j[m[^i* Kil fi n[hni( mc oh[ j_lmih[ hi
nl[n[ ^_ b[]_l [fai( _hnih]_m( mc _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li(
_rcmn_h ]ih^c]cih_m [hn_]_^_hn_m mo`c]c_hn_m ko_ cgjc^_h mo ch)
n_hni( s _m[m ]ih^c]cih_m [hn_]_^_hn_m( ^[^i ko_ _rcmnc_lih [hn_m
^_ ko_ _m[ j_lmih[ h[]c_l[( _mnyh nin[fg_hn_ `o_l[ ^_ mo ]ihnlif*
?_ n[f g[h_l[ ko_ hchaoh[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ f[ `ilg[ N jo^i
b[\_l l_[fct[^i 4r _mny cgjf{]cn[ _h oh[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ f[ `ilg[
N b[\l{[ l_[fct[^i 4 mc >( jilko_ l_mofn[ j_l`_]n[g_hn_ jimc)
\f_ ko_ ^_\[h _rcmncl ]ih^c]cih_m ko_ cgjc^[h ko_ 6 i]oll[ s
ko_ _m[m ]ih^c]cih_m _mnzh nin[fg_hn_ `o_l[ ^_f ]ihnlif ^_ N* Kil
]ihmcaoc_hn_( _m jimc\f_ ko_ oh[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ f[ m_aoh^[ `ilg[
m_[ p_l^[^_l[ j_li ko_ oh[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ f[ jlcg_l[ `ilg[ m_[
`[fm[* <^_gym( mc _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( _hnih]_m zmn_ m_ly
mc_gjl_ _f ][mi ]o[h^i > hi i]oll[( jilko_ _rcmnclyh ]ih^c]cih_m
[hn_]_^_hn_m mo`c]c_hn_m j[l[ cgj_^cl mo i]oll_h]c[( f[m ]o[f_m
_mnyh nin[fg_hn_ `o_l[ ^_f ]ihnlif ^_ N* @h l_mog_h( mc _f ^_n_l)
gchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( _hnih]_m hi cgjiln[ fi ko_ oh[ j_lmih[
b[\l{[ ji^c^i b[]_l mc f[m ]ih^c]cih_m bo\c_m_h mc^i ^c`_l_hn_m(
hi b[\l{[ ji^c^i b[]_l f[ ]im[ _h ]o_mnc}h jilko_ f[m ]ih^c]cih_m
hi jo^c_lih b[\_l mc^i ^c`_l_hn_m ^_\c^i [ ]cl]ohmn[h]c[m mi\l_
f[m ]o[f_m ^c]b[ j_lmih[ hi n_h{[ hchah ]ihnlif* <m{ ko_( oh[
p_t gym( mc _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( _hnih]_m oh[ j_lmih[
hoh][ b[\l{[ ji^c^i []no[l ^_ inli gi^i* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( _f
^_n_lgchcmgi _m ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _f []ni fc\l_*

!!'

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

J O M J < MB PH @I OJ >J H K<OD=DGDNO<6 GO DH J <>OJ

@f [laog_hni jl_]_^_hn_ ch]oll_ _h oh[ j_nc]c}h ^_ jlch]cjci*

J\pc[g_hn_( mc _rcmn_h ]ih^c]cih_m mo`c]c_hn_m ko_ f_ cgjc^[h [
oh[ j_lmih[ b[]_l [fai( _hnih]_m zmn[ hi jo_^_ b[]_l _m_ [fai*
K_li hi ni^[m f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ko_ mih mo`c]c_hn_m j[l[ ko_ oh[
j_lmih[ l_[fc]_ oh []ni f_ SWZSNOX b[]_l [faoh[ inl[ ]im[* <m{
ko_( [oh ]o[h^i _rcmn_h ]ih^c]cih_m [hn_]_^_hn_m mo`c]c_hn_m j[)
l[ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ l_[fc]_ ^_n_lgch[^i []ni s [oh ]o[h^i _m[m
]ih^c]cih_m _rcmnc_l[h [hn_m ^_ ko_ f[ j_lmih[ h[]c_l[( _h i][)
mcih_m _m ]c_lni ko_ zmn[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* Nc
jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i( n[g\czh ^_\_ m_l ]c_lni ko_
hi b[\{[ h[^[ ko_ f_ cgjc^c_l[ []no[l ^_ inli gi^i* ?_ n[f mo_ln_
ko_ _rcmn_h ]ih^c]cih_m( mi\l_ f[m ]o[f_m oh[ j_lmih[ hi nc_h_
hchah ]ihnlif( ko_ mih mo`c]c_hn_m j[l[ ko_ _ff[ l_[fc]_ oh[ [])
]c}h _mj_]{`c][( s ko_ hi f_ cgjc^_h l_[fct[l [ ][g\ci [fah inli
[]ni* @h l_mog_h( hi ni^[m f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ko_ mih mo`c]c_hn_m
j[l[ [fai mih ]ih^c]cih_m ko_ cgjc^_h ko_ inl[m ]im[m mo]_^[h*
Ph _d_gjfi [so^[ly [ cfomnl[l _mn_ jli\f_g[* Kl_pc[g_hn_
]ihmc^_l[gim _f ][mi ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ _mny _h]_ll[^[ ]ih ff[p_
_h oh[ b[\cn[]c}h j_li ko_ hi fi m[\_* >igjyl_m_ [ _mn[ j_lmih[
]ih inl[ ko_ _mny _h oh[ b[\cn[]c}h ko_ hi _mny ]_ll[^[ ]ih ff[p_*
@h _mn_ _d_gjfi( ^[^i ko_ f[m ^im j_lmih[m ]l__h ko_ jo_^_h
[\[h^ih[l f[ b[\cn[]c}h( [g\[m ji^l{[h ^_fc\_l[l []_l][ ^_ mc ^_)
\_h [\[h^ih[lf[ i hi( j_li ^_]c^_h j_lg[h_]_l _h _ff[* <bil[
\c_h( f[ j_lmih[ ko_ _mny _h]_ll[^[ ]ih ff[p_ _mny cgjimc\cfcn[^[
j[l[ m[fcl( j_li f[ inl[ hi* <^_gym( _f _d_gjfi hi m_ p_ly [fn_l[^i
_h hchah _f_g_hni cgjiln[hn_ mc mojih_gim ko_ _f ]igjiln[)
gc_hni ^_ ][^[ oh[ ^_ _ff[m _m n[f ko_ _rcmn_h ]ih^c]cih_m mo`c)
]c_hn_m j[l[ mo i]oll_h]c[( ch]fomi ]ih^c]cih_m _rcmn_hn_m go]bi
[hn_m ^_ ko_ h[]c_l[h* Ii ni^[m f[m ]ih^c]cih_m mo`c]c_hn_m mih
jl_p_hncp[m( m}fi [faoh[m fi mih( ]igi f[ ^_ _mn[l _h]_ll[^i ]ih
ff[p_ _h oh[ b[\cn[]c}h*
Nch _g\[lai( hi ^_\_gim [\[h^ih[l f[ [laog_hn[]c}h [ _mn_
hcp_f jilko_ _f ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[ l_mjih^_l{[ ko_ mc _f ^_n_lgc)
hcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( _hnih]_m hchaoh[ ^_ f[m ^im j_lmih[m jo^i
b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i s [g\[m _mn[\[h cgjimc\cfcn[^[m j[l[
[]no[l [ ][om[ ^_ ]ih^c]cih_m ko_ m_ mcn[h _h oh j[m[^i l_gini(
]o[h^i hi jil oh[ ff[p_ _h f[ jo_ln[* @h foa[l ^_ [\[h^ih[l

JOMJ <MBPH@IOJ >JHK<OD=DGDNO<

!!(

f[ [laog_hn[]c}h _h _mn_ _mn[^i chm[ncm`[]nilci( ]ihmc^_l_gim oh

[laog_hni `ch[f ko_ ^_go_mnl[ f[ ]igj[nc\cfc^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgc)
hcmgi s ^_f []ni fc\l_* ?_d[l_gim ko_ f[m ]im[m m_ _rjfcko_h jil
mom jlijcim gzlcnim*
K[l[ j_l]c\cl _h koz ]ihmcmn_ _f [laog_hni( pifp[gim [ ohi
ko_ _f fc\_ln[lci oncfct} [hn_lcilg_hn_* @f fc\_ln[lci [laog_hn}
ko_ ]ihn[gim ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ j_l`_]n[g_hn_ [^_]o[^[
ko_ ^_go_mnl[ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli
gi^i( _pc^_h]c[ ko_ _m []_jn[^[ jil fim ]yhih_m ^_f gzni^i
]c_hn{`c]i* Dg[ach[gim oh _rj_lcg_hni ]oc^[^im[g_hn_ ]ihnli)
f[^i j[l[ chp_mnca[l ]oyh^i oh[ j_lmih[ ji^{[ s ]oyh^i hi ji)
^{[ f_p[hn[l _f \l[ti* Ii m}fi p_lc`c][gim mom ][j[]c^[^_m \[di
oh[ al[h p[lc_^[^ ^_ ]ih^c]cih_m chn_lh[m s _rn_lh[m( mchi ko_
n[g\czh nig[gim hin[ ^_ fim ch`ilg_m b_]bim jil _ff[ []_l][ ^_
fi ko_ nl[n} i hi ^_ l_[t[l* Kimn_lcilg_hn_ mojomcgim ko_ m_ _h)
]ihnl[\[ _rjo_mni [ ]ih^c]cih_m c^_[f_m j[l[ f_p[hn[l _f \l[ti( _h
fi ko_ [ ho_mnli mod_ni ]ih]c_lh_* Go_ai [laog_hn[gim ko_ mc hi
f_p[hn[ _f \l[ti _h ^c]bi gig_hni( s ko_ mc m[\_gim( al[]c[m [ mo
ch`ilg_( ko_ hi nl[n} ^_ f_p[hn[lfi j_li ko_ _mny m_aoli ^_ ko_
fi bo\c_l[ fial[^i f_p[hn[l ^_ b[\_lfi chn_hn[^i( _hnih]_m ]ih)
n[gim ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ ^_ ko_ jo^i b[\_l f_p[hn[^i _f
\l[ti* <m{ ko_ ]ihn[gim ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ ^_ ko_ oh[
j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* < _mn_ [laog_hni ^_f
fc\_ln[lci( _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ ]ihn_mn} ko_ m_g_d[hn_ _pc^_h]c[ hi
l_mofn[ [^_]o[^[ j[l[ ^_gimnl[l ko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m
`[fm[* T _m ko_( mimnc_h_ _f ^_n_lgchcmn[( ]}gi ji^l{[ ^_gimnl[l
_m[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ h[^[ nc_h_ oh[ ][om[ i ko_ hi _rcmn_h ]ih^c)
]cih_m mo`c]c_hn_m j[l[ [fai ko_ i]ollc}; J\pc[g_hn_( hi ji^l{[
^_gimnl[l oh[ ]im[ m_g_d[hn_*
<bil[ \c_h( _f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ mimnc_h_ ko_ fi ko_ [g\[m j[ln_m
_h ^cmjon[ b[h [`clg[^i _m j_l`_]n[g_hn_ ]ill_]ni* @f fc\_ln[lci
_mny _h fi ]ill_]ni [f [laog_hn[l ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ _m [^_]o[^[
j[l[ gimnl[l ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i(
s _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ _mny _h fi ]ill_]ni [f [laog_hn[l ko_ f[ _pc)
^_h]c[ hi _m [^_]o[^[ j[l[ l_`on[l f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi* G[
`ilg[ ^_ j_l]c\cl fi [hn_lcil( s f[ `ilg[ ^_ j_l]c\cl f[ `o_lt[ ^_
_mn_ fncgi [laog_hni _h `[pil ^_f ]igj[nc\cfcmgi( _m pifpc_h^i
[f [laog_hni fc\_ln[lci _h oh[ `ilg[ oh n[hni gym jl_]cm[* G[
jlcg_l[ jl_gcm[ _m( jil mojo_mni( f[ mcaoc_hn_6

!"

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

-* >ihn[gim ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ ]ill_]n[ _h `[pil ^_ f[

[`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli
gi^i*
G[ _pc^_h]c[ _h ]o_mnc}h m_ ^_lcp[ ^_f _rj_lcg_hni cg[ach[lci
^_m]lcni s ^cm]onc^i jl_pc[g_hn_* < ]ihncho[]c}h( m_ oncfct[ oh[
jl_gcm[ ko_ ^_\_l{[ l_mofn[l i\pc[( [ m[\_l(
.* Ph []ni fc\l_ _m( jil ^_`chc]c}h( oh []ni ko_ oh[ j_lmih[
l_[fct[ [ohko_ nc_h_ f[ ij]c}h ^_ ji^_l []no[l ^_ inli gi)
^i*
?_ _mn[m ^im jl_gcm[m( ji^_gim ]ih]focl ko_(
/* >ihn[gim ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ ]ill_]n[ _h `[pil ^_
ko_ [faohim []nim mih fc\l_m*
@rcmn_ n[g\czh f[ jl_gcm[ ]igh n[hni [ f[ jimc]c}h fc\_ln[lc[
]igi [ f[ ^_n_lgchcmn[( [ m[\_l(
0* Nc f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_l[( _hnih]_m hchah
[]ni _m fc\l_
s ^_ %/& s %0& ji^_gim ^_lcp[l(
1* >ihn[gim ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ ]ill_]n[ ^_ ko_ f[ n_mcm
^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi hi _m p_l^[^_l[*
>igi i\m_lp[gim [hn_lcilg_hn_( _h _mni [jis[ _f fc\_ln[lci mo
[laog_hni7 j_li jo_^_ ]ihncho[lm_ mcaoc_h^i mcgjf_g_hn_ _mn[m
f{h_[m6
2* G[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi hi _m p_l)
^[^_l[ _m _kocp[f_hn_ [ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ O] `O\NKN ko_
[fai ko_ i]oll_ ][l_]_ ^_ ][om[*
?_ gi^i ko_ ^_lcp[gim(
3* >ihn[gim ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ ]ill_]n[ _h `[pil ^_
ko_ _m p_l^[^_l[ f[ [`clg[]c}h m_ah f[ ]o[f [fai ko_ i]oll_
][l_]_ ^_ ][om[*
@h _mn[ ]isohnol[ _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ [laog_hn} ko_ ^[^i ko_ %3&
_m `[fm[( [fai ^_\_ [h^[l g[f _h _f [laog_hni( [ohko_ hi jo^i
^_]cl koz _r[]n[g_hn_ _l[ fi ko_ [h^[\[ g[f* @f fc\_ln[lci l_m)
jih^c} ko_ ^[^i ko_ %1& _m p_l^[^_l[ s ^[^i ko_ f[ _kocp[f_h]c[
i\m_lp[^[ _h %2& n[g\czh _m p_l^[^_l[( _hnih]_m n[g\czh %3& fi

JOMJ <MBPH@IOJ >JHK<OD=DGDNO<

!"

_m( [oh ]o[h^i jo_^[ l_mofn[l ^c`{]cf j_l]c\cl _mni* <g\[m j[ln_m
j[l_]_h n_h_l l[t}h( j_li hi jo_^_h [g\[m _mn[l _h fi ]ill_]ni*
@f [laog_hni ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ s[ jo_^_ m_l _rjo_mni* @gjc_t[
]ich]c^c_h^i ]ih _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ _h oh [mohni ]lo]c[f6 f[ [`cl)
g[]c}h %3& _m `[fm[* G[ l[t}h _m _h _m_h]c[ f[ ko_ m_ _rjl_m} jl_)
pc[g_hn_( [ m[\_l( ko_ _f _rj_lcg_hni cg[ach[lci hi b[]_ h[^[
jil gimnl[l ko_ _f []ni ^_ g[hn_h_l chg}pcf _f \l[ti hi nc_h_
][om[( s ko_ m}fi fim []nim( _hnl_ f[m ]im[m ko_ j[m[h( _l[h j_l)
nch_hn_m _h _m_ _rj_lcg_hni* K_li _h foa[l ^_ f_p[hn[l lyjc^[)
g_hn_ f[ g[hi s ^_]cl( dohni ]ih _f ^_n_lgchcmn[( jo_m \c_h( [fai
^_\_ [h^[l g[f _h _f [laog_hni( _f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ p[ oh j[mi
gym [ffy s m_ jl_aohn[ koz _m( _r[]n[g_hn_( fi ko_ [h^[ g[f _h
_f [laog_hni* >ihmc^_l_gim _mn[ jl_aohn[ ]ih m_lc_^[^* >c_ln[)
g_hn_ _f j[mi %.& _m []_jn[\f_7 ni^[m f[m j[ln_m chpifo]l[^[m _h
_mn[m ]o_mncih_m `cfim}`c][m ]ich]c^_h _h _ffi* Gi gcmgi jo_^_ ^_)
]clm_ ^_f j[mi %2&* Iim ko_^[h m}fi %-& s %0& ]igi jl_gcm[m7 %/& s
%1& mih ]ih]fomcih_m jlipcmcih[f_m i chn_lg_^c[m*
T koz b[s ^_ f[ [`clg[]c}h %-&; <ko{ _f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ m_ jih_
^_f f[^i ^_f fc\_ln[lci( ]igi ^_\_l{[* G[ _pc^_h]c[ i\n_hc^[ [
j[lncl ^_f _rj_lcg_hni cg[ach[lci O] oh[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ m})
fc^[ ^_ ko_ f[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* ?_ [b{
ko_ him ko_^_ f[ hc][ jl_gcm[ ko_ fim fc\_ln[lcim s fim ^_n_lgc)
hcmn[m b[h ^_d[^i mch _r[g_h s mch ^_`_hm[7 f[ [`clg[]c}h %0& _m
`[fm[* Kil mojo_mni( _mn[ jl_gcm[ _m f[ [`clg[]c}h ]f[p_ ^_ f[ n_mcm
ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[7 jil fi n[hni( f[ n_mcm ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[ _m `[fm[ s f[
jimc]c}h ^_f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ b[ ko_^[^i _mn[\f_]c^[*
G[ jimc]c}h ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ ]ihmn[ \ymc][g_hn_ ^_ nl_m _f_g_h)
nim6 %[& [faohim []nim mih fc\l_m7 %\& f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m
p_l^[^_l[7 s %]& f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ %[& s %\& mih ]igj[nc\f_m*
No ^_`_hm[ ^_ %[& hi _m _h fi [\mifoni ilcach[f( s[ ko_ b[ mc^i
nig[^[ ^cl_]n[g_hn_ ^_f fc\_ln[lci* >ihmcmn_ _h i\m_lp[l ko_ %[&
m_ [jis[ _h _f m_hnc^i ]igh l_`f_rcpi( s n[g\czh _h f[ _pc^_h)
]c[ jli^o]c^[ jil _f _rj_lcg_hni cg[ach[lci* O[gji]i _m mos[
f[ ^_`_hm[ ^_ %\& s[ ko_ _kocp[f_ [ f[ i\m_lp[]c}h ^_ ko_ %\& m_
[jis[ n[g\czh _h _f m_hnc^i ]igh l_`f_rcpi s _h _f b_]bi ^_
ko_ _f g_dil [laog_hni OX MYX^\K ^_ %\& ]ih^o]_ ^cl_]n[g_hn_ [
oh[ `[fm_^[^ g[hc`c_mn[( [ m[\_l( f[ [`clg[]c}h %3&* Gi ko_ l_mofn[
ho_pi s ilcach[f _h f[ ^i]nlch[ ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ _m mo [laog_hni
^_ ko_ _mnim m}fc^im _f_g_hnim _h f[m jimc]cih_m fc\_ln[lc[ s ^_)
n_lgchcmn[ dohn[m ]ih^o]_h ^cl_]n[g_hn_ [ %]&( s jil fi n[hni [f

!"!

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

_mn[\f_]cgc_hni a_h_l[f ^_f ]igj[nc\cfcmgi* <m{ ko_ ho_mnl[ [j[)

l_hn_ j[l[^id[ chc]c[f ko_^[ l_mo_fn[6 f[m ^im ^i]nlch[m ^_f m_h)
nc^i ]igh l_`f_rcpi hi mih ch]igj[nc\f_m* <mcgcmgi( f[ m_aoh^[
[j[l_hn_ j[l[^id[ ^_ ko_ fi ko_ j[l_]_ m_l oh [laog_hni fc)
\_ln[lci cgj_][\f_ ]ih^o]_ ch_ril[\f_g_hn_ [ oh[ `[fm_^[^
ko_^[ l_mo_fn[* @f [laog_hni mojo_mn[g_hn_ cgj_][\f_ ]ihnc_h_
oh[ jl_gcm[ `[fm[*
Nc _f ]igj[nc\cfcmgi( ]ihmcmn_hn_ _h %[&( %\& s %]& _m ]ill_]ni(
_hnih]_m n[hni f[ jimc]c}h ^_f fc\_ln[lci ]igi f[ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmn[
mih `[fm[m* Locty f[ j[ln_ gym ilcach[f ^_f [laog_hni `ch[f s ]ih)
]fos_hn_ _h `[pil ^_f ]igj[nc\cfcmgi _m ko_ go_mnl[ ko_ fim ji)
mc\f_m `[]nil_m m}fc^im ^_ f[m jimc]cih_m fc\_ln[lc[ s ^_n_lgchcmn[(
]o[h^i m_ f_m ]ihmc^_l[ _h ]ihdohni( jl_m_hn[h _f g_dil [lao)
g_hni _h `[pil ^_ f[ `[fm_^[^ ^_ _m[m gcmg[m jimc]cih_m*
@E@ M > D> DJ

-* Loz [laog_hni _malcg_ _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ j[l[ gimnl[l ko_ ni^im

]l__gim _h f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi; <][mi _f [laog_hnidomnc)
`c][ f[ []_jn[]c}h ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi; Kil koz;
.* Loz jli\f_g[ i j[l[^id[ mola_ mc []_jn[gim f[ n_mcm^_f ^_n_lgc)
hcmgi; >}gi jli]_^c_lih =onf_l s ?[lliq j[l[ ko_ mom l[tih[)
gc_hnim fim ff_p[l[h ^_ f[ p_l^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi [ f[ ]ih]fomc}h
^_ ko_ fim ]lcgch[f_m hi mih l_mjihm[\f_m ^_ mom []nim;
/* Loz ^c`_l_h]c[ b[s _hnl_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi s f[ jimc]c}h
^_n_lgchcmn[;
0* >ihmc^_l_ _f mcaoc_hn_ [laog_hni6
<faohim `cf}mi`im s [\ia[^im b[h [laog_hn[^i ko_ f[ a_hn_
hi _m l_mjihm[\f_ ^_ mom []nim jilko_ ni^im fim []nim bog[)
him _mnyh ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^im jil ]im[m _h _f j[m[^i l_)
gini* @mn_ [laog_hni jo_^_ l_`on[lm_ `y]cfg_hn_* G[ f_s him
^c]_ ]oyh^i oh[ j_lmih[ _m l_mjihm[\f_ ^_ mom ch`l[]]cih_m7
f[ f_s ^_`ch_ f[ l_mjihm[\cfc^[^* Ii cgjiln[ ]oyf l_mofn_ m_l
f[ bcmnilc[ ][om[f ^_ oh []ni* Nc _f []ni _m ^_ oh ncji _mj_]c`c)
][^i jil f[ f_s ]igi jil _d_gjfi( _f [m_mch[ni _hnih]_m _f
[a_hn_ _m l_mjihm[\f_ ^_ _m_ []ni s g_l_]_ _f ][mncai _mj_]c`c)
][^i( mch ]ihmc^_l[]c}h [faoh[ [ f[ `ilg[ ]igi ff_a} [ ]ig_)
n_lm_ _f []ni [m_mchi* Kil fi n[hni( _m chncf [laog_hn[l ko_ f[
a_hn_ _mny _r_hn[ ^_ l_mjihm[\cfc^[^ ^[^[ f[ bcmnilc[ ][om[f ^_
mom ]l{g_h_m* Ph []ni ko_ f[ f_s]ihmc^_l[ oh ]lcg_h _m oh []ni

@E@M>D>DJN

!""

^_f ko_ f[ a_hn_ _m l_mjihm[\f_ s jil _f ko_ _mny _rjo_mn[ [ m_l

][mnca[^[*
Loz ]l__ omn_^ ko_ =onf_l i ?[lliq ji^l{[h l_mjih^_l [ _mn_
[laog_hni; <][mi _m pyfc^i;
1* Loz [laog_hni _malcg_h fim fc\_ln[lcim( jil _d_gjfi M_c^ s
>[gj\_ff( j[l[ [jis[l f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_ ko_ ho_mnl[ ]l__h]c[ _h
ko_ migim fc\l_m _m oh[ ]l__h]c[ ^_ m_hnc^i ]igh; >}gi m_
chnli^o]_ _h _f [laog_hni _f jli\f_g[ ^_ f[ ^_fc\_l[]c}h; @h
koz `ilg[ i\d_n[ Bloh\[og [ _mn_ [laog_hni fc\_ln[lci; @m [^_)
]o[^[ f[ l_mjo_mn[ ^_ >[gj\_ff [ Bloh\[og; Kil koz;
2* >ihmc^_l_ _f mcaoc_hn_ [laog_hni ^_n_lgchcmn[6
M_mofn[ `y]cf jli\[l ko_ ni^i []ni bog[hi _m ][om[^i* @h jlc)
g_l foa[l( ni^i []ni ^_\_ n_h_l oh gincpi ^_ [fah ncji* Ko_^_
gimnl[lm_ ko_ ch]fomi fim []nim [j[l_hn_g_hn_ gym `ilnocnim _
ch[^p_lnc^im nc_h_h oh gincpi mc ohi hi _m ^cmo[^c^i jil f[m
[j[lc_h]c[m s mc chp_mnca[ [ `ih^i _f jli\f_g[* Gim jmc]}fiaim
Ncagoh^ Al_o^( jil _d_gjfi ^_m]o\l_h gincpim ^_nlym ^_
[]nim [j[l_hn_g_hn_ []]c^_hn[f_m ]igi fi _m oh*f[jmom p_l\[f*
<m{ ko_ ]o[fkoc_l []ni nc_h_ oh gincpi* <bil[ \c_h( mc jl_aoh)
n[gim [ ]ihncho[]c}h mc oh []ni _m ][om[^i( f[ l_mjo_mn[ i\pc[
_m ko_ _m ][om[^i jil oh gincpi ko_ gincp} _f []ni* Loz gi)
ncpi; @pc^_hn_g_hn_( _f gym `o_ln_* @h _`_]ni( f[ jlo_\[ gcmg[
^_ ko_ oh gincpi _m _f gym `o_ln_ _m ko_ ^c]bi gincpi jl_p[)
f_]c}7 zm_( s hi inli( ][om} _f []ni* <m{ mih ni^im fim []nim ko_
l_mofn[h m_l ][om[^im jil _f gincpi gym `o_ln_*
Loz ji^l{[ l_mjih^_l oh fc\_ln[lci [ _mn_ [laog_hni; Loczh
nc_h_ l[t}h;
3* Loz [laog_hni _malcg_ _f fc\_ln[lci j[l[ gimnl[l ko_ m}fi ji^_)
gim _m][j[l [ f[ ch]ihmcmn_h]c[ f}ac][ l_]b[t[h^i _f ^_n_lgchcmgi
_h `[pil ^_ f[ ^i]nlch[ ^_f []ni fc\l_; >}gi ^_`ch_ zf _f []ni fc\l_;
@m [][mi oh[ ^_`chc]c}h l[tih[\f_;
4* >ihmc^_l_ _f mcaoc_hn_ [laog_hni6
@h ]c_lni gig_hni _f fc\_ln[lci l_]oll_ [ f[ hi]c}h ^_ MYX]S]'
^OXMSK ViQSMK j[l[ ^_`_h^_l mo ]ih]fomc}h* @mn_ _m mo _llil jlch)
]cj[f* G[ ]ihmcmn_h]c[ _m ^_ ji][ i hchaoh[ cgjiln[h]c[* @m _f
^c[\fcffi^_ f[m g_hn_m chmcahc`c][hn_m* Nch _g\[lai( ni^i _f jli)
\f_g[ ^_ f[ fc\_ln[^ s _f ^_n_lgchcmgi l_mofn[ ^_ f[ mojo_mn[
ch]ihmcmn_h]c[ ^_ f[m ^im ^i]nlch[m* K_li( koz mc mih ch]ihmcm)
n_hn_m; Kil koz b_gim ^_ jl_i]oj[lhim jil _mi; <^gcn[gim
^_m][l[^[g_hn_ f[ ch]ihmcmn_h]c[ s ^ca[gim ko_( [ j_m[l ^_

%&'

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

_ffi( []_jn[l_gim KWLK] ^i]nlch[m* >ih _ffi b[\ly ^_ ko_^[l

_hn_ll[^i _f jli\f_g[ ^_ f[ fc\_ln[^ s _f ^_n_lgchcmgi*
Loz _m fi ko_ jf[hn_[ _mn[ [nl_pc^[ moa_l_h]c[; <][mi _f l_]b[ti
jil j[ln_ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmn[ ^_f [laog_hni fc\_ln[lci mi\l_ f[ ]ih)
mcmn_h]c[ f}ac][ %g_h]cih[^i _h f[ jl_aohn[ [hn_lcil& fi ]igjli)
g_n_ [ ^_`_h^_l f[ ]ih]_j]c}h ^_ ko_ f[ ]ihmcmn_h]c[ f}ac][ ][l_]_
^_ cgjiln[h]c[; Kil koz;
5* Loz [laog_hni( \[m[^i _h fim ^[nim ^_ f[ chnlimj_]]c}h( _malcg_
_f fc\_ln[lci j[l[ gimnl[l ko_ n_h_gim f[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ _h
`[pil ^_f []ni fc\l_; Loz i\d_]c}h _malcg_ C_gj_f [ _mn_ [lao)
g_hni; @m [][mi ]ihpch]_hn_ f[ l_mjo_mn[ fc\_ln[lc[ [ _mn[ i\)
d_]c}h; Kil koz;
-,* ?_ koz [laog_hni m_ p[f_ _f fc\_ln[lci j[l[ ^_gimnl[l ko_ n_)
h_gim oh[ _pc^_h]c[ ch^_j_h^c_hn_ ko_ domnc`c][ f[ ]l__h]c[ ^_
ko_ l_[fct[gim []nim fc\l_m; Kil koz m_ l_koc_l_ _mn_ [laog_hni(
[^_gym ^_f [laog_hni \[m[^i _h fim ^[nim ^_ f[ chnlimj_]]c}h(
j[l[ jli\[l f[ ]ih]fomc}h fc\_ln[lc[ ^_ ko_ n_h_gim f[ _pc^_h]c[
[^_]o[^[ _h `[pil ^_f []ni fc\l_; Loz i\d_]cih_m _malcg_ _f ^_)
n_lgchcmn[ _h ]ihnl[ ^_f [laog_hni fc\_ln[lci l_f[]cih[^i ]ih f[
_pc^_h]c[ ch^_j_h^c_hn_ _h `[pil ^_f []ni fc\l_; Loz jl_gcm[(
^_hnli ^_f [laog_hni ^_n_lgchcmn[ _h ]ihnl[ ^_ f[ mojo_mn[ _pc)
^_h]c[( ^_\c} l_`ilgof[lm_; Kil koz; <][mi _m ^_]cmcpi _f [lao)
g_hni l_`ilgof[^i;
--* > ihmc^ _l_ _f mcaoc_hn_ [la o g _h ni fc\_ln[lci6

@f ^_n_lgchcmn[ [laog_hn[ ko_ ^_\_l{[gim []_jn[l f[ ^i]nlch[

^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi s l_]b[t[l f[ ^i]nlch[ ^_ f[ fc\_ln[^* K_li( [f
b[]_lfi( l_p_f[ ko_ hc mckoc_l[ zf ]l__ _h f[ n_mcm ko_ ^_`c_h^_*
T _m ko_ moj}ha[m_ ko_ hi migim fc\l_m mchi ko_ _mn[gim ^_)
n_lgch[^im ^_ n[f gi^i ko_ hi ji^_gim _pcn[l b[]_l fi ko_
b[]_gim* @h _m_ ][mi( hi n_h^l{[ m_hnc^i [laog_hn[l ko_ ^_)
\_l{[gim []_jn[l oh[ ^i]nlch[ _h foa[l ^_ inl[( jilko_ hi ji)
^_gim _pcn[l []_jn[l f[ ^i]nlch[ ko_ []_jn[gim( ]o[fkoc_l[ ko_
zmn[ m_[* <m{ ko_ mc _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ _m m_lci _h mo chn_hni jil
j_lmo[^clhim j[l[ ko_ []_jn_gim _f ^_n_lgchcmgi( _hnih]_m
zf ^_\_ ]l__l ko_ ZYN\hKWY] []_jn[l _m[ ^i]nlch[ [oh mc( ^_ b_)
]bi( hi f[ []_jn[gim* ?_ gi^i ko_ zf ^_\_ ]l__l ko_ migim
fc\l_m( [ohko_ zf mimnc_h_ ko_ hi fi migim* <m{ ko_ f[ ]l__h]c[
^_f ^_n_lgchcmn[ l_`on[ mom j[f[\l[m*
Loz ji^l{[ l_mjih^_l oh ^_n_lgchcmn[ [ _mn_ [laog_hni; @m
pyfc^i _mn_ [laog_hni; Kil koz;

@E@M>D>DJN

%&(

-.* Loz [laog_hni f_ jlijil]cih[ R[lhi]e [f ^_n_lgchcmn[ _h ]ih)

nl[ ^_ f[ [`clg[]c}h fc\_ln[lc[ ^_ ko_ n_h_gim f[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_)
]o[^[ _h `[pil ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli
gi^i; >oyf _m f[ l_mjo_mn[ fc\_ln[lc[; @m ^_]cmcp[ f[ fncg[ j[)
f[\l[ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmn[; Kil koz;
-/* Loz jl_gcm[( []_jn[^[ n[hni jil fim fc\_ln[lcim ]igi jil fim ^_)
n_lgchcmn[m( _m l_]b[t[^[ jil _f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[; Nc _f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[
[]_jn[ ^KX^Y f[ ^i]nlch[ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi ]igi f[ ^i]nlch[ ^_ f[
fc\_ln[^( [][mi _mni mcahc`c][ ko_ m_ _h]o_hnl[ ]igjlig_nc^i ]ih
oh[ jimc]c}h ch]ihmcmn_hn_; Kil koz b[\l{[ ^_ h_a[l _f ]igj[nc)
\cfcmn[ ko_ m_ _h]o_hnl[ ]igjlig_nc^i ]ih oh[ ch]ihmcmn_h]c[;
-0* @f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ ^_`c_h^_ mo jimc]c}h mimn_hc_h^i ko_ f[ ][om[fc)
^[^ _m oh _f_g_hni ]ihmncnoncpi ^_f []ni* >}gi m_ chnli^o]_ f[
n_il{[ ^_ f[m pifc]cih_m _h _mn_ [laog_hni; @h koz `ilg[ i\d_n[
_f ^_n_lgchcmn[ _mn_ [laog_hni; @h koz `ilg[ ]ihnlc\os_ f[ [`cl)
g[]c}h ^_f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ ^_ ko_ fim []nim mih ][om[^im jil [fai
ko_ _h m{ gcmgi hi _m oh []ni [ l_mjih^_l [ f[ i\d_]c}h jl_m_hn[^[
jil _f ^_n_lgchcmn[; >oyf _m _f [laog_hni ^_n_lgchcmn[ `ch[f _h
]ihnl[ ^_ _mn_ [laog_hni fc\_ln[lci; M_mofn[ chgoh_ [ f[ ^o^[;
-1* >ihmc^_l_ _f mcaoc_hn_ [laog_hni ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[6
G[ c^_[ ^_ ko_ f[m pifc]cih_m mih ][om[^[m _m [\mol^[* Ph[
][om[( mc _m a_hoch[( ^_\_ m_l ^_m]lcn[ ch^_j_h^c_hn_g_hn_ ^_
mom _`_]nim* <m{ko_( jil _d_gjfi( hi m_lpcl{[ ^_]cl ko_ f[ ][j[]c)
^[^ j[l[ ch^o]cl [f mo_|i ^_ oh[ j{f^il[ jlipi][ ko_ f[ a_hn_
^o_lg[( jilko_ f[ ][j[]c^[^( mc _m oh[ ][om[ a_hoch[( ^_\_ m_l
^_m]lcn[ ch^_j_h^c_hn_g_hn_ ^_ mo jl_n_h^c^i _`_]ni* <bil[
\c_h( moj}ha[m_ ko_ oh[ pifc]c}h j[l[ f_p[hn[l _f \l[ti i]o)
ll_ _h g{* N_g_d[hn_ pifc]c}h hi jo_^_ m_l fch[ ][om[ a_hoch[
^_ ko_ si f_p[hn_ _f \l[ti( jilko_ f[ pifc]c}h XY m_ ^_m]lc\_
ch^_j_h^c_hn_g_hn_ ^_ mo jl_n_h^c^i _`_]ni( _f ^_ f_p[hn[l
_f \l[ti* ?_ gi^i ko_( f[ pifc]c}h j[l[ f_p[hn[l _f \l[ti( [f
cao[f ko_ f[ ][j[]c^[^ ^_ oh[ j{f^il[ j[l[ ch^o]cl [f mo_|i(
hi _m oh[ ][om[ a_hoch[7 _m mcgjf_g_hn_ oh[ jm_o^i][om[* Ic
f[ j{f^il[ hc f[ pifc]c}h mih ^_m]lcn[m ch^_j_h^c_hn_g_hn_ ^_f
_`_]ni ko_ `[fm[g_hn_ m_ mojih_ ko_ jli^o]_h*
@mn_ [laog_hni `[pil_]_ [f fc\_ln[lci i [f ^_n_lgchcmn[; @m ]i)
ll_]ni _f [laog_hni; Kil koz;
-2* Loz [laog_hni ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ m_ ^_lcp[ ^_ oh [hyfcmcm ^_f ]ih)
]_jni ^_ ][om[fc^[^ _h nzlgchim ^_ oh[ _rjfc][]c}h ]c_hn{`c][;
>}gi ]l__ _f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ ko_ _mn_ [hyfcmcm ^_go_mnl[ f[ ]ig)
j[nc\cfc^[^ ^_ f[ fc\_ln[^ s _f ^_n_lgchcmgi; Kil koz( m_ah _f

!"%

@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G< GD=@MO<? T @G ?@O@MHDIDNHJ

ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[( f[ ]ihmcmn_h]c[ ^_ f[ jl_^c]]c}h s ^_ f[ fc\_ln[^

hi fial[ jli\[l f[ ]igj[nc\cfc^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi s f[ fc\_ln[^;
Loz jl_aohn[ ]ihnch[ mch l_mjo_mn[ ch]fomi mc mojih_gim ko_ _f
^_n_lgchcmgi cgjfc][ ko_ _h ]c_lni m_hnc^i ^_ jo^i h[^[ jo^i
b[\_l i]ollc^i _r]_jni fi ko_ _h l_[fc^[^ i]ollc}; >}gi ]ih)
n_mn[ _f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ f[ l_mjo_mn[; @h koz `ilg[ f[ ^cmnch]c}h
_hnl_ f[ ^_n_lgch[]c}h ][om[f s f[ ^_n_lgch[]c}h [h]_mnl[f ]ihmnc)
nos_ f[ \[m_ ^_ oh[ l_mjo_mn[ ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[; @m zmn[ oh[ l_m)
jo_mn[ ^_]cmcp[;
-3* >ihmc^_l_ _f mcaoc_hn_ [laog_hni ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[6
@f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ [laog_hn[ ko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmgi ]ihff_p[ h[)
^[ g_him ko_ f[ ][j[]c^[^ ohcp_lm[f ^_ jl_^_]cl \[m[^[ _h f_)
s_m ]c_hn{`c][m* Ii i\mn[hn_( _mn[ hi]c}h ^_ ^_n_lgchcmgi \[mn[
j[l[ jli\[l f[ ch]igj[nc\cfc^[^ ^_ f[ fc\_ln[^ s _f ^_n_lgc)
hcmgi* @h jlcg_l foa[l( []_jn_gim ko_ fim []nim fc\l_m ^_\_h
^_lcp[lm_( [f g_him _h i][mcih_m( ^_ oh[ ^_]cmc}h* <m{ ko_ f[
^_]cmc}h _m _m_h]c[f j[l[ f[ fc\_ln[^* Ph l[mai ^_ f[ ^_]cmc}h
_m ko_ h[^c_ jo_^_ m[\_l ]oyf b[\ly ^_ m_l mo jlijc[ ^_]cmc}h
[hn_m ^_ nig[lf[* Ph[ p_t ko_ f[ j_lmih[ m[\_ ]oyf b[\ly ^_
m_l mo ^_]cmc}h( s[ b[ ^_]c^c^i* Nch _g\[lai( _f ^_n_lgchcmgi
^_`chc^i ]igi ][j[]c^[^ ohcp_lm[f j[l[ jl_^_]cl \[m[^[ _h f_)
s_m ]c_hn{`c][m nc_h_ jil ]ihm_]o_h]c[ ko_ _m jimc\f_ ko_ ]o[f)
koc_l[ jl_^ca[ ]o[fkoc_l ]im[* Gi hc]i ko_ ohi h_]_mcn[ m[\_l
j[l[ b[]_l oh[ jl_^c]]c}h mih f[m ]ih^c]cih_m [hn_]_^_hn_m s
f[m f_s_m yjlijc[^[m( s_m [f g_him jimc\f_ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ m_j[
_mni ch]fomi mc ^_ b_]bi himinlim hi fi m[\_gim* ?_ gi^i ko_(
mc _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( _m jimc\f_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[
jl_^ca[ ]oyf b[\ly ^_ m_l mo jlijc[ ^_]cmc}h [hn_m ^_ nig[lf[*
K_li mc b[s [faoh[ ^_]cmc}h( ]igi f[ fc\_ln[^ _rca_ ko_ f[ b[s[(
_m cgjimc\f_ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ m_j[ ]oyf b[\ly ^_ m_l mo ^_]cmc}h
[hn_m ^_ nig[lf[* Kil fi n[hni( mc _f ^_n_lgchcmgi( ]igi m_ b[
^_`chc^i( _m p_l^[^_li( hi b[s []nim fc\l_m*
>}gi ZYN\hK l_mjih^_l oh ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ [ _mn_ [laog_hni;
>}gi ji^l{[ l_mjih^_l mc []_jn[ ko_ f[ ^_]cmc}h _m _m_h]c[f j[l[
_f []ni fc\l_; @m pyfc^i _f [laog_hni; >igj[l_ _f [ln{]ofi ^_ >[lc
Bch_n ch^c][^i _h f[ \c\fcial[`{[*
-4* @h koz `ilg[ [laog_hn[ _f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ j[lnc_h^i ^_f [hyfcmcm
bcjinznc]i ^_ jo^i b[mn[ ff_a[l [ f[ ]igj[nc\cfc^[^ ^_ f[ fc\_l)
n[^ s _f ^_n_lgchcmgi; Loz _d_gjfi jlijih_ _f ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[
]igi l_mjo_mn[; >}gi a_h_l[fct[ [ j[lncl ^_ _mn_ _d_gjfi;
-5* >ihmc^_l_ _f mcaoc_hn_ [caog_hni ]igj[nc\cfcmn[6

@E@M>D>DJN

!"&

G[ ]igj[nc\cfc^[^ ^_ f[ fc\_ln[^ s _f ^_n_lgchcmgi jo_^_ jli)

\[lm_ `y]cfg_hn_* @f ^_n_lgchcmgi him ^c]_ ko_ ni^i _mny ][o)
m[f( s _h l_[fc^[^( [h]_mnl[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i* K_li hi him
^c]_ ]oyf_m ]im[m _mnyh [m{ ^_n_lgch[^[m s ]oyf_m hi* Kil fi
n[hni( moj}ha[m_ ko_ f_p[hni _f \l[ti s ko_( ]igi fi _rca_ f[
fc\_ln[^( si jo^_ b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* Ko^_ b[\_lfi
f_p[hn[^i b[]c[ oh f[^i* Loz ]ih]fomc}h []_l][ ^_ _mn_ mo)
jo_mni ji^_gim m[][l [ j[lncl ^_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi;
Gi hc]i ko_ ji^_gim ]ih]focl _m %-& ko_ _f ko_ si f_p[hn_
_f \l[ti _mny ][om[f s [h]_mnl[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i s( %.& ko_ _f
b_]bi ^_ ko_ si jo^_ b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i _mny ][om[f
s [h]_mnl[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i* Nch _g\[lai( _f b_]bi ^_ ko_
[g\[m ]im[m m_ _h]o_hnl_h [m{ ^_n_lgch[^[m _m j_l`_]n[g_hn_
]igj[nc\f_ ]ih mo i]oll_h]c[* Kil fi n[hni( fi ko_ m_ ^_lcp[ ^_f
^_n_lgchcmgi _h fi ko_ l_mj_]n[ [f []ni fc\l_ _m ko_ _f []ni c
_f ko_ zmn_ m_[ fc\l_ _mnyh ][om[f s [h]_mnl[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[)
^im* @mni ^_go_mnl[ ko_ _f []ni fc\l_ s _f ^_n_lgchcmgi mih
]igjf_n[g_hn_ ]igj[nc\f_m*
Loz ji^l{[ l_mjih^_l oh ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[ [ _mn_ [laog_hni;
Loz ^cl{[ omn_^ [f l_mj_]ni;
.,* >oyf _m _f [laog_hni `ch[f ^_f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[; Gi ]ihmc^_l[ om)
n_^ pyfc^i;

DQ
@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ
Loz _m oh[ j_lmih[; @hnl_ inl[m ]im[m oh[ j_lmih[ _m oh m_l
]igjf_di ko_ jo_^_ b[]_l go]b[m ]im[m* < ^c`_l_h]c[ ^_ go)
]bim inlim m_l_m m_ jo_^_ gip_l jil m{ gcmg[7 jo_^_ [ll[mnl[lm_(
][gch[l s h[^[l* @mny ]f[li ko_ zmn[m mih []ncpc^[^_m ]iljil[)
f_m* Kil fi n[hni( oh[ j_lmih[ j[l_]_( ]ih m_aolc^[^( n_h_l oh
]o_lji( _h _f ko_ nc_h_h foa[l go]bim jli]_mim s mo]_mim( n[f_m
]igi _f f[nc^i ^_f ]il[t}h( _f `oh]cih[gc_hni ^_ fim lc|ih_m s _f
]igjf_di `oh]cih[gc_hni ^_f ]_l_\li* ?c]bim jli]_mim ]iljil[)
f_m mih _m_h]c[f_m j[l[ g[hn_h_l [ oh[ j_lmih[ pcp[ s m[fo^[\f_*
?_ b_]bi ^_m]lc\cgim _f _mn[^i ^_f ]o_lji ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ _rji)
hc_h^i f[ ]ih^c]c}h _h ko_ m_ _h]o_hnl[h ^c]bim jli]_mim pcn[f_m
^_f ]o_lji*
C[s( mch _g\[lai( go]b[m inl[m ]im[m ko_ jo_^_ b[]_l oh[
j_lmih[ ko_ hi j[l_]_h m_l []ncpc^[^_m ]iljil[f_m* Ph[ j_lmih[(
[ ^c`_l_h]c[ ^_ go]bim inlim m_l_m koz jo_^_h gip_lm_ jil m{
gcmgim( jo_^_ j_hm[l []_l][ ^_ f[m ]im[m7 ^_]c^cl mi\l_ _f ]olmi
^_ oh[ []]c}h7 [hb_f[l( ^_m_[l s mi|[l ]ih go]b[m ]im[m ^c`_l_h)
n_m* @mn[m j[l_]_h m_l []ncpc^[^_m g_hn[f_m( \[mn[hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m ^_
f[m []ncpc^[^_m s jli]_mim ]iljil[f_m* K[l_]_h( _hnih]_m( chpifo)
]l[l [ oh[ g_hn_ _h foa[l ^_ oh ]o_lji( oh[ g_hn_ ]ih _mn[^im
nin[fg_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m ^_ fim _mn[^im ]iljil[f_m* ?_m]lc\cgim _f
_mn[^i g_hn[f ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ]o[h^i ^_]cgim ko_ _mny `_fct i
nlcmn_( [f_al_ i ^_jlcgc^[( _h[gil[^[ i ff_h[ ^_ i^ci( h_lpcim[
i ][fg[^[( ]ih`c[^[ i [momn[^[* Ph[ j_lmih[( jo_m( j[l_]_ m_l
hi m}fi oh ]o_lji ]igjf_di( mchi oh[ _hnc^[^ ]ih oh[ g_hn_
^cmnchn[ s ]igjf_n[g_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_ ^_ mo ]o_lji*
Ii m}fi ^_m]lc\cgim [ oh[ j_lmih[ ^_ _mn[ g[h_l[7 n[g\czh
nl[n[gim ^_ _rjfc][l mo ]igjiln[gc_hni ]iljil[f s ^_ _hn_h^_l

!#

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

_f `oh]cih[gc_hni ^_ mo g_hn_* T [f b[]_l _mni hilg[fg_hn_ _g)

j_t[gim [ b[]_l [`clg[]cih_m mi\l_ f[m l_f[]cih_m _hnl_ mo g_hn_
s mo ]o_lji* @rjfc][gim( jil _d_gjfi( fim alcnim ji]i ]igoh_m ^_
f[ Nl[* Kzl_t [ mom bcdim( [fo^c_h^i [ mo n_llc\f_ ^ifil ^_ ][\_t[ i [
fim j_hm[gc_hnim ko_ f_ jlipi][h gc_^i* <`clg[gim ko_ f[ l[t}h
jil f[ ko_ G}j_t hi _m][f[ly gihn[|[m _m ko_ f_ nc_h_ oh gc_^i
giln[f [ f[m [fnol[m( i ko_ _f Nl* Nyh]b_t b[ ^_d[^i ^_ `og[l jil)
ko_ b[ ^_]c^c^i ko_ _f lc_mai ^_ ]ihnl[_l ]yh]_l _m ^_g[mc^i
[fni* O[g\czh _rjfc][gim _f ]igjiln[gc_hni [hilg[f ^_ f[m j_l)
mih[m ]igi _`_]ni ^_ m_hncgc_hnim ^_ ]ofj[( ^_m_im l_jlcgc^im(
i `cd[]cih_m h_ol}nc][m* Kil inli f[^i( _rjfc][gim _f ^ifil ^_ [f)
aoc_h [cmf[h^i mo ][om[ s ]ihmc^_lyh^if[ ]igi oh ^[|i ]iljil[f7
[jfc][gim chs_]]cih_m _h mo ]o_lji j[l[ ^_d[lfi ch]ihm]c_hn_( s [
p_]_m ff_p[gim [ ][\i ij_l[]cih_m ^_f ]_l_\li j[l[ ][g\c[l ni^i
_f _mn[^i g_hn[f( ni^[ f[ j_lmih[fc^[^ ^_ oh[ j_lmih[* K[l_]_(
jo_m( ko_ ]c_lnim `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m jo_^_h [`_]n[l [f ]o_lji
s ko_ ]c_lnim `_h}g_him ]iljil[f_m jo_^_h [`_]n[l [ f[ g_hn_*
C_gim ^_m]lcni [ oh[ j_lmih[ ]igi oh[ _hnc^[^ ]igjf_d[ ]ih
oh[ g_hn_ s oh ]o_lji7 oh[ _hnc^[^ ko_ chpifo]l[ [ f[ p_t mo)
]_mim s _mn[^im ]iljil[f_m( s mo]_mim s _mn[^im g_hn[f_m7 oh[ _h)
nc^[^ _h f[ ko_ ]c_lnim mo]_mim ]iljil[f_m [`_]n[h ][om[fg_hn_ [
f[ g_hn_ s ]c_lnim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m [`_]n[h [f ]o_lji* <^_gym(
jo_mni ko_ j[l_]_ ko_ _f l_chi ^_ fi g_hn[f _m gos ^cmnchni s ^c)
`_l_hn_ ^_f l_chi ^_ fi g[n_lc[f( _mn[ ^_m]lcj]c}h j[l_]_ ]ih^o]cl
[ f[ n_il{[ ]ihi]c^[ ]igi SX^O\KMMSYXS]WY N_KVS]^K( ?_ []o_l^i ]ih
_mn[ n_il{[( oh[ j_lmih[ ]ihmn[ ^_ ^im j[ln_m l[^c][fg_hn_ ^c)
`_l_hn_m( oh[ g_hn_ s oh ]o_lji( ][^[ oh[ ^_ f[m ]o[f_m jo_^_
[]no[l ][om[fg_hn_ mi\l_ f[ inl[*
@f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[ _m []_jn[^i jil go]b[ a_hn_* Ho)
]bim ^_ himinlim( [f g_him _h ho_mnli jlijci ][mi( ^cmnchaoc)
gim ]f[l[g_hn_ _hnl_ fim `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m ^_ fim ko_ migim
]ihm]c_hn_m( n[f_m ]igi ho_mnl[m jlijc[m m_hm[]cih_m( s ho_mnli
]o_lji ]ih ni^im mom ]igjf_dim jli]_mim `{mc]im* <^_gym( oh ^o[)
fcmgi g_hn_)]o_lji j[l_]_ m_l _m_h]c[f j[l[ f[ g[sil{[ ^_ f[m l_)
fcacih_m* @f ]o_lji m_ ^_mchn_al[ly ^_mjozm ^_ f[ go_ln_ j_li(
^_ []o_l^i ]ih f[m ^i]nlch[m ^_ go]b[m l_fcacih_m( _f [fg[( f[
j[ln_ chg[n_lc[f ^_ himinlim ko_ _m ]igjf_n[g_hn_ ^cmnchn[ s ^c)
`_l_hn_ ^_ ho_mnli ]o_lji( pcpcly _n_lh[g_hn_* Ii i\mn[hn_( mc
\c_h jo_^_ m_l `y]cf _rjfc][l f[ gos _rn_h^c^[ []_jn[]c}h ^_f ch)
n_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[( m_g_d[hn_ _rjfc][]c}h hi ]ihmncnos_ oh

?@ADID>DI ?@ OvMHDIJN >G<Q@

!#

jli\f_g[ `cfim}`c]i* @f jlch]cj[f jli\f_g[ `cfim}`c]i ]ihmcmn_ _h

p_l mc _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[ i ]o[fkoc_l inl[ jimc]c}h _m f[
]ih]_j]c}h gym jf[omc\f_ []_l][ ^_ f[ h[nol[f_t[ ^_ oh[ j_lmih[*
J\pc[g_hn_( b[s go]b[m [fn_lh[ncp[m jimc\f_m* C[s p[lc[m ]ih)
]_j]cih_m gihcmn[m6 _f WK^O\SKVS]WY \ON_MMSYXS]^K& ko_ [`clg[ ko_
hi b[s g_hn_m( mchi m}fi ]o_ljim7 _f SNOKVS]WY& ko_ [`clg[ ko_
hi b[s ]o_ljim( m}fi g_hn_m7 s oh[ ^OY\hK XO_^\KV& ko_ [`clg[ ko_
oh[ j_lmih[ hi _m hc g_hn_ hc ]o_lji( mchi [fai nin[fg_hn_ ^c`_)
l_hn_ ^_ fim ^im* O[g\czh b[s n_il{[m ^o[fcmn[m ko_ hc_a[h ni^[
i j[ln_ ^_ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ b[s oh[ chn_l[]]c}h ][om[f _hnl_
g_hn_m s ]o_ljim* @f OZSPOXYWOXKVS]WY hc_a[ ko_ f[ g_hn_ jo_^[
[`_]n[l ][om[fg_hn_ [f ]o_lji jilko_ f[ g_hn_ _m m}fi oh ncji
^_ mo\jli^o]ni ^_ ]c_lnim jli]_mim `{mc]im ]igjf_dim* @f ZK\KVO'
VS]WY [`clg[ ko_ hi b[s chn_l[]]c}h ][om[f ^_ hchah ncji _hnl_
g_hn_m s ]o_ljim* >[^[ ohi jli]_^_ jil mo f[^i( j[l[f_f[ j_li
ch^_j_h^c_hn_g_hn_ ^_f inli*
<faoh[m ^_ _mn[m ]ih]_j]cih_m mih jf[omc\f_m( inl[m hi* Oi^[m
m_ _h`l_hn[h ]ih jli\f_g[m j_li [faohim jli\f_g[m mih gym j_l)
do^c]c[f_m ko_ inlim7 s jo_mni ko_ hchaoh[ ]ih]_j]c}h _m i\pc[)
g_hn_ ]ill_]n[ ][^[ oh[ l_koc_l_ ^_ oh[ ^_`_hm[ l[tih[^[ mc
b_gim ^_ domnc`c][lf[* Io_mnl[ n[l_[ m_ly _p[fo[l ]l{nc][g_hn_ f[m
jlch]cj[f_m jimc]cih_m [fn_lh[ncp[m ]ih f[ _mj_l[ht[ ^_ ko_ m_l_)
gim ][j[]_m ^_ _f_acl ^_ _hnl_ _ff[m f[ ko_ l_mofn_ gym jf[omc\f_
ko_ ]o[fkoc_l inl[* @gj_t[l_gim ]ih _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[)
fcmn[*
? @ A DI D> D I ?@ OvM H DI J N >G<Q@

<hn_m ^_ _gj_t[l f[ ^cm]omc}h ^_ g[ll[m jlcg_li ^_\_gim ch^c)

][l ]}gi ^_\_h om[lm_ ]c_ln[m _rjl_mcih_m ]f[p_ ko_ ]ihnc_h_h fim
nzlgchim g[n_lc[fs g_hn[f* T[ b_gim ^cm]onc^i mi\l_ fim ]o_l)
jim %i\d_nim g[n_lc[f_m& s f[m g_hn_m %i\d_nim g_hn[f_m&* T[ b_gim
^cm]onc^i n[g\czh mi\l_ fim mo]_mim s _mn[^im( [g\im g_hn[f_m s
g[n_lc[f_m* @hn_h^_gim _mnim ^im ncjim ^c`_l_hn_m ^_ i\d_nim( mo)
]_mim s _mn[^im( ^_ f[ mcaoc_hn_ g[h_l[6
?LTO^Y WK^O\SKV/ J\d_ni %]igi oh[ jc_^l[& ko_ nc_h_ n[g[|i(
`ilg[( g[m[ s jimc]c}h _mj[]c[f s n_gjil[f( s ko_ jo_^_ _rcm)
ncl ch^_j_h^c_hn_g_hn_ ^_ ]o[fkoc_l m_l ]ihm]c_hn_*

!#!

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

?LTO^Y WOX^KV/ J\d_ni ko_ _m i \c_h oh m_l ]ihm]c_hn_( _mni _m(

oh m_l ]ihm]c_hn_ ^_ ]c_ln[m ]im[m %]igi oh[ g_hn_&( i \c_h
oh m_l ko_ hi jo_^_ _rcmncl ch^_j_h^c_hn_g_hn_ ^_ [fah
m_l ]ihm]c_hn_ %]igi oh j_hm[gc_hni i oh[ m_hm[]c}h&*
C_MO]Y WK^O\SKV/ <fai %]igi _f gipcgc_hni ^_ oh \l[ti& ko_
i]oll_ _h ]c_lni f[jmi s ]ihmn[ m}fi ^_ i\d_nim g[n_lc[f_m*
C_MO]Y WOX^KV/ <fai %]igi oh mo_|i& ko_ i]oll_ _h oh f[jmi s
]ihmn[ m}fi ^_ i\d_nim g_hn[f_m*
8]^KNY WK^O\SKV/ >ih^c]c}h i mcno[]c}h %]igi oh[ ch`_]]c}h& ^_
[fah i\d_ni g[n_lc[f*
8]^KNY WOX^KV/ >ih^c]c}h i mcno[]c}h %]igi oh[ jmc]imcm& ^_
[fah i\d_ni g_hn[f*
@m cgjiln[hn_ hin[l ko_( ]igi m_ b[ ][l[]n_lct[^i jl_pc[g_hn_(
fi g_hn[f s fi g[n_lc[f mih l[^c][fg_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m* >o[fkoc_l
]im[ ko_ _m g_hn[f ^_j_h^_ _m_h]c[fg_hn_ ^_ f[ ]ih]c_h]c[ i ^_f
]ihi]cgc_hni( s fi ko_ _m g[n_lc[f hi* <^_gym ]c_ln[g_hn_ j[)
l_]_ ko_ h[^[ g_hn[f nc_h_ n[g[|i( `ilg[( g[m[( i foa[l _h _f
_mj[]ci7 n[f_m ]o[fc^[^_m j[l_]_h ][l[]n_lct[l m}fi [ fi g[n_lc[f*
G[ hc][ ][l[]n_l{mnc][ ko_ j[l_]_h n_h_l _h ]igh fi g_hn[f s fi
`{mc]i _m ko_ fim ^im Z_ONOX n_h_l jimc]cih_m n_gjil[f_m* <ko{ ^_)
]cgim jo_^_h n_h_l jilko_ mc \c_h ni^im fim i\d_nim g[n_lc[f_m
s ni^[m f[m g_hn_m bog[h[m nc_h_h jimc]cih_m n_gjil[f_m( jo_^_
m_l ko_ b[s[ g_hn_m ko_ hi _rcmn[h _h _f nc_gji( ]igi jil _d_g)
jfi( f[ g_hn_ ^_ ?cim* ?_\_ n[g\czh hin[lm_ ko_ b[ mc^i om[^[ f[
j[f[\l[ g[n_lc[f _h foa[l ^_ `{mc]i* @mni _m jilko_ ]ih `{mc]i
ko_l_gim ^_]cl j[ln_ ^_f i\d_ni ^_ _mno^ci ^_ f[m ]c_h]c[m `{mc][m(
s \c_h jo_^_ m_l ko_ hi ni^im fim i\d_nim `{mc]im m_[h i\d_nim g[)
n_lc[f_m* Ph i\d_ni ko_ _m oh[ ZO\]YXK hi _m( mc fim ^o[fcmn[m _mnyh
_h fi ]ill_]ni( hc oh i\d_ni g_hn[f hc oh i\d_ni g[n_lc[f7 gym
\c_h _m oh ]igjo_mni ^_ [g\im ncjim ^_ i\d_nim* Nch _g\[lai(
oh i\d_ni m_g_d[hn_ ][_ \[di _f ][gji ^_ _mno^ci ^_ f[ `{mc][* Ii
_mn[gim( jo_m( n[h chn_l_m[^im _h fi `{mc]i ]igi _h fi g_hn[f s _h
fi g[n_lc[f( mc \c_h fi `{mc]i _m l_f_p[hn_ jilko_ oh[ j[ln_ ^_f ^_)
\[n_ ko_ li^_[ [f jli\f_g[ g_hn_)]o_lji m_ l_`c_l_ [ mc f[ `{mc][(
ko_ mojo_mn[g_hn_ jo_^_ _rjfc][l _f ]igjiln[gc_hni ^_ ni^im

DIO@M<>>DJIDNHJ ?P<GDNO<

!#"

fim i\d_nim g[n_lc[f_m( jo_^_ _rjfc][l ni^i ]igjiln[gc_hni bo)

g[hi*
DI O @ M < > > DJ I DN H J ?P<GDNO<

G[ ]fymc][ _rjimc]c}h ^_f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[ _m f[ ko_ ^ci

M_hz ?_m][ln_m* N_ah ?_m][ln_m ji^_gim ^cmnchaocl ]f[l[g_hn_
_hnl_ nl_m ncjim ^c`_l_hn_m ^_ momn[h]c[m6 oh[ ko_ _m ?cim( f[ mom)
n[h]c[ _n_lh[( s f[m inl[m ^im( ko_ mih momn[h]c[m ]l_[^[m jil ?cim*
?c]_6 Ki^_gim( _hnih]_m( n_h_l `y]cfg_hn_ ^im hi]cih_m i c^_[m
]f[l[m s ^cmnchn[m( oh[ ^_ f[ momn[h]c[ ]l_[^[ ko_ jc_hm[( inl[ ^_
f[ momn[h]c[ ]iljil[f( ]ih n[f ^_ ko_ m_j[l_gim ]oc^[^im[g_hn_
ni^im fim [nlc\onim ^_f j_hm[gc_hni ^_ fim ^_ f[ _rn_hmc}h* -
Nch _g\[lai( [ohko_ _rcmn[h _mn[m ^im momn[h]c[m ]l_[^[m l[^c)
][fg_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m( oh[ ko_ _m _rn_hm[ s ko_ hi jc_hm[ %]o_lji&
s oh[ ko_ jc_hm[ j_li ko_ hi _m _rn_hm[ %g_hn_&( ?_m][ln_m [`cl)
g[ ko_ zf( s jil fi n[hni inl[m j_lmih[m( mih _m_h]c[fg_hn_ mom)
n[h]c[m j_hm[hn_m* Ii i\mn[hn_( jc_hm[ ko_ hi _m m}fi oh[ g_hn_(
jo_mni ko_ ^c]_( O_hai oh ]o_lji ko_ m_ b[ff[ ch^cmjo_mni ]o[h)
^i mc_hni ^ifil( s ko_ h_]_mcn[ ]ig_l i \_\_l ]o[h^i mc_hni b[g)
\l_ i m_^( _n]zn_l[*** *. K_li hi _m ko_ f[m j_lmih[m m_[h m}fi
g_hn_m ko_ l_mofn[ ko_$ nc_h_h ]o_ljim( m_ah ?_m][ln_m* N_l{[
g_dil ff[g[lf[m g_hn_m _h][lh[^[m( jo_mni ko_ zf [`clg[ b[\_l
_h]ihnl[^i
ko_ si hi m}fi _mnis _h gc ]o_lji ]igi oh jcfini _h mo h[pci( mchi
ko_ _mnis n[h {hncg[g_hn_ ohc^i s ]igi g_t]f[^i ]ih zf( ko_ _m
]igi mc `ilgym_gim oh[ mif[ ]im[* Ko_m mc _ffi hi `o_l[ [m{( hi m_h)
ncl{[ si ^ifil ]o[h^i gc ]o_lji _mny b_lc^i( jo_m hi mis mchi oh[
]im[ ko_ jc_hm[( s j_l]c\cl{[ _m[ b_lc^[ ]ih _f mifi _hn_h^cgc_hni(
]igi oh jcfini j_l]c\_( jil g_^ci ^_ f[ pcmn[( ko_ [fai m_ ligj_
_h mo h[p_***
@mnim ^im ncjim ^_ momn[h]c[ m_ _hnl_g_t]f[h _h ][^[ j_lmih[
^_ n[f g[h_l[ ko_ []n[h ][om[fg_hn_ oh[ mi\l_ inl[* <ohko_
jo^c_l[ m_l ko_ oh[ g_hn_ chn_l[]no[l[ jil m_j[l[^i ]ih ][^[
- M_hz ?_m][ln_m( ?MJ ;MNQTXTUMNHFQ ATWPX T K /JXHFWYJX( ?ip_l( Io_p[ Tile(
- 511( Qif* -( j* . 0 - *
. M_hz ?_m][ln_m( 8JINYFHNTSJX RJYFKcXNHFX HTS TGOJHNTSJX^ WJXUZJXYFX# nl[^o]]c}h
^_ Qc^[f K_|[( @^c]cih_m <f`[ao[l[( H [^lc^( -533( j* 24*

!##

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

j[ln_ ^_ mo ]o_lji( f[ ijchc}h ^_ ?_m][ln_m _m ko_ f[ g_hn_ ch)

n_l[]n[ m}fi ]ih _f ]_l_\li* @mni ]ich]c^_ ]ih fim b[ff[taim ^_ f[
]c_h]c[ ]ih l_mj_]ni [ p[lcim jli]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m ko_ nl[_h ]ih)
mcai ]c_lnim gipcgc_hnim ]iljil[f_m s ]ih l_mj_]ni [ ]c_lnim mo)
]_mim ]iljil[f_m ko_ [`_]n[h ][om[fg_hn_ [f ]_l_\li* G[ ijchc}h
]igh( jo_m( _m oh[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ chn_l[]]c}h g_hn_)]_l_\li* >i)
ghg_hn_ m_ mimnc_h_( jil _d_gjfi( ko_ oh mo]_mi g[n_lc[f ko_
_mncgof[ ][om[fg_hn_ ohi ^_ ho_mnlim ]ch]i m_hnc^im jil _d_g)
jfi( f[m ih^[m ^_ fot ko_ ][fc_hn[h f[ l_nch[ ^_f idi ^_m_g\i][
_h oh[ ][^_h[ ^_ ][om[fc^[^ `{mc][ ko_ ]ih^o]_ [ ]c_lni jli]_mi
]_l_\l[f ^_f ko_ l_mofn[ ]c_ln[ m_hm[]c}h* O[g\czh m_ mimnc_h_ ko_
jilko_ ]c_lni ]igjiln[gc_hni ]iljil[f b[ mc^i jlipi][^i [`_])
n[h^i [f ]_l_\li ^_ ]c_ln[ g[h_l[( fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m []n[h _h
_f ]o_lji [`_]n[h^i [f ]_l_\li* ?_m][ln_m j_hm} ko_ ji^{[ fi][fc)
t[l f[ chn_l[]]c}h g_hn_)]_l_\li ]ih g[sil jl_]cmc}h* <`clg[\[
ko_ m}fi b[s oh johni ^_ ]ihn[]ni i chn_l[]]c}h chg_^c[ni _h)
nl_ g_hn_ s ]o_lji* H_^c[hn_ _mn_ johni ^_ ]ihn[]ni fim _`_]nim
^_ f[ g_hn_ mih ff_p[^im [ ni^[m f[m j[ln_m ^_f ]o_lji s fim _`_])
nim ][om[f_m ^_ ni^[m f[m j[ln_m ^_f ]o_lji mih nl[hmgcnc^im [ f[
g_hn_* >igi ^c]_ ?_m][ln_m( f[ j[ln_ ^_f ]o_lji _h f[ ko_ _f
[fg[ _d_l]_ mom `oh]cih_m chg_^c[n[g_hn_ hi _m ^_ hchaoh[ g[)
h_l[ _f ]il[t}h( hc f[ nin[fc^[^ ^_f ]_l_\li( mchi hc][g_hn_ f[
gym chn_lh[ ^_ ni^[m mom j[ln_m( [ m[\_l( ]c_ln[ afyh^of[ gos j_)
ko_|[ ko_ _mny mcno[^[ _h g_^ci ^_ mo momn[h]c[*** *0 ?_ ho_pi
[|[^_ ko_
f[ j_ko_|[ afyh^of[ ko_ _m f[ m_^_ jlch]cj[f ^_f [fg[ _mny momj_h)
^c^[ ^_ n[f mo_ln_ _hnl_ f[m ][pc^[^_m ko_ ]ihnc_h_h fim _mj{lcnom(
ko_ jo_^_ m_l gipc^[ jil _ffim ^_ n[hn[m g[h_l[m ]igi ^cp_lmc^[)
^_m m_hmc\f_m b[s _h _f i\d_ni( j_li ^_ n[f gi^i ko_ n[g\czh jo_^_
m_l gipc^[ ^_ ^cp_lm[m g[h_l[m jil _f [fg[( ]os[ h[nol[f_t[ _m n[f
ko_ l_]c\_ _h m{ gcmg[ n[hn[m cgjl_mcih_m( _m ^_]cl( ko_ jim__ n[h)
n[m j_l]_j]cih_m ^c`_l_hn_m( ]igi gipcgc_hnim ^cp_lmim b[s_h _mn[
afyh^of[* M_]{jli][g_hn_( [mcgcmgi( f[ gykoch[ ^_f ]o_lji _mny
`ilg[^[ ^_ n[f mo_ln_ ko_( jil _f mcgjf_ b_]bi ^_ ko_ _mn[ afyh^of[
m_[ gipc^[ ^_ ^cp_lm[m g[h_l[m jil _f [fg[( i jil inl[ ][om[( ]o[f)
koc_l[ ko_ zmn[ m_[( _gjod[ [ fim _mj{lcnom ko_ f[ li^_[h b[]c[ fim
jilim ^_f ]_l_\li( ko_ fim ]ih^o]_h [ nl[pzm ^_ fim h_lpcim b[]c[

0 M_hz ?_m][ln_m( 7FX UFXNTSJX IJQ FQRF# < ln* S S S D *

DIO@M<>>DJIDNHJ ?P<GDNO<

!#$

fim g m]o fi m( j i l g _ ^ ci ^ _ fim ]o [ f_ m f[ a fy h ^ o f[ fim b [ ] _ g i p _ l

fim g c_ g \ li m *

@mn[ afyh^of[ ko_ ?_m][ln_m j_hm} ko_ _l[ f[ m_^_ ^_ f[ g_hn_

i [fg[ _m f[ afyh^of[ jch_[f* Aoh]cih[( m_ah zf( ]igi _f chn_l)
g_^c[lci ko_ nl[hmgcn_ fim _`_]nim ^_ f[ g_hn_ [f ]_l_\li s fim
_`_]nim ^_f ]_l_\li [ f[ g_hn_* @h _mni _mn[\[( mch _g\[lai( _koc)
pi][^i( jilko_ b[s l[tih_m j[l[ j_hm[l ko_ f[ afyh^of[ hi _m
[`_]n[^[ jil ni^im fim jli]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m ko_ [`_]n[h [ f[ g_hn_
hc jil ni^im fim `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m ko_ [`_]n[h [f ]o_lji* @h
]ihm_]o_h]c[( [ohko_ _mn_gim ^_ []o_l^i ]ih ?_m][ln_m _h _h)
n_h^_l [f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[ ]igi oh[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ l_f[]c}h
g_hn_)]o_lji( hi _mn[gim ^_ []o_l^i ]ih zf []_l][ ^_f j[j_f
^_ f[ afyh^of[ jch_[f _h _mn[ chn_l[]]c}h* O[gji]i _mn[gim ^_
[]o_l^i ]ih zf _h inl[ ]im[* >igi b[h [`clg[^i ^o[fcmn[m gym
l_]c_hn_m( _m oh _llil( j[l[ ^_]clfi _mnlc]n[g_hn_( b[\f[l ^_ g_h)
n_m s ]_l_\lim ko_ chn_l[]n[h( jilko_ mih fim ]_MO]Y] fim ko_ _mnyh
][om[fg_hn_ l_f[]cih[^im( s hi f[m ]_]^KXMSK]( ?_ [b{ ko_( [ohko_
[ p_]_m b[\f_gim ^_ g_hn_m s ]_l_\lim ko_ chn_l[]n[h( s n[g\czh
^_ mo]_mim g_hn[f_m s mo]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m ko_ chn_l[]n[h( _mn[m
[`clg[]cih_m mc_gjl_ ^_\_h mcahc`c][l( s[ m_[ ko_ oh mo]_mi ]_l_)
\l[f _mny ][om[h^i oh mo]_mi g_hn[f( i ko_ [fah mo]_mi g_hn[f
_mny ][om[h^i [fah mo]_mi ]_l_\l[f*
Ki^_gim `ilgof[l f[ n_il{[ ^_f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[ ^_
oh[ g[h_l[ ]ih]cm[ ]igi mcao_6 jlcg_li( _mn[ n_il{[ mimnc_h_(
^_ oh gi^i mo`c]c_hn_g_hn_ jf[omc\f_( ko_ b[s ]im[m g[n_lc[f_m
%i\d_nim( mo]_mim s _mn[^im& [m{ ]igi ]im[m g_hn[f_m %i\d_nim7 mo)
]_mim s _mn[^im&* N_aoh^i( _mn[ n_il{[ mimnc_h_ ko_ f[m ]im[m g_h)
n[f_m mih ^SZY] ^_ ]im[m ]igjf_n[g_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m ^_ f[m _hnc^[^_m
g[n_lc[f_m* G[m _hnc^[^_m g_hn[f_m( ^_ []o_l^i ]ih _mn[ n_il{[(
mih nin[fg_hn_ hi)g[n_lc[f_m i( ]igi n[g\czh ji^l{[gim ^_]cl(
chg[n_lc[f_m* Kil fi n[hni hi nc_h_h n[g[|i( `ilg[( j_mi( g[m[( i
foa[l _h _f _mj[]ci* O[f p_t ohi ji^l{[ ^_]cl ko_ fim i\d_nim g_h)
n[f_m %_h ijimc]c}h [ fim mo]_mim i _mn[^im& m_l{[h [fai [m{ ]igi
_mj{lcnom jolim* @m _mn_ m_aoh^i johni fi ko_ b[]_ N_KVS]^K [ f[
n_il{[* Ii \[mn[ ]ih mimn_h_l mcgjf_g_hn_ ko_ b[s ]im[m g_hn[)
f_m s ]im[m g[n_lc[f_m s[ ko_( ]igi p_l_gim( [faoh[m n_il{[m hi
^o[fcmn[m []_jn[h _m[ [`clg[]c}h* N}fi ]o[h^i _mn[ [`clg[]c}h _m
1 ;LSN(& < ln* S S S DQ *

!#%

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

nig[^[dohni ]ih f[ inl[ n_mcm ^_ ko_ f[m ]im[m g_hn[f_m s f[m ]im[m
g[n_lc[f_m mih ncjim ^_ ]im[m nin[fg_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m( mch ko_ f[m ]i)
m[m g_hn[f_m n_ha[h hchaoh[ ][l[]n_l{mnc][ g[n_lc[f _r]_jni( n[f
p_t( f[ ^_ i]ollcl i _rcmncl _h oh gig_hni( i\n_h_gim _f [mj_]ni
^o[fcmn[ ^_ f[ n_il{[* O_l]_li( _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[ mimnc_h_
ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ hi _m oh[ ]im[ ^_f ni^i g_hn[f( hc n[gji]i oh[
]im[ ^_f ni^i g[n_lc[f7 _h foa[l ^_ _ffi( _h _mn[ n_il{[ oh[ j_l)
mih[ _m oh[ _hnc^[^ ]igjo_mn[ ko_ ]ihmn[ ^_ oh i\d_ni g_hn[f
%oh[ g_hn_ chg[n_lc[f( _mjclcno[f& ohc^i [ oh ]o_lji g[n_lc[f*
>o[lni s fncgi( _h _mn[ n_il{[ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m s g[n_lc[f_m
chn_l[]n[h ][om[fg_hn_( _mni _m( m_ [`_]n[h ][om[fg_hn_ ohi [
inli* @m _mn_ fncgi _f_g_hni _f ko_ b[]_ ko_ f[ n_il{[ m_[ chn_)
l[]]cihcmn[*
<ohko_ m_[ []_jn[^i jil go]b[ a_hn_( _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi
^o[fcmn[ hi _m ^_ hchaoh[ g[h_l[ chgoh_ [ i\d_]cih_m ji^_li)
m[m( i\d_]cih_m ko_ go]bim `cf}mi`im b[h _h]ihnl[^i n[h j_ldo)
^c]c[f_m ko_ b[h l_]b[t[^i _m[ jimc]c}h* @h a_h_l[f( b[ b[\c^i
^im ncjim ^_ i\d_]cih_m( f[m ko_ m_ \[m[h _h f[m _rca_h]c[m ^_ f[
]c_h]c[ s f[m ko_ m_ \[m[h _h `oh^[g_hnim `cfim}`c]im* Oig[l_gim
_h ]ihmc^_l[]c}h f[m nl_m i\d_]cih_m gym `o_ln_m ^_ ][^[ ncji*
O

M @ N J = E@ > DJ I @ N A DG J N A D> < N

< G DI O@M< >> DJ I DNH J ?P<GDNO<

@\SWO\K YLTOMSiX PSVY]iPSMK/ nNiXNO YM_\\O VK SX^O\KMMSiX ;

?_ []o_l^i ]ih _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[ ]c_lnim `_h}g_him
g_hn[f_m( ]igi _f n_gil( ][om[h ]c_lni ]igjiln[gc_hni ]ilji)
l[f( s ]c_lnim mo]_mim ]iljil[f_m( ]igi nil]_lm_ oh ni\cffi( nl[_h
]ihmcai ][om[fg_hn_ mo]_mim g_hn[f_m( ]igi _f ^ifil* Nojo_mn[)
g_hn_( _mn_ johni ^_ chn_l[]]c}h _hnl_ f[ g_hn_ s _f ]o_lji _mny
_h _f ]_l_\li( jilko_ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m [`_]n[h ^cl_]n[g_hn_
[ fim jli]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m* K_li( ^c]_ f[ i\d_]c}h( hchah mo]_mi
g_hn[f nc_h_ foa[l _h _f _mj[]ci7 hchah mo]_mi g_hn[f i]oll_ _h
[fah foa[l* >}gi jo_^_ _hnih]_m ^_]clm_ ko_ fim mo]_mim g_h)
n[f_m ko_ [`_]n[h ][om[fg_hn_ [ fim mo]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m m_ fi][fct[h
OX _f ]_l_\li; @mn[l _h _f ]_l_\li _m n_h_l oh foa[l _h _f _mj[]ci*
Ko_mni ko_ hi nc_h_h foa[l _h _f _mj[]ci( fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m

OM@N J=E@>DJI@N ADGJNAD><N

!#&

hi _mnyh _h hchaoh[ ]im[* Ii _mnyh( jo_m( _h _f ]_l_\li s jil fi

n[hni hi chn_l[]n[h ]ih fim mo]_mim ko_ _mnyh _h _f ]_l_\li*
@mn[ i\d_]c}h _h`[nct[ [fai cgjiln[hn_ []_l][ ^_ fim `_h}g_him
g_hn[f_m n[f s ]igi fim _hnc_h^_ _f chn_l[]]cihcmn[ ^o[fcmn[ hi
nc_h_h foa[l _h _f _mj[]ci* ?}h^_ _mnyh fim j_hm[gc_hnim ^_ om)
n_^( mom ^_m_im( mom mo_|im( mom m_hm[]cih_m s _gi]cih_m; N_aol[)
g_hn_ hi _mnyh [faohim ]_hncg_hnlim ^_nlym ^_ mom idim( _h [fah
foa[l ^_ mo ]_l_\li* I[^c_ ko_ _r[gch_ mo ]_l_\li( hi cgjiln[
]oyh jli`oh^i m_[ _f _r[g_h( fim _h]ihnl[ly [b{* Ii nc_h_h fo)
a[l _h _f _mj[]ci* Ii m_ly ^_ hchaoh[ [so^[ b[\f[l ^_ [fah fo)
a[l ]igi m_^_ ^_ f[ g_hn_( ]igi fi bcti ?_m][ln_m( jilko_ oh[
m_^_ _m oh foa[l ^ih^_ [fai m_ fi][fct[ _mj[]c[fg_hn_( s f[ g_hn_
hi nc_h_ foa[l _h _f _mj[]ci* Ki^_gim ]ih]focl( _hnih]_m( ko_ hi
b[s hchah foa[l ^ih^_ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m chn_l[]n_h ][o)
m[fg_hn_ ]ih fim mo]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m( jilko_ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m
hi i]oll_h _h hchah f[^i* Ki^_gim( _h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( l_]b[t[l
f[ jl_aohn[ ^}h^_ chn_l[]n[h f[m g_hn_m s fim ]_l_\lim; jil
]ihmncnocl oh mchm_hnc^i* Ii b[s n[f foa[l*
K_li ]}gi [`_]n[ _mni [ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_f chn_l[]]cihcmn[ ^o[)
fcmn[; G[ i\d_]c}h ^_]f[l[ ko_ _f chn_l[]]cihcmn[ _mny i\fca[^i [
[`clg[l ko_ f[ chn_l[]]c}h nc_h_ foa[l _h _f ]_l_\li( jilko_ [`cl)
g[ ko_ ]ih fi ko_ chn_l[]n[h fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m ^cl_]n[g_hn_
_m ]ih mo]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m ko_ _mnyh _h _f ]_l_\li* @f ]_hnli ^_ f[
i\d_]c}h( _m _hnih]_m( ko_ mc oh[ ]im[ chn_l[]n[ ]ih inl[( f[ jlc)
g_l[ ^_\_ fi][fct[lm_ ^ih^_ _mny f[ m_aoh^[* @mni j[l_]_ gos l[)
tih[\f_ l_mj_]ni ^_ fim mo]_mim g[n_lc[f_m( _mj_]c[fg_hn_ ]o[h^i
m_ \[m[h _h f[ ^i]nlch[ ^_ ko_ hi b[s []]c}h [ ^cmn[h]c[* K_li
hi b[s l[t}h j[l[ j_hm[l ko_ _m l_f_p[hn_ j[l[ f[ []]c}h ][o)
m[f g_hn_)]_l_\li* Gim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m( m_ah _f chn_l[]]cihcmn[
^o[fcmn[( hi _mnyh hc ]_l][ hc f_dim ^_ fim mo]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m( jil)
ko_ hi _mnyh _h hchah foa[l* @f chn_l[]]cihcmn[( _hnih]_m( jo_^_
l_\[ncl _mn[ i\d_]c}h h_a[h^i ko_ _mny i\fca[^i [ fi][fct[l fim mo)
]_mim g_hn[f_m _h _f ]_l_\li* Oi^i fi ko_ [`clg[ _m ko_ fim mo]_)
mim g_hn[f_m chn_l[]n[h ]ih ]c_lnim mo]_mim ]iljil[f_m ko_ _mnyh
_h _f ]_l_\li( j_li ^_ _ffi hi m_ mcao_ ko_ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m
n[g\czh n_ha[h ko_ _mn[l _h _f ]_l_\li*
G[ jlcg_l[ i\d_]c}h hi _m `[n[f j[l[ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi( j_li
m[][ [ l_fo]cl f[ gcmn_lcim[ h[nol[f_t[ ^_ f[ ff[g[^[ chn_l[]]c}h*
Ki^l{[ jlipi][l ko_ [faoc_h [laog_hn[l[ ko_ hi jo_^_ b[\_l

!#'

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

oh[ chn_l[]]c}h g_hn_)]o_lji jilko_ fim mo]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m jo_)

^_h chn_l[]no[l m}fi ]ih [fai ko_ m_ fi][fc]_ _h [fah foa[l s
fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m hi jo_^_h fi][fct[lm_ _h foa[l [faohi* @mn[
i\d_]c}h( mch _g\[lai( ]ig_n_ oh[ j_nc]c}h ^_ jlch]cjci jilko_
[mog_ ko_ fim mo]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m m}fi jo_^_h chn_l[]no[l ]ih mo)
]_mim ]iljil[f_m s _mn_ _m _f jli\f_g[ _h ]o_mnc}h* Ki^_gim( _h)
nih]_m( cahil[l f[ jlcg_l[ i\d_]c}h( mc \c_h ^_\_gim l_]il^[l ko_
b[s `[]nil_m gcmn_lcimim chpifo]l[^im _h ^c]b[ chn_l[]]c}h* Nih
_mnim `[]nil_m fim ko_ b[]_h molacl f[ m_aoh^[ i\d_]c}h*
COQ_XNK YLTOMSiX PSVY]iPSMK/ nMiWY Z_ONO YM_\\S\ VK SX^O\KMMSiX 3
G[ c^_[ jlch]cj[f ^_mn[][^[ jil f[ jlcg_l[ i\d_]c}h _m ko_( j[l[
_f ^o[fcmn[( fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m s fim mo]_mim ]iljil[f_m mih l[)
^c][fg_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( j[l_]_l{[ ko_ _mnim ^im
ncjim ^c`_l_hn_m ^_ mo]_mim n_h^l{[h ^jim l[^c][fg_hn_ ^c`_l_h)
n_m ^_ [jncno^_m* >ihmc^zl_m_ ]}gi fim `_h}g_him g[n_lc[f_m m_
p_h ][om[fg_hn_ [`_]n[^im* Gim ]o_ljim s mo]_mim g[n_lc[f_m m_
p_h ][om[fg_hn_ [`_]n[^im jil [fai ko_ ^_ [faoh[ g[h_l[ _d_l]_
`o_lt[ `{mc][ mi\l_ _ffim* Hip_l i ][g\c[l oh ]o_lji g[n_lc[f(
i _gj_t[l i ][g\c[l [fah jli]_mi ]iljil[f b[]_ mojih_l ko_
^_\_ _d_l]_lm_ [faoh[ `o_lt[ `{mc][ mi\l_ [fah i\d_ni g[n_lc[f*
K_li jo_mni ko_ f[ `o_lt[ `{mc][ _m oh jli^o]ni ^_ f[ g[m[ s f[
[]_f_l[]c}h( ]o[fkoc_l ]im[ ko_ jo_^[ _d_l]_l `o_lt[ `{mc][ ^_\_
n_h_l g[m[ s m_l ][j[t ^_ []_f_l[]c}h( _mni _m( ^_\_ m_l ][j[t ^_
][g\c[l f[ p_fi]c^[^ ^_f gipcgc_hni [ nl[pzm ^_f _mj[]ci* K_li
h[^[ g_hn[f nc_h_ g[m[7 h[^[ g_hn[f jo_^_ []_f_l[lm_( jilko_
h[^[ g_hn[f jo_^_ pc[d[l ^_ oh foa[l [ inli* Go_ai _hnih]_m(
m_ah _mn[ i\d_]c}h( h[^[ g_hn[f jo_^_ _d_l]_l `o_lt[ `{mc][7 [m{
jo_m( h[^[ g[n_lc[f jo_^_ p_lm_ ][om[fg_hn_ [`_]n[^i jil [fai
g_hn[f* >ihmc^zl_m_ n[g\czh ]}gi oh ]o_lji [`_]n[ ][om[fg_hn_
[ inl[ ]im[* >igi m_ ^cdi [hn_lcilg_hn_ f[ _`c][]c[ ][om[f ^_ oh
]o_lji _m _f l_mofn[^i ^_ mo `o_lt[ `{mc][* K_li ]}gi jo_^_ f[
`o_lt[ `{mc][ _d_l]_lm_ mi\l_ fi ko_ hi nc_h_ g[m[( hc n[g[|i( hc
foa[l _h _f _mj[]ci; Kil fi n[hni( mc _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[
_m oh[ n_il{[ ]ill_]n[( hi _rcmn_ f[ []]c}h ^_ f[ g_hn_ mi\l_ _f
]o_lji hc f[ []]c}h ^_f ]o_lji mi\l_ f[ g_hn_*
@mn[ i\d_]c}h b[ mc^i ]ihmc^_l[^[ jil >* ?* =li[^( ohi ^_
fim jlch]cj[f_m ^_`_hmil_m ]ihn_gjilyh_im ^_f chn_l[]]cihcmgi
^o[fcmn[( koc_h f[ l_mog_ ^_ f[ mcaoc_hn_ g[h_l[6

OM@N J=E@>DJI@N ADGJNAD><N

!#(

<bil[ _f [laog_hni `cfim}`c]i ]igh _m ko_ f[m g_hn_m s fim _m)

n[^im g_hn[f_m mih n[h _rnl_g[^[g_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m ^_ fim ]o_ljim
s _mn[^im ]iljil[f_m( ko_ _m ch]ih]_\c\f_ ko_ [g\im jo_^[h _mn[l
][om[fg_hn_ ]ih_]n[^im* @m mch ^o^[ p_l^[^ ko_( mc f[m g_hn_m s fim
mo]_mim g_hn[f_m mih m}fi fi ko_ j[l_]_h m_l j[l[ f[ chnlimj_]]c}h(
s h[^[ gym( s mc fim ]o_ljim s mo]_mim ]iljil[f_m mih m}fi fi ko_
oh m_hnc^i ]igh \c_h ch`ilg[^i jc_hm[ ko_ mih( s h[^[ gym( [g)
\im ]YX _rnl_g[^[g_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m* T m_ mojih_ ko_ _mn_ b_]bi
^_\_ gimnl[l ko_( jil gos ]_l][h[g_hn_ ]ill_f[]cih[^im ko_ jo_)
^[h _mn[l l_mj_]ncp[g_hn_ [faohim j[l_m ^_ mo]_mim ^_ f[ g_hn_ s
_f ]o_lji( hi jo_^_h _mn[l ][om[fg_hn_ ]ih_]n[^im*2
=li[^ ]ihnch[ l_`on[h^i _mn_ [laog_hni ^_ f[ g[h_l[ mcaoc_h)
n_6
Phi kocmc_l[ m[\_l n[h m}fi ]oyh ^c`_l_hn_m jo_^_h m_l ^im mo]_)
mim [hn_m ^_ ko_ m_[ cgjimc\f_ [^gc^l f[ _rcmn_h]c[ ^_ oh[ l_f[]c}h
][om[f _hnl_ _ffim* I[^c_ ^o^[ _h mimn_h_l ko_ f[m ]illc_hn_m ^_ [cl_
s fim l_m`lc[^im _mnyh ][om[fg_hn_ ]ih_]n[^im( mc \c_h mih gos ^c)
`_l_hn_m _hnl_ m{* Nc f[ ^c`_l_h]c[ _hnl_ ]illc_hn_m s l_m`lc[^im hi
cgjc^_ ko_ ohi [^gcn[ oh[ ]ih_rc}h ][om[f _hnl_ _ffim( jil koz
f[ ^c`_l_h]c[ _hnl_ pifc]cih_m s gipcgc_hnim pifohn[lcim b[\l{[ ^_
cgj_^clf_ [ ohi mimn_h_l ko_ _mnyh ][om[fg_hn_ ]ih_]n[^im;3
=li[^( jo_m( _mny ^cmjo_mni [ [^gcncl ko_ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m(
]igi nig[l ^_]cmcih_m( mih gos ^c`_l_hn_m ^_ [ko_ff[m ]im[m ]ih
f[m ko_ m_ mojih_ ko_ _mnyh ][om[fg_hn_ l_f[]cih[^im( [ m[\_l( [f)
aohim gipcgc_hnim ]iljil[f_m pifohn[lcim* K_li jo_mni ko_ go)
]b[m ][om[m mih l[^c][fg_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m ^_ mom _`_]nim( hi b[s
l[t}h j[l[ ]l__l ko_ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m s fim mo]_mim ]_l_\l[)
f_m hi jo_^_h chn_l[]no[l ][om[fg_hn_ mcgjf_g_hn_ jil m_l n[h
^c`_l_hn_m*
N_ f_ ji^l{[h b[]_l ^im lzjfc][m [ =li[^* Klcg_li( m_ f_ ji^l{[
b[]_l hin[l ko_ _mny _h fi ]ill_]ni mc m_ jc_hm[ ko_ f[ i\d_]c}h
[`clg[ ko_ f[ chn_l[]]c}h g_hn_)]o_lji _m f}ac][g_hn_ cgjimc)
\f_( j_li f[ i\d_]c}h hi ^_\_ nig[lm_ ^_ _mn[ g[h_l[* Hym \c_h
[`clg[ ko_ f[ h_a[]c}h ^_ f[ chn_l[]]c}h g_hn_)]o_lji _mny ]ig)
jf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[* Nch ^o^[ _m jimc\f_ ko_ ]im[m ko_ mih _r)
nl_g[^[g_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m chn_l[]n_h ][om[fg_hn_( j_li ]o[h^i
2 >* ?* = li [^ ( ?MJ 8NSI FSI QNX ;QFHJ NS 9FQZWJ# Mionf_^a_ [h^ F _a[h K[of(
Gih^l_m( -52.( j * 53*
3 4GNI%# j* 54*

!$

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

mih n[h ^c`_l_hn_m ko_ f[ hc][ ][l[]n_l{mnc][ ko_ nc_h_h _h ]igh

_m f[ jimc]c}h n_gjil[f( _hnih]_m fi gym cll[tih[\f_ j[l_]_ m_l
[`clg[l ko_ _h _`_]ni chn_l[]n[h* @m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_
oh[ mif[ bilgca[ go_p[ _f gihog_hni [ R[mbchanih( j_li mch
^o^[ n_h_gim oh[ domnc`c][]c}h [f ^_]cl( hi i\mn[hn_( ko_ hi fi
b[ly* T oh[ bilgca[ _m gym j[l_]c^[ [ oh gihog_hni ko_ oh
mo]_mi g_hn[f [ oh mo]_mi ]iljil[f*
G[ m_aoh^[ lzjfc][ ko_ m_ f_ jo_^_ b[]_l [ =li[^ _m ko_ _f
[laog_hni ilcach[f( [hn_m ^_ ko_ fi l_`ilgof[l[( hi m_ \[m[ mcg)
jf_g_hn_ _h f[ [om_h]c[ ^_ ][l[]n_l{mnc][m mcgcf[l_m( mchi( [ `ch
^_ ]o_hn[m( _h f[ [om_h]c[ ^_ ][l[]n_l{mnc][m l_f_p[hn_m j[l[ f[
chn_l[]]c}h ][om[f* Nc \c_h oh[ ]illc_hn_ ^_ [cl_ s oh l_m`lc[^i
mih ]igjf_n[g_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m( [g\im mcao_h mc_h^i g[n_lc[f_m*
Ph l_m`lc[^i _m oh[ ]ih^c]c}h ^_ ]c_ln[m j[ln_m ^_f ]o_lji ^_
oh[ j_lmih[( s ji^_gim _hn_h^_l ]}gi oh[ ]illc_hn_( ko_ _m
oh gipcgc_hni ^_ gifz]of[m ^_ [cl_( jo_^_ n_h_l [faoh[ _mj_]c_
^_ _`_]ni mi\l_ [fai ]iljil[f* Ki^_gim i\m_lp[l ]c_lnim _`_]nim
^_f [cl_ mi\l_ fim ]o_ljim oh[ s inl[ p_t* Ph `fodi ^_ [cl_ i]oll_
_h oh foa[l( nc_h_ ]c_ln[ n_gj_l[nol[( ]c_ln[ bog_^[^ s ][hnc^[^
^_ jif_h s ]c_ln[ ][hnc^[^ ^_ `o_lt[ `{mc][* O[f_m ][l[]n_l{mnc][m
mih gos cgjiln[hn_m j[l[ n_h_l _`_]nim ][om[f_m mi\l_ i\d_nim
g[n_lc[f_m* G[ h_]_mc^[^ ^_ _h`[nct[l f[ al[h ^c`_l_h]c[ _hnl_ fim
mo]_mim g_hn[f_m s fim mo]_mim ]iljil[f_m hi _mny _h domnc`c][l f[
[`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ f[ ^c`_l_h]c[ _r]fos_ f[ ][om[fc^[^( mchi _h _h)
`[nct[l ko_ ^_ ni^[m f[m ][l[]n_l{mnc][m omo[f_m l_f_p[hn_m j[l[ f[
chn_l[]]c}h ][om[f ]ih i\d_nim g[n_lc[f_m( f[ hc][ ko_ m_ _h]o_h)
nl[ _h fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m( m_ah _f chn_l[]]cihcmn[ ^o[fcmn[( _m f[
jimc]c}h n_gjil[f( f[ ]o[f jil m{ gcmg[ mch ^o^[ hi _m mo`c]c_hn_
j[l[ f[ []]c}h ][om[f*
Loz jo_^_ ]ihn_mn[l =li[^ [ _mn[m lzjfc][m [ mo [`clg[]c}h;
<g\[m lzjfc][m _mn[\f_]_h( _m_h]c[fg_hn_( ko_ b[s oh[ \o_h[ l[)
t}h j[l[ ]ih]focl ko_ f[m g_hn_m s fim ]o_ljim hi chn_l[]n[h
][om[fg_hn_( s[ m_[ jilko_( m_ah _f chn_l[]]cihcmn[ ^o[fcmn[( m}fi
nc_h_h oh[ jlijc_^[^ _h ]igh( s[ m_[ jilko_( ]o[f_mkoc_l[ ko_
m_[h mom inl[m jlijc_^[^_m( hi mih ][om[fg_hn_ l_f_p[hn_m j[l[
_f inli* No g_dil lzjfc][ ji^l{[ \[m[lm_ _h f[ l_mjo_mn[ ^_ inli
chn_l[]]cihcmn[ ]ihn_gjilyh_i( >* E* ?o][mm_( koc_h ^c]_6
G[ l_f[]c}h ^_ ][om[fc^[^ hi jl_mojih_ _h [\mifoni ko_ mo nzlgchi

OM@N J=E@>DJI@N ADGJNAD><N

!$

][om[ s mo nzlgchi _`_]ni j_ln_h_t][h [ f[ gcmg[ ][n_ail{[ ih)

nif}ac][( mchi n[h m}fi ko_ [g\im mih ]_MO]Y](
Kil inl[ j[ln_( f[ i\d_]c}h ko_ ^c]_ ko_ hi ji^_gim _hn_h^_l
]}gi oh mo]_mi jm{koc]i ji^l{[ ][om[l ohi `{mc]i %i pc]_p_lm[& hi
nc_h_ inl[ \[m_ ko_ _f hi ko_l_l p_l _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ _f ]}gi ^_ f[
][om[fc^[^ _m ][j[t ^_ m_l i \c_h gcmn_lcimi i \c_h _hn_h^c^i m}fi
_h fim ][mim ^_ ][om[fc^[^ \OWY^K& hoh][ _h fim ][mim ^_ ][om[fc^[^
Z\ibSWK( Ko_mni ko_ f[ jl_aohn[ []_l][ ^_f ]}gi ^_ f[ ][om[fc^[^
^_ oh mo]_mi ^[^i [ j[lncl ^_ inli mo]_mi ^[^i( hoh][ nc_h_ inli
m_hnc^i ko_ _f ^_ WONSKX^O [_g ZK]Y] MK_]KVO] SX^O\WONSK\SY] ohi ][om[
[f inli*4
<ko{ b[s ^im [`clg[]cih_m cgjiln[hn_m* G[ jlcg_l[ _m ko_ _f jli)
\f_g[ ^_ ^_n_lgch[l koz ]im[m _mnyh ][om[fg_hn_ l_f[]cih[^[m
_m ]igjf_n[g_hn_ _gj{lc]i7 f[ hc][ l_mnlc]]c}h _m ko_ m_[h mo)
]_mim ko_ _mnzh ][om[fg_hn_ l_f[]cih[^im* <m{ ko_ [hn_m ^_ ko_
b[s[gim _r[gch[^i mcno[]cih_m _mj_]{`c][m( hi ji^_gim cgji)
h_l l_mnlc]]cih_m mi\l_ koz ncji ^_ mo]_mim jo_^_h chn_l[]no[l
][om[fg_hn_* ?_\_gim i\m_lp[l mcno[]cih_m l_[f_m s b[]_l _rj_)
lcg_hnim l_[f_m j[l[ ^_]c^cl _mn[ ]o_mnc}h* <m{ jo_m( ^_\_gim [p_)
lcao[l g_^c[hn_ f[ i\m_lp[]c}h s f[ _rj_lcg_hn[]c}h mc f[m g_h)
n_m s fim ]o_ljim chn_l[]n[h( _h foa[l ^_ jli]f[g[l ko_ hi jo_)
^_h i ko_ hi fi b[]_h jil m_l n[h ^c`_l_hn_m* O[gji]i ^_\_gim
jli]f[g[l koz ][l[]n_l{mnc][m mih l_f_p[hn_m j[l[ f[ ][om[fc^[^*
T ^_\_gim [p_lcao[l _mni g_^c[hn_ f[ i\m_lp[]c}h s f[ _rj_lc)
g_hn[]c}h* G[ m_aoh^[ [`clg[]c}h l_f_p[hn_ b_]b[ jil ?o][mm_
_m ko_ ]o[h^i him nij_gim ]ih ][om[m jl}rcg[m i chg_^c[n[m(
^_\_gim []_jn[lf[m ]igi b_]bim \lonim* Ii b[s `ilg[ ^_ _rjfc)
][lf[m jilko_ ji^_gim _rjfc][l ]}gi oh mo]_mi ][om[ inli m}fi
]o[h^i f[ ][om[ _m l_gin[ s hi jl}rcg[( _mni _m( m}fi mc f[ ][om[
nl[_ ]ihmcai _f _`_]ni jil g_^ci ^_ f[ chn_lp_h]c}h ^_ inlim mo]_)
mim* Ki^_gim( jil _d_gjfi( _rjfc][l jil koz _f a[m ][fc_hn_ b[]_
]l_]_l f[ jl_mc}h mi\l_ _f l_]cjc_hn_ ko_ fi ]ihnc_h_( ^c]c_h^i ko_
_f [og_hni ^_ f[ n_gj_l[nol[ ^_f a[m b[]_ ko_ f[m gifz]of[m ^_f
a[m m_ go_p[h gym lyjc^[g_hn_ s jil fi n[hni aifj__h f[m j[)
l_^_m ^_f l_]cjc_hn_ ]ih g[sil `o_lt[* K_li mc oh [og_hni ^_ f[
n_gj_l[nol[ _m oh[ ][om[ chg_^c[n[ i jl}rcg[ ^_ oh [og_hni ^_
f[ p_fi]c^[^ gif_]of[l( hi ji^_gim _rjfc][l ]}gi `oh]cih[ _mn[

4
>* E * ?o][mm_( Dh ^_`_hm_ i ` ?o[fcmg( _h N* Ciie %_^*&( /NRJSXNdS* T
,QNSI# >iffc_l =iiem( Io_p[ Tile( - 52-( j* 44*

!$!

OM@N J=E@>DJI@N ADGJNAD><N

@G* KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

[]]c}h ][om[f* G[ _rjfc][]c}h ff_a[ [ mo `ch ]ih f[m ][om[m jl}rcg[m

s mcgjf_g_hn_ ^_\_gim []_jn[l ko_ n[f_m ][om[m nc_h_h fim _`_])
nim ko_ nc_h_h* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( mc \c_h ji^_gim _rjfc][l ]}gi
_m ko_ _f ^_m_i ^_ \_\_l him b[]_ ]ia_l oh p[mi ^_ [ao[ _r)
jfc][h^i ko_ _f ^_m_i [`_]n[ ][om[fg_hn_ [f ]_l_\li( _f ]o[f jil
g_^ci ^_ fim h_lpcim [`_]n[ ][om[fg_hn_ [f \l[ti( hi ji^_gim
_rjfc][l ]}gi oh ^_m_i [`_]n[ [f ]_l_\li jilko_ zmn_ _m oh ][mi
^_ ][om[fc^[^ jl}rcg[* ?_\_l{[gim( _hnih]_m( ]igi _h ni^im fim
][mim ^_ ][om[fc^[^ jl}rcg[( []_jn[lfi ]igi oh b_]bi \loni( oh
b_]bi hc gym hc g_him gcmn_lcimi ko_ ]o[fkoc_l b_]bi \loni*
G[ l_mjo_mn[ ^_ ?o][mm_ j[l_]_ m_l m[ncm`[]nilc[ ]S l_[fg_hn_
_m p_l^[^ ko_ f[ i\m_lp[]c}h s f[ _rj_lcg_hn[]c}h jlijil]ci)
h[h `oh^[g_hnim j[l[ [`clg[l ko_ f[m g_hn_m s fim ]_l_\lim nc_)
h_h oh[ l_f[]c}h ][om[f jl}rcg[ s hi l_gin[* ?o][mm_ _mny _h
fi ]ill_]ni [f [^p_lnclhim ko_ hi ^_\_gim ]ihmc^_l[l hchaoh[
mcno[]c}h ]ih oh[ c^_[ jl_]ih]_\c^[ ^_ fi ko_ mih fim `[]nil_m
][om[f_m l_f_p[hn_m* K_li [ g_him ko_ jo_^[ jlijil]cih[l [f)
aoh[ jlo_\[ \[m[^[ _h f[ i\m_lp[]c}h ^_ g_hn_m s ]o_ljim ko_
_h _`_]ni chn_l[]n[h ][om[fg_hn_( s ko_ _mn[ chn_l[]]c}h ][om[f
_m chg_^c[n[ i jl}rcg[( _hnih]_m n_h_gim _f ^_l_]bi ^_ om[l
fim l_mofn[^im ^_ inl[m i\m_lp[]cih_m j[l[ [so^[lhim [ ^_]c^cl*
@h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( jo_mni ko_ _h ni^im fim inlim ][mim ^_ chn_)
l[]]c}h ][om[f i\m_lp[^im ko_ chpifo]l[h mo]_mim g[n_lc[f_m( _h)
]ihnl[gim ko_ n[hni f[ ][om[ ]igi _f _`_]ni chpifo]l[h i\d_nim
]ih g[m[ s jimc]c}h _mj[]c[f( n_h_gim ]c_ln[ jlo_\[( jil ji\l_
ko_ m_[( ]ihnl[ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ f[m g_hn_m chg[n_lc[f_m s fim
]o_ljim chn_l[]n[h* Nc hi b[s jlo_\[m _h `[pil ^_ f[ [`clg[]c}h
j[l[ ijih_lm_ [ _mn[ _pc^_h]c[ ]ihnl[lc[( _hnih]_m( [ j_m[l ^_ f[m
[`clg[]cih_m ^_ =li[^ s ?o][mm_( ^_\_gim l_h^clhim [hn_ f[ _pc)
^_h]c[ s ]ih]focl ko_ f[m g_hn_m chg[n_lc[f_m s fim ]o_ljim hi
chn_l[]n[h*
G[ ]o_mnc}h ^_]cmcp[ ko_ n_h_gim [bil[ [hn_ himinlim hi _m mc
fi g_hn[f s fi g[n_lc[f chn_l[]n[h ][om[fg_hn_7 _f jli\f_g[ gym
\c_h m_ l_`c_l_ [ mc _mn[ l_f[]c}h ][om[f _m jil fi g_him [faoh[m
p_]_m jl}rcg[* Ki^_gim ]ihmc^_l[l _mn_ n}jc]i ]cn[h^i inl[ p_t
oh _d_gjfi ^_ =li[^* ?c]_ zmn_6
@mny j_l`_]n[g_hn_ ]f[li ko_( _h _f ][mi ^_ f[ pifc]c}h s _f gipc)
gc_hni pifohn[lci( RKc oh[ ]ih_rc}h _hnl_ f[ ][om[ s _f _`_]ni ko_

!$"

hi _mny jl_m_hn_ _h inlim ][mim ^_ ][om[fc^[^( s ko_ m{ b[]_ jf[o)

mc\f_ ko_ mimn_ha[gim ko_ _h _mn_ ][mi _h j[lnc]of[l f[ h[nol[f_t[
^_f _`_]ni jo_^[ m_l jl_pcmn[ ^_\c^i [f g_li l_`f_di _h f[ h[nol[f_t[
^_ f[ ][om[* G[ j_]ofc[lc^[^ ^_ oh[ pifc]c}h _h n[hni `[]nil ][om[f
_m ko_ nl[_ ]ihmcai ]igi j[ln_ _m_h]c[f f[ c^_[ ^_f _`_]ni* ?_]cl
ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ nc_h_ f[ pifohn[^ ^_ gip_l _f \l[ti cgjfc][ ^_]cl
ko_ nc_h_ oh[ c^_[ ^_ mo \l[ti %s hi ^_ mo jc_lh[ i mo b{a[^i& s oh[
c^_[ ^_ f[ jimc]c}h _h ko_ koc_l_ ko_ _mnz mo\l[ti* @m m_h]cff[g_hn_
nihni( _h pcmn[ ^_ _mn_ b_]bi( ^_]cl ko_ hi b[s oh[ ]ih_rc}h gym
_mnl_]b[ _hnl_ _f ^_m_i ^_ gip_l gc \l[ti s _f gipcgc_hni ^_ gc
\l[ti ko_ f[ ko_ b[s _hnl_ _mn_ ^_m_i s_f gipcgc_hni ^_ gc jc_lh[
i ^_ gc b{a[^i* Ii ji^_gim ^_n_]n[l hchaoh[ ]ih_rc}h [hyfia[
_hnl_ ][om[ s _`_]ni _h nl[hm[]]cih_m ][om[f_m ko_ p_gim ]igjf_n[)
g_hn_ ^_m^_ `o_l[( n[f ]igi _f gipcgc_hni ^_ oh[ \if[ ^_ \cff[l jil
oh n[]i* Ii _m( jil fi n[hni( ^_ hchaoh[ g[h_l[( cll[tih[\f_ moa_)
lcl ko_( _h _f ][mi ^_ ho_mnlim gipcgc_hnim pifohn[lcim( ji^_gim
p_l mch _mj_l[l _f l_mofn[^i ko_ n[f i ]o[f pifc]c}h _m oh[ ]ih^c]c}h
h_]_m[lc[ ^_ n[f i ]o[f gipcgc_hni ]iljil[f*5
@h _mn_ j[m[d_ =li[^ [`clg[ hi m}fi ko_ _h _f ][mi ^_ fim gi)
pcgc_hnim ]iljil[f_m pifohn[lcim n_h_gim f[ jlo_\[ ^_ ko_ f[m
g_hn_m s fim ]o_ljim _mnyh ]ih_]n[^im ][om[fg_hn_( mchi n[g\czh
ko_ _h n[f ][mi kocty n_h_gim f[ g_dil jlo_\[ ^cmjihc\f_ ^_ ko_
b[s ]ih_rcih_m ][om[f_m* Ki^_gim( ]l_i( _mn[l ^_ []o_l^i ]ih
=li[^ _h mo jlcg_l[ s gym gi^_mn[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ b[s p_)
]_m _h ko_ ^_]c^cgim gip_l ohi ^_ ho_mnlim \l[tim( s _f gi)
pcgc_hni mo\mcaoc_hn_ j[l_]_ l_mofn[l ]f[l[g_hn_ ^_ ho_mnl[ ^_)
]cmc}h* Lo_ j[l_t][ ko_ _rj_lcg_hn[gim ]ih_rcih_m ][om[f_m _h)
nl_ [faoh[m ^_]cmcih_m s [faohim gipcgc_hnim ]iljil[f_m _m mch
^o^[ oh[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ ko_ b[s ]ih_rcih_m ][om[f_m _hnl_ g_h)
n_m s ]o_ljim* Nch _g\[lai( =li[^ jc_hm[ ko_ ji^_gim mimn_h_l
oh[ [`clg[]c}h gym `o_ln_( [ m[\_l( ko_ n_h_gim f[ jlo_\[ [^_)
]o[^[ %l_[fg_hn_ ^_f ni^i mo`c]c_hn_& ^_ n[f ]ih_rc}h ][om[f ^_)
\c^[ [ oh mifi l[mai ^_ f[m ^_]cmcih_m* < ^c`_l_h]c[ ^_ ]o[fkoc_l
inli `[]nil ][om[f( oh[ ^_]cmc}h cgjfc][ f[ c^_[ ^_ _`_]ni* @mn[ ]i)
h_rc}h hc][ _hnl_ ][om[ s _`_]ni jlijil]cih[( m_ah =li[^( fim
`oh^[g_hnim j[l[ mo [`clg[]c}h gym `o_ln_* Nch _g\[lai( l_m)
j_]ni ^_ _mni =li[^ j[l_]_ _mn[l [laog_hn[h^i ]ihnl[lc[g_hn_
[ f[ f_]]c}h ko_ [jl_h^cgim ^_ ?o][mm_ _h mo ^_`_hm[ ^_ f[ chn_)
l[]]c}h g_hn_)]o_lji* @mni _m( fim hc]im `[]nil_m ko_ ^_\_gim
5) ;LSN(& jj*

- , . )- , / *

!$#

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

]ihmc^_l[l ][om[fg_hn_ l_f_p[hn_m mih [ko_ffim ko_ ]ihmc^_l_)

gim ]igi n[f_m jil g_^ci ^_ f[ _rj_lc_h]c[* G[ c^_[ ko_ oh[ j_l)
mih[ nc_h_( jil _d_gjfi( ^_f gipcgc_hni ^_ mo \l[ti ^_\_ m_l ^_)
]f[l[^[ ][om[fg_hn_ l_f_p[hn_ m}fi l_mj_]ni ^_f gipcgc_hni ^_f
\l[ti( mc _m ko_ b[s jlo_\[m ^_ ko_ fim `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m ]igi
f[m c^_[m mih ][om[fg_hn_ l_f_p[hn_m l_mj_]ni ^_ fim `_h}g_him
]iljil[f_m* Kli]f[g[l ko_ mih l_f_p[hn_m hi _mny gym domnc`c][^i
ko_ jli]f[g[l ko_ hi fi mih* <m{ ko_ =li[^ hi jo_^_ domnc`c][l
mo ^_`_hm[ ^_f chn_l[]]cihcmgi [jisyh^im_ _h f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_
ko_ n_h_l oh[ c^_[ ^_ oh mo]_mi \[di ]c_ln[m ]ih^c]cih_m %jil
_d_gjfi( [f ^_]c^cl& _m l_f_p[hn_ j[l[ f[ ][om[fc^[^ ^_f mo]_mi*
?_\_l{[gim mch ^o^[ l_]b[t[l f[ [`clg[]c}h gym `o_ln_ ^_
=li[^* K_li _hnih]_m ko_^[l{[ jil m[\_l mc mo [`clg[]c}h gym
^z\cf him _m p_l^[^_l[g_hn_ ncf _h _f jl_m_hn_ ]ihn_rni* G[ [`cl)
g[]c}h gym ^z\cf ^c]_ m}fi ko_ j[l_]_ ko_ _rj_lcg_hn[gim ]i)
h_rcih_m ][om[f_m _h ho_mnli jlijci ][mi _hnl_ ho_mnl[m jlijc[m
^_]cmcih_m s ho_mnli jlijci ]igjiln[gc_hni mo\m_]o_hn_( s _mni
_m oh[ jlo_\[( ^_ [faoh[ g[h_l[( ^_ ko_ b[s ]ih_rcih_m ][om[)
f_m _hnl_ fi g_hn[f s fi g[n_lc[f* Nch _g\[lai( ]igi fi m_|[f[gim
_h f[m jj* .1-).1/( _f ko_ b[s[ n[f_m l_f[]cih_m ][om[f_m hi _m _f
jli\f_g[* G[ ]o_mnc}h( gym \c_h( _m mc n[f_m ]ih_rcih_m ][om[f_m(
_hnl_ fi g_hn[f s fi g[n_lc[f( mih chg_^c[n[m i jl}rcg[m( s _f
_d_gjfi ^_ =li[^ hi m_ l_`c_l_ l_[fg_hn_ [ _mn[ ]o_mnc}h*
Nc ]ihmc^_l[gim ]oc^[^im[g_hn_ _f _d_gjfi ^_ =li[^( him ^[)
gim ]o_hn[ ^_ ko_ oh mo]_mi g_hn[f %oh[ ^_]cmc}h i oh[ pifc]c}h&
_mny ][om[fg_hn_ ]ih_]n[^i ]ih oh gipcgc_hni ]iljil[f mo\mc)
aoc_hn_* G[ l_f[]c}h _hnl_ _mnim ^im mo]_mim( hi i\mn[hn_( hi _m f[
^_ f[ ][om[fc^[^ jl}rcg[( s[ko_ b[\l{[ go]bim mo]_mim h_ol[f_m
s gom]of[l_m chn_lg_^cim _hnl_ _ffim* >ihmc^zl_m_( mch _g\[lai(
f[ ][^_h[ ][om[f ^_ mo]_mim ko_( ji^_gim [ko{ mojih_l( ]igc_ht[
]ih _f mo]_mi g_hn[f* @mn[ ][^_h[ ][om[f _m oh[ ][^_h[ ^_ mo]_)
mim* @m l[tih[\f_ j_hm[l ko_ _f mo]_mi ko_ mcao_ chg_^c[n[g_hn_
[f mo]_mi g_hn[f %f[ ^_]cmc}h& _m _h m{ gcmgi oh mo]_mi g[n_lc[f*
@mni _m jilko_ _m l[tih[\f_ ]l__l ko_ _mn_ mo]_mi jimn_lcil [f mo)
]_mi g_hn[f _m oh mo]_mi ]_l_\l[f i h_ol[f* @mn_ fncgi jli^o]_
inli mo]_mi g[n_lc[f( s zmn_( inli( s [m{ mo]_mcp[g_hn_ b[mn[ ko_
_f ]igjiln[gc_hni ]iljil[f n_ha[ foa[l* @f johni cgjiln[hn_ _m
ko_ f[ l_f[]c}h _hnl_ _f mo]_mi g_hn[f s _f mo]_mi g[n_lc[f ko_
pc_h_ _hm_aoc^[ _h f[ ][^_h[ ][om[f _m oh[ l_f[]c}h ^_ ][om[fc^[^
chg_^c[n[ s jl}rcg[* <m{ jo_m( hi cgjiln[ l_[fg_hn_ mc oh mo]_mi

OM@N J=E@>DJI@N ADGJNAD><N

!$$

g_hn[f( n[f ]igi oh[ ^_]cmc}h if[ i]oll_h]c[ ^_ oh j_hm[gc_hni(

_m _h m{ gcmgi f[ ][om[ chg_^c[n[ ^_ [fah ]igjiln[gc_hni ]il)
jil[f* Hc_hnl[m ^_gim jil b_]bi ko_ b[s [faoh[ l_f[]c}h ][o)
m[f _hnl_ _f ]igjiln[gc_hni g_hn[f s _f ]igjiln[gc_hni mo\mc)
aoc_hn_( ]igi j[l_]_ ko_ f[ b[s( ji^_gim [laog_hn[l( ]igi _h
f[m jj* .1-).1/( ko_ b[s oh[ l_f[]c}h ^_ ][om[fc^[^ jl}rcg[ _h)
nl_ oh mo]_mi g_hn[f s oh mo]_mi g[n_lc[f* @mn[ l_f[]c}h _rcmncly
_hnl_ _f mo]_mi g_hn[f s _f jl}rcgi mo]_mi _h f[ ][^_h[ ][om[f ko_
]ih^o]_ [f ]igjiln[gc_hni* Kil mojo_mni ko_ hi ji^_gim _r)
jfc][l _mn_ ][mi ^_ ][om[fc^[^ jl}rcg[ g_dil ko_ ]o[fkoc_l inli
][mi ^_ ][om[fc^[^ jl}rcg[( s[ m_[ _hnl_ ^im mo]_mim g[n_lc[f_m(
i _hnl_ oh mo]_mi g_ g[f s ohi g[n_lc[f*
<ko{ _f [laog_hni _m mcgjf_ s ^cl_]ni* Nc _mn[gim ^_ []o_l^i
_h ko_ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m _mnyh ][om[fg_hn_ l_f[]cih[^im ]ih
]im[m n[f_m ]igi _f ]igjiln[gc_hni ]iljil[f( ]igi jil mojo_mni
^_\_l_gim _mn[lfi s fi _mn[l_gim( _hnih]_m _m jf[omc\f_ mimn_h_l
ko_ f[m l_f[]cih_m ][om[f_m _hnl_ mo]_mim g_hn[f_m _h f[ ][^_h[
][om[f ko_ ]ih^o]_ [f ]igjiln[gc_hni s [ [fah inli mo]_mi g[)
n_lc[f ^_ f[ gcmg[ ][^_h[( mih jl}rcg[m i chg_^c[n[m* <ko{ n_)
h_gim( _hnih]_m( oh[ jlo_\[ ko_ ]ihnl[ll_mn[ f[ jlo_\[ ko_ m_
ijih_ [ f[ chn_l[]]c}h ^o[fcmn[* Ii _m( _mnlc]n[g_hn_ b[\f[h^i(
oh[ jlo_\[ [ `[pil ^_ f[ chn_l[]]c}h ^o[fcmn[* @m( gym \c_h( oh[
jlo_\[ [ `[pil ^_ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ f[m l_f[]cih_m ][om[f_m l_f_)
p[hn_m( _hnl_ fi g_hn[f s fi g[n_lc[f( mih jl}rcg[m( s jil fi n[hni
_m i]cimi _rcacl oh[ _rjfc][]c}h ^_ ]}gi _m ko_ jo_^_ i]ollcl m_)
g_d[hn_ chn_l[]]c}h* @mni koc_l_ ^_]cl ko_ [h hi b_gim _h]ih)
nl[^i `oh^[g_hnim mo`c]c_hn_m j[l[ l_]b[t[l _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi
^o[fcmn[( j_li n[gji]i b_gim _h]ihnl[^i `oh^[g_hnim mo`c]c_h)
n_m j[l[ []_jn[lfi* <^_gym( ko_^[ [h _f gcmn_lci ^_ ]}gi jo_^_
n_h_l foa[l _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[( mch ]ihn[l _f b_]bi ^_ ko_
hi _mn[gim _h jimc]c}h [faoh[ ^_ _rjfc][l ]}gi i]oll_* <f _h)
]ihnl[l ko_ ^c]b[m l_f[]cih_m mih ][om[fg_hn_ jl}rcg[m m_ ^_m)
jid[ [ f[ i\d_]c}h ^_ mo `o_lt[( j_li hi m_ ^cmcj[ ^_f ni^i f[ m_h)
m[]c}h ^_ gcmn_lci* Kil ]ihmcaoc_hn_( f[ []_jn[]c}h ^_f chn_l[]]ci)
hcmgi ^o[fcmn[ hi ^_j_h^_ m}fi ^_ f[ al[p_^[^ ^_ f[m i\d_]cih_m
ko_ ko_^_h( mchi n[g\czh ^_ mc ji^_gim _h]ihnl[l jlo_\[m l[)
tih[\f_m jimcncp[m _h mo `[pil*

!$%

OM@N J=E@>DJI@N ADGJNAD><N

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

DO\MO\K YLTOMSiX PSVY]iPSMK/ OV Z\YLVOWK NO Y^\K] WOX^O]

G[ n_l]_l[ i\d_]c}h _mny \[m[^[ _h fi ko_ m_ ff[g[ _f jli\f_g[
^_ inl[m g_hn_m* >[^[ ohi ^_ himinlim jc_hm[ ko_ m[\_ ko_ b[s
inl[m j_lmih[m( m_l_m ]ih g_hn_m s ]ih ]o_ljim( m_l_m ko_ ff_p[h
[ ][\i []nim n[hni g_hn[f_m ]igi `{mc]im s ko_ _mnyh _h _mn[^im
n[hni g_hn[f_m ]igi `{mc]im* K_li mc( ]igi [`clg[ _f chn_l[]]ci)
hcmgi ^o[fcmn[( f[ g_hn_ _m ]igjf_n[g_hn_ ^cmnchn[ s ^c`_l_hn_
^_f ]o_lji( hi b[s g[h_l[ ^_ domnc`c][l f[ ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ b[s
inlim m_l_m ]ih g_hn_m7 [m{ jo_m( hi b[s g[h_l[ ^_ m[\_l mc m_
nl[n[ ^_ inl[m j_lmih[m* Oi^i fi ko_ j_l]c\i ]o[h^i p_i o icai
inl[ _hnc^[^ _m ]igjiln[gc_hni ]iljil[f6 gipcgc_hnim s mihc)
^im* K_li _f ]igjiln[gc_hni ]iljil[f mch ^o^[ hi _m g_hn[f* <m{
ko_ hoh][ j_l]c\i f[ g_hn_ ^_ inli m_l* <^_gym( hi b[s g[h_l[
^_ ko_ ff_ao_ [ ^_m]o\lcl( ]igi _h gc jlijci ][mi( mc _mn_ ]ig)
jiln[gc_hni ]iljil[f _mny []igj[|[^i ^_ [fai g_hn[f* Ko_^_
m_l( j_li hi n_hai g[h_l[ ^_ [p_lcao[lfi* Jnlim m_l_m ko_ si
]l_[ ko_ mih j_lmih[m jo_^_h m_l n[h m}fi [on}g[n[m* @f chn_)
l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[( [f ]ih]_\cl f[m g_hn_m ]igi l[^c][fg_hn_
^c`_l_hn_m ^_ fim ]o_ljim( him b[ `ilt[^i [ oh[ ]ih]fomc}h ]ih)
nl[lc[ [ fi ko_ ni^im ]l__gim* N_aol[g_hn_( ^_ []o_l^i ]ih _mn[
i\d_]c}h( oh[ n_il{[ ko_ jo_^[ _pcn[l _mn[ ]ihm_]o_h]c[ _m jl_`_)
lc\f_ [f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[*
@f johni ]_hnl[f ^_ _mn_ [laog_hni jo_^_ m_l l_`ilgof[^i ^_
f[ g[h_l[ mcaoc_hn_6 mc _f ^_`_hmil ^_f ^o[fcmgi g_hn_)]o_lji
_mny _h fi ]ill_]ni( _hnih]_m hchaoh[ [m_p_l[]c}h []_l][ ^_f ]ig)
jiln[gc_hni ]iljil[f cgjfc][ [faoh[ [m_p_l[]c}h []_l][ ^_ f[
g_hn_* Kil fi n[hni hchah [laog_hni ^_^o]ncpi \[m[^i _h fi
ko_ j_l]c\i jo_^_ om[lm_ j[l[ domnc`c][l ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ gcm ]l__h)
]c[m ^_ ko_ b[s inl[m g_hn_m( jilko_ hchaoh[ jl_gcm[ []_l][ ^_
fi ko_ j_l]c\i nl[_ ]ihmcai ]ih]fomcih_m []_l][ ^_ inl[m g_hn_m*
<^_gym( mc _f ^o[fcmn[ _mny _h fi ]ill_]ni( _hnih]_m _f hc]i ][mi
_h _f ko_ mz ko_ f[ []ncpc^[^ g_hn[f []igj[|[ [ f[ []ncpc^[^ ]il)
jil[f _m _f g{i* K_li hchah [caog_hni ch^o]ncpi ko_ m_ \[m_ _h
jlo_\[ n[h ^z\cf _m mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ domnc`c][l gc ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_
b[s inl[m g_hn_m* Ko_^i domnc`c][l _mn[ ]l__h]c[ m}fi ^_ nl_m g[)
h_l[m6 jil ch`_l_h]c[ ^_^o]ncp[( jil ch`_l_h]c[ ch^o]ncp[( s mch
ch`_l_h]c[( g_^c[hn_ f[ j_l]_j]c}h* @hnih]_m( mc _f ^o[fcmn[ _mny
_h fi ]ill_]ni( hi jo_^i domnc`c][l gc ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ b[s inl[m
g_hn_m*

!$&

Ki^_gim _mn[l ^_ []o_l^i ]ih _mn[ n_l]_l[ i\d_]c}h m_ah f[

]o[f( OX SQ_KVNKN NO MS\M_X]^KXMSK]& ]o[fkoc_l n_il{[ ko_ ]ihnl[^ca[
fi ko_ j_hm[gim ko_ _m p_l^[^( ^_\_ m_l ^_m][ln[^[ _h `[ p i l
^_ oh[ n_il{[ ko_ ]ich]c^[ ]ih ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m* <m{ ko_ ^_)
\_gim l_]il^[l _mn[ i\d_]c}h ]o[h^i _gj_]_gim [ ]igj[l[l f[m
gfncjf_m [fn_lh[ncp[m g_hn_)]o_lji* Nch _g\[lai( b[s ^im ]i)
m[m []_l][ ^_ _mn[ i\d_]c}h ko_ ^_\_gim m_|[f[l [hn_m ^_ ]ihnc)
ho[l* G[ jlcg_l[ _m ko_ hi ni^i _f ko_ ]ihmc^_l[ _f jli\f_g[
^_ f[m inl[m g_hn_m jc_hm[ ko_ hi nc_h_ mifo]c}h j[l[ _f ^o[)
fcmgi g_hn_)]o_lji* <ohko_ f[ ^cm]omc}h mi\l_ _mn_ [mohni j_l)
n_h_]_ gym \c_h [f m_aoh^i ][j{nofi( ji^_gim ^_m]lc\cl [ko{ oh
chn_hni ^_ mifo]cih[l _mn_ jli\f_g[* Nc _mn[gim ^_ []o_l^i ]ih
oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ m_[ _m]zjnc][ []_l][ ^_ ho_mnli ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_
inl[m g_hn_m( _h ko_ ho_mnlim ]yhih_m ^_ _pc^_h]c[ j_lgcn_h ko_
ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m m_ domnc`cko_h m}fi g_^c[hn_ f[ j_l]_j]c}h( f[
^_^o]]c}h i f[ ch^o]]c}h \[m[^[ _h p[lc[m i\m_lp[]cih_m( _hnih)
]_m n[g\czh ^_\_gim _mn[l ^_ []o_l^i _h ko_ mc _f ^o[fcmn[ _mny _h
fi ]ill_]ni hi _rcmn_ _f ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_ inl[m g_hn_m* <* E * <s_l(
_h oh chn_hni jil l_mifp_l _mn_ jli\f_g[( [m{ ]igi _f jli\f_g[
^_ ho_mnli ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_f j[m[^i( ^c]_6
Nc j[l[ oh [laog_hni ch^o]ncpi m_ l_koc_l_ ko_ f[ a_h_l[fct[]c}h
[ f[ ko_ ]ih^o]_ _mnz \[m[^[ _h oh[ [gjfc[ p[lc_^[^ ^_ chmn[h]c[m
_rj_lcg_hn[^[m( [g\im ][h^c^[nim l_jlo_\[h _f _r[g_h* Phi m}fi
nc_h_ oh[ _rj_lc_h]c[ fcgcn[^[ ^_ f[ ]ih_rc}h ^_ fim _mn[^im chn_l)
him ]ih mom g[hc`_mn[]cih_m _rn_lh[m7 s ohi hi nc_h_ _rj_lc_h]c[
[faoh[ ^_ f[ ]ih_rc}h ^_ oh mo]_mi jl_m_hn_ ]ih ohi j[m[^i* K_li
_mn[m hi mih fcgcn[]cih_m il^ch[lc[m7 fi ko_ b[s ^_ mimj_]bimi _h
_ff[m _m ko_ mih f}ac][g_hn_ h_]_m[lc[m* >igi fi b_gim m_|[f[^i
p[lc[m p_]_m( _m chmcmnc_h^i _h oh _mnyh^[l ^_ j_l`_]]c}h cgjimc\f_
]igi _f _m]zjnc]i [^koc_l_ m_aolc^[^*-,
@f chn_lzm ^_ <s_l _mny _h ko_ _f _m]zjnc]i jc^_ ko_ oncfc]_gim
]yhih_m ^_ _pc^_h]c[ n[h l_mnlc]ncpim ko_ _m f}ac][g_hn_ cgjimc)
\f_ m[ncm`[]_l mom l_ko_lcgc_hnim _h _mnim ][mim* Kil koz b_gim
^_ oncfct[l fim ]yhih_m ko_ _rca_ _f _m]zjnc]i; Kil koz hi [ko_)
ffim ko_ jo_^_h _rjfc][l ho_mnl[m omo[f_m _rca_h]c[m ^_ ]ihi]c)
gc_hni; <ohko_ hi j_hm_gim ko_ _f lyjc^i [hyfcmcm ^_ <s_l l_)
-, <* E * <s_l( ?MJ ;WTGQJR T K 6ST\QJILJ# K_haoch =iiem( =[fncg il_( -521(

j* ...*

!$'

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

`on_ _`_]ncp[g_hn_ [f _m]zjnc]i( jil fi g_him moaclc} fim ]igc_h)

tim ^_ oh ][gchi ko_ jo_^_ l_m][n[l [f ^o[fcmn[ ^_ f[m i\d_]cih_m
^_f _m]zjnc]i*
Gi ko_ _h m_aoh^i foa[l b[s ko_ m_|[f[l _m ko_ zmn[ _m oh[
i\d_]c}h ]ihnoh^_hn_ ]ihnl[ _f ^o[fcmgi m}fi mc _f _m]zjnc]i _mny
_h oh _llil* O[f p_t f[ ]ih]fomc}h ]ill_]n[ _m ko_ l_[fg_hn_ hi
n_h_gim ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_ inl[m g_hn_m7 n[f p_t <s_l s inlim ko_
nl[n[h ^_ l_`on[l [f _m]zjnc]i mih fim ko_ _mnyh _h oh _llil* <oh)
ko_ `o_l[ p_l^[^ ko_( _h cao[f^[^ ^_ ]cl]ohmn[h]c[m( ^_\_gim
[]_jn[l f[ jimc]c}h hi _m]zjnc][( ji^l{[ m_l ko_( ]igi mo]_^_
hilg[fg_hn_ ni^i fi ^_gym hi m_[ cao[f* O[f p_t ^_\_gim m[)
]lc`c][l f[ _rca_h]c[ ^_ ]ihi]cgc_hni [hn_m ko_ ]o[fkoc_l inl[*
@h inl[m j[f[\l[m( f[ _rca_h]c[ ^_ ]ihi]cgc_hni _m m}fi ohi _hnl_
inlim `[]nil_m ko_ ^_\_gim ]ihmc^_l[l _h ho_mnl[ _p[fo[]c}h ^_
f[m gfncjf_m jimc]cih_m l_mj_]ni ^z f[ l_f[]c}h g_hn_)]o_lji* Ii
nc_h_ oh l[hai jlcpcf_ac[^i*
O

M @ N J = E@ > DJ I @ N > D@ I O A D> < N

#) (+0'.#%%(,+(/* , &1#)(/0#

C_gim _r[gch[^i nl_m i\d_]cih_m `cfim}`c][m ]ihnl[ _f chn_l[]]ci)

hcmgi ^o[fcmn[( ^im ]ihnl[ f[ chn_l[]]c}h s oh[ ]ihnl[ _f ^o[fcmgi*
C_gim pcmni ko_ hchaoh[ ^_ _ff[m i][mcih[ oh ^[|i cll_j[l[)
\f_( [ohko_ dohn[m [llid[h ]c_ln[ ^o^[ mi\l_ n[f jimnol[* >ih)
mc^_l_gim [bil[ nl_m i\d_]cih_m \[m[^[m _h ]c_ln[m [`clg[]cih_m
]c_hn{`c][m*
@\SWO\K YLTOMSiX MSOX^hPSMK/ VK SX^O\KMMSiX
`SYVK OV Z\SXMSZSY NO MYX]O\`KMSiX NO VK OXO\QhK
G[ jlcg_l[ i\d_]c}h ]c_hn{`c][ _mny \[m[^[ _h _f jlch]cjci ^_ ]ih)
m_lp[]c}h ^_ f[ _h_la{[ ko_ _mn[\f_]_ ko_ f[ ][hnc^[^ ^_ _h_la{[
_h oh mcmn_g[ `{mc]i ]_ll[^i j_lg[h_]_ ]ihmn[hn_* ?_ []o_l^i
]ih _mn[ i\d_]c}h( mc b[s chn_l[]]c}h ][om[f _hnl_ fim mo]_mim g_h)
n[f_m s fim mo]_mim ]iljil[f_m( m_ pcif[ _f jlch]cjci* >o[h^i oh
mo]_mi ]iljil[f ^[ foa[l [ oh mo]_mi g_hn[f( _hnih]_m f[ _h_la{[
`{mc][ chpifo]l[^[ _h _f mo]_mi ]iljil[f m_ _gjf_[ ^_ n[f g[h_l[
ko_ hi m_ nl[hm`c_l_ [ hchaoh[ inl[ ]im[7 f[ _h_la{[ m_ jc_l^_*
>o[h^i oh mo]_mi g_hn[f ^[ foa[l [ oh mo]_mi ]iljil[f( _hnih)
]_m f[ _h_la{[ a[h[^[ i j_l^c^[ jil _f mo]_mi ]iljil[f l_mofn[hn_

OM@N J=E@>DJI@N >D@IOAD><N

!$(

hi m_ nl[hm`c_l_ ^_ i [ [fai `{mc]i ^_ g[h_l[ ko_ f[ ][hnc^[^ nin[f

^_ _h_la{[ m_ nl[hm`ilg[* ?_ []o_l^i ]ih _mn[ i\d_]c}h( jo_mni
ko_ f[m g_hn_m ko_ []no[l[h mi\l_ ]o_ljim s fim ]o_ljim ko_ [])
no[l[h mi\l_ g_hn_m pcif[l{[h _f jlch]cjci ^_ ]ihm_lp[]c}h ^_ f[
_h_la{[( n_h_gim \o_h[m l[tih_m j[l[ ]ih]focl ko_ hi b[s n[f
chn_l[]]c}h*
@f mcaoc_hn_ _d_gjfi cfomnl[ly _mn[ i\d_]c}h* Nch ^o^[ _f l_s
>[honi ]ig_n{[ oh [\mol^i [f j_hm[l ko_ ji^l{[ ^_n_h_l f[ g[)
l_[ mcgjf_g_hn_ ^_m_[h^i ko_ m_ ^_nopc_l[7 cao[fg_hn_( ]o[f)
koc_l[ ko_ nl[n[l[ ^_ cgjofm[l i j[l[l oh[ \if[ ^_ \cff[l g_)
^c[hn_ oh []ni^_ f[ pifohn[^ m_ `lomnl[l{[* Dgjofm[l oh[ \if[ ^_
\cff[l g_^c[hn_ oh []ni ^_ f[ pifohn[^ i][mcih[l{[ ko_ f[ \if[ a[)
h[l[ _h_la{[ ]chznc][( f[ ]o[f %jo_mni ko_ hi `o_ nl[hm`_lc^[ jil
hchaoh[ inl[ ]im[& ]ihmncnocl{[ oh[ a[h[h]c[ afi\[f ^_ _h_la{[*
K[l[l oh[ \if[ ^_ \cff[l g_^c[hn_ oh []ni ^_ f[ pifohn[^ i][mci)
h[l{[ ko_ f[ \if[ j_l^c_l[ _h_la{[ ]chznc][( f[ ]o[f %jo_mni ko_
hi m_l{[ nl[hm`ilg[^[ _h ][fil i _h _h_la{[ jin_h]c[f( hc c l[hm)
`_lc^[ [ hchaoh[ inl[ ]im[& ]ihmncnocl{[ oh[ jzl^c^[ afi\[f ^_
_h_la{[* ?_ []o_l^i ]ih _mn[ jlcg_l[ i\d_]c}h ]c_hn{`c][( ^[^i
ko_ f[ hc][ ^c`_l_h]c[ l_f_p[hn_ _hnl_ cgjofm[l s j[l[l oh[ \if[
^_ \cff[l _h gipcgc_hni _ chc]c[l s j[l[l oh jli]_mi ]_l_\l[f(
_m f[ ][hnc^[^ ^_ _h_la{[ chpifo]l[^[( _hnih]_m mc b[]_l fi jlc)
g_li pcif[ _f jlch]cjci ^_ ]ihm_lp[]c}h ^_ f[ _h_la{[( fi ]o[f
_m `{mc][g_hn_ cgjimc\f_( n[g\czh fi pcif[ b[]_l fi m_aoh^i* Ph
_d_gjfi ijo_mni cfomnl[ _f jli\f_g[ ijo_mni* Nc oh[ \if[ ^_ \c)
ff[l li^[hn_ m_ ^_nc_h_ m\cn[g_hn_ n[h m}fi jilko_ i][mcih} oh
mo]_mi g_hn[f( _hnih]_m( jo_mni ko_ f[ _h_la{[ ]chznc][ ^_ f[ \if[
hi m_ nl[hm`ilg} _h ][fil hc _h*_h_la{[ jin_h]c[f( hc m_ nl[hm)
`clc} [ hchaoh[ inl[ ]im[( f[ _h_la{[ `{mc][ m_ jc_l^_ s _f jlch]cjci
n[g\czh m_ pcif[* @mni _m mch ^o^[ `{mc][g_hn_ cgjimc\f_* Go_ai
_hnih]_m( ^_ []o_l^i ]ih _mn[ i\d_]c}h( ^[^i ko_ f[ hc][ ^c`_)
l_h]c[ l_f_p[hn_ _hnl_ oh[ \if[ li^[hn_ ko_ i][mcih[ oh mo]_mi
g_hn[f s oh jli]_mi ]_l_\l[f ko_ i][mcih[ oh mo]_mi g_hn[f( _m
f[ ][hnc^[^ ^_ _h_la{[ j_l^c^[( _hnih]_m mc _f jlcg_li pcif[ _f
jlch]cjci n[g\czh fi pcif[ _f m_aoh^i*
O[hni =li[^ ]igi ?o][mm_ b[h l_mjih^c^i [ _mn[ i\d_]c}h*
G[m l[tih_m ^_ ?o][mm_ j[l[ l_]b[t[lf[ mih f[m mcaoc_hn_m6
%<& P h [ l[ t } h _m k o _ f[ ] i h m _ lp [ ] c} h k o _ _ m _ j lch ] cj ci m i m nc_ h _ h i
_m [ fa i k o _ m_ m _ j [ p _ l ^ [ ^ _ l i mch _ r ] _ j ] c} h ( mch i k o _ m} fi _ m( ] i g i

!%

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

fi b[ jl_]cm[^i H* O* F__nih( oh jimnof[^i ^_`chcnilci ^_ f[ hi]c}h

^_ oh goh^i `{mc]i MYWZVO^KWOX^O MO\\KNY& ^_ g[h_l[ ko_ f[ ]o_mnc}h
[]_l][ ^_ mc i]oll_ f[ ][om[fc^[^ jmc]i)`{mc][ i `cm{]i)jmckoc][ %j_li
]ih ^c`_l_hn_m j[f[\l[m& _m f[ ]o_mnc}h ^_ mc _f goh^i `{mc]i O]^f ni)
n[fg_hn_ ]_ll[^i* T f[ jl_aohn[ hi ko_^[ ]ihn_mn[^[ [f ^cahc`c][l(
]ih _f hig\l_ ^_ jlch]cjci( f[ mojimc]c}h ^_ ko_ _f goh^i `{mc]i
_mny nin[fg_hn_ ]_ll[^i*
%=& ?_ ni^[m g[h_l[m( ]igi fi b[ jl_]cm[^i >* ?* =li[^( ji^l{[
m_l _f ][mi ^_ ko_ ][^[ p_t ko_ oh[ ][hnc^[^ ^[^[ ^_ _h_la{[ ^_m)
[j[l_]_ ^_( i mola_ _h( _f goh^i `{mc]i _h oh foa[l( _hnih]_m( l_m)
j_]ncp[g_hn_( oh[ ][hnc^[^ cao[f ^_ _h_la{[ _g_la_ _h( i ^_m[j[)
l_]_ ^_( _m_ goh^i _h inli foa[l*
%>& T _h n_l]_l foa[l( mc m_ ]ihmc^_l[ ko_ _h_la{[ ^_mcah[ [fai
g_hmol[\f_ _rj_lcg_hn[fg_hn_( _hnih]_m _h_la{[ m_ ^_`ch_ _h
nzlgchim ^_ ][om[fc^[^( s hi f[ ][om[fc^[^ _h nzlgchim ^_ nl[hm)
gcmc}h ^_ _h_la{[* @mni _m( hi m_ m[\_ ko_ ^YNK ][om[fc^[^ i( _h
j[lnc]of[l( f[ ][om[fc^[^ _hnl_ mo]_mim jm{koc]im s `{mc]im( chpifo]l_
nl[hmgcmc}h ^_ _h_la{[*
Ki^_gim( g_ j[l_]_( gimnl[l lyjc^[g_hn_ ko_ f[m jlcg_l[m ^im
l[tih_m nc_h_h ji][ `o_lt[( gc_hnl[m ko_ f[ n_l]_l[ _m ]ihmc^_)
l[\f_g_hn_ gym ji^_lim[* Nch ^o^[ _m p_l^[^ ko_ _h ]c_lni m_h)
nc^i _f jlch]cjci ^i 8ihm_lp[]c}h hi _m oh[ f_s ]c_hn{`c][ _gj{lc][(
jilko_ hi _m oh[ a_h_l[fct[]c}h ^_lcp[^[ ^_ i\m_lp[]cih_m s _ r )
j_lcg_hnim ]oc^[^imim* vm[ _m( jo_m( f[ l[t}h jil f[ ]o[f( [ ^c`_)
l_h]c[ ^_ f[ f_s ^_ =isf_( ^_ f[ f_s ^_ Ciie_ s ^_ f[m ^_ inlim( m_
f_ ff[g[ ]ih g[sil jlijc_^[^ Z\SXMSZSY ]c_hn{`c]i* Nch _g\[lai(
h[^c_ b[ _h]ihnl[^i oh[ l[t}h j[l[ l_]b[t[lfi( s jo_mni ko_
_m oh chal_^c_hn_ _m_h]c[f _h go]b[m n_il{[m ]c_hn{`c][m ko_ nc_)
h_h oh al[h ji^_l _rjfc][ncpi s jl_^c]ncpi( _mn[m n_il{[m( s jil
_h^_ _f jlch]cjci( _mnyh mch ^o^[domnc`c][^[m* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( mc(
]igi m_ [`clg} [hn_m( f[ n_il{[ ^_f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[ cg)
jfc][ f[ pcif[]c}h ^_ oh jlch]cjci ko_ _mny domnc`c][^i( _hnih]_m
f[ n_il{[ _m ^o^im[ s b[s l[tih_m j[l[ l_]b[t[lf[* G[ m_aoh^[
l[t}h ^_ ?o][mm_ n[g\czh jo_^_ m_l l_]b[t[^[ jilko_( [f cao[f
ko_ f[ jlcg_l[ l[t}h( hi b[]_ gym ko_ gimnl[l f[ jimc\cfc^[^
^_ ko_ [fai m_[ p_l^[^_li( fi ]o[f jil m{ mifi hi jlijil]cih[
hchah `oh^[g_hni j[l[ [`clg[l ko_ _m p_l^[^_li* <m{ ]igi
hi b[s l[t}h j[l[ j_hm[l ko_ _f jlch]cjci ^_ ]ihm_lp[]c}h hi
-- ?o][mm_( Dh ?_`_hm_ i ` ?o[fcmg( jj* 4 N )4 5 *

OM@N J=E@>DJI@N >D@IOAD><N

!%

_m pyfc^i j[l[ _f ohcp_lmi `{mc]i( n[gji]i b[s l[t}h j[l[ j_h)

m[l ko_( jil ][mo[fc^[^ i ch]fomi chn_h]cih[fg_hn_( f[ ][hnc^[^
^_ _h_la{[ ^_f goh^i `{mc]i m_ g[hnc_h_ ]ihmn[hn_ ]igj_hm[h^i
jzl^c^[m s [^c]cih_m* Ko_^_ m_l _mni fi ko_ i]oll_ j_li _m gos
cgjli\[\f_ ko_ go]b[m( go]b[m a[h[h]c[m s jzl^c^[m ^_ _h_la{[
ko_ mojo_mn[g_hn_ l_mofn[h ^_ gcffih_m ^_ chn_l[]]cih_m g_hn_)
]o_lji( m_ ]igj_hm_h ni^[m _kocn[ncp[g_hn_* Ph[ bcj}n_mcm n[h
cgjli\[\f_ hi jo_^_ n_h_l go]bi j_mi* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( m}fi
ji^_gim ]ih`c[l _h f[ n_l]_l[ l[t}h ^_ ?o][mm_ j[l[ m[fp[l [f
chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^_ f[ jlcg_l[ i\d_]c}h ]c_hn{`c][*
G[ n_l]_l[ l[t}h ^_ ?o][mm_ m_ \[m[ _h oh[ p_l^[^ cgjiln[hn_(
[ m[\_l( ko_ hi b[s h[^[ _h f[ ^_`chc]c}h ^_ ][om[fc^[^ ko_ mo)
jiha[ ko_ ni^im fim ][mim ^_ ][om[fc^[^ cgjfcko_h oh[ nl[hm)
gcmc}h ^_ _h_la{[ `{mc][* Kil fi n[hni( _m [f g_him f}ac][g_hn_
jimc\f_ ko_ [faohim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m ][om_h mo]_mim ]iljil[f_m s
ko_ [faohim mo]_mim ]iljil[f_m ][om_h mo]_mim g_hn[f_m mch [`_])
n[l ^_ hchaoh[ g[h_l[ f[ ][hnc^[^ ^_ _h_la{[ chpifo]l[^[ _h
fim mo]_mim ]iljil[f_m* K_li ji^_gim []_jn[l ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ _m)
n[m jimc\c^[^_m f}ac][m( i \c_h b[s [faoh[ l[t}h mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[
l_]b[t[lf[m; ?_\_gim ]ihmc^_l[l ][^[ oh[ m_j[l[^[g_hn_ jil)
ko_ ][^[ oh[ _h`l_hn[ jli\f_g[m _mj_]{`c]im* C[s [faoh[ l[t}h
j[l[ l_]b[t[l f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ oh mo]_mi ]iljil[f jo_^_ ][o)
m[l oh mo]_mi g_hn[f mch _gjf_[l _h_la{[ ko_ m_ jc_l^[ j[l[ _f
goh^i `{mc]i; Nc( ]igi m_ pc} ]ih f[ [h[fia{[ ^_ f[ \if[ ^_ \cff[l(
f[m ][om[m ]iljil[f_m mc_gjl_ ^_\_h ]igjiln[lm_ ]igi oh[ \if[
li^[hn_ ko_ jc_l^_ _h_la{[( _hnih]_m ^_\_gim l_]b[t[l _mn[ [`cl)
g[]c}h* K_li hi m_ h_]_mcn[ _h_la{[ `{mc][ j[l[ jlipi][l oh mo]_mi
g_hn[f( jilko_ fim `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m hi chpifo]l[h _h_la{[
`{mc][* <m{ ko_ f[m ][om[m ]iljil[f_m hi nl[hmgcn_h _h_la{[ [ fim
_`_]nim g_hn[f_m( ^_ [b{ ko_ hi b[s[ hchaoh[ l[t}h j[l[ j_h)
m[l ko_ f[m ][om[m ]iljil[f_m ^_ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m ^_\[h ]ig)
jiln[lm_ ]igi oh[ \if[ ko_ m_ ^_nc_h_* ?c]b[m ][om[m ]iljil[f_m
ji^l{[h g[hn_h_l mo ][hnc^[^ nin[f ^_ _h_la{[ i n[f p_t nl[hmgc)
nclf[ [ [fah inli mo]_mi ]iljil[f( ]ihmncnos_h^i ]ih _ffi f[ ][om[
^_ oh mo]_mi ]iljil[f c ^_ oh mo]_mi g_hn[f [ f[ p_t* Nc [faoc_h
i\d_n[ ko_ oh[ ][om[fc^[^ ^o[f m_g_d[hn_ _m gos gcmn_lcim[( ji)
^_gim l_mjih^_l l_]il^yh^if_ f[ h[nol[f_t[ ch_rjfc][\f_ s \lon[
^_ f[m ][om[fc^[^_m chg_^c[n[m* ?_\_gim nig[lf[m ]igi f[m _h)
]ihnl[gim* Ki^_gim( _hnih]_m( []_jn[l ]igi oh[ jimc]c}h jf[o)
mc\f_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ f[ ][om[fc^[^ ]iljil[f ^_ mo]_mim g_h)

!%!

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

n[f_m hi cgjfc][ hchaoh[ jzl^c^[ ^_ _h_la{[* ?_ gi^i ko_ hi

b[s hchaoh[ l[t}h j[l[ j_hm[l ko_ f[ ][om[fc^[^ `cm{]i)jm{koc][
mojih_ oh[ pcif[]c}h ^_f jlch]cjci ^_ ]ihm_lp[]c}h*
Ki^_gim []_jn[l i( jil _f ]ihnl[lci( ^_\_l{[gim l_]b[t[l f[
[`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ f[ ][om[fc^[^ g_hn[f ^_ mo]_mim ]iljil[f_m hi
[`_]n[ f[ ][hnc^[^ ^_ _h_la{[ chpifo]l[^[ _h _f mo]_mi ]iljil[f;
Nc( oh[ p_t gym( []_jn[gim f[ [h[fia{[ ^_ f[ \if[ ^_ \cff[l( _h)
nih]_m ^_\_gim l_]b[t[l f[ [`clg[]c}h* C[]_l ko_ [fai m_ go_p[
_m j[m[lf_ _h_la{[ ]chznc][( s mc _m [m{ ]igi f[m ][om[m g_hn[f_m
[`_]n[h [f ]o_lji( _hnih]_m f[ ][om[fc^[^ g_hn[f ^_ mo]_mim ]il)
jil[f_m pcif[ _f jlch]cjci ^_ ]ihm_lp[]c}h* =li[^( l_mjih^c_h^i
[ _mn[ i\d_]c}h( m_ ijih_ [ f[ [h[fia{[ ^_ f[ \if[ ^_ \cff[l ]ih oh[
[h[fia{[ jlijc[* ?c]_6
>ihmc^zl_m_ _f ][mi ^_ oh j_mi ko_ m_ g_]_ _h _f _rnl_gi ^_ oh[
]o_l^[ mod_n[^[ _h oh johni `cdi* G[ _h_la{[ nin[f ^_f j_mi _m f[
gcmg[ _h ni^[m f[m jimc]cih_m ^_ mo nl[s_]nilc[* N_ nl[n[ jil fi n[hni
^_ oh mcmn_g[ ^_ ]ihm_lp[]c}h* K_li _h ni^i gig_hni f[ ^cl_]]c}h s
f[ p_fi]c^[^ ^_f gipcgc_hni ^_f j_mi mih ^c`_l_hn_m( s f[ jlijil]c}h
_hnl_ mo _h_la{[ ]chznc][ smo _h_la{[ jin_h]c[f _mny ][g\c[h^i ]ihm)
n[hn_g_hn_* @mnim ][g\cim mih ][om[^im jil _f d[f}h ^_ f[ ]o_l^[(
ko_ []n[ _h oh[ ^cl_]]c}h ^c`_l_hn_ _h ][^[ gig_hni ^c`_l_hn_*
G[ ]o_l^[ hi i][mcih[ hchaoh[ ^c`_l_h]c[ mi\l_ f[ _h_la{[ nin[f ^_f
j_mi7 j_li i][mcih[ ni^[ f[ ^c`_l_h]c[ ^_f goh^i mi\l_ f[ g[h_l[
j[lnc]of[l ]igi m_ ^cmnlc\os_ f[ _h_la{[ _hnl_ f[ `ilg[ jin_h]c[f s
f[ `ilg[ ]chznc][***
<ko{ n_h_gim _hnih]_m oh ][mi ]f[li( ch]fomi _h _f l_chi ^_ fi
`{mc]i( _h _f ko_ _f mcmn_g[ _m ^_ ]ihm_lp[]c}h( j_li ko_ ]ihncho[)
g_hn_ _mny mc_h^i [`_]n[^i jil [fai ko_ []n[ mi\l_ mo gipcgc_hni
s mi\l_ f[ ^cmnlc\o]c}h ^_ mo _h_la{[ afi\[f* Kil koz hi b[\l{[ ^_
[]no[l f[ g_hn_ mi\l_ _f ]o_lji ^_ _mn[ g[h_l[;-.
G[ [h[fia{[ ^_ =li[^ jih_ ^_ g[hc`c_mni ko_ b[s ^im g[h_l[m
]igjf_n[g_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m _h ko_ oh[ ]im[ jo_^_ [`_]n[l ][om[f)
g_hn_ _f gipcgc_hni ^_ inl[* T[ m_[ ko_ b[a[ ko_ ][g\c_ mo p_)
fi]c^[^( ]igi _h _f _d_gjfi ^_ f[ \if[ ^_ \cff[l( s[ m_[ ko_ [`_]n_
][om[fg_hn_ f[ ^cl_]]c}h _h ko_ m_ go_p_ _f i\d_ni( ]igi _h _f
_d_gjfi ^_f jzh^ofi* @f jlcg_l ncji ^_ ][om[ ][g\c[ f[ ][hnc^[^
nin[f ^_ _h_la{[ chpifo]l[^[7 _f m_aoh^i hi h_]_m[lc[g_hn_* Nc
-. = li [^ ( ?MJ 8NSI FSI NYX ;QFHJ NS 9FYZWJ# jj* - , 3 )- , 4 *

OM@N J=E@>DJI@N >D@IOAD><N

!%"

f[ [h[fia{[ ^_ =li[^ _m [^_]o[^[( _hnih]_m p[lcim mo]_mim g_h)

n[f_m jo_^_h [`_]n[l jli]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m( hi jil chc]c[lfim i jil
^_n_h_lfim( mchi gym \c_h [`_]n[h^i mo nl[s_]nilc[* <m{ ko_ mc [mo)
gcgim( j[l[ jlij}mcnim ^_ _mn[ ^cm]omc}h( ko_ _h ][^[ ]_l_\li
i]oll_ m}fi oh jli]_mi _h ][^[ gig_hni s ko_ zmn_ _m chc]c[^i
s ^_n_hc^i jil inlim mo]_mim ]iljil[f_m( _hnih]_m ^c]bi jli]_mi
]_l_\l[f _m ]igi oh jzh^ofi ko_ _m chc]c[^i s ^_n_hc^i jil f[
_gcmc}h ^_ _h_la{[ `{mc][* K_li ^_mjozm ^_ ko_ [fai aifj__ _f j_mi
_ chc]c_ mo gipcgc_hni( _f foa[l [ ^ih^_ p[s[ ^_j_h^_ ^_f f[lai
^_ f[ ]o_l^[ [ f[ ko_ _mnz mod_ni* ?_ gi^i ko_ mod_n[l ]o_l^[m ^_
^c`_l_hn_ f[lai _h l_f[]c}h ]ih _f j_mi ][g\c[ _f ]olmi ^_f j_mi
j_li ^_ hchaoh[ g[h_l[ [`_]n[ [ f[ ][hnc^[^ nin[f ^_ _h_la{[ ^_f
j_mi* ?_ []o_l^i ]ih _mn[ [h[fia{[ ^_\_gim ]ihmc^_l[l ko_ _f
j[j_f ][om[f ^_ ^c`_l_hn_m mo]_mim g_hn[f_m _m ]igi _f j[j_f ][o)
m[f ^_ fim ^c`_l_hn_m f[laim ^_ oh[ ]o_l^[* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[ b[\l{[
^c`_l_hn_m l_mofn[^im _h _f ]_l_\li ko_ [ mo p_t n_h^l{[ ^c`_l_hn_m
l_mofn[^im ]iljil[f_m( ^_ g[h_l[ ko_ _f ]o_lji m_l{[ [`_]n[^i ^_
go]b[m g[h_l[m ^c`_l_hn_m b[\c_h^i l_]c\c^i f[ gcmg[ _hnl[^[
^_ _h_la{[* K_li [f gcmgi nc_gji ko_ f[ [h[fia{[ ^_ f[ ]o_l^[
l_mo_fp_ oh jli\f_g[( b[]_ molacl inli* >[g\c[l f[ ^cl_]]c}h ^_f
gipcgc_hni mch oh[ ][om[ `{mc][ hi _m g_him oh[ pcif[]c}h [ fim
jlch]cjcim ]c_hn{`c]im ko_ pcif[l _f jlch]cjci ^_ ]ihm_lp[]c}h* Nc
f[m ][om[m g_hn[f_m ^_\_h []no[l ]igi ]o_l^[m j[l[ ][g\c[l f[
^cl_]]c}h ^_f gipcgc_hni( _hnih]_m f[ l_mjo_mn[ ^_ =li[^ [ f[
jlcg_l[ i\d_]c}h hi _m mo`c]c_hn_* ?_\_gim( jil fi n[hni( _r[gc)
h[l ]ih gym ^_n[ff_ f[ g[h_l[ ]igi( m_ah =li[^( fim mo]_mim
g_hn[f_m [`_]n[h fim jli]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m* K[l[ b[]_l _mni ^_\_)
gim j[m[l [ mo _r[g_h ^_ f[ m_aoh^[ i\d_]c}h ]c_hn{`c][*
COQ_XNK YLTOMSiX MSOX^hPSMK/ XY RKc V_QK\ ZK\K VK]
MK_]K] WOX^KVO] OX VK ObZVSMKMSiX NOV MYWZY\^KWSOX^Y R_WKXY
=li[^ jf[hn_[ mo i\d_]c}h [ f[ ko_ ff[g[ _f [laog_hni \[m[^i
_h f[ _mnlo]nol[ ^_f mcmn_g[ h_lpcimi( ^_ f[ g[h_l[ mcaoc_hn_6
N_ [^gcn_ ko_ f[ g_hn_ hi nc_h_ h[^[ ko_ p_l ]ih f[ ][om[fc^[^ ^_
[]]cih_m jol[g_hn_ l_`f_d[m* K_li f[ _mnlo]nol[ h_lpcim[ s fim jli)
]_mim h_lpcimim chpifo]l[^im _h f[ []]c}h ^_fc\_l[^[ hi ^c`c_l_h(
_h ]o[hni [ ncji( ^_ fim chpifo]l[^im _h f[ []]c}h l_`f_d[7 m}fi ^c`c_)
l_h _h _f al[^i ^_ ]igjf_dc^[^* G[ p[lc[\cfc^[^ ko_ ][l[]n_lct[ [

!%#

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

f[ []]c}h ^_fc\_l[^[ m_ _rjfc][ ]igjf_n[g_hn_ jil f[ p[lc_^[^ ^_

][gchim [fn_lh[ncpim s f[m l_mcmn_h]c[m p[lc[\f_m ^_ f[m mch[jmcm* ?_
g[h_l[ ko_ hi _m l[tih[\f_ mojih_l ko_ f[ g_hn_ nc_h_ ko_ p_l
gym ]ih ][om[l []]cih[ ^_fc\_l[^[m ko_ fi ko_ nc_h_ ko_ p_l ]ih
][om[l []]cih_m l_`f_d[m*Y/
@mn_ [laog_hni m_ \[m[ _h b_]bim `cmcif}ac]im* Oi^i ]igjiln[)
gc_hni ]iljil[f bog[hi _m jlipi][^i jil jli]_mim h_ol[f_m7
koz ]igjiln[gc_hni i]oll_ ^_j_h^_ ][om[fg_hn_ ^_ koz `c\l[m
h_lpcim[m mih [`_]n[^[m s ^_ ]}gi mih [`_]n[^[m* < mo p_t _mn[m
l_mjo_mn[m h_ol[f_m ^_j_h^_h ^zf hcp_f ^_ f[m l_mcmn_h]c[m ^_ f[m
gfncjf_m mch[jmcm ko_ ]ih_]n[h f[m h_olih[m i ]zfof[m h_lpcim[m(
jilko_ _f ][gchi ko_ nig_ oh cgjofmi h_lpcimi ^_j_h^_ ^_ f[
l_mcmn_h]c[ l_f[ncp[ ^_ ]c_ln[m mch[jmcm* O[g\czh _m ]c_lni ko_ _f
ncji ^_ jli]_mim h_ol[f_m chpifo]l[^im _h []]cih_m l_`f_d[m %_mni
_m( []]cih_m ko_ ]f[l[g_hn_ hi nc_h_h ][om[m g_hn[f_m& hi _m ^c`_)
l_hn_ ^_f chpifo]l[^i _h inlim ncjim ^_ ]igjiln[gc_hni bog[hi*
@m l[tih[\f_( jil ]ihmcaoc_hn_( mojih_l ko_ hi b[s foa[l j[l[
][om[m g_hn[f_m chg[n_lc[f_m _h hchah ncji ^_ ]igjiln[gc_hni
bog[hi*
G[ cgjiln[h]c[ ^_ _mni _m i\pc[* Nc _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[
_m ]ill_]ni( _hnih]_m ^_m^_ fo_ai RKc foa[l j[l[ ][om[m g_hn[f_m
chg[n_lc[f_m _h _f ][mi ^_f ]igjiln[gc_hni bog[hi* <m{ jo_m(
j[l_]_l{[ ko_ mc f[m ][om[m g_hn[f_m `o_l[h m[][^[m ^_ ]o[fkoc_l
][^_h[ ][om[f _mj_]{`c][ ko_ ]ih^od_l[ [f ]igjiln[gc_hni( _h)
nih]_m b[\l{[ oh R_OMY _h f[ ][^_h[* @m ^_]cl ko_ _h [fah johni
b[\l{[ oh _mj[]ci p[]{i _hnl_ ^im _p_hnim g[n_lc[f_m _mn_ m_l{[
_f bo_]i l_mofn[hn_ ^_ f[ mojl_mc}h ^_ f[m ][om[m g_hn[f_m s fim
mo]_mim g[n_lc[f_m [ [g\im f[^im ^_f bo_]i _mn[l{[h ^_m]ih_]n[)
^im* K_li( m_ah _f [laog_hni _h ]o_mnc}h( hi b[s hchaoh[ l[t}h
j[l[ j_hm[l ko_ _rcmn_h ^c]bim bo_]im* G[m ][^_h[m ][om[f_m ko_
[ko{ him i]oj[h _mnyh ]igjf_n[g_hn_ ff_h[m ^_ mo]_mim h_ol[f_m
s ^_gym mo]_mim g[n_lc[f_m* ?_ gi^i ko_ f[ mojl_mc}h ^_ ][om[m
g_hn[f_m hi ^_d[l{[ bo_]im( ]igi ^_\_l{[ b[]_lfi mc _f chn_l[])
]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[ _m ]ill_]ni* Go_ai _hnih]_m( ]ih]focgim ko_ _f
chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[ hi _m ]ill_]ni*
C[s ^im chn_ljl_n[]cih_m jimc\f_m ^_ _mn[ i\d_]c}h* G[ jlcg_l[
^_j_h^_ ^_ chn_ljl_n[l hi b[s foa[l j[l[ ][om[m g_hn[f_m ]igi
-N ;LSN(& j *

--,*

OM@N J=E@>DJI@N >D@IO AD><N

!%$

hi b[s foa[l OX VK MKNOXK MK_]KV j[l[ ][om[m g_hn[f_m( s f[ m_)

aoh^[ ^_j_h^_ ^_ chn_ljl_n[lfi ]igi hi b[s foa[l _h VK ObZVS'
MKMSiX j[l[ ][om[m g_hn[f_m* =li[^ [`clg[ ko_ _f chn_l[]]cihcmn[
_mny `ilt[^i [ [\lcl oh bo_]i _h f[m ObZVSMKMSYXO] ^_ ]c_ln[m [])
]cih_m bog[h[m mc hi ]ihmc^_l[gim f[m ][om[m g_hn[f_m( j_li hi
_mny `ilt[^i [ [\lcl oh bo_]i _h f[m MKNOXK] MK_]KVO] mc m_ igcn_h f[m
][om[m g_hn[f_m* ?_ [b{ ko_ =li[^ jc_hm_ ko_ _f chn_l[]]cihcmn[
hi nc_h_ ko_ jl_i]oj[lm_ jil f[ jlcg_l[ chn_ljl_n[]c}h gc_hnl[m
n_ha[ _f ]oc^[^i ^_ _mj_]c`c][l ]ill_]n[g_hn_ f[ g[h_l[ ]igi f[m
][om[m g_hn[f_m [`_]n[h [f ]o_lji* T ]ihnch[ moaclc_h^i ]oyf _m
_mn[ g[h_l[*
VGim b_]bim ]ihmc^_l[^im _h f[ m_aoh^[ i\d_]c}hX ch^c][h ko_ fi
ko_ f[ g_hn_ f_ b[]_ [f ]o_lji _h f[ []]c}h pifohn[lc[( mc [fai f_
b[]_( _m [gchil[l f[ l_mcmn_h]c[ ^_ ]c_ln[m mch[jmcm s [og_hn[l f[ ^_
inl[m* @f l_mofn[^i _m ko_ f[ ]illc_hn_ h_lpcim[ mcao_ oh ]olmi n[f ko_
jli^o]_ _f gipcgc_hni j[lnc]of[l ko_ f[ g_hn_dota[ [jlijc[^i _h
_m_ gig_hni*-0
@h _mn_ j[m[d_ =li[^ go_mnl[ ]}gi jo_^_ m_l ko_ hi b[s[ hch)
ah bo_]i _h f[ ][^_h[ ][om[f h_ol[f ko_ ]ihmncnos[ oh jli]_mi
h_lpcimi s ko_ oh mo]_mi g_hn[f ^_\[ ff_h[l* Gim mo]_mim g_h)
n[f_m( m_ah =li[^( hi m_l{[h j[ln_m ^_ ^c]b[m ][^_h[m ][om[f_m
n[f_m ]igi
_h f[ Acaol[ -* Hym \c_h i\l[l{[h _h f[m ][^_h[m
[`_]n[h^i f[ ^cmnlc\o]c}h ^_ f[ l_mcmn_h]c[ _hnl_ ]c_ln[m mch[jmcm
]igi _h f[ Acaol[ .* <m{ ko_ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi hi _mny ]igjli)
g_nc^i ]ih [fai j[l[ fi ]o[f b[s[ oh[ l[t}h j[l[ ]l__l ko_ _m
`[fmi( [ m[\_l( ko_ b[s oh bo_]i _hnl_ [faohim mo]_mim h_ol[f_m s
inlim( oh bo_]i ko_ hchah mo]_mi h_ol[f ff_h[* ?_ _mn[ g[h_l[
=li[^ him ^c]_ ]}gi jo_^_ m_l _pcn[^[ f[ jlcg_l[ chn_ljl_n[]c}h(
s n[g\czh _mj_]c`c][ ]ih gym ]oc^[^i f[ h[nol[f_t[ ^_ f[ []]c}h
][om[f chg_^c[n[ ^_ f[ g_hn_ mi\l_ _f ]o_lji*
Iim ko_^[( mch _g\[lai( f[ m_aoh^[ chn_ljl_n[]c}h* @h _mn_
][mi _f chn_l[]]cihcmn[ j[l_]_ _mn[l `ilt[^i [ [\lcl oh bo_]i( oh
bo_]i _h f[ _rjfc][]c}h ^_ ]c_lni ]igjiln[gc_hni bog[hi mc
hchah mo]_mi g_hn[f _mny ch]foc^i _h f[ _rjfc][]c}h( jilko_( mc
_mny _h fi ]ill_]ni( j[l_]_l{[ ko_ hi ji^_gim _rjfc][l ]igjf_)
n[g_hn_ jil koz ]c_ln[m mch[jmcm nc_h_h f[ l_mcmn_h]c[ ko_ nc_h_h
-0 4GNI%# j* --/*

!%%

@ G KMJ=G@H < H @IO@)>P@MKJ

OM@N J=E@>DJI@N >D@IOAD><N

!%&

n[l[ _h f[ []]c}h l_`f_d[7 s _m l[tih[\f_ mojih_l ko_ _mn_ `[]nil _m f[

pifc]c}h _h f[ g_hn_* 1

Acaol[ -

Acaol[ .

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> 9 mo]_mi ]iljil[f

H 9 mo]_mi g_hn[f
S Q 9 S][om[ I
S )))))))) I9 S [`_]n[ ][om[fg_hn_ [ I

mch l_`_lclhim [ ][om[m g_hn[f_m* Nc( jil fi n[hni( _f chn_l[]]ci)

hcmn[ _mny _h fi ]ill_]ni( _hnih]_m f[m ][om[m g_hn[f_m mih _m_h)
]c[f_m j[l[ f[m _rjfc][]cih_m ^_f ]igjiln[gc_hni bog[hi* @mni
him ]ih^o]_ [ oh johni ]f[p_* C[s l[tih_m j[l[ []_jn[l i j[l[
l_]b[t[l f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ fim b_]bim []_l][ ^_ `_h}g_him
g_hn[f_m mih _m_h]c[f_m j[l[ ]o[fkoc_l _rjfc][]c}h ]igjf_n[ ^_
f[m []]cih_m bog[h[m; =li[^ nl[n[ ^_ jlijil]cih[l l[tih_m j[l[
[]_jn[l f[ h_]_mc^[^ ^_ ^c]bim `[]nil_m g_hn[f_m [laog_hn[h^i
ko_6
@h f[ []]c}h ^_fc\_l[^[( f[ l_mjo_mn[ p[l{[ KZ\YZSKNKWOX^O j[l[ ]i)
ch]c^cl ]ih f[m ]cl]ohmn[h]c[m _mj_]c[f_m ko_ mojo_mn[g_hn_ _rcmn_h
_h _m_ gig_hni( i ko_ m_ _mj_l[ ko_ mold[h jimn_lcilg_hn_7 gc_h)
nl[m ko_ f[ []]c}h l_`f_d[ hi p[l{[ ^_ _mn[ g[h_l[( j_li _h ][g\ci _m
]c_a[ s ][mc g_]yhc][* G[ ]igjf_dc^[^ ^_f mcmn_g[ h_lpcimi _rjfc][
f[ ZY]SLSVSNKN ^_ p[lc[]c}h7 hi _rjfc][ _h fi gym g{hcgi jil koz f[
[fn_lh[ncp[ ko_ ^_ b_]bi nc_h_ foa[l ^_\_l{[( jil l_af[ a_h_l[f( m_l
f[ [jlijc[^[ s hi g_l[g_hn_ `ilnocn[* T inl[ p_t j[l_]_ ]igi mc
[fah `[]nil ko_ m_ ij_l[l[ _h f[ []]c}h ^_fc\_l[^[ hi m_ jl_m_h)

=li[^ \[m[ mo [laog_hni _h f[m ^im jl_gcm[m mcaoc_hn_m6 %-& ]ih

n[hn[m l_mjo_mn[m jimc\f_m ^[^[ f[ al[h ]igjf_dc^[^ ^_f mcmn_g[
h_lpcimi( ^_\_gim _rjfc][l jil koz n[h `l_]o_hn_g_hn_ nc_h_h
foa[l m}fi l_mjo_mn[m [jlijc[^[m7 s %.& _m l[tih[\f_ _rjfc][l f[
]o[fc^[^ ^_ m_l [jlijc[^i jil _f _`_]ni ^_ f[m ][om[m g_hn[f_m
mi\l_ f[m mch[jmcm h_lpcim[m [jlijc[^[m*
Nc \c_h j_hm[gim ko_ _mn_ jo_^_ m_l _f g_dil [laog_hni j[l[
[]_jn[l f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ =li[^( b[s p[lc[m l[tih_m j[l[ l_]b[)
t[lfi* Ho]b[m []]cih_m bog[h[m hi mih mcgjf_g_hn_ []]cih_m
l_`f_d[m s hi j[l_]_h chpifo]l[l ][om[m g_hn[f_m( j_li mih a_)
h_l[fg_hn_ [jlijc[^[m* G[ g[sil{[ ^_ fi ko_ b[]_gim ^ol[hn_
f[ pcacfc[( n[f ]igi ho_mnl[m l_mjo_mn[m b[\cno[f_m s ho_mnli ]ig)
jiln[gc_hni ch]ihm]c_hn_( j[l_]_ l_[fct[lm_ mch _f j_hm[gc_hni(
f[ ^_]cmc}h( f[ pifc]c}h i ]o[fkoc_l inl[ ][om[ g_hn[f* Nch _g\[lai
_mn[m []]cih_m hi mih []]cih_m l_`f_d[m* Hos `l_]o_hn_g_hn_ mih
[jlijc[^[m j[l[ f[ mcno[]c}h( s _mn[ ]o[fc^[^ ^_ m_l [jlijc[^i l_)
koc_l_ oh[ _rjfc][]c}h* K_li mch ^o^[ j[l_]_( hi cgjiln[ ]}gi
_rjfcko_gim f[ ]o[fc^[^ ^_ _mn[m []]cih_m ^_ m_l [jlijc[^[m( ko_
hi ^_\_gim ch]focl hchah `[]nil g_hn[f* T mc ji^_gim _rjfc)
][l _mn[m []]cih_m mch l_`_lclhim [ ][om[m g_hn[f_m( hi b[s l[t}h
j[l[ j_hm[l ko_ oh `[]nil g_hn[f _m h_]_m[lci j[l[ _rjfc][l ][)
\[fg_hn_ ]o[f_mkoc_l[ inl[m []]cih_m bog[h[m( ch]fomi [ko_ff[m
ko_ ff[g[l{[gim []]cih_m ^_fc\_l[ncp[m*
=li[^( ff_a[^i [ _mn_$johni( jli\[\f_g_hn_ l_mjih^_l{[ ko_
f[m []]cih_m b[\cno[f_m mih [ko_ff[m _h f[m ko_ f[m mch[jmcm b[h
[^koclc^i l_mcmn_h]c[m l_aof[l_m ]igi l_mofn[^i ^_ oh[ []]c}h
][om[f ]ihncho[ ^_ f[ g_hn_( j_li hi b[s l[t}h j[l[ j_hm[l ko_
^c]b[ [^kocmc]c}h b[\cno[f ^_ f[ l_mjo_mn[ ^_ f[ mch[jmcm l_koc_l[
^_ oh[ ][om[fc^[^ g_hn[f jl_pc[* G[ g_dil cfomnl[]c}h ^_ ko_ fim
`[]nil_m g_hn[f_m hi m_ h_]_mcn[h hc j[l[ [jl_h^_l hc j[l[ i\n_)
h_l f[ hc][ l_mjo_mn[ [jlijc[^[ ^_ _hnl_ go]b[m l_mjo_mn[m ji)
mc\f_m _m jlijil]cih[^[ jil f[m ]igjf_d[m ]igjon[^il[m ko_ bis
p_gim ij_l[l* Ii _m ko_ m}fi [faoh[m ^_ _mn[m gykoch[m n_ha[h
^cmjihc\f_ oh hg_li _hilg_ ^_ l_mjo_mn[m jimc\f_m ^_ _hnl_ f[m
]o[f_m jil fi l_aof[l _m]ia_h f[ [jlijc[^[( mchi ko_ n[g\czh
-1 ;LSN(& j* --.

!%'

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

mih ][j[]_m ^_ g_dil[l _h mom l_mjo_mn[m* Ko_^_h [jl_h^_l

]o[h^i do_a[h [d_^l_t s jil fi n[hni g_dil[l mo do_ai* Oi^i
_mni l_koc_l_ ^_ oh[ _rjfc][]c}h( j_li mch ^o^[ f[ _rjfc][]c}h ^_f
]igjiln[gc_hni ^_ f[ gykoch[ hi l_koc_l_ ^_ oh `[]nil g_hn[f
][om[f* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( j[l_]_ hi b[\_l l[t}h j[l[ j_hm[l ko_
fim `[]nil_m g_hn[f_m ][om[f_m mih h_]_m[lcim j[l[ _rjfc][l ]c_l)
n[m []]cih_m bog[h[m* K[l_]_ hi b[\_l h[^[ _h f[ _rjfc][]c}h ^_
f[m []]cih_m bog[h[m ko_ l_koc_l[ `[]nil_m g_hn[f_m* T( jo_mni
ko_ j[l_]_ ko_ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[ h_]_mcn[ ko_ _rcmn[ ^c)
]bi bo_]i( b_gim _h]ihnl[^i oh[ i\d_]c}h `o_ln_ _h ]ihnl[ ^_f
chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[( oh[ i\d_]c}h ko_ jo_^_ ch]fch[l f[ \[)
f[ht[ ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_ [faoh[ inl[ jimc]c}h*
=li[^ hi b[ _fo^c^i f[ m_aoh^[ i\d_]c}h ]c_hn{`c][* >}gi
f_ `o_ ]ih f[ jlcg_l[; C_gim pcmni ko_ jo_^_ ^[l oh[ _rjfc)
][]c}h ^_ ]}gi fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m jo_^_h [`_]n[l fim jli]_mim
h_ol[f_m mch pcif[l _f jlch]cjci ^_ ]ihm_lp[]c}h( j_li hi b_gim
chp_mnca[^i ]}gi ji^l{[ l_mjih^_l [ f[ i\d_]c}h ^_ ][g\ci)^_)
^cl_]]c}h* G[ l_mjo_mn[ _m ko_( _mnlc]n[g_hn_ b[\f[h^i( fim mo)
]_mim g_hn[f_m hi i][mcih[h ][g\cim _h f[ ^cl_]]c}h ^_ f[m ]i)
llc_hn_m h_ol[f_m( jilko_ fi ko_ chg_^c[n[g_hn_ jlipi][h mih
][g\cim _h f[ ^cmnlc\o]c}h ^_ f[m l_mcmn_h]c[m gym ko_ ][g\cim _h
f[ ^cl_]]c}h ko_ nig[h f[m ]illc_hn_m h_lpcim[m* Gi ko_ i][mcih[
ko_ oh[ ]illc_hn_ nig_ ]c_ln[ ^cl_]]c}h mih fim hcp_f_m l_f[ncpim
^_ f[m l_mcmn_h]c[m* @mni _m mch ^o^[ ]igjl_hmc\f_* Nc omn_^ m_ jl_)
aohn[( mch _g\[cai( ]}gi fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m jo_^_h [`_]n[l f[
^cmnlc\o]c}h l_f[ncp[ ^_ f[m l_mcmn_h]c[m( f[ l_mjo_mn[ _m ko_ oh[
p_t gym n_h_gim oh ][mi ^_ ][om[fc^[^ chg_^c[n[ s( jil fi n[hni(
ch_rjfc][\f_* @mni( ]l__gim( _m f[ g_dil l_mjo_mn[ ko_ jo_^_ ^[l
oh chn_l[]]cihcmn[ ^o[fcmn[ [ f[ i\d_]c}h* @m ]c_lni ko_ hi _m nin[f)
g_hn_ m[ncm`[]nilc[ s hi ^cmcj[ jil ]igjf_ni _f gcmn_lci ^_ ]}gi
fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m jo_^_h [`_]n[l [f ]o_lji* Nch _g\[cai( [f
g_him h_onl[fct[ _h al[h g_^c^[ _f ^[|i ko_ i][mcih[ _mn[ i\)
d_]c}h* Ii i\mn[hn_( gos \c_h jo_^_ m_l ko_ [faoh[ inl[ n_il{[
g[h_d_ _mn_ jli\f_g[ ]ih g[sil `[]cfc^[^*
DO\MO\K YLTOMSiX MSOX^hPSMK/ VY [_O O`YV_MSYXK
K ZK\^S\ NOPOXiWOXY] WK^O\SKVO] O] WK^O\SKV
G[ n_l]_l[ i\d_]c}h \[m[^[ _h jl_gcm[m ]c_hn{`c][m m_ ^_lcp[ ^_
f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ _pifo]c}h* @gjc_t[ m_|[f[h^i ko_( m_ah f[ s[

OM@N J=E@>DJI@N >D@IOAD><N

!%(

[]_jn[^[ ^i]nlch[ ^_ f[ _pifo]c}h( fim m_l_m bog[him b[h _pifo)

]cih[^i [ nl[pzm ^_ oh f[lai j_lci^i [ j[lncl ^_ inl[m `ilg[m ^_
pc^[ g_him ]igjf_d[m7 _mni _m( f[ [m]_h^_h]c[ ^_ fim m_l_m bog[)
him jo_^_ nl[t[lm_ b[mn[ mom [h]_mnlim jlcgcncpim( b[mn[ fim gi)
him( b[mn[ ]c_ln[m `ilg[m ^_ pc^[ g[lch[( s `ch[fg_hn_ b[mn[ m_l_m
pcpim ^_ oh[ ]zfof[ ko_ jlipc_h_h ^_ ]c_ln[m `o_lt[m g[n_lc[f_m
s ko_ m_ ^c_lih _h ]c_lnim foa[l_m ^_f ohcp_lmi* Gim m_l_m bog[)
him( jo_m( mih m_l_m ]igjf_dim ko_ b[h _pifo]cih[^i [ j[lncl ^_
`ilg[m ^_ pc^[ jlcgcncp[m* T _mn[m `ilg[m ^_ pc^[ jlcgcncp[m [ mo
p_t l_mofn[lih ^_ l_[]]cih_m `{mc][m s ko{gc][m _hnl_ ]im[m hi pc)
pc_hn_m* Gim m_l_m bog[him _h _f `ih^i( jo_m( b[h _pifo]cih[^i [
j[lncl ^_ ]im[m hi pcpc_hn_m s ]igjf_n[g_hn_ g[n_lc[f_m* Ph[ ji)
mc\f_ n_il{[ _m ko_ ni^i fi ko_ b[s _h _mn_ ohcp_lmi jo_^_ l_gih)
n[lm_ [ mo [m]_h^_h]c[ b[mn[ ff_a[l [ mcgjf_m ynigim ^_ bc^l}a_hi
ko_ \[di ]ih^c]cih_m ^c`_l_hn_m ^_ n_gj_l[nol[ s jl_mc}h ^c_lih
jil l_mofn[^i ynigim s gifz]of[m gym j_m[^im s ]igjf_dim( [fao)
him ^_ fim ]o[f_m m_ nl[hm`ilg[lih _h f[ \[m_ ^_ f[ pc^[ _h _mn_
jf[h_n[* Gim m_l_m bog[him( _hnih]_m( b[h _pifo]cih[^i [ j[lncl
^_ mcgjf_m j[ln{]of[m g[n_lc[f_m g_^c[hn_ oh jli]_mi ]ihnchoi
^_ ]igjf_dc^[^ ]l_]c_hn_* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( m_ah _mn[ i\d_]c}h(
fim m_l_m bog[him hi mih ^_ oh ncji ^c`_l_hn_ ^_ ]o[fkoc_l inli
i\d_ni g[n_lc[f* Ko_^_ m_l gym ]igjf_di ko_ f[ g[sil{[ ^_ fim i\)
d_nim g[n_lc[f_m s _mn[l b_]bi ^_ ncjim hc]im ^_ gifz]of[m( j_li
b[ _pifo]cih[^i [ j[lncl ^_ f[m gcmg[m j[ln{]of[m \ymc][m ko_ fim
yl\if_m( f[m `fil_m( f[m gim][m( f[m [gc\[m s fim pclom* ?_\_gim ]ih)
]focl ^_ [b{ ko_ [m{ ]igi _mn[m inl[m ]im[m mih mcgjf_g_hn_ i\d_)
nim g[n_lc[f_m s hi nc_h_h g_hn_( n[g\czh fim m_l_m bog[him mih
mcjf_m i\d_nim g[n_lc[f_m ko_ ][l_]_h ^_ g_hn_*
@mn[ i\d_]c}h [f ^o[fcmgi nc_h_ ^im `ilg[m* G[ jlcg_l[ _mn[)
\f_]_ ko_( jo_mni ko_ fim bog[him b[h _pifo]cih[^i [ j[lncl ^_
j[ln{]of[m jlcgcncp[m ko_ m}fi _l[h g[n_lc[f_m s hi n_h{[h g_hn_(
fim bog[him gcmgim hi nc_h_h g_hn_* G[ m_aoh^[ `ilg[ ^_ f[
i\d_]c}h _mn[\f_]_ ko_( jo_mni ko_ fim bog[him b[h _pifo]ci)
h[^i [ j[lncl ^_ f[m gcmg[m j[ln{]of[m jlcgcncp[m ko_ ni^im fim
i\d_nim g[n_lc[f_m ko_ hi nc_h_h g_hn_( fim bog[him gcmgim ][)
l_]_h ^_ g_hn_* Ichaoh[ ^_ f[m ^im `ilg[m _m ]ihpch]_hn_* G[
jlcg_l[ `ilg[ m_ \[m[ _h f[ jl_gcm[ ^_ ko_ [ j[lncl ^_ i\d_nim
g[n_lc[f_m m}fi jo_^_h _pifo]cih[l i\d_nim g[n_lc[f_m* @mni _m(
ko_ fim jli]_mim g[n_lc[f_m m}fi jo_^_h ^[l foa[l ][om[fg_hn_ [
inlim jli]_mim g[n_lc[f_m* K_li( ]igi s[ pcgim ]o[h^i _r[gch[)

!&

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

gim f[ m_aoh^[ i\d_]c}h `cfim}`c][( hi b[s l[t}h j[l[ j_hm[l ko_

]c_lnim jli]_mim g[n_lc[f_m hi jo_^_h ^[l foa[l ][om[fg_hn_ [
mo]_mim g_hn[f_m [m{ ]igi [ mo]_mim g[n_lc[f_m* >igi ?o][mm_ fi
m_|[f}( mc_gjl_ ^_\_gim _r[gch[l oh mo]_mi j[lnc]of[l m}fi j[l[
p_l koz l_mofn[^im ][om[f_m jli^o]_* Ii b[s l[t}h j[l[ j_hm[l
ko_ fim l_mofn[^im ][om[f_m ^_ ]c_lnim mo]_mim g[n_lc[f_m hoh][
mih mo]_mim g_hn[f_m* <m{ ko_ \c_h ji^l{[ m_l ko_ _h [fah foa[l(
[ fi f[lai ^_f ][gchi ^_ f[ _pifo]c}h( bo\c_l[ molac^i [fai g[n_)
lc[f ko_ nopi _hnl_ mom l_mofn[^im ][om[f_m mo]_mim g_hn[f_m* Kil
]ihmcaoc_hn_( _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ fim bog[him b[s[h _pifo]cih[^i
[ j[lncl ^_ f[ g[n_lc[ hi [llid[ hchaoh[ ^o^[ mi\l_ _f ^o[fcmgi
g_hn_)]o_lji*
G[ m_aoh^[ `ilg[ ^_ _mn[ i\d_]c}h jo_^_ m_l l_`on[^[ ^_ g[)
h_l[ mcgcf[l* ?_ hchaoh[ g[h_l[ _m _rnl[|i ko_ ni^i fi ko_ _pi)
fo]cih} [ j[lncl ^_ f[ g[n_lc[ jlcgcncp[( _r]_jni fim m_l_m m_hmc)
\f_m( `o_l[ mcgjf_g_hn_ g[n_lc[* Gim m_l_m m_hmc\f_m mih ]igjf_)
n[g_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m ^_ inlim i\d_nim g[n_lc[f_m* @m p_l^[^ ko_ mc
ni^i fi ko_ mojczl[gim []_l][ ^_ fim m_l_m bog[him `o_l[ ko_
_pifo]cih[lih [ j[lncl ^_ f[m gcmg[m ]im[m ko_ ni^[m [ko_ff[m [
j[lncl ^_ f[m ]o[f_m _pifo]cih[lih ni^im fim i\d_nim ko_ hi nc_h_h
g_hn_( _hnih]_m n_h^l{[gim [faoh[ l[t}h j[l[ j_hm[l ko_ fim
bog[him mih mcgjf_g_hn_ g[n_lc[f_m* K_li ni^im n_h_gim inli
]ihi]cgc_hni ^_ fim bog[him( _mj_]c[fg_hn_ []_l][ ^_ mom b[\c)
fc^[^_m c& [f g_him _h ho_mnli jlijci ][mi( []_l][ ^_ mo]_mim s
_mn[^im ko_ j[l_]_h m_l nin[fg_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m ^_ fim `_h}g_him
g[n_lc[f_m* ?_ gi^i ko_ f[ m_aoh^[ `ilg[ ^_ f[ n_l]_l[ i\d_]c}h
]c_hn{`c][( [m{ ]igi f[ jlcg_l[( jlijil]cih[ _m][m[m l[tih_m j[l[
l_]b[t[l _f ^o[fcmgi g_hn_)]o_lji* Cog[him ]ih g_hn_m chg[)
n_lc[f_m [m{ ]igi ]ih ]o_ljim ji^l{[h gos \c_h b[\_l _pifo]ci)
h[^i ^_ oh[ g[h_l[ gos j[lnc]of[l [ j[lncl ^_ f[ g[n_lc[* G[
n_il{[ ko_ ^_m]lc\_ _f ][gchi ^_ f[ _pifo]c}h hi [llid[ hchaoh[
^o^[ mi\l_ _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ f[ g_hn_ b[s[ _pifo]cih[^i [ j[lncl
^_ f[ g[n_lc[*
C_gim _r[gch[^i m_cm i\d_]cih_m [f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[(
]o[nli ]ihnl[ f[ chn_l[]]c}h s ^im ]ihnl[ _f ^o[fcmgi* Ichaoh[
^_ f[m i\d_]cih_m [f ^o[fcmgi( _f jli\f_g[ ^_ inl[m g_hn_m i f[
i\d_]c}h ^_ f[ _pifo]c}h( _m mo`c]c_hn_g_hn_ `o_ln_ j[l[ moj_l[l
fi ko_ j[l_]_ m_l p_l^[^( [ m[\_l( ko_ f[m j_lmih[m nc_h_h g_hn_ s
]o_lji s ko_ f[ g_hn_ s _f ]o_lji mih gos ^c`_l_hn_m* ?im ^_ f[m
i\d_]cih_m ]ihnl[ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi f[ i\d_]c}h ko_ ]o_mncih[

@G K<M<G@GDNHJ

!&

^}h^_ nc_h_h foa[l f[m chn_l[]]cih_m s f[ i\d_]c}h ^_f jlch]cjci

^_ ]ihm_lp[]c}h ^_ f[ _h_la{[ b[h mc^i i \c_h ^_m][ln[^[m i
\c_h h_onl[fct[^[m b[mn[ ]c_lni al[^i* G[m inl[m ^im i\d_]cih_m [
f[ chn_l[]]c}h f[ i\d_]c}h `cfim}`c][ ^_ f[ `[fn[ ^_ `[]nil_m n[hni
_h fim `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m ]igi _h fim g[n_lc[f_m ko_( jlip_)
hc_h^i ^_ ohim( [`_]n[h [ fim inlim( s f[ i\d_]c}h ]c_hn{`c][ ^_
f[ `[fn[ ^_ oh bo_]i _h f[ _rjfc][]c}h `cmcif}ac][ ^_f ]igjiln[)
gc_hni bog[hi [llid[ KVQ_XK ^o^[ mi\l_ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi
^o[fcmn[* Ii n_h_gim( jo_m( domnc`c][]c}h j[l[ []_jn[l _mn[ ji)
mc]c}h gc_hnl[m hi b[s[gim _r[gch[^i jimc]cih_m [fn_lh[ncp[m
j[l[ [p_lcao[l mc inl[m mih g_him ^o^im[m ko_ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi
^o[fcmn[* T jo_mni ko_ ^im ^_ f[m i\d_]cih_m gym `o_ln_m _mnyh ^c)
lcac^[m ]ihnl[ f[ chn_l[]]c}h ][om[f _hnl_ f[ g_hn_ s _f ]o_lji( oh
][h^c^[ni i\pci j[l[ ]ihmncnocl oh[ n_il{[ g_him ^o^im[ _m oh
^o[fcmgi ko_ _fo^[ f[ chn_l[]]c}h* @mn[ _m( _h _m_h]c[( f[ jimc]c}h
^_c j[l[f_fcmgi*
@ G K<M<G@GDNH J

@f j[l_fcmgi _m oh[ `ilg[ ^_f ^o[fcmgi g_hn_)]o_lji* <f cao[f

ko_ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi [`clg[ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ nc_h_ oh[ g_hn_
chg[n_lc[f s oh ]o_lji( ko_ ]ihmn[ ^_ mo]_mim s jli]_mim g_h)
n[f_m s ]iljil[f_m( s ko_ fim `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m s g[n_lc[f_m
mih l[^c][fg_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m* N_ ^cmnchao_ ^_f chn_l[]]cihcmgi(
mch _g\[lai( _h ko_ hc_a[ ko_ b[s[ [faoh[ chn_l[]]c}h ][om[f
_hnl_ g_hn_ s ]o_lji* Gim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m nc_h_h foa[l _h oh
j_lci^i n_gjil[f( [faohim ][om[h^i inlim( j_li hchaohi [`_])
n[h^i ][om[fg_hn_ [fah mo]_mi g[n_lc[f* Dao[fg_hn_( fim mo]_)
mim g[n_lc[f_m i]oll_h _h ^c`_l_hn_m foa[l_m s gig_hnim( [fao)
him ][om[h^i inlim( j_li hchaohi [`_]n[h^i ][om[fg_hn_ [fah
mo]_mi g_hn[f* <g\im ncjim ^_ mo]_mi nc_h_h foa[l ^_ oh[ g[)
h_l[ ]igjf_n[g_hn_ ch^_j_h^c_hn_* @h _f ][mi ^_ oh[ j_lmih[
ch^cpc^o[f m_ [^gcn_ ko_ ]c_lnim mo]_mim ]iljil[f_m( n[f_m ]igi
ligj_lm_ oh \l[ti( \OQ_VK\WOX^O Z\OMONOX [ ]c_lnim mo]_mim g_hn[)
f_m( n[f_m ]igi m_hncl ^ifil7 s ko_ ]c_lnim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m( n[f_m
]igi ^_]c^cl( \OQ_VK\WOX^O Z\OMONOX [ ]c_lni ]igjiln[gc_hni ]il)
jil[f( n[f ]igi gip_l oh j_}h _h foa[l ^_ oh [f`cf* K_li _h _mim
][mim m_ [`clg[ ko_ hi b[s chn_l[]]c}h ][om[f _h [\mifoni* O_h_l
oh \l[ti lini hi MK_]K ^ifil( s ^_]c^cl gip_l oh j_}h hi _m ][om[
^_ ko_ ohi fi go_p[* O[f_m mo]_mim mih g_l[g_hn_ j[l[f_fim(

!&!

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

_h _f m_hnc^i ^_ ko_ ]c_lnim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m _mnyh []igj[|[^im

^_ ]c_lnim mo]_mim ]iljil[f_m s ^_ ko_ ]c_lnim mo]_mim ]iljil[f_m
_mnyh []igj[|[^im ^_ ]c_lnim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m* @f j[l[f_fcmgi(
jil fi n[hni( _m][j[ [ f[m ^im i\d_]cih_m ko_ [llid[h ^o^[m mi\l_
_f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[* Ki^_gim _hnih]_m ]ih]focl ^_ _ffi
ko_ ^_\_gim ijn[l jil _f j[l[f_fcmgi _h foa[l ^_f ^o[fcmgi; Kil
fi g_him hi ni^[p{[( jilko_ b[s oh[ i\d_]c}h [f j[l[f_mgi ko_
_f chn_l[]]cihcmgi hi _h`l_hn[* Nc zmn[ _m m_lc[( _hnih]_m n[f p_t
n_ha[gim ko_ l_]b[t[l _f j[l[f_fcmgi jil m_l ch`_lcil [f chn_l[])
]cihcmgi*
EXK YLTOMSiX KV ZK\KVOVS]WY/ XY Z_ONO
ObZVSMK\ VK] \OQ_VK\SNKNO] YL]O\`KNK]
Nc _f j[l[f_fcmgi _mny _h fi ]ill_]ni s fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m [m{
]igi fim g[n_lc[f_m nc_h_h foa[l ^_ oh[ g[h_l[ ]igjf_n[g_hn_
ch^_j_h^c_hn_( _hnih]_m hi b[s l[t}h j[l[ ko_ b[s[ l_f[]cih_m
l_aof[l_m _hnl_ [faohim ^_ _ffim* Ii b[s l[t}h j[l[ ko_ fi ko_
mca[ [ f[ `l[]nol[ ^_ oh \l[ti hi m_[ ^ifil oh[ p_t s [f_al{[ inl[*
Ki^_gim _hn_h^_l jil koz [ f[ `l[]nol[ ^_ oh \l[ti ^_\_ m_)
aoclf_ _f ^ifil mc f[m `l[]nol[m ^_ bo_mim ][om[h ^ifil( j_li oh[
l_aof[lc^[^ m_g_d[hn_ ^ih^_ hi b[s oh[ l_f[]c}h ][om[f _rca_
]c_ln[ _rjfc][]c}h* K[l_]_ cgjli\[\f_ ko_ n[f_m l_aof[lc^[^_m ^_
[]ihn_]cgc_hnim g_hn[f_m s ]iljil[f_m j[l[f_fim i]ollc_l[h jil
g_l[ ][mo[fc^[^* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( ^c]b[m l_aof[lc^[^_m ^_\_h
m_l _rjfc][^[m( j_li ]}gi jo_^_ _rjfc][lf[m _f j[l[f_fcmgi; Ii
jo_^_ [jis[lm_ _h _f ncji b[\cno[f ^_ _rjfc][]c}h ][om[f( ]igi _f
ko_ om[ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi( s hi j[l_]_ b[\_l ^cmjihc\f_ hchah
inli ncji ^_ _rjfc][]c}h* @mn[ i\d_]c}h( jo_m( ]ihmcmn_ _h ko_ _f
j[l[f_fcmgi( [ ^c`_l_h]c[ ^_f chn_l[]]cihcmgi( hi jo_^_ _rjfc][l
[^_]o[^[g_hn_ [ko_ffi ko_ l_koc_l_ ^_ _rjfc][]c}h s( jil ]ih)
mcaoc_hn_( ^_\_l{[ m_l l_]b[t[^[ _h `[pil ^_ [faoh[ inl[ n_il{[(
]igi _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi( ko_ jo_^_ jlijil]cih[l f[m _rjfc][]ci)
h_m [jlijc[^[m*
@h _f j[m[^i fim j[l[f_fcmn[m l_mjih^c_lih [ _mn[ i\d_]c}h ^_
^im g[h_l[m ^c`_l_hn_m* Io_mnl[ n[l_[ m_ly p_l mc [faoh[ ^_ _mn[m
l_mjo_mn[m _m [^_]o[^[* Ccmn}lc][g_hn_( fim ^im ncjim ^c`_l_hn_m
^_ _rjfc][]c}h ^_ f[m l_aof[lc^[^_m g_hn_)]o_lji ko_ b[h i`l_)
]c^i fim j[l[f_fcmn[m m_ b[h \[m[^i s[ m_[ _h f[ n_il{[ ^_f i][mci)

@G K<M<G@GDNHJ

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h[fcmgi s[ m_[ _h f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ [lgih{[ jl__mn[\f_]c^[* >ihmc)

^_l_gim ][^[ oh[ ^_ _ff[m*
EXK \O]Z_O]^K/ OV YMK]SYXKVS]WY
@f YMK]SYXKVS]WY& _rjo_mni jil _f `cf}mi`i ][n}fc]i H[f_\l[h]b_( _m
f[ n_il{[ ^_ ko_ _h f[ i][mc}h _h ko_ i]oll_h ]c_lnim mo]_mim ]il)
jil[f_m( ?cim( ko_ jo_^_ b[]_l ko_ ]o[fkoc_l ]im[ m_[ jimc\f_(
][om[ ]c_lnim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m( s _h f[ i][mc}h _h ko_ i]oll_h
]c_lnim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m ?cim ][om[ ]c_lnim mo]_mim ]iljil[f_m* ?_
gi^i ko_ [ohko_ hi b[s[ oh[ []]c}h ][om[f _hnl_ f[ g_hn_ s _f
]o_lji( ji^_gim _rjfc][l f[ l_aof[lc^[^ ko_ b[s _hnl_ ]c_lnim
mo]_mim g_hn[f_m s ]c_lnim mo]_mim `{mc]im ^_]f[l[h^i ko_ ?cim(
ko_ nc_h_ f[ gym il^_h[^[ s ji^_lim[ ^_ f[m g_hn_m( ][om[ l_)
aof[lg_hn_ _f gcmgi ncji ^_ mo]_mi g_hn[f ][^[ p_t ko_ i]oll_
]c_lni ncji ^_ mo]_mi ]iljil[f( s _f gcmgi ncji ^_ mo]_mi ]iljil[f
][^[ p_t ko_ i]oll_ _f gcmgi ncji ^_ mo]_mi g_hn[f*
COQ_XNK \O]Z_O]^K/ VK ^OY\hK NO VK K\WYXhK Z\OO]^KLVOMSNK
G[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ K\WYXhK Z\OO]^KLVOMSNK& n[f s ]igi f[ _rjomi G_c\)
hct( [`clg[ ko_ f[ m_lc_ ^_ mo]_mim ]iljil[f_m s f[ m_lc_ ^_ mo)
]_mim g_hn[f_m i]oll_h m_ah oh jf[h jl__mn[\f_]c^i( jl_mogc)
\f_g_hn_ ^cpchi* Kil fi n[hni( koz mo]_mi g[n_lc[f m_ mcao_ ^_
]c_lni mo]_mi g[n_lc[f _mny jl_^_n_lgch[^i( s koz mo]_mi g_hn[f
m_ mcao_ ^_ ]c_lni mo]_mi g_hn[f _mny jl_^_n_lgch[^i* <^_gym(
b[s oh[ [lgih{[ jl_^_n_lgch[^[ _hnl_ _mn[m ^im m_lc_m ch^_j_h)
^c_hn_m ^_ mo]_mim* @mni _m( f[m ^im m_lc_m ch^_j_h^c_hn_m _mnyh
[ll_af[^[m ^_ n[f g[h_l[ ko_ ]c_lnim mo]_mim _h f[ m_lc_ g[n_lc[f
p[h mc_gjl_ []igj[|[^im ^_ ]c_lnim mo]_mim _h f[ m_lc_ g_hn[f( s
pc]_p_lm[* @mn[ mcno[]c}h b[ mc^i ]igj[l[^[ ]ih ^im l_fid_m( ohi
^_ fim ]o[f_m nc_h_ ][lynof[ s g[h_]cff[m j_li hi ][gj[hcff[ ko_
^z f[ bil[( s inli ko_ nc_h_ ][gj[hcff[ j_li ][l_]_ ^_ ][lynof[
s g[h_]cff[m* Nc [faoc_h i\m_lp[l[ ko_( ][^[ p_t ko_ f[m g[h_]c)
ff[m ^_ oh l_fid _mnyh _h oh[ jimc]c}h( _f inli ^[ oh[ ][gj[h[^[(
s ko_( ][^[ p_t ko_ f[m g[h_]cff[m _mnyh _h inl[ jimc]c}h( _f m_)
aoh^i l_fid ^[ ^im ][gj[h[^[m( s [m{ mo]_mcp[g_hn_( ji^l{[ ]ih)
]focl ko_ b[s oh[ ]ih_rc}h ][om[f _hnl_ [g\im l_fid_m( _m ^_]cl(
ko_ ohi ][om[ ko_ [fai mo]_^[ _h _f inli* K_li mc _r[gch[l[ f[

!&#

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

mcno[]c}h ]ih g[sil ]oc^[^i m_ ^[l{[ ]o_hn[ ^_ ko_ hi b[s hch)

aoh[ l_f[]c}h ][om[f _hnl_ fim ^im l_fid_m* Gi hc]i ko_ mo]_^_ _m
koY [g\im b[h mc^i l_aof[^im s _]b[^im [ [h^[l ^_ n[f g[h_l[
ko_ ][^[ p_t ko_ f[m g[h_]cff[m ^_ ohi _mnzh _h ]c_ln[ jimc]c}h(
l_mofn[ ko_ _f inli mo_h[ mo ][gj[hcff[ ]c_lni hg_li ^_ p_]_m*
@mnim ^im l_fid_m ][gch[h j[l[f_f[g_hn_ s go_mnl[h oh[ l_aof[)
lc^[^ ]igh i [lgih{[ ko_ l_mofn[( hi ^_ oh _`_]ni ][om[f ^_ oh
l_fid mi\l_ _f inli _h ]c_lnim gig_hnim( hc ^_ f[ chn_lp_h]c}h ]ih)
ncho[ ^_ oh[ `o_lt[ ][om[f _rn_lh[( mchi ^_f _`_]ni ][om[f ^_ oh
m_l ko_( _h ]c_lni gig_hni jl_pci( jomi [ f[ gcmg[ bil[ ][^[ l_)
fid ch^_j_h^c_hn_g_hn_( ^_ mo_ln_ ko_ ][^[ ohi ][gch[ ^_ ]c_ln[
g[h_l[* <bil[ \c_h( ^c]_ G_c\hct6
j}ha[m_ [f [fg[ s [f ]o_lji _h _f foa[l ^_ _mnim ^im l_fid_m* @hnih)
]_m mo []o_l^i i mcgj[n{[ n_h^lyh foa[l ^_ [faohi ^_ fim mcaoc_hn_m
nl_m gi^im* @f RTIT IJ QF NSKQZJSHNF V_f chn_l[]]cihcmgiX _m _f ^_ f[ `c)
fimi`{[ gym ]igh* K_li jo_mni ko_ _m cgjimc\f_ ]ih]_\cl _mj_]c_m
i j[ln{]of[m g[n_lc[f_m( i ]o[fc^[^_m chg[n_lc[f_m ko_ jo_^[h j[m[l
^_ oh[ ^_ _mn[m momn[h]c[m [ f[ inl[( _mn_ johni ^_ pcmn[ ^_\_ m_l l_)
]b[t[^i* @f RTIT IJ QF FXNXYJSHNF V_f i][mcih[fcmgiX _m _f ^_f mcmn_g[
^_ f[m ][om[m i][mcih[f_m* K_li si mimn_hai ko_ ?cim chn_lp_h^l{[
m}fi ^_ f[ g[h_l[ _h ko_ fi b[l{[ l_mj_]ni ^_ ni^[m f[m ^_gym ]i)
m[m h[nol[f_m* <m{ ko_ m}fi ko_^[ gc bcj}n_mcm( _m ^_]cl( _f RTIT IJ
QF FWRTScF UWJJXYFGQJHNIF m_ah f[ ]o[f ?cim b[ ]l_[^i ][^[ oh[ ^_
_mn[m ^im momn[h]c[m ^_m^_ _f jlch]cjci ^_ n[f g[h_l[ ko_( [ohko_
][^[ oh[ mca[ mom jlijc[m f_s_m( ko_ b[ l_]c\c^i ^_m^_ _f ]igc_hti(
[g\[m ]ih]o_l^[h _hnl_ m{ ^_ oh[ g[h_l[ n[h ]igjf_n[ ]igi mc
_d_l]c_l[h oh[ ch`fo_h]c[ gono[ i ]igi mc mc_gjl_ chn_lpchc_l[ f[
g[hi ^_ ?cim( gym [ffy ^_ mo chn_lp_h]c}h a_h_l[f*-2
@mn[m ^im jimc]cih_m j[l[f_fcmn[m nc_h_h oh[ ]im[ _h ]igh6 ko_
[g\[m jimnof[h f[ _rcmn_h]c[ ^_ oh[ _hnc^[^ chi\m_lp[\f_ ko_
ff[g[h ?cim j[l[ _rjfc][l ]c_ln[m l_aof[lc^[^_m i\m_lp[^[m _h)
nl_ f[ g_hn_ s _f ]o_lji* ?c]b[ _h^^[^ _m ff[g[^[ OX^SNKN ^Oi\SMK
jilko_ _m oh[ _hnc^[^ chi\m_lp[\f_ jimnof[^[ ]igi j[ln_ ^_
oh[ n_il{[ ^cm_|[^[ j[l[ _rjfc][l ]c_lnim `_h}g_him i\m_lp[^im*
G_c\hct domnc`c][ mo jimnof[]c}h j[lnc]of[l _h ^im j[mim* Klcg_li(
[`clg[ ko_ _m h_]_m[lci jimnof[l [faoh[ ]im[ jilko_ f[m l_ao)
f[lc^[^_m _hnl_ f[ g_hn_ s _f ]o_lji hi jo_^_h m_l _rjfc][^[m
-2
B* R* G_c\hct( ;MNQTXTUMNHFQ ;FUJWX FSI 7JYYJWX# G* @* G _ig e_l %_^*&( P hcp_l)
mcns i ` >bc][ai Kl_mm( >bc][ai( -521( j* 31-*

@G K<M<G@GDNHJ

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]igi l_mofn[^i ^_ oh[ chn_l[]]c}h ][om[f g_hn_)]o_lji( s ^ih^_

oh[ jimnof[]c}h _m h_]_m[lc[ j[l[ oh[ _rjfc][]c}h _mny mch ^o^[
domnc`c][^[* @h m_aoh^i foa[l( domnc`c][ mo jimnof[]c}h j[lnc]of[l
]ihmc^_lyh^if[ jl_`_lc\f_ [ f[ ^_ H[f_\l[h]b_ mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_
ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ zmn_ l_koc_l_ gym []]c}h ^_ f[ h_]_m[lc[ jil
j[ln_ ^_ f[ _hnc^[^ jimnof[^[* Ii ][\_ ^o^[ ^_ ko_ ^_\_gim
jimnof[l h[^[ gym ko_ fi ko_ _m h_]_m[lci j[l[ _rjfc][l fi i\m_l)
p[^i* T jo_mni ko_ f[m l_aof[lc^[^_m _hnl_ f[ g_hn_ s _f ]o_lji
jo_^_h m_l _rjfc][^[m jimnof[h^i [ ?cim( j_li mch jimnof[l mo ch)
n_lp_h]c}h ]ihncho[ _h ][^[ chmn[h]c[ ^_ f[ l_aof[lc^[^ _hnl_ f[
g_hn_ s _f ]o_lji( G_c\hct _mny domnc`c][^i j[l[ l_]b[t[l f[ n_il{[
^_ H[f_\l[h]b_ jil m_l ch`_lcil [ f[ mos[*
EXK YLTOMSiX K KWLK] ^OY\hK]/ ZY]^_VKX _X ?_om _r H[]bch[
@f jlch]cjci j[l[ l_]b[t[l _f i][mcih[fcmgi _m ko_ mc m_ jo_^_
^[l oh[ _rjfc][]c}h mch jimnof[l [fai( _hnih]_m _m[ jimnof[]c}h
hi ^_\_ b[]_lm_* >}gi m_ [jfc][ _mn_ jlch]cjci [ f[ p_lmc}h ^_
G_c\hct mi\l_ _f j[l[f_fcmgi; Nc( ]igi zf [`clg[( _m cgjimc\f_ ko_
f[ g_hn_ s _f ]o_lji chn_l[]n_h( _hnih]_m _m h_]_m[lc[ oh[ jim)
nof[]c}h j[l[ f[ _rjfc][]c}h s jil fi n[hni _mny domnc`c][^[* K_li
[ohko_ b_gim pcmni ko_ f[ chn_l[]]c}h g_hn_)]o_lji jo_^_ m_l
gos gcmn_lcim[ _ ch]fomi cgjli\[\f_( hi b_gim _h]ihnl[^i hch)
aoh[ l[t}h j[l[ j_hm[l ko_ _m cgjimc\f_* <m{ ko_ hi _m h_]_m[lci
jimnof[l f[ []]c}h ][om[f ^_ oh[ _hnc^[^ chi\m_lp[\f_ j[l[ _rjfc)
][l f[m l_aof[lc^[^_m _hnl_ f[ g_hn_ s _f ]o_lji( s jil fi n[hni
_f l[tih[gc_hni ^_ G_c\hct _h ]ihnl[ ^_f chn_l[]]cihcmgi s _h
`[pil ^_ oh[ ][om[ jimnof[^[( `l[][m[*
Ki^_gim [bil[ l_]b[t[l f[ n_il{[ ^_ G_c\hct s ]ih _ff[ _f
i][mcih[fcmgi s( jil fi n[hni( _f j[l[f_fcmgi ( i b[s [faoh[ inl[
g[h_l[ j[l[ domnc`c][l f[ jimnof[]c}h ^_ oh[ _hnc^[^ n_}lc][ ko_
jo^c_l[ [jfc][lm_ _h _mn_ ][mi; @rcmn_ oh[* Nc jo_^_ gimnl[lm_
ko_ g_^c[hn_ oh[ jimnof[]c}h j[lnc]of[l ji^_gim( hi n[h m}fi
_rjfc][l fim `_h}g_him ko_ l_koc_l_h ^_ oh[ _rjfc][]c}h( mchi
n[g\czh jl_^_]cl ]ill_]n[g_hn_ b_]bim ko_ ^_ inl[ g[h_l[ b[)
\l{[h j_lg[h_]c^i ch[^p_lnc^im( _hnih]_m ji^_gim domnc`c][l f[
[]_jn[]c}h ^_f jimnof[^i mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ mo ][j[]c^[^ j[l[ ch)
]l_g_hn[l _f ]ihi]cgc_hni* ?c]bi ji^_l jl_^c]cncpi _m cgjil)
n[hn_ n[g\czh _h inli m_hnc^i( jilko_ ][j[]cn[ [ f[ bcj}n_mcm ko_

!&%

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

jimnof[ oh[ _hnc^[^ n_}lc][ j[l[ m_l jli\[^[ g_^c[hn_ f[ i\)

m_lp[]c}h s f[ _rj_lcg_hn[]c}h s ]ih _ffi j[l[ m_l ]ih`clg[^[
i ^_m_]b[^[* @mn[ ][j[]c^[^ j[l[ m_l jli\[^[ _m _m_h]c[f j[l[
ko_ oh[ bcj}n_mcm m_[ ]c_hn{`c][* K_li ]o[h^i oh[ bcj}n_mcm ][)
l_]_ ^_ _ff[ s ^_ ji^_l jl_^c]ncpi s hi _m h_]_m[lc[ j[l[ _rjfc][l
h[^[( _hnih]_m _m ]f[li ko_ ^_\_ m_l l_]b[t[^[* N_l{[ g_l[g_hn_
oh[ bcj}n_mcm KN RYM& s ]o[fkoc_l _hnc^[^ ko_ jimnof_ j[l[ _rjfc)
][l [fai m_l{[ fi ko_ G_c\hct ff[g[ oh NO_] Ob WKMRSXK& _mni _m(
oh[ _hnc^[^ n_}lc][ ]osi hc]i omi _m ][j[]cn[l [ mo n_il{[ j[l[
_rjfc][l fi ko_ zmn[ hi ji^l{[ _rjfc][l ^_ inl[ g[h_l[*
@m KN RYM f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ G_c\hct ^_ f[ [lgih{[ jl__mn[\f_]c^[(
s( jil fi n[hni( jo_^_ mo [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ _f i][mcih[fcmgi l_)
koc_l_ oh NO_] Ob WKMRSXK pifp_lm_ ]ihnl[ mo jlijc[ n_il{[; G[
bcj}n_mcm ^_ G_c\hct []_l][ ^_ ?cim ]igi ][om[ ^_ f[m l_aof[lc)
^[^_m _hnl_ f[ g_hn_ s _f ]o_lji n_h^l{[ oh ji^_l jl_^c]ncpi
m}fi mc jo^czl[gim f__l f[ g_hn_ ^_ ?cim s ^_m]o\lcl koz ncjim
^_ l_aof[lc^[^_m _hnl_ f[ g_hn_ s _f ]o_lji [h hi i\m_lp[^[m
zf jli^o]cly _h _f `onoli* K_li n[f f_]nol[ ^_ f[ g_hn_ _mny gym
[ffy ^_ ho_mnl[ ][j[]c^[^* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( f[ bcj}n_mcm hi nc_h_
ji^_l jl_^c]ncpi s jil fi n[hni hi m_ jo_^_ jli\[l g_^c[hn_ f[
i\m_lp[]c}h s f[ _rj_lcg_hn[]c}h* @m ]c_ln[g_hn_ oh[ bcj}n_mcm
KN RYM& s mo _hnc^[^ jimnof[^[ _m oh NO_] Ob WKMRSXK( ?_\_ m_l l_)
]b[t[^[ _h `[pil ^_f chn_l[]]cihcmgi( [ohko_ _mn[ n_il{[ _h`l_hn_
mom jlijcim jli\f_g[m* @mni _m _mj_]c[fg_hn_ ]c_lni mc( [ j_m[l
^_ f[m ^c`c]ofn[^_m( j[l_]_ m_l _f ][mi ko_ _h _`_]ni fim mo]_mim
g_hn[f_m s fim mo]_mim ]iljil[f_m chn_l[]n[h ][om[fg_hn_* Ii
^_\_gim l_]b[t[l oh[ n_il{[ ko_ ]ich]c^_ ]ih f[ g[h_l[ ]igi
f[m ]im[m j[l_]_ ko_ mih( _h `[pil ^_ oh[ m_aoh^[ n_il{[ lcp[f ko_
m}fi nc_h_ [ mo `[pil _f ji^_l ^_ _fo^cl ]c_ln[m ^c`c]ofn[^_m ko_ f[
jlcg_l[ n_il{[ _h`l_hn[* Kil ]ihmcaoc_hn_( ji^_gim l_]b[t[l _f
j[l[f_fcmgi( s[ m_[ ko_ m_ \[m_ _h f[ [lgih{[ jl__mn[\f_]c^[ i _h
_f i][mcih[fcmgi( _h n[hni ][h^c^[ni j[l[ l_gjf[t[l [f chn_l[])
]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[ ]igi f[ n_il{[ g_hn_)]o_lji gym jf[omc\f_* @f
j[l[f_fcmgi ]igi chn_hni ^_ _fo^cl f[m ^c`c]ofn[^_m ^_f chn_l[]]ci)
hcmgi p[ ^_g[mc[^i f_dim _h mo [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ f[ g_hn_ s _f
]o_lji mih ]igjf_n[g_hn_ ch^_j_h^c_hn_m*

@G @KDA@IJH@I<GDNHJ

!&&

G @ K DA @ I J H @ I < G DN H J

Nc l_pcm[gim f[m i\d_]cih_m ]ihnl[ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[ ji)

^_gim l_]il^[l ko_ oh[ ^_ f[m i\d_]cih_m gym `o_ln_m [ f[ ch)
n_l[]]c}h ][om[f g_hn_)]o_lji _m f[ ko_ m_ \[m[ _h f[ `[fn[ ^_
oh bo_]i _h f[ _rjfc][]c}h `cmcif}ac][ ^_f ]igjiln[gc_hni* @h)
]ihnl[gim ko_ [ohko_ _mn[ i\d_]c}h [llid[ [faoh[ ^o^[ mi\l_ f[
_rcmn_h]c[ ^_ oh[ ][om[fc^[^ jmc]i)`{mc][( _mni _m( ko_ oh mo]_mi
g_hn[f ][om_ oh mo]_mi g[n_lc[f( hi nc_h_ `o_lt[ ]o[h^i m_ [jfc][
[ f[ ][om[fc^[^ `{mc]i)jm{koc][* <m{ ko_ hi b_gim _h]ihnl[^i hch)
aoh[ l[t}h j[l[ ^o^[l ^_ ko_ ]c_lnim mo]_mim g[n_lc[f_m jo_^[h
][om[l mo]_mim g_hn[f_m( s b_gim l_`on[^i f[ i\d_]c}h ^_ f[ _pi)
fo]c}h mi\l_ _mn[ \[m_* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( _mn[ i\d_]c}h ]ihnl[ f[
chn_l[]]c}h g_hn_)]o_lji jo_^_ m_l _fo^c^[ mch ff_a[l [f _rnl_gi
^_f j[l[f_fcmgi* Gi hc]i ko_ n_h_gim ko_ h_a[l _m ko_ fim mo)
]_mim g_hn[f_m [`_]n_h ][om[fg_hn_ [ fim mo]_mim ]iljil[f_m* @mni
him ]ih^o]_ [f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi( johni ^_ pcmn[ jlijo_mni jil
Obig[m Corf_s( koc_h [`clg[6
@h himinlim ni^im fim _mn[^im ^_ ]ih]c_h]c[( [m{ ]igi _h Vfim \lo)
nimX( mih ][om[^im ^_ g[h_l[ chg_^c[n[ jil ][g\cim gif_]of[l_m
^_ f[ momn[h]c[ ]_l_\l[f* H_ j[l_]_ ko_ _h fim big\l_m( [m{ ]igi
_h fim \lonim( hi b[s jlo_\[ ^_ ko_ [fah _mn[^i ^_ ]ih]c_h]c[ m_[
f[ ][om[ ^_f ][g\ci ko_ b[s _h _f gipcgc_hni ^_ f[ g[n_lc[ ^_f
ila[hcmgi* Nc _mn[m jimc]cih_m _mnyh \c_h `oh^[g_hn[^[m( m_ mcao_
ko_ ho_mnl[m ]ih^c]cih_m g_hn[f_m mih mcgjf_g_hn_ fim m{g\ifim(
_h f[ ]ih]c_h]c[( ^_ fim ][g\cim ko_ nc_h_h foa[l [onigync][g_hn_
_h _f ila[hcmgi7 s ko_( j[l[ nig[l oh[ cfomnl[]c}h _rnl_g[( _f m_h)
ncgc_hni ko_ ff[g[gim pifc]c}h hi _m f[ ][om[ ^_ oh []ni pifohn[lci(
mchi _f m{g\ifi ^_ oh _mn[^i ^_f ]_l_\li ko_ _m f[ ][om[ chg_^c[n[
^_f []ni* Nigim [on}g[n[m ]ihm]c_hn_m** * -
Ki^_gim p_l [ j[lncl ^_ _mn[ ]cn[ ko_ _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi( [f
cao[f ko_ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi s _f j[l[f_mgi( _m oh ^o[fcmgi
g_hn_)]o_lji* Gim bog[him %s m_ah Corf_s( ch]fomi [faoh[m
\_mnc[m& mih m_l_m ]ihm]c_hn_m* @m ^_]cl( ko_ ]c_lnim mo]_mim g_h)
n[f_m f_m i]oll_h [ fim bog[him* <^_gym( jil mojo_mni( fim bo)
g[him nc_h_h ]o_lji* @h fi ko_ _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi ^c`c_l_ ^_
-3

O* C* Corf_s( 8JYMTI FSI =JXNIYX# < jjf_nih)>_hnols)>li`nm( Io_p[ Tile(

-:45/( j* .00*

!&'

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

f[m inl[m ^im n_il{[m ^o[fcmn[m _m _h f[ c^_[ ko_ nc_h_ ^_ f[ l_f[]c}h

_hnl_ f[ g_hn_ s _f ]o_lji* N_ah _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmn[ oh mo]_mi
g_hn[f _m mcgjf_g_hn_ oh _jc`_h}g_hi( i( _h inl[m j[f[\l[m( oh
mo\jli^o]ni ^_ ]c_lnim jli]_mim g[n_lc[f_m* >o[h^i _mnim jli)
]_mim g[n_lc[f_m nc_h_h foa[l ][om[h inlim jli]_mim g[n_lc[f_m s
jli^o]_h mo\jli^o]nim ko_ jil m{ gcmgim hi nc_h_h _`_]ni mi)
\l_ hchaoh[ inl[ ]im[* N[hn[s[h[ b[ ]igj[l[^i f[ l_f[]c}h _hnl_
fim mo]_mim ]iljil[f_m s fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m ]ih f[ l_f[]c}h _hnl_
oh [llisi ^_ gihn[|[ ko_ m_ jl_]cjcn[ b[]c[ oh jiti jil _h]cg[
s [fl_^_^il ^_ [faoh[m li][m( s _f \ol\od_[hn_ mihc^i ko_ jli)
^o]_ _f [ao[ ko_ ]ill_* @f mihc^i \ol\od_[hn_ _m ][om[^i ]igi
mo\jli^o]ni ^_f [ao[ ko_ ]ill_ [fl_^_^il ^_ f[m li][m* Ii [`_]n[
_f ]olmi ^_f [ao[( ]os[ p_fi]c^[^ m}fi _m [`_]n[^[ _h mo ][gchi
jil f[m li][m s ^_gym i\d_nim ko_ m_ [nl[pc_m[h _h mo ][gchi*
O[gji]i _f \ol\od_[hn_ mojli^o]ni [`_]n[ _h hchah gig_hni
[f mihc^i ko_ l_mofn[ ^_ ]o[fkoc_l gig_hni jimn_lcil* @f mihc^i
ko_ m_ jli^o]_ _h ][^[ gig_hni _m ][om[^i jil f[ []]c}h ^_ f[m
li][m s _f [ao[( j_l_]c_h^i mch ^_d[l oh mifi _`_]ni jlijci* Dao[f)
g_hn_( ][^[ mo]_mi g_hn[f _m _f mo\jli^o]ni ][om[f ^_ [fah mo)
]_mi g[n_lc[f _h f[ m_lc_ chchn_llogjc^[ ^_ mo]_mim g[n_lc[f_m*
>[^[ mo]_mi g_hn[f _m jli^o]c^i( nl[hm]oll_ s n_lgch[ mch [`_])
n[l ][om[fg_hn_ hchaoh[ inl[ ]im[*
@f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi _m [nl[]ncpi jil p[lc[m l[tih_m* Ph[ l[)
t}h( f[ ko_ jli\[\f_g_hn_ [nl[di [ Corf_s( _m ko_ p[ ^_ []o_l^i
]ih f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ _pifo]c}h* Hc_hnl[m gym ]igjfc][^im m_ po_f)
p_h fim jli]_mim `{mc]im( g_him ^c`{]cf _m ]ih]_\cl [ f[ ]ih]c_h)
]c[ _pifo]cih[h^i ]igi oh mo\jli^o]ni ko_ hi [`_]n[ ][om[f)
g_hn_ _f jli]_mi g[n_lc[f _pifoncpi \ymc]i* G[ m_aoh^[ l[t}h
_m ko_( jo_mni ko_ [`clg[ ko_ m}fi fim mo]_mim g[n_lc[f_m mih
][om[fg_hn_ _`c][]_m( _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi _pcn[ _f jli\f_g[ ^_f
bo_]i _h f[ _rjfc][]c}h `cmcif}ac][ ^_f ]igjiln[gc_hni bog[hi
]ih _f ko_ m_ _h`l_hn[ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi* G[ n_l]_l[ _m ko_ _f
_jc`_hig_h[fcmgi n[g\czh _m [nl[]ncpi j[l[ go]b[ a_hn_ ko_ f_
^[ oh al[h p[fil [ f[ ][j[]c^[^ ]c_hn{`c][ ^_ ]ihnlif* Nc _f _jc)
`_hig_h[fcmgi _m ]ill_]ni( hi n_h_gim ko_ m[\_l h[^[ []_l][
^_ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m j[l[ m_l ][j[]_m ^_ _rjfc][l( jl_^_]cl s
]ihnlif[l _f ]igjiln[gc_hni bog[hi( jilko_ fim mo]_mim g_h)
n[f_m hi ^_m_gj_|[l{[h hchah j[j_f _h f[ ^_n_lgch[]c}h ][om[f
^_f ]igjiln[gc_hni* >igi ]ihm_]o_h]c[ ^_ _ffi( hchah `[]nil
g_hn[f i]ofni _m h_]_m[lci j[l[ i\n_h_l jl_^c]]cih_m jl_]cm[m*'

@G @KDA@IJH@I<GDNHJ

!&(

Ph[ ]o[ln[ l[t}h _m ko_( [ ^c`_l_h]c[ ^_f j[l[f_fcmgi( _f _jc`_)

hig_h[fcmgi hi l_koc_l_ ^_ oh NO_] Ob WKMRSXK j[l[ _rjfc][l f[m
l_aof[lc^[^_m _hnl_ f[ g_hn_ s _f ]o_lji jilko_ [`clg[ ko_ ][^[
mo]_mi g_hn[f _m _f mo\jli^o]ni ][om[f ^_ ]c_lni mo]_mi g[n_lc[f*
@f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi( jo_m( _fo^_ f[ gym cgjiln[hn_ ^_ f[m i\d_)
]cih_m ]ihnl[ mom ^im n_il{[m ^o[fcmn[m lcp[f_m* Nch _g\[cai( ]ig)
j[ln_ ]ih [g\[m oh[ i\d_]c}h %f[ i\d_]c}h [ f[m n_il{[m ^o[fcmn[m
ko_ m_ ^_lcp[ ^_f jli\f_g[ ^_ inl[m g_hn_m& s inl[ ]ih _f chn_l[])
]cihcmgi %f[ i\d_]c}h ko_ m_ ^_lcp[ ^_ f[ [j[l_hn_ `[fn[ ^_ `[]ni)
l_m l_f_p[hn_m( _h fim `_h}g_him g[n_lc[f_m( j[l[ ][om[l mo]_mim
g_hn[f_m&* Ii i\mn[hn_( jo_mni ko_ hi p_gim ko_ hchaoh[ ^_ _m)
n[m i\d_]cih_m m_[ gos j_ldo^c]c[f( \c_h jo_^_ m_l ko_ ^_\[gim
[]_jn[l _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi( [ g_him ko_ _h`l_hn_ i\d_]cih_m
cgjiln[hn_m ko_ [h hi b_gim _r[gch[^i* @r[gch_gim [bil[
f[m nl_m i\d_]cih_m gym cgjiln[hn_m ko_ b[h molac^i _h ]ihnl[
^_f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi*
@\SWO\K YLTOMSiX KV OZSPOXYWOXKVS]WY/ \OMRKdK VY] OPOM^Y]
NO VK] WOX^O] NO VK] ZO\]YXK] OX OV ^\KX]M_\]Y NO VY] ]_MO]Y]
Nc _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( _hnih]_m hchah `_h}g_hi
g_hn[f nc_h_ [fah _`_]ni ][om[f mi\l_ f[ bcmnilc[ ^_ f[ bog[hc)
^[^* ?_ gi^i ko_ hchaoh[ _mj_l[ht[( ^_m_i( mo_|i( [f_al{[ i
j_h[ ^_ f[ a_hn_ b[ [`_]n[^i ^_ [faoh[ g[h_l[ _f ]olmi ^_ fim
mo]_mim bog[him* O[gji]i _m ]ill_]ni b[\f[l ^_ _h`_lg_^[^_m
jmc]imigync][m( i [`clg[l ko_ fim nl[mnilhim jmc]if}ac]im [`_]n[h
[f ]igjiln[gc_hni bog[hi* Ii ^_\_gim _rjfc][l _f ]igjiln[)
gc_hni ^_ [faoc_h l_`clczh^ihim [ mo h_olimcm i [ mo jmc]imcm* @h
l_[fc^[^( m_ah _mn[ i\d_]c}h( mc _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi _m p_l^[)
^_li( _f ]olmi _hn_li ^_ f[ bcmnilc[ bog[h[ b[\l{[ mc^i _r[]n[)
g_hn_ _f gcmgi mc fim m_l_m bog[him hi bo\c_l[h m_hnc^i [f_al{[m
i j_h[m( mc hi bo\c_l[h n_hc^i _mj_l[ht[m i n_gil_m( i mc hi bo)
\c_l[h \om][^i [faoh[m g_n[m* K_li mch ^o^[ zmn[ _m oh[ ]ih)
]fomc}h [\mol^[* G[m _mj_l[ht[m( n_gil_m s [mjcl[]cih_m bog[)
him s inl[m ]im[m mcgcf[l_m _mnyh {hncg[g_hn_ ]ih_]n[^im [f ]olmi
^_ fim mo]_mim bog[him* @f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi ^_\_l{[( _hnih]_m(
m_l l_]b[t[^i*
C[s ^_ b_]bi ^im [n[ko_m ^c`_l_hn_m _h ]ihnl[ ^_f _jc`_hi)
g_h[fcmgi _rjl_m[^im _h _mn[ i\d_]c}h( ohi nc_h_ ]c_ln[ `o_lt[
gc_hnl[m ko_ _f inli _mny ]igjf_n[g_hn_ _kocpi][^i* @f jlcg_li

.4,

@G @KDA@IJH@I<GDNHJ

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

[`clg[ ko_ mch ^o^[ j[l_]_ ko_ _f f[^i g_hn[f ^_ fim m_l_m bog[)
him b[ ^_m_gj_|[^i oh j[j_f ][om[f _h f[ pc^[ ^_ fim m_l_m bo)
g[him* @mni( ]igi b_gim pcmni( _mny gos jil ^_\[di ^_ f[ jf[omc)
\cfc^[^ chc]c[f ^_f chn_l[]]cihcmgi( s n[g\czh m_ ijih_ [f j[l[f_)
fcmgi* ?_\_l{[gim( _hnih]_m( ijih_lfi n[g\czh [f _jc`_hig_h[)
fcmgi [ohko_ ^_\_l{[gim l_]il^[l [mcgcmgi ko_ jo_^_ b[\_l
l[tih_m cgjiln[hn_m j[l[ []_jn[lfi* @f m_aoh^i [n[ko_ p[ gym
[ffy ^_f jlcg_li s [`clg[ ko_ mc _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi _m p_l^[)
^_li _hnih]_m _f f[^i g_hn[f ^_ fim m_l_m bog[him _m cll_f_p[hn_
j[l[ _f ]olmi ^_ fim mo]_mim bog[him* Nc \c_h _mn_ ][cai ji^l{[
f_p[hn[lm_ ]ihnl[ _f j[l[f_fcmn[ ko_ l_]b[t} n[hni f[ [lgih{[ jl_)
_mn[\f_]c^[ ]igi _f i][mcih[fcmgi( _mny `o_l[ ^_ foa[l mc m_ [jfc][
[f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi* @f _llil ^_ _mn[ [`clg[]c}h _mny _h ko_ ^_f
b_]bi ^_ ko_ 4 hi ][om_ 5& m_ ch`c_l_ ko_ 4 hi _m ^_ hchaoh[ g[)
h_l[ l_f_p[hn_ j[l[ ko_ i]oll[ i hi i]oll[ 5( K_li _mn[ _m oh[
ch`_l_h]c[ `[f[t jilko_ mc 5 _m f[ ][om[ N O 4& _hnih]_m 5 m}fi i]o)
ll_ mc 4 i]oll_* Kil fi n[hni( mc 4 hi `o_l[ [ i]ollcl( _hnih]_m 5 hi
i]ollcl{[ s _f ]olmi nin[f ^_ f[m ]im[m ji^l{[ ][g\c[l* Kil _d_gjfi(
moj}ha[m_ ko_ ]c_lni jli]_mi ]_l_\l[f ][om[ ko_ [faoc_h d[f_ _f
a[ncffi ^_ oh[ jcmnif[ s ko_ n[g\czh nc_h_ _f mo\jli^o]ni ][om[f
^_f ^_m_i ^_ g[n[l [ [faoc_h* <m{ ko_( mc _f [m_mchi ^_f jl_mc^_hn_
F_hh_^s hi bo\c_l[ n_hc^i _m_ ^_m_i( _hnih]_m hc _f jli]_mi ]_)
l_\l[f ko_ fi ][om}( hc f[ []]c}h mi\l_ _f a[ncffi ko_ n[g\czh l_)
mofn} ^_f jli]_mi ]_l_\l[f b[\l{[h i]ollc^i* ?_ f[ gcmg[ g[h_l[
_mny l_f[]cih[^i _f f[^i g_hn[f ^_ f[ h[nol[f_t[ bog[h[ ]ih fi
ko_ mo]_^_ ch]fomi mc _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi _m p_l^[^_li* <m{ ko_
ji^_gim l_]b[t[l _f m_aoh^i [n[ko_ ^_ f[ jlcg_l[ i\d_]c}h [f
_jc`_hig_h[fcmgi mch ^_d[l ^_ l_]il^[l _f jlcg_li*
COQ_XNK YLTOMSiX KV OZSPOXYWOXKVS]WY/
VK ^OY\hK RKMO SWZY]SLVO ]_ Z\YZSK T_]^SPSMKMSiX
G[ m_aoh^[ i\d_]c}h b[ mc^i jf[hn_[^[ jil E* =* Kl[nn( koc_h ^c]_6
?_]cl ko_ oh j_hm[gc_hni _m ch]fomi _h al[^i g{hcgi oh[ ]i)][om[
^_f mcaoc_hn_ j_hm[gc_hni m_l{[ [lloch[l [f V_jc`_hig_h[fcmgiX* @h
_f jli]_mi ]ihi]c^i ]igi l[tih[gc_hni( jil fi n[hni( _m oh _llil
mojih_l ko_ f[ ]ih]c_h]c[ ^_ f[m l_f[]cih_m f}ac][m nc_h_ [fai ko_
p_l ]ih _f l_mofn[^i*** Ko_^_ mo]_^_l ko_ j_hm_gim f}ac][g_hn_7
j_li mc fi b[]_gim hi _m jilko_ f[ f}ac][ n_ha[ [fai ko_ p_l ]ih

. 4 -

h o _ m nl [ ] i h ] fo m c} h ( m ch i j i l k o _ f[m g i fz ] o f[ m ] _ l _ \ l [ f_ m m _ _ m j [ l )
] _ h ( j i l [ m { ^ _ ] cl fi ( ^ _ o h [ g [ h _ l [ [ ` i l no h [ ^ [ * @ m _ p c^ _ h n_ ( j i l fi
n [ h ni ( k o _ j o _ ^ _ [ ` cl g [ l m _ k o _ h ch a o h [ ] i h ] fo m c} h k o _ h i m i nl i m
fim b i g \ l _ m j i ^ [ g i m [ f] [ h t [ l( m_ \ [ m[ _ h f[ f} a c] [ * N c_ g j l _ m _ l y
cg j i m c\ f_ ^ _ g i m n l [ l k o _ [ fa o h [ n_mcm m_ [ f} a c] [ g _ h n_ h _ ] _ m [ l c [ *-4

< j[lncl ^_ _mni Kl[nn ]ih]fos_ gym [^_f[hn_ ko_ _f _jc`_hig_h[)

fcmn[ _mny _h oh[ jimc]c}h ^_m_mj_l[ht[^[ jilko_ koc_l_ mimn_h_l
ko_ jo_^_ jli\[l mo jlijc[ n_il{[( j_li mo jlijc[ n_il{[ cgjfc][
ko_ f[m jlo_\[m mih cgjimc\f_m*
vmn[ _m oh[ i\d_]c}h gos jijof[l ko_ jil fi l_aof[l m_ b[]_
]ihnl[ _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ gym ko_ ]ihnl[ _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmn[* Nch
_g\[lai( jo_mni ko_ _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi _mny i\fca[^i [ [`cl)
g[l ko_ ni^im fim `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m nc_h_h oh[ ][om[( f[ [`cl)
g[]c}h m_ [jfc][ cao[fg_hn_ \c_h( i( j[l[ m_l gym jl_]cmim( cao[f)
g_hn_ g[f( [ zf( s[ ko_ zmn[ _m oh[ i\d_]c}h nin[fg_hn_ ^_m[`il)
noh[^[ ]ihnl[ [g\im johnim ^_ pcmn[* ?_gim jil mojo_mni ko_(
j[l[ fim jlij}mcnim ^_ _mn[ ^cm]omc}h( ni^i mo]_mi( s[ m_[ g[n_)
lc[f i g_hn[f( _mny ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i* ?_ gi^i ko_( ][^[
p_t ko_ si ff_ao_ [ oh[ ]ih]fomc}h( b_ mc^i ff_p[^i [ b[]_lfi jil
]c_lnim mo]_mim [hn_lcil_m* N_ mcao_ ^_ _mni ko_( jlcg_li( gc ]ih)
]fomc}h hi b[ mc^i jli\[^[ s( m_aoh^i( ko_ si hi f[ b_ jli\[^i;
@h jlcg_l foa[l( oh[ ]ih]fomc}h m_ jlo_\[ ^_^o]ncp[g_hn_( jil
_d_gjfi( ]o[h^i m_ ^_go_mnl[ ko_ m_ mcao_ ^_^o]ncp[g_hn_ ^_
jl_gcm[m p_l^[^_l[m* Ii cgjiln[ ]}gi m_ ^_go_mnl_( i koczh
f[ ^_go_mnl_( i \[di koz ]ih^c]cih_m* Ph[ ]igjon[^il[ jo_^_
om[lm_ j[l[ m[][l ]c_ln[m ]ih]fomcih_m( j_li _mni hi ^_go_mnl[
ko_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h hi b[s[ mc^i jli\[^[* Ph[ domnc`c][]c}h ^_ f[
jlo_\[ ^_ oh[ [`clg[]c}h ^_j_h^_ ^_ f[m l_f[]cih_m f}ac][m _hnl_
f[m [`clg[]cih_m s hi ^_ l_f[]cih_m jmc]if}ac][m s ][om[f_m _hnl_
j_hm[gc_hnim i gifz]of[m* <m{ ko_( jo_mni ko_ _f _jc`_hig_h[)
fcmgi b[]_ [`clg[]cih_m []_l][ ^_ l_f[]cih_m ][om[f_m s hi f}ac][m(
hi cgjfc][ ko_ f[m ]ih]fomcih_m hi jo_^[h m_l jli\[^[m*
@h m_aoh^i foa[l( _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi hi cgjfc][ ko_ fim bo)
g[him hi jo_^_h jli\[l ]ih]fomcih_m ch]fomi mc mojih_gim ko_
jli\[l oh[ ]ih]fomc}h _m jli]_^_l mcaoc_h^i ]c_lnim j[mim ^c]n[)
^im jil _f fc\l_ [f\_^l{i( jilko_ _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi hi hc_a[ hc
ko_ fim bog[him mih ][j[]_m ^_ jli]_^_l mcaoc_h^i ^c]bim j[mim
-4 E * =* Kl[nn( 8FYQJW FSI >UNWNY# H[]gcff[h Ko\fcmbcha >i*( Dh ]*( Io_p[ Tile(
-5..*

%+%

@G @KDA@IJH@I<GDNHJ

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

hc ko_ nc_h_h fc\l_ [f\_^l{i* @f _j`_hig_h[fcmgi cgjfc][ ko_ g_

p_i ff_p[^i [ jli]_^_l mcaoc_h^i fim j[mim ^_ oh[ jlo_\[( j_li
_mni hi cgjfc][ ko_ hi fi b[ai aoc[^i jil gc jlijci fc\l_ [f)
\_^l{i* @m ]c_lni ko_ ]S _f ^_n_lgchcmgi ][om[f s _f fc\l_ [f\_^l{i
mih ch]igj[nc\f_m( s ]S mis ff_p[^i [ b[]_l [fai( _hnih]_m hi fi
b[ai fc\l_g_hn_* Nch _g\[lai( [ohko_ _f _j`_hig_h[fcmgi cg)
jfc][ _f ^_n_lgchcmgi g_hn[f( hi cgjfc][ ko_ _mni _m ch]igj[nc)
\f_ ]ih _f fc\l_ [f\_^l{i* <^_gym( ]igi pcgim [hn_lcilg_hn_ _h
_f >[j{nofi /( b[s l[tih_m j[l[ h_a[l f[ n_mcm ^_ f[ ch]igj[nc\cfc)
^[^* Ki^_gim( jil fi n[hni( l_]b[t[l f[ i\d_]c}h ^_ Kl[nn [f _jc)
`_hig_h[fcmgi* G[ n_il{[ hi cgjfc][ ko_ hchaoh[ n_il{[ jo_^_
m_l jli\[^[( ^_ g[h_l[ ko_ _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmn[ jo_^_ [`clg[l
]ihm_]o_hn_g_hn_ ko_ mo n_il{[ _m ^_gimnl[\f_ s ko_ zf jo_^_
jli\[lf[* Nch _g\[lai( _f ko_ f[ b[s[ i hi jli\[^i _mny jil ^_)
]c^clm_*
DO\MO\K YLTOMSiX KV OZSPOXYWOXKVS]WY/ XOMO]S^K QKXMRY] XYWYViQSMY]
C_l\_ln A_caf b[ _rjo_mni f[ n_l]_l[ i\d_]c}h [f _jc`_hig_h[)
fcmgi* Dhn_hn[ _p[fo[l f[m n_il{[m ijo_mn[m ^_ f[ l_f[]c}h g_hn_)
]o_lji ^yh^if_m( _h ]igj[l[]c}h( oh[ g[sil ][n_ail{[( gym i
g_him ]igi fi b_gim _mn[^i b[]c_h^i* Klcg_li A_caf jih_ [f
_jc`_hig_h[fcmgi jil _h]cg[ ^_f chn_l[]]cihcmgi( j_li _hnih)
]_m fi l_]b[t[ _h `[pil ^_ inl[ n_il{[* Eomnc`c][ mo l_]b[ti ^_f
chn_l[]]cihcmgi [`clg[h^i ko_ _m ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih oh i\d_ncpi
\ymc]i ^_ f[ ]c_h]c[* N_ah A_caf( f[ ]c_h]c[ ^_\_l{[ fo]b[l jil
[f][ht[l _f johni _h ko_ ni^i ]igjiln[gc_hni( bog[hi s hi
bog[hi( jo_^[ m_l _rjfc][^i s jl_^c]bi jil f[m ]c_h]c[m `{mc][m
s jil _f ]igjiln[gc_hni l_f_p[hn_ i\m_lp[\f_ j\fc][g_hn_* @h
]ihm_]o_h]c[( jc_hm[ ko_ _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi _m jl_`_lc\f_ [f ch)
n_l[]]cihcmgi( _f ]o[f l_koc_l_ ^_ ][om[m jlcp[^[m( _m ^_]cl chi\)
m_lp[\f_m( s _m jil fi n[hni ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _mn_ i\d_ncpi ^_ f[
]c_h]c[*
A_caf l_]b[t[ _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi jilko_ jc_hm[ ko_ _rca_
ko_ chn_ljl_n_gim ]c_ln[m f_s_m ]c_hn{`c][m ^_ oh[ g[h_l[ gos
j_]ofc[l* ?c]_6

%+&

[ f[ g [ h _ l[ ^ _ o h ] i g j f_ di n_ dc^ i ( g c_ h nl [ m k o _ f[m f_s_m ^ _ ] i )

ll _ m j i h ^ _ h ] c[ cg j fc][ h l_ f[ ] ci h _ m ^ _ mo ]_ mi m `{mc]im ] i h a [ h ] b i m
j o l [ g _ h n_ g _ h n[ f_ m * @ mn[ m f_s_m ^ _ ] i l l _ m j i h ^ _ h ] c[ mi h j _ ] o fc[ l_ m
_ h _f m _ h nc^ i ^ _ k o _ ^ _ \ _ _ m j _ l [ l m _ k o _ j i m no f_ h _ `_ ] ni m %fim _ m )
n[ ^ i m g _ h n[ f_ m ] i g i p [ lc[ \ f_ m ^ _ j _ h ^ c_ h n_ m & k o _ j i l m{ g cmg i m h i
`o h ] ci h [ h ( i [f g _ h i m h i j [ l _ ] _ h h _ ] _ m cn[ l m _ ( ] i g i ] [ o m [ m %p [ l c[ )
\ f_m ch ^ _ j _ h ^ c_ h n_ m & j [ l[ h ch a h ] i g j i l n[ g c_ h ni i \ m _ lp [ \ f_ *-5

G[ i\d_]c}h ^_ A_caf [f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi _m ko_ l_koc_l_ ko_

b[s[ ^im ncjim gos ^c`_l_hn_m ^_ f_s_m ][om[f_m* Pmo[fg_hn_ f[m
f_s_m ][om[f_m mih f_s_m ko_ _rjl_m[h ]ih_rcih_m ][om[f_m _hnl_
mo]_mim( ][^[ ohi ^_ fim ]o[f_m _m j[ln_ ^_ f[ m_lc_ ]ihncho[ ^_
][om[m s _`_]nim ko_ ^_n_lgch[ ][om[fg_hn_ fi ko_ i]oll_ _h ][^[
gig_hni* ?_ g[h_l[ ko_ f[m f_s_m ][om[f_m ]igoh_m l_f[]cih[h
mo]_mim ko_( [ohko_ ][om[^im( mih _h m{ gcmgim `[]nil_m ][om[)
f_m ko_ ^_n_lgch[h fi ko_ i]oll_ ^_mjozm ^_ _ffim* Nch _g\[lai(
mc _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi `o_l[ p_l^[^_li( _hnih]_m f[m f_s_m jmc)
]i`{mc][m _mni _m( f[m f_s_m ko_ l_f[]cih[h mo]_mim g_hn[f_m s
`{mc]im m_l{[h ]igjf_n[g_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m* N_l{[h f_s_m ko_ _r)
jl_m[l{[h _h ][^_h[m ][om[f_m oh[ l_f[]c}h ][om[f _hnl_ mo]_mim
`{mc]im s mo]_mim g_hn[f_m ko_ hi mih hc j[ln_ ^_ oh[ ][^_h[
][om[f hc [`_]n[h ][om[fg_hn_ [ hchaoh[ ][^_h[* @mnim mo]_mim
g_hn[f_m m_l{[h fi ko_ A_caf b[ ff[g[^i a[h]bim higif}ac]im
_mni _m( `[]nil_m ko_( [ohko_ m_[h ]igjih_hn_m chn_al[f_m ^_
]c_ln[m f_s_m( m_ _ha[h]b[h chncfg_hn_ jilko_ mih chh_]_m[lcim
j[l[ f[ _rjfc][]c}h s jl_^c]]c}h ^_f ]igjiln[gc_hni bog[hi*
A_caf jc_hm[ ko_ ]o[fkoc_l n_il{[ ko_ l_koc_l[ f_s_m ko_ chpifo)
]l_h a[h]bim higif}ac]im _m ch`_lcil [ oh[ n_il{[ ko_ l_koc_l_
m}fi _f ncji ]igh ^_ f_s* Kil ]ihmcaoc_hn_( [ohko_ jc_hm[ ko_ _f
_jc`_hig_h[fcmgi _m jl_`_lc\f_ [f chn_l[]]cihcmgi( ko_ l_koc_l_
^_ MK_]K] hi i\m_lp[\f_m( n[g\czh jc_hm[ ko_ oh[ n_il{[ ko_ n[g)
ji]i l_koc_l_ ^_ OPOM^Y] hi i\m_lp[\f_m m_l{[( [ mo p_t( jl_`_lc\f_ [f
_jc`_hig_h[fcmgi* >igi p_l_gim ]o[h^i _r[gch_gim f[ n_il{[
^_f ^i\f_ f_hao[d_( A_caf jc_hm[ ko_ b[ _h]ihnl[^i oh[ n_il{[
m_g_d[hn_*
C[s ^im ]im[m ko_ ji^_gim ^_]cl []_l][ ^_f [laog_hni ^_
A_caf* Klcg_l[( ko_ l_]b[t[ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi jil l[tih_m mcgc)
f[l_m [ f[m _rjl_m[^[m _h f[ m_aoh^[ i\d_]c}h ]c_hn{`c][* Qcgim

< ] _ j n[ ^ i m ]f[ m_ m ^ _ f_s _m `o h ^ [ g _ h n[ fg _ h n_ ^ c` _ l_ h n_ m f[m f_ )

s _m ][ o m[ f_ m o mo [f_ m s f[m f_s_m ^ _ ] i l l _ m j i h ^ _ h ] c[ j mc]i `cmci f} a c][*
G [ m f_s _m `{mc][m %][ o m[ f_ m& ] i h _ ] n[ h fim mo ]_ mi m _ h _f g o h ^ i `{mc]i

-5

C* A_caf( Hch^)=i^s( 9TY [ Km_o^ijli\f_g ( _h C iie( /NRJSXNTSX TK

8 NSI# j* /3*

%+'

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

ko_ =li[^ [^gcn_ ko_ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^_d[ oh bo_]i _h f[ _r)

jfc][]c}h `cmcif}ac][ ^_f ]igjiln[gc_hni bog[hi( j_li [h hi
b_gim ^_]c^c^i ]oyh j_ldo^c]c[f _m _mn_ jli\f_g[* N_aoh^[( ko_
[ohko_ ji^_gim _mn[l ^_ []o_l^i _h ko_ mc hi bo\c_l[ gym l[)
tih_m ^cmjihc\f_m j[l[ _m]ia_l _hnl_ f[m ^im n_il{[m _h cao[f)
^[^ ^_ ]cl]ohmn[h]c[m( _hnih]_m ^_\_gim []_jn[l f[ ko_ hi l_)
koc_l_ ^_ a[h]bim higif}ac]im* G[ i\d_]c}h ^_ A_caf jil m{ gcm)
g[ hi j[l_]_ j[lnc]of[lg_hn_ `o_ln_* Nc \c_h ^_go_mnl[ ko_ f[m
f_s_m jmc]i`{mc][m m_l{[h hc][m mc _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi `o_l[ p_l)
^[^_li( hi go_mnl[ ko_ _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi l_koc_l_ ^_ [fai ^c)
`_l_hn_ [ ]o[f_mkoc_l[ jli]_^cgc_hnim ]c_hn{`c]im ^_ i\m_lp[]c}h
s _rj_lcg_hn[]c}h* Oc_h_ ]ihm_]o_h]c[m hc][g_hn_ mi\l_ ]}gi
chn_ljl_n[gim f[m f_s_m \[m[^[m _h fi i\m_lp[^i* @hnih]_m( oh[
i\d_]c}h m_g_d[hn_ m_aol[g_hn_ hi _m `_n[f s hc mckoc_l[ n_llc\f_)
g_hn_ j_ldo^c]c[f*
> J H K < M < > D I

@ I O M @ @ G DI O @ M < > > DJ I DN H J ? P < G DN O <

T @ G @KDA@I J H @I < GDNH J

T[ b_gim l_]b[t[^i oh[ n_il{[ ^o[fcmn[( [ m[\_l( _f j[l[f_fcmgi*

<]_l][ ^_ f[m inl[m ^im n_il{[m ^o[fcmn[m( _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[)
fcmn[ s _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi( ko_^[ ji]i jil ^_]cl `o_l[ ^_ oh[
]igj[l[]c}h _rjf{]cn[ ^_ [g\[m* >o[h^i mij_m[gim f[m i\d_]ci)
h_m [ ][^[ oh[( _h]ihnl[gim ko_ [g\[m ]igj[ln_h ^im*
-* G[ i\d_]c}h ^_f jli\f_g[ ^_ inl[m g_hn_m*
.* G[ i\d_]c}h ^_ f[ [j[l_hn_ `ifn[ ^_ ][l[]n_l{mnc][m l_f_p[hn_m
j[l[ f[ chn_l[]]c}h ][om[f*
O[g\czh b_gim pcmni ko_ _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi _h`l_hn[ ^im i\)
d_]cih_m ko_ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi _fo^_6
/* G[ i\d_]c}h ^_ ko_ _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi hc_a[ [fai ko_ j[)
l_]_ p_l^[^( ko_ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m nc_h_h _`c][]c[ ][om[f*
0* G[ i\d_]c}h ^_ ko_ _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi l_koc_l_ a[h]bim
higif}ac]im*
T b_gim _h]ihnl[^i ^im i\d_]cih_m [f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ko_ _f _jc)
`_hig_h[fcmgi _fo^_6
1* G[ i\d_]c}h ^_ ko_ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi h_]_mcn[ [fai ]ihnl[)
lci [ f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ _gj{lc][( [ m[\_l( ko_ b[s oh bo_]i _h

DIO@M<>>DJIDNHJ ?P<GDNO< T @KDA@IJH@I<GDNHJ

%+(

oh[ _rjfc][]c}h jol[g_hn_ `cmcif}ac][ ^_f ]igjiln[gc_hni

bog[hi*
2* G[ i\d_]c}h ^_ ko_ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi h_]_mcn[ ko_ fim mo]_)
mim g_hn[f_m [`_]n_h ][om[fg_hn_ [f ]o_lji ^_ oh[ g[h_l[
ko_ i \c_h l_mofn[ ch_rjfc][\f_g_hn_ gcmn_lcim[ i \c_h pcif[
oh jlch]cjci ]c_hn{`c]i*
>}gi b[\l_gim ^_ _p[fo[l f[ l_f[ncp[ `o_lt[ ^_ _mn[m i\d_]ci)
h_m( s _h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( ]}gi b[\l_gim ^_ ^_]c^cl _hnl_ [g\[m
n_il{[m; Nch ^o^[ l_mofn[ ko_ f[ i\d_]c}h %1& _m f[ gym al[p_ jil)
ko_ []om[ [f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^_ h_]_mcn[l [fai ko_ _mny _h ]ih)
`fc]ni ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][* K[l_]_l{[( _hnih]_m( ko_ f[ al[)
p_^[^ ^_ %1& j_m[ gym ko_ f[ ^_ %0&( s n[f p_t ^_\[gim ^_m]ihn[l
f[ [j[l_hn_ _`c][]c[ ^_ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m s jl_`_lcl [f _jc`_hi)
g_h[fcmgi jil _h]cg[ ^_f chn_l[]]cihcmgi* Nch _g\[lai( [hn_m
^_ nig[l _mn[ ^_]cmc}h p_[gim inl[ p_t f[ i\d_]c}h %1&( s[ ko_ m_
b[ po_fni ]f[p_*
C_gim p_hc^i []_jn[h^i ko_ fi ko_ ^c]_ =li[^ []_l][ ^_f
foa[l ^_ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m _h f[ _rjfc][]c}h ^_f ]igjiln[)
gc_hni bog[hi _rjl_m[ ]ill_]n[g_hn_ fi ko_ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi
l_koc_l_* C_gim _mn[^i mojihc_h^i ko_ oh[ ^_ f[m g[h_l[m gym
jli\[\f_m _h ko_ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m [`_]n[h [f ]o_lji _m p[)
lc[h^i f[ l_mcmn_h]c[ ^_ ^_n_lgch[^[m mch[jmcm h_lpcim[m _h _f ]_)
l_\li s ][g\c[h^i _hnih]_m fim ][gchim ^_ ]c_lnim cgjofmim h_l)
pcimim* K[l_]_ i\pci( jil fi n[hni( ko_ ^_\_gim ch]focl [fai ]igi
_f _`_]ni ^_ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m mi\l_ f[ l_mcn_h]c[ ^_ f[m mch[j)
mcm mc b_gim ^_ _rjfc][l ^_n_lgch[^i ]igjiln[gc_hni bog[hi*
<m{ ko_ f[ i\d_]c}h %1& j[l_]_ ]ihpch]_hn_* Ii i\mn[hn_( _m ji)
mc\f_ ko_ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi jo_^[ _fo^clf[* @m p_l^[^ ko_ mc fim
mo]_mim g_hn[f_m [`_]n[h ][om[fg_hn_ [f ]_l_\li( _hnih]_m oh[
_rjfc][]c}h MYWZVO^K ^_\_ ch]focl ][om[m g_hn[f_m* K_li hi _mny
]f[li ko_ oh[ _rjfc][]c}h [^_]o[^[ j[l[ ni^[m f[m h_]_mc^[^_m
^_f `cmc}fiai ^_\[ m_l oh[ _rjfc][]c}h ]igjf_n[*
Nojiha[gim ko_ ni^i mo]_mi( s[ m_[ g[n_lc[f i g_hn[f( nc_h_
oh[ ][om[* ?[^i _mni( _m jimc\f_ ko_ ]c_lni ncji ^_ mo]_mi ]_l_)
\l[f( ff[gzgimf_ 6& p[s[ mc_gjl_ m_aoc^i ^_ ]c_lni ncji ^_ cg)
jofmi h_lpcimi( ff[gzgimf_ >& s n[g\czh ^_ ]c_lni ncji ^_ mo]_mi
g_hn[f( H* Nojiha[gim n[g\czh ko_ fim ][gchim ^_ fim cgjofmim
h_lpcimim ^_j_h^_h ^_ f[m l_mcmn_h]c[m l_f[ncp[m ^_ f[m mch[jmcm( s
ko_ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m jo_^_h [`_]n[l ][om[fg_hn_ [ _mn[m l_)

%+)

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ
%32<9, !

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( # &58<4:7 609=37:7
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DIO@M<>>DJIDNHJ ?P<GDNO< T @KDA@IJH@I<GDNHJ

%32<9, "

mcmn]h]c[m* ?[^i ni^i _mni( _hnih]_m ji^_gim p_l ]}gi = jo_^_

m_l ][om[^i jil 6 s ]}gi = ji^l{[ [ mo p_t [`_]n[l ][om[fg_hn_
_f ][gchi ^_ > [f [`_]n[l ][om[fg_hn_ f[ l_mcmn_h]c[ ^_ ]c_ln[m mc)
h[jmcm( ]igi m_ jo_^_ p_l _h f[ Acaol[ /* G[ ]ihm_]o_h]c[ ^_
_mni _m ko_( ^[^[ f[ i]oll_h]c[ ^_ >( l_mofn[ ^_ _ffi ko_ > nig[
]c_lni ][gchi ^_\c^i [f _`_]ni ^_ 6 mi\l_ <c s ^_ <c mi\l_ f[m mc)
h[jmcm* < j[lncl ^_ fi ko_ ji^l{[ i\m_lp[l _f h_oli`cmc}fiai( mch
_g\[lai( j[l_]_l{[ hi b[\_l h_]_mc^[^ ^_ oh[ ][om[ g_hn[f _h
mo _rjfc][]c}h ^_ fim mo]_mim h_ol[f_m* K[l_]_l{[ ko_ > m}fi ][o)
m[l{[ ko_ > nig[l[ oh ][gchi ^_n_lgch[^i( ]igi m_ jo_^_ p_l
_h f[ Acaol[ 0* Ph h_oli`cmc}fiai ji^l{[ ch]fomi nig[l _mni ]igi
oh ][mi ^_ ][om[fc^[^ jl}rcg[ s jil fi n[hni ]ihmc^_l[lfi ]igi
oh b_]bi \loni ch_rjfc][\f_* ?_ ni^[m g[h_l[m ji^l{[ _rjfc][l s
jl_^_]cl ni^i ]igjiln[gc_hni bog[hi j[l[ _f ko_ 6& > s = `o_)
l[h ][om[fg_hn_ l_f_p[hn_m mch hchaoh[ h_]_mc^[^ ^_ oh[ ][om[
g_hn[f* <m{ ko_ mo _rjfc][]c}h _m jol[g_hn_ `cmcif}ac][ s [ f[ p_t
]c_hn{`c][g_hn_ [^_]o[^[* K_li _h oh m_hnc^i cgjiln[hn_ hi _m
]igjf_n[ jilko_ igcn_ oh `[]nil ][om[f( _f mo]_mi g_hn[f =( Kil
]ihmcaoc_hn_( _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[ _m( ]ihnl[lc[g_hn_ [ fi
ko_ _mn[\f_]_ f[ i\d_]c}h %1&( ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[ i\m_l)
p[^[ ^_ ko_ hi m_ h_]_mcn[ hchaoh[ ][om[ g_hn[f j[l[ f[m _r)

%+*

jfc][]cih_m ^_f ]igjiln[gc_hni bog[hi ko_ m[ncm`[a[ ni^im fim

l_ko_lcgc_hnim ^_f `cmc}fiai*
@f chn_l[]]cihcmgi( _hnih]_m( _m ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih ko_ hi b[s[
oh bo_]i _h f[m _rjfc][]cih_m `cmcif}ac][m( s n[g\czh _m ]igj[)
nc\f_ ]ih ko_ b[s[ bo_]im ko_ l_koc_l[h ][om[m g_hn[f_m* @mni
fi ^cmnchao_ ^_ go]b[m n_il{[m ]ih f[m ko_ ]igjcn_* Kil fi n[hni
_h foa[l ^_ f[ `[fn[ ^_ oh bo_]i i\m_lp[^i ko_ m_ ijih_ [f ch)
n_l[]]cihcmgi( f[ jimc\cfc^[^ ^_ ][om[m g_hn[f_m ]ihn[l{[ [ `[pil
^_f chn_l[]]cihcmgi mc oh _r[g_h ofn_lcil b[]_ _pc^_hn_ ko_ b[s
oh bo_]i ko_ l_koc_l_ ^_ ][om[m g_hn[f_m* Gim ko_ mimnc_h_h f[
i\d_]c}h %1& jo_^_h b[\_lm_ _kocpi][^i [f j_hm[l ko_ _f chn_l[])
]cihcmgi cgjfc][ ko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmgi ][om[f hi m_ [jfc][ [ fim
mo]_mim g_hn[f_m( ^_ g[h_l[ ko_ hi b[\l{[ gi^i ^_ _mn[\f_]zl
]}gi = [`_]n[l{[ [ f[m mch[jmcm* ?_ [b{ ko_( ^[^[m mif[g_hn_ 6 s
> hi b[\l{[ g[h_l[ ^_ m[\_l koz ][gchi nig[l{[ >( K_li _f chn_)
l[]]cihcmgi _m ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _f ^_n_lgchcmgi ][om[f ]igjf_ni*
Qifp[gim mi\l_ ho_mnl[ _p[fo[]c}h ]igj[l[ncp[ ^_f chn_l[])
]cihcmgi s _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi [bil[ ko_ b_gim l_]b[t[^i f[
i\d_]c}h %1& b_]b[ [ [kozf* Nc \c_h _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi( [ ^c`_l_h)
]c[ ^_f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi( hi l_koc_l_ a[h]bim higif}ac]im s
jo_^_ [^[jn[l f[ ]l__h]c[ jf[omc\f_ ^_ ko_ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m
[`_]n[h ][om[fg_hn_ [f ]o_lji( _fo^_ _mnim jli\f_g[m _rcac_h^i
n[h m}fi oh ncji ^_ _`_]ni ch_rjfc][\f_ ^_ fi g_hn[f mi\l_ fi `{mc]i*
Ichaoh[ ^_ f[m n_il{[m _m jil fi n[hni ]igjf_n[g_hn_ m[ncm`[]ni)
lc[* K_li _m oh[ gym l[tih[\f_ ko_ f[ inl[; C_gim []il^[^i
ko_ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi jo_^_ jil fi g_him h_onl[fct[l _f j_ldoc)
]ci ^_ f[ i\d_]c}h %2& [`clg[h^i ko_ fi ch_rjfc][\f_ _m _f _`_]ni
chg_^c[ni ^_ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m mi\l_ _f ]_l_\li( s hchah ][mi
^_ ][om[fc^[^ chg_^c[n[ _m _rjfc][\f_* Ni\l_ _mn[ \[m_ ji^_gim
]ih]focl ko_ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi _h`l_hn[ i\d_]cih_m g_him m_lc[m
ko_ _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi( [m{ ko_ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi _m _f gym
l[tih[\f_ ^_ fim ^im* <^_gym ji^_gim ]ih]focl ko_ _f chn_l[])
]cihcmgi _m _f ^o[fcmgi gym jf[omc\f_( jilko_ b_gim l_]b[t[^i
jl_pc[g_hn_ [g\[m p_lmcih_m ^_f j[l[f_fcmgi* Ii i\mn[hn_( mcao_
_h`l_hn[h^i i\d_]cih_m ko_ oh[ n_il{[ ^c`_l_hn_ n[f p_t m_[ ][j[t
^_ _pcn[l* Nc b_gim ^_ _h]ihnl[l ^c]b[ n_il{[( ^_\_gim j[m[l [ f[m
n_il{[m gihcmn[m( f[ gym ]ihi]c^[ ^_ f[m ]o[f_m _m _f g[n_lc[fcmgi
l_^o]]cihcmn[*

!''

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

@ G H<O@MD<GDNHJ

@f WK^O\SKVS]WY _m a_h_l[fg_hn_ ]ihmc^_l[^i _f jlch]cj[f ijih_h)

n_ ^_f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[* @m f[ n_il{[ ko_ ^c]_ ko_ ni^i fi
ko_ _rcmn_ _m g[n_lc[f s ko_ fi ko_ m_ nc_h_ jil g_hn[f( s jil fi
n[hni chg[n_lc[f( i \c_h hi _rcmn_ i \c_h _m nin[fg_hn_ c^zhnc]i
[ [fai g[n_lc[f* G[ _rjimc]c}h ]fymc][ ^_ _mn[ n_il{[ [j[l_]_ _h
f[ `cfimi`{[ ^_ Ci\\_m( mc \c_h Ci\\_m( [f cao[f ko_ go]bim inlim
g[n_lc[fcmn[m( ]igi p_l_gim( nc_h_ jli\f_g[m j[l[ m_l ]igjf_n[)
g_hn_ ]ihmcmn_hn_* @h _f ]_hnli ^_f g[n_lc[fcmgi ^_ Ci\\_m _mny
mo ]ih]_j]c}h ^_ fim m_hnc^im( fim ]o[f_m m_ah zf mih f[ `o_hn_ ^_
ni^im fim j_hm[gc_hnim( cg[ach[]cih_m( mo_|im s l_]o_l^im bo)
g[him( s[ ko_ hi b[s h[^[ ]ih]_\c^i jil f[ g_hn_ bog[h[
ko_ hi b[s[ mc^i jlcg_li( s[ m_[ nin[fg_hn_ i _h j[ln_m( [^koc)
lc^i g_^c[hn_ fim }la[him ^_ fim m_hnc^im* Gi ^_gym m_ ^_lcp[
^_ _m_ ilca_h*., No g[n_lc[fcmgi m_ b[]_ _pc^_hn_ ]o[h^i ^c]_
ko_ fim m_hnc^im mih ]c_lni gipcgc_hni chn_lhi ^_ fi m_hmc\f_(
a_h_l[^i jil ]c_lni gipcgc_hni chn_lhi ^_ f[m j[ln_m ^_f i\d_ni
s jlij[a[^i [ nl[pzm ^_ ni^im fim g_^cim [ f[ j[ln_ gym chn_lh[
^_f }la[hi*.- ?_ g[h_l[ ko_ j[l[ Ci\\_m ni^i fi ko_ _rcmn_ _m
i \c_h oh i\d_ni g[n_lc[f i \c_h [fah mo]_mi `{mc]i ko_ ]ihmcmn_
_h [faohim i\d_nim g[n_lc[f_m _h gipcgc_hni* <faohim ^_ _mnim
gipcgc_hnim `{mc]im mih fi ko_ ]ihmncnos_ fim m_hnc^im s( jil ]ih)
mcaoc_hn_( ni^i _f yg\cni ^_ fi g_hn[f* Ci\\_m( jo_m( hi hc_a[ f[
_rcmn_h]c[ ^_ fim `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m* Hym \c_h( j[l_]_ l_^o]cl)
fim [ gipcgc_hni s jil fi n[hni [ `_h}g_him g[n_lc[f_m*
?_\c^i [ mo l_^o]]c}h ^_ fi g_hn[f [ gipcgc_hni `{mc]i( Ci\)
\_m jo_^_ cl gym [ffy ^_ mo [`clg[]c}h ^_f g[n_lc[fcmgi s ff_a[l
[ oh[ l_cpch^c][]c}h ^_f g_][hc]cmgi* @h mo chnli^o]]c}h [f <O'
`SK^RKX ^c]_6
Ko_m f[ pc^[ hi _m mchi _f gipcgc_hni ^_ gc_g\lim( ]osi ]igc_hti
_mny _h [faoh[ j[ln_ chn_lcil7 jil koz hi ji^_gim ^_]cl ko_ ni)
^im fim K_^iWK^K] %gykoch[m ko_ m_ go_p_h g_^c[hn_ l_miln_m s _h)
al[h[d_m ]igi oh l_fid& nc_h_h oh[ pc^[ [lnc`c]c[f; Ko_m koz _m _f
MY\KdiX mchi oh \O]Y\^O0 s fim XO\`SY] mchi go]b[m M_O\NK]& s f[m K\^S'

@G H<O@MD<GDNHJ

NSVKMSYXO] mchi go]bim OXQ\KXKTO]& ko_ b[]_h ko_ m_ go_p[ ni^i _f

]o_lji n[f ]igi `o_ ]ih]_\c^i jil _f [ln{`c]_;$.
?_m^_ _mn_ johni ^_ pcmn[ f[m ]im[m pcpc_hn_m( ch]fos_h^i [ fim m_l_m
bog[him( hi mih ^c`_l_hn_m ^_ f[m ]im[m hi pcpc_hn_m* @h jlch]c)
jci mih _r[]n[g_hn_ ]igi gykoch[m [f cao[f ko_ oh l_fid( mc \c_h
go]bi gym ]igjfc][^[m* Ki^_gim _rjfc][l s jl_^_]cl ni^im fim
gipcgc_hnim ^_ f[m gykoch[m s mom j[ln_m [jfc][h^i f[m f_s_m ^_ f[
g_]yhc][ [ ho_mnli ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_ f[ fi][fct[]c}h _mj[]c[f s ^_
f[ g[m[ ^_ fim i\d_nim s `o_lt[m g[n_lc[f_m l_f_p[hn_m ko_ []n[h
mi\l_ _ff[m* H_^c[hn_ omim mcgcf[l_m ^_ _mn[m f_s_m ji^_gim( ^_
[]o_l^i ]ih Ci\\_m( _rjfc][l ni^i _f ]igjiln[gc_hni ^_ f[m ]i)
m[m pcpc_hn_m* N_ah Ci\\_m( jo_m( ni^[m f[m ]im[m mih i\d_nim g[)
n_lc[f_m ^_ ]c_lni ncji( s f[ ]c_h]c[ ^_ f[ g_]yhc][ _m mo`c]c_hn_
j[l[ _rjfc][l s jl_^_]cl _f ]igjiln[gc_hni ^_ ni^[m f[m ]im[m(
pcpc_hn_m s hi pcpc_hn_m* Ci\\_m( jil fi n[hni( hi _m mif[g_hn_ oh
g[n_lc[fcmn[( mchi n[g\czh oh g_][hc]cmn[* Nch _g\[lai( _f g_][)
hc]cmgi ^_ Ci\\_m hi _m _m_h]c[f [ mo g[n_lc[fcmgi( jo_mni ko_
_f g[n_lc[fcmgi hi cgjfc][ _f g_][hc]cmgi* @m jimc\f_ ko_ ni^i
m_[ g[n_lc[f s ko_ [faohim mo]_mim m}fi m_ jli^ot][h jil ][mo[)
fc^[^( s _h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( hi m_[h _rjfc][\f_m i jl_^_]c\f_m jil
f[ ]c_h]c[ ^_ f[ g_]yhc][* Ko_mni ko_ [ko{ m}fi _mn[gim chn_l_)
m[^im _h _f g[n_lc[fcmgi hi h_]_mcn[gim m_aocl ]ihmc^_l[h^i [f
g_][hc]cmgi*
?_ f[ mifo]c}h g[n_lc[fcmn[ ko_ Ci\\_m ^[ [f jli\f_g[ g_hn_)
]o_lji m_ mcao_ ko_ f[ ]c_h]c[ ^_ f[ jmc]ifia{[ _m l_^o]c\f_ [( i
l_gjf[t[\f_ jil( f[ `{mc][( mc \c_h fi ]ihnl[lci hi _m p_l^[^_li _m
^_]cl( ko_ mc f[ jmc]ifia{[ _m l_^o]c\f_ [ f[ `{mc][( hi m_ mcao_ ko_
f[m ]im[m pcpc_hn_m hi m_[h _h jlch]cjci ^c`_l_hn_m ^_ f[ ]im[m hi
pcpc_hn_m* Gi hc]i ko_ m_ mcao_ _m ko_ fim ^[nim ^_ f[ jmc]ifia{[
hi mih ^c`_l_hn_m ^_ fim ^[nim ^_ f[ `{mc][* Kil _d_gjfi( mc m_ [`clg[
ko_ fim ^[nim ^_ f[ jmc]ifia{[ mih n[h m}fi ]igjiln[gc_hni( _mni
_m( gipcgc_hnim s mihc^im j[n_hn_m ^_f ]o_lji bog[hi( _hnih)
]_m f[ jmc]ifia{[ \c_h jo_^_ m_l l_^o]c\f_ [ f[ `{mc][( _h _f m_h)
nc^i ^_ ko_ ji^l{[gim _rjfc][l s jl_^_]cl ]ih f_s_m `{mc][m ni^i
_f ]igjiln[gc_hni ko_ ji^l{[gim _rjfc][l s jl_^_]cl ]ih f_s_m
jmc]if}ac][m*

., Ci\\_m( 7J[NFYMFS# K[ln_ D( >[j{nofi D*

.- Ci\\_m( 0QJRJSYTX IJKNQTXTKcF% K[ln_ DQ( >[j{nofi SSQ *

!'(

.. 7J[NFYMFS# Dhnli^o]]c}h*

!(

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

Ph[ ]ih]_j]c}h ko_ _m ]f[l[g_hn_ ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _mn[ c^_[ ^_

f[ jmc]ifia{[ ]igi ]c_h]c[ ^_ f[ ]ih^o]n[( j_li ko_ _m ch]igj[)
nc\f_ ]ih _f g[n_lc[fcmgi( _m _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi( _f ]o[f( ]igi
[][\[gim ^_ p_l( [`clg[ ko_ gc_hnl[m ko_ ]c_lnim jli]_mim g[n_)
lc[f_m ][om[h s jli^o]_h _mn[^im s mo]_mim g_hn[f_m( _mnim _mn[^im
s mo]_mim hi nc_h_h hchah _`_]ni mi\l_ fim jli]_mim g[n_lc[f_m
s hc mckoc_l[ mi\l_ inlim jli]_mim g_hn[f_m* Kil ]ihmcaoc_hn_( mc
_f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( _hnih]_m oh[ jmc]ifia{[ ]ih)
^o]ncmn[ _m mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ _rjfc][l s jl_^_]cl ni^i _f ]igjil)
n[gc_hni bog[hi( j_li _hnih]_m _f g[n_lc[fcmgi _m `[fmi* Jnlim
johnim ^_ pcmn[ ]igj[nc\f_m ]ih f[ jmc]ifia{[ ]ih^o]ncmn[ g[m hi
]ih _f g[n_lc[fcmgi mih( oh[ n_il{[ h_onl[f ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^( f[ ]o[f
^cm]oncl_gim _h _mn_ gcmgi ][j{nofi( s _f j[l[f_fcmgi( ko_( [oh)
ko_ _m ^o[fcmn[( hc_a[ f[ chn_l[]]c}h g_hn_)]o_lji s jil fi n[hni
_m ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih oh[ _rjfc][]c}h ]igjf_n[g_hn_ `cmc][fcmn[ ^_f
]igjiln[gc_hni bog[hi*
Ii i\mn[hn_( [ohko_ b[s[ \o_h[m l[tih_m j[l[ ]f[mc`c][l [
Ci\\_m _hnl_ fim g[n_lc[fcmn[m( b[s j[m[d_m _h mom _m]lcnim _h fim
ko_ j[l_]_ gym oh ^o[fcmn[ ^_ ncji _jc`_hig_h[fcmn[* <m{ j[l_]_
]o[h^i ^c]_ ko_( fim m_hnc^im( _h ni^im fim ][mim( hi mih ilcac)
h[fg_hn_ gym ko_ `[hn[m{[( i][mcih[^[( ]igi b_ ^c]bi( jil f[
jl_mc}h( _m ^_]cl( jil _f gipcgc_hni ^_ f[m ]im[m _rn_lh[m mi\l_
ho_mnlim idim( i{^im( s ^_gym }la[him [ _ffi ^_mnch[^im*./ Gim
m_hnc^im mih( jo_m( `[hn[m{[( s f[ `[hn[m{[ _m( m_ah Ci\\_m( f[ [j[)
lc_h]c[ ^_ gipcgc_hni gym ko_ _f gipcgc_hni gcmgi( fi ]o[f m_
ijih_ [ mo [hn_lcil ][l[]n_lct[]c}h ^_ fim m_hnc^im ]igi gipc)
gc_hni* K_li mc fim m_hnc^im mih [j[lc_h]c[( j[l_]_l{[ _hnih]_m
ko_ hi m}fi b[s i\d_nim g[n_lc[f_m _h gipcgc_hni i _h l_jimi(
mchi n[g\czh [j[lc_h]c[m ]igjf_n[g_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m* Kil fi n[hni
Ci\\_m m_ _h`l_hn[ ]ih _f jli\f_g[ ]_hnl[f ^_ fim g[n_lc[fcmn[m6
]}gi ch]iljil[l [ mo n_il{[ [fai ko_ j[l_]_ m_lf_ ]igjf_n[g_hn_
[d_hi( _mni _m( [j[lc_h]c[m n[f_m ]igi f[m [fo]ch[]cih_m( mo_|im _
cgya_h_m g_hn[f_m( [m{ ]igi inlim `_h}g_him n[f_m ]igi m_hm[)
]cih_m( _gi]cih_m s j_hm[gc_hnim*
<f jlch]cjci ^_ ho_mnl[ ^cm]omc}h mi\l_ _f g[n_lc[fcmgi m_ m_)
|[f} ko_ oh g[n_lc[fcmn[ ji^l{[ nl[n[l ^_ g[h_d[l fim `_h}g_him
g_hn[f_m ^_ ^im g[h_l[m* Ki^l{[ [^gcncl( ]igi fi bcti Ci\\_m(
ko_ b[s `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m( n[f_m ]igi f[m m_hm[]cih_m( j_li
./ 7WZNFYMFS# K[ln_ D( >[jcnofi -*

@G H<O@MD<GDNHJ

!(

ji^l{[ [`clg[l ko_ mih nin[fg_hn_ l_^o]c\f_m [ [fai g[n_lc[f* Nc

bc]c_l[ _mni( m_l{[ fi ko_ himinlim ff[g[l_gim oh g[n_lc[fcmn[ l_)
^o]]cihcmn[* Nch _g\[lai( ji^l{[ _h ][g\ci h_a[l ko_ b[s[ _h)
nc^[^_m g_hn[f_m* Nc bc]c_l[ _mni( m_l{[ fi ko_ ff[g[l_gim oh g[)
n_lc[fcmn[ _fcgch[^il* Al_hn_ [ _ffi( hchah _h`iko_ l_mofn[ gos
jlig_n_^il* ?_mjozm ^_ ni^i( ]igi fi ch^c][gim [f jlch]cjci ^_
_mn_ ][j{nofi( fim `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m j[l_]_h m_l mch ^o^[ \KNS'
MKVWOX^O NSPO\OX^O] ^_ fim `_h}g_him g[n_lc[f_m( n[h l[^c][fg_hn_
^c`_l_hn_m( ^_ b_]bi( ko_ _f ^o[fcmgi j[l_]_ _h jlch]cjci gos
jf[omc\f_* Kil fi n[hni( [f ^_]cl ko_ ni^im fim `_h}g_him g_hn[)
f_m mih p_l^[^_lim `_h}g_him g[n_lc[f_m( _f g[n_lc[fcmgi l_^o])
]cihcmn[ j[l_]_ m_h]cff[g_hn_ ^_]cl ko_ [faoh[m ]im[m ko_ mih l[)
^c][fg_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m ^_ fim `_h}g_him g[n_lc[f_m mih( ^_mjozm
^_ ni^i( p_l^[^_lim `_h}g_him g[n_lc[f_m* @mn[ [`clg[]c}h l_)
mofn[ ch]ib_l_hn_* Nch _g\[lai( f[ m_aoh^[ g[h_l[ ^_ g[h_)
d[l fim `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m( _m fca_l[g_hn_ g_dil( jilko_ mc _f
g[n_lc[fcmn[ l_^o]]cihcmn[ hc_a[ ko_ b[s[ `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m(
j[l_]_ ]f[l[g_hn_ h_a[l ko_ b[s[ j_hm[gc_hnim( m_hncgc_hnim(
^_m_im( _mj_l[ht[m( mo_|im( _ ch]fomi ^ifil_m* K_li m_aol[g_hn_
]o[fkoc_l n_il{[ ko_ hc_ao_ f[ _rcmn_h]c[ ^_ ^c]bim `_h}g_him _m
`[fm[( jilko_ mc b[s [fai ^_ fi ko_ ji^_gim _mn[l m_aolim _m ^_
ko_ migim ]ihm]c_hn_m ^_ ho_mnlim m_hncgc_hnim( ^_m_im( ^ifil_m(
_n]* <^_gym( jo_mni ko_ _f mifi b_]bi ^_ m_l ]ihm]c_hn_ _m oh _m)
n[^i g_hn[f( n_h^l{[gim ko_ h_a[l ko_ [faoc_h `o_l[ ]ihm]c_hn_
^_ f[m ]im[m* K_li( ]igi fi jl_]cm} ?_m][ln_m( [ohko_ ][^[ ohi ^_
himinlim jo_^[ ^o^[l ^_ f[ _rcmn_h]c[ ^_ ][mc ni^i( ch]fos_h^i
inl[m g_hn_m( hi jo_^_ ^o^[l ^_ ko_ _mny ^o^[h^i( s mc _mny ^o)
^[h^i _m ]ihm]c_hn_* <m{ ko_ j[l_]_ oh b_]bi chh_a[\f_ _f ko_
jil fi g_him oh m_l _mny _h _f _mn[^i g_hn[f ^_ f[ ]ih]c_h]c[*
Nc oh[ n_il{[ cgjfc][ fi ]ihnl[lci( _hnih]_m n_h_gim oh[ \o_h[
l[t}h j[l[ l_]b[t[lf[* Kil ]ihmcaoc_hn_( f[ m_aoh^[ g[h_l[ _h
ko_ _f g[n_lc[fcmn[ ji^l{[ nl[n[l ^_ g[h_d[l fim `_h}g_him g_h)
n[f_m hi l_mofn[ gym ncf ko_ f[ jlcg_l[*
Ph[ g[h_l[ ^_ ]ihnlc\ocl [ f[ ^_fcgcn[]c}h ^_ f[m j_lmj_]ncp[m
^_ f[m n_il{[m g[n_lc[fcmn[m _m ]ihnl[mnyh^if[m ]ih inl[m ij]cih_m*
Ki^_gim b[]_lfi g_^c[hn_ f[ mcaoc_hn_ n[\f[6

%,%

' ) - . , $ ) ' * # * ' + 0 ' % 1 ' . - ,

/ZFQNXRT !IJ YTITX YNUTX"

8FYJWNFQNXRT

J\d_nim g_hn[f_m ]ig i

f[m g _hn_m

@hnc^[^_m jol[g _hn_

chg[n_lc[f_m ]igi
f[m [fg[m7 nin[fg _h)
n_ ][l_hn_m ^_ j li )
jc_^[^_m g [n_lc[)
f_m*

CFXJF) %-& _hnc^[^_m j o )

l[g _hn_ g[n_lc[f_m
]ig i fim ]_l_\lim7 T
%.& hc_a[ ]ig jf_n[)
g_hn_ ko_ b[s[
g_hn_m*

J nlim i\d_nim g_hn[f_m

]ig i f[m m_hm[]ci)
h_m

@hnc^[^_m jol[g _hn_

chg[n_lc[f_m( nin[f)
g_hn_ ][l_hn_m ^_
jlijc_^[^_m g [n_)
lc[f_m*

CF XJF) %-& _hnc^[^_m j o )

l[g _hn_ g[n_lc[f_m
]ig i f[m j[ln_m ^_f
]_l_\li( i n[f p_t fim
gipcgc_hnim ]i lj i )
l[f_m7 T %.& hc_a[ ko_
b[s[ ^c]bim i\d_nim
g_hn[f_m*

No]_mim g_hn[f_m

No]_mim( ]ig i fim mo_)

|im( ko_ ]ihmcmn_h
nin[fg_hn_ _h i\d_)
nim g_hn[f_m chg [)
n_lc[f_m*

CF XJF) %-& mo]_mim ]ig i

fim mo_|im( ko_ ]i h )
mcmn_h nin[fg _hn_ _h
i\d_nim g[n_lc[f_m
]ig i f[m j[ln_m ^_f
]_l_\li7 T %.& hc_a[
nin[fg _hn_ ko_ b [ )
s[ ^c]bim mo]_mim
g_hn[f_m*

@mn[^im g_hn[f_m( ]i)

g i f[ jmc]imcm

>ih^c]c}h i mcno[]c}h
^_ oh i\d_ni g_hn[f
chg[n_lc[f*

CF XJF % %-& oh[ ]ih^c)

]c}h i mcno[]c}h ^_
^ _ lni i\d_ni g [n_)
lc[f ]ig i _f ]_l_\li
i oh ]o _lj i b og [)
hi7 T %.& hc_a[ ]ig )
jf_n[g_hn_ ko_ b [)
s[ ^c]bim _mn[^im*

C[s ji][m ]im[m ko_ m_|[f[l []_l][ ^_ _mn[ n[\f[* Klcg_li( p_gim
ko_ hc _f ^o[fcmgi hc _f g[n_lc[fcmgi l_jcn_h mcgjf_g_hn_ f[m
^_`chc]cih_m ^_ fim nzlgchim ]ih fim ko_ _gj_t[gim _f ][j{nofi*
<m{ ko_ [g\im ncjim ^_ n_il{[ p[h gym [ffy ^_ f[m ^_`chc]cih_m
g{hcg[m ^_ nzlgchim n[f_m ]igi i\d_ni g_hn[f( mo]_mi g_hn[f
s _mn[^i g_hn[f* N_aoh^i( h}n_m_ ]}gi ^_mn[][ f[ `[fn[ ^_ jf[o)
mc\cfc^[^ chc]c[f ^_f g[n_lc[fcmgi _fcgch[^il6 fim ^cm^hnim ncjim ^_

@G H<O@MD<GDNHJ

%,&

_hnc^[^_m g_hn[f_m ko_ jil fi a_h_l[f j_hm[gim ko_ _rcmn_h mih

m_h]cff[g_hn_ l_]b[t[^im* @mni [j[l_]_ _h f[ ]fyomof[ %.& ^_ ][^[
_hnl[^[ _h _f f[^i g[n_lc[fcmn[ ^_ f[ n[\f[* ?_\_ n[g\czh hin[lm_
ko_ ]o[h^i _f g[n_lc[fcmn[ _fcgch[^il hc_a[ ko_ b[s[ `_h}g_him
g_hn[f_m( hi _mny mcgjf_g_hn_ ^c]c_h^i ko_ hi b[s `_h}g_him
g_hn[f_m ^KV MYWY VY] MYXMSLO OV N_KVS]^K( @mni _m( hi _mny mcgjf_)
g_hn_ ^c]c_h^i ko_ hi b[s `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m SXWK^O\SKVO]( Oi)
^im fim g[n_lc[fcmn[m [`clg[h _mni* Gi ko_ m_ _mny jlijihc_h^i _m
f[ n[h [nl_pc^[ n_mcm ^_ ko_ hi b[s `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m( s[ m_[h
chn_ljl_n[^im ]igi _hnc^[^_m chg[n_lc[f_m i g[n_lc[f_m* Ph[ p_t
ko_ p_gim m_h]cff[g_hn_ ]oyh [nl_pc^[ _m l_[fg_hn_ f[ n_mcm ^_f
g[n_lc[fcmgi _fcgch[^il( n[g\czh p_gim m_h]cff[g_hn_ jil koz
go]bim `cf}mi`im _mnyh ^cmjo_mnim [ l_]b[t[lf[ mch j_hm[lfi gym*
Q_h _h _f g[n_lc[fcmgi _fcgch[^il oh[ _rnl[p[a[h]c[*
<oh [m{( _f g[n_lc[fcmgi _fcgch[^il b[ mc^i ^_`_h^c^i7 ]ihmc)
^_l[l_gim ^im n_il{[m ko_ m_ b[h jlijo_mni ]igi g[h_l[m ^_
m[fp[l [f g[n_lc[fcmgi _fcgch[^il* G[ jlcg_l[( ]ihi]c^[ ]igi
]ih^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i i f}ac]i( chn_hn[ _fo^cl _f jli\f_g[ ko_
_h`l_hn[ _f g[n_lc[fcmgi _fcgch[^il [h[fct[h^i _f mcahc`c][^i ^_
_rjl_mcih_m jmc]if}ac][m ^_f f_hao[d_ _h nzlgchim ^_ _rjl_mcih_m
jol[g_hn_ `cmc][fcmn[m* @mn[$_fcgch[]c}h ^_ f[ h_]_mc^[^ ^_ nzlgc)
him jmc]if}ac]im nc_h_ ]igi `ch domnc`c][l f[ _fcgch[]c}h ]ill_m)
jih^c_hn_ ^_ _hnc^[^_m jmc]if}ac][m* Ph[ m_aoh^[ n_il{[ m_ ]ih)
]_hnl[ _h f[ l_`_l_h]c[ i ^_mcah[]c}h ^_ nzlgchim jmc]if}ac]im(
_h foa[l ^_ mo mcahc`c][^i( ]ih _f `ch ^_ _fcgch[l _hnc^[^_m jmc)
]if}ac][m* @mn_ chn_hni oncfct[ fi ko_ m_ ff[g[ n_il{[ ^_f ^i\f_
f_hao[d_( jilko_ [`clg[ ko_ b[s ^im g[h_l[m gos ^c`_l_hn_m
^_ l_`_lclm_ [ ]c_ln[m _hnc^[^_m `{mc][m* Gim nzlgchim jmc]if}ac]im
s ]c_lnim nzlgchim `cmc][fcmn[m m_ l_`c_l_h [( i ^_mcah[h( i hig\l[h
f[m gcmg[m _hnc^[^_m( [ m[\_l( ]c_lnim jli]_mim `{mc]im ^_f ]o_lji
bog[hi* >igi jo_^_ p_lm_( [g\[m n_il{[m _h`i][h oh[ ]o_mnc}h
`cfim}`c][ momn[h]c[f g_^c[hn_ oh _r[g_h _rjf{]cni ^_ ]c_ln[m ][)
l[]n_l{mnc][m ^_f f_hao[d_* @h _mn_ m_hnc^i _d_gjfc`c][h f[ l_]c_hn_
n_h^_h]c[ _h Bl[h =l_n[|[ s @mn[^im Phc^im [ _h`i][l [ f[ `cfi)
mi`{[ ^_m^_ f[ fcha{mnc][* G[ ijchc}h ^_ go]bim ^_ _mnim `cf}mi`im
fchacmn[m _m ko_ _f f_hao[d_ nc_h_ f[ ]f[p_ j[l[ jih_l nzlgchi [
fim jli\f_g[m s _hcag[m ko_ ^ol[hn_ mcafim b[h ^_d[^i j_ljf_dim
[ fim `cf}mi`im*

!(#
@

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

>J I? P >ODNH J <I <GOD>J

@ G H <O@MD<GDNHJ @GDH DI <? J M

@f ]ih^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i _m f[ n_il{[ m_ah f[ ]o[f ni^[m f[m il[)

]cih_m ko_ om[h nzlgchim jmc]if}ac]im i g_hn[fcmn[m m_ jo_^_h
nl[hm`ilg[l g_^c[hn_ _f [hyfcmcm ^_ fi ko_ mcahc`c][h _h il[]ci)
h_m ko_ hi om_h nzlgchim jmc]if}ac]im( mchi m}fi nzlgchim ko_ m_
l_`c_l_h [ ]c_lni ncji ^_ ]igjiln[gc_hni ]iljil[f* @mn[ n_il{[(
jo_m( [`clg[ ko_ [ohko_ b[s[ go]b[m il[]cih_m p_l^[^_l[m ko_
om_h nzlgchim jmc]if}ac]im( hi n_h_gim ko_ ch`_lcl ^_ _ffi ko_
_mnim nzlgchim m_ l_`c_l[h [ i\d_nim( mo]_mim s _mn[^im g_hn[f_m(
jilko_ ji^_gim l_`ilgof[l ][^[ oh[ ^_ _mn[m il[]cih_m ^_ n[f
g[h_l[ ko_ m}fi om_gim nzlgchim ko_ m_ l_`c_l[h [ i\d_nim( mo]_)
mim s _mn[^im g[n_lc[f_m* Kil ]ihmcaoc_hn_( _f ]ih^o]ncmn[ [h[f{nc]i
[^gcn_ ko_ il[]cih_m n[f_m ]igi H_ aomn[m( G}j_t ]l__ ko_ _mny
ffipc_h^i s Kzl_t j[^_]_ oh ]igjf_di ^_ ch`_lcilc^[^( mih p_l)
^[^_l[m _h go]bim ][mim* Kil fi n[hni hi _mny i\fca[^i [ ^_`_h)
^_l f[ ji]i jf[omc\f_ il[]c}h Ii b[s `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m ]igi
f[m ]l__h]c[m s fim m_hncgc_hnim* K_li( b[\c_h^i [^gcnc^i _mni(
[`clg[ ko_ jo_^_ m_aocl mc_h^i oh g[n_lc[fcmn[ ]ihmcmn_hn_ jil)
ko_ [^gcncl ko_ oh[ il[]c}h _m p_l^[^_l[ hi _m ]igjlig_n_lm_
]ih [ko_ffi [ fi ko_ m_ l_`c_l_* @f ]ih^o]ncmn[ [h[f{nc]i ^c]_ ko_ f[m
il[]cih_m jmc]if}ac][m l_[fg_hn_ m_ l_`c_l_h [f ]igjiln[gc_hni
]iljil[f bog[hi( _ chn_hn[ gimnl[lfi g_^c[hn_ f[ g[h_l[ _h ko_
[h[fct[ mo mcahc`c][^i* K[l_]_( jo_m( ko_ [f ]ihmc^_l[l ko_ _f f_h)
ao[d_ ij_l[ _h oh jf[hi m_gyhnc]i( _f g[n_lc[fcmn[ jo_^_ _fo^cl
_f jl_^c][g_hni ko_ [][\[gim ^_ ^_m]lc\cl*
<hn_m ^_ ko_ j[m_gim [ _p[fo[l ]l{nc][g[hn_ _f ]ih^o]ncmgi
[h[f{nc]i n_h_gim ko_ b[]_l inl[m ^im ]im[m* G[ jlcg_l[ _m ^cm)
nchaocl [f ]ih^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i ^_f ]ih^o]ncmgi g_ni^if}ac]i(
^cmnch]c}h cahil[^[ `l_]o_hn_g_hn_7 s f[ m_aoh^[ _m _rjfc][l _f
]ih]_jni ^_ [hyfcmcm l_f_p[hn_ j[l[ _f ]ih^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i* <f
^cm]oncl f[ jimc]c}h ^_ Ci\\_m [`clg[gim ko_ oh[ jmc]ifia{[ ]ih)
^o]ncmn[ _m ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi s n[g\czh ]ih _f
j[l[f_fcmgi* O[g\czh _m ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ p_lmc}h ^_n_lgchcmn[
^_f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ko_ ^_m[lliff[gim ]o[h^i ^cm]oncgim f[ i\)
d_]c}h [f chn_l[]]cihcmgi \[m[^[ _h _f bo_]i mojo_mn[g_hn_ h_]_)
m[lci j[l[ f[ _rjfc][]c}h `cmcif}ac][* ?_ gi^i ko_ oh[ jmc]ifia{[
]ih^o]ncmn[ _m ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih ni^im fim ^o[fcmgim g_hn_)]o_lji
ko_ b_gim ^cm]onc^i* @mni_m jilko_ oh[ jmc]ifia{[ ]ih^o]ncmn[(

>JI?P>ODNHJ <I<GOD>J T H<O@MD<GDNHJ @GD HD I<?JM

.51

]igi pcgim( nig[ ]igi hc]i i\d_ni ^_ _mno^ci ^_ f[ jmc]ifia{[

[f ]igjiln[gc_hni bog[hi ]iljil[f( j_li hi nc_h_ ko_ ^_]f[l[l
ko_ hi b[s `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m* G[ n_il{[ ko_ jlijih_ _mn_ ncji
^_ jmc]ifia{[ b[ mc^i ff[g[^[ ]ih^o]ncmgi* K_li jo_mni ko_ _m
oh[ n_il{[ m}fi []_l][ ^_ f[ g_ni^ifia{[ ^_ f[ ]c_h]c[ ^_ f[ jmc)
]ifia{[( m_l{[ g_dil ff[g[lf[ ]ih^o]ncmgi g_ni^if}ac]i* Ki)
^_gim p_l( jo_m( ko_ _f ]ih^o]ncmgi g_ni^if}ac]i( _f ]ih^o])
ncmgi l_f_p[hn_ j[l[ f[ ]c_h]c[ ^_ f[ jmc]ifia{[( _m ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih
_f ^o[fcmgi g_hn_)]o_lji [m{ ]igi ]ih _f g[n_lc[fcmgi* ?_ [b{
ko_ ^c`c_l[ hinilc[g_hn_ ^_f ]ih^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i* @f ]ih^o])
ncmgi [h[f{nc]i( ]igi [ko{ b[ mc^i chn_ljl_n[^i( cgjfc][ [f g[)
n_lc[fcmgi( _h ][g\ci _f ]ih^o]ncmgi g_ni^if}ac]i hi( jilko_
_m ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih*_f ^o[fcmgi* @m p_l^[^ ko_ go]bim ]ih^o]ncm)
n[m g_ni^if}ac]im( _mj_]c[fg_hn_ fim jlcg_lim ko_ bo\i( ]igi
R[nmih( j[l_]_h b[\_l j_hm[^i ko_ _f g[n_lc[fcmgi ko_^[ cg)
jfc][^i _h _f ]ih^o]ncmgi g_ni^if}ac]i( j_li _mni _m jilko_ hi
^cmnchao{[h mo`c]c_hn_g_hn_ _hnl_ f[m [`clg[]cih_m []_l][ ^_ fim
l_ko_lcgc_hnim g_ni^if}ac]im ^_ f[ ]c_h]c[ s f[m [`clg[]cih_m ko_
mimnc_h_h jimc]cih_m g_n[`{mc][m*
<f ^cm]oncl _f ]ih^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i him chn_l_m[ [h[fct[l fi ko_
mcahc`c][h ]c_ln[m _rjl_mcih_m fcha{mnc][m( s jil fi n[hni him ch)
n_l_m[ fi ko_ m_ ff[g[ [hyfcmcm ^_f mcahc`c][^i* @mn_ jo_^_ ^_`c)
hclm_ ]igi _f gzni^i fcha{mnc]i ko_ [h[fct[ _f mcahc`c][^i ^_
oh[ _rjl_mc}h fcha{mnc][ %_f KXKVS]KXN_W$ ^_ ^im g[h_l[m ^c`_)
l_hn_m* G[ jlcg_l[ _m jlijil]cih[h^i inl[ _rjl_mc}h fcha{mnc][
%_f KXKVS]KX]$ ko_ _m mch}hcgi ^_f KXKVS]KXN_W( G[ m_aoh^[ _m jli)
jil]cih[h^i _rjl_mcih_m n[f_m ko_ %-& ][^[ oh[ m_[ mch}hcg[ ^_
]c_ln[m _rjl_mcih_m ]f[p_ ko_ ]ihnc_h_h _f KXKVS]KXN_W'& s %.& ko_
hchaoh[ ]ihn_ha[ [faoh[ _rjl_mc}h mch}hcg[ ^_f KXKVS]KXN_W( @f
jlcg_l ncji ^_ [hyfcmcm ^_f mcahc`c][^i _m oh[ ^_`chc]c}h _rjf{]cn[
s _f m_aoh^i _m oh[ ^_`chc]c}h ]ihn_rno[f* G[ ^cmnch]c}h _hnl_
[g\im _m cgjiln[hn_ jilko_ m}fi _f fncgi _m l_f_p[hn_ j[l[ _f
]ih^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i( ]igi [faohim _d_gjfim fi gimnl[lyh* Ki)
^_gim ^[l oh[ ^_`chc]c}h _rjf{]cn[ ^_ bog[hi ^c]c_h^i ko_
bog[hi _kocp[f_ jil ^_`chc]c}h [ [hcg[f l[]cih[f( i( ]igi fi
_rjl_m[l_gim6
bog[hi 2n&P [hcg[f l[]cih[f
?_`chcl{[gim _rjf{]cn[g_hn_ mifn_li ]igi mcao_6

%,)

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

mifn_li 2n^P p[l}h hi ][m[^i*

Kil inli f[^i( ji^l{[gim _gj_t[l [ ^[l oh[ ^_`chc]c}h ]ihn_r)
no[f ^_f nzlgchi _rcmn_hn_ ^c]c_h^i ko_ oh[ il[]c}h n[f ]igi
Ho]b[m ]im[m _rnl[|[m mih _rcmn_hn_m( jo_^_ [h[fct[lm_ ]igi6
Ho]b[m ]im[m _rnl[|[m mih _rcmn_hn_m on_P C[s go]b[m ]im[m
_rnl[|[m*
<ko{ _h _f KXKVS]KX] hi b[s hchaoh[ j[f[\l[ i `l[m_ mch}hcg[ ^_
_rcmn_hn_*
Q_ygim [bil[ jil koz m}fi f[m ^_`chc]cih_m ]ihn_rn[f_m mih
l_f_p[hn_m j[l[ _f ]ih^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i* Oig_gim f[ mcaoc_hn_
il[]c}h6
G[ `[gcfc[ jlig_^ci hiln_[g_lc][h[ nc_h_ -*/ ]i]b_m*
Nojiha[gim ko_ _m p_l^[^( ko_ ]ihp_h]_gim [ [faoc_h ^_ ko_
_m p_l^[^( s ko_ _hnih]_m zmn_ _r]f[g[ ko_ hoh][ m_ b[\{[ ^[^i
]o_hn[ ^_ ko_( _h @mn[^im Phc^im b[\{[ oh[ `[gcfc[ ]ih oh[
`l[]]c}h ^_ ]i]b_* Ol[n[l{[gim jil mojo_mni ^_ _rjfc][lf_ ko_
_hn_h^c} g[f fi ko_ kocmcgim ^_]cl* Ii _mny\[gim b[\f[h^i ^_
hi him _mny\[gim l_`clc_h^i [ oh[ `[gcfc[ l_[f* <ohko_ f[
il[]c}h _m ]ill_]n[( l_[fg_hn_ hi b[s n[f `[gcfc[* @mni ^_d[l{[ [
ho_mnli [gcai ]igjf_n[g_hn_ ]ih`oh^c^i* >}gi jo_^_ m_l ]i)
ll_]n[ _m[ il[]c}h s hi b[\_l n[f `[gcfc[; Gi ko_ n_h^l{[gim ko_
b[]_l _m gimnl[lf_ ko_ f[m `[gcfc[m jlig_^ci mih ^_ ]c_ln[ g[h_l[
_fcgch[\f_m [ ^c`_l_h]c[ ^_ f[m `[gcfc[m il^ch[lc[m* @f jli\f_g[ ^_
_fcgch[l [ _mn[ `[gcfc[ jlig_^ci _m cao[f [f ^_f g[n_lc[fcmn[ _fcgc)
h[^il* Ii ji^_gim SNOX^SPSMK\ [ _mn[ `[gcfc[ jlig_^ci ]ih oh[
`[gcfc[ il^ch[lc[ jilko_ j[l_]_l{[ ko_ _mn[gim ^c]c_h^i ko_ l_)
[fg_hn_ b[s oh[ `[gcfc[ ]ih -*/ ]i]b_m* Loz b[l{[gim j[l[ _fc)
gch[l _mn[ `[gcfc[ jlig_^ci; O_h^l{[gim ko_ pifp_l [ _rjl_m[l
ni^[ f[ il[]c}h ^_ n[f g[h_l[ ko_ hchaoh[ ^_ f[m _rjl_mcih_m ko_
]ihnc_h_ j[l_t][ l_`_lclm_ [ oh[ `[gcfc[ jlig_^ci( mchi m}fi [ `[)
gcfc[m il^ch[lc[m* K[l[ _mn_ jlij}mcni oh[ ^_`chc]c}h _rjf{]cn[ hi
m_l{[ ^_ hchaoh[ [so^[* Noj}ha[m_ ko_ momncnocgim f[ il[]c}h
[hn_lcil f[ `[gcfc[ jlig_^ci hiln_[g_lc][h[ ]ih _f mcaoc_hn_
KXKVS]KX]/
f[ `[gcfc[ hiln_[g_lc][h[ ko_ nc_h_ _f hg_li jlig_^ci ^_
]i]b_m*

>JI?P>ODNHJ <I<GOD>J T H<O@MD<GDNHJ @GDHDI<?JM

%,*

<ko{ b_gim fial[^i jlijil]cih[l oh[ ^_`chc]c}h _rjf{]cn[* <so)

^[l{[ zmn[ [ ho_mnli _kocpi][^i [gcai; @h fi [\mifoni( jilko_ _f
KXKVS]KX] ^_ f[ `[gcfc[ jlig_^ci hiln_[g_lc][h[ ko_ b_gim jli)
jil]cih[^i( _m oh[ _rjl_mc}h ko_ j[l_]_ l_`_lclm_ [ _m[ gcmg[
`[gcfc[ _rnl[|[* Ki^_gim( mch _g\[lai( [so^[l [ ho_mnli [gcai(
mc ^_`chcgim ]ihn_rno[fg_hn_ f[ `[gcfc[ jlig_^ci hiln_[g_lc)
][h[ jlijil]cih[h^i oh[ il[]c}h mch}hcg[ ^_ f[ il[]c}h ko_ fi
]ih`oh^_ j_li ko_ hi ]ihn_ha[ oh[ `l[m_ mch}hcg[ ^_ f[ `[gcfc[
jlig_^ci hiln_[g_lc][h[* Oig_gim f[ mcaoc_hn_ il[]c}h6
@f hg_li ^_ `[gcfc[m ]ih ]i]b_ _h @mn[^im Phc^im( ^cpc^c^i
_hnl_ _f hg_li ^_ `[gcfc[m hiln_[g_lc][h[m _kocp[f_ [ -*/*
<ko{ hi n_h_gim f[ `[gcfc[ jlig_^ci hiln_[g_lc][h[ hc oh[ _r)
jl_mc}h mch}hcg[* N}fi n_h_gim _rjl_mcih_m ko_ m_ l_`c_l_h [ `[)
gcfc[m il^ch[lc[m s [ ]i]b_m( s h[^c_ nc_h_ ko_ [mig\l[lm_ jil f[
_rnl[|[ `[gcfc[ ko_ nc_h_ oh[ `l[]]c}h ^_ ]i]b_* C_gim [h[fct[^i
oh ncji gos _rnl[|i ^_ _hnc^[^ g_^c[hn_ oh[ ^_`chc]c}h ]ihn_r)
no[f jilko_ b_gim gimnl[^i ko_ hi h_]_mcn[ oncfct[lm_ hchaoh[
_rjl_mc}h ko_ j[l_t][ l_`_lclm_ [ ^c]b[ _hnc^[^* N}fi h_]_mcn[)
gim om[l _rjl_mcih_m ko_ m_ l_`c_l[h [ _hnc^[^_m il^ch[lc[m* <m{
ko_ mc p[gim [ [h[fct[l ]c_ln[m _hnc^[^_m( hi ji^_gim om[l ^_)
`chc]cih_m _rjf{]cn[m* N}fi f[m ^_`chc]cih_m ]ihn_rn[f_m jo_^_h
[so^[l* Q_[gim mc jo_^_h [so^[l [f ]ih^o]ncmn[ [h[f{nc]i*
EX SX^OX^Y ZY\T_]^SPSMK\ OV MYXN_M^S]WY KXKVh^SMY/
OV M\S^O\SY NO `O\SPSMKLSVSNKN NOV ]SQXSPSMKNY
Ho]b[ a_hn_ ^o^[l{[ ^_ ko_ f[m il[]cih_m ko_ ch]fos_h nzlgchim
jmc]if}ac]im ji^l{[h m_l ^_`chc^[m ]ihn_rno[fg_hn_ _h nzlgchim
^_ il[]cih_m ko_ m}fi ]ihnc_h_h nzlgchim ]ih^o]ncmn[m* Jnlim( mch
_g\[cai( ^c]_h ko_ hi cgjiln[ ]oyh ^c`{]cf jo_^[ m_l _h]ih)
nl[l ^_`chc]cih_m ]ihn_rn[f_m [^_]o[^[m ^_ _mn_ ncji( ^_ ni^[m
g[h_l[m jo_^_h _h]ihnl[lm_* @mn[ ]ih`c[ht[ _h _f ]ih^o]ncmgi
[h[f{nc]i `o_ _rjl_m[^[ jil >[lc C_gj_f( koc_h _h ]c_lni gi)
g_hni [`clg}6
Oi^[m f[m _rjl_mcih_m jmc]if}ac][m ko_ nc_h_h m_hnc^i( _m ^_]cl( ko_
_h jlch]cjci mih p_lc`c][\f_m( mih nl[^o]c\f_m [ jlijimc]cih_m ko_ hi
ch]fos_h ]ih]_jnim jmc]if}ac]im( mchi m}fi ]ih]_jnim ^_ f[ `{mc][* G[m

!('

>JI?P>ODNHJ <I<GOD>J T H<O@MD<GDNHJ @GDHDI<?JM

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

jlijimc]cih_m ^_ f[ jmc]ifia{[ mih _h ]ihm_]o_h]c[ jlijimc]cih_m

|mc][fcmn[m* G[ jmc]ifia{[ _m oh[ j[ln_ chn_al[f ^_ f[ `{mc][*.0
Ph _d_gjfi ^_ il[]c}h jmc]if}ac][ ko_ C_gj_f ]ihmc^_l[ p_lc`c)
][\f_( s jil fi n[hni ]ih m_hnc^i s nl[^o]c\f_ [ oh[ il[]c}h `cmc)
][fcmn[( _m f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ _f Nl* Kzl_t j[^_]_ `o_ln_m m_hnc)
gc_hnim ^_ ch`_lcilc^[^ ^_ n[f i ]o[f ncji*** *.1 Ko_mni ko_ _mn[
il[]c}h m}fi jo_^_ m_l ]ih`clg[^[ i l_`ch[^[ i\m_lp[h^i _f ]ig)
jiln[gc_hni ^_ Kzl_t( f[ il[]c}h m}fi mcahc`c][ _mni6 n[f_m s ]o[f_m
[]ihn_]cgc_hnim nc_h_h foa[l _h _f ]o_lji ^_f Nl* Kzl_t _h n[f_m s
]o[f_m ]cl]ohmn[h]c[m*.2
@m cgjiln[hn_ m_|[f[l ko_ [ohko_ oh[ il[]c}h ]igi Kzl_t
mo`l_ fim m_hncgc_hnim ^_ ch`_lcilc^[^ K& L s Mr& f[ ]o[f ji^_gim
ff[g[l il[]c}h @& hi j[l_]_ mcahc`c][l i m_l nl[^o]c\f_ [ hchah
ncji ^_ il[]c}h `cmc][fcmn[( ^c]b[ il[]c}h hi jo_^_ mcahc`c][l inl[
]im[( ^[^i _f ]lcn_lci ^_ mcahc`c][^i ^_ C_gj_f( mc b[ ^_ ]ihmc^_)
l[lm_ ]igi oh[ il[]c}h ]ih m_hnc^i* Ki^_gim jih_l f[ jimc]c}h
^_ C_gj_f _h oh [laog_hni ^_^o]ncpi ]igi _f mcaoc_hn_6
-* G[m ]ih^c]cih_m ^_ p_lc`c][]c}h ^_ @ mih _f ]igjiln[gc_hni
^_ Kzl_t \[di n[f_m s ]o[f_m ]ih^c]cih_m*
.* Gim mcahc`c][^im ^_ f[m il[]cih_m mih f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ^_ mo
p_lc`c][]c}h*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
/* @f mcahc`c][^i ^_ @ _m _f ]igjiln[gc_hni ^_ Kzl_t \[di n[f_m
s ]o[f_m ]ih^c]cih_m*
Ko_mni ko_ @ hi _m ^c`_l_hn_ ^_ inl[m il[]cih_m jmc]if}ac][m( _mn_
[laog_hni jo_^_ a_h_l[fct[lm_ j[l[ ]ih]focl ko_ _f mcahc`c][^i
^_ ]o[fkoc_l il[]c}h jmc]if}ac][ _m _f ]igjiln[gc_hni ^_ [faoh[
j_lmih[ i j_lmih[m \[di ]c_ln[m ]ih^c]cih_m* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[(
^[^i _f [hn_lcil [laog_hni( m_ mcao_ ko_ j[l[ ][^[ il[]c}h jmc)
]if}ac][ ji^_gim _h]ihnl[l oh[ il[]c}h `cmc][fcmn[ ]ih _f gcmgi
mcahc`c][^i* T jo_mni ko_ f[m il[]cih_m `cmc][fcmn[m l_f_p[hn_m p_l)
m[h mi\l_ ]c_lnim mo]_mim s _mn[^im ]iljil[f_m( ji^_gim ]ih]focl
.0 >* C _g j_f( O b_ Giac][f <h[fsmcm i ` Kms]bifias _h C* A_caf s R* N_ff[lm
%_^m*&( =JFINSLX NS ;MNQTXTUMNHFQ ,SFQ^XNX# <jjf_nih)>_hnols)>li`nm( Io_p[ Tile(
- 505( j* / 3 4 *
.1 4GNI%
.2 4GNI%

!((

ko_ ni^[m f[m il[]cih_m jmc]if}ac][m jo_^_h m_l [h[fct[^[m jil

g_^ci ^_ il[]cih_m ko_ m}fi oncfc]_h nzlgchim ]ih^o]ncmn[m _m
^_]cl( _f ]ih^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i _m ]ill_]ni* K_li( ^_m^_ fo_ai( fi
cgjiln[hn_ _m mc _f [laog_hni ^_ C_gj_f _m pyfc^i* Nch ^o^[ j[)
l_]_ []_jn[\f_ mc b[s oh[ \o_h[ l[t}h j[l[ []_jn[l f[ jl_gcm[
%.&( jilko_ fi hc]i ko_ h_]_mcn[gim j[l[ domnc`c][l f[ jl_gcm[
%-& j[l[ ]o[fkoc_l il[]c}h jmc]if}ac][ j[lnc]of[l _m _h]ihnl[l f[
g[h_l[ j[lnc]of[l ]igi ^_ b_]bi f[ p_lc`c][gim ]o[h^i i\m_l)
p[gim _f ]igjiln[gc_hni bog[hi* K_li f[ jl_gcm[ %.& hi _m _h
gi^i [faohi i\pc[*
Nc him `cd[gim _h f[ jl_gcm[ %.& ji^_gim p_l ko_ l_jl_m_hn[
oh[ n_il{[ _mj_]{`c][ []_l][ ^_f mcahc`c][^i ^_ f[m il[]cih_m* vmn_
_m _f ncji ^_ n_il{[ ko_ ]o[fkoc_l _h`iko_ fcha{mnc]i mi\l_ _f
hcp_f m_gyhnc]i ^_\_ ]ihmc^_l[l* G[ n_il{[ j[lnc]of[l ko_ C_g)
j_f i`l_]_ _m f[ ko_ b[h jlijo_mni ^ol[hn_ fim fncgim ]o[l_hn[
[|im fim `cf}mi`im ]ihi]c^im ]igi jimcncpcmn[m f}ac]im i _gjclcm)
n[m f}ac]im*.3 G[ jimc]c}h ^_ _mnim `cf}mi`im _m ko_ m}fi b[s ^im
ncjim ^c`_l_hn_m ^_ il[]cih_m( f[m ]o[f_m mih fcn_l[fg_hn_ i p_l)
^[^_l[m i `[fm[m* Oi^[m f[m inl[m il[]cih_m ][l_]_h ^_ p[fil ^_
p_l^[^* Oi^i _f goh^i _mny ^_ []o_l^i _h ko_ b[s ]c_lnim ncjim
^_ il[]cih_m ko_ ][l_]_h ^_ p[fil ^_ p_l^[^( _m ^_]cl( hi mih hc
p_l^[^_l[m hc `[fm[m( j_li _f jimcncpcmn[ f}ac]i l_]b[t[ gym il[)
]cih_m ko_ f[ g[sil{[ ^_ fim inlim* Oi^im _mn[l_gim ^_ []o_l^i
_h ko_ f[m il[]cih_m ko_ _rjl_m[h }l^_h_m %n[f_m ]igi >c_ll[ f[
jo_ln[ &( f[m il[]cih_m ko_ m_ om[h j[l[ b[]_l jl_aoh[n[m %n[f_m
]igi < ^}h^_ p[m;&( f[m il[]cih_m ko_ _rjl_m[h m_hncgc_hnim
%n[f_m ]igi cQcp[ ho_mnli _kocji &( s go]b[m inl[m ]f[m_m ^_ il[)
]cih_m hi mih hc p_l^[^_l[m hc `[fm[m* K_li f[ g[sil{[ ^_ himinlim
jc_hm[ ko_ il[]cih_m n[f_m ]igi ?cim ]l_} _f ]c_fi s f[ Oc_ll[ s ni)
^[m f[m ]im[m( ?_\_gim [so^[l [ fim ^_gym( @mn[ jchnol[ _m b_l)
gim[( s G[ g_hn_ _m ^cmnchn[ ^_f ]o_lji( mih p_l^[^_l[m i `[fm[m*
@mni _m( j_hm[gim ko_ f[m _rjl_mcih_m l_fcacim[m( znc][m( _mnznc][m
s g_n[`{mc][m( mih( _h a_h_l[f( p_l^[^_l[m i `[fm[m* K_li _h _ffi hi
_mny ^_ []o_l^i _f jimcncpcmn[ f}ac]i( jilko_$Eo_hm[ ko_ _f hc]i
ncji ^_ il[]c}h ko_ nc_h_ p[fil ^_ p_l^[^ _m _f ^_ f[m il[]cih_m
_gj{lc][g_hn_ p_lc`c][\f_m i _f ^_ f[m ko_ mih [hf{nc][g_hn_ p_l)
^[^_l[m i `[fm[m* @f jimcncpcmn[( jo_m( mimnc_h_ f[ ijchc}h ^_ ko_
.3

K[l[ f[ _r jimc]c}h ]fymc][ ^_f jimcncpcmgi f}ac]i( pz[m_ <* E * <s_l( 7FSLZFLJ#

/WZNM FSI 7TLNH# ?ip_l( Io_p[ Tile( -51.*

"

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

mc oh[ il[]c}h hi _m [h[f{nc][g_hn_ p_l^[^_l[ i `[fm[ s hi b[s

g[h_l[ jimc\f_ ^_ p_lc`c][lf[ g_^c[hn_ f[ i\m_lp[]c}h( _hnih]_m
^_\_gim ]ih]focl ko_ f[ il[]c}h hi _m hc p_l^[^_l[ hc `[fm[( mchi
ko_ ^_m_gj_|[ inli j[j_f ^_hnli ^_f f_hao[d_* ?c]b[ n_il{[ b[
mc^i ^_higch[^[ M\S^O\SY NO `O\SPSMKLSVSNKN NOV ]SQXSPSMKNY( ?_ gi^i
ko_ go]b[m _rjl_mcih_m znc][m( _mnznc][m( l_fcacim[m s g_n[`{mc][m
hi mih [h[f{nc][g_hn_ p_l^[^_l[m i `[fm[m hc mih p_lc`c][\f_m g_)
^c[hn_ f[ i\m_lp[]c}h( ^_ [b{ ko_ fim jimcncpcmn[m b[s[h [`clg[^i
ko_ mclp_h j[l[ _rjl_m[l ]c_lnim m_hncgc_hnim i ^_m_im i _mj_l[h)
t[m ^_ fim b[\f[hn_m s hi j[l[ _rjl_m[l [fai p_l^[^_li i `[fmi*
C_gj_f b[ [`clg[^i _h mo m_aoh^[ jl_gcm[ ko_ _f mcahc`c][^i
^_ f[m il[]cih_m _m f[ ]ih^c]c}h ^_ mo p_lc`c][]c}h( ^_ gi^i ko_
mc hi b[s g[h_l[ ^_ p_lc`c][l oh[ il[]c}h( _hnih]_m hi nc_h_ p[)
fil ^_ p_l^[^ s _m fi ko_ ji^_gim ff[g[l ]iahim]cncp[g_hn_ oh
mchm_hnc^i* <m{ ko_ f[ jl_gcm[ %.& cgjfc][ _f ]lcn_lci ^_ p_lc`c][\c)
fc^[^ ^_f mcahc`c][^i( jilko_ mc _f mcahc`c][^i ^_ f[m il[]cih_m _m f[
]ih^c]c}h ^_ mo p_lc`c][]c}h( _hnih]_m ni^[m f[m il[]cih_m ]ih m_h)
nc^i( ]iahim]cncp[g_hn_( mih p_lc`c][\f_m* Kil ]ihmcaoc_hn_( mc b[s
[faoh[ l[t}h j[l[ l_]b[t[l _f ]lcn_lci ^_ p_lc`c][\cfc^[^( _hnih]_m
b[s l[tih_m j[l[ l_]b[t[l f[ jl_gcm[ ^_ C_gj_f* T( [ jlij}mcni(
b[s ko_ m_|[f[l ko_ _f ]lcn_lci ^_ p_lc`c][\cfc^[^ hi cgjfc][ f[
jl_gcm[ ^_ C_gj_f( jilko_ ji^l{[ m_l p_l^[^ ko_ f[m il[]ci)
h_m m_[h _gj{lc][g_hn_ p_lc`c][\f_m s jil fi n[hni( MYX ]OX^SNY&
]iahim]cncp[g_hn_( j_li ji^l{[ m_l `[fmi ko_ _f mcahc`c][^i ^_ f[m
il[]cih_m m_[ f[ ]ih^c]c}h ^_ mo p_lc`c][]c}h* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[(
ch]fomi mc []_jn[gim _f ]lcn_lci ^_ p_lc`c][\cfc^[^( f[ jl_gcm[ ^_
C_gj_f mcao_ _h`l_hnyh^im_ ]ih _f jli\f_g[ [^c]cih[f ^_domnc`c)
][l mo [`clg[]c}h []_l][ ^_ fi ko_ _m _f mcahc`c][^i ^_ oh[ il[]c}h*
Nch _g\[lai( jo_mni ko_ b_gim ^_ _h]ihnl[l l[tih_m mo`c]c_hn_m
j[l[ [llid[l [faoh[ ^o^[ mi\l_ _f ]lcn_lci ^_ p_lc`c][\cfc^[^( hi
h_]_mcn[gim _r[gch[l [ko{ _mn_ jli\f_g[ [^c]cih[f*
C[s oh jli\f_g[ _h _f ]lcn_lci ^_ p_lc`c][\cfc^[^ ^_f mcahc`c)
][^i ko_ hi b_gim ^_ _r[gch[l mc \c_h _m gos cgjiln[hn_* @m
_f mcaoc_hn_* N_ mojih_ ko_ _f ]lcn_lci ^_\_ m_j[l[l oh[m il[]ci)
h_m ^_ inl[m \[myh^im_ _h f[ p_lc`c][\cfc^[^ _gj{lc][( s [ohko_
j[l_t][ chnocncp[g_hn_ _pc^_hn_ ^}h^_ ^_\_ b[]_lm_ f[ ^cpcmc}h(
h[^c_ b[ jlijil]cih[^i [h oh[ ^_`chc]c}h ^_ f[ p_lc`c][\cfc^[^
ko_ m_[ jf_h[g_hn_ [^_]o[^[ j[l[ _mn_ nl[\[di* >[^[ chn_hni jil
_mn[\f_]_l oh[ ^_`chc]c}h [^_]o[^[ b[ mc^i( i \c_h n[h [gjfci ko_

>JI?P>OfNHJ <I<GOD>J T H<O@MD<GDNHJ @GDHDI<?JM

"

j_lgcn_ ko_ i\pcim mchm_hnc^im m_[h ]ihmc^_l[^im ]igi mc nopc_)

l[h m_hnc^i( i \c_h b[ mc^i n[h fcgcn[^i ko_ b[ _r]foc^i go]b[m
il[]cih_m _m_h]c[f_m j[l[ f[m ]c_h]c[m _gj{lc][m* <m{ ko_ _f ]lcn_)
lci ^_d[ ^_ n_h_l oncfc^[^ j[l[ ^_]c^cl mc oh[ il[]c}h j[lnc]of[l
nc_h_ i hi m_hnc^i* K_li jo_mni ko_ [h hi m_ b[ gimnl[^i ko_
hi jo_^_ b[\_l oh[ ^_`chc]c}h [^_]o[^[( hi ^_\_gim [jis[l f[
^cm]omc}h ]ihnl[ _f ]lcn_lci mi\l_ _mn_ jli\f_g[*.4
@f jli\f_g[ gym al[p_ j[l[ _f ]lcn_lci ^_ p_lc`c][\cfc^[^ ^_f
mcahc`c][^i _m ko_ j[l_]_ m_l ]ihnl[jli^o]_hn_* <`clg[ ko_ f[m
hc][m Jl[]cih_m p_l^[^_l[m mih f[m il[]cih_m [h[f{nc][m s f[m il[)
]cih_m _gj{lc][g_hn_ p_lc`c][\f_m* Kil ]ihmcaoc_hn_( _f ]lcn_lci
gcmgi( mc _m p_l^[^_li( ^_\_ m_l i \c_h [h[f{nc]i i \c_h _gj{)
lc][g_hn_ p_lc`c][\f_* K_li hi _m [h[f{nc]i( jilko_ hi b[s h[^[
ko_ m_ [oni]ihnl[^ca[ _h f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ [faoh[m il[]cih_m
hi)[h[f{nc][m s hi)p_lc`c][\f_m m_[h p_l^[^_l[m* >c_ln[g_hn_ j[)
l_]_l{[ ko_ f[ g[sil{[ ^_ f[ a_hn_ cahil[hn_ []_l][ ^_ f[m n_il{[m
^_f mcahc`c][^i l_]b[t[l{[ _f ]lcn_lci ]ihmc^_lyh^ifi `[fmi jilko_
jc_hm[ ko_ go]b[m _rjl_mcih_m l_fcacim[m s znc][m( _hnl_ inl[m( mih
p_l^[^_l[m* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( hi j[l_]_ m_l oh[ a_h_l[fct[]c}h
\[m[^[ _h f[ i\m_lp[]c}h _gj{lc][ ^_ f[m g[h_l[m _h ko_ ^_ b_)
]bi f[ a_hn_ om[ f[m il[]cih_m s l_mjih^_ [ _ff[m* K[l_]_( jo_m(
hi m_l hc [h[f{nc]i hc p_lc`c][\f_ _gj{lc][g_hn_* <faohim jimc)
ncpcmn[m ko_ l_]ihi]_h _mn_ jli\f_g[ b[h [`clg[^i ko_ zmn[ _m
mcgjf_g_hn_ oh[ jlijo_mn[ []_l][ ^_ fi ko_ ^_\_l{[gim ]ihmc)
^_l[l ]ih m_hnc^i s b[h [jis[^i mo jlijo_mn[ ^c]c_h^i ko_ mch
^o^[ _m h_]_m[lc[ j[l[ ko_ f[m ]c_h]c[m _gj{lc][m n_ha[h oh f_h)
ao[d_ ]ih m_hnc^i* K_li [ohko_ \c_h ji^l{[ m_l ko_ _f f_hao[d_
^_ f[ ]c_h]c[ ^c_l[ ]ih oh ]lcn_lci ]ih`c[\f_ ^_ p_lc`c][\cfc^[^ ^_f
mcahc`c][^i( zmn_ hi jlijil]cih[ hchaoh[ l[t}h j[l[ j_hm[l ko_
hchaoh[ inl[ yl_[ ^_f f_hao[d_ ]ih m_hnc^i ^_\_ m[ncm`[]_l l_ko_)
lcgc_hnim mcgcf[l_m*
@h mog[( b_gim _h]ihnl[^i \o_h[m l[tih_m j[l[ l_]b[t[l _f
]lcn_lci ^_ p_lc`c][\cfc^[^* N}fi _m []_jn[\f_ mc b[s [faoh[ l[t}h
j[l[ j_hm[l ko_ _m p_l^[^_li l_mj_]ni ^_ ]}gi mih f[m ]im[m( i
.4
K[l[ ^cm]omcih_m ^_n[ff[^[m j _li ^c`{]cf_m mi\l_ _mn_ jli\f_g [( pz[m_
D* N]b_``f_l( ?MJ ,SFYTR^ T K 4SVZNW^# Fhij`( I o_p[ Tile( -52/( jj* - 1 , )- 1 0 7
?* H[echmih( Ic^^cn]bm ?_`chcncih i ` Q_lc`c[\cfcns( 8NSI %[\lcf ^_ -521&7 s
E * R* > ilhg [h( Dh^cl_]nfs Q_lc`c[\f_6 @p_lsnbcha i l I inbcha( ;MNQTXTUMNHFQ >YZ$
INJX %dohci ^_ -523&*

" !

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

ko_ _m oh[ jlijo_mn[ pyfc^[ l_mj_]ni ^_ ]}gi ^_\_l{[h m_l f[m ]i)
m[m* K_li hi b_gim _h]ihnl[^i l[tih_m j[l[ []_jn[lfi ]igi oh[
jlijo_mn[( hc oh[ \o_h[ l[t}h j[l[ l_]b[t[l mo p_l^[^( jilko_
hi _m hc [h[f{nc]i hc p_lc`c][\f_ _gj{lc][g_hn_( ]igi fi _rca_ _f
]lcn_lci gcmgi [ ni^[m f[m il[]cih_m p_l^[^_l[m* @h ]ihm_]o_h)
]c[( jo_mni ko_ f[ jl_gcm[ %.& ^_ C_gj_f cgjfc][ _f ]lcn_lci ^_
p_lc`c][\cfc^[^( ^_\_gim l_]b[t[l f[ jl_gcm[ [m{ ]igi _f ]lcn_lci*
?_\_gim l_hoh]c[l [f [n[di ko_ ff_p[ [f ]ih^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i
s nl[n[l jil _f ][gchi gym f[cai s gym ^c`{]cf* @mni _m( ^_\_gim p_l
mc _f ]ih^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i nc_h_ domnc`c][]c}h j[l[ nl[n[l ^_ jli)
jil]cih[l [faoh[m ^_`chc]cih_m ]ihn_rn[f_m _mj_]{`c][m ^_ il[)
]cih_m jmc]if}ac][m j[lnc]of[l_m* Nc fial[gim [fah zrcni( _hnih)
]_m b[s oh[ \o_h[ l[t}h j[l[ []_jn[l _f ]ih^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i7
mc hi n_h_gim zrcni( _hnih]_m ^_\_gim l_]b[t[lfi*
EXK YLTOMSiX KV MYXN_M^S]WY KXKVh^SMY/
XY Z_ONO KXKVSdK\ Y\KMSYXO] NO M\OOXMSK
Ph `cf}mi`i ko_ [`clg[ ko_ _f jlial[g[ ^_f ]ih^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i
hi m_ ]ogjfcly _m Mi^_lc]e H* >bcmbifg* >bcmbifg b[ _mn[^i
^cmjo_mni [ [jis[l mo ^cm]omc}h ]ihnl[ _f [hyfcmcm ^_ f[m il[]ci)
h_m jmc]if}ac][m( jo_mn[m _h nzlgchim ^_ il[]cih_m ]ih^o]ncmn[m(
_h f[ `[fn[ ^_ b[\cfc^[^ ^_ ]o[fkoc_l j_lmih[ j[l[ [h[fct[l m[)
ncm`[]nilc[g_hn_ il[]cih_m ko_ ]ihn_ha[h [fah ]l__l* @h p[)
lcim [ln{]ofim b[ gimnl[^i ko_ ni^im fim chn_hnim b_]bim b[mn[
[bil[ b[h `l[][m[^i _h jlijil]cih[l oh [hyfcmcm [^_]o[^i ^_
f[m il[]cih_m ^_ ]l__h]c[* G[ ]ihm_]o_h]c[ ^_ _ffi( ^_m^_ fo_ai(
_m ko_ jo_mni ko_ ]l__l _m oh nzlgchi jmc]if}ac]i( _f ]ih^o])
ncmgi [h[f{nc]i ^_\_ m_l l_]b[t[^i* K[l[ p_l _f l[tih[gc_hni ^_
>bcmbifg ^_\_gim _gj_t[l jil _d_gjfim ^_ ]}gi ]lcnc][ ]c_lnim
[hyfcmcm _mj_]{`c]im* @h ][^[ ][mi go_mnl[( i \c_h ko_ _f KXKVS]KX]
hi _m mch}hcgi ^_ f[ il[]c}h ^_ ]l__h]c[( i \c_h ko_ m_ b[ ]ihp_l)
nc^i _h mch}hcgi m}fi g_^c[hn_ _f omi ^_ [fah nzlgchi nz]hc]i
ko_ hi _m h_]_m[lci j[l[ ^_m]lc\cl g_lim `_h}g_him ]iljil[f_m*
G[ m_aoh^[ [lg[ ^_f [n[ko_ ^_ >bcmbifg _m n[h cgjiln[hn_ ]igi
f[ jlcg_l[( jilko_ go]b[ a_hn_ b[ nl[n[^i ^_ _pcn[l _f f_hao[d_
jmc]if}ac]i hi g_^c[hn_ oh[ nl[^o]]c}h [f f_hao[d_ ]ih^o]ncmn[(
mchi []o|[h^i nzlgchim ko_ mo_h[h ]c_hn{`c]im s ko_ m}fi j[l_)
]_h n_h_l oh[ `oh]c}h( [ m[\_l( _pcn[l nzlgchim jmc]if}ac]im* Kil
_d_gjfi( [faohim jmc]}fiaim( _h foa[l ^_ ^_]cl(

>JI?P>ODNHJ <I<GOD>J T H<O@MD<GDNHJ @GDHDI<?JM

" "

@f mod_ni ^_f _rj_lcg_hni _mj_l[ ]igc^[(

^c]_h(
@f mod_ni ^_f _rj_lcg_hni nc_h_ oh[ _rj_]n[ncp[)>*
>igi ^c]_ >bcmbifg( hi jo_^_ ]ihmc^_l[lm_ ko_ m_g_d[hn_m nlo)
]im jlijil]cih_h oh [hyfcmcm ]ih^o]ncmn[ ^_ il[]cih_m jmc]if}ac)
][m jilko_ ]ih ni^[ jli\[\cfc^[^*** _f jmc]}fiai m}fi nc_h_ oh
g_^ci j[l[ ]igohc][l fi ko_ jo_^_h mcahc`c][l _rjl_mcih_m n[)
f_m ]igi _rj_]n[ncp[)> i ch]fomi _rj_]n[ncp[)^_)]igc^[7 _m ^_)
]cl( jo_^_ ^_]clhim ko_ m_ jo_^_ [`clg[l ko_ oh [hcg[f nc_h_
_rj_]n[ncp[)^_)]igc^[ mc s m}fi mc _f [hcg[f _mj_l[ ]igc^[*.5 <m{
ko_ mc ]c_lnim nzlgchim nz]hc]im h_]_mcn[h om[l ]c_lnim nzlgchim
jmc]if}ac]im ]igoh_m j[l[ _rjfc][l mo mcahc`c][^i( _f [hyfcmcm ^_
il[]cih_m jmc]if}ac][m ko_ ]ihnc_h_h ^c]bim nzlgchim nz]hc]im hi
^_\_l{[ om[lm_ ]igi oh ][mi [ `[pil ^_f ]ih^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i*
@r[gch_gim fim ]o[nli ncjim jlch]cj[f_m ^_ [hyfcmcm ]ih^o])
ncmn[ ko_ >bcmbifg b[ ]ihmc^_l[^i( jo_m ]ih _ffi _gj_t[l_gim
[ p_l ko_ _f [hyfcmcm ]ih^o]ncmn[ ^_ f[m il[]cih_m ^_ ]l__h]c[ j[)
l_]_ _mn[l ]ih^_h[^i [f `l[][mi*/, >ihmc^_l[ _h ][g\ci fi ko_
zf ff[g[ _f [hyfcmcm ^_ l_mjo_mn[ _mj_]{`c][( _f [hyfcmcm ^_ ]ig)
jiln[gc_hni [jlijc[^i( _f [hyfcmcm ^_ m[ncm`[]]c}h( _f [hyfcmcm
^_ l_mjo_mn[ p_l\[f* @h ][^[ ][mi ]ihmc^_l[l_gim oh [hyfcmcm
^_ f[ il[]c}h ^_ ]l__h]c[6
Kzl_t ]l__ ko_ b[s oh ch]_h^ci ]_l][*
?_ []o_l^i ]ih _f [hyfcmcm ^_ l_mjo_mn[)_mj_]{`c][ ji^l{[gim nl[)
n[l ^_ [h[fct[l _mn[ il[]c}h ^_ f[ mcaoc_hn_ g[h_l[6
Kzl_t _rbc\_ jcli)l_mjo_mn[m [ mo [g\c_hn_ chg_^c[ni*
K_li n_h_gim oh nzlgchi nz]hc]i( jcli)l_mjo_mn[m( _h _mn_ [hy)
fcmcm* >}gi b_gim ^_ _rjfc][l fi ko_ mcahc`c][; Ph ]ih^o]ncmn[
[h[f{nc]i ji^l{[ ^_]cl ko_6
Kzl_t _rbc\_ jcli)l_mjo_mn[m(
.5 M* H* >bcmbifg( Dhn_hncih[fcns [h^ nb_ O b _ils i ` Ncahm( ;MNQTXTUMNHFQ
>YZINJX %-51.&*
/, M_mj_]ni [ f[ ^cm]omc}h ^_ >bcmbifg mi\l_ fim ncjim ^_ [hyfcmcm( pz[m_ ;JW$
HJN[NSL# >ilh_ff Phcp_lmcns Kl_mm( Dnb[][( I* T*( -513( jj* - 2 4 )- 3 / *

" #

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

mcahc`c][6
Kzl_t _mny _rbc\c_h^i _f ]igjiln[gc_hni ko_ _rbc\_ ]o[h^i
s m}fi ]o[h^i b[s oh ch]_h^ci*
K_li _mni hi mclp_( jilko_ cgjfc][ ko_ Kzl_t ]l__ ko_ b[s oh ch)
]_h^ci ]o[h^i s m}fi ]o[h^i b[s l_[fg_hn_ oh ch]_h^ci* Kzl_t(
mch _g\[lai( ]igi ni^im himinlim( `l_]o_hn_g_hn_ ]l__ ]im[m ko_
mih `[fm[m* T( ^_m^_ fo_ai( hi m_l{[ \o_hi [ll_af[l _f [hyfcmcm ^c)
]c_h^i ]o[h^i s m}fi ]o[h^i gV ZSOX]K ko_ b[s oh ch]_h^ci jil)
ko_ jc_hm[ _m oh nzlgchi jmc]if}ac]i* ?_ _mn[ g[h_l[( >bcmbifg
l_`on[ _f [hyfcmcm ^_ l_mjo_mn[)_mj_]{`c][*
@f [hyfcmcm ^_ ]igjiln[gc_hni)[jlijc[^i hi ]ill_ g_dil
mo_ln_* @mn_ [h[fct[l{[6
Kzl_t ]l__ ko_ b[s oh ch]_h^ci ]_l][(
]igi6
=[di ]cl]ohmn[h]c[m l_f_p[hn_m j[l[ ko_ b[s[ oh ch]_h^ci ]_l)
][( Kzl_t m_ ]igjiln[l{[ ^_ oh[ g[h_l[ [jlijc[^[ j[l[ _f
b_]bi ^_ ko_ b[s[ oh ch]_h^ci ]_l][*
<ko{ n_h_gim oh [hyfcmcm jol[g_hn_ ]ih^o]ncmn[ ko_ hi ch]fos_
nzlgchim nz]hc]im _mj_]c[f_m* ?_ gi^i ko_( [ g_him ko_ b[s[
oh[ l[t}h j[l[ j_hm[l ko_ _m jimc\f_ ko_ oh[ ^_ f[m il[]cih_m
m_[ p_l^[^_l[ s f[ inl[ `[fm[( ji^_gim []_jn[l _mn_ [hyfcmcm* Gi
ko_ h_]_mcn[gim b[]_l( _hnih]_m( _m p_l mc ji^_gim j_hm[l _h
oh[ mcno[]c}h _h f[ ko_ oh[ il[]c}h `o_l[ p_l^[^_l[ s f[ inl[
`[fm[* @mni hi _m ^c`{]cf ^_ b[]_l* Ki^_gim ]ih]_\cl oh ][mi _h _f
ko_ Kzl_t _mnopc_l[ chpifo]l[^i_h oh mcgof[]li ^_ ch]_h^ci s m_
]igjiln[l[ _r[]n[g_hn_ ^_ f[ gcmg[ g[h_l[ _h ko_ fi b[l{[ _h
oh ch]_h^ci l_[f* No ]igjiln[gc_hni _m ]c_ln[g_hn_ [jlijc[^i
[f b_]bi ^_ ko_ b[s[ oh ch]_h^ci ]_l][* K_hm_gim n[g\czh ko_
_h _mn_ gcmgi ][mi( mch ko_ h[^c_ fi m_j[( b[ _mn[ff[^i oh ch]_h)
^ci _h _f _^c`c]ci domn[g_hn_ [hn_m ^_f mcgof[]li jlial[g[^i*
@hnih]_m( jil mojo_mni( Kzl_t m_ _mny ]igjiln[h^i ^_ []o_l^i
]ih _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ b[s[ oh ch]_h^ci ]_l][* <m{ ko_ _f KXKVS]KX] _m
p_l^[^_li* K_li( Kzl_t( m[\c_h^i ko_ m_ nl[n[\[ mcgjf_g_hn_ ^_f
mcgof[]li jlial[g[^i( ]l__ ko_ hi b[s oh ch]_h^ci ]_l][* <m{
ko_ _f KXKVS]KXN_W _m `[fmi s _f [hyfcmcm `l[][m[* ?_ _mn[ g[h_l[
>bcmbifg l_`on[ [f [hyfcmcm ^_ ]igjiln[gc_hni)[jlijc[^i*

>JI?P>O-NHJ <I<GOD>J T H<O@MD<GDNHJ @PHDI<?JM

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@f [hyfcmcm ^_ m[ncm`[]]c}h jlijih_ [h[fct[l6

Kzl_t ]l__ ko_ b[s oh ch]_h^ci ]_l][(
]igi6
Kzl_t _mny _h oh _mn[^i ]iljil[f ko_ ko_^[l{[ m[ncm`_]bi mc s
m}fi mc oh ch]_h^ci `o_l[ [ i]ollcl ]_l][*
<ko{ ^_ ho_pi( [ohko_ n_h_gim oh [hyfcmcm jol[g_hn_ ]ih^o])
ncmn[( ji^_gim ]ih]_\cl hog_limim ]ihnl[_d_gjfim j[l[ f[ [`cl)
g[]c}h ^_ ko_ f[m ^im il[]cih_m mih mch}hcg[m* Ki^_gim ]ih]_)
\cl oh[ mcno[]c}h _h f[ ko_ Kzl_t nc_h_ oh[ ola_h]c[ ch]ihnlif[)
\f_ jil [m[l g[fp[pcm]im _h oh[ `ia[n[* Oc_h_ fim g[fp[pcm]im _h
oh[ p[l[ s m}fi h_]_mcn[ `o_ai* <m{ ko_ _mny _h oh _mn[^i ]ilji)
l[f ko_ ko_^[l{[ m[ncm`_]bi mc bo\c_l[ `o_ai ]_l][ s m}fi ko_^[l{[
m[ncm`_]bi mc bo\c_l[ `o_ai ]_l][* K_li ]ih]c\[gim f[ mcno[]c}h
^_ n[f g[h_l[ ko_ Kzl_t hi nopc_l[ fim g_^cim j[l[ _h]_h^_l
oh[ `ia[n[ s bo\c_l[ \om][^i jil ni^[m j[ln_m `o_ai j_li hi fi*
bo\c_l[ _h]ihnl[^i* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[ ]l__l{[ ko_ hi b[s `o_ai
]_l][* <ko{ _f KXKVS]KXN_W _m `[fmi s _f KXKVS]KX] p_l^[^_li( ^_
gi^i ko_ oh[ p_t gym _f chn_hni ^_ b[]_l oh [hyfcmcm ]ih^o])
ncmn[ ^_ oh[ il[]c}h jmc]if}ac][ `l[][m[*
@f fncgi chn_hni ko_ b_gim ^_ ]ihmc^_l[l _m _f [hyfcmcm ^_ l_m)
jo_mn[ p_l\[f( ko_ _m `[pil_]c^i jil go]bim `cf}mi`im fchacmn[m(
]igi Mo^ifjb >[lh[j* >[lh[j b[ [h[fct[^i il[]cih_m n[f_m ]i)
gi6
Kzl_t ]l__ ko_ b[s oh ch]_h^ci ]_l][(
]igi6
Kzl_t nc_h_ f[ l_f[]c}h 5 ]ih C[s oh ch]_h^ci ]_l][ _h n[hni
ko_ il[]c}h _h _mj[|if*
G[ l_[]]c}h chg_^c[n[ [ _mn_ [hyfcmcm _m jl_]cm[l ko_ om[ oh nzl)
gchi nz]hc]i( l_f[]c}h 5 r& ko_ _m h_]_m[lci m}fi j[l[ [h[fct[l
nzlgchim jmc]if}ac]im* @h l_mjo_mn[ [ _mn_ [n[ko_ ^_f [hyfcmcm( mch
_g\[cai( m_ b[ m_|[f[^i ko_ f[ a_hn_ nc_h_ l_f[]cih_m ^_ p[lcim nc)
jim ]ih ^c`_l_hn_m _rjl_mcih_m p_l\[f_m s ko_ _mno^c[lf[m _m j[ln_
^_ f[ n[l_[ ^_ f[m ]c_h]c[m h[nol[f_m* <m{ ko_ _f [hyfcmcm jl_]_^_hn_(
jo_mni ko_ om[ oh[ _rjl_mc}h ko_ ^_m]lc\_ oh[ l_f[]c}h _hnl_ f[

"%

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

a_hn_ s _f f_hao[d_( om[ oh[ _rjl_mc}h h_]_m[lc[ s[ m_[ i hi onc)

fct[^[ _h _f [hyfcmcm ^_ il[]cih_m jmc]if}ac][m* Ii i\mn[hn_( [oh)
ko_ _mn[ jlcg_l[ i\d_]c}h jo_^[ b[\_l mc^i l_`on[^[( mcao_ ko_)
^[h^i _f jli\f_g[ ^_ _rjfc][l _f mcahc`c][^i ^_ l_f[]c}h 5 r mch
n_h_l ko_ [jis[lm_ _h nzlgchim jmc]if}ac]im* @mni [h hi m_ b[
b_]bi* <^_gym( jo_mni ko_ hi _m h_]_m[lci ko_ [faoc_h _hnc_h^[
_mj[|if mc b[ ^_ ]l__l ko_ b[s ch]_h^ci ]_l][( f[ _rjfc][]c}h ^_
fi ko_ mcahc`c][ l_f[]c}h 5 r hi jo_^_ cgjfc][l ko_ Kzl_t m_j[
_mj[|if* <m{ ko_ oh KXKVS]KX] cao[fg_hn_ \o_hi ^_\_l{[ m_l6
Kzl_t nc_h_ oh[ l_f[]c}h 5 ]ih q;; c K _ X PO_ Z\g] NrSMSr _h n[hni
ko_ il[]c}h _h `l[h]zm*
Ki^l{[gim nl[n[l ^_ _rjfc][l _f KXKVS]KX] [`clg[h^i ko_ mcahc`c][6
Kzl_t nc_h_ l_mjo_mn[m)! [ oh[ il[]c}h ko_ _h mo c^cig[ _m
mch}hcg[ ^_ f[ il[]c}h _h _mj[|if C[s oh ch]_h^ci ]_l][*
Nch _g\[lai( _mn[ il[]c}h hi m}fi him b[]_ l_nli]_^_l [f [hyfcmcm
^_ l_mjo_mn[)_mj_]{`c][( ]ih ni^i s mom jli\f_g[m( mchi ko_ j[)
l_]_l{[ ko_ f[ `l[m_ _h m c^cig[ mcahc`c][ _h _f c^cig[ ko_ _h)
nc_h^_( s _hnc_h^_ _m mch ^o^[ oh nzlgchi jmc]if}ac]i* O[f p_t
_hnc_h^_ jo_^_ m_l _pcn[^i s l_mjo_mn[)c; _fo]c^[^i mch [ji)
s[lm_ _h nzlgchim jmc]if}ac]im( j_li b[mn[ [bil[ ^c]bim chn_hnim
hi b[h n_hc^i zrcni* @f [hyfcmcm ^_ l_mjo_mn[)p_l\[f( jo_m( j[l_]_
_mn[l ^_mnch[^i [f `l[][mi( mc \c_h b[s `cf}mi`im ko_ mcao_h chn_h)
n[h^i j_l`_]]cih[lfi*
C_gim _r[gch[^i ]o[nli ^_ fim chn_hnim gym jf[omc\f_m jil
jlijil]cih[l oh [hyfcmcm ]ih^o]ncmn[ ^_ f[m il[]cih_m ^_ ]l__h)
]c[ s b_gim _h]ihnl[^i l[tih_m j[l[ l_]b[t[l _f [hyfcmcm ko_ m_
i`l_]_ _h ][^[ ][mi* Ki^_gim ]ih]focl ]ih >bcmbifg ko_ j[l_]_
gos cgjli\[\f_ ko_ [fah inli [hyfcmcm ]ih^o]ncmn[ ]ill[ g_)
dil mo_ln_* ?_ gi^i ko_ [ohko_ hi b[s[gim _r[gch[^i( s hi
ji^[gim _r[gch[l( ni^i jimc\f_ [hyfcmcm ]ih^o]ncmn[ ^_ il[]ci)
h_m jmc]if}ac][m( b_gim _r[gch[^i oh[ go_mnl[ mo`c]c_hn_g_hn_
\o_h[ ]igi j[l[ ]ih]focl ko_ ^_\_gim l_]b[t[l _f ]ih^o]ncmgi
[h[f{nc]i jilko_ [`clg[ ko_ f[m il[]cih_m ^_ ]l__h]c[ [m{ ]igi
ni^[m f[m il[]cih_m jmc]if}ac][m jo_^_h m_l [h[fct[^[m ]ih^o])
ncmn[g_hn_* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( mc _f g[n_lc[fcmgi _fcgch[^il b[
^_ m[fp[lm_ ]igi oh[ [fn_lh[ncp[ pc[\f_ ^_f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[)

O@JM< ?@G ?J=G@)G@IEP<B@ T H<O@MD<GDNHJ @GDHDI<?JM

"&

fcmn[( _hnih]_m n_h^l_gim ko_ ^_j_h^_l ^_ f[ n_il{[ ^_f ^i\f_

f_hao[d_*
G < O @ J M < ? @G ? J = G@)G@I B P < E@ T
@ G H<O@MD<GDNHJ @GDH DI < ? J M

G[ n_il{[ ^_f ^i\f_)f_hao[d_ b[ mc^i l_mogc^[ jil A_caf( mo jlch)

]cj[f _rjih_hn_( ^_ f[ mcaoc_hn_ g[h_l[6
<faohim nzlgchim h_oli`cmcif}ac]im ^_hin[h %m_ l_`c_l_h [& _r[]n[)
g_hn_ fim gcmgim mo]_mim ko_ n[g\czh mih ^_hin[^im %l_`_lc^im&
jil ]c_lnim nzlgchim `_higzhc]im* G[ c^_hnc`c][]c}h ^_ fim i\d_nim
^_ _mn[ ^i\f_ l_`_l_h]c[ _m jil mojo_mni f}ac][g_hn_ ]ihncha_hn_( mc
\c_h ]ihmncnos_ oh[ ][l[]n_l{mnc][ `oh^[g_hn[f ^_ ho_mnli goh^i
n[f ]igi b_gim ff_a[^i [ ]ih]_\clfi _h mo [j[lc_h]c[ ]c_hn{`c][ gi)
^_lh[* VKi^_gim ^_]clX ko_ fim nzlgchim h_oli`cmcif}ac]im s mom ]i)
ll_mjih^c_hn_m nzlgchim `_higzhc]im( [ohko_ gos ^c`_l_hn_m _h
]o[hni [f Vmcahc`c][^iX( s jil fi n[hni _h ]o[hni [ fim gi^im ^_
]ih`clg[]c}h ^_ f[m il[]cih_m ko_ fim ]ihnc_h_h( nc_h_h c^zhnc]im
\OPO\OX^O]( >ihmc^_li _mnim l_`_l_hn_m ]igi f[m ]o[fc^[^_m chg_^c[)
n[g_hn_ _rj_lcg_hn[^[m i ]igi mom ]ih`caol[]cih_m _h p[lcim yg)
\cnim `_higzhc]im*/-
E* E* >* Ng[ln g[hnc_h_ oh[ n_mcm gos j[l_]c^[ [ f[ ^_ A_caf( j_li
f[ _rjl_m[ _mj_]{`c][g_hn_ _h nzlgchim ^_ m_hm[]cih_m s jli]_mim
]_l_\l[f_m* ?c]_ ko_
_h f[ g_^c^[ _h ko_ jimn)cg[a_h i ^ifil _m oh ch`ilg_ ^_ oh
jli]_mi( _m _f ch`ilg_ ^_ oh jli]_mi ko_ \O]_V^K ]O\ oh jli]_mi ]_)
l_\l[f* ?_ _mni m_ mcao_ ko_ f[ n_mcm hi [`clg[ ko_ f[m il[]cih_m ^_
m_hm[]c}h jo_^_h m_l ^\KN_MSNK] _h il[]cih_m []_l][ ^_ jli]_mim ]_)
l_\l[f_m* T n[gji]i [`clg[ ko_ f[ f}ac][ ^_ oh[ il[]c}h ^_ m_h)
m[]c}h m_[ f[ gcmg[ ko_ oh[ il[]c}h []_l][ ^_ jli]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m*
N}fi [`clg[ ko_ _h f[ g_^c^[ _h ko_ oh[ il[]c}h ^_ m_hm[]c}h _m
oh ch`ilg_ ^_ [fai( _m_ [fai _m _h _`_]ni oh jli]_mi ]_l_\l[f* G[m
m_hm[]cih_m hi mih [fai ko_ _mny jil _h]cg[ ^_ fim jli]_mim ]_l_)
\l[f_m*/.

N- A_caf( _h C iie %_^*&( /NRJSXNTSX T K 8NSI# TU% HNY%# j* /4*

/.
E * E * >* Ng [ln( N_hm[ncihm [h^ =l[ch Kli]_mm_m( ?MJ ;MNQTXTUMNHFQ =J[NJ\#
2 4 %- 5 1 5 &( jj* - 0 0 )- 0 1 *

" '

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

C[s nl_m ][l[]n_l{mnc][m cgjiln[hn_m ^_ f[m n_il{[m ^_ _mnim ^im

[onil_m ko_ ^_\_gim i\m_lp[l ]oc^[^im[g_hn_*
Klcg_l[( n[hni A_caf ]igi Ng[ln ^cm]on_h ]c_ln[m _rjl_mcih_m
^_f f_hao[d_ s [ koz m_ l_`c_l_h _mn[m _rjl_mcih_m i ^_ koz b[)
\f[h* <m{ ko_ [g\im [^ijn[h oh _h`iko_ fcha{mnc]i l_mj_]ni ^_f
jli\f_g[ g_hn_)]o_lji* K_li jil _mni hi ^_\_ _hn_h^_lm_ ko_
m}fi f_m cgjiln[ _f f_hao[d_( jilko_ [ fi ko_ _mn[m _rjl_mcih_m
m_ l_`c_l_h hi _m [ inl[m _rjl_mcih_m fcha{mnc][m mchi [ ]c_lnim nc)
jim ^_ `_h}g_him hi fcha{mnc]im* ?_ gi^i ko_ [g\im _mnyh ch)
n_l_m[^im _h m[][l ^_ ]c_lnim b_]bim []_l][ ^_f f_hao[d_( ]c_ln[m
]ih]fomcih_m []_l][ ^_ f[ l_[fc^[^ hi fcha{mnc][*
N_aoh^[( [g\im []_hn[h _f ko_ f[m _rjl_mcih_m jmc]if}ac][m s
f[m _rjl_mcih_m `cmcif}ac][m ko_ _mnyh ]ihmc^_l[h^i( ^c`c_l_h go)
]bi _h ]o[hni [f mcahc`c][^i( ^_ g[h_l[ ko_ f[m il[]cih_m jmc)
]if}ac][m hi mih [h[fct[\f_m i nl[^o]c\f_m [ il[]cih_m `cmcif}ac][m*
N}fi [`clg[h ko_ _mnim ^im ncjim ^c`_l_hn_m ^_ nzlgchim nc_h_h fim
gcmgim \OPO\OX^O]& j_li hi ko_ nc_h_h fim gcmgim ]SQXSPSMKNY]( <`cl)
g[h( jil _d_gjfi( ko_ f[ _rjl_mc}h jli]_mi ]_l_\l[f nc_h_ fim
gcmgim l_`_l_hn_m ko_ f[ _rjl_mc}h m_hm[]c}h( j_li [g\[m mih
]f[l[g_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m _h ]o[hni [f mcahc`c][^i* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[(
[ohko_ [f cao[f ko_ fim ]ih^o]^mn[m [h[f{nc]im( _ffim mih n[g\czh
`cf}mi`im fchacmn[m( hi mih ]ih^o]ncmn[m [h[f{nc]im jilko_ hc_a[h
ko_ f[m il[]cih_m jmc]if}ac][m m_[h mch}hcg[m ^_ f[m il[]cih_m
]ih^o]ncmn[m*
O_l]_l[( mc \c_h A_caf s Ng[ln mih [g\im n_}lc]im ^_f ^i\f_)
f_hao[d_( b[s oh johni cgjiln[hn_ _h _f ko_ hi _mnyh ^_ []o_l^i*
>igi m_ jomi ^_ g[hc`c_mni _h f[m ]cn[m [hn_lcil_m( nc_h_h ijc)
hcih_m gos ^c`_l_hn_m []_l][ ^_ fim l_`_l_hn_m ]igoh_m ^_ fim
nzlgchim jmc]if}ac]im s ^_ ]c_lnim nzlgchim `cmcif}ac]im* A_caf ^c]_
ko_ fim l_`_l_hn_m ]igoh_m mih ]o[fc^[^_m ko_ m_ mc_hn_h ^_ ch)
g_^c[ni( _m ^_]cl( m_hm[]cih_m hi chn_ljl_n[^[m i _h _mn[^i \lo)
ni* Ng[ln( jil inli f[^i( [`clg[ ko_ fim nzlgchim ^_ m_hm[]c}h m_
l_`c_l_h [ _hnc^[^_m ko_ hi mih inl[ ]im[ ko_ jli]_mim ]_l_\l[)
f_m* @mnim mch ^o^[ hi j[l_]_h m_l m_hm[]cih_m hi chn_ljl_n[^[m*
@mn[ _m oh[ ^c`_l_h]c[ gos cgjiln[hn_ j[l[ ho_mnlim jlij}mcnim(
jilko_ f[ n_mcm ^_ Ng[ln( mc m_ a_h_l[fct[ b[mn[ ch]focl ni^im fim
nzlgchim jmc]if}ac]im( m_ ]ihpc_ln_ _h f[ n_il{[ ^_f g[n_lc[fcmgi(
j_li f[ n_il{[ ^_ A_caf hi j[l_]_ m_l ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _f g[n_lc[)
fcmgi( jilko_ ^_m^_ mo johni ^_ pcmn[ fim l_`_l_hn_m mih _hnc^[)
^_m g_hn[f_m* Ko_mni ko_ [ko{ _mn[gim ^cm]onc_h^i mi\l_ _f g[)

O@JM< ?@G ?J=G@ G@IEP<B@ T H<O@MD<GDNHJ @GDHDI<?JM

"(

n_lc[fcmgi( ^_\_gim ]ih]_hnl[lhim jlch]cj[fg_hn_ _h f[ p_lmc}h

g[n_lc[fcmn[ ^_ Ng[ln ^_ _mn[ n_il{[( f[ ]o[f ]igi [bil[ ji^_gim
p_l ]ihmn[ ^_ ^im [`clg[]cih_m* G[ jlcg_l[ _m ko_ f[m _rjl_mcih_m
jmc]if}ac][m s ]c_ln[m _rjl_mcih_m `cmcif}ac][m nc_h_h l_`_l_hn_m ]i)
goh_m( s f[ m_aoh^[ _m ko_ _mn_ l_`_l_hn_ ]igh _m _h ni^im fim
][mim g[n_lc[f*
>o[fkoc_l n_}lc]i ^_f ^i\f_)f_hao[d_ ko_ mimn_ha[ f[m ^im [`cl)
g[]cih_m [hn_lcil_m _m oh g[n_lc[fcmn[( j_li _mni hi \[mn[ j[l[
^_n_lgch[l mc _m oh g[n_lc[fcmn[ _fcgch[^il i oh g[n_lc[fcmn[ l_)
^o]]cihcmn[* Ph _d_gjfi him [so^[ly [ ^cmnchaocl _hnl_ _mnim ^im
ncjim ^_ g[n_lc[fcmn[m ^_f ^i\f_ f_hao[d_* >ihmc^zl_m_ oh g[n_)
lc[fcmn[ ko_ [`clg_( jlcg_li( ko_ _f nzlgchi jmc]if}ac]i _rj_)
lc_h]c[ ^_ ^ifil ^_hin[( i m_ l_`c_l_ [( _r[]n[g_hn_ f[m gcmg[m
]im[m ko_ _f nzlgchi h_oli`cmcif}ac]i ]ig\omnc}h ^_ `c\l[m)>( s(
m_aoh^i( ko_ _mnim l_`_l_hn_m ]igoh_m hi mih gym ko_ ]ig\om)
ncih_m ^_ `c\l[m)>( _mni _m( ]c_lnim jli]_mim h_ol[f_m _h _f ]_l_)
\li ko_ ]ihmcmn_h _hn_l[g_hn_ _h ]c_ln[m ]zfof[m h_lpcim[m ko_)
g[^[m* N_g_d[hn_ g[n_lc[fcmn[ _m oh n_}lc]i ^_f ^i\f_)f_hao[d_*
Nc [^_gym [`clg[ ko_ l_[fg_hn_ hi b[s _rj_lc_h]c[m ^_ ^ifil o
inl[m m_hm[]cih_m( _m oh g[n_lc[fcmn[ _fcgch[^il* Nc( hi i\mn[hn_(
_h foa[l ^_ _ffi [`clg[ ko_ f[ l[t}h jil f[ ]o[f fim ^im nzlgchim
nc_h_h l_`_l_hn_m ]igoh_m _m ko_ ][^[ _rj_lc_h]c[ ^_ ^ifil _m
c^zhnc][ [ f[ ]ig\omnc}h ^_ `c\l[m)>( _hnih]_m hi _m oh g[n_lc[)
fcmn[ _fcgch[^il( jilko_ mc f[m _rj_lc_h]c[m ^_ ^ifil mih c^zhnc][m
[ jli]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m l_[f_m( _hnih]_m b[s _rj_lc_h]c[m ^_ ^ifil*
@m gym \c_h oh g[n_lc[fcmn[ l_^o]]cihcmn[* Ng[ln( jil _d_gjfi( _m
oh g[n_lc[fcmn[ l_^o]]cihcmn[* <`clg[ hi m}fi ko_ f[ m_hm[]c}h
s _f jli]_mi ]_l_\l[f nc_h_h l_`_l_hn_m ]igoh_m( mchi n[g\czh
ko_ f[m m_hm[]cih_m hi _mnyh jil _h]cg[ ^_ fim jli]_mim ]_l_\l[)
f_m( _mni _m( ko_ f[m m_hm[]cih_m mih l_[fg_hn_ l_^o]c\f_m( s jil
fi n[hni c^zhnc][m [ fi gcmgi ko_ ]c_lnim jli]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m*
C_gim ^_ _r[gch[l _mn[ n_mcm gym n[l^_ _h _mn_ gcmgi ][j{nofi(
j_li ]ihmc^_l_gim jlcg_li [f n_}lc]i ^_f ^i\f_ f_hao[d_ ko_ _m
n[g\czh oh g[n_lc[fcmn[ _fcgch[^il*
G[ jlch]cj[f i\d_]c}h ]ihnl[ oh g[n_lc[fcmn[ _fcgch[^il _m ko_
nc_h_ ko_ [`clg[l ko_ ][^[ p_t ko_ [faoc_h ^c]_( ch]fomi ]ih jf_h[
mch]_lc^[^ s ]ihpc]]c}h(n_hai oh ^ifil [ao^i s joht[hn_( fi
ko_ _mny ]igohc][h^i i [ fi ko_ ^_ b_]bi m_ _mny l_`clc_h^i(
hoh][ _m [ oh ^ifil joht[hn_ i [ao^i( mchi gym \c_h [ [fai gos

"

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

^c`_l_hn_ ^_ oh ^ifil( [ m[\_l( oh jli]_mi h_ol[f jol[g_hn_ `c)

mcif}ac]i* K_li _mni j[l[ _gj_t[l _m _rnl_g[^[g_hn_ chp_lim{)
gcf( ch]fomi nin[fg_hn_ [\mol^i* N_l{[ jimc\f_ ko_ bo\c_l[ oh[
g[h_l[ ^_ ^_`_h^_l m_g_d[hn_ n_mcm chc]c[fg_hn_ chp_lim{gcf;
EXK NOPOX]K NOV WK^O\SKVS]WY OVSWSXKNY\/
_XK KXKVYQhK OX^\O NOWYXSY] c NYVY\O]
Mc]b[l^ Milns( ko_ _m oh g[n_lc[fcmn[ _fcgch[^il( jlijil]cih[
oh[ ^_`_hm[ b[]c_h^i oh[ [h[fia{[ _hnl_ _f omi ^_ ^_gihcim _r)
nl[|im _h oh[ nlc\o jlcgcncp[ j[l[ _rjfc][l f[m _h`_lg_^[^_m s
ho_mnli jl_m_hn_ omi ^_ fim ^ifil_m s inl[m m_hm[]cih_m j[l[ _r)
jfc][l ]c_lni ]igjiln[gc_hni bog[hi* Klcg_li ^_m]lc\_ mo nlc\o
cg[ach[lc[6
>c_ln[ nlc\o jlcgcncp[ mimnc_h_ f[ c^_[ ^_ ko_ f[m _h`_lg_^[^_m mih
][om[^[m jil ^_gihcim oh ^_gihci ^c`_l_hn_ j[l[ ][^[ ncji ^_
_h`_lg_^[^* >o[h^i m_ f_ jl_aohn[ koz gym m_ m[\_ []_l][ ^_ _m)
nim ^_gihcim [j[ln_ ^_ ko_ ][om[h _h`_lg_^[^_m( l_mjih^_h ko_
]c_lnim gc_g\lim ^_ f[ nlc\o fim gz^c]im \lodim jo_^_h p_l(
^_mjozm ^_ ]ig_l bihaim m[al[^im( `ilg[m bog[hic^_m p[lc[^[m
%chn[hac\f_m& mi\l_ i ]_l][ ^_ fim ]o_ljim ^_ fim j[]c_hn_m* Gim gz^c)
]im \lodim b[h m_|[f[^i( jil _d_gjfi( ko_ oh ^_gihci [tof ]ih oh[
h[lct f[la[ []igj[|[ [ fim _jcfzjnc]im( ohi lidi s ail^i []igj[|[
[ fim ko_ mo`l_h ^_ jh_ogih{[( _n]* C[mn[ ]ihi]_h b_]bim ]igi
ko_ [f ^_gihci lidi hi f_ aomn[ ]c_lni ncji ^_ gibi ko_ fim gz^c]im
\lodim f_ ^[h [ f[ a_hn_ ko_ nc_h_ jh_ogih{[* Nc him nijyl[gim ]ih
^c]b[ nlc\o( him ch]fch[l{[gim [ ^_]clf_m ko_ fim ^_gihcim hi _rcm)
n_h* G_m ^cl{[gim ko_ f[m _h`_lg_^[^_m mih ][om[^[m jil azlg_h_m(
pclom( s mcgcf[l_m* <|[^cl{[gim ko_ fim gz^c]im \lodim hi _mn[\[h
pc_h^i ^_gihcim( mchi ko_ mcgjf_g_hn_ _mn[\[h n_hc_h^i [fo]ch[)
]cih_m*
Pm[ _hnih]_m f[ [h[fia{[ j[l[ ^cmcj[l _f [\mol^i chc]c[f ^_ f[ [`cl)
g[]c}h ^_ ko_ h[^c_ nc_h_ ^ifil_m6
@f [\mol^i ^_ ^_]cl h[^c_ b[ m_hnc^i hoh][ oh ^ifil hi _m g[sil
ko_ ^_]cl h[^c_ b[ pcmni hoh][ oh ^_gihci mc n_h_gim oh[ l_m)
jo_mn[ [^_]o[^[ [ f[ jl_aohn[ koz _mn[\[ ]igohc][h^i ]o[h^i
//
M* Milns* Hch^)=i^s D^]hncns( Klcp[]s( [h^ >[n_ailc_m( =J[NJ\ T K 8JYF$
UM^XNHX %-5>1&* jj* . 4 ). 5 *

O@JM< ?@G ?J=G@ G@IEP<B@ T H<O@MD<GDNHJ @GDHDI<?JM

^cd_ ko_ m_hn{[ oh ^ifil; < _mn[ jl_aohn[ f[ ]c_h]c[ ^_f `onoli
jo_^_ l_mjih^_l _mn[\[m ]igohc][h^i []_l][ ]{_ f[ i]oll_h]c[ ^_
]c_lni jli]_mi ]_l_\l[f( s him b[l{[m f[ pc^[ gym `y]cf mc _h _f `onoli
^cd_l[m gcm `c\l[m)> m_ _mnyh ko_g[h^i _h foa[l ^_ ^_]cl n_hai
oh ^ifil* <f ^_]cl _mni( nc_h_ oh ][mi Z\SWK PKMSO n[h \o_hi ]igi
_f ^_f ]c_hn{`c]i ko_ l_mjih^_ [ f[ jl_aohn[ ^_f gz^c]i \lodi koz
_mn[\[ ]igohc][h^i ]o[h^i ]igohckoz ko_ b[\{[ oh ^_gihci;
^c]c_h^i _mn[\[m ]igohc][h^i _f ]ihn_hc^i ^_ no [fo]ch[]c}h( s f[
pc^[ m_l{[ gym `y]cf mc( _h _f `onoli( ^_m]lc\c_l[m nom _rj_lc_h]c[m _h
_mnim nzlgchim *
?_ []o_l^i ]ih _mn[ ]ih]_j]c}h( jo_m( m_ly l[tih[\f_ _h _f `o)
noli _fcgch[l f[m m_hm[]cih_m( mc ]igi j[l_]_ jli\[\f_( f[ `oh]c}h
_rjfc][ncp[( ^_ [faoh[ g[h_l[ jlcgcncp[( ^_ fim nzlgchim ^_ m_h)
m[]c}h( _m l_gjf[t[^[ jil fim nzlgchim( gym [p[ht[^im( ^_ f[ `cmci)
fia{[* <f ff_a[l [ _m_ johni( _mn[l_gim domnc`c][^im _h _]b[l `o_l[
f[m m_hm[]cih_m n[f ]igi bc]cgim ]ih fim ^_gihcim*
Nc f[ [h[fia{[ ]ih fim ^_gihcim ko_ jf[hn_[ Milns nc_h_ zrcni(
_hnih]_m zmn_ nc_h_ oh[ l_`on[]c}h [ f[ i\d_]c}h `o_ln_ ko_ l_)
]b[t[ mo n_il{[7 mc hi nc_h_ zrcni( _hnih]_m n_h^l_gim l[t}h _h
l_]b[t[l _mn[ n_il{[* Milns m_ ^[ ]o_hn[ ^_ ko_ b[s oh[ ^c`_)
l_h]c[ cgjiln[hn_ _hnl_ fim ^im ][mim( j_li hi jo_^_ p_l ko_
^_mnlos_ mo ^_`_hm[* Milns f_ b[ jlijil]cih[^i [f g[n_lc[fcmn[
_fcgch[^il oh[ l_mjo_mn[ [ f[ jl_aohn[ []_l][ ^_ fi ko_ ]igo)
hc]i ]o[h^i ^cai ko_ n_hai oh ^ifil( j_li( [ ^c`_l_h]c[ ^_f ][mi
^_f ^_gihci( hi b[ jlijil]cih[^i hchaoh[ `ilg[ p_lim{gcf j[l[
_rjfc][l jil koz _mny n[h _rn_h^c^i _f _llil ^_ ]l__l s ]igohc)
][l ko_ b[s ^ifil_m* T ^_\_ jlijil]cih[l ^c]b[ _rjfc][]c}h _h
foa[l ^_ oh[ mcgjf_ l_mjo_mn[ mc b[ ^_ l_`on[l f[ []om[]c}h ^_
ko_ mo n_il{[ cgjfc][ oh [\mol^i* Gim ]c_hn{`c]im _rjfc][h jil
koz fim gz^c]im \lodim ]l__h ko_ p_h ^_gihcim( ^_]f[l[h^i ko_
]ig_l bihaim m[al[^im f_m ][om[ [fo]ch[]cih_m ^_ ^_gihcim( s _m)
n[m [fo]ch[]cih_m _ha[|[h [ fim gz^c]im \lodim koc_h_m ]l__h ko_
m_ nl[n[ ^_ ^_gihcim l_[f_m* Ph g[n_lc[fcmn[ _fcgch[^il( mch _g)
\[lai( hi jo_^_ om[l f[m [fo]ch[]cih_m j[l[ _rjfc][l jil ko_ ]l_)
_gim _ll}h_[g_hn_ ko_ _rj_lcg_hn[gim ^ifil_m( jilko_ [oh)
ko_ nopc_l[ m_hnc^i b[\f[l ^_ f[ [fo]ch[]c}h ^_ oh ^ifil( _mn[m
[fo]ch[]cih_m m_l{[h i\d_nim g_hn[f_m gym ko_ _mn[^im h_ol[f_m( s
hi m_ _fcgch[l{[h ]c_ln[m _hnc^[^_m g_hn[f_m* <^_gym( hi j[l_]_
/0 VLSS(e jj* / , ) / - *

" !

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

b[\_l hchaoh[ inl[ ]im[ ko_ _f g[n_lc[fcmn[ jo^c_l[ om[l j[l[

_rjfc][l ho_mnli _llil ]igh ko_ ]ihmcmn_ _h ]l__l s ]igohc][l
]c_ln[m i]oll_h]c[m( ko_ mih g_lim jli]_mim h_ol[f_m( ]igi ^i)
fil_m [ao^im s joht[hn_m* <m{ ko_ _f [\mol^i j_lg[h_]_( s _mn_
chn_hni jil ^_`_h^_l _f g[n_lc[fcmgi _fcgch[^il `l[][m[*
>ih _f `l[][mi ^_ _mn_ fncgi chn_hni( ji^_gim ]ih]focl ko_
_f g[n_lc[fcmgi _fcgch[^il ^_\_ m_l l_]b[t[^i* Ii j[l_]_ b[\_l
g[h_l[ ^_ b[]_l jf[omc\f_ f[ _fcgch[]c}h ]igjf_n[ ^_ f[m m_h)
m[]cih_m* Nch _g\[{^i( _f g[n_lc[fcmgi hi _mny ]ih _ffi l_`on[^i(
jilko_ _f g[n_lc[fcmgi l_^o]]cihcmn[ j_lg[h_]_ cf_mi* <f [`clg[l
ko_ f[m m_hm[]cih_m hi mih mchi jli]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m s ko_ jil fi
n[hni mih c^zhnc][m [ zmnim( _f g[n_lc[fcmgi l_]b[t[ f[ [`clg[]c}h
^_ ko_ h[^c_ nc_h_ ^ifil_m( s jil fi n[hni _fo^_ f[ i\d_]c}h ko_
l_mofn[ `[n[f j[l[ f[ p_lmc}h _fcgch[^il[*
G < O @ J M < ?@ G< D?@IOD?<? T
@ G H <O@MD<GDNHJ M@? P >>DJ I DNO<

G[ [`clg[]c}h ]f[p_ ^_f g[n_lc[fcmn[ l_^o]]cihcmn[ _m ko_ f[m _h)

nc^[^_m g_hn[f_m( ]igi f[m m_hm[]cih_m( hi _mnyh jil _h]cg[ ^_
]c_ln[m _hnc^[^_m `{mc][m( n[f_m ]igi fim jli]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m* @mn[
[`clg[]c}h l_^o]]cihcmn[ _rjl_m[ Wf] ko_ _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ ][^[
m_hm[]c}h m_[ fi gcmgi ko_ oh jli]_mi ]_l_\l[f( jilko_ _f omi
^_ f[ `l[m_ hi _mny jil _h]cg[ ^_ n[g\czh cgjfc][ ko_ f[m m_h)
m[]cih_m ]iVY nc_h_h f[m jlijc_^[^_m `cmcif}ac][m ^_ ]c_lnim jli]_)
mim ]_l_\l[f_m* <m{ ko_ m_ mojih_ ko_ hi nc_h_h jlijc_^[^_m jmc)
]if}ac][m( [ j_m[l ^_ fi ko_ jo^c_l[ j[l_]_l* @mni _m ]f[l[g_hn_(
_m_h]c[f j[l[ oh g[n_lc[fcmn[ l_^o]]cihcmn[ jilko_ zmn_ [`clg[
ko_ f[m m_hm[]cih_m mih l_[fg_hn_ _hnc^[^_m g[n_lc[f_m*
I}n_m_ ko_ [faoc_h jo_^_ mimn_h_l f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^
mch n_h_l ko_ m_l n[g\czh oh l_^o]]cihcmn[* T[ b_gim pcmni ko_
A_caf hi _m oh g[n_lc[fcmn[* O[g\czh n_h_gim [f `cf}mi`i ^_f mcafi
SQDD( Njchit[( ko_ m_ j[l_]_ go]bi [ oh g[n_lc[fcmn[ l_^o]]ci)
hcmn[ ]o[h^i ^c]_( f[ g_hn_ s _f ]o_lji mih oh[ s f[ gcmg[ ]im[
]ih]_\c^im _h ]c_lni gig_hni \[di _f [nlc\oni ^_f j_hm[gc_hni
V_mni _m( _hn_h^c^im ]igi g_hn[f_mX( s _h inli gig_hni \[di _f
[nlc\oni ^_ f[ _rn_hmc}h V_mni _m( _hn_h^c^im ]igi `{mc]imX*/1 K_li
Njchit[ _mny _h ^_m[]o_l^i ]ih fim g[n_lc[fcmn[m ]o[h^i [`clg[
/1 = * Njchit[( aYNHF# D D D ( Klij* .( @m]ifci*

O@JM< ?@ G< D?@IOD?<? T H<O@MD<GDNHJ M@?P>>DJIDNO<

" "

ko_ fi ]ih]_\c^i ^_ _mn[m ^im ^c`_l_hn_m g[h_l[m hi _m hc g_hn[f

hc g[n_lc[f jilko_ nc_h_ n[hni jlijc_^[^_m `{mc][m ]igi g_hn[)
f_m* Gf[g_gim [ _mn[ p_lmc}h ^_ f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ n_il{[
h_onl[f jilko_ jlijih_ _hnc^[^_m ko_ hi mih hc g_hn[f_m hc
g[n_lc[f_m* Njchit[( jo_m( _m oh n_}lc]i ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^( g[m hi
oh g[n_lc[fcmn[*
K[l[ [so^[l [ _hn_h^_l f[ ^c`_l_h]c[ _hnl_ f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f ^_
f[ c^_hnc^[^ s _f g[n_lc[fcmgi l_^o]]cihcmn[( m_l{[ \o_hi pifp_l
[ f[ n[\f[ oncfct[^[ [hn_lcilg_hn_ %pz[m_ j* .5.&* T[ him b_gim
^_mb_]bi ^_ ]c_ln[ _mj_]c_ ^_ g[n_lc[fcmgi( [ m[\_l( f[ p_lmc}h _fc)
gch[^il* <h ko_^[ _f g[n_lc[fcmgi l_^o]]cihcmn[* K[l[ _hn_h)
^_lfi g_dil( ]ihmc^zl_m_ _f ^o[fcmgi n[f ]igi _mny l_jl_m_hn[^i
_h f[ n[\f[ <b{ m_ jl_]cm[ ko_ oh ^o[fcmn[ mimn_h^ly ko_ fim i\)
d_nim g_hn[f_m mih nin[fg_hn_ chg[n_lc[f_m7 ko_ mih i\d_nim ko_
][l_]_h jil ]igjf_ni ^_ Z\YZSONKNO] g[n_lc[f_m* Oi^[m mom jli)
jc_^[^_m mih i \c_h g_hn[f_m i \c_h mih jlijc_^[^_m ko_ hi mih
hc g_hn[f_m hc g[n_lc[f_m* @d_gjfim ^_ _mn_ m_aoh^i ncji ^_ jli)
jc_^[^ ch]focl{[h jlijc_^[^_m hilg[ncp[m n[f_m ]igi f[m jlijc_)
^[^_m gil[f_m* ?_ gi^i ko_( f[m jlijc_^[^_m [_O ]YX WY\KVWOX^O
L_OXK]& i ko_ mih gil[fg_hn_ g[f[m( hi mih jlijc_^[^_m hc g_h)
n[f_m hc g[n_lc[f_m* @m ^_ jl_mogcl( mc _f ^o[fcmgi _m p_l^[^_li(
ko_ [faohim i\d_nim g_hn[f_m( [ m[\_l( f[m g_hn_m( ji^l{[h n_h_l
n[f_m jlijc_^[^_m hilg[ncp[m* nI n[g\czh jlijc_^[^_m g_hn[f_m;
<faohim _d_gjfim ^_ zmn[m ch]focl{[h( ^ca[gim( fi ^ifilimi ^_f ^i)
fil( i fi [g[lcffi ^_ oh[ jimn)cg[a_h pcmo[f* T[ b_gim g_h]ci)
h[^i _h p[lc[m i][mcih_m [faohim _d_gjfim ^_ jlijc_^[^_m g[)
n_lc[f_m* vmn[m ch]fos_h jlijc_^[^_m n[f_m ]igi g[m[( j_mi( foa[l
_h _f _mj[]ci( ][la[ _fz]nlc][ _mj_]{`c][( _n]*
<bil[ \c_h( _f g[n_lc[fcmn[ _fcgch[^il chmcmn_ _h ko_ hi b[s
`_h}g_him g_hn[f_m ^_ hchaoh[ ]f[m_* Kil fi n[hni( hc_a[ ko_
b[s[ jlijc_^[^_m g_hn[f_m* K_li oh g[n_lc[fcmn[ l_^o]]cihcmn[
hi nig[ _mn[ jimc]c}h _rnl_g[7 _h foa[l ^_ _ffi [^ijn[ f[ ji)
mc]c}h gym ijo_mn[ [f ^o[fcmgi* Hc_hnl[m ko_ _f ^o[fcmn[ ^c]_ ko_
fim i\d_nim g_hn[f_m nc_h_h jlijc_^[^_m jol[g_hn_ g_hn[f_m( s
n[f p_t [faoh[m ko_ hi mih hc g_hn[f_m hc g[n_lc[f_m( ZO\Y NO XSX'
Q_XK Y^\K MVK]O& _f g[n_lc[fcmn[ l_^o]]cihcmn[ [`clg[ ko_ fim i\d_)
nim g_hn[f_m nc_h_h jlijc_^[^_m jol[g_hn_ g[n_lc[f_m %s n[f p_t
[faoh[m ko_ hi mih hc g_hn[f_m hc g[n_lc[f_m&( ZO\Y NO XSXQ_XK
Y^\K MVK]O( Nc \c_h zmn[ hi _m oh[ jimc]c}h _fcgch[^il( mcao_ mc_h^i

" #

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

oh[ ijchc}h _r]_j]cih[f* >ihmc^zl_m_ ]}gi fim g[n_lc[fcmn[m l_)

^o]]cihcmn[m g[h_d[l{[h oh[ _hnc^[^ g_hn[f _mj_]{`c][( ^ca[gim(
oh ^ifil* < ^c`_l_h]c[ ^_ oh g[n_lc[fcmn[ _fcgch[^il( _mn[l{[h ^_
[]o_l^i _h ko_ mch ^o^[ b[s ^ifil_m* Ph g[n_lc[fcmn[ l_^o]]ci)
hcmn[ ijch[ ko_ mih _hnc^[^_m g[n_lc[f_m ^_ [faoh[ ]f[m_( jl_mo)
gc\f_g_hn_ ^_ h[nol[f_t[ h_ol[f* Loz j_hm[l{[ ^_ oh ^ifil ko_
_m _mj_]c[fg_hn_ `o_ln_;( koz ^cl{[ ^_ _mn[ jlijc_^[^ g_hn[f ^_f
^ifil; @f g[n_lc[fcmn[ l_^o]]cihcmn[ nc_h_ [f l_mj_]ni ^im ij]ci)
h_m* Ko_^_ h_a[l ko_ b[s[ n[f_m jlijc_^[^_m i jo_^_ chmcmncl _h
ko_ f[ jlijc_^[^ g_hn[f ^_f ^ifil hi _m inl[ ]im[ ko_ [faoh[
jlijc_^[^ g[n_lc[f* @mn[m ^im ij]cih_m m_ cgjih_h ^_\c^i [ mo
ijchc}h ^_ ko_ f[m hc][m jlijc_^[^_m ko_ nc_h_ oh[ ]im[ ]ih)
]l_n[ mih jlijc_^[^_m g[n_lc[f_m( s n[f p_t inl[m ko_ hi mih hc
g_hn[f_m hc g[n_lc[f_m ]igi f[m ^_m]lcn[m _h f[m jj* /-.)/-/*
@mn[gim [bil[ _h jimc]c}h ^_ p_l ko_ f[ ^cmnch]c}h _hnl_ _f
g[n_lc[fcmgi _fcgch[^il s _f l_^o]]cihcmn[ b[ m[fc^i [ f[ moj_l)
`c]c_ ^_ ^im g[h_l[m* <m{ ko_( ]igi ko_^} ^_m]lcni _h f[ n[\f[
%pz[m_ j* .5.&( _f g[n_lc[fcmn[ nc_h_ f[ ij]c}h ^_ _fcgch[l fim i\)
d_nim( mo]_mim s _mn[^im g_hn[f_m i f[ ^_ ^_]cl ko_ ][^[ ohi hi
_m mchi oh i\d_ni( mo]_mi i _mn[^i g[n_lc[f( l_mj_]ncp[g_hn_* M_)
]c_hn_g_hn_ b_gim chnli^o]c^i f[ hi]c}h ^_ jlijc_^[^( s b_gim
^c]bi ko_ b[s( i jil fi g_him ko_ j[l_]_ b[\_l( n[hni jlijc_)
^[^_m g_hn[f_m ]igi g[n_lc[f_m* Ph[ p_t gym( oh g[n_lc[fcmn[
nc_h_ f[m gcmg[m ^im ij]cih_m* Ko_^_ mimn_h_l i \c_h ko_ hi b[s
jlijc_^[^_m g_hn[f_m i \c_h [`clg[l ko_ f[m jlijc_^[^_m g_hn[)
f_m hi mih gym ko_ jlijc_^[^_m g[n_lc[f_m* ?_m^_ fo_ai( mc ohi
jc_hm[ ko_ hi b[s `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m( ]o[f_mkoc_l[ ko_ zmnim
m_[h( _hnih]_m ohi n[g\czh jo_^_ [`clg[l ko_ hi b[s jlijc_)
^[^_m g_hn[f_m* K_li mc m_ [^gcn_( ]igi fi b[]_ _f g[n_lc[fcmn[
l_^o]]cihcmn[( ko_ b[s i\d_nim( mo]_mim s _mn[^im g_hn[f_m( _h)
nih]_m [fai ^_\_ b[]_lm_ ]ih mom jlijc_^[^_m g_hn[f_m* T( ]igi
[][\[gim ^_ m_|[f[l( f[m hc][m ij]cih_m ^_f g[n_lc[fcmn[ [ _mn_
l_mj_]ni mih( i \c_h l_]b[t[l m_h]cff[g_hn_ f[m jlijc_^[^_m g_h)
n[f_m( i \c_h mimn_h_l ko_ f[m jlijc_^[^_m g_hn[f_m hi mih mchi
jlijc_^[^_m g[n_lc[f_m*
G[m mcaoc_hn_m i\m_lp[]cih_m _rjfc][h f[ n_il{[ g[n_lc[fcmn[ l_)
^o]]cihcmn[ oh ji]i gym ^_n[ff[^[g_hn_* K[m_gim [bil[ [ ]ih)
mc^_l[l f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^* K[l[ b[]_l _mni( nig_)
gim inl[ p_t _h ]o_hn[ ho_mnli _d_gjfi ^_ oh ^ifil _mj_]c[f)
g_hn_ `o_ln_* G[ n_il{[ h_onl[f ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ ijch[ ko_ _f ^ifil

O@JM< ?@ G< D?@IOD?<? T H<O@MD<GDNHJ M@?P>>DJIDNO<

" $

_m ^_ b_]bi oh[ _hnc^[^ XO_\KV ^_ ^_n_lgch[^[ ]f[m_( jl_mogc)

\f_g_hn_ oh[ _hnc^[^ ]_l_\l[f* ?_ gi^i ko_ c^_hnc`c][ f[ ]im[
g_hn[f %_f ^ifil& ]ih inl[ ]im[ %oh[ _hnc^[^ ]_l_\l[f&* @mni( i\)
pc[g_hn_( _m _f `[]nil ko_ b[]_ ^_ f[ n_il{[ oh[ n_il{[ NO VK SNOX'
^SNKN( K_li [bil[ l_]ihmc^_l_gim fi ko_ b_gim ^_m]lcni ]igi
f[ jlijc_^[^ g_hn[f ^_f ^ifil* Ph[ n_il{[ h_onl[f ^_ f[ c^_h)
nc^[^ chmcmn_ _h ko_ _f ^ifil nc_h_ _mn[ jlijc_^[^ g_hn[f( j_li
gym [^_f[hn_ ijch[ ko_ _mn[ jlijc_^[^ ^_f ^ifil hi _m [fai ko_
m_ jo_^[ _fcgch[l i l_^o]cl [ oh[ jlijc_^[^ g[n_lc[f* @m f[ m_)
aoh^[ ijchc}h f[ ko_ ^cmnchao_ f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f ^_ f[ n_il{[ g[)
n_lc[fcmn[ l_^o]]cihcmn[* Ph[ ]ihm_]o_h]c[ ^_ _mn[ n_il{[ _m ko_
]im[m ]igi _f ^ifil nc_h_h KWLY] ncjim ^_ jlijc_^[^_m6 jlijc_)
^[^_m g_hn[f_m ]igi m_l ^ifilimi( [f cao[f ko_ jlijc_^[^_m g[)
n_lc[f_m ]igi oh[ ][ca[ _fz]nlc][ _mj_]{`c][* >igi ^_ []o_l^i
]ih _mn[ ]ih]_j]c}h fim `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m n_h^l{[h [g\im nc)
jim ^_ jlijc_^[^_m( ]im[m ]igi _f ^ifil hi m_l{[h ]im[m jol[)
g_hn_ g_hn[f_m( ]igi ^c]_h fim ^o[fcmn[m( hc m_l{[h ]im[m jol[)
g_hn_ g[n_lc[f_m( ]igi [`clg[h fim g[n_lc[fcmn[m l_^o]]cihcmn[m*
@m _mn_ `[]nil _f ko_ b[]_ ko_ fim `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m ]igi _f
^ifil m_[h XO_^\KVO]'& nc_h_h [g\im ncjim ^_ jlijc_^[^_m( [m{ ko_
hi mih hc jol[g_hn_ g_hn[f_m hc jol[g_hn_ g[n_lc[f_m*
I_]_mcn[gim m_l ]f[lim _h _mn_ fncgi johni* <faoc_h ji^l{[
^_]cl ko_ b[s [fai gos _rnl[|i _h f[ g[h_l[ ]igi b_gim ^_m)
]lcni f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^* ?_mjozm ^_ ni^i( mc ^_]c)
gim ko_ oh[ ]im[ g_hn[f ]igi _f ^ifil _m c^zhnc][ [ oh[ ]im[
g[n_lc[f ]igi oh[ _hnc^[^ ]_l_\l[f( hi _mn[gim _hnih]_m ^c)
]c_h^i ko_ _f ^ifil _m _h j[ln_ g_hn[f %ko_ nc_h_ jlijc_^[^_m
g_hn[f_m& s n[g\czh _h j[ln_ g[n_lc[f %ko_ [mcgcmgi nc_h_ jli)
jc_^[^_m g[n_lc[f_m&; Ko_mni ko_ _f ^ifil s inl[m ]im[m ko_ ff[g[)
gim `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m m_l{[h jil fi n[hni _h j[ln_ g_hn[f_m
s _h j[ln_ g[n_lc[f_m( m_l{[ _ll}h_i ff[g[lf[m h_onl[f_m* B_h_)
l[fg_hn_ f[ h_onl[fc^[^ m_ [jfc][ [ [fai ko_ hi _m hc oh[ ]im[ hc
inl[( s _mni hi _m fi ko_ b_gim p_hc^i ^c]c_h^i*
@mn[ i\d_]c}h nc_h_ ]c_ln[ `o_lt[* Nch _g\[lai( fi ko_ l_[f)
g_hn_ go_mnl[ _m _f j_mi ko_ nl[_ ]ihmcai f[ j[f[\l[ jol[g_hn_*
Ko_mni ko_ _h f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ _f ^ifil nc_h_ n[hni
jlijc_^[^_m g_hn[f_m ]igi g[n_lc[f_m( hi _m hc Z_\KWOX^O g_hn[f
hc n[gji]i Z_\KWOX^O g[n_lc[f* @m _mni s m}fi _mni fi ko_ him dom)
nc`c][ j[l[ b[\f[l ^_ oh[ n_il{[ XO_^\KV ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^* O[g\czh
b[s ko_ _h`[nct[l ko_ f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ XY _m oh[

" %

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

n_il{[ g[n_lc[fcmn[* G[ n_il{[ h_onl[f [^gcn_ ko_ _f ^ifil nc_h_(

^ca[gim( [faoh[m jlijc_^[^_m g_hn[f_m ]igi f[ ^_ m_l ^ifilimi(
s ko_ _mn[m jlijc_^[^_m g_hn[f_m hi mih _fcgch[\f_m i l_^o]c)
\f_m [ jlijc_^[^_m jol[g_hn_ g[n_lc[f_m* @f g[n_lc[fcmgi( mch
_g\[lai( \[di ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ mom `ilg[m( hi _m ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[
[`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ b[s jlijc_^[^_m g_hn[f_m ^_ O]^K ]f[m_* @f g[)
n_lc[fcmn[ l_^o]]cihcmn[ ^_\_ [`clg[l ko_ ][^[ p_t ko_ ohi ^c]_(
ch]fomi ]ih ni^[ mch]_lc^[^ s ]ihpc]]c}h( n_hai oh ^ifil [ao^i
s joht[hn_( ^_ fi ko_ _mny b[\f[h^i hoh][ _m ^_ oh ^ifil [ao)
^i s joht[hn_( mchi gym \c_h ^_ oh ^ifil ko_ m}fi nc_h_ f[m jli)
jc_^[^_m jol[g_hn_ g[n_lc[f_m ^_ fim `_h}g_him ]_l_\l[f_m h_o)
l[f_m [ fim ko_ _m c^zhnc]i* <m{ ko_ [ohko_( [ ^c`_l_h]c[ ^_f g[)
n_lc[fcmn[ _fcgch[^il( jo_^_ _mn[l ^_ []o_l^i _h ko_ `l_]o_hn_)
g_hn_ b[\f_gim ^_ ho_mnlim ^ifil_m( ^_\_ h_a[l ko_ b[\f_gim
^_ [fai ko_ n_ha[ f[m jlijc_^[^_m jol[g_hn_ jmc]if}ac][m ^_ m_l
[ao^i s joht[hn_( jilko_ fim ^ifil_m hoh][ nc_h_h _mn[m jli)
jc_^[^_m jol[g_hn_ chg[n_lc[f_m* K_li _mni _m _h oh jlch]cjci
_rnl_g[^[g_hn_ ji]i jf[omc\f_( ch]fomi gos [\mol^i* Ki^l{[
[][mi b[\_l [faoh[ `ilg[ ^_ ^_`_h^_l oh[ n_mcm ko_ ^_ _hnl[^[
_m n[h ji]i jf[omc\f_;
EXK NOPOX]K/ OV WK^O\SKVS]WY NO O]^KNY MOX^\KV
G[ hc][ ^_`_hm[ l_gin[g_hn_ jf[omc\f_ ^_ f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_
b[s m_hm[]cih_m( j_li ^_ ko_ ][l_]_h ^_ jlijc_^[^_m jol[g_hn_
jmc]if}ac][m( _m f[ ko_ ]ih]c\_ [ f[m m_hm[]cih_m ]igi _hnc^[^_m
jimnof[^[m j[l[ _rjfc][l ]c_ln[m ]f[m_m ^_ ]igjiln[gc_hni ]ilji)
l[f* Kil _d_gjfi( ]o[h^i p_gim [ [faoc_h b_lc^i( l_nil]czh^im_
s alcn[h^i( jimnof[gim ko_ f[ b_lc^[ f_ b[ ][om[^i f[ _rj_lc_h)
]c[ ^_f ^ifil( s _rjfc][gim _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ m_ l_no_lt[ s alcn_
]igi _`_]nim ^_ _mn[ _rj_lc_h]c[* ?_m^_ _mn_ johni ^_ pcmn[( n[f_m
_rj_lc_h]c[m m_ _hnc_h^_h _m_h]c[fg_hn_ _h nzlgchim ^_f j[j_f
ko_ ^_m_gj_|[h ^_hnli ^_ _mn[m _rjfc][]cih_m ][om[f_m ^_f ]ig)
jiln[gc_hni* >igi ^c]_ oh g[n_lc[fcmn[( f[ ][l[]n_l{mnc][ ^_`chc)
ncp[ ^_ ni^[ _rj_lc_h]c[ ]igi zmn[ _m mo j[j_f ][om[f*/2 ?[^[
f[ inl[ jl_gcm[ jf[omc\f_ ^_ ko_ ni^i ]igjiln[gc_hni ]iljil[f
_m _h jlch]cjci _rjfc][\f_ _h nzlgchim ^_ fim jli]_mim s _mn[^im
/2
?* G_qcm( <h <laog _hn `il nb_ D^_hncns O b _i ls ( ?MJ5TZWSFQ T K;PNQTXTUM^#
G S DDD %- 5 2 2 &( j* -5*

O@JM< ?@ D< D?@IOD?<? T H<O@MD<GDNHJ M@?P>>DJIDNO<

/ - 3

`cmcif}ac]im ^_f mcmn_g[ h_lpcimi ]_hnl[f ^_ oh[ j_lmih[( _mn_ g[)

n_lc[fcmn[ ff_a[ [ ]ih]focl ko_ _mnim _mn[^im `cmcif}ac]im ]_hnl[f_m
^_m_gj_|[h _f j[j_f _rjfc][ncpi ][om[f ^_`chcncpi ^_ f[m _rj_)
lc_h]c[m* Kil ]ihmcaoc_hn_( [laog_hn[( hchaoh[ _rj_lc_h]c[ _mny
jil _h]cg[ ^_f _mn[^i g[n_lc[fcmn[ ^_ oh mcmn_g[ h_lpcimi ]_hnl[f*
vmn_ _m _f g[n_lc[fcmgi ^_ _mn[^i)]_hnl[f*
C[s nl_m i\d_]cih_m [ _mn_ [laog_hni* Klcg_li( mc \c_h a_h_l[f)
g_hn_ [mcah[gim j[j_f_m _rjfc][ncpim ][om[f_m [ f[m m_hm[]cih_m
s _rj_lc_h]c[m( mch ^o^[ ]l__gim ko_ _h ho_mnli jlijci ][mi _r)
j_lcg_hn[gim chg_^c[n[g_hn_ ]c_ln[m jlijc_^[^_m ^_ f[m m_hm[)
]cih_m( ko_ zmn[m nc_h_h ch^_j_h^c_hn_g_hn_ ^_ ko_ n_ha[h i hi
l_f[]cih_m ][om[f_m ]ih ho_mnli ]igjiln[gc_hni ]iljil[f* K_h)
m[l ko_ ni^[m f[m jlijc_^[^_m ko_ ^_ b_]bi nc_h_h fim ^ifil_m
b[h ^_ m_l ^_m]o\c_ln[m i jimnof[^[m jil f[ ]c_h]c[ _m nl[n[l [
f[m jlijc[m m_hm[]cih_m ]igi mc f_ j_ln_h]c_l[h [ inli* Nch ^o^[
][^[ j_lmih[ _m ]ihm]c_hn_ ^cl_]n[g_hn_ ^_ [faoh[m jlijc_^[^_m
^_ mom jlijc[m m_hm[]cih_m s _rj_lc_h]c[m*
K_li( m_aoh^i( ch]fomi mc [mogcgim ko_ ][^[ _mn[^i jmc]if}ac)
]i nc_h_ ]c_ln[m l_f[]cih_m ][om[f_m ^_`chcncp[m s ko_ f[ `cmcifia{[ _m
_h jlch]cjci [^_]o[^[ j[l[ _rjfc][l ni^i ]igjiln[gc_hni ]il)
jil[f( hi n_h_gim ko_ ]ih]focl ko_ _mnim _mn[^im `cmcif}ac]im mih
c^zhnc]im [ fim _mn[^im ]_hnl[f_m* C_gim pcmni ]}gi oh chn_l[])
]cihcmn[ ^o[fcmn[ jo_^_ []_jn[l f[ [^_]o[]c}h _rjfc][ncp[ ^_ f[
`cmcifia{[ mc jimnof[ ]c_lni ncji ^_ j[j_f ][om[f j[l[ f[m _hnc^[^_m
g_hn[f_m* >[^[ oh[ m_l{[ ][om[^[ jil [fah mo]_mi ]_l_\l[f s [
mo p_t [`_]n[l{[ ][om[fg_hn_ inli mo]_mi ]_l_\l[f ^_ oh[ g[h_l[
ko_ hi ^_d[l[ hchah bo_]i _h f[ [^_]o[]c}h ^_ f[m _rjfc][]cih_m
`cmcif}ac][m ^_f ]igjiln[gc_hni*
<^_gym( _h n_l]_l foa[l( ch]fomi mc l_]b[t[gim _f ^o[fcmgi s
_mn[gim ^_ []o_l^i _h ko_ ][^[ _mn[^i jmc]if}ac]i _m c^zhnc]i
[f _mn[^i ^_f mcmn_g[ h_lpcimi ]_hnl[f ^_ oh[ j_lmih[( hi m_ mc)
ao_ ^_ _ffi ko_ _mnim _mn[^im m_[h _mn[^im g[n_lc[f_m* O_h^l{[h
]c_ln[m jlijc_^[^_m `cmcif}ac][m ^_\c^i [ mo j[j_f ][om[f _h f[m
_rjfc][]cih_m `cmcif}ac][m( j_li n[g\czh ji^l{[h n_h_l _m[m jli)
jc_^[^_m jol[g_hn_ jmc]if}ac][m ko_ ][^[ j_lmih[ _rj_lcg_hn[
n[h {hncg[g_hn_ ]igi jlijc[m* Kil _mn[m nl_m l[tih_m( jo_m( `l[)
][m[ _mn_ [laog_hni _h ^_`_hm[ ^_f g[n_lc[fcmgi l_^o]]cihcmn[*
Ii nc_h_ zrcni _h ^cmcj[l _f [\mol^i chc]c[f ^_ f[ n_mcm ^_f g[n_)
lc[fcmn[ l_^o]]cihcmn[ []_l][ ^_ fim ^ifil_m s ^_gym m_hm[]cih_m*

" '

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

@mn[m ]ihmc^_l[]cih_m hi \[mn[h j[l[ l_]b[t[l _f g[n_lc[fcmgi

l_^o]]cihcmn[7 m}fi mclp_h j[l[ [][\[l ]ih oh [laog_hn} jf[o)
mc\f_ ^_ _mn[ n_il{[* Nch _g\[lai( b[s ^im `[]nil_m gym ko_ mih
cgjiln[hn_m* Klcg_li( _mn_ [laog_hni _m n[h `o_ln_ ]igi ]o[f)
koc_l[ ^_ fim ko_ ]ihi]_gim ko_ _mnyh [ `[pil ^_f g[n_lc[fcmgi
l_^o]]cihcmn[* <^_gym( _f g[n_lc[fcmgi l_^o]]cihcmn[ j[l_]_ gos
ji]i jf[omc\f_ ch^_j_h^c_hn_g_hn_ ^_ f[m ]l{nc][m _h ]ihnl[ ^_
fim [laog_hnim [ mo `[pil* >ihmc^zl_hm_( oh[ p_t gym( f[m ij]ci)
h_m ko_ nc_h_ _f g[n_lc[fcmn[ ]ih l_mj_]ni [ jlijc_^[^_m jol[)
g_hn_ g_hn[f_m i jmc]if}ac][m n[f_m ]igi f[ ]o[fc^[^ ko_ nc_h_
_f ^ifil ^_ m_l ^ifilimi* G[ _fcgch[]c}h nin[f ^_ ^c]b[m jlijc_)
^[^_m hi _m oh[ ij]c}h l[tih[\f_ ^[^i ko_ mch ^o^[ j[l_]_gim
_rj_lcg_hn[l ^c]b[m jlijc_^[^_m ]ih \[mn[hn_ `l_]o_h]c[* K_li
l_^o]cl f[m jlijc_^[^_m g_hn[f_m [ jlijc_^[^_m jol[g_hn_ g[)
n_lc[f_m ^_f( ^ca[gim( mcmn_g[ h_lpcimi ]_hnl[f( n[gji]i _m jf[o)
mc\f_* G[ jlijc_^[^ g_hn[f ^_ m_l ^ifilimi hi _m f[ gcmg[ ko_
_m[m jlijc_^[^_m jol[g_hn_ g[n_lc[f_m ko_ ^_m]o\l_h fim `cmci)
fiacmn[m i ko_ f_ [nlc\os_h [ `_h}g_him ]_l_\l[f_m n[f_m ]igi fim
cgjofmim h_ol[f_m i f[ []ncpc^[^ gif_]of[l*/3 @f g[n_lc[fcmgi l_)
^o]]cihcmn[( jo_m( ^_\_ m_l l_]b[t[^i*
O[g\czh ji^_gim ]ih]focl ko_ _f g[n_lc[fcmgi( s[ m_[ _fcgc)
h[^il i l_^o]]cihcmn[( ^_\_ m_l l_]b[t[^i* Ii j[l_]_ b[\_l g[)
h_l[ ^_ b[]_l jf[omc\f_ i \c_h f[ _fcgch[]c}h nin[f ^_ f[m m_hm[)
]cih_m ]ih mom jlijc_^[^_m jmc]if}ac][m( i \c_h f[ mojl_mc}h( _h
f[m m_hm[]cih_m( ^_ ni^[ jlijc_^[^ jmc]if}ac][* Ii i\mn[hn_( mc
\c_h _mn[ n_il{[ gihcmn[ b[ mc^i l_`on[^[( f[ n_il{[ ^_f ^i\f_ f_h)
ao[d_ hi fi b[ mc^i( jo_mni ko_ oh[ p_lmc}h h_onl[f i hi l_^o]]ci)
hcmn[ ^_ f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ j_lg[h_]_ ch^_gh_* <f ]ich]c)
^cl _h ko_ fim _mn[^im jmc]if}ac]im mih _mn[^im ]_l_\l[f_m ko_ nc_)
h_h n[hni jlijc_^[^_m jmc]if}ac][m ]igi `cmcif}ac][m( _mn[ n_il{[
h_onl[f _fo^_ f[m ^_gif_^il[m i\d_]cih_m [ f[m nl_m n_il{[m g[n_)
lc[fcmn[m ko_ b_gim _r[gch[^i* <f [jis[lm_ mi\l_ f[ n_il{[ ^_f
^i\f_)f_hao[d_( hi l_koc_l_ ^_ oh [hyfcmcm ]ih^o]ncmn[ ^_ f[m il[)
]cih_m jmc]if}ac][m* ?_ g[h_l[ ko_ _fo^_ fi ko_ l_`on[ [f ]ih^o])
ncmgi [h[f{nc]i* T [f ]ihm_lp[l f[m m_hm[]cih_m s mom jlijc_^[^_m
jmc]if}ac][m( _fo^_ f[m i\d_]cih_m [ f[ p_lmc}h ^_ Milns ^_f g[n_)
/3
K[l[ oh[ ^cm]omc}h ofn_lcil s oh[ ^_`_hm[ ^_ _mn[ [`clg[]c}h( pz[m_
E * >ilhhc[h( ;JWHJUQNTS# .TRRTS >JSXJ FSI >HNJSHJ# T[f_ Phcp_lmcns Kl_mm( I_q C[)
p_h( -531( <jzh^c]_*

Q@MNDI I@POM<G ?@ G< O@JM< ?@ -< D?@IOD?<?

&$,

nc[fcmgi _fcgch[^il s [f g[n_lc[fcmgi ^_ _mn[^i)]_hnl[f* <^_gym(

ligi p_l_gim( n[g\czh _fo^_ ni^[m g_him oh[ ^_ f[m i\d_]cih_m
[ f[m ^cp_lm[m n_il{[m ^o[fcmn[m* @mn[ n_il{[ h_onl[f _m( jo_m( gym
[nl[]ncp[*
f)< Q @M ND I I @ P O M < G ? @ G< O @ J M < ?@ G< D? @ I O D? < ?

Q_[gim fi `y]cf ko_ _m j[l[ f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ _fo^cl

f[m i\d_]cih_m ko_ b[h jf[a[^i f[m gfncjf_m `ilg[m ^_f ^o[fcmgi
g_hn_)]o_lji* @mni gimnl[ly ]f[l[g_hn_ f[m p_hn[d[m ^_ f[ n_il{[*
-* 8V OZSPOXY`SOXKVS]WY( G[ n_il{[ h_onl[f ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ _fo^_ f[m
^im i\d_]cih_m ]ih f[m ko_ b_gim pcmni ko_ m{ m_ _h`l_hn[ ^_ g[)
h_l[ hc][ _f _jc`_hig_h[mgi* Klcg_li( _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmh{i
hc_a[ fi ko_ j[l_]_ m_l p_l^[^( ko_ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m [`_]n[h
][om[fg_hn_ [f ]o_lji* G [ n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^( mch _g\[lai( [f
c^_hnc`c][l f[m m_hm[]cih_m s ]im[m jil _f _mncfi ]ih fim `_h}g_him
]_l_\l[f_m( mimnc_h_ ko_ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m [`_]n[h ][om[fg_hn_
[f ]o_lji jilko_ fim jli]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m i\pc[g_hn_ [`_]n[h [f
]o_lji* N_aoh^i( ]igi m_|[f[ A_caf( _f _jc`_hig_h[mgi l_ )
koc_l_ ^_ f_s_m ][om[f_m ko_ cgjfc][h a[h]bim( fi ]o[f b[]_ ko_
_mn[m f_s_m m_[h ^c`_l_hn_m ^_ f[m ^_gym f_s_m ]c_hn{`c][m* @mni _m(
^c]b[m f_s_m cgjfc][h _`_]nim g_hn[f_m ko_ ][om[fg_hn_ hi [`_])
n[c` [ h[^[ _h [\mifoni* G[ n_il{[( ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^( _gj_li( hi
l_koc_l_ ^_ a[h]bim higif}ac]im jilko_( ]igi fi mo\l[s[ A_caf(
f[m il[]cih_m ko_ _rjl_m[h l_f[]cih_m _hnl_ `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m
s `{mc]im( n[f_m ]igi G[ m_hm[]c}h NX i]oll_ mc s m}fi mc i]oll_
_f jli]_mi ]_l_\l[f 6J& hi mih f_s_m ][om[f_m* G[m f_s_m ][om[f_m
_rjl_m[h l_f[]cih_m ][om[f_m _hnl_ ^c`_l_hn_m mo]_mim* @mn[\f_]_h
ko_ ]c_lnim mo]_mim mih ][om[m ^_ mo]_mim ^c`_l_hn_m* K_li mc f[
n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ _m ]ill_]n[( f[m il[]cih_m ko_ l_f[]cih[h
[ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m ]ih fim `{mc]im hi l_f[]cih[h fim NSPO\OX^O]
mo]_mim ko_ _mnyh ][om[fg_hn_ l_f[]cih[^im* Gi ko_ _rjl_m[h _m
f[ SNOX^SNKN& f[ ]o[f( ^_m^_ fo_ai( hi _m oh[ l_f[]c}h _hnl_ mo]_)
mim ^c`_l_hn_m* <m{ ko_ ^c]b[m il[]cih_m jmc]i`{mc][m hi mih f_s_m
][om[f_m s hi cgjfc][lyh a[h]bim mc f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ _m
]ill_]n[* Ki^_gim p_l ]}gi f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ _pcn[ fim
a[h]bim ^_ inl[ g[h_l[* Ph a[h]bi _m oh _`_]ni ko_ hi _m j[ln_
^_ oh jli]_mi ][om[f ]ihnchoi* K_li fim jli]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m mih
mch ^o^[ j[ln_m ^_ jli]_mim ][om[f_m( s mc( ]igi fi [`clg[ f[ n_il{[
^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^( fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m mih c^zhnc]im [ fim jli]_mim

"!

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

]_l_\l[f_m( fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m mih j[ln_m ^_ fim jli]_mim ][om[)

f_m*
.* 8V ZK\KVOVS]WY( G[ i\d_]c}h [jf[mn[hn_ [f j[l[f_fcmgi _m ko_ l_)
koc_l_ ^_ oh NO_] Ob WKMRSXK j[l[ _rjfc][l f[m l_aof[lc^[^_m _h)
nl_ f[ g_hn_ s _f ]o_lji* <^_gym( [f h_a[l f[ chn_l[]]c}h g_hn_)
]o_lji( m_ ijih_ [ fi ko_ j[l_]_ m_l p_l^[^* G[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_h)
nc^[^ _fo^_ `y]cfg_hn_ _mn[m ^im i\d_]cih_m* Ko_mni ko_ fim mo]_)
mim g_hn[f_m mih c^zhnc]im [ fim jli]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m( s jo_mni ko_
fim jli]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m chn_l[]n[h ][om[fg_hn_ ]ih inl[m j[ln_m
^_f ]o_lji( m_ ]ih]fos_ ko_ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m chn_l[]n[h ][o)
m[fg_hn_ ]ih f[m j[ln_m ^_f ]o_lji* T jil mojo_mni hchah NO_]
Ob WKMRSXK _m h_]_m[lci j[l[ _rjfc][l f[m l_aof[lc^[^_m _hnl_ f[
g_hn_ s _f ]o_lji( jilko_ zmn[m ko_^[h ]igjf_n[g_hn_ _rjfc][)
^[m [f jl_]cm[l ko_ ^_\[di ^_ f[m l_aof[lc^[^_m b[s c^_hnc^[^_m
mo\s[]_hn_m* ?ih^_ b[s c^_hnc^[^ ^_\_ b[\_l l_aof[lc^[^*
/* 8V SX^O\KMMSYXS]WY N_KVS]^K( @f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[ _m f[ n_i)
l{[ ko_ l_mofn[ jl_`_lc\f_ [ [ko_ff[m ]ih f[m ko_ f[ b_gim ]igj[)
l[^i b[mn[ [bil[* Qcgim m_cm i\d_]cih_m ^clcac^[m ]ihnl[ f[ n_il{[(
mc \c_h f[ g[sil{[ l_mofn[lih n_h_l ji][m ]ihm_]o_h]c[m ^_mjozm
^_ b[\_l jl_]cm[^i ]oc^[^im[g_hn_ fi ko_ f[ n_il{[ l_ko_l{[* G[m
hc][m nl_m i\d_]cih_m l_mn[hn_m ko_ j[l_]_h n_h_l [faoh[ `o_lt[
mih( f[ i\d_]c}h ^_f jli\f_g[ ^_ inl[m g_hn_m( f[ i\d_]c}h ^_
f[ [j[l_hn_ `[fn[ ^_ ][l[]n_l{mnc][m l_f_p[hn_m j[l[ f[ chn_l[]]c}h
][om[f( s f[ i\d_]c}h ]ih]_lhc_hn_ [ f[ ch_rjfc][\cfc^[^ ^_ f[ g[)
h_l[ ]igi fi g_hn[f [`_]n[ [f ]o_lji* C_gim ^_ _r[gch[l ]}gi
f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f m_ ^_m_gj_|[ `l_hn_ [ _mn[m nl_m i\d_]cih_m( j_li
jlcg_li p_[gim _h `ilg[ \l_p_ ]oyh `y]cfg_hn_ _fo^_ f[m inl[m
nl_m* @f jli\f_g[ ^_ ^_]c^cl ^}h^_ nc_h_ foa[l f[ chn_l[]]c}h
g_hn_)]o_lji m_ mifo]cih[ ^_m]o\lc_h^i ^}h^_ i]oll_h _mim
jli]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m ko_ mih c^zhnc]im [ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m* Gi
]o[f hi jf[hn_[ hchah jli\f_g[ chmoj_l[\f_* @f jli\f_g[ ^_
oh bo_]i _h f[m _rjfc][]cih_m `cmcif}ac][m s _h f[m ][^_h[m ][o)
m[f_m _m _fo^c^i ^_ oh[ g[h_l[ gos i\pc[( jilko_ mc fim mo]_mim
g_hn[f_m mih c^zhnc]im [ ]c_lnim mo]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m( _hnih]_m h[^[
ko_ hi m_[ `cmcif}ac]i m_ l_koc_l_( s[ m_[ j[l[ n_h_l _rjfc][]ci)
h_m ]igjf_n[m( s[ m_[ j[l[ i\n_h_l ][^_h[m ][om[f_m ]ihncho[m* <
_mn_ l_mj_]ni( oh n_}lc]i h_onl[f ZYN\hK ch]fomi _mn[l ^_ []o_l^i
]ih ho_mnli g[n_lc[fcmn[ ^_ _mn[^i)]_hnl[f _h ko_ ]c_lnim j[j_f_m
][om[f_m mih _h j[ln_ NOPSXS^S`Y] j[l[ f[ _rj_lc_h]c[* K_li( ^_m^_

Q@MNDI I@P OM<G ?@ G< O@JM< ?@ G< D?@IOD?<?

"!

fo_ai( n[g\czh ji^l{[ [`clg[l ko_ nc_h_h _mnim j[j_f_m mcgjf_)

g_hn_ ]igi oh[ ]o_mnc}h ^_ b_]bi*
G[m i\d_]cih_m jlip_hc_hn_m ^_ f[ _pifo]c}h m_ ]ihnl[ll_mn[h
^c]c_h^i ko_ [ohko_ hchaoh[ ho_p[ _hnc^[^ ko_ hi m_[ `{mc][
_pifo]cih_ [ nl[pzm ^_f nc_gji( ]igi mimnc_h_ _f ^o[fcmn[( [faohim
]o_ljim b[h _pifo]cih[^i ^_ n[f g[h_l[ ko_ ff_a[h [ n_h_l jli)
jc_^[^_m ^_ oh ho_pi ncji( [ m[\_l( jlijc_^[^_m jmc]if}ac][m* O[)
f_m jlijc_^[^_m mih ff[g[^[m `l_]o_hn_g_hn_ jlijc_^[^_m
_g_la_hn_m( jilko_ m}fi _g_la_h ]o[h^i ]c_lnim ncjim ^_ mcmn_)
g[m `{mc]im ]igjf_dim b[h _pifo]cih[^i [ j[lncl ^_ [fai g[n_lc[f
gym mcgjf_* C[mn[ [ko{( jo_m( f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ m_ m[fp[
^_ fim jli\f_g[m ko_ b[h [`_]n[^i [ inl[m n_il{[m l_f[ncp[m [ f[
l_f[]c}h g_hn_)]o_lji* Q_[gim [bil[ fim nl_m jli\f_g[m gym m_)
lcim ko_ _h`l_hn[ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[*
-*[ i\d_]c}h ^_ oh[ [j[l_hn_ `[fn[ ^_ ][l[]n_l{mnc][m l_f_p[hn_m
j[l[ f[ chn_l[]]c}h ][om[f _hnl_ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m s fim `{mc]im
hi _m gym j_ldo^c]c[f j[l[ f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ ko_ ]o[f)
koc_l[ ^_ f[m i\d_]cih_m [hn_lcilg_hn_ ^cm]onc^[m* G[ n_il{[ ^_ f[
c^_hnc^[^ m}fi h_]_mcn[ jl_]cm[l ko_ mc m_ jo_^_ [m_aol[l ko_ fim
mo]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m nc_h_h ][l[]n_l{mnc][m l_f_p[hn_m j[l[ chn_l[])
no[l ][om[fg_hn_ ]ih inlim mo]_mim ]iljil[f_m ]im[ ko_ ni^im
ji^_gim [m_aol[l ( _hnih]_m hi nc_h_ jil koz b[\_l jl_i]o)
j[]c}h [faoh[ mi\l_ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m jo_mni ko_ mih c^zhnc]im
[ fim jli]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m* @mni( [^_gym( ^cmcj[ _f gcmn_lci ^_ ]}gi
fi g_in[f [`_]n[ [f ]o_lji mch pcif[l jlch]cjci ]c_hn{`c]i [faohi*
>[^[ mo]_mi g_hn[f [`_]n[ [ Ph mo]_mi ]_l_\l[f _r[]n[g_hn_ ^_
f[ gcmg[ g[h_l[ _h ko_ oh mo]_mi `cmcif}ac]i [`_]n[ [ inli* O_)
h_gim( jo_m( ^im ]im[m cgjiln[hn_m _h f[m ko_ f[ p_lmc}h h_onl[f
^_ f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ _m ]f[l[g_hn_ moj_lcil [f chn_l[]]ci)
hcmgi ^o[fcmn[* Nc jo_^_ _fo^cl _f jli\f_g[ ^_ inl[m g_hn_m s hi
_h`l_hn[ i\d_]cih_m jlijc[m( _mny ]f[li ko_ _m f[ n_il{[ ko_ ^_\_)
gim []_jn[l*
< jlcg_l[ pcmn[ ji^l{[ j[l_]_l ko_ f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^
jo_^_ m[fp[lm_ ^_ f[ i\d_]c}h ^_ inl[m g_hn_m n[h `y]cfg_hn_ ]i)
gi ^_ f[m i\d_]cih_m ^clcac^[m ]ihnl[ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[*
C[s ko_ l_]il^[l ko_ _mn_ jli\f_g[ mola_ j[l[ _f ^o[fcmgi jil)
ko_ mc zmn_ _m p_l^[^_li( _hnih]_m h[^c_ j_l]c\_ inl[m g_hn_m(
hc n[gji]i jo_^_ ch`_lcl ^_^o]ncp[ i ch^o]ncp[g_hn_ ko_ b[s
inl[m g_hn_m [ j[lncl ^_ jl_gcm[m ko_ ^_m]lc\_h fi ko_ j_l]c\_*
T jo_mni ko_ f[ ]l__h]c[ _h inl[m g_hn_m jo_^_ domnc`c][lm_ m}fi

&%%

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

^_ oh[ ^_ _mn[m nl_m g[h_l[m( _hnih]_m _mn[ ]l__h]c[ hi jo_^_

domnc`c][lm_* <bil[ \c_h( j[l_]_ ko_ mc f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^
_m ]ill_]n[( ji^_gim j_l]c\cl fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m jilko_ ji^_)
gim j_l]c\cl( i jil fi g_him ^_n_]n[l g_^c[hn_ f[ j_l]_j]c}h(
[ko_ffim jli]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m ko_ mih c^zhnc]im [ fim mo]_mim g_h)
n[f_m* <m{ ko_( jil fi pcmni( ][^[ ohi jo_^_ domnc`c][l mo ]l__h]c[
^_ ko_ b[s inlim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m [^_gym ^_ fim mosim( s jil
]ihmcaoc_hn_( ^_ ko_ b[s inl[m g_hn_m* Nc \c_h hi migim ][j[)
]_m ^_ domnc`c][l _mn[ ]l__h]c[ g_^c[hn_ oh[ ch`_l_h]c[ m}fc^[( hi
h_]_mcn[gim hchaoh[( jilko_ mc f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ _m p_l)
^[^_l[( ji^_gim domnc`c][l f[ ]l__h]c[( mch ch`_l_h]c[m( g_^c[hn_
f[ j_l]_j]c}h ^_ mo]_mim g_hn[f_m*
Nch _g\[cai( [hn_m ^_ ko_ fim n_}lc]im ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ ][h)
n_h pc]nilc[( ^_\_h p_l ]ih g[sil ]oc^[^i _mn[ g[h_l[ ^_ l_mif)
p_l _f jli\f_g[ ^_ f[m inl[m g_hn_m* @m p_l^[^ ko_ mc fim mo]_)
mim g_hn[f_m mih c^zhnc]im [ ]c_lnim jli]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m( _hnih)
]_m j_l]c\cgim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m ]o[h^i j_l]c\cgim jli]_mim ]_)
l_\l[f_m* K_li _mni m_ j[l_]_ gym [ p_l oh[ ]ihafig_l[]c}h ^_
gifz]of[m CaJ ]o[h^i p_gim [ao[( ko_ [ p_l oh[ bid[ \f[h][ ^_
j[j_f ]o[h^i p_gim f[ jyach[ ^_ oh fc\li* <g\im p_gim oh[ bid[
\f[h][ s `OWY] [_O b[s oh[ bid[ \f[h][* K_li mc \c_h ji^_gim p_l
gifz]of[m C "J( hi `OWY] [_O [ko{ b[s[ gifz]of[m C "J* ?_\_gim
ch`_lcl _mni ^_ fi ko_ p_gim* Dao[fg_hn_( ji^_gim _mn[l pc_h^i
oh mo]_mi g_hn[f ]o[h^i i\m_lp[gim oh jli]_mi ]_l_\l[f( j_li
hi p_gim ko_ _mnz i]ollc_h^i oh mo]_mi g_hn[f* ?_\_gim SXPO\S\
[_O _mny i]ollc_h^i oh mo]_mi g_hn[f( s _mni i\pc[g_hn_ hi _m
j_l]_j]c}h hi)ch`_l_h]c[f* <m{ ko_ ji^_gim MYXMV_S\ [_O [faoc_h
gym nc_h_ `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m oncfct[h^i ]igi jl_gcm[ oh[ ^_)
]f[l[]c}h ^_f n_}lc]i ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^6
-* @f jli]_mi ]_l_\l[f >d _mny i]ollc_h^i _h Kzl_t %jilko_
j_l]c\i ko_ i]oll_&*
.* G[ m_hm[]c}h Nc _m c^zhnc][ [f jli]_mi ]_l_\l[f 6J(
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
/* Kzl_t _mny n_hc_h^i m_hm[]cih_m N c*
Ki^_gim( mch _g\[cai( [f][ht[l f[ gcmg[ ]ih]fomc}h om[h^i oh[
^_]f[l[]c}h ^_f chn_l[]]cihcmn[ _h foa[l ^_ f[ jl_gcm[ %.&6
+K( G[ m_hm[]c}h Nc O] MK_]KNK ZY\ _f jli]_mi ]_l_\l[f 6J(

Q@MNDI I@PD$M<G ?@ G< O@JM< ?@ G< D?@IOD?<?

&%&

K_li( ^_m^_ fo_ai( jl_gcm[m n[f_m ]igi %.& s %.[& mih f[ ]f[p_ ko_
[n[][ _f _m]zjnc]i _h l_f[]c}h ]ih inl[m g_hn_m( s hchaoh[ n_il{[
l_mcmn_ g_dil _f [n[ko_ ko_ f[ inl[* Kil ]ihmcaoc_hn_( hi ji^_gim
om[l _f jli\f_g[ ^_ inl[m g_hn_m j[l[ [so^[lhim [ _m]ia_l _hnl_
f[m ^im n_il{[m*
T( ^c]bi m_[ ^_ j[mi( ^_ ni^[m f[m jimc]cih_m ko_ b_gim _r[)
gch[^i( mif[g_hn_ _f ]ih^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i _fo^_ _mn_ jli\f_g[*
Nc _m[ jimc]c}h _m p_l^[^_l[( _hnih]_m f[m il[]cih_m jmc]if}ac][m
_mnyh cgjfc][^[m jil f[m il[]cih_m ]ih^o]ncmn[m( ^_ g[h_l[ ko_
f[m ]ih]fomcih_m []_l][ ^_ inl[m g_hn_m jo_^_h ^_^o]clm_ [ j[l)
ncl ^_ jl_gcm[m ko_ ^_m]lc\_h ]c_lni ]igjiln[gc_hni ko_ i\m_l)
p[gim* K_li( mc \c_h zmn[ _m oh[ ][l[]n_l{mnc][ [nl[]ncp[ ^_f ]ih)
^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i( hi mclp_ al[h ]im[ j[l[ ko_ f[ n_li{[ m_ m[fp_
jilko_ hi j[l_]_ b[\_l n[f cgjfc][]c}h*
<ohko_ hi b[s[gim pcmni hc ko_ _f ^o[fcmgi gym jf[omc\f_(
hc fi ko_ mch ^o^[ j[l_]_ m_l f[ n_il{[ [fn_lh[ncp[ gym jf[omc\f_(
_fo^[ _f jli\f_g[ ^_ inl[m g_hn_m( b_gim pcmni ko_ f[ n_il{[ h_o)
nl[f ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ jo_^_ _h`l_hn[lm_ ]ih go]b[ `[]cfc^[^ [ ^im
i\d_]cih_m ko_ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi _m ch][j[t ^_ l_`on[l ^_ oh[
g[h_l[ ]igjf_n[g_hn_ m[ncm`[]nilc[* <][mi _mn[ ]f[l[ p_hn[d[ him
j_lgcn_ _hnih]_m jli]f[g[l ko_ f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f _m f[ n_il{[ gym
jf[omc\f_ mi\l_ f[ l_f[]c}h g_hn_)]o_lji; @mni( ^_m[`ilnoh[^[)
g_hn_( m_l{[ jl_g[noli jilko_ b[s oh[ i\d_]c}h cgjiln[hn_ [
f[ p_lmc}h h_onl[f ^_ f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ ko_ [h hi b_gim
]ihmc^_l[^i*
EXK YLTOMSiX K VK ^OY\hK NO VK SNOX^SNKN/
VK XY'SNOX^SNKN NO VY] NS]MOWSLVO]
G[ i\d_]c}h gym al[p_ [ f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ s[ b[ mc^i g_h)
]cih[^[* @m mch ^o^[ oh _llil [`clg[l ko_ fim `_h}g_him g_h)
n[f_m( ]igi f[m m_hm[]cih_m i fim j_hm[gc_hnim( mih c^zhnc]im [
]c_lnim `_h}g_him `{mc]im( n[f_m ]igi fim jli]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m( jil)
ko_ hi ji^_gim ^_]cl ^_ fim `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m go]b[m ^_ f[m
]im[m ko_ ^_]cgim ^_ fim `_h}g_him `{mc]im( s pc]_p_lm[* @mn[ i\)
d_]c}h jo_^_ _mj_]c`c][lm_ gym oncfct[h^i _f jlch]cjci ^_ c^_hnc)
^[^ ^_ fim ch^cm]_lhc\f_m* ?_ []o_l^i ]ih _mn_ jlch]cjci( i\d_nim
ko_ jo_^_h j[l_]_l ^c`_l_hn_m _hnl_ m{( _h l_[fc^[^ mih c^zhnc]im(
mc [g\im nc_h_h f[m gcmg[m jlijc_^[^_m( s( mc mih c^zhnc]im( _h)
nih]_m [g\im nc_h_h fym gcmg[m jlijc_^[^_m* Kil _d_gjfi( _f ]o[)

"!#

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

^l[azmcgi hip_hi _mn[^i ^_ @mn[^im Phc^im _m c^zhnc]i [ <f[me[*

<g\im( _f _mn[^i ]o[^l[azmcgi hip_hi s <f[me[ nc_h_h f[m gcm)
g[m jlijc_^[^_m( n[f_m ]igi f[ ^_ m_l _f _mn[^i mcno[^i gym [f
hiln_( f[ ^_ m_l _f _mn[^i gym al[h^_ s f[ ^_ m_l _f _mn[^i ko_ _mny
gym ]_l][ ^_ Momc[* Nch _g\[lai( _f koch]o[azmcgi _mn[^i hi _m
c^zhnc]i [ <f[me[( jilko_ _f _mn[^i koch]o[azmcgi nc_h_ f[ jli)
jc_^[^ ^_ m_l oh[ cmf[( jlijc_^[^ ko_ <f[me[ hi nc_h_* Gim ^im
mih ^cm]_lhc\f_m s jil fi n[hni hi)c^zhnc]im*
<jfcko_gim [bil[ _f jlch]cjci ^_ fi ko_ f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_hnc)
^[^ g_hn_)]o_lji [`clg[ ko_ _m c^zhnc]i*/4 Kil oh f[^i f[ [`cl)
g[]c}h ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ ]o_hn[ ]ih ]im[m n[f_m ]igi m_hm[]cih_m(
^ifil_m( jimn)cgya_h_m( ]l__h]c[m s ^_m_im* Kil _f inli f[^i b[s
]c_ln[m _hnc^[^_m `{mc][m( _mj_]c[fg_hn_ jli]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m s j[l)
n_m ]ihmncnos_hn_m ^_ fim ]_l_\lim n[f_m ]igi `c\l[m h_lpcim[m* < ni)
^[m _mn[m ]im[m f_m [mcah[gim jlijc_^[^_m* Kil _d_gjfi( ^_m]lc\c)
gim fim ^ifil_m ]igi chn_hmim( [ao^im( joht[hn_m( ^ifilimim _ ch)
mijiln[\f_m7 s ^_m]lc\cgim f[m `c\l[m h_lpcim[m jil mo fi][fct[]c}h
_h _f ]_l_\li( jil m_l j\fc][g_hn_ i\m_lp[\f_m( ]igi ]ih^o]ni)
l[m ^_ cgjofmim h_ol[f_m s ]ihmncnoc^[m jil gifz]of[m* @h ]ihm_)
]o_h]c[( mc f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ _mny _h fi ]ill_]ni _h
fi ko_ m_ l_`c_l_ [ f[ c^_hnc^[^ ^_ fim ^ifil_m s ^_ f[m `c\l[m)> [l)
^c_hn_m( _hnih]_m( [jfc][h^i _f jlch]cjci ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ ^_ fim ch)
^cm]_lhc\f_m( ji^_gim ]ih]focl ko_ f[m m_hm[]cih_m n[f_m ]igi fim
^ifil_m( m_ fi][fct[h _h _f ]_l_\li( mih j\fc][g_hn_ i\m_lp[\f_m(
]ih^o]_h cgjofmim h_lpcimim s _mnyh ]ihmncnoc^[m jil gifz]of[m*
T n[g\czh ji^_gim ]ih]focl ko_ ]c_ln[m `c\l[m h_lpcim[m mih ch)
n_hm[m( [ao^[m( joht[hn_m( ^ifilim[m _ chmijiln[\f_m* K_li mch
^o^[ _mn[m ]ih]fomcih_m hi mih p_l^[^_l[m* Kil fi n[hni( ^_
[]o_l^i ]ih _mn[ i\d_]c}h f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f _m ch]ill_]n[*
?_\_ [^gcnclm_ ko_ f[m ^im ]ih]fomcih_m jl_]_^_hn_m mih gos
_rnl[|[m( n[f p_t m_ ^_\[h ch]fomi [ oh g[f omi ^_f f_hao[d_*
>c_ln[g_hn_ f[m il[]cih_m gc ^ifil ]ih^o]_ cgjofmim h_lpcimim
s gcm `c\l[m h_lpcim[m g_ _mnyh ^ifc_h^i chmijiln[\f_g_hn_ m_
j[l_]_h [ f[ il[]c}h gc ]ogjf_[|im _mny ^ilgc^i _h f[ ][g[*
@mn[ n_l]_l[ il[]c}h j[l_]_ ]f[l[g_hn_ oh mchm_hnc^i( s jil fi
n[hni hc p_l^[^_l[ hc `[fm[( jilko_ hi nc_h_ m_hnc^i [faohi ^_)
/4
@mn_ [mohni _m ^cm]onc^i ]ih ]c_lni ^_n[ff_ _h E * M* Nn_p_hmih( N_hm[ncihm
[h^ =l[ch Kli]_mm_m6 < l_jfs n i E *E * >* Ng [ln( ?MJ ;MNQTXTUMNHFQ =J[NJ\( 25 %- 5 2 , &(
jj* 1 , 1 )1 - , *

Q@MNDI I@POM<G ?@ -< O@JM< ?@ G< D?@IOD?<?

"!$

]cl n[f ]im[ []_l][ ^_f ^{[ _h ko_ [faoc_h h[]c}* N_ [`clg[ ko_ f[
il[]c}h cgjfc][ fi ko_ m_ ]ihi]_ ]igi oh _llil ][n_ailc[f* @mni
_m( _h _mn[ il[]c}h _f jl_^c][^i _mny ^ilgc^i _h f[ ][g [( ko_
_mny ^_hnli ^_ ]c_ln[ ][n_ail{[ fcha{mnc][( _m [^m]lcni [f nzlgchi
]ogjf_[|im( ko_ j_ln_h_]_ [ oh[ ][n_ail{[ ^c`_l_hn_* >[^[ p_t
ko_ _mni i]oll_ f[ il[]c}h l_mofn[hn_ _m oh mchm_hnc^i*/5
Nc f[m il[]cih_m []_l][ ^_ ^ifil_m s `c\l[m h_lpcim[m cgjfc][h
_llil_m ][n_ailc[f_m( _hnih]_m ][l_]_h ^_ m_hnc^i s hi mih( jil fi
n[hni( p_l^[^_l[m* K[l_]_l{[( jo_m( ko_ _mn[ i\d_]c}h m_l{[ gos
j_ldo^c]c[f* Nc( hi i\mn[hn_( f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f jo_^_ _fo^cl _mn[m
il[]cih_m ^_ mihc^i _rnl[|i s [j[l_hn_g_hn_ mch m_hnc^i( _hnih)
]_m jo_^_ l_`on[l _mn[ i\d_]c}h* Nojiha[gim [ko{ ko_ f[m il[]ci)
h_m ][l_]_h ^_ m_hnc^i( s p_[gim ]}gi oh n_}lc]i h_onl[f ji^l{[
g[h_d[l f[ i\d_]c}h \[di _mn[ mojimc]c}h* >ihmc^zl_Nj f[ mcaoc_hn_
il[]c}h ko_ ji^l{[ om[l j[l[ _rjl_m[l mo ijchc}h6 G [ gcmg[ _h)
nc^[^ ko_ _mny ^ifc_h^i s joht[h^i chmijiln[\f_g_hn_ _mny ]ih)
^o]c_h^i cgjofmim h_lpcimim s _mny ]ihmncnoc^[ jil gifz]of[m*
vmn[ jo_^_ m_l oh[ il[]c}h chomo[f j_li hi _m j[lnc]of[lg_hn_
_rnl[|[ s mch ^o^[ hi ][l_]_ ^_ m_hnc^i* <^_gym( _mn_ n_}lc]i
ji^l{[ ch]fomi ]ih]_\cl oh ho_pi nzlgchi j[l[ l_`_lclm_ [ ^c)
]b[m _hnc^[^_m( jil _d_gjfi( `c\l[f* Ki^l{[ _hnih]_m [`clg[l ko_
b[s `c\l[f_m( _mni _m( _hnc^[^_m ]ih [ko_ff[m jlijc_^[^_m a_h_l[f)
g_hn_ [mi]c[^[m [ fim ^ifil_m( s n[g\czh ]ih f[m jlijc_^[^_m a_)
h_l[fg_hn_ [mi]c[^[m [ `c\l[m)> [l^c_hn_m* Ko_^_( _hnih]_m( _pc)
n[l _llil_m ][n_ailc[f_m ^c]c_h^i ko_ fi ko_ m_ mojih_ ko_ mih
^ifil_m s `c\l[m)> [l^c_hn_m( _h l_[fc^[^ mih `c\l[f_m* T oh n_}lc]i
^_f ^i\f_)f_hao[d_ ji^l{[ ^_]cl ko_ fi ko_ _f ^ifil ^_hin[ _m fi
ko_ f[m `c\l[m)> [l^c_hn_m ^_hin[h( [ m[\_l( `c\l[f_m*
>}gi mclp_h _mn[m i\m_lp[]cih_m j[l[ l_`on[l f[ i\d_]c}h \[)
m[^[ _h f[ `[fn[ ^_ m_hnc^i ^_ ]c_ln[m il[]cih_m; Nclp_h jilko_ f[
i\d_]c}h ^_j_h^_ ^_f b_]bi ^_ ko_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ h_onl[f m_ g[)
hc`c_mn_ _h ]c_ln[m j[f[\l[m* Gi hc]i ko_ m_ h_]_mcn[ b[]_l( jo_m(
_m ][g\c[l f[m j[f[\l[m oncfct[^[m j[l[ _rjl_m[l f[ n_il{[ s [m{ m_
_fo^_ f[ i\d_]c}h* ?_m^_ fo_ai hi m_ h_]_mcn[ chnli^o]cl _f ho_pi
nzlgchi `c\l[f j[l[ b[]_lfi* ?c]b[ ny]nc][ _m m}fi oh gi^i _hnl_
15 K [l[ oh[ ^cm]omc}h [ ]_l][ ^_ fim _ lli l_ m ][n_ailc[f_m pz[m_ B* Msf_( > [ )
n_ailc_m( _ h <* Af_q %_^*&( 7TLNH FSI 7FSLZFLJ# .[ m_lc_( =[mcf =f[]eq_ff( J r`i l^ (
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Osj_m( > [n_ailc_m( [h^ I ihm_hm_ ( ,RJWNHFS ;MNQTXTUMNHFQ <ZFWYJWQ^# 8TSTLWFUM
>JWNJX & %- 5 2 4 &( jj* 3 / ) 5 3 *

"!%

>JI>GPNDI

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

inlim ^_ _rjl_m[l f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ _h j[f[\l[m

^c`_l_hn_m( ^_ g[h_l[ ko_ hi mold[ f[ jl_m_hn_ i\d_]c}h*
C[s inli `[]nil cgjiln[hn_* C_gim [mogc^i ko_ il[]cih_m n[)
f_m ]igi gcm `c\l[m h_lpcim[m g_ _mnyh ^ifc_h^i chmijiln[\f_)
g_hn_ s gc ^ifil ]ih^o]_ cgjofmim h_lpcimim ][l_]_h ^_ m_h)
nc^i* Ko_^_ m_l( mch _g\[lai( ko_ _mn[m il[]cih_m him j[l_t][h
i mo_h_h _rnl[|[m i chomo[f_m [bil[( j_li ko_ hi ][l_t][h ^_
m_hnc^i* <m{ ko_ ]ihmc^zl_m_( ji^l{[ jil `[pil j[m[lg_ _f ]fi)
loli ^_ mi^ci( koc_li jih_lf_ oh ji]i [ gcm j[j[m `lcn[m( i n[f
p_t( ni^i jiti ^_ [ao[( _mn[h][^[( ]f[l[ s f{koc^[( _m c^zhnc]i [
oh _hd[g\l_ ^_ j[ln{]of[m ^cm]l_n[m( ][^[ oh[ ^_ f[m ]o[f_m _mny
_h ]ihmn[hn_ gipcgc_hni* Co\i oh nc_gji _h ko_ il[]cih_m
]igi zmn[m b[\l{[h mc^i ]ihmc^_l[^[m gos _rnl[|[m _ chomo[f_m*
Nch _g\[lai( [bil[ him b_gim []imnog\l[^i [ il[]cih_m ^_ _mn_
ncji* <bil[ m[\_gim ko_ hi ][l_]_h nin[fg_hn_ ^_ m_hnc^i* @f
[mohni _m ko_ ]o[h^i oh[ n_il{[ _mny _h fim _mn[^cim chc]c[f_m ^_
mo ^_m[lliffi( go]b[m il[]cih_m j[l_]_h _rnl[|[m [f jlch]cjci( s
ohi _mny n_hn[^i [ mojih_l ko_ hi nc_h_h m_hnc^i* Nch _g\[lai(
_f j[mi ^_f nc_gji go_mnl[ `l_]o_hn_g_hn_ ko_ _mn[ mojimc]c}h
b[\l{[ mc^i _ll}h_[* G[ [h[fia{[ ]ih f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f ^_ f[ c^_h)
nc^[^ ^_\_l{[ _mn[l ]f[l[* @mn[m il[]cih_m ]ih]_lhc_hn_m [f ^ifil
s [ f[m `c\l[m h_lpcim[m m}fi him j[l_]_h chomo[f_m [bil[ ko_ f[
n_il{[ [][\[ ^_ m_l jlijo_mn[* K_li _m l[tih[\f_ j_hm[l ko_ ]ih)
`ilg_ _f nc_gji j[m_ ][^[ p_t j[l_]_lyh g_him _rnl[|[m* Ph[
gil[f_d[ ^_ _mn[ i\m_lp[]c}h s ^_ f[m jl_]_^_hn_m _m ko_ \[m[l
oh [laog_hni l_f[]cih[^i ]ih oh[ n_il{[ hi)fcha{mnc][ _h ]ih)
mc^_l[]cih_m fcha{mnc][m _kocp[f_ `l_]o_hn_g_hn_ [ [jis[lm_ _h
[fai jl_][lc[g_hn_ ch_mn[\f_*
P I KMJ =G@H < ADI < G6 >HJ >G< NDAD><M
G< O @ J M < I @P OM < G ?@ G< D?@IOD?<?

C_gim ^cm]onc^i [gjfc[g_hn_ f[m n_il{[m ^o[fcmn[ s g[n_lc[fcmn[*

Gim ^o[fcmn[m [^gcn_h ko_ b[s ^im ncjim ^c`_l_hn_m ^_ _hnc^[^_m(
f[m g_hn[f_m s f[m g[n_lc[f_m* Gim g[n_lc[fcmn[m( jil inl[ j[ln_(
[^ijn[h oh[ n_il{[ WYXS]^K& _mni_m( f[ ko_ mimnc_h_ ko_ m}fi b[s oh
ncji ^_ _hnc^[^ ]ih]l_n[( [ m[\_l( f[m _hnc^[^_m g[n_lc[f_m* Loz
ji^_gim ^_]cl ^_ f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^; C[s l[tih_m
j[l[ ^_]cl ko_ _m oh n_il{[ ^o[fcmn[* ?_mjozm ^_ ni^i( ]ich]c^_
_h ko_ b[s Z\YZSONKNO] jol[g_hn_ g_hn[f_m [m{ ]igi jol[g_hn_

"!&

g[n_lc[f_m( [ohko_ hi b[s[ _hnc^[^_m jol[g_hn_ g_hn[f_m %i\)

d_nim( mo]_mim i _mn[^im&* @m jl_]cm[g_hn_ _mn_ b_]bi _f ko_( ]igi
m_|[f[gim [hn_lcilg_hn_( b[]_ ko_ f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f ^_ f[ c^_hnc)
^[^ m_[ ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _f g[n_lc[fcmgi*
O[g\czh b[s l[tih_m j[l[ ^_]cl ko_ f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f ^_ f[
c^_hnc^[^ _m oh[ n_il{[ gihcmn[* @mny ^_ []o_l^i _h ko_ b[s ]i)
m[m jol[g_hn_ g[n_lc[f_m( j_li n[g\czh hc_a[ ko_ b[s[ ]im[m i
_hnc^[^_m jol[g_hn_ g_hn[f_m* Phi ji^l{[ _hnih]_m ^_]cl ko_
f[m ]im[m h_onl[f_m( f[m ]im[m ko_ hi mih hc jol[g_hn_ g_hn[f_m
hc jol[g_hn_ g[n_lc[f_m( hi ]ihmncnos_h oh ^SZY ^cmnchni ^_ ]im[
ko_ _mnz jil _h]cg[ ^_ f[m ]im[m g[n_lc[f_m* Hym \c_h( f[m ]im[m
h_onl[f_m ]igi _f ^ifil s m_hm[]cih_m ^_ inlim ncji( mih ^_g[)
mc[^i ch^_`chc^[m ]igi j[l[ m_l ncjc`c][^[m* Kil _mi ^_]cgim ko_
mih _hnc^[^_m h_onl[f_m* Ki^l{[ ohi ^_]cl( _hnih]_m( ko_ f[ n_il{[
h_onl[f ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ _m l_[fg_hn_ oh[ p_lmc}h ^_f gihcmgi7
fim hc]im ncjim ^cmnchnim ^_ _hnc^[^_m ko_ [^gcn_ mih f[m _hnc^[)
^_m g[n_lc[f_m*
K_hm[gim ko_ _mni _m oh[ ]o_mnc}h jol[g_hn_ n_lgchif}ac][
ko_ ji^_gim l_mifp_l ]ih^c]cih[fg_hn_ _h ]o[fkoc_l ^cl_]]c}h*
Jjn[l_gim jil ^_]cl ko_ f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ _m oh[
n_il{[ gihcmn[( [ j_m[l ^_ ko_ hi _m ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _f g[n_lc[)
fcmgi* N_ []_jn[( mch _g\[cai( ko_ hi _m _r[]n[g_hn_ f[ gcmg[
ko_ f[ inl[ n_il{[ gihcmn[ ko_ b_gim ]ihmc^_l[^i( _f g[n_lc[)
fcmgi( s[ ko_ _mn_ fncgi _r]fos_ f[m _hnc^[^_m h_onl[f_m* Kil inli
f[^i( [faoc_h ji^l{[ ijn[l jil [`clg[l ko_ f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f ^_ f[
c^_hnc^[^ _m oh[ _mj_]c_ ^_ n_il{[ ^o[fcmn[* @mni _mny gos \c_h
gc_hnl[m nig_gim _h ]o_hn[ ko_ mcgjf_g_hn_ l_jl_m_hn[ f[ ^_)
]cmc}h ^_ om[l fim nzlgchim ^o[fcmgi s gihcmgi ^_ g[h_l[ ko_
[\[lko_h n[hni f[m jlijc_^[^_m ]igi f[m _hnc^[^_m* <f ]f[mc`c][l
f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f ]igi oh[ p_lmc}h ^_f gihcmgi hi b_gim b_]bi
mchi l_hoh]c[l [ nig[l _mn[ ^_]cmc}h n_lgchif}ac][*
>

J I > G P N D I < > @ M > < ? @ G K M J = G @ H < H @ I O @ )> P @ M K J

>ih _f l_]b[ti ^_ [ko_ff[ i\d_]c}h [ f[ p_lmc}h h_onl[f ^_ f[ n_il{[

^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^( _m `y]cf p_l ko_ _m f[ gym jf[omc\f_ ^_ f[m go]b[m
mifo]cih_m jlijo_mn[m [f jli\f_g[ g_hn_)]o_lji* @fo^_ fim jli)
\f_g[m jlijcim ^_ ][^[ oh[ ^_ f[m n_il{[m [fn_lh[ncp[m s hi _h)
`l_hn[ hchaohi jlijci* O_h_gim( jo_m( l[t}h j[l[ l_]b[t[l f[
n_il{[ ko_ [f jlch]cjci ^_f ][j{nofi ho_mnl[ ^_m]lcj]c}h ^_ oh[

"!'

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

j_lmih[ j[l_]{[ [jis[l( [ m[\_l( _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[* Nch

_g\[lai _m[ n_il{[ _m ]ill_]n[ l_mj_]ni [ ko_ b[s[ chn_l[]]c}h( mc
\c_h _m `[fm[ l_mj_]ni ^_ f[m _hnc^[^_m ko_ chn_l[]n[h* O[g\czh
_mny _h fi ]ill_]ni []_l][ ^_ ko_ b[s[ ^o[fcmgi( mc \c_h _m `[fm[
[]_l][ ^_ fim ^im ncjim ^_ _hnc^[^_m chpifo]l[^im* C[s _hnc^[)
^_m ko_ m}fi nc_h_h jlijc_^[^_m `{mc][m( n[f_m ]igi f[m jc_^l[m s
]c_lnim }la[him bog[him( s n[g\czh b[s _hnc^[^_m h_onl[f_m( n[)
f_m ]igi fim `c\l[f_m( ko_ nc_h_h n[hni jlijc_^[^_m `{mc][m ]igi
jmc]if}ac][m* Nih _mn[m _hnc^[^_m h_onl[f_m( gym ko_ f[m _hnc^[^_m
g_hn[f_m( f[m ko_ chn_l[]n[h ]ih fim jli]_mim ]iljil[f_m* Gim m_)
l_m bog[him( _hnih]_m( mih ^c`_l_hn_m ^_ fim i\d_nim g[n_lc[f_m(
j_li hi jil n_h_l g_hn_ i _mj{lcno [^_gym ^_ ]o_lji*
@mn[ ^c`_l_h]c[ _hnl_ j_lmih[m s i\d_nim g[n_lc[f_m _m cgjil)
n[hn_* @m cgjiln[hn_ j[l[ ^_]c^cl f[ ]o_mnc}h znc][ \ymc][ ^_ ]}gi
^_\_gim nl[n[l [ f[m inl[m j_lmih[m( jilko_ j[l_]_ ko_ fim m_l_m
ko_ nc_h_h j_hm[gc_hnim( m_hm[]cih_m( m_hncgc_hnim s _gi]cih_m
hi ^_\_l{[h m_l nl[n[^im mcgjf_g_hn_ ]igi i\d_nim g[n_lc[f_m mch
m_hncgc_hnim hc j_bm[gc_hnim( n[f_m ]igi oh[ li][* @mn[ ^c`_l_h)
]c[ n[g\czh nc_h_ oh mcahc`c][^i l_fcacimi* Nc f[ chgiln[fc^[^( i f[
pc^[ ^_mjozm ^_ f[ go_ln_( l_koc_l_ ko_ f[ g_hn_ i _f _mj{lcno m_[
^cmnchni ^_f ]o_lji ^_ n[f g[h_l[ ko_ mi\l_pcp[ ]o[h^i _f ]o_lji
^_m[j[l_t][ ^_mjozm ^_ f[ go_ln_( _hnih]_m j[l[ f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f
hi b[s pc^[ ^_mjozm ^_ f[ go_ln_* G[ []ncpc^[^ g_hn[f ^_ oh[
j_lmih[ ]_m[ ]o[h^i f[ []ncpc^[^ ]_l_\l[f( [ f[ ko_ _m c^zhnc][(
]_m[* Nch _g\[lai( jil gif_mni ko_ _mni jo_^[ m_l( ^_ ni^[m g[)
h_l[m _m l_]ih`iln[hn_ m[\_l ko_ mch `c\l[m)> [l^c_hn_m hi b[\ly
n[gji]i ^_mjozm ^_ f[ go_ln_ hchah ^ifil i mo`lcgc_hni*
@E @ M > D > D J

-* >l__ omn_^ ko_ f[m ][l[]n_lct[]cih_m ^_ fim `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m

s g[n_lc[f_m ^_ f[m jyach[m .0-).0. mih m[ncm`[]nilc[m; Pncfct[h^i
_mn[m ][l[]n_lct[]cih_m ]f[mc`cko_fim mcaoc_hn_m nzlgchim* %Oig_ _h
]o_hn[ ko_ [faohim ^_ zmnim hi mih hc g_hn[f_m hc g[n_lc[f_m s ko_
jil fi n[hni hi j_ln_h_]_h [ hchaoh[ ^_ f[m ^im ]f[m_m*& Eomnc`cko_
mom _f_]]cih_m*
oh mihc^i `o_ln_
_f ]ifil [tof
jf[]_l ]iljil[f

_f hg_li /
^_gi]l[]c[
cgya_h_m _h oh _mj_di

"!(

@E@M>D>DJN

jf[]_l chn_f_]no[f
^_m_im
l_fygj[ai
[l]iclcm

jimn)cgya_h_m
ch]_h^ci
g[l_i
gilc\oh^i

.* @h f[ jyach[ .0. m_ [`clg[ ko_ fim i\d_nim g_hn[f_m hi j[l_]_h

n_h_l foa[l _h _f _mj[]ci( mc \c_h b[\f[gim ^_ l_jl_m_hn[]cih_m i
cgya_h_m g_hn[f_m _h f[ ][\_t[ ^_ ohi( s b[\f[gim ^_ ^ifil_m(
mojo_mn[g_hn_m g_hn[f_m( ko_ m_ fi][fct[h _h ^c`_l_hn_m foa[l_m
^_ ho_mnli ]o_lji* Ko_^_h _mn[m fi][fct[]cih_m ^_ fi ko_ j[l_]_
g_hn[f ]ih]cfc[lm_ ]ih f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ f[ jyach[ .0.( i ^_\_gim
l_pcm[l f[ [`clg[]c}h;
/* @h _f j[m[d_ ]cn[^i _h f[m jyach[m .1.).1/( >* ?* =li[^ [`clg[
ko_ ohi ^_ fim `[]nil_m ][om[f_m cgjfc][^im _h fim gipcgc_hnim pi)
fohn[lcim ^_ ho_mnli ]o_lji _m _f`_h}g_hi g_hn[f ^_higch[^i
pifc]c}h* >l__ omn_^ko_ ]o[h^i [faoc_h go_p_ oh \l[ti ch)
n_h]cih[fg_hn_ nc_h_ oh[ pifc]c}h s jil fi n[hni oh[ c^_[ ^_ mo
\l[ti %s hi ^_ mo jc_lh[ i b{a[^i& s oh[ c^_[ ^_ f[ jimc]c}h _h
ko_ koc_l_ ko_ _mnz mo \l[ti; No]_^_ _mni ]o[h^i( jil _d_gjfi(
omn_^ g_][hial[`{[ oh[ bid[ i [h^[ _h \c]c i h[^[; >}gi ]l__
ko_ ^_\_l{[ l_mjih^_l =li[^ [ _mn[m jl_aohn[m;
-( =li[^ [`clg[ ko_ f[m ][om[m g_hn[f_m []n[h _h ][^_h[m ][om[)
f_m h_ol[f_m nl[hm`ilg[h^i f[ l_mcmn_h]c[ ^_ ]c_ln[m mch[jmcm _h ]i)
llc_hn_m h_lpcim[m* ?_ _mni ]ih]fos_ k_ hi b[s hchah bo_]i _h
f[m ][^_h[m `cmcif}ac][m ][om[f_m* K_li mc j_hm[gim _h oh[ mch[jmcm
]igi mc `o_l[ oh ]cl]ocni _fz]nlc]i ]ih oh l_}mn[ni p[lc[\f_( hi
m_ _gcncly _h_la{[ [f [jl_n[l _f \in}h ko_ ][g\c[ f[ l_mcmn_h]c[;
@mni _m( ]}gi jo_^_ [fai m_g_d[hn_ [ oh mo]_mi g_hn[f [jl_n[l
oh \in}h mc hi _gcn_ _h_la{[ [faoh[; >oyf ji^l{[ m_l f[ g_dil
l_mjo_mn[ ^_ =li[^ [ _mni;
1* M_f_[ f[ ]cn[ ^_ =li[^ ^_ f[m jyach[m .22).23* >ihmc^_l_ ko_ _f
]igjiln[gc_hni ^_ bilgca[m( imncih_m( jliniti[lcim s ]c_lnim gc)
mcf_m [oni)^clcac\f_m p[l{[h ^_ []o_l^i ]ih ]c_ln[m ]cl]ohmn[h]c[m
_mj_]c[f_m* ?_\_ ]ih]focl =li[^ ko_ ni^im zmnim nc_h_h g_hn_;
>ih]focly ko_ fim gcmcf_m nc_h_h g_hn_; C[s [faoh[ l_mjo_mn[
ko_ =li[^ jo_^[ ^[l;
2* Ko_^_ omn_^ j_hm[l _h [fah ncji ^_ ]igjiln[gc_hni bog[hi
ko_ j[l_t][ _rjfc][\f_ m}fi \[di f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ fim bog[him
nc_h_h g_hn_m chg[n_lc[f_m; >ihmc^_l_ _f _h[gil[lm_( _hid[lm_(
]ihn[l ]bcmn_m( _m]lc\cl ji_m{[( mi|[l( p_l oh _mj_dcmgi* Dh^cko_ mc(
m_ah omn_^( zmn[m o inl[m []ncpc^[^_m bog[h[m l_koc_l_h _rjfc)
][]cih_m _h nzlgchim ^_ `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m( i mc hi m_ h_]_mcn[

""

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

n[f _rjfc][]c}h ^_ hchah ]igjiln[gc_hni bog[hi* Eomnc`cko_ mo

l_mjo_mn[*
3* Nojiha[ ko_ [faoc_h chp_hn[ oh[ ]igjon[^il[ ko_ m_ _rjl_m[
p_l\[fg_hn_ ^_ oh[ g[h_l[ gos j[l_]c^[ [ ]igi fi b[]_ oh[ j_l)
mih[ ko_ b[\f[* Nojiha[ n[g\czh ko_ jo_^_ [jl_h^_l ^_ _llil_m
j[m[^im s g_dil[l mo b[\cfc^[^ j[l[ ff_a[l [ l_mjih^_l jl_aoh)
n[m ^_ go]b[m ]f[m_m* Nojiha[( [^_gym( ko_ f_ jl_aohn[gim mc
jc_hm[ f[m jl_aohn[m ko_ m_ f_ b[]_h s mc nc_h_ m_hncgc_hnim s ^_)
m_im jlijcim7 s ko_ mo l_mjo_mn[ _m m{* ?_\_gim ]ih]focl ko_
nc_h_ g_hn_; Nc hi( ^_\_gim ]ih]focl ko_ fim bog[him n[g\czh
][l_]_h ^_ g_hn_; Eomnc`cko_ mo l_mjo_mn[*
4* C[s oh[ i\d_]c}h ]ihnl[ f[ _rcmn_h]c[ ^_ f[ g_hn_ ko_ hi b_gim
]ihmc^_l[^i* C_gim pcmni ko_ _m jimc\f_ ko_ fi g_hn[f b[s[ _pi)
fo]cih[^i [ j[lncl ^_ fi g[n_lc[f( j_li ^_ []o_l^i ]ih f[ n_il{[
^_ f[ _pifo]c}h b[s l[tih_m j[l[ j_hm[l ko_ hi b[ mc^i [m{* N_ah
_mn[ n_il{[( ni^im ho_mnlim }la[him `{mc]im _rcmn_h jilko_ b[h ]ih)
nlc\oc^i [ ho_mnl[ ][j[]c^[^ j[l[ mi\l_pcpcl ]igi ch^cpc^oim i
]igi _mj_]c_m* @m _pc^_hn_( mch _g\[lai( ko_ oh[ g_hn_ hi _m h_)
]_m[lc[ j[l[ [og_hn[l _mn[ ][j[]c^[^* @h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( ^_\_gim
]ih]focl ko_ h[^[ ^_ fi g_hn[f b[ _pifo]cih[^i [ j[lncl ^_ oh[
g[m[ ilcach[f( g[n_lc[f s jlcgil^c[f* >}gi ji^l{[ l_mjih^_l [
_mni oh chn_l[]]cihcmn[; T oh _jc`_hig_h[fcmn[; Loz ji^l{[ om)
n_^ l_mjih^_l;
5* Gim chn_l[]]cihcmn[m [`clg[h ko_ ]c_lnim mo]_mim g[n_lc[f_m _mnyh
][om[fg_hn_ l_f[]cih[^im ]ih ]c_lnim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m( s[ m_[ ]i)
gi ][om[m i ]igi _`_]nim* Gim j[l[f_fcmn[m [|lg[h ko_ hchah
mo]_mi g[n_lc[f _mny ][om[fg_hn_ l_f[]cih[^i ]ih mo]_mim g_hn[)
f_m( mchi ko_ [faohim mo]_mim g[n_lc[f_m p[h []igj[|[^im ]ihm)
n[hn_g_hn_ ^_ mo]_mim g_hn[f_m* C[s [faoh[ g[h_l[ ^_ ^_]c^cl
g_^c[hn_ f[ i\m_lp[]c}h s f[ _rj_lcg_hn[]c}h mc b[s l_f[]cih_m
][om[f_m _hnl_ f[ g_hn_ s _f ]o_lji i mc b[s mcgjf_g_hn_ ]ill_)
f[]cih_m ]ihmn[hn_m; C[s [faoh[ g[h_l[ ^_ ^_]c^cl _hnl_ [g\[m
n_il{[m mi\l_ f[ \[m_ ^_ f[ _pc^_h]c[ _rj_lcg_hn[f; Ko_^_ _f _jc)
`_hig_h[fcmgi ^cmnchaoclm_ g_^c[hn_ f[ _rj_lc_h]c[ ^_ _mn[m inl[m
^im n_il{[m ^o[fcmn[m; Nc hi( ]oyf_m ]l__ omn_^ ko_ m_[h f[m ]ihm_)
]o_h]c[m j[l[ _f jli\f_g[ g_hn_)]o_lji;
-,* Nc f[ l_mjo_mn[ [ f[ i\d_]c}h %1& _h f[m jyach[m .40).43 _m p_l^[)
^_l[( _hnih]_m ji^l{[ [`clg[lm_ ko_ hi b[s g[h_l[ ^_ _rjfc][l
]c_hn{`c][g_hn_ ]}gi _m ko_ fim mo]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m b[]_h ko_ fim
cgjofmim h_lpcimim nig_h ^_n_lgch[^i ][gchi( jilko_ n[f ][o)
m[fc^[^ n_h^l{[ ko_ m_l ]ihmc^_l[^[ jil fim ]c_hn{`c]im ]igi oh

@E@M>D>DJN

""

][mi ^_ ][om[fc^[^ jl}rcg[* K_li( ji^l{[ i\d_n[lm_( ni^[ ][om[fc)

^[^ `cmc][ m_ _rjfc][ _h fncg[ chmn[h]c[ _h nzlgchim ^_ i]oll_h)
]c[m [n}gc][m s mo\[n}gc][m* Kil ]ihmcaoc_hn_( fim ]c_hn{`c]im hi
^_\_l{[h ]ih]focl ko_ f[ ][om[fc^[^ h_olif~ac][ _m ][om[fc^[^ jl})
rcg[7 ^_ g[h_l[ ko_ ^_\_l{[ ]ih]foclm_ ko_ f[ l_mjo_mn[ [ f[ i\)
d_]c}h %1& _m `[fm[* @m pyfc^[ _mn[ i\d_]c}h; @rjfcko_ mo l_mjo_mn[*
--* C[a[ oh[ ^cmnch]c}h _hnl_ _f g[n_lc[fcmgi s _f g_][hc]cmgi( s _r)
jfcko_ ]}gi jo_^_ ohi m_l g[n_lc[fcmn[ mch m_l g_][hc]cmn[* N_
jo_^_ m_l g_][hc]cmn[ mch m_l g[n_lc[fcmn[; @rjf{ko_fi*
-.* C[a[ oh[ ^cmnch]c}h _hnl_ _f ]ih^o]ncmgi g_ni^if}ac]i s _f ]ih)
^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i( s _rjfcko_ ]}gi jo_^_ ohi m_l ]ih^o]ncmn[
g_ni^if}ac]i mch m_l ]ih^o]ncmn[ [h[f{nc]i* Ko_^_ ohi m_l ]ih)
^o]ncmn[ [h[f{nc]i mch m_l ]ih^o]ncmn[ g_ni^if}ac]i; @rjf{ko_fi*
-/* @rjfcko_ ]ih mom jlijc[m j[f[\l[m f[ ^c`_l_h]c[ _hnl_ oh[ ^_`c)
hc]c}h _rjf{]cn[ s oh[ ^_`chc]c}h ]ihn_rno[f* ?z oh _d_gjfi ^_
][^[ oh[ ko_ hi m_ _h]o_hnl_ _h _f n_rni*
-0* @p[f_ _f mcaoc_hn_ [laog_hni6
@f ]ih^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i _m mcgjf_g_hn_ oh[ n_mcm []_l][ ^_ f[m
^_`chc]cih_m ]ihn_rn[f_m ^_ fim nzlgchim jmc]if}ac]im* Kil ]ih)
mcaoc_hn_( hi _m oh[ jimc]c}h g_n[`{mc][( hc cgjfc][ [faoh[( jil)
ko_ n[f jimc]c}h _m []_l][ ^_ fi ko_ b[s( s hi []_l][ ^_ f[m ^_)
`chc]cih_m ^_ f[m j[f[\l[m* Kil fi n[hni( _f n_rni _m `[fmi ]o[h^i
^_]f[l[ ko_ _f ]ih^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i cgjfc][ [f g[n_lc[fcmgi*
-1* ?_ []o_l^i ]ih _f ]lcn_lci ^_ p_lc`c][\cfc^[^ ^_f mcahc`c][^i( ]oy)
f_m ^_ f[m il[]cih_m mcaoc_hn_m nc_h_h( ]iahim]cncp[g_hn_( m_hnc^i;
@rjfcko_ mom l_mjo_mn[m*
@f jf[h_n[ Kfon}h _mny b_]bi ^_ ko_mi p_l^_*
Oi^i fi ko_ b[s _h _f ohcp_lmi gc^_ _f ^i\f_ ^_ fi ko_ g_^{[
[s_l*
Eo[h _m mch ^o^[ oh \o_h bcdi*
?cim _rcmn_ i hi _rcmn_*
Kil `[pil g[h_d_ ]ih ]oc^[^i*
C[s pc^[ ^_mjozm ^_ f[ go_ln_*
Ii b[s pc^[ ^_mjozm ^_ f[ go_ln_*
-2* <faoh[m j_lmih[m [`clg[h ko_ _f ]lcn_lci ^_ p_lc`c][\cfc^[^ ^_f mca)
hc`c][^i _m oh[ n_mcm g_n[`{mc][* ?_ m_l [m{( ]oyf_m m_l{[h f[m ]ih)
m_]o_h]c[m j[l[ _f ]lcn_lci gcmgi;
-3* V@h f[ jyach[ /,2X ]ih]focgim ko_ _m l[tih[\f_ l_]b[t[l _f ]ih)
^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i \[myh^ihim _h ko_ fim chn_hnim ^_ [h[fcmcm ^_

""!

@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ

ni^[m f[m il[]cih_m jmc]if}ac][m _r[gch[^[m _h _f n_rni `l[][m[)

lih* @mny omn_^ ^_ []o_l^i _h ko_ _mn[ l[t}h _m mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[
l_]b[t[l _f ]ih^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i; @rjfcko_ mo l_mjo_mn[* >l__
ko_ oh [hyfcmcm ]c_hn{`c][g_hn_ gym j_h_nl[hn_ n_h^l{[ zrcni; Nc
[m{ fi ]l__( moac_l[ ]}gi m_ ^_\_l{[ jli]_^_l*
-4* >ihmc^_l_ _f mcaoc_hn_ [laog_hni ^_ R* Q* J* Loch_( ko_ [j[l_]_
_h GY\N KXN ?LTOM^ %Rcf_s( Io_p[ Tile* -52,&6
Nc b[s mo]_mim g_hn[f_m s _mn[^im g_hn[f_m( m}fi ^_\_ ^[lm_ _f
][mi ^_ ko_ mo jimnof[]c}h( [f cao[f ko_ f[ jimnof[]c}h ^_ f[m
gifz]of[m( n_ha[ [faoh[ _`c][]c[ mcmn_gync][ ch^cl_]n[ _h _f ^_)
m[lliffi ^_ f[ n_il{[* K_li mc m_ [f][ht[ ]c_ln[ ila[hct[]c}h ^_ f[
n_il{[ g_^c[hn_ f[ jimnof[]c}h ^_ _mim _mn[^im s mo]_mim g_h)
n[f_m ^cmnchncpim ^_nlym ^_f ]igjiln[gc_hni `{mc]i( m_aol[g_hn_
ji^l{[ [f][ht[lm_ f[ gcmg[ ila[hct[]c}h jimnof[h^i mcgjf_)
g_hn_ _h foa[l ^_ _ffi ]c_lnim _mn[^im s mo]_mim `cmcif}ac]im
]ill_f[ncpim*** Gim _mn[^im ]iljil[f_m _rcmn_h ^_ ni^[m g[h_)
l[m7 jil koz [|[^cl fim inlim;
@m ]igj[nc\f_ f[ ijchc}h ^_ Loch_ ]ih f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^;
@rjf{ko_fi* @p[f_ _f [laog_hni ^_ Loch_ oncfct[h^i f[ ^cm]omc}h
^_f n_rni []_l][ ^_ f[m m_hm[]cih_m ]igi _hnc^[^_m jimnof[^[m j[l[
_rjfc][l _f ]igjiln[gc_hni*
-5* @p[f_ f[ mcaoc_hn_ i\d_]c}h [ f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^6
I[^c_ jo_^_ p_l ko_ mc_hni ^ifil [f p_l gc ^ifil s jil fi n[hni
h[^c_ jo_^_ p_l gc ^ifil* K_li fim h_oli]clod[him jo_^_h p_l
fim jli]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m( [m{ ko_ hchaohi ^_ gcm ^ifil_m hc fim
^_ h[^c_ gym mih c^zhnc]im [ fim jli]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m* G[ n_il{[
^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ _m `[fm[*
.,* >ihmc^_l_ f[ mcaoc_hn_ i\d_]c}h [ f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^( b_]b[
jil M* <\_fmih( _h < M_`on[ncih i` Hch^)=i^s D^_hncns( @RSVY'
]YZRSMKV C^_NSO]& Qif* .-( %-53,&( jj* 41)456 @m jimc\f_ ko_ fim m_)
l_m bog[him jo_^[h j_hm[l _h [fah hg_li j[lnc]of[l* K_li f[
][hnc^[^ ^_ hg_lim _m ch`chcn[* <m{ ko_ _m jimc\f_ ko_ b[s[ oh[
][hnc^[^ ch`chcn[ ^_ j_hm[gc_hnim bog[him ^c`_l_hn_m* K_li m}fi
b[s oh[ ][hnc^[^ `chcn[ ^_ m_l_m bog[him [ nl[pzm ^_f nc_gji( s
m}fi b[s oh[ ][hnc^[^ `chcn[ ^_ _mn[^im ]_l_\l[f_m ^cm]l_nim _h ][^[
j_lmih[* ?_ g[h_l[ ko_ m}fi b[s oh[ ][hnc^[^ `chcn[ ^_ _mn[^im
]_l_\l[f_m bog[him ^c`_l_hn_m* <\_fmih ]ih]fos_ [ j[lncl ^_ _mni
ko_ b[s gym _mn[^im g_hn[f_m jimc\f_m ko_ _mn[^im ]_l_\l[f_m ^cm)
jihc\f_m* <m{ ko_ [faoc_h jo_^_ _mn[l _h oh _mn[^i g_hn[f ]ih _f
ko_ hchah _mn[^i ]_l_\l[f ^cm]l_ni _mnz oh{pi][g_hn_ ]ill_f[]ci)

FE@M>D>DJN

"""

h[^i* K_li _hnih]_m _m_ _mn[^i g_hn[f hi m_l{[ c^zhnc]i [ hchah

_mn[^i ]_l_\l[f( [m{ ko_ f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ m_l{[ `[fm[*
.-* G[ n_il{[ h_onl[f ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ _m ^_ b_]bi gos ji]i jf[omc)
\f_ jilko_ _m oh[ _mj_]c_ ^_ ]b[opchcmgi* @mni _m( c^_hnc`c][ fi
ko_ a_h_l[fg_hn_ ff[g[gim _hnc^[^_m g_hn[f_m ]ih f[m _hnc^[)
^_m h_ol[f_m* K_li _mn[ ]ih]fomc}h m_ \[m[ hc][g_hn_ _h fi ko_ m_
b[ ^_m]o\c_lni []_l][ ^_ fim bog[him s^_ fim [hcg[f_m moj_lcil_m*
G[m ]lc[nol[m ch`_lcil_m( n[f_m ]igi fim gifom]im( mch ^o^[ mc_hn_h
^ifil_m( j_li ][l_]_h ^_ f[ ]f[m_ ^_ _mnlo]nol[ h_ol[f ko_ l_koc_l_
f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^* <^_gym( b[mn[ ^ih^_ m[\_gim(
jo_^_ b[\_l ni^i ncji ^_ m_l_m _rnl[n_ll_mnl_m ]ih ni^[ ]f[m_ ^_
_mn[^im g_hn[f_m j_li ko_ ni^im ][l_t][h ^_ mcmn_g[m h_ol[f_m*
@hnih]_m ^_\_gim l_]b[t[l f[ n_il{[ *h_onl[f*
@p[f_ _mn[ i\d_]c}h [ f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^*
..* G[ ]ih]fomc}h [ f[ ko_ ff_a[gim _h _mn_ ][j{nofi _m ko_( mi\l_ f[
\[m_ ^_ fim ^[nim ^cm]onc^im( f[ p_lmc}h h_onl[f ^_ f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[
c^_hnc^[^ _m f[ jimc]c}h gym l[tih[\f_* N_ b[h cahil[^i [faohim
^[nim; >l__ omn_^ ko_ [faoh[ inl[ jimc]c}h m_[ gym l[tih[\f_
n[f p_t ^_\c^i [ [fai ko_ [ko{ m_ b[s[ igcnc^i; Nc [m{ fi ]l__(
b[a[ oh[ \l_p_ ^_`_hm[ ^_ mo [`clg[]c}h*

Q
@ G K M J = G @ H < ? @ E P N O D A D> < M G < > M @ @ I > D< @ I ? DJ N

Pi\ _` g\n ^m``i^d\n hn _dapi_d_\n `iom` g\ b`io` `n g\ ^m``i^d\

`i pi n`m npkm`hj( pi n`m \g lp` ijnjomjn( n`m`n jm_di\mdjn( g`
_`]`hjn g\ `sdno`i^d\( k`mj ^pt\ `sdno`i^d\ ij _`k`i_` _` i\_\*
< _d^cj n`m gj gg\h\hjn ?djn* <io`mdjmh`io` c`hjn `s\hdi\_j
^m``i^d\n ojo\gh`io` _da`m`io`n |g\ ^m``i^d\ _` lp` o`i`hjn pi\
qjgpio\_ gd]m`( g\ _` lp` oj_j np^`nj od`i` pi\ ^\pn\ t g\ _` lp`
gjn cph\ijn od`i`i pi\ h`io` dih\o`md\g \n ^jhj pi ^p`mkj* @i
^\_\ ^\nj c`hjn om\o\_j _` n`m o\i ^g\mjn ^jhj ijn c\ nd_j kjnd
]g` \^`m^\ _` gj ^m`_j7 t c`hjn `s\hdi\_j `ioji^`n g\ ^m``i^d\
k\m\ q`m nd n` epnodad^\ j ij* Pi\ q`u hn ijn `i^jiom\hjn ^ji
`no\n _jn o\m`\n* ?`]`hjn kmdh `mj ^jind_`m\m lp `n gj lp` `no
nd`i_j ^m`_j ^p\i_j \gbpd`i ^m`` lp` `sdno` pi n`m npkm`hj7
`ioji^`n _`]`hjn om\o\m _` _`n^p]mdm nd `no\ ^m``i^d\ kp`_` j ij
epnodad^\mn`*
<lp kp`_` j]e`o\mn` lp` g\ ^m``i^d\ `i pi n`m npkm`hj `n _d
a`m`io` _` oj_\n g\n ^m``i^d\n lp` c`hjn ` s\hdi\_j kjmlp` `g
n`m npkm`hj `n _da`m`io` _` ^p\glpd`m jomj n`m( _` h\i`m\ lp`
`n&\ ^m``i^d\( \ _da`m`i^d\ _` ip`nom\n _`hn ^m``i^d\n( ij `no
\]d`mo\ \ pi `s\h`i* @n q`m_\_ lp` pi n`m \g lp` `nopqd m\hjn
<kp`nojn \ gg\h\m ?djn n`m\ _da`m`io` `i hp^cjn \nk`^ojn dh
kpo\io`n _` g\ h\tjm\ _` gjn n`m`n lp` ^jhih`io` ^m``hjn
YP` `sdno`i( k`mj `noj kjm n njgj ij epnodad^\ g\ \admh\^di _`
^g`e2 f& ^m``i^d\ `i g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` ?djn _`]`m\ lp`_\m `s`io\
`s\h`i lp` g` \kgd^\hjn \ ^m``i^d\n hn jm_di\md\n* C\t
o`i^ ^m`^i^#\)n a\ionod^\n( o\g`n ^jhj g\n ^m``i^d\n `i g\ `sdn)
lP`g\(Y` ]mpe\n( h\bjn( ap`io`n _` epq`iop_( ^m``i^d\n `i ^jn\n
< ajm`i `i hp^cjn \nk`^ojn dhkjmo\io`n _` gjn n`m`n jm_d)
lp` ^m``hjn lp` `sdno`i* Ndi `h]\mbj( ^m``hjn lp` oj_\n

,,/

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

`no\n ^m``i^d\n _`]`i n`m ^pd_\_jn\h`io` `s\hdi\_\n k\m\ o`

i`m ]\n`n k\m\ \^`ko\mg\n j m`^c\u\mg\n* ?` hj_j lp`( \g h`ijn
did^d\gh`io`( g\ ^m``i^d\ `i g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` pi n`m npkm`hj k\
m`^` lp`_\m \]d`mo\ \g `s\h`i lp` g` \kgd^\hjn \ ^p\glpd`m jom\
^m``i^d\( k\m\ lp` n` q`\ lp` ij n` epnodad^\ lp` i\_d` o`ib\ o\g
^m``i^d\ \ h`ijn lp` c\t\ \gbpi\ m\ui k\m\ k`in\m lp` _d^cj
n`m `sdno`( j( `i godh\ dino\i^d\( lp` ij c\t m\ui k\m\ k`in\m
lp` _d^cj n`m ij `sdno`* ?` ^p\glpd`m h\i`m\( \pilp` c\t\hjn
_d^cj lp` `noj k\m`^` n`m `i kmdi^dkdj q`m_\_( o\h]d i lp`m`hjn
_`e\m \]d`mo\ g\ kjnd]dgd_\_ _` lp` _`nkp n _` ip`nomj `s\h`i _`
`no\ ^m``i^d\ kp_d m\hjn ^ji^gpdm( nj]m` g\ ]\n` _` gj lp` c\t\
hjn `i^jiom\_j( lp` g\ ^m``i^d\ `i pi n`m npkm`hj `n( _`nkp n
_` oj_j( fh\ ZXaXe\f& j id^\( _` h\i`m\ lp` o\g q`u kj_m\hjn
epnodad^\m `g njno`i`m _d^c\ ^m``i^d\ \pi \io` pi\ `qd_`i^d\ lp`
k\m`u^\ ^jiom\_`^dmg\*
:M6B :C

9:A 8 D C 8 : EI D 9: H:G HJ EG :B D

G\ kmdh`m\ o\m`\ lp` \io`mdjmh`io` n` h`i^dji `n g\ _` n`m o\i

^g\mjn ^jhj kj_\hjn \^`m^\ _` g\ i\opm\g`u\ _` g\ ^m``i^d\ `i
^p`nodi* K\m\ c\^`m `noj _`]`hjn n`m o\i ^g\mjn ^jhj ijn n`\
kjnd]g` \^`m^\ _`g ^ji^`koj _` ?djn* Kmj^`_\hjn* Gj lp` lp`m`
hjn `n `i^jiom\m \lp`gg\n ^\m\^o`mnod^\n j ^p\gd_\_`n _` pi n`m
_`g lp` `no\m\hjn ^jiq`i^d_jn lp` `n ?djn* K\m\ `hk`u\m( _dn
odib\hjn gjn o mhdijn w_djnxt w?djnx* Kj_`hjn c\]g\m _` pi _djn j
_` hp^cjn _djn`n( _` _djn`n h`ijm`n t _` _djn`n a\gnjn* @noj `n( `g
o mhdij w_djnx `n pi o mhdij b`i md^j( o\g ^jhj wk`mnji\x( w^\]\
ggjx j wkd`_m\x( t ^jhj o\g kp`_` \kgd^\mn` \ oj_\ pi\ q\md`_\_ _`
`iod_\_`n* Kjm jomj g\_j( `g o mhdij w?djnx b`i`m\gh`io` n` pn\
k\m\ c\]g\m _` pi n`m `nk`^ad^j( \ n\]`m( _`g id^j n`m npkm`hj*
<n lp`( ij kj_`hjn c\]g\m _` hp^cjn ?djn`n j _` ?djn`n h`
ijm`n( kjmlp` nd ?djn `sdno`( `ioji^`n c\t `s\^o\h`io` pi njgj
n`m lp` `n npkm`hj* ?` \^p`m_j ^ji `noj( pn\m`hjn w?djnx k\m/
_`^dm w`g n`m npkm`hjx t gj pn\m`hjn di_dnodio\h`io` ^ji w`g n`m
npkm`hjx\ gj g\mbj _` g\ ndbpd`io` _dn^pndi*
@g kmj]g`h\ lp` o`i`hjn \io` ijnjomjn `n `g _` ^\m\^o`mdu\m
\_`^p\_\h`io` \g n`m lp` gg\h\m\hjn ?djn* T\ o`i`hjn ^d`mo\
d_`\ _` kjm _ji_` `hk`u\m( kjmlp` g\ k\g\]m\ wnpkm`hjx `iom\
`i `g ^ji^`koj lp` `no\hjn ^\m\^o`mdu\i_j* Ip`nom\ km`bpio\ `n
g\ ndbpd`io`6 lp ^\m\^o`mnod^\n g` `no\hjn \omd]pt`i_j \ pi n`D

:M6B:C 9:A 8DC8:EID 9: H:G HJEG:BD

,,0

\g gg\h\mgj npkm`hj; Kj_`hjn km`bpio\m( y npkm`hj ^ji m`n

k`^oj \ lp ;z Ndi _p_\ ij npkm`hj `i `g h\g( j ndhkg`h`io`
`i o\h\j and^j j `i q\g`io\( j di^gpnj `i ]`gg`u\ and^\* Kjm gj
b`i`m\g lp`m`hjn _`^dm lp` `g n`m npkm`hj `n npkm`hj `i \lp`
gg\n ^\m\^o`mnod^\n j kmjkd`_\_`n lp` c\^`i \ pi n`m hn k`ma`^oj
_` gj lp` n`m\ nd ^\m`^d`m\ _` `gg\n( _` h\i`m\ lp` gg\h\m\hjn
?djn \ pi n`m ngj nd ap`m\ `g n`m hn k`ma`^oj lp` kp_d m\hjn
^ji^`]dm* @i ^jin`^p`i^d\( \admh\m\hjn lp` `g n`m npkm`hj `n
`g lp` `n npkm`hj `i np c\]dgd_\_ k\m\ m`\gdu\m \^^dji`n t k\m\
n\]`m gj lp` j^pmm`( t `g lp` `n ndi _p_\ npkm`hj `i ]ji_\_*
<n lp` k`in\hjn `i ?djn ^jhj `g n`m lp` `n jhid]ji_\_jnj(
jhidn^d`io` t jhidkjo`io`* @noj `n( lp` `n npkm`hj `i ]ji_\_(
n\]`m t kj_`m* >jind_`m`hjn( kp`n( `no\n om`n ^\m\^o`mnod^\n kjm
n`k\m\_j*
:_ fXe fhceX`b Xf b`a\UbaWTWbfb

Kj_`hjn `io`i_`m lp` `g kg\io`\hd`ioj _` lp` `g n`m npkm`hj `n

jhid]ji_\_jnj ndbidad^\ lp` ^p\glpd`m ^jn\ lp` `g n`m npkm`hj
_`n``( jm_`i` j c\b\( n`m gj ^jmm`^oj* <n lp` ^p\glpd`m ^jn\
lp` ?djn _`^d_\( c\b\ p jm_`i` `n hjm\gh`io` ^jmm`^o\* <_`hn(
nd`hkm` od`i` ]p`ijn hjodqjn k\m\ _`n`\m( c\^`m p jm_`i\m _`g
hj_j ^jhj gj c\^` kjmlp` `n pi ?djn \hjmjnj lp` n` km`j^pk\
kjm `g hpi_j t npn c\]do\io`n* <n lp` ?djn ij c\^` gj ^jmm`^oj
kjm hjodqjn `lpdqj^\_jn( id od`i` ]p`ijn hjodqjn k\m\ c\^`m ^j
n\n `lpdqj^\_\n* Ojh`hjn g\ \admh\^di w?djn `n ]p`ijx ^ji `g
ndbidad^\_j _` lp` ?djn od`i` ]p`ijn hjodqjn t _` lp` ^p\glpd`m
^jn\ lp` _`n``( c\b\ p jm_`i` `n hjm\gh`io` ^jmm`^o\* C\t( ndi
`h]\mbj( pi kmj]g`h\ k\m\ dio`mkm`o\m `noj* Kj_m\hjn dio`m
km`o\m lp` ndbidad^\ lp` nd pi n`m `n `g n`m npkm`hj( t _`n`\( jm
_`i\ j c\^` \gbj( `ioji^`n cbe WXY\a\V\ a `noj `n gj ^jmm`^oj* =\ej
pi\ n`bpi_\ dio`mkm`o\^di `no\ \admh\^di ndbidad^\ lp` nd pi n`m
`n `g n`m npkm`hj( t lp` nd _`n`\( jm_`i\ j c\^` \gbj( `ioji^`n( WX
[XV[b& `nj `n gj ^jmm`^oj* Lp dio`mkm`o\^di _`]`hjn `hkg`\m;
N` c\ _d^cj lp` idibpi\ _` \h]\n \go`mi\odq\n `n \om\^odq\ kjm
bp` \h]\n `iam`io\i pi kmj]g`h\* Nd \^`ko\hjn g\ kmdh`m\ di
o`mkm`o\^di `ioji^`n n`m\ q`m_\_ lp` nd `g n`m npkm`hj _`n`\m\
p m_`i\m\ lp` \gbpd`i ndi hjodqj \gbpij diagdbd`m\ _jgjm \ ]`] n
_j^`io`n( j g hdnhj diagdbd`m\ _jgjm( `g _jgjm diagdbd_j \ ]`] n

,,1

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

dij^`io`n n`m\ _`adid_j ^jhj \gbj ^jmm`^oj* <pilp` ij _`]`

hjn ^jind_`m\m _`o\gg\_\h`io` kmj]g`h\n hjm\g`n ndij c\no\ `g
>\kopgj 2( ndi _p_\ k\m`^` lp` nd `g diagdbdm _jgjm ndi hjodqj \g
bpij \ ]`] n dij^`io`n `n hjm\gh`io` ^jmm`^oj( `ioji^`n i\_\
`n hjm\gh`io` di^jmm`^oj* T lp`m`hjn i`b\m lp` `noj kp`_\ n`m
hjm\gh`io` ^jmm`^oj* Ndi `h]\mbj( nd `g c\^`m p jm_`i\m _` pi
n`m npkm`hj( lp` ndi _p_\ `n kjnd]g`( dhkgd^\ lp` `n ^jmm`^oj( ij
kj_`hjn epnodad^\m _d^c\ i`b\^di* Nd \lp n` j]e`o\m\ lp` ?djn
ij jm_`i\m\ id k\mod^dk\m\ `i diagdbdm _jgjm ndi hjodqj \gbpij(
kj_`hjn km`bpio\m(y kjm lp ij;z G\ m`nkp`no\ ij kp`_` n`m
lp` ij kj_m\ c\^`mgj kjmlp` g `n ]p`ij t `g diagdbdm _jgjm `n
h\gj* Kp`n nd g diagdbd`m\ _jgjm( `ioji^`n n` n`bpdm\( n`bi `no`
`iajlp`( lp` c\^`mgj `n ^jmm`^oj* O\hkj^j kj_`hjn `i^jiom\m
pi\ h`ejm m`nkp`no\* @no` `iajlp`( kjm gj o\ioj( k\m`^` `iam`i
o\mn` ^ji pi kmj]g`h\ dinjgp]g`*
Q`\hjn g\ n`bpi_\ \go`mi\odq\* N`bi `no` `iajlp` `n kjnd
]g` lp` gj lp` ?djn c\^` n`\ di^jmm`^oj nd ]d`i _` c`^cj gj lp`
c\^` nd`hkm` m`npgo\ ^jmm`^oj* <n lp` \pilp` n`\ q`m_\_ lp`
nd ?djn c\^` p jm_`i\ pi \^oj `ioji^`n `n ^jmm`^oj( _` `noj ij
n` ndbp` lp` nd ?djn diagdbd`m\ _jgjm ndi hjodqj \gbpij( `ioji^`n
`nj n`m\ ^jmm`^oj* Kj_`hjn _`^dm lp` nd ?djn diagdbd`m\ _jgjm ndi
hjodqj \gbpij `ioji^`n c\m\ \gbj di^jmm`^oj( k`mj lp` _` c`
^cj ?djn ipi^\ diagdbdm\ _jgjm ndi i`^`nd_\_* <n lp` g\ n`bpi_\
dio`mkm`o\^di `gp_` `g kmj]g`h\ lp` `iam`io\ g\ kmdh`m\* Ndi
`h]\mbj( `no` `iajlp` k\m`^` o`i`m pi\ ^jin`^p`i^d\ lp` c\^`
lp` k\m\ \gbpijn n`\ j]e`o\]g`* N` \admh\ lp` nd ?djn ij km`n^md]`
pi\ ijmh\ _` gj lp` _`]` c\^`mn`( `ioji^`n c\t pi\ ijmh\ hj
m\g lp` `sdno` di_`k`i_d`io`h`io` _` ?djn( _` h\i`m\ lp` g
kp`_` n`m epub\_j _` \^p`m_j ^ji `gg\* Ndi _p_\( n` _d^`( \gbj
\i_\ h\g ^ji pi `iajlp` lp` dhkgdlp` lp` `n kjnd]g` l p ` epu
bp`hjn `g q\gjm hjm\g _`g n`m npkm`hj* Ndi `h]\mbj( ij lp`_\
^g\mj kjm lp i\_d` km`n`io\ pi\ j]e`^di \ pi `iajlp` lp` dh
kgdlp` lp` `n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g` epub\m g\n m_`i`n t \^ojn _`
?djn _` \^p`m_j ^ji pi\ ijmh\* Nd `no` `iajlp` dhkgd^\m\ lp` i
ngj `n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g` ndij o\h]d i hjm\gh`io` k`mh dnd]g`
lp` pi n`m cph\ij epubp` \ ?djn( `ioji^`n ]d`i kj_m\ n`m j]e`
o\]g`* K`mj `no` `iajlp` ij dhkgd^\ `no\ \admh\^di* G\ n`bpi_\
dio`mkm`o\^di( kp`n( k\m`^` n`m ^\k\u _` `gp_dm g\ j]e`^di lp`
n` g` c\^`* Kjm gj o\ioj( _`adi\hjn g\ jm\^di w@g n`m npkm`hj `N
jhid]ji_\_jnjx ^jhj wOj_jn gjn hjodqjn _`g n`m npkm`hj nji

:M6B:C 9:>( 8DC8:EID 9: H:G HJEG:BD

,,2

]p`ijn t oj_jn gjn \^ojn lp` `g n`m npkm`hj _`n`\( c\^` p jm_`i\
nji( _` c`^cj( gj ^jmm`^ojx*
v* fXe fhceX`b Xf b`a\cbgXagX
G\ h\i`m\ hn mkd_\ _` _`adidm `no\ jm\^di `n _d^d`i_j lp`
ndbidad^\ lp` `g n`m npkm`hj od`i` g\ ^\k\^d_\_ _` c\^`m \]njgp
o\h`io` ^p\glpd`m ^jn\* K`mj `no\ _`adid^di `n hpt q\b\( kjm
lp` ij u\ie\ g\ ^p`nodi _` nd ?djn kp`_` c\^`m \gbj lp` dhkgd
lp` pi\ ^jiom\_d^^di gbd^\* Od`i` ?djn( kjm `e`hkgj( g\ ^\
k\^d_\_ _` c\^`m lp` `g h`m^pmdj _` pi o`mhh`omj `no \ pi\
kpgb\_\ _` g\ ]\n` \g hdnhj od`hkj lp` `no \ _jn kpgb\_\n _`
g\ ]\n`; Od`i` \^\nj g\ ^\k\^d_\_ _` c\^`m lp` pi g\bj `no ^ji
b`g\_j t \ g\ q`u ndi cd`gj; <gbpijn c\i \mbph`io\_j lp` nd \adm
h\hjn lp` ?djn ij od`i` g\ ^\k\^d_\_ _` c\^`m \gbj lp` dhkgd
lp` pi\ ^jiom\_d^^di gbd^\( `ioji^`n _`]`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` ij
od`i` g\ ^\k\^d_\_ _` c\^`m oj_j t kjm gj o\ioj ij `n jhidkj
o`io`* Ndi `h]\mbj( ij k\m`^`*c\]`m m\ui k\m\ lp` `g kj_`m _`
?djn lp`_` gdhdo\_j \g _`^dm lp` `n ^\k\u _` c\^`m ^p\glpd`m ^jn\
lp` `n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g`* @noj ij `s^gpt` i\_\ _` gj lp` np`g`
\admh\mn` lp` n` `i^p`iom\ `iom` gjn \^ojn _` ?djn( di^gpd_\ g\
^m`\^di \ k\modm _` g\ i\_\* Ngj `s^gpt` \^ojn ^pt\ _`n^mdk^di
dhkgdlp` pi\ ^jiom\_d^^di* @in\t`hjn( kp`n g\ ndbpd`io` \adm
h\^di6 w@g n`m npkm`hj od`i` g\ ^\k\^d_\_ _` c\^`m ^p\glpd`m
^jn\ lp` n`\ gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g`x ^jhj _`adid^di _` w@g n`m np
km`hj `n jhidkjo`io`x $oj_jkj_`mjnj%*
< kmdh`m\ qdno\ `no\ _`adid^di ndi _p_\ k\m`^` n\odna\^ojmd\(
k`mj o`i`hjn lp` m`qdn\mg\* >jind_ m`n` `g \^oj _` n`io\mn` `i
pi\ ndgg\ `i pi hjh`ioj `i lp` ?djn ij `no n`io\_j `i `gg\* @n
^g\mj lp` pno`_( tj t ^\nd oj_j `g hpi_j njhjn ^\k\^`n _` n`i
o\mijn `i pi\ ndgg\ `i pi hjh`ioj `i `g lp` ?djn ij `no n`i)
oj_j `i `gg\* K`mj kp`_` ?djn c\^`m `noj; Kp`_` ?djn `no\m n`i
o\_j `i pi\ ndgg\ \g hdnhj od`hkj `i lp` ?djn ij `no n`io\_j
`i `gg\; ?`n_` gp`bj lp` ij( t( kp`noj lp` `n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g`
c\^`mgj $pno`_ t tj kj_`hjn c\^`mgj%( _`]`hjn ^ji^gpdm kjm g\
_`adid^di km`^`_`io` lp` ?djn ij `n jhidkjo`io`*
Ij k\m`^`( ndi `h]\mbj( lp`( kp`noj lp` id ?djn id ^p\glpd`m
K`mnji\ kp`_` \g hdnhj od`hkj `no\m t ij `no\m `i pi gpb\m( `noj
N`\ pi\ gdhdo\^di _` np kj_`m* Ij `n `no`( kp`n( `g odkj _` di)
>\k\^d_\_ lp` kj_m\ `nbmdhdmn` `i ^jiom\ _` np jhidkjo`i^d\*

,-)

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

M`qdn`hjn( kjm ^jindbpd`io`( g\ _`adid^di ^jhj ndbp`6 w@g n`m

npkm`hj `n jhidkjo`io`xndbidad^\ w@g n`m npkm`hj od`i` g\ ^\k\(
^d_\_ _` c\^`m ^p\glpd`m ^jn\ lp` n`\ gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g` lp` _
c\b\x* Pn\i_j `no\ _`adid^di kj_`hjn `qdo\m ^ji^gpdm lp` ?djn
ij `n jhidkjo`io` _`]d_j \ g\ di^\k\^d_\_ \io`n n`\g\_\* G\
jm\^di
@g n`m npkm`hj `no n`io\_j `i pi\ ndgg\ `i pi hjh`ioj `i `g
lp` g ij `no n`io\_j `i `gg\
`n pi\ \poj^jiom\_d^^di( _` hj_j lp` `n gbd^\h`io` dhkjnd]g`
lp` ?djn m`\gd^` `n` \^oj*
G\ _`adid^di lp` c`hjn `no\]g`^d_j ij ngj `gp_` `g kmj]g`h\
km`^`_`io`( ndij lp` o\h]d i ijn k`mhdo` m`njgq`m pi qd`ej `idb
h\* >jind_ m`n` pi\ mj^\ o\i k`n\_\ lp` ?djn ij o`ib\ g\ ^\k\
^d_\_ k\m\ g`q\io\mg\* Od`i` j ij ?djn g\ ^\k\^d_\_ _` ^m`\m n`
h`e\io` mj^\; Nd od`i` `no\ ^\k\^d_\_ `ioji^`n c\t \gbj hn lp`
?djn ij od`i` g\ ^\k\^d_\_ _` c\^`m( \ n\]`m( g\ _` g`q\io\mg\* K`mj(
j ]d`i od`i` g\ ^\k\^d_\_ _` ^m`\m _d^c\ mj^\( j ]d`i ij g\ od`i`*
Kjm gj o\ioj c\t \gbj lp` ?djn ij od`i` g\ ^\k\^d_\_ _` c\^`m( t\
n`\ g`q\io\m( t\ n`\ ^m`\m _`o`mhdi\_\ mj^\* Kjm gj o\ioj ?djn ij
`n jhidkjo`io`*>hj kj_m\hjn m`apo\m `no` \mbph`ioj; Gj kmdh`mj lp`
c\t lp` ijo\m `n lp` ^jiod`i` _jn ^ji^gpndji`n6 lp` c\t \gbj lp`
?djn ij `n ^\k\u _` c\^`m t( kjm ^jindbpd`io`( lp` ?djn ij `n jh
idkjo`io`* Ndi _p_\ _`]`hjn \^`ko\m g\ kmdh`m\( ndhkg`h`io`
kjmlp` c\t hp^c\n ^jn\n lp` ?djn ij kp`_` c\^`m $`noj `n( ^p\g
lpd`m ^jn\ lp` dhkgdlp` pi\ ^jiom\_d^^di gbd^\%* K`mj kp`noj
lp` g\ di^\k\^d_\_ _` ?djn k\m\ c\^`m ^jn\n lp` n` ^jiom\_db\i
\ n hdnh\n ij gdhdo\ np kj_`m( _`]`hjn ^p`nodji\m nd kj_`hjn
n\^\m g\ n`bpi_\ ^ji^gpndi _` lp` np di^\k\^d_\_( t\ n`\ k\m\
^m`\m t\ n`\ k\m\ g`q\io\m `no\ mj^\( gdhdo\ np kj_`m* P n\i_j g\
_`adid^di km`^`_`io`( `g kmj]g`h\ `n nd g\ \admh\^di _` lp` ?d n
gg`q\ \ ^\]j `no\n o\m^\n n` ^jiom\_d^` \ n hdnh\* Nd `g lp` c\b
kjm gj h`ijn pi\ _` `gg\n n` ^jiom\_d^` \ n hdnhj( ` i oj i ^ ` n
- Q \in` _dn^pndji`n m`^d`io`n nj]m` `no` kmj]g`h\ `i B* H\qmj_`n(
Kpuug`n >ji^`midib Jhidkjo`i^`z( I[X E[\_bfbc[\VT_ GXi\Xh\ $-52/%( kk) '' - Y 0%(
t C* >* Am\ifapmo( yOc` Gjbd^ ja Jhidkjo`i^` ( I[X E[\_bfbc[\VT_ GXi\Xj ,
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:M6B:C 9:A 8DC8:EID 9: H:G HJEG:BD

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pi\ a\g\^d\ ^ji^gpdm lp` ?djn ij `n jhidkjo`io`* Ij k\m`^` c\

]`m idibpi\ ^jiom\_d^^di `i _`^dm lp` ?djn ^m`\ pi\ mj^\ lp`
g ij kp`_` g`q\io\m( _` hj_j lp` ij om\o`hjn _` `gp_dm `no`
kmj]g`h\ ^ji^`_d`i_j lp` ?djn `n di^\k\u _` ^m`\m `n\ mj^\* @g
kmj]g`h\ `n( kp`n( nd `n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g` lp` ?djn g`q\io` _d
^c\ mj^\* @noj `n( \^\nj `n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g` lp` ?djn g`q\io`
pi\ mj^\ lp` _ `n di^\k\u _` g`q\io\m; @no ^g\mj lp` g\ m`nkp`no\
`n lp` `n gbd^\h`io` dhkjnd]g` lp` ?djn m`\gd^` `no` \^oj( t( kjm
gj o\ioj( np di^\k\^d_\_ k\m\ g`q\io\mg\ ij gdhdo\ np kj_`m* Kj_`
hjn( kp`n( `gp_dm g\ ^ji^gpndi _` lp` ?djn ij `n jhidkjo`io` \g
^ji^`_`m lp` ?djn `n di^\k\u _` g`q\io\m n`h`e\io` mj^\( kjmlp`
_d^c\ di^\k\^d_\_ ij gdhdo\ np kj_`m*
C\t ndi `h]\mbj jom\ j]e`^di `i g\ _`adi^di km`^`_`io` _`
wjhidkjo`i^d\x lp` q\g` g\ k`i\ ^jind_`m\m _`]d_j \ npn ^jin`
^p`i^d\n k\m\ g\ gg\h\_\ y^\pn\gd_\_ m`omjnk`^odq\z* >jind_ m`n`
g\ ndbpd`io` jm\^di6
@g n`m npkm`hj c\^` `i -54. lp` @imdlp` QDDD o`ib\ `s\^o\
h`io` pi\ `nkjn\ \ gj g\mbj _` oj_\ np qd_\*
@no\ jm\^di ij n` ^jiom\_d^` \ n hdnh\( \n lp`( _` \^p`m_j ^ji
g\ _`adid^di km`^`_`io`( nd ?djn `n jhidkjo`io`( `n ^\k\u _` c\
^`m `noj* K`mj @imdlp` QDDD hpmd `i -103 _`nkp n _` c\]`m
o`id_j n`dn `nkjn\n( \n lp` i\_d`( id ndlpd`m\ ?djn( `n T[beT ^\k\u
_` c\^`m lp` @imdlp` QDDD c\t\ o`id_j ngj pi\ `nkjn\ `i `g k\
n\_j* I\_d` `n ^\k\u _` hj_dad^\m `g k\n\_j* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`(
_\_\ g\ _`adid^di \io`mdjm( ?djn ij `n jhidkjo`io`*
K\m\ `io`i_`m `g `mmjm _` `no\ j]e`^di `n dhkjmo\io` _dnodi
bpdm `iom` _jn h\i`m\n _da`m`io`n _` \a`^o\m `g k\n\_j* G\ kmd
j m \ `n lp` \gbpd`i ^\h]d` T[beT g\ h\i`m\ ^jhj YhX `g k\n\_j*
`e`hkgj _` `noj n`m\ lp` ?djn cd^d`m\ \cjm\ lp` @imdlp`
&Cg( lp` t\ opqj n`dn `nkjn\n \io`n _` hjmdm `i -103( cp]d`m\
fid_j `i oj_\ np qd_\ ngj pi\ `nkjn\* N`h`e\io` h\i`m\ _`
&E`^o\m `g k\n\_j ij `no `i kj_`m _` i\_d`( id ndlpd`m\ `i `g
` ?djn( kjmlp` dhkgd^\ lp` @imdlp` opqj ngj pi\ `nkjn\ t lp`
id]d i opqj n`dn( t `noj `n ^jiom\_d^ojmdj* G\ n`bpi_\ h\i`m\ _`
^o\m `g k\n\_j `n c\^`m( lp` j^pmm\ \gbj( f\a VT`U\Te X_ cTfTWb&
Y ^pmmd km`qd\h`io`* <pilp` `noj kp`_` n`m hpt dipnp\g(
N` ^ iom\_d^` \ n hdnhj* Kjm `e`hkgj( `n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g`

,-+

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

:M6B:C 9:A 8DC8:EID 9: H:G HJEG:BD

,-,

lp` ?djn c\b\ \cjm\ lp` @imdlp` [TlT gXa\Wb n`dn `nkjn\n( \n lp`
?djn od`i` `no\ ^\k\^d_\_ k\m\ \a`^o\m `g k\n\_j*
Pi\ dgpnom\^di _da`m`io` kp`_` n`mijn odg \lp* Npkib\n`
lp` `i pi hjh`ioj `nk`^ad^j( \ n\]`m( `s\^o\h`io` \ g\n -.6,,
<*H* _`g 0 _` h\tj _` -54.( pi di_dqd_pj _`o`mhdi\_j( H\m\(
nd`io` pi\ kpiu\_\ `i `g ]m\uj* B`i`m\gh`io` npkji_m\hjn
lp` `no\ kpiu\_\ ap` ^\pn\_\ kjm np^`njn lp` g\ km`^`_d`mji di
h`_d\o\h`io`6 o\g q`u np^`njn i`pm\g`n t hpn^pg\m`n ap`mji g\n
^\pn\n dih`_d\o\n _` g\ kpiu\_\* <_`hn |t `noj `n gj dhkjmo\i
o`| o\h]d i npkji_m\hjn lp` `nojn np^`njn hpn^pg\m`n t i`p
m\g`n j^pmmd`mji TagXf _` lp` g\ kpiu\_\ j^pmmd`m\( o\g q`u \ g\n
--615x15z <*H* _` g\ hdnh\ a`^c\* <cjm\ ]d`i( `noj `n gj lp` ijm
h\gh`io` npkji_m\hjn( t `noj `n gj #lp` ijmh\gh`io` np^`_`
m\* Ndi `h]\mbj `n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g` lp` g\ ^\pn\ m`\g _` g\
kpiu\_\ _` H\m\ j^pmmd`m\ WXfch f _` lp` j^pmmd`m\ g\ kpiu\_\(
_db\hjn `g 1 _` h\tj _` -54.* N`h`e\io` ^\nj _` y^\pn\gd_\_
m`omjnk`^odq\z `n hpt `som\j h\n ij n` ^jiom\_d^` \ n hdnhj*
Kj_`hjn \kgd^\m a^dgh`io` `no\ dgpnom\^di \g ^\nj _` @imdlp`
QDDD* Dh\bdi`hjn lp` `g k\n\_j `n `s\^o\h`io` ^jhj ^m``hjn
lp` ap`7 @imdlp` QDDD hpmd `i -103 t \ gj g\mbj _` np qd_\ opqj
n`dn `nkjn\n* @n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g` lp` g\ ^\pn\ _` lp` c\t\ o`
id_j n`dn `nkjn\n j^pmm\ \cjm\( `i -54.( t ij `i `g ndbgj SQD( _`
g\ hdnh\ h\i`m\ `i lp` `n kjnd]g` gbd^\h`io` lp` g\ kpiu\_\
_` H\m\ _`g 0 _` h\tj c\t\ nd_j ^\pn\_\ kjm pi np^`nj _`g 1
_` h\tj _`g hdnhj \j* Kp`noj lp` `noj `n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g`(
o\h]d i gj `n lp` g\ ^\pn\ m`\g _` lp` @imdlp` c\t\ o`id_j n`dn
`nkjn\n `i `g ndbgj SQD n`\ \gbj lp` ?djn c\^` \cjm\ `i -54.*
<n lp` ?djn od`i` g\ ^\k\^d_\_ k\m\ \a`^o\m `g k\n\_j ndi hj_d
ad^\mgj* @g k\n\_j k`mh\i`^` dbp\g kjmlp` ndbp` `no\i_j ^jhj
`no\]\6 @imdlp` opqj n`dn `nkjn\n* K`mj ?djn \a`^o\ `g k\n\_j kjm
lp` \cjm\( `i -54.( c\^` lp` @imdlp` c\t\ o`id_j n`dn `nkjn\n
`i `g ndbgj SQD* Ndi `h]\mbj( ?djn ij kp`_` \a`^o\m `g k\n\_j
`bW\Y\V~aWb_b& kjmlp` `n` `n pi \^oj lp` n` ^jiom\_d^` \ n hdnhj)
G\ j]e`^di km`^`_`io` am\^\n\ kjmlp` ^jiapi_` \a`^o\m `g k\
n\_j ^ji hj_dad^\m `g k\n\_j6 gj kmdh`mj kp`_` j^pmmdm nd ]d`i
gj n`bpi_j ij kp`_`*

km`hj `n jhidn^d`io`x^jhj gj cd^dhjn ^ji g\ _`adid^di \io`mdjm

|)`noj `n( _d^d`i_j lp` ndbidad^\ lp` `g n`m npkm`hj gj n\]` oj_j(
k`mj _` ip`qj _`]`hjn n`m ^pd_\_jnjn( kjmlp` id ndlpd`m\ ?djn
kp`_` n\]`m \gbj lp` n`\ a\gnj* ?` hj_j lp` n`m\ h`ejm _`^dm
lp` `g n`m npkm`hj ^jij^` oj_\n g\n q`m_\_`n* Ndbp` c\]d`i_j(
ndi `h]\mbj( pi kmj]g`h\ lp` c\t lp` ^jind_`m\m* Nd ?djn ^j
ij^` oj_\n g\n q`m_\_`n `ioji^`n ^jij^` q`m_\_`n \^`m^\ _`g ap
opmj( `noj `n( ^jij^` gj lp` q\ \ k\n\m* K`mj( n` c\ \admh\_j( nd
?djn n\]` lp` \gbj q\ \ k\n\m \io`n _` lp` np^`_\ |kjm `e`hkgj
lp` tj qjt \ `n^md]dm g\n k\g\]m\n w_` hj_j lp`x \g kmdi^dkdj _`
g\ ndbpd`io` jm\^di| `ioji^`n n` ndbp` lp` \c _`]j `n^md]dm w_`
hj_j lp`x* ?` hj_j lp`( `g ^jij^dhd`ioj km`qdj _` ?djn t kjm
gj o\ioj np ^jij^dhd`ioj _` oj_\n g\n q`m_\_`n( `n di^jhk\od]g`
^ji hd gd]m` \g]`_mj* @i ^jin`^p`i^d\( j ]d`i i\_d` od`i` gd]m`
\g]`_mj( j ]d`i ?djn ij kp`_` km`q`m oj_jn gjn np^`njn apopmjn
id `n jhidn^d`io`* ?`]`hjn \^\nj m`ndbi\mijn \ ^m``m lp` gjn
cph\ijn ij od`i`i gd]m` \g]`_mj k\m\ ^ji `ggj b\m\iodu\m g\ jh
idn^d`i^d\ _` ?djn; Kj_`hjn `qdo\m `noj kjmlp` `i g\ km`hdn\ wnd
?djn km`q lp` tj c\b\ \gbj `ioji^`n _`]j c\^`mgjx( g\ k\g\]m\
w_`]jx di_d^\ lp` `g ^jin`^p`io` n` ndbp` gbd^\h`io` _`g \io`
^`_`io`* ?` h\i`m\ lp` g\ km`hdn\ kp`_` qjgq`m \ ajmhpg\mn`
^jhj w@n gbd^\h`io` i`^`n\mdj lp` nd ?djn $j \gbpd`i hn `i `g
hdnhj ^\nj% km`q lp` tj c\b\ \gbj( `ioji^`n gj [Te #( K`mj ij n`
ndbp` _`g c`^cj _` lp` tj q\t\ \ c\^`m \gbj lp` tj WXUT c\^`mgj(
`i `g n`iod_j _` n`m ^j\^^dji\_j j ajmu\_j \ c\^`mgj `i ^jiom\ _`
hd qjgpio\_* <n lp` ij n` ndbp` _` g\ km`qdndi _` gj lp` c\m
lp` ij gj c\m kjm hd kmjkd\ qjgpio\_*.
< `no\n \gopm\n \gbpd`i kj_m\ dio`io\m pi\ ip`q\ gi`\ _` \o\
lp`* Nd \gbpd`i km`q gj lp` c\bj( `ioji^`n kp`_` km`_`^dm ^j
mm`^o\h`io` gj lp` qjt \ c\^`m* K`mj kp`_` km`_`^dm ^jmm`^o\
h`io` gj lp` qjt \ c\^`m ngj nd gj lp` qjt \ c\^`m `no ^\pn\g
h`io` _`o`mhdi\_j t `n kjm gj o\ioj km`_`^d]g` nj]m` g\ ]\n` _`
g`t`n ^\pn\g`n* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( g\ km`qdndi _` gj lp` c\bj ij `n
^jhk\od]g` ^ji lp` gj c\b\ kjm hd kmjkd\ qjgpio\_* Gj kmdh`mj
lp` n` kp`_` _`^dm \g m`nk`^oj `n lp` g\ ^ji^gpndi ngj n` ndbp` nd
`g gd]m` \g]`_mj t `g _`o`mhdidnhj ^\pn\g nji di^jhk\od]g`n* K`mj

:_ fXe fhceX`b Xf b`a\fV\XagX

Kj_`hjn `hk`u\m ip`nom\ _`adid^di _` g\ jm\^di w@g n`m

Q \n` pi \mbph`ioj nj]m` g\ di^jhk\od]dgd_\_ _`g gd]m` \g]`_mj t g\ km`

n d i ( `i I* Kdf`( y?`qdi` Jhidnmd`i^` \i_ Qjgpio\mt <^odjiz( I[X E[\_bfbc[\VT_
# w j $-521%( k k * .3)02*

)od j

,--

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

\io`mdjmh`io` `i^jiom\hjn pi\ m\ui k\m\ i`b\m `noj*/ @i n`

bpi_j gpb\m( ij c\t m\ui k\m\ k`in\m lp` \gbpd`i kp`_` c\^`m
pi\ km`_d^^di ^jmm`^o\ ]\ni_jn` ngj `i g`t`n ^\pn\g`n* >ji
am`^p`i^d\ km`_`^dhjn epnodad^\_\h`io` lp`( kjm `e`hkgj( K m`u
_`^d_dm k`m_ji\m \ np `nkjn\ np godh\ diad_`gd_\_ kjmlp` n\]`
hjn gj lp` g cduj `i `g k\n\_j( ij kjmlp` ^jiju^\hjn g\n g`t`n
^\pn\g`n m`g`q\io`n k\m\ km`_`^dm gj lp` q\ \ _`^d_dm* <_`hn(
ij `n ^g\mj lp` g\ km`qdndi _`n^md]\ ^jmm`^o\h`io` `g ^jij^d
hd`ioj lp` ?djn od`i` _` hd apopmj* N` c\ \admh\_j lp` k\m\
?djn g\ ojo\gd_\_ _` g\ _pm\^di o`hkjm\g _`g pidq`mnj |k\n\_j(
km`n`io` t apopmj| `n ^jhj k\m\ ijnjomjn pi ]m`q` hjh`ioj(
\n lp` ?djn n\]` gj lp` qjt \ c\^`m _` g\ h\i`m\ ^jhj tj n
gj lp` `nojt c\^d`i_j \cjm\* Ij c\t idibpi\ km`_d^^di diqj
gp^m\_\* ?` hj_j lp` c\t m\uji`n k\m\ m`^c\u\m `no\ n`bpi_\
gi`\ _` \o\lp` \^`m^\ _` g\ ^jhk\od]dgd_\_ _` g\ km`qdndi _dqdi\
^ji ip`nomj gd]m` \g]`_mj*
<io`n _` ^jiodip\m _`]`hjn ^jind_`m\m jomj kmj]g`h\ ^ji
^`mid`io` \ g\ jhidn^d`i^d\ _` ?djn* ?db\hjn lp` `i ^d`moj hj
h`ioj( iga& ?djn _`^d_` kjm kmdh`m\ q`u c\^`m \gbj $kjm `e`hkgj(
^m`\m pi pidq`mnj k\mod^pg\m%* Nd `i `n` hjh`ioj ` ?djn _`^d_`
kjm kmdh `m\ q`u ^m`\m _d^cj hpi_j( `ioji^`n `i idibi hj
h`ioj \io`n _` eg\a npkj ^pg n`m\ np _`^dndi `i `n` hjh`ioj
i\a& kjmlp` nd gj cp]d`m\ n\]d_j( `ioji^`n ij gj c\]m\ _`^d_d_j
kjm kmdh `m\ q`u `i `g hjh`ioj ` ( K`mj nd ?djn `n jhidn^d`io`
`ioji^`n ij c\t pi hjh`ioj `i `g lp` ij n`k\ oj_\n g\n q`m
_\_`n( _` h\i`m\ lp` nd ?djn `n jhidn^d`io` `ioji^`n `i oj_j
hjh`ioj \io`n _` `R npkj gj lp` _`^d_dm\ c\^`m kjm kmdh`m\
q`u `i ` <n lp` nd ?djn _`^d_` kjm kmdh`m\ q`u `i `g hjh`ioj
h(( c\^`m \gbj( `ioji^`n ?djn ij `n jhidn^d`io`( kp`noj lp` c\t
pi hjh`ioj \io`n _` ` `i `g lp` ij n\]\ gj lp` _`^d_dm\* C\t
q\md\n h\i`m\n _` `qdo\m `no\ ^ji^gpndi* Pi\ `n i`b\m lp` c\t\
pi hjh`ioj `i `g lp` ?djn _`^d_\ kjm kmdh`m\ q`u c\^`m \gbj)
N` c\i _\_j _jn m\uji`n _da`m`io`n `i a\qjm _` `ggj* G\ kmdh`m\
m\ui `n lp`( ij dhkjmo\ ^pioj n` m`omj^`_\ `i `g od`hkj( ?djn
t\ c\ ojh\_j k\m\ `ioji^`n oj_\n npn _`^dndji`n* G\ n`bpi_\
^jindno` `i \admh\m lp`( \ _da`m`i^d\ _` g\n ip`nom\n( idibpi\ _`
g\n _`^dndji`n _` ?djn c\ nd_j ojh\_\ `i pi hjh`ioj _`o`mi#
, Q \n` `g >\kopgj /( cTff\`(

:M6B:C 9:A 8DC8:EID 9: H:G HJEG:BD

,-.

i\_j( kjmlp` ?djn ij `n pi hd`h]mj _`g hpi_j _` gjn j]e`ojn

o`hkjm\g`n*
C\t jom\ h\i`m\ _` `qdo\m `no` kmj]g`h\* no\ `n i`b\m lp`
`n dhkjnd]g` lp` \gbpd`i n`k\ `i pi hjh`ioj `a gj lp` c\m( t
`i pi hjh`ioj kjno`mdjm ` '- _`^d_dm kjm kmdh`m\ q`u gj lp`
c\m* ?d^c\ ndop\^di `n `som\\( k`mj( _` \^p`m_j ^ji `no\ kmj
kp`no\( ij `n gbd^\h`io` dhkjnd]g`*0 Ndi _p_\ k\m`^` kjnd]g`(
kjm `e`hkgj( lp` K m`u n`k\ \cjm\ lp` hn o\m_` _`^d_dm kjm
kmdh`m\ q`u lp` k`m_ji\m \ np `nkjn\ g\ godh\ _` pi\ n`md` _`
diad_`gd_\_`n( nd ]d`i `no admh`h`io` m`np`goj \ ij k`m_ji\mg\
\cjm\* N\]` `noj \kjti_jn` `i gj lp` g hdnhj c\ c`^cj `i
`g k\n\_j( m`njgqd`i_j ^\_\ q`u ij k`m_ji\mg\ k`mj o`mhdi\i_j
^\_\ q`u _i_jn` kjm q`i^d_j* Nd K m`u kp`_` n\]`m _` \io`h\ij
gj lp` _`^d_dm c\^`m( `ioji^`n ?djn ndi _p_\ kp`_` c\^`mgj* Ij
c\t `i `ggj idibpi\ ^jiom\_d^^di*
Kj_`hjn adi\gh`io` lp`_\m n\odna`^cjn ^ji g\ _`adid^di _` w@g
n`m npkm`hj `n jhidn^d`io`x* Ndbidad^\ lp` `g n`m npkm`hj ^jij^`
oj_\n g\n q`m_\_`n*
DgeTf VTeTVgXe fg\VTf WX ha fXe fhceX`b
C`hjn _dn^pod_j om`n ^\m\^o`mnod^\n `n`i^d\g`n _`g n`m npkm`hj
|g\n ^\m\^o`mnod^\n _` g\ nph\ ]ji_\_( g\ jhidkjo`i^d\ t g\ jh)
idn\kd`i^d\* @g kmj]g`h\ lp` \cjm\ npmb` `n `g _` nd c\t jom\n
^\m\^o`mnod^\n lp` o`i_m\ pi `io` `i ^\nj _` n`m `g n`m npkm`hj*
K\m`^` c\]`m ^p\omj kmjkd`_\_`n hn* Kp`noj lp` `g n`m npkm`hj
`n oj_j kj_`mjnj( ij kp`_` n`m id ^m`\_j id _`nompd_j t kjm gj
o\ioj `n `o`mij* <_`hn( `n `g ^m`\_jm _`g y^d`gj t _` g\ od`mm\ t
_` oj_\n g\n ^jn\nz lp` \h\ t ^pd_\ oj_\n g\n ^md\opm\n lp` ^m`\* T(
adi\gh`io`( ?djn `n n\ioj* Ij c\t kmj]g`h\ \gbpij nj]m` `g ndb
idad^\_j _` lp` ?djn n`\ \hjmjnj* <g n`m jhid]ji_\_jnj ij `n
ndhkg`h`io` ]p`ij tepnoj( ndij o\h]d i ]`i qjgj t kd\_jnj ^ji
npn ^md\opm\n( kjm ^ptj ]d`i`no\m n` km`j^pk\ kmjapi_\h`io`*
@g id^j kmj]g`h\ \^`m^\ _` gj lp` ndbidad^\ `g lp` gg\h`hjn \g
n`m npkm`hj `g ^m`\_jm _` oj_\n g\n ^jn\n `n nd `noj ndbidad^\ lp`
^m` oj_j gj lp` c\t Xk a\[\_b $`noj `n( \ k\modm _` g\ i\_\% j nd gj
^m` \ k\modm _` pi ^\jn kmdhjm_d\g* Kp`noj lp` c\t _`n\^p`m_j
0
<^`m^\ _` jkdidji`n jkp`no\n nj]m` `no` \npioj q \n` >* Bdi`o( y>\i oc`
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ndjin \i_ >\pn`n ( I[X E[\_bfbc[\VT_ GXi\Xj $-52/%( kk* ..0).3*

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\^`m^\ _` ^pg `n g\ dio`mkm`o\^di ^jmm`^o\( _`e`hjn `no\ ^p`nodi

\]d`mo\ _`adid`i_j w@g n`m npkm`hj `n `g ^m`\_jm _`g ^d`gj t _` g\
od`mm\ t _` oj_\n g\n ^jn\nx^jhj w@g n`m npkm`hj cduj lp` `g ^d`gj t
`g pidq`mnj and^j `sdnod`m\i `i np ajmh\ \^op\gx* <n lp` ij c`hjn
_`^d_d_j nd g\ ^m`\^di _dqdi\ _` g\n ^jn\n `n j ij kjm _`adid^di
Xk a\[\_b(
C\t _jn h\i`m\n kjnd]g`n _` dio`mkm`o\m w@g n`m npkm`hj `n
`o`mijx* G\ kmdh`m\ `n lp` _` c`^cj ij c\t pi hjh`ioj `i lp`
`g n`m npkm`hj `hkd`^` \ `sdnodm t idibi hjh`ioj `i lp` _`e`
_` `sdnodm* G\ n`bpi_\ dio`mkm`o\^di `n lp` w@g n`m npkm`hj `n
`o`mijx ndbidad^\ lp` `n _ Z\VT`XagX aXVXfTe\b lp` ij c\t\ idibi
hjh`ioj `i lp` `g n`m npkm`hj `hkd`^` \ `sdnodm t idibi hj
h`ioj `i lp` _`e` _` `sdnodm* Io`n` lp` idibpi\ _` g\n _jn di
o`mkm`o\^dji`n di^pmm` `i g\ k`od^di _` kmdi^dkdj _` nd ?djn `sdno`
j ij( kjmlp` `g lp` ij c\t\ pi hjh`ioj `i `g lp` `hkd`^` \ n`m
id pi hjh`ioj `i `g lp` _`e` _` n`m( `n ^jhk\od]g` o\ioj ^ji lp`
c\t\ `sdnod_j nd`hkm` ^jhj ^ji lp` ij c\t\ `sdnod_j ipi^\* C\t(
ndi `h]\mbj( pi\ _da`m`i^d\ dhkjmo\io` `iom` \h]\n dio`mkm`o\
^dji`n* @i g\ kmdh`m\ dio`mkm`o\^di `n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g` lp`
?djn n`\ ^m`\_j t _`nompd_j( k`mj `i g\ n`bpi_\( `n gbd^\h`io`
dhkjnd]g` lp` \gbj ^m`` j _`nompt\ \ ?djn* >\m\^o`md^`hjn g\n _jn
dio`mkm`o\^dji`n _` w@g n`m npkm`hj `n `o`mijx_d^d`i_j lp` `i g\
kmdh`m\( nd `sdno` `ioji^`n nd`hkm` `sdno`( hd`iom\n lp` `i g\ n`
bpi_\( nd `sdno` `ioji^`n i`^`n\md\h`io` `sdno`*
Lp dio`mkm`o\^di _`]`hjn `g`bdm; <pilp` \gbpi\n `Ubc_p
i\n c\i \mbph`io\_j \ a\qjm _` g\ kmdh`m\ dio`mkm`o\^di( gj aeU
ndbp`( lp` m`kmj_p^` `g \mbph`ioj jiojgbd^j lp` q`m`h jn ]|c
\_`g\io` `i `no` hdnhj ^\kopgj( epnodad^\m ip`nom\ `g`^^di _`
g\ n`bpi_\* C`hjn _d^cj lp` ^p\glpd`m n`m lp` gg\h`hjn ?djn
_`]` n`m `g n`m nph\h`io` k`ma`^oj( _` h\i`m\ lp` nd kj_`hjn
k`in\m `i pi n`m hn k`ma`^oj lp` \gbi n`m k\mod^pg\m( `ioji^`n
ij gg\h\m`hjn \ `no` godhj ?djn* <_`hn( nd `n gbd^\h `io` k,#
nd]g` lp` \gbj ^m`` j _`nompt\ \ ?djn( `ioji^`n kj_`hjn k`in\m
`i pi n`m hn kj_`mjnj t kjm gj o\ioj hn k`ma`^oj a e U ?d n:
n\]`m( pi n`m lp` n`\ gbd^\h`io` dhkjnd]g` ^m`\m _ _`nompdm)
h\i`m\ lp` _`]`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` `n gbd^\h`io` dh kjnd]g` g
\gbj ^m`` j _`nompt\ \ ?djn* Lp`m`hjn( kp`n( ^\m\^o`mdu\m \ Y
_` o\g h\i`m\ lp` n`\ gbd^\h`io` dhkjnd]g` ^m`\mgj j 8Y`NomPE(^e\
Ndi `h]\mbj( nd np `o`mid_\_ `n ndhkg`h`io` pi\ ^jiodib`

:M6B:C 9:A 8DC8:EID 9: H:G HJEG:BD

,-0

a^od^\( `ioji^`n `n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g` lp` \gbj gj ^m`` j gj _`n

ompt\* K`mj nd `n i`^`n\md\h`io` `o`mij( `ioji^`n `noj b\m\iodu\
lp` ij n`\ kjnd]g` lp` \gbj gj ^m`` j gj _`nompt\* Kjm gj o\ioj(
k\m\ o`i`m `no\ ^`mo`u\( pn`hjn g\ n`bpi_\ dio`mkm`o\^di*
G\ godh\ ^\m\^o`mnod^\ _` pi n`m npkm`hj lp` o`i`hjn lp`
^jind_`m\m `n lp` _d^cj n`m `n n\ioj* O\g q`u n`\ g\ ^\m\^o`mnod^\
hn _da^dg _` _`adidm* >p\i_j _`^dhjn lp` ?djn `n n\ioj `no\
hjn om\o\i_j _` `skm`n\m \gbj _` ip`nomj n`iodhd`ioj _` lp`
?djn `n _dbij( di^gpnj hn lp` _dbij( _` oj_\ ip`nom\ _`qj^di(
\_jm\^di t m`q`m`i^d\7 lp` ?djn `n `g n`m lp` _`]`hjn \_jm\m(
cjim\m t j]`_`^`m* @no\ ^\m\^o`mnod^\ `n dhkjmo\io` k\m\ ip`n
omjn kmjkndojn kjmlp` kp`_` pn\mn` ^jhj pi\ kmp`]\ _` g\ np
ad^d`i^d\ _` g\ nph\ ojo\g _` g\n jom\n ^\m\^o`mnod^\n lp` g` c`hjn
\omd]pd_j \g n`m npkm`hj* Nd c`hjn kmjkjm^dji\_j pi\ ^\m\^o`
mdu\^di \_`^p\_\( `ioji^`n g\ ^p\gd_\_ _` g\ n\iod_\_ _`]` n`m
ojo\gh`io` m`_pi_\io`( kjmlp` `g ojo\g _` g\n jom\n ^\m\^o`mnod^\n
_`]`m\ di^gpdm oj_\n t ngj \lp`gg\n ^\m\^o`mnod^\n lp` c\m\i _`
^p\glpd`m n`m lp` g\n opqd`m\ `g n`m lp` q`m\hjn ^jhj `g hn
_dbij _` ip`nom\ \_jm\^di* ?` \^p`m_j ^ji `noj( _`adi\hjn w@g
n`m npkm`hj `n n\iojx ^jhj w@g n`m npkm`hj `n \lp`g n`m lp` `n
`g hn _dbij _` g\ hn ^jhkg`o\ _`qj^di t m`q`m`i^d\ kjm k\mo`
_` g\ cph\id_\_x*
C`hjn ^\m\^o`mdu\_j \g n`m npkm`hj ^jhj `g n`m `o`mij( \hj
mjnj t n\ioj lp` ^m` oj_\n g\n ^jn\n \ k\modm _` np jhidn^d`i
^d\( jhidkjo`i^d\ t nph\ ]ji_\_( t c`hjn \i\gdu\_j gj lp` _`
]`hjn `io`i_`m kjm `nojn o mhdijn* @g kmj]g`h\ lp` o`i`hjn
\cjm\ \io` ijnjomjn `n `g _` nd c\t j ij \gbpi\ m\ui k\m\ k`i
n\m lp` `no` ^ji^`koj _`g n`m npkm`hj lp` c`hjn om\o\_j ^pd
_\_jn\h`io` _` \i\gdu\m( n` \kgd^\ \ \gbj7 `noj `n( nd [Tl pi n`m
npkm`hj `i `g n`iod_j `i `g lp` gj c`hjn _`n^mdoj* >jind_`m\
hjn `noj ^jhj pi `lpdq\g`io` _` g\ km`bpio\ _` nd c\t \gbpi\
m\ui k\m\ k`in\m lp` ?djn `sdno`( t\ lp`( `i g\n kmdi^dk\g`n om\
_d^dji`n m`gdbdjn\n _` J^^d_`io` $`g ^mdnod\idnhj( `g ep_\dnhj t `g
{ng\h%( ?djn `n `io`i_d_j ^jhj `g n`m npkm`hj lp` \^\]\hjn _`
_`n^md]dm t _`adidm* Ndi _p_\ hp^c\ b`io` ^m`` lp` ?djn( j `g n`m
NpKm`hj( `sdno`* T o\h]d i `n q`m_\_ lp` hp^c\ b`io` id`b\
c\t\ pi n`m npkm`hj* N` km`n`io\ \io` ijnjomjn g\ ^p`nodi
` Lpd i`n nji hn m\uji\]g`n( nd `n lp` pijn gj nji hn lp`
omjn*

,-1

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

@n k`modi`io` pi\ \^g\m\^di adi\g* C\t lpd`i lpd`m` _`^dm ^ji

`g o mhdij w?djnx^jn\n ^jhj no\n6 wg\ ap`mu\ k\m\ lp` c\t\ \hjm
`i `g h pi_jx7 j wg\ ^\pn\ jmdbdi\g _` g\n ^jn\nx7 j w\lp`ggj lp` njn)
od`i` \g pidq`mnj and^jx7 j w`g j]e`oj om\n^`i_`io\g _` h\tjm dh
kjmo\i^d\x* Am`^p`io`h`io` n` kmjkji`i jom\n _`adid^dji`n dbp\g
h`io` q\b\n _`g o mhdij w?djnx* Cb `no\hjn km`bpio\i_j nd ?djn
`sdno` `i \gbpij _` `nojn godhjn n`iod_jn _`g o mhdij* Id ndlpd`m\
`no\hjn ^jind_`m\i_j `no\ km`bpio\* Ngj ijn dio`m`n\ nd ?djn
^jind_`m\_j ^jhj `g n`m npkm`hj( `sdno`*
tE J : 9 : ? J H I >; >8 6 G H : A6 8 G : : C 8 >6 :C
?@ PI N@M NPKM@HJ;

A6 : M >H I : C 8 >6

B`i`m\gh`io` ^p\i_j lp`m`hjn ^jiq`i^`m \ \gbpd`i _` lp` \gbj

`sdno` n` gj `in`\hjn ^\_\ q`u lp` kj_`hjn* @noj `n( om\o\hjn
_` lp` gj q`\ j _` lp` gj ojlp` j _` lp` _` \gbpi\ h\i`m\ `s
k`mdh`io` `g `io` `i ^p`nodi* C\^`m lp` \gbpd`i `sk`mdh`io`
\gbj `n g\ h\i`m\ hn n`bpm\ _` ^jiq`i^`mgj _` np `sdno`i^d\* Nd(
kjm `e`hkgj( \gbpd`i _p_\ _` lp` c\t\ pi \idh\g _` ^p\omj k\o\n
^ji kd^j _` k\oj( g\ h`ejm h\i`m\ _` ^jiq`i^`mgj `n `in`i_jg`
pi jmidojmmdi^j( t g\ n`bpi_\ h`ejm h\i`m\ `n lp` o`nodbjn ^ji
ad\]g`n g` _db\i lp` c\i qdnoj n`h`e\io` \idh\g* Dbp\gh`io`( g\
kmp`]\ hn ap`mo` _` g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` ?djn n`m\ g\ lp` n` ]\n\m\
`i g\ `sk`md`i^d\ lp` \gbpd`i opqd`m\ _` ?djn( `noj `n( g\ lp` n`
]\n\m\ `i `g ^\nj _` \gbpd`i lp` _` c`^cj cp]d`m\ o`id_j g\ `sk`
md`i^d\ _` ?djn* >jind_`m`hjn( kp`n( nd c\t j ij ]p`i\n m\uji`n
k\m\ k`in\m lp` \gbpd`i c\ o`id_j g\ `sk`md`i^d\ _` ?djn( kjm
lp` nd g\n c\t( `ioji^`n o`i`hjn `s^`g`io`n m\uji`n k\m\ ^m``m
lp` ?djn `sdno`*
6 E : A 6 8 >{ C

6 A6 : M E : G >: C 8 >6 9 : 9 >D H

N` c\i m`k`od_j `e`hkgjn _` b`io` lp` ^ji oj_\ ndi^`md_\_ \adm

h\ c\]`m o`id_j g\ `sk`md`i^d\ _` ?djn* Rdggd\h E\h`n `i np `n
op_dj nj]m` g\ `sk`md`i^d\ m`gdbdjn\ ^do\ m`g\ojn _` q\md\n k`mnji\n
`iom` gjn lp` n` `i^p`iom\ `g ndbpd`io`6
M`^p`m_j g\ ij^c`( t ^\nd `g gpb\m km`^dnj `i g\ ^dh\ _ ` pi\ ^jgi/
_ji_` hd \gh\ n` \]md( kjm _`^dmgj \n( \g Diadidoj( t ` g h p i _ j
o`mij t `so`mij n` km`^dkdo\mji pij c\^d\ `g jomj* @m\ pi K
gg\h\_j c\^d\ gj kmjapi_j |g\ kmjapi_d_\_ lp` h d kmjkd\ p

6E:A68>{C 6 A6 :ME:G>:C8>6 9: 9>DH

/05

c\]\ ^jilpdno\_j \ g\ lp` m`nkji_\ pi\ kmjapi_d_\_ dinji_\]g`(

lp` d]\ hn \gg _` g\n `nom`gg\n* @nopq` njgj ^ji @g( lp` h` c\]\
^m`\_j \ h( t \ oj_\ g\ ]`gg`u\ _`g h pi_j( t \g \hjm( t \ g\ omdno`u\(
` di^gpnj \ g\ o`io\^di* Ij Gj ]pnlp ( k`mj n`io g\ k`ma`^o\ \m
hji\ `iom` hd `nkmdop t `g Nptj* @g n`iod_j jm_di\mdj _` g\n ^jn\n
lp` h` mj_`\]\i n` _`nq\i`^d* Kjm `g hjh`ioj ij lp`_\mji hn
lp` pi\ \g`bm\ t pi e]dgj di`a\]g`n* @n dhkjnd]g` _`n^md]dm ^jhkg`
o\h`io` `no\ `sk`md`i^d\* @m\ ^jhj `g `a`^oj _` pi\ bm\i jmlp`no\
^p\i_j oj_\n g\n ijo\n n`k\m\_\n n` c\i h`u^g\_j `i pi\ \mhji\
`s\go\io` lp` ij _`e\ \g jt`io` ^jin^d`io` ndij _` lp` np \gh\ c\
nd_j `g`q\_\ kjm gjn \dm`n t _` lp` ^\nd `no\gg\ kjm g\ `hj^di* G\
k`ma`^o\ lpd`op_ _` g\ ij^c` n` `nom`h`^d kjm g\ \k\md^di _` pi
ndg`i^dj hn njg`hi`* G\ km`n`i^d\ _` g\ jn^pmd_\_ n` n`io\ hn
kjmlp` ij n` q`\* T\ ij c\]m\ kj_d_j _p_\m _` lp` g `no\]\ \c
^jhj o\hkj^j _` lp` tj `no\]\ \c* @n hn( n`io lp` tj `m\( `i
oj_j ^\nj( `g h`ijn m`\g _` gjn _jn*1

<lp( ^jhj kj_`hjn q`m ^g\m\h`io`( o`i`hjn \ pi\ k`mnji\ ^ji

q`i^d_\( kjm `i^dh\ _` oj_\ _p_\( _` lp` _pm\io` pi\ `sk`md`i
^d\ hnod^\ m`gdbdjn\ gg`b \ `no\m `i ^jio\^oj ^ji ?djn* < k\modm _`
`ggj kj_`hjn ^jinompdm g\ ndbpd`io` kmp`]\ mkd_\ _` g\ `sdno`i^d\
TU ?djn6
-* Nd \gbpd`i `sk`mdh`io\ pi `io`( `ioji^`n `n` `io` `sdno`*
.* <gbpi\n k`mnji\n c\i `sk`mdh`io\_j \ ?djn*
Ebe _b gTagb
/* ?djn `sdno`*
Dio`mkm`o`hjn gj lp` `n `sk`mdh`io\m pi `io` _` o\g h\i`m\ lp`
kj_\hjn `sk`mdh `io\m \gbj ngj nd `sdno`* =\ej `no\ dio`mkm`
o\^di g\ km`hdn\ $-% `n q`m_\_`m\* @noj( ndi `h]\mbj( ij hp`nom\
o\h]d i lp` g\ km`hdn\ $.%n`\ q`m_\_`m\( kjmlp` c\t hp^c\n `s
k`md`i^d\n dgpnjmd\n `i g\n lp` g\ b`io` kd`in\ lp` `sk`mdh`io\
`io`n( k`mj `i g\n lp` n` `lpdqj^\* <n lp`( nd ]d`i g\ k`mnji\ lp`
?Q]Uc SYdQ UcdQRQ ^jiq`i^d_\ _` lp` c\]\ `sk`mdh`io\_j \ ?djn(
Kp_j XQRUbcU `lpdqj^\_j7 np `sk`md`i^d\ kp_j c\]`m nd_j dgpnj)
OQ( D RfYQ] U^dU& kp`n( g\ km`hdn\ $.% `n g\ ^g\q`* C\t b`io` lp`
QiQ `sk`mdh`io\_j \ ?djn;
>WWZ O ?Q]Uc& >LI @EVMIXMIW SJ <IMMKMSYW /\TIRIRGI& 8_\\YUb 7__[c& CeUfQ N_b[&

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6E:A68>{C 6 A6 :ME:G>:C8>6 9: 9>DH

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G\ b`io` lp` ^m`` lp` g\ km`hdn\ $.% `n q`m_\_`m\ b`i`m\g)

h`io` n`\g\ om`n odkjn _da`m`io`n _` `sk`md`i^d\n k\m\ \kjt\m
np kjnd^di6 g\n `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n m`gdbdjn\n( g\n m`q`g\^dji`n t
gjn hdg\bmjn* @i `nojn om`n ^\njn( \mbph`io\ `no\ b`io`( j ]d`i gj
`sk`mdh`io\_j `n ?djn( j ]d`i gj `sk`mdh`io\_j `n `g m`npgo\_j
_dm`^oj _` \gbj lp` ?djn c\^`* C\t( ndi `h]\mbj( pi\ _da`m`i^d\
dhkjmo\io` `iom` g\n `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n m`gdbdjn\n t g\n jom\n
_jn* Nd `i pi\ `sk`md`i^d\ hnod^\ \gbpd`i `sk`mdh`io\ \ ?djn
`ioji^`n( ^jhj `i `g ^\nj ^do\_j( gj c\^` nd`i_j om\inkjmo\_j _`
\gbpi\ h\i`m\ kjm `i^dh\ _`g hpi_j i\opm\g c\^d\ g\ km`n`i
^d\ npkm\h pi_\i\ _` ?djn* @i `g ^\nj _` g\n m`q`g\^dji`n t _`
gjn hdg\bmjn( `i ^\h]dj( ?djn k\mod^dk\ dio`mqdid`i_j _` c`^cj
`i `g ^pmnj jm_di\mdj _`g hpi_j i\opm\g* Kjm `e`hkgj( gjn ?d`u
H\i_\hd`iojn npkp`no\h`io` n` g` m`q`g\mji \ Hjdn n h`_d\io`
din^mdk^dji`n nj]m` kd`_m\n jm_di\md\n* Gjn hdg\bmjn( o\g`n ^jhj
^jiq`modm `g \bp\ `i qdij( npkp`no\h`io` opqd`mji o`nodbjn `i `no`
hpi_j i\opm\g* ?`]d_j \ `no\ dhkjmo\io` _da`m`i^d\ `iom` `nojn
odkjn _` `sk`md`i^d\ m`gdbdjn\( ^jind_`m\m`hjn np m`g`q\i^d\ k\m\
`g \mbph`ioj _` g\ `sk`md`i^d\ m`gdbdjn\ kjm n`k\m\_j*
:_ TeZh`Xagb WX _T XkcXe\XaV\T ` fg\VT
?`]`hjn `hk`u\m kjm _`e\m ^g\mj gj lp` lp`m`hjn _`^dm ^ji w`s
k`md`i^d\ hnod^\ m`gdbdjn\x* Kj_`hjn c\^`m pi\ `g`^^di k\m\ j]
o`i`m o\g _`adid^di* Kj_`hjn _`adidm pi\ `sk`md`i^d\ hnod^\ m`
gdbdjn\( t\ n`\ ^jhj pi\ `sk`md`i^d\ `i g\ lp`( `iom` jom\n ^jn\n(
pi\ k`mnji\ _` c`^cj `sk`mdh`io\ \ ?djn( t\ n`\ ^jhj pi\ `s
k`md`i^d\ `i g\ lp`( `iom` jom\n ^jn\n( pi\ k`mnji\ ^m`` lp` `s
k`mdh`io\ \ ?djn* G\ _da`m`i^d\ `iom` \h]\n `n lp` `i `g kmdh`m
^\nj hp^c\n `sk`md`i^d\n lp` g\ b`io` ^m`` lp` nji `sk`md`i
^d\n hnod^\n ij gj nji( kjmlp` ?djn ij `n _` c`^cj `sk`mdh`i
o\_j `i `gg\n* @i `g n`bpi_j ^\nj kj_`hjn b\m\iodu\m lp` _d
^c\n `sk`md`i^d\n nji hnod^\n( k`mj `noj ij dhkgd^\ i\_\ \^`m^\
_` lp` ?djn n`\ _` c`^cj `sk`mdh`io\_j* Kp`noj lp` `i ^p\g
lpd`m\ _` gjn _jn ^\njn _`]`hjn epnodad^\m pi\ \admh\^di( j ]d`i
lp` \gbpi\n `sk`md`i^d\n nji hnod^\n( j ]d`i lp` ?djn `n `sk`
mdh`io\_j `i \gbpi\n `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n( `n^je\hjn `ioji^`n
`g n`bpi_j odkj _` _`adid^di* @noj ijn k`mhdodm _`adidm a`ijh`)
ijgbd^\h`io` g\n `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n( ndi o`i`m lp` ^jind_`m\m
nd \gbi `io` `n _` c`^cj `sk`mdh`io\_j*

,.*

K\m\ _`adidm w`sk`md`i^d\ hnod^\x kj_`hjn _` ip`qj m`^pmmdm

\ Rdggd\h E\h`n* >jhj m`npgo\_j _`g `nop_dj _` gjn m`g\ojn _`
`sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n ^jhj `g lp` ^do\hjn( E\h`n `skpnj gj lp`
k`in lp` n`m\i g\n ^\m\^o`mnod^\n `n`i^d\g`n _` o\g`n `sk`md`i
^d\n* ?dej lp` g\n `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n nji `sk`md`i^d\n di`a\]g`n(
om\indojmd\n t ij od^\n( `i g\n lp` g\ k`mnji\ diqjgp^m\_\ `n hn
]d`i k\ndq\* >jind_`m`hjn ^\_\ pi\ _` `no\n ^\m\^o`mnod^\n*
-* >aXYTU\_\WTW( G\n k`mnji\n lp` c\i qdqd_j `sk`md`i^d\n hnod
^\n _d^`i lp` n`h`e\io` `sk`md`i^d\ y_`n\a\ \ g\ `skm`ndi(
lp` ij n` kp`_` kji`m `i k\g\]m\n idibi m`g\oj \_`^p\_j
_` np ^jio`id_j* ?` `ggj n` ndbp` lp` `n\ a\^pgo\_ _`]` `sk`
mdh`io\n` _dm`^o\h`io`( lp` ij kp`_` dhk\modmn` j om\in
a`mdmn` \ jomjnz*2
.* 8hT_\WTW ab g\VT( <lp`ggjn lp` od`i`i `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n
\admh\i c\]`m ^ji^`]d_j j m`^d]d_j d_`\n kmjapi_\h`io`
ndbidad^\odq\n ` dhkjmo\io`n _pm\io` g\n `sk`md`i^d\n* ?`
hj_j lp`( k\m\ g\ k`mnji\ lp` `sk`mdh`io\ `no\_jn hnod
^jn( nojn k\m`^`i `no\_jn _` ^jij^dhd`ioj* K\m`^`i y`no\
_jn _` d_`\n lp` gg`b\i \ g\ kmjapi_d_\_ _` q`m_\_`n dinji
_\]g`n k\m\ `g dio`g`^oj _dn^pmndqjz*3 @i `g ^\nj _`g hnod^j
m`gdbdjnj $`noj `n( pi\ k`mnji\ lp` kd`in\ lp` `sk`mdh`io\
\ ?djn `i npn `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n%( no` ^m`` lp` g\n d_`\n
j dgphdi\^dji`n lp` kd`in\ lp` \g^\iu\ nji `g m`npgo\_j _`
pi\ ^jiamjio\^di _dm`^o\ j pidi ^ji `g n`m npkm`hj* K\m\
\lp`ggjn ^pt\n `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n ij nji m`gdbdjn\n( g\n
d_`\n nji ^jind_`m\_\n ^jhj `g m`npgo\_j _` pi\ h\i`m\
ip`q\ t hn `g`q\_\ _` `sk`mdh`io\m `g hpi_j lp` ijn
mj_`\( hn lp` pi m`npgo\_j _`g ^jio\^oj ^ji \gbj nj]m`i\
opm\g*
/* IeTaf\gbe\XWTW( >jhj gj n`\g\ E\h`n( ygjn `no\_jn hnod^jn
ij kp`_`i n`m njno`id_jn kjm hp^cj od`hkj* N\gqj `i m\m\n
`s^`k^dji`n( pi\ h`_d\ cjm\( j ^p\i_j hp^cj pi\ cjm\ j
_jn( k\m`^` n`m `g ghdo` hn \gg _`g ^p\g n` _`nq\i`^`i `i
g\ gpu _` pi _\ ^p\glpd`m\z*4
& _UgW & k* /,,*

>U\W(

4 >U\W(

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

,.+

0* ETf\i\WTW& WX_ fh]Xgb( Nd ]d`i pi\ k`mnji\ kp`_` km`k\m\mn` t

^jiomd]pdm \ o`i`m pi\ `sk`md`i^d\ hnod^\( y^p\i_j `g odkj
_` ^ji^d`i^d\ ^\m\^o`mnod^\ c\ `hk`u\_j( `g hnod^j nd`io`
^jhj nd np kmjkd\ qjgpio\_ `nopqd`m\ npnk`i_d_\( ` di^gpnj
\gbpi\n q`^`n ^jhj nd ap`m\ npe`o\_j t ^ji_p^d_j kjm pi
kj_`m npk`mdjmz*5
@no\n ^p\omj ^p\gd_\_`n c\i nd_j `e`hkgdad^\_\n `i `g m`g\oj ^do\_j
\io`mdjmh`io`* @g npe`oj \admh\ lp` ij kj_m\ _`n^md]dm ^jhkg`
o\h`io` g\ `sk`md`i^d\7 lp` `m\ ^jin^d`io` _` np \pojm( t lp` di
^gpnj `no\]\ `i \mhji\ ^ji g7 lp` g\ \g`bm\ t e]dgj di`a\]g`n
lp` \^jhk\\]\i g\ `sk`md`i^d\ _pm\mji pi hjh`ioj7 t lp`
ij ]pn^ g\ \mhji\ ^ji np( \pojm( ndij lp` k\ndq\h`io` n` _dj
^p`io\ _` lp` `no\]\ np^`_d`i_j* @noj `n( kp`n( pi ^g\mj `e`hkgj
_` pi\ `sk`md`i^d\ hnod^\ m`gdbdjn\* Ip`nomj kmj]g`h\ `no `i
_`n^p]mdm nd pi\ `sk`md`i^d\ n`h`e\io` kp`_` pn\mn` k\m\ epnod
ad^\m g\ km`hdn\ $.%( g\ \admh\^di _` lp` \gbpi\n k`mnji\n c\i
`sk`mdh`io\_j \ ?djn* @g \mbph`ioj lp` ijn dio`m`n\ kp`_` `s
kji`mn` ^jhj ndbp`6
0* <gbpi\n k`mnji\n c\i o`id_j `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n m`gdbdj
n\n*
1* @i g\n `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n m`gdbdjn\n ?djn `n `sk`mdh`i
o\_j*
Ebe _b gTagb
.* <gbpi\n k`mnji\n c\i `sk`mdh`io\_j \ ?djn*
Nd c\t ]p`i\n m\uji`n k\m\ \^`ko\m g\ km`hdn\ $1%( `ioji^`n kj_`
hjn ^ji^gpdmepnodad^\_\h`io` lp` ?djn `sdno`* Ndi _p_\ _`]`hjn
`no\m _` \^p`m_j `i lp` gjn hnod^jn m`gdbdjnjn od`i`i `sk`md`i
^d\n `som\\n hpt k\m`^d_\n \ g\ _`n^mdo\( _` hj_j lp` kj_`
hjn \^`ko\m $0%* K`mj c\t ]p`i\n m\uji`n k\m\ \_hdodm o\h]d i
lp` _pm\io` `no\n `sk`md`i^d\n gjn hnod^jn od`i`i _` c`^cj pi\
d_`\ _` g\ m`\gd_\_( lp` `sk`mdh`io\i \ ?djn _` pi\ h\i`m\ lp`
ij ijn kp`_`i _`n^md]dm; Ij kj_m\ n`m q`m_\_ lp` pi hnod^j
ap`m\ ^jhj pi\ k`mnji\ lp` `no \gp^di\i_j( ^jhj lpd`i iX pi
`nk`ednhj t ^m`` lp` `no `sk`mdh`io\i_j pi j]e`oj m`\g; t8 ]_
5 uU\W(

6E:A68>{C 6 A6 :ME:G>:C8>6 9: 9>DH

,.,

q\hjn \ _`^d_dm nd \g h`ijn \gbpijn _` gjn hnod^jn m`gdbdjnjn q`m

_\_`m\h`io` `sk`mdh`io\i \ ?djn( j nd oj_jn `ggjn od`i`i ndhkg`
h`io` `sk`md`i^d\n dgpnjmd\n `s^`k^dji\g`n; Ij kj_`hjn m`qdn\m
g\n \admh\^dji`n _` gjn hnod^jn _` g\ hdnh\ h\i`m\ ^jhj am`
^p`io`h`io` m`qdn\hjn kjnd]g`n ^\njn _` `sk`md`i^d\n dgpnjmd\n(
o\g`n ^jhj gjn `nk`ednhjn( kjmlp` ij kj_`hjn j]n`mq\m nd c\t
j ij pi j]e`oj `sk`mdh`io\_j* Kj_`hjn( kjm `e`hkgj( dm \g gp
b\m _`g _`nd`moj _ji_` pi\ k`mnji\ \admh\ c\]`m qdnoj pi j\ndn(
` diq`nodb\m ^pd_\_jn\h`io` oj_\ `g m`\( h\n ij kj_`hjn _`
idibpi\ h\i`m\ ^jhk\m\]g` dm \ g\ ym`bdiz `i g\ lp` `g hnod^j
\admh\ c\]`m `no\_j `i km`n`i^d\ _` ?djn*
6cblb cTeT X_ TeZh`Xagb1 9\bf WXUX fXecbfgh_TWb
Vb`b XkcXe\`XagTWb b Vb`b VThfT
Kj_`hjn j]o`i`m pi odkj _` `qd_`i^d\ lp` c\m\ m\uji\]g` \^`k
o\m g\ \admh\^di _`g hnod^j* Npkib\n` lp` ^d`mo\n `som\\n `s
k`md`i^d\n hnod^\n nji ojo\gh`io` di`skgd^\]g`n `i o mhdijn _`
g\n ^\pn\n i\opm\g`n lp` nji `g j]e`oj _` `nop_dj _` g\n ^d`i^d\n
i\opm\g`n ^jhj g\ knd^jgjb\( g\ adndjgjb\ t g\ ]djgjb\* @i `n`
^\nj kj_m\hjn o`i`m \gbpi\ m\ui k\m\ k`in\m( j ]d`i lp` `g
`io` `sk`mdh`io\_j `i n`h`e\io`n `sk`md`i^d\n `n nj]m`i\opm\g(
j ]d`i lp` g\ ^\pn\ _` g\ `sk`md`i^d\ hnod^\ `n nj]m`i\opm\g* @noj
`n( kj_m\hjn o`i`m lp` kjnopg\m pi j]e`oj `sk`mdh`io\_j nj
]m`i\opm\g( j ]d`i o`i_m\hjn lp` kjnopg\m pi\ ^\pn\ nj]m`i\
opm\g k\m\ g\n `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n( j ]d`i \h]\n( `i pi dio`ioj
kjm `skgd^\m _d^c\n `sk`md`i^d\n* Kj_m\hjn `ioji^`nepnodad^\m g\
`sdno`i^d\ _` pi n`m nj]m`i\opm\g n`h`e\io`( _` g\ hdnh\ h\i`m\
^jhj epnodad^\hjn g\ kjnopg\^di `skgd^\odq\ _` `io`n o`md^jn o\
g`n ^jhj gjn `g`^omji`n( kmjoji`n t i`pomji`n* @nojn `io`n o`md^jn
nji kjnopg\_jn k\m\ `skgd^\m ^d`mojn a`ih`ijn j]n`mq\]g`n* ?d
^c\ kjnopg\^di n` epnodad^\ ngj nd ij c\t idibpi\ h\i`m\ _` `s
kgd^\m gj j]n`mq\_j ndi kjnopg\m \gbpi\ ^jn\* Nd n` kp`_`i _\m `s
kgd^\^dji`n n\odna\^ojmd\n ndi kjnopg\m `io`n n`h`e\io`n( `ioji^`n(
^jhj qdhjn `i `g >\kopgj 0 \^`m^\ _` gjn _`hjidjn _` gjn _j^
ojm`n ]mpejn( ij kj_`hjn epnoda^\m g\ `sdno`id^\ _` o\g`n `io`n*-,
G\ ^p`nodi `ioji^`n `n nd c\t pi\ m\ui k\m\ k`in\m nd \gbp
i\n `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n ij kp`_`i `skgd^\mn` h`_d\io` ^\pn\n
*) K}Q^cU ``( ,)2',*+(

,.-

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

i\opm\g`n _` o\g h\i`m\ lp` c\t\ pi\ m\ui k\m\ kjnopg\m pi\
^\pn\ nj]m`i\opm\g k\m\ `skgd^\mg\n* Nd g\ c\t( `ioji^`n kj_`hjn
n`m ^\k\^`n _` pn\m `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n k\m\ epnodad^\m g\ km`
hdn\ $.%* Nd ij g\ c\t( `ioji^`n _`]`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` t\ n`\ lp`
gjn hnod^jn `sk`mdh`io`i j lp` ij `sk`mdh`io`i \ ?djn( ij o`
i`hjn ]\n`n k\m\ \admh\m lp` gj c\^`i( id h\i`m\ \gbpi\ _` pn\m
`no\n `sk`md`i^d\n k\m\ epnodad^\m g\ km`hdn\ $.%*
@i m`\gd_\_ o`i`hjn lp` ^jind_`m\m _jn \mbph`iojn* @g kmd
h`mj kp`_` `skm`n\mn` n`\g\i_j lp` gjn m`g\ojn lp` g\ b`io`
c\^` _` npn `som\\n `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n nji `i n hdnhjn hpt
kj^j ^jhpi`n* ?d^cjn di_dqd_pjn \admh\i c\]`mn` apndji\_j ^ji
gj Pij( j lp` `i ^d`mo\ ajmh\ c\i nd_j \]njm]d_jn kjm pi\ pid
_\_ kpm\( j ^jn\n dbp\gh`io` `som\\n* Ijnjomjn( gjn ij)hnod^jn(
ij o`i`hjn m\ui k\m\ k`in\m( `i b`i`m\g( lp` _d^c\ b`io` om\o\
_` `ib\\mijn( j lp` `no hdiod`i_j* <_`hn( m`g\ojn ^jhj gjn
^do\_jn nji hpt ^jhpi`n t n` km`n`io\i ^jino\io`h`io`* ?` \c
lp`( ^jiodi\ `g \mbph`ioj( g\ id^\ h\i`m\ _` `skgd^\m `nojn
m`g\ojn `n kjnopg\i_j g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` pi `io` dbp\gh`io` kj^j
^jhi( ^jhj gj `n pi `io` nj]m`i\opm\g* @noj `n( g\ id^\ h\
i`m\ _` `skgd^\m `g ^jhkjmo\hd`ioj q`m]\g _` gjn hnod^jn( t o\g
q`u o\h]d i np ^jhkjmo\hd`ioj ij q`m]\g( `n kjnopg\i_j g\ `sdn
o`i^d\ _` pi `io` nj]m`i\opm\g lp` c\i `sk`mdh`io\_j* @ioji
^`n( _\_j $\% lp` g\ npkjnd^di _` lp` `sk`mdh`io\i \gbj nj
]m`i\opm\g Xa XYXVgb `skgd^\ np ^jhkjmo\hd`ioj( q`m]\g j ij q`m
]\g( t _\_j $]% lp` `no\ `n g\ a\VT h\i`m\ _` `skgd^\m `a`^odq\
h`io` np ^jhkjmo\hd`ioj( `ioji^`n n` epnodad^\ lp` ijnjomjn gjn
ij)hnod^jn ^m`\hjn lp` gjn hnod^jn `sk`mdh`io\i pi `io` nj
]m`i\opm\g ^p\i_j od`i`i `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n* ?` \c lp` k\
m`^`m\ lp` c`hjnepnodad^\_j g\ km`hdn\ $1%6 y@i g\n `sk`md`i^d\n
hnod^\n m`gdbdjn\n ?djn `n `sk`mdh`io\_jz( t kjm gj o\ioj c`hjn
epnodad^\_j $.%6 y<gbpi\n k`mnji\n c\i `sk`mdh`io\_j \ ?djn *
?` hj_j lp`( kp`noj lp` oj_j gj _`hn `skp`noj `i gjn \dbp)
h`iojn m`g`q\io`n c\ nd_j \_hdod_j( c\]m`hjn hjnom\_j lp` `g
dhkjmo\io` k\nj $/% y?djn `sdno`z( c\ lp`_\_j epnodad^\_j*
@g n`bpi_j \mbph`ioj `n ndhdg\m* <admh\ lp` g\n `sk`md`i^d\n
hnod^\n m`gdbdjn\n nji o\i `som\\n t kj^j ^jhpi`n( lp` g\ id^\
h\i`m\ _` `skgd^\m lp` j^pmm\i `n npkjid`i_j lp` np ^\pn\ `n
\gbj nj]m`i\opm\g* @n _`^dm( g\ id^\ h\i`m\ _` `skgd^\m g\ j^&&#
mm`i^d\ t g\n ^\m\^o`mnod^\n _` g\n `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n m`gdb\
n\n `n kjnopg\i_j g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` pi\ ^\pn\ nj]m`i\opm\g _`

6E:A68>{C 6 A6 :ME:G>:C8>6 9: 9>DH

,..

^c\n `sk`md`i^d\n* @ioji^`n( _\_\n _` ip`qj $\% g\ npkjnd^di _`

lp` pi\ ^\pn\ nj]m`i\opm\g `i `a`^oj `skgd^\ g\n j^pmm`i^d\n t
^\m\^o`mnod^\n _` _d^c\n `sk`md`i^d\n( t $]% lp` o\g npkjnd^di `n
g\ id^\ h\i`m\ _` gg`q\m \ ^\]j _d^c\n `skgd^\^dji`n( `ioji^`n
c\]m`hjn epnodad^\_j g\ \admh\^di _` lp` `sdno` ^d`moj `io` nj
]m`i\opm\g ^jhj ^\pn\ _` \gbpi\n `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n* Pi\ _d
a`m`i^d\ dhkjmo\io` `iom` \h]jn \mbph`iojn n` m`ad`m` \ gj `s
kgd^\_j* @i `g kmdh `m \mbph`ioj( `n `g ^jhkjmo\hd`ioj _` gjn
hnod^jn gj lp` n` km`o`i_` `skgd^\m h`_d\io` g\ kjnopg\^di _`
pi `io` nj]m`i\opm\g7 `i `g n`bpi_j \mbph`ioj `n g\ j^pmm`^d\
m`\g t g\n ^\m\^o`mnod^\n _` g\n `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n hdnh\n gj lp`
n` km`o`i_` `skgd^\m h`_d\io` _d^c\ kjnopg\^di*
Jom\ _da`m`i^d\ ndbidad^\odq\ `n lp` ^ji `no` n`bpi_j \mbph`i
oj ij lp`_\ ^g\mj ^pg `n `g \kjtj lp` n` g` c\ _\_j \g k\nj $1%6
y@i g\n `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n m`gdbdjn\n ?djn `n `sk`mdh`io\_jz*
@noj `n kjmlp` `g n`bpi_j \mbph`ioj c\]g\ _` pi\ VThfT nj]m`
i\opm\g _` g\n `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n( hn lp` _` pi `io` nj]m`i\
opm\g lp` `n `sk`mdh`io\_j `i o\g`n `sk`md`i^d\n* Ndi `h]\mbj(
kj_`hjn n\gq\m `no` j]no^pgj `i `no` \mbph`ioj* >p\i_j `s
k`mdh`io\hjn gjn `a`^ojn _` \gbpi\ ^\pn\ am`^p`io`h`io` kj_`
hjn npkji`m lp` c`hjn `sk`mdh`io\_j o\h]d i g\ ^\pn\* Kjm
`e`hkgj( nd q`j ^d`mo\n cp`gg\n `i g\ id`q` ^\pn\_\n kjm h\k\)
^c`n( `ioji^`n `i pi n`iod_j o\h]d i c` `sk`mdh`io\_j \ gjn
h\k\^c`n* ?`n_` gp`bj ij `n gj hdnhj lp` `sk`mdh`io\m \ gjn
\idh\g`n hdnhjn _`g\io` _` h* @n `sk`mdh`io\m( kj_`hjn _`^dm(
\aW\eXVgT`XagX \ gjn h\k\^c`n* ?` oj_\n h\i`m\n( `n pi\ h\i`m\
_` `sk`mdh`io\m \gbj* ?` \c lp` `g k\nj $1% lp`_\m\ jom\ q`u
epnodad^\_j t( kjm gj o\ioj( kjm h`_dj _` `no` n`bpi_j \mbph`ioj
lp` dhkgd^\ g\ kjnopg\^di( o\h]d i `g k\nj $.%* ?` ^p\glpd`m h\
i`m\( kp`n( `g \mbph`ioj _` g\ `sk`md`i^d\ _` ?djn( ^p\i_j n`
]\n\ `i `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n( k\m`^`m\ o`i`m pi\ ^jind_`m\]g`
kmj]\]dgd_\_ k\m\ ijnjomjn gjn ij)hnod^jn*
DU]XV\ a1 ab [Tl aXVXf\WTW WX cbfgh_Te _b fbUeXaTgheT_
@g kpioj _ ]dg _`g kmdh`m \mbph`ioj `no `i g\ \admh\^di _` lp`
g\ id^\ h\i`m\ _` `skgd^\m `g ^jhkjmo\hd`ioj _` gjn hnod^jn `n
Kjm h`_dj _` g\ npkjnd^di _` lp` c\i `sk`mdh`io\_j pi `io`
nj]m`i\opm\g* >jind_ m`n` ^hj `skgd^\hjn `g ^jhkjmo\hd`ioj
q`m]\g t ij q`m]\g _` k`mnji\n lp` diajmh\i c\]`m qdnoj kg\odggjn

,./

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

qjg\_jm`n t jomjn `som\jn jqidn* Kjm gj b`i`m\g n` n`\g\ lp` gj

lp` c\i `sk`mdh`io\_j c\i nd_j \`mji\q`n ^jh`m^d\g`n t hdgdo\
m`n ijmh\g`n qjg\i_j `i ^ji_d^dji`n ^gdhod^\n kj^j ^jhpi`n7 j
lp` c\i `sk`mdh`io\_j ajmh\^dji`n _` ip]`n lp` n` hp`q`i t
n` om\inkjmo\i mkd_\h`io`7 j( o\g q`u( lp` c\i `sk`mdh`io\_j
h`o`jmdojn lp` ^\`i* @i pijn ^p\iojn ^\njn n` njnod`i`( kjm jom\
k\mo`( lp` _d^cjn di_dqd_pjn ij c\i `sk`mdh`io\_j i\_\ `i \]
njgpoj( ndij lp` c\i o`id_j `som\\n \gp^di\^dji`n* @no\n npkjnd
^dji`n `skgd^\i `g ^jhkjmo\hd`ioj( q`m]\g t ij q`m]\g( _` _d^c\
b`io` `i hp^cjn _` gjn ^\njn( hn ]d`i `i g\ bm\i h\tjm\ _` gjn
^\njn `i lp` npkp`no\h`io` n` c\i qdnoj jqidn* G\ ndop\^di _`
gjn hnod^jn `n ndhdg\m* ?` h\i`m\ lp` `i \gbpijn ^\njn `i lp` gjn
hnod^jn \admh\i lp` j]e`ojn#jm_di\mdjn lp` `noi `i np h`_dj
\h]d`io` and^j \_lpd`m`i ^\m\^o`mnod^\n hpt kj^j ^jhpi`n( pij
kp`_` \mbph`io\m( ^ji kjnd]dgd_\_ _` `no\m `i gj ^d`moj( lp` gj
`sk`mdh`io\_j `n ndhkg`h`io` `g h`_dj \h]d`io` and^j qdnoj ]\
ej ^ji_d^dji`n gphid^\n j \ohjna md^\n \ijmh\g`n* @i ^\nd oj_jn
gjn _`hn ^\njn( `i lp` gjn hnod^jn \admh\i `no\m \]njm]d_jn `i
pi\ pidi ^ji `g n`m kpmj( j ^ji gj Pij( j \gbj kjm `g `nodgj( pij
kp`_` `skgd^\m lp` gj lp` n` c\ `sk`mdh`io\_j ij `n i\_\ `i
\]njgpoj7 kjm `g ^jiom\mdj( _d^c\ b`io` c\ o`id_j `som\\n `sk`
md`i^d\n \gp^di\ojmd\n* Npn \gp^di\^dji`n kj_m\i n`m `som`h\_\
h`io` dhkm`ndji\io`n t o\g q`u qdqd_\n( t `noj `skgd^\m\ np ^jh
kjmo\hd`ioj np]n`^p`io`( kjm gj h`ijn o\ioj ^jhj g\ npkjnd^di
_` lp` c\i `sk`mdh`io\_j pi `io` nj]m`i\opm\g* ?` h\i`m\ lp`
g\ godh\ npkjnd^di ij `n aXVXfTe\T k\m\ `g kmjkndoj _` j]o`i`m
`skgd^\^dji`n n\odna\^ojmd\n*
T lp c\t _`g n`bpi_j \mbph`ioj \ a\qjm _` g\ \admh\^di
_` lp` i`^`ndo\hjn kjnopg\m g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` pi\ ^\pn\ nj]m`
i\opm\g _` g\n `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n; Hp^c\ b`io` \admh\ lp`
kj_`hjn `skgd^\m _d^c\n `sk`md`i^d\n ndi m`a`mdmijn \ idibpi\
^jiamjio\^di ^ji \gbj nj]m`i\opm\g j _dqdij* ?d^`i lp` g\n `s
k`md`i^d\n hnod^\n( \g dbp\g lp` hp^c\n jom\n `sk`md`i^d\n `s
om\\n( nji m`\gh`io` `g m`npgo\_j _` `no\_jn \ijmh\g`n _` g\
h`io`( t \g dbp\g lp` jom\n \ijmh\gd_\_`n knd^jgbd^\n( nji `g j]
e`oj kmjkdj _` g\ adndjgjb\ t _` g\ knd^jgjb\* Pi\ kmp`]\ \ a\qjm
_` `no\ jkdidi `no `i g c`^cj _` lp` ^d`mo\n `sk`md`i^d\n lp`
^jdi^d_`i ^jhkg`o\h`io` ^ji g\ _`n^mdk^di _` g\n `sk`md`i^d\n
hnod^\n _\_\ kjm E\h`n( od`i`i `skgd^\^dji`n ojo\gh`io` i\op
m\g`n* @sk`md`i^d\n lp` k\m`^`i kmjkjm^dji\m diopd^dji`n di_`n

6E:A68>{C 6 A6 :ME:G>:C8>6 9: 9>DH

,.0

^mdkod]g`n _` g\ m`\ _\_ c\i nd_j di_p^d_\n kjm g\ dic\g\^di _`

sd_j _` idomb`ij $b\n _` g\ mdn\%( o`m t ^gjmjajmhj* O\h]d i n`
c\ qdnoj lp` ^d`mo\n _mjb\n( o\g`n ^jhj g\ h`n^\gdi\ t `g GN?( kmj
_p^`i `sk`md`i^d\n ^ji g\n ^\m\^o`mnod^\n a`ijh`ijgbd^\n _` g\n
`sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n* Ndi _ p_\( n` \admh\( oj_\n no\n nji ndhkg`
h`io` `sk`md`i^d\n \ijmh\g`n kmj_p^d_\n kjm ^\pn\n i\opm\g`n*
?\_\n oj_\n `no\n kmp`]\n( `n m\uji\]g` ^ji^gpdm lp` hp^c\n
`sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n od`i`i ^\pn\n i\opm\g`n* T( _\_j `g c`^cj _`
lp` kj_`hjn `skgd^\m `g ^jhkjmo\hd`ioj _` g\ b`io` lp` od`i`
`sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n( _` o\g h\i`m\ lp` ij n` m`lpd`m` _` g\ np
kjnd^di _` lp` `io`n nj]m`i\opm\g`n c\i nd_j `sk`mdh`io\_jn(
kj_`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` `g dio`ioj kjm epnodad^\m `g k\nj $1% t ^ji
g g\ km`hdn\ $.%( nj]m` g\ ]\n` _` `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n( ij c\ o`
id_j sdoj* O`i`hjn lp` ]pn^\m `i jom\ k\mo` k\m\ j]o`i`m pi
\mbph`ioj lp` epnodadlp` g\ ^m``i^d\ `i g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` ?djn*
Kj_m\ j]e`o\mn` lp` `no\ ^ji^gpndi `n _`h\nd\_j mkd_\ t
km`h\opm\( `nk`^d\gh`io` ^jind_`m\i_j `g n`bpi_j _` gjn _jn
\mbph`iojn km`n`io\_jn* ?`nkp n _` oj_j( ij oj_\n t id ndlpd`m\
g\ h\tjm\ _` g\ `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n nji kmj_p^d_\n kjm _mjb\n
p jomjn \b`io`n ndhdg\m`n* <n lp` i\_\ n` c\ _d^cj k\m\ hjn
om\m lp` `no\n `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n( lp` ij c\i nd_j ^\pn\_\n
kjm _mjb\n j ndhdg\m`n( ^\m`^`i _` pi\ ^\pn\ nj]m`i\opm\g*
@no\ j]e`^di k\n\ kjm \goj `g i^g`j _`g \mbph`ioj* G\ d_`\
^g\q` `n lp` hp^c\n `sk`md`i^d\n lp` nji a`ijh`ijgbd^\h`io`
k\m`^d_\n j( ^jhj kj_m\hjn _`^dm( dio`mi\h`io` k\m`^d_\n( \
g\n `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n( nji ^\pn\_\n kjm _mjb\n( b\n _` g\ mdn\(
^gjmjajmhj( GN? t \b`io`n ndhdg\m`n* Idibpij _` `nojn \b`io`n(
ndi _p_\( `n nj]m`i\opm\g* <n lp`( kp`noj lp` `no\n `sk`md`i^d\n
nji a`ijh`ijgbd^\h`io` dbp\g`n \ g\n `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n( t
kp`noj lp` `no\n `sk`md`i^d\n od`i`i ^\pn\n ^jhkg`o\h`io` i\op
m\g`n( `n m\uji\]g` k`in\m lp` g\n `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n o\h]d i
od`i`i ^\pn\n ^jhkg`o\h`io` i\opm\g`n( g\n ^p\g`n ^ji `g od`hkj
n`mi _`n^p]d`mo\n bm\^d\n \ gjn \q\i^`n `i g\n ^d`i^d\n _` g\ knd^j
gjb\ t g\ adndjgjb\* ?` hj_j lp`( o\ioj `g ^jhkjmo\hd`ioj np]
n`^p`io` _` g\ b`io` lp` k\n\ kjm `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n( ^jhj g\
j^pmm`i^d\ m`\g _` g\n hdnh\n( nji `skgd^\]g`n kjm h`_dj _` ^\p
n\n k`ma`^o\h`io` i\opm\g`n* @g \mbph`ioj _` g\n `sk`md`i^d\n
hnod^\n( nd ]d`i kj_m\ _\mg` \ g\ k`mnji\ lp` m`\gh`io` od`i`
g\ `sk`md`i^d\( pi\ m\ui k\m\ k`in\m lp` c\ `sk`mdh`io\_j \

,.1

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

?djn( ij kmjkjm^dji\ epnodad^\^di \gbpi\ k\m\ `g m`noj _` ijnj

omjn gjn ij)hnod^jn k\m\ ^m``m `i ?djn* ?`]` ]pn^\mn` \gbi jomj
\dbp h`io*
:_ TeZh`Xagb WX _Tf eXiX_TV\baXf l _bf `\_TZebf

G\n m`q`g\^dji`n t gjn hdg\bmjn n` _dnodibp`i _` g\n `sk`md`i

^d\n hnod^\n `i lp`( `i `g ^\nj _` gjn kmdh`mjn( \ _da`m`i^d\ _`g
_` g\n n`bpi_\n( n` kd`in\ lp` ?djn dio`mqd`i` `i `g ^pmnj _`g
hpi_j i\opm\g* Kjm wdio`mq`i^di _` ?djnxn` `iod`i_` wpi \^ji
o`^dhd`ioj `i `g hpi_j i\opm\g( lp` ij `n kmj_p^d_j kjm ^\p
n\n and^\n( ndij lp` `n _dm`^o\h`io` ^\pn\_j kjm ?djnx* ?` h\
i`m\ lp`( _` \^p`m_j ^ji `no\ _`adid^di( \gbj `n pi\ m`q`g\^di
j pi hdg\bmj ngj nd od`i` pi\ ^\pn\ nj]m`i\opm\g* G\ h\tjm\ _`
g\ b`io` kmj]\]g`h`io` `no\m\ _` \^p`m_j `i lp` `noj `n ^d`moj
m`nk`^oj _` g\n m`q`g\^dji`n `i g\n lp`( kjm `e`hkgj( n` _d^` lp`
pi\ qdndi lp` \k\m`^` `i pi\ u\mu\ \m_d`io` lp` ipi^\ n` ^ji
nph`( m`q`g\ g\ k\g\]m\ _` ?djn* C\ c\]d_j( ndi `h]\mbj( pi bm\i
_`n\^p`m_j `i gj lp` n` m`ad`m` gjn hdg\bmjn* I\_d` id`b\ lp`
\gbpijn hdg\bmjn |o\g`n ^jhj gjn hdg\bmjn ]]gd^jn _` om\inajm
h\m `g \bp\ `i qdij( \gdh`io\m \ pi\ hpgodop_ ^ji pijn ^p\iojn
k`n^\_jn t pi\n cjb\u\n _` k\i( ^\hdi\m nj]m` g\n \bp\n t g\ _d
qdndi _` g\n \bp\n _`g H\m Mjej| n`m\i `g m`npgo\_j _dm`^oj _`
^\pn\n nj]m`i\opm\g`n( kjmlp` `i ^\_\ ^\nj \gbpi\ g`t _` g\ i\
opm\g`u\ c\]m\ nd_j qdjg\_\* @noj `n( nd ^\_\ pij _` `nojn np^`njn
j^pmmd( `nj lpd`m` _`^dm lp` n` c\ qdjg\_j \gbpi\ g`t ^d`ioad^\
lp` m`k`od_\h`io` c\ nd_j ^jiadmh\_\ ^jhj pidq`mn\g* <n lp`(
nd o`i`hjn m\ui k\m\ k`in\m lp` _d^cjn np^`njn c\i j^pmmd_j(
`ioji^`n o`i`hjn m\uji`n k\m\ k`in\m lp` ?djn `sdno`*
N` c\ \admh\_j( ndi `h]\mbj( lp` ij oj_jn gjn hdg\bmjn dh
kgd^\i pi\ qdjg\^di _` \gbpi\ g`t i\opm\g lp` _` jom\ h\i`m\
lp`_\m\ ^jiadmh\_\ ^jhj pidq`mn\g* M* A* Cjgg\i_( kjm `e`h
kgj( ^jind_`m\ `g ^\nj _` pi idj lp` n` k\n`\ kjm pi\ q\ _`
om`i ndi n\]`m lp` pi om`i n` \^`m^\ _`n_` pi\ ^pmq\( _` h\i`m\
lp` ij c\t h\i`m\ _` lp` `g ^ji_p^ojm q`\ \g idj \ od`hkj k\m\
k\m\m* G\ h\h( lp` gj q` _`n_` ^d`mo\ _dno\i^d\ t ij kp`_` dm `i
np \tp_\( q` \g om`i \^`m^\mn` t _`o`i`mn` \ kj^jn h`omjn _` np
cdej*

6E:A68>{C 6 A6 :ME:G>:C8>6 9: 9>DH

,.2

G\ h \_m` \bm\_`^` \ ?djn `g hdg\bmj lp` ipi^\ _`e\ _` ^jind_`m\m

^jhj o\g( nd ]d`i \ np _`]d_j od`hkj n` `io`m\ _` lp` ij c\]\ i\_\
nj]m`i\opm\g `i g\ h\i`m\ ^jhj n` \kgd^\mji gjn am`ijn _`g om`i*
@g ^ji_p^ojm n` c\]\ _`nh\t\_j( kjm pi\ m\ui lp` ij o`i\ i\_\
lp` q`m ^ji g\ km`n`i^d\ _`g idj `i g\n q\n( t gjn am`ijn n` \kgd^\mji
\pojhod^\h`io` o\i kmjioj ^jhj np h\ij _`e _` `e`m^`m km`ndi
nj]m` g\ k\g\i^\ _` ^jiomjg*--

Ap` pi\ ^jdi^d_`i^d\ `som\\ `g lp` pi kmj^`nj i\opm\g k\mod

^pg\m ^pghdi\m\ `i `g _`nh\tj _`g ^ji_p^ojm epno\h `io` `i `n`
hjh`ioj*
Gg\h`hjn \ oj_j hdg\bmj( ^jhj `g \io`mdjm( lp` ij qdjg\ idi
bpi\ g`t _` g\ i\opm\g`u\( pi yhdg\bmj)_`)^jdi^d_`i^d\z( t \g lp`
qdjg\ pi\ g`t _` g\ i\opm\g`u\( yhdg\bmj)_`)qdjg\^diz* Nd ]d`i `n
ojn _jn ^ji^`kojn _` hdg\bmj _dad`m`i ^jind_`m\]g`h`io`( c\t
om`n ^\m\^o`mnod^\n lp` ^p\glpd`m ^jn\ _`]` o`i`m k\m\ n`m pi hd
g\bmj* Kmdh`mj( t\ n`\ lp` dio`mq`ib\ j ij( ?djn `no _` \gbpi\
h\i`m\ diqjgp^m\_j `i g t `n m`nkjin\]g` _`g \^jio`^dhd`ioj7 n`
bpi_j( gj lp` j^pmm` `n `som\j t kj^j ^jhi7 t( o`m^`mj( \gbi
_`n\nom` `n `qdo\_j( j kjm gj h`ijn \gbpd`i `n \tp_\_j( bm\^d\n
\g \^jio`^dhd`ioj* @i \h]jn ^\njn g\ ^\m\^o`mnod^\ hn m`g`q`io`
k\m\ ip`nomj kmjkndoj `n lp` ?djn `no _` \gbpi\ h\i`m\ diqj
gp^m\_j `i `g \^jio`^dhd`ioj* <n lp` nd c\t m\uji`n k\m\ k`in\m
lp` c\ j^pmmd_j \gbpi\ _` g\n _jn ^g\n`n _` hdg\bmj( `ioji^`n n`
epnodad^\ lp` ^m`\hjn lp` ?djn `sdno`* Q`\hjn `g ndbpd`io` \mbp
h`ioj6
2* <gbpi\n k`mnji\n c\i `sk`mdh`io\_j hdg\bmjn*
3* Gjn hdg\bmjn nji( kjm _`adid^di( ndop\^dji`n `i g\n lp` ?djn
k\mod^dk\*
Ebe _b gTagb
.* <gbpi\n k`mnji\n c\i `sk`mdh`io\_j \ ?djn*
@i `no` \mbph`ioj( \ _da`m`i^d\ _`g \mbph`ioj lp` dhkgd^\ `s
k`md`i^d\n hnod^\n( gj lp` n` kp`_` ^p`nodji\m `n nd m`\gh`io`
op mm` i hdg\bmjn( t kjm gj o\ioj( nd g\ b`io` gjn c\ `sk`mdh`i
o\_j \gbpi\ q`u* @noj `n kjmlp` gjn hdg\bmjn( \ _da`m`i^d\ _` g\n
M* A* Cjgg\i_( yOc` Hdm\^pgjpnz( 6`Xe\VTa E[\_bfbc[\VT_ FhTegXe_l $-521%(

,/)

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

`sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n( j^pmm`i ngj nd ?djn `sdno`* O`i`hjn \g

bpi\ m\ui k\m\ k`in\m lp` c\i j^pmmd_j hdg\bmjn; >jind_`m`
hjn ^\_\ odkj _` hdg\bmj kjm n`k\m\_j*
C\ c\]d_j hp^cjn ^\njn _` ^jdi^d_`i^d\n `som\\n `i gjn lp`
_`n\nom`n cjmmd]g`n c\i nd_j `qdo\_jn* O`i`hjn \gbpi\ m\ui
k\m\ k`in\m lp` `nojn nji hdg\bmjn)_`)^jdi^d_`i^d\; O\h]d i _`
]`hjn \_hdodm lp` c\t hp^cjn ^\njn _` ^jdi^d_`i^d\n di^m`]g`n
_` g\n lp` c\ m`npgo\_j pi cjmmd]g` _`n\nom`* >hj _`]`hjn `i
o`i_`m `noj; C\t \gbpi\ m\ui( `i ^p\glpd`m\ _` gjn _jn ^\njn(
k\m\ m`^c\u\m g\ \admh\^di _` lp` `no\n ij nji ndij ^jdi^d_`i^d\n
hpt m\m\n t \go\h`io` dhkmj]\]g`n; Hd`iom\n n`h`e\io`n np^`njn
n`\i `skgd^\]g`n( ^\_\ pij \ np h\i`m\( `i o mhdijn _` pi\ ^j
di^d_`i^d\ _` \^jio`^dhd`iojn di_dqd_p\g`n jm_di\mdjn( `ioji^`n
ij c\t m\ui k\m\ q`m g\ ^jdi^d_`i^d\ ^jhj \gbj hn lp` `nj7 ij
c\t m\ui k\m\ k`in\m lp` `no diqjgp^m\_j \gbj nj]m`i\opm\g*
?\_\n oj_\n g\n jkjmopid_\_`n k\m\ lp` n` _`i ^jdi^d_`i^d\n( ij
njmkm`i_` `i \]njgpoj lp` `nkjm_d^\h`io` ^jn\n hpt njmkm`i
_`io`n j^pmm\i _` h\i`m\ ojo\gh`io` i\opm\g* <n lp` ij c\t
m\ui k\m\ ^m``m lp` c\i j^pmmd_j hdg\bmjn)_`)^jdi^d_`i^d\*
Ndi `h]\mbj( `g dio`ioj hn ^jhi kjmepnodad^\m g\ ^m``i^d\ `i
?djn \kjti_jn` `i gjn hdg\bmjn( od`i` ^jhj km`hdn\ g\ `sdno`i
^d\ _` gjn hdg\bmjn)_`)qdjg\^di* Nd c\t \gbi api_\h`ioj k\m\
^m``m lp` \gbpi\ g`t _` g\ i\opm\g`u\ ^jiadmh\_\ ^jhj pidq`mn\g
c\ nd_j qdjg\_\ _` o\g h\i`m\ lp` n` c\ `qdo\_j \gbi _`n\nom`( j
n` c\ \tp_\_j \ \gbpd`i( j n` c\ m`^d]d_j _`o`mhdi\_\ diopd^di(
`ioji^`n `noj `n ndi _p_\ pi\ kmp`]\ k\m epnodad^\m g\ \admh\^di
_` lp` ?djn dio`mad`m` j^\ndji\gh`io` `i `g ^pmnj i\opm\g _` g\n
^jn\n( t\ n`\ k\m\ kmj_p^dm pi hdg\bmj( t\ n`\ k\m\ m`q`g\m \gbj*
C\t `ioji^`n \gbi api_\h`ioj k\m\ ^m``m lp` c\ c\]d_j hp
^c\n qdjg\^dji`n hdg\bmjn\n _` g\n g`t`n _` g\ i\opm\g`u\; @g di
o`ioj hn ^ g`]m` k\m\ i`b\m _d^cjn api_\h`iojn `n `g lp` cdu
?\qd_ Cph`*
AT bU]XV\ a WX =h`X1 _T VeXXaV\T Xa _bf
`\_TZebf'WX'i\b_TV\ a Xfg~ f\X`ceX \a]hfg\Y\VTWT
Cph` _d^`6
Pi hdg\bmj `n g\ qdjg\^di _` g\n g`t`n _` g\ i\opm\g`u\7 t ^jhj
`sk`md`i^d\ admh` ` di\go`m\]g` c\ `no\]g`^d_j `no\n g`t`n( }\ KmP

6E:A68>{C 6 A6 :ME:G>:C8>6 9: 9>DH

,/*

`i ^jiom\ _` pi hdg\bmj kjm g\ hdnh\ i\opm\g`u\ `n o\i ^jhkg`o\

^jhj n` kp`_\ dh\bdi\m lp` ^p\glpd`m \mbph`ioj _` g\ `sk`md`i
^d\ gj n`\*** I\_\ n` `nodh\ lp` n`\ pi hdg\bmj nd j^pmm` _`iomj
_`g ^pmnj ijmh\g _` g\ i\opm\g`u\* Ij `n idibi hdg\bmj lp` pi
cjh]m` `i \k\m`io`h `io` ]p`i `no\_j _` n\gp_ hp`m\ m`k`iodi\
h`io`( kp`n \lp`gg\ ^g\n` _` hp`mo`( \pilp` hn diam`^p`io` lp`
^p\glpd`m jom\( _` oj_\n ajmh\n c\ nd_j am`^p`io`h`io` j]n`mq\_\*
K`mj `n pi hdg\bmj lp` pi cjh]m` h p`moj qp`gq\ \ g\ qd_\( kp`n
`noj ij n` c\ j]n`mq\_j `i idibi k\n j kj^\* C\ _` c\]`m( kjm
o\ioj( pi\ `sk`md`i^d\ pidajmh` ^jiom\ oj_j \^jio`^dhd`ioj hdg\
bmjnj( kp`n( _` gj ^jiom\mdj( o\g \^jio`^dhd`ioj ij h`m`^`m\ `n`
ijh]m`* T ^jhj pi\ `sk`md`i^d\ pidajmh` `lpdq\g` \ pi\ kmp`]\(
\lp c\t pi\ cehXUT _dm`^o\ t ^jhkg`o\( _`mdq\_\ _` g\ i\opm\g`u\
_`g c`^cj( `i ^jiom\ _` g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` ^p\glpd`m hdg\bmj7 id kp`_`
_`nompdmn` \lp`gg\ kmp`]\( id `g hdg\bmj c\^`mn` ^m`]g`( ndij kjm
pi\ kmp`]\ ^jiom\md\ lp` n`\ npk`mdjm*-.

G\ d_`\ _` Cph` `n lp` o`i`hjn ]\n`n k\m\ ^m``m lp` ^p\glpd`m

np^`nj k\mod^pg\m `n pi hdg\bmj)_`)qdjg\^di( t gj hdnhj m`nk`^oj
_` pi\ m`q`g\^di( ngj nd o`i`hjn m\uji`n k\m\ ^m``m lp` `g np
^`nj qdjg\ pi\ g`t lp` c\ nd_j ^jiadmh\_\ ^jhj pidq`mn\g ndi
`s^`k^di* Nd pi\ g`t lp` `no `i _p_\ `n qdjg\_\( `ioji^`n g\
qdjg\^di kmjkjm^dji\m\ pi\ kmp`]\ hn _` lp` g\ g`t _`]` n`m
m`qdn\_\ j m`hkg\u\_\ kjm jom\ lp` `skgdlp` `g np^`nj lp` qdjg
g\ kmdh`m\* K`mj pi\ q`u c`^cj `noj( ij c\t idibpi\ m\ui k\m\
k`in\m lp` c\ j^pmmd_j pi hdg\bmj)_`)qdjg\^di( kjmlp` _d^cj
np^`nj qdjg\ pi\ g`t lp` t\ ij n` \^`ko\* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( k\m\
n`m ^jind_`m\_j ^jhj pi hdg\bmj)_`)qdjg\^di( pi np^`nj _`]`
qdjg\m pi\ g`t lp` t\ n` c\ qdnoj lp` n` ^phkg` ndi `s^`k^di*
K`mj( \admh\ Cph`( kp`noj lp` oj_\n g\n kmp`]\n lp` n`\i m`g`
q\io`n k\m\ _d^c\ g`t ^jiadmh\i lp` ij od`i` `s^`k^dji`n( oj_\n
g\n kmp`]\n m`g`q\io`n k\m\ `g np^`nj lp` `n ^jind_`m\_j pi\ qdj
g\^di _` g\ g`t q\i `i ^jiom\ _`g np^`nj lp` n` npkji` lp` `n pi
iddg\bmj)_`)qdjg\^di*
G\ km`hdn\ ^g\q` _`g \mbph`ioj _` Cph` `n np \admh\^di
_` lp` oj_\n g\n kmp`]\n m`g`q\io`n k\m\ `g np^`nj ^p`io\i ^jhj
kmp`]\n `i ^jiom\ _` lp` n` om\o` _` pi\ qdjg\^di _` g\ g`t* @n
-. Cph`( 6a :adh\el 8baVX`\aZ =h`Ta JaWXefgTaW\aZ& Jsajm_ Pidq`mndot
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q`m_\_ lp` oj_\ kmp`]\ di_`k`i_d`io` _`g np^`nj hdnhj q\ `i

^jiom\ _` g\ d_`\ _` pi\ qdjg\^di( k`mj `nj ij `s^gpt` g\n kmp`
]\n lp` kmjkjm^dji\ `g np^`nj hdnhj t lp` kj_m\i ^jio\m \ a\qjm
_` pi\ qdjg\^di* Ndi _p_\( kj_m\ \admh\mn`( nd \gbpd`i k`mnji\g
h`io` `n o`nodbj _` pi np^`nj lp`( o\g ^jhj gj _`n^md]`( `n pi\
^g\m\ qdjg\^di _` pi\ g`t( `ioji^`n o`i`hjn pi\ ]p`i\ m\ui
k\m\ k`in\m lp` c\ j^pmmd_j pi\ qdjg\^di* Nd( kjm `e`hkgj( \g
bpd`i \admh\ c\]`m nd_j o`nodbj _` g\ qdjg\^di _` pi\ g`t i\opm\g(
o\g ^jhj `g m`bm`nj \ g\ qd_\ _` pi\ k`mnji\ hp`mo\( `ioji^`n
o`i`hjn pi\ kmp`]\ _` pi o`nodbj j^pg\m lp`( ^jhj kj_m\ \m
bph`io\mn`( k`n\ hn lp` pi\ kmp`]\ di_`k`i_d`io`* Cph`(
ndi `h]\mbj( od`i` pi\ m`nkp`no\ k\m\ `no` \mbph`ioj* @no _`
\^p`m_j `i lp` _`]`hjn njk`n\mgjn _jn bmpkjn _` kmp`]\n `i
^jiagd^oj* G\ ^p`nodi `n( `ioji^`n( nd `n hn kmj]\]g` lp` _d^cj
o`nodbj j^pg\m n` `ib\` \^`m^\ _` gj lp` \admh\ c\]`m qdnoj( j nd `n
hn kmj]\]g` lp` pi\ k`mnji\ hp`mo\ c\t\ qp`goj \ g\ qd_\* @n
hn hdg\bmjnj( km`bpio\ Cph`( lp` n`\ a\gnj gj lp` g\ k`mnji\
\admh\( j lp` pi\ k`mnji\ hp`mo\ qp`gq\ \ g\ qd_\; M`nkji_`6
Njk`nj pi hdg\bmj `i ^jiom\ _` jomj t( _` \^p`m_j ^ji g\ npk`mdjmd
_\_ lp` `i^p`iomj( ojhj hd _`^dndi t nd`hkm` m`^c\uj `g hdg\bmj
h\tjm* Nd g\ a\gn`_\_ _` np o`nodhjidj ap`m\ hn hdg\bmjn\ lp` `g
\^jio`^dhd`ioj lp` m`g\o\( `ioji^`n( t ij \io`n( kp`_` km`o`i_`m
j]o`i`m k\m\ n hd ^m``i^d\ t jkdidi*-&

T kp`noj lp` k\m\ ^\_\ cph\ij g\ a\gn`_\_ _` np o`nodhjidj(

di^gpnj ^p\i_j `n ojo\gh`io` ndi^`mj( `n h`ijn hdg\bmjn\( `noj
`n( hn kmj]\]g` lp` `g lp` pi\ g`t _` g\ i\opm\g`u\ n`\ qdjg\_\(
_`]`hjn( _d^` Cph`( ^m``m lp` g\ k`mnji\ `no `lpdqj^\_\ \io`n
lp` ^m``m lp` j^pmmd pi hdg\bmj)_`)qdjg\^di*
Ndbpd`i_j \ Cph` kj_`hjn `no\m _` \^p`m_j `i lp` g\n `beUp
]\n di_`k`i_d`io`n k`n\i hn lp` `g o`nodhjidj _` \gbpd`i* tEUb_
lp k\n\ `i `g ^\nj `i lp` \gbpd`i `sk`mdh`io\ \gbj lp` Q }\
hdnhj g` k\m`^` pi\ qdjg\^di _` pi\ g`t _` g\ i\opm\g`u\; :cdU
^\nj `n k\m`^d_j \g _`g hnod^j* < \h]jn g`n k\m`^` lp` c\i Uh`Up
mdh`io\_j pi np^`nj lp` `i hp^c\n ^jn\n dhkjmo\io`n `n d_dQ\p
h`io` _da`m`io` _` gj lp` c\ `no\]g`^d_j g\ `sk`md`i^d\ ^jhi)
K\m\ pi\ k`mnji\ lp` c\ o`id_j ^d`moj odkj _` `sk`md`i^d\ lp`
k\m`u^\ qdjg\m pi\ g`t _` g\ i\opm\g`u\( `n m\uji\]g` ^m``m lp`
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c\ j^pmmd_j m`\gh`io` pi\ qdjg\^di; C`hjn qdnoj lp` g\ k`m

nji\ lp` c\ o`id_j pi\ `sk`md`i^d\ hnod^\( ij `n din`in\o\ \g
^m``m lp` c\ `sk`mdh`io\_j \ ?djn( k`mj o\h]d i qdhjn lp` ij
c\t pi\ m\ui npad^d`io` k\m\ epnodad^\m np ^m``i^d\* @g ^\nj _`
gjn hdg\bmjn( ndi `h]\mbj( n` _dnodibp` _`g ^\nj _`g hnod^j `i
pi \nk`^oj dhkjmo\io`* Ij c\t idibpi\ kmp`]\ ^jiom\ g\ \adm
h\^di _` lp` `g hnod^j `sk`mdh`io\ \ ?djn( kjmlp` np `sk`
md`i^d\ kp`_` m`npgo\m _` ^\pn\n k`ma`^o\h`io` i\opm\g`n* C\t(
`i ^\h]dj( hp^c\n kmp`]\n `i ^jiom\ _` lp` pi\ qdjg\^di c\t\
j^pmmd_j* <n lp`( ij ngj ij c\t pi\ m\ui npad^d`io` k\m\epnodad
^\m g\ \admh\^di _` lp` c\t\ j^pmmd_j pi hdg\bmj)_`)qdjg\^di(
ndij lp` ndi _p_\ `no g\ ^p`nodi _` nd pij _`]` j ij ^jiad\m
`i `g kmjkdj o`nodhjidj \io` g\n kmp`]\n hn ^jiopi_`io`n ^ji
om\ g\ qdjg\^di _` g\ lp` pij \k\m`io`h`io` c\ nd_j o`nodbj* @i
nph\( g\ ^ji^gpndi m\uji\]g` `n lp` gj `sk`mdh`io\_j `n `g m`
npgo\_j _` ^\pn\n i\opm\g`n \ k`n\m _` gj lp` kp_d`m\ k\m`^`m* @g
\mbph`ioj _` Cph`( kjm gj o\ioj( k\m`^` ngd_j( t np ^ji^gpndi
`no epnodad^\_\( `noj `n( ij c\t ]\n`n k\m\ ^m``m `i gjn hdg\bmjn)
_`)qdjg\^di j `i g\n m`q`g\^dji`n* Ij kj_`hjn \k`g\m \ g\ qdj
g\^di _` g\n g`t`n _` g\ i\opm\g`u\( t\ n`\i( hdg\bmjn)_`)qdjg\^di
j m`q`g\^dji`n( k\m\ epnodad^\m g\ ^m``i^d\ `i g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` ?djn*
T( ^jhj c`hjn qdnoj lp` ij kj_`hjn \k`g\m \ gjn hdg\bmjn)_`)
^jdi^d_`i^d\( _`]`hjn m`ipi^d\m \g dio`ioj _` epnodad^\m g\ `sdn
o`i^d\ _` ?djn h`_d\io` gjn hdg\bmjn t g\n m`q`g\^dji`n*
Ij c`hjn kj_d_j epnodad^\m g\ ^m``i^d\ `i ?djn \k`g\i_j \ g\
`sk`md`i^d\ _` ?djn* C\t \gbi jomj odkj _` `sk`md`i^d\ \g lp`
kj_\hjn \k`g\m k\m\ epnodad^\m `no\ ^m``i^d\; <gbpi\n k`mnji\n
c\i \admh\_j lp` ^d`mojn c`^cjn lp` `sk`mdh`io\hjn `i `no`
hpi_j kp`_`i pn\mn` ^jhj ]\n` k\m\ epnodad^\mg\( nd ]d`i ij nji
`sk`md`i^d\n _` ?djn* >ji am`^p`i^d\ epnodad^\hjn g\ `sdno`i^d\
_` jomjn `io`n _` g\ hdnh\ h\i`m\* Kjm `e`hkgj( epnodad^\hjn g\
`sdno`i^d\ _` k\mo^pg\n np]\ohd^\n( o\g`n ^jhj gjn `g`^omji`n t
gjn i`pomdijn( ij `sk`mdh`ioi_jg\n( ndij diadmd`i_j np `sdno`i
^d\ _` g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` ^jn\n lp` n `sk`mdh`io\hjn( o\g`n ^jhj
cp`gg\n qdnd]g`n `i ^h\m\n _` id`]g\* Jomjn c\i \admh\_j( ndi `h)
]\dbj( lp` kp`noj lp` `g n`m npkm`hj t\^` ap`m\ _`g m`dij _` gj
^gP` kj_`hjn `sk`mdh`io\m `i `no` hpi_j( ij kj_`hjn epnodad
^\m np `sdno`i^d\ ^ji \mbph`iojn lp` n` \kjt\i `i gj lp` `sk`
_d`io\h jn* @no\ b`io` \admh\ lp` _`]`hjn pn\m gj lp` kp`_`
gg\h\mn`( `hkg`\i_j g\ o`mhdijgjb\ _` N\ioj Ojhn _` <lpdij(

,/-

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kmp`]\n T ce\be\ `i gpb\m _` kmp`]\n T cbfgXe\be\( G\ _da`m`i^d\ `i

om` `nojn _jn odkjn _` kmp`]\n `n lp` pi\ kmp`]\ T cbfgXe\be\ `n pi\
kmp`]\ `i g\ lp` kjm gj h`ijn pi\ km`hdn\ `n pi kg\io`\hd`ioj
T cbfgXe\be\& t pi\ kmp`]\ T ce\be\ `n \lp`gg\ `i g\ lp` idibpi\
km`hdn\ `n T cbfgXe\be\& `noj `n( oj_\n g\n km`hdn\n nji T ce\be\(*O m` n \ mb p h ` i oj n

6 E D H I : G >D G >

G\n kmp`]\n lp` t\ c`hjn `s\hdi\_j t _`n`^c\_j nji T cbfgXx

e\be\( <cjm\ o`i`hjn \io` ijnjomjn `g kmj]g`h\ _` nd c\t jom\n
kmp`]\n T cbfgXe\be\ lp` kp_d m\hjn pn\m k\m\ epnodad^\m g\ ^m``i
^d\ `i ?djn* Ojhn _` <lpdij( lp` k`in\]\ lp` ij c\]\ kmp`]\n
T ce\be\ _` g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` ?djn*ek`in\]\ lp` c\]\ q\md\n kmp`]\n
T cbfgXe\be\ ngd_\n* >ji^d]d ^p\omj h\i`m\n T cbfgXe\be\ _da`m`io`n
k\m\ kmj]\m lp` ?djn `sdno`( _` g\n ^p\g`n ^jind_`m\m`hjn \cjm\
g\ hn kg\pnd]g`* N` om\o\ _` gjn \mbph`iojn _`g hjqdhd`ioj t _`
g\ ^\pn\gd_\_ $lp` `s\hdi\m`hjnepiojn ^jhj `g \mbph`ioj _` g\
kmdh`m\ ^\pn\%( `g \mbph`ioj _` g\ ^jiodib`i^d\ t `g \mbph`ioj
_`g _dn`j*
@ G <MBPH@IOJ ?@ G< ><PN< KMDH@M<

Gjn _jn kmdh`mjn \mbph`iojn _` Ojhn _` <lpdij od`i`i ]nd^\

h`io` g\ hdnh\ `nomp^opm\* G\ _da`m`i^d\ kmdi^dk\g `iom` \h]jn
`n lp` `i `g kmdh`mj( `g \mbph`ioj _`g hjqdhd`ioj( N\ioj Ojhn
`hkd`u\ kjm g\ q`m_\_ T cbfgXe\be\ _` lp` \gbpi\n ^jn\n `noi `i
hjqdhd`ioj( hd`iom\n lp` `i `g n`bpi_j `hkd`u\ kjm g\ q`m_\_
T cbfgXe\be\ _` lp` c\t pi jm_`i _` ^\pn\n `ad^d`io`n* Kp`noj lp`
k\m\ N\ioj Ojhn `g hjqdhd`ioj ij ngj di^gpt` g\ gj^jhj^di(
`n _`^dm( `g ^\h]dj _` kjnd^di `nk\^d\g( ndij oj_jn gjn odkjn _`
^\h]dj( _db\hjn lp` `g \mbph`ioj _` g\ kmdh`m\ ^\pn\( o\g ^jhj
gj `io`i_`m`hjn kjm \cjm\( n` ]\n\ `i `g c`^cj `hkmd^j _` lp`
`sdno`i `g ^\h]dj t g\n ^\pn\n _`g ^\h]dj* @no` \mbph`ioj( kp`n(
^jhd`iu\ kjm g\ q`m_\_ T cbfgXe\be\ _` lp` c\t ^\h]djn lp` n`
`noi gg`q\i_j \ ^\]j \cjm\ t lp` od`i`i pi\ ^\pn\* @i n`bpd_/
n` ^jind_`m\ ^pg n`m\ `g ^\nj nd oj_j gj lp` ^\pn\ pi ^\h]dj ap`m\
\ np q`u ^\h]d\_j kjm jom\ ^jn\( t n` ^ji^gpt` lp` np ^\_`i\ ^\p
n\g n`m\ diadido\h`io` g\mb\* @noj `n( ij dhkjmo\ ^piojn j]e`ojn
_` g\ ^\_`i\ ^\pn\g c\t\i nd_j `iph`m\_jn( nd`hkm` c\]m\ \
-0 M`nk`^oj _` g\ _dnodi^di `iom` T ce\be\ l T cbfgXe\be\& q \in` g\n kk) 01)#&

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h`ijn pij lp` ij gj c\]m\ nd_j* K`mj( ^jiodi\ `g \mbph`ioj(

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pi\ ^\pn\ kmdh`m\ j did^d\g _`g ^\h]dj ij c\]m\ ^\pn\n _`g ^\h
]dj dio`mh`_d\n t kjm gj o\ioj ij c\]m\ idibi ^\h]dj \cjm\( gj
^p\g `n ^jiom\_d^cj kjm gjn c`^cjn* @i ^jin`^p`i^d\( kp`noj lp`
c\t ^\h]dj \cjm\( c\t pi\ ^\pn\ kmdh`m\ j did^d\g _`g ^\h]dj(
\ g\ lp`( ^jhj _d^` N\ioj Ojhn( gg\h\hjn ?djn*-1 Km`n`io`hjn
`no` \mbph`ioj ^ji ^d`moj _`o\gg` k\m\ lp` gj kj_\hjn `s\hdi\m
\ aji_j6
-* @sdno`i \cjm\ ^jn\n lp` ^\h]d\i t ^jn\n lp` ^\pn\i ^\h
]djn*
.* Nd c\t \cjm\ ^jn\n lp` ^\h]d\i t ^jn\n lp` ^\pn\i ^\h]djn(
t nd \gbj ^\pn\ ^\h]djn ngj nd np ^\h]dj `n ^\pn\_j kjm jom\
^jn\( `ioji^`n np ^\_`i\ ^\pn\g `n diadido\h`io` g\mb\*
Ebe _b gTagb
/* Nd \gbj ^\pn\ pi ^\h]dj ngj nd np ^\h]dj `n ^\pn\_j kjm
jom\ ^jn\( `ioji^`n np ^\_`i\ ^\pn\g `n diadido\h`io` g\mb\*
0* Idibpi\ ^\_`i\ ^\pn\g kp`_` n`m diadido\h`io` g\mb\*
Ebe _b gTagb
1* C\t \gbj lp` ^\pn\ ^\h]djn k`mj lp`* ij ^\h]d\( `noj `n(
c\t pi\ ^\pn\ kmdh`m\( \ n\]`m( ?djn*
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kmj]g`h\ _` np dio`mkm`o\^di* K\m\ g\ h\tjm\ _` ijnjomjn cjt
k\m`^` j]qdj lp` `g \mbph`ioj _` g\ ^\pn\ kmdh`m\ n` m`ad`m` \
^\pn\n lp` km`^`_`i o`hkjm\gh`io` \ npn `a`^ojn t lp` kjm gj
o\ioj k`mo`i`^`i \ pi\ ^\_`i\ ^\pn\g lp` n` `sod`i_` c\^d\ `g
k\n\_j* =\ej `no\ dio`mkm`o\^di g\ km`hdn\ $0% njnod`i` lp` pi\
^\_`i\ ^\pn\g ij kp`_` `so`i_`mn` c\^d\ `g k\n\_j _pm\io` pi
od`hkj diadidoj( kjmlp` nd ij cp]d`m\ pi\ ^\pn\ _`g ^\h]dj o`h
kjm\gh`io` \io`mdjm( j kmdh`m\( `ioji^`n ij kj_m\ c\]`m ^\p)
4/1 _`g ^\h]dj np]n`^p`io`n o`hkjm\gh`io` t ij c\]m\ ^\h]dj
-1
<^`m^\ _` g\ `skjnd^di _`g \mbph`ioj _` g\ kmdh`m\ ^\pn\( q \n` N\ioj
Ojhn _` <lpdij( Hh`T IXb_ Z\VT( g\* K\mo`( >p`nodi .( <mo^pgj /*

,//

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\cjm\* Ndi `h]\mbj( c\t _jn m\uji`n k\m\ m`^c\u\m `no\ dio`m
km`o\^di* G\ kmdh`m\ `n lp` g\ km`hdn\ $0% k\m`^` a\gn\ ]\ej `no\
dio`mkm`o\^di* Ij c\t m\ui k\m\ k`in\m lp` pi\ n`md` _` ^\pn\n
lp` n` `sod`i_` diadido\h`io` `i `g k\n\_j `n dhkjnd]g`* @n hpt
kjnd]g`( t \gbpijn ^m``i lp` hpt kmj]\]g`( lp` g\ h\o`md\ kmdh\
_` g\ lp` `g pidq`mnj( `i np km`n`io` `no\_j( `no ^jhkp`noj( c\
`sdnod_j `i pij p jomj `no\_j _pm\io` pi od`hkj diadido\h`io`
g\mbj* Kjm lp `g ^\h]dj ij c\]m\ _` kj_`m n`bpdm _pm\io` pi
od`hkj diadido\h`io` g\mbj; Njg\h`io` nd `i ^d`moj hjh`ioj \i
o`n _` \cjm\ ij cp]d`m\ c\]d_j ^\h]dj( hd`iom\n lp` \cjm\ n
gj c\t( o`i_m\hjn lp` kjnopg\m pi\ ^\pn\ _`g ^\h]dj jmdbdi\md\
o`hkjm\gh`io`* K`mj nd nd`hkm` c\ c\]d_j ^\h]dj ij cp]j pi\
^\pn\ kmdh `m\ `i `g od`hkj t kjm gj o\ioj idibi ^m`\_jm Xk a\'
[\_b( O\g ndop\^di kp`_` dgpnom\mn` ^jind_`m\i_j pi\ bm\]\^di
_` pi\ ^\i^di ^\io\_\ kjm pi\ qju cph\i\* Npkjib\hjn lp`
`g _dn^j `n pi\ bm\]\^di _` jom\ bm\]\^di( lp` \ np q`u ap` bm\
]\_\ _` jom\ bm\]\^di* Kj_m\ `no\ n`md` _` bm\]\^dji`n ^jiod
ip\m diadido\h`io`; <gbpi\n k`mnji\n lp`mm\i \admh\m lp` `i
\gbi hjh`ioj `i `g k\n\_j _`]d c\]`m nd_j bm\]\_j \gbi
^\io\io` cph\ij* K`mj n`bpm\h`io` `n kjnd]g` lp`( ndi dhkjmo\m
^p\ioj m`omj^`_\hjn `i `g k\n\_j( nd`hkm` `i^jiom\m`hjn jom\
bm\]\^di** Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( nd _`]`hjn c\^`m \g \mbph`ioj gj
hn ngd_j kjnd]g`( ^jhj _`]`hjn c\^`mgj nd`hkm` \io`n _` `q\
gp\m pi \mbph`ioj( `ioji^`n _`]`hjn ]pn^\m pi\ dio`mkm`o\^di
hn kg\pnd]g`* Jom\ m\ui k\m\ ]pn^\m pi\ h`ejm dio`mkm`o\^di
`n lp` `g \mbph`ioj dbp\g\ g\ ^\pn\ kmdh `m\ ^ji ?djn* K`mj nd kjm
wkmdh `m\x`io`i_`hjn wo`hkjm\gh`io` kmdh `m\x ij c\t idibpi\
m\ui k\m\ _`^dm lp` g\ kmdh `m\ ^\pn\ _`g ^\h]dj( g\ ^p\g `sdnod
_`n_` c\^` kjm gj h`ijn \gbpijn hdg`n _` \jn( oj_\q\ `sdno`*
?` h \i`m\ lp`( ij c\t m\ui k\m\ dbp\g\m \ ?djn ^ji pi\ ^\pn\
o`hkjm\gh `io` kmdh`m\*
HXZhaWT \agXeceXgTV\ a1 _T VThfT _g\`T
WXfWX X_ chagb WX i\fgT bagb_ Z\Vb
?dnkji`hjn _` \gbpi\ dio`mkm`o\^di hn kg\pnd]g`; # " &
kg`noji `i np gd]mj 6dh\aTf _dnodibp` _jn h\i`m\n T YcdY^ dQ c
lp` pi\ ^jn\ `n ^\pn\gh`io` _`k`i_d`io` _` jom\7 kjm ^ pi/
bpd`io` _dnodibp` _jn ^g\n`n _da`m`io`n _` m_`i`n S Q e cQ \U c'
n`md` o`hkjm\g _` ^\pn\n t pi\ e`m\mlp\ jiojgbd^\ T U ^\

:A 6G<JB:CID 9: A6 86JH6 EG>B:G6

,/0

N`bi >jkg`noji( k\m\ N\ioj Ojhn g\ am\n` w^\pn\ kmdh `m\x ij

ndbidad^\ kmdh`m\ `i `g jm_`i o`hkjm\g _` g\n ^\pn\n( ndij np
km`h\ j kmdh `m\ `i `g jm_`i jiojgbd^j _` g\n ^\pn\n*-2 @no\ di
o`mkm`o\^di _` w^\pn\ kmdh `m\x ^jhj w^\pn\ godh\ jiojgbd^\x
t ij ^jhj w^\pn\ kmdh`m\ o`hkjm\gx ijn k`mhdo` `gp_dm pij _`
gjn kmj]g`h\n lp` `iam`io\ g\ kmdh`m\ dio`mkm`o\^di* Pi\ ^\pn\
jiojgbd^\h`io` godh\ `sdno` \cjm\( _` h\i`m\ lp`( \ _da`m`i
^d\ _` g\ ^\pn\ kmdh`m\ o`hkjm\g( nd kmj]\hjn lp` `sdno` ij o`
i`hjn kmj]g`h\ \gbpij ^ji m`nk`^oj \ np km`n`io` `sdno`i^d\*
Kj_m\hjn dgpnom\m g\ _da`m`i^d\ `iom` pi\ n`md` o`hkjm\g t pi\
e`m\mlp\ jiojgbd^\ _` g\n ^\pn\n _` g\ h\i`m\ ndbpd`io`* >ji
nd_ m`n` pi\ c\]do\^di ^ji `nk`ejn k`ma`^o\h`io` m`ag`e\io`n `i
_jn hpmjn jkp`nojn* @i `g ^`iomj _` g\ c\]do\^di \m_` pi\ q`g\
lp` n` m`ag`e\ `i gjn `nk`ejn* Kj_`hjn dh\bdi\m lp` `no\ q`g\ c\
q`id_j \m_d`i_j _pm\io` pi od`hkj diadidoj* @noj `n( _pm\io` pi
_`hkj diadidoj c\ c\]d_j ji_\n gphdijn\n m`ag`ei_jn` c\^d\ _`
g\io` t c\^d\ \omn( _` pi `nk`ej \ jomj( kmjqj^\i_j dhb`i`n
`i \h]jn* ?` h\i`m\ lp` c\ `no\_j j^pmmd`i_j pi\ \^^di ^\p
n\g _pm\io` pi od`hkj diadidoj* K`mj( t `n \lp _ji_` `g `e`h
kgj n` _dnodibp` _`g `e`hkgj _`g ajibm\aj( `i oj_j hjh`ioj g\n
dhb`i`n _`g `nk`ej `sdno`i ngj nd `i `n` hjh`ioj `sdno` g\ q`g\*
Hd`iom\n lp` g\ bm\]\^di _` pi\ qju kp`_` `sdnodm _`nkp n _`
lp` np ^\pn\ t\ ij `sdno`( g\n dhb`i`n `i pi `nk`ej ij kp`_`i*
<n lp` kj_m\hjn _`^dm lp` g\ q`g\ k`mo`i`^` \ pi jm_`i ji
ojgbd^j _da`m`io` \g _` g\n dhb`i`n* no\n _`k`i_`i k\m\ np
`sdno`i^d\ hdnh\ t `i oj_j hjh`ioj _` g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` g\ q`g\(
k`mj g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` g\ q`g\ ij _`k`i_` `i hj_j \gbpij _` g\n
dhb`i`n* =\ej `no\ dio`mkm`o\^di( kp`n( `g \mbph`ioj `no\]g`^`
lp` ?djn `n \ g\n ^jn\n _`g h pi_j gj lp` g\ q`g\ `n \ npn dhb`i`n
m`ag`e\_\n*
G\ kmdh`m\ dio`mkm`o\^di `iam`io\ pi kmj]g`h\ lp` \i ij
c`hjn ^jind_`m\_j ^ji m`nk`^oj \ g\ dio`mkm`o\^di _` >jkg`n
oji* Qdhjn lp` ij c\]\ m\ui k\m\ lp` pi\ n`md` _` ^\pn\n o`h
kjm\gh`io` diadido\ ij kp_d`m\ j^pmmdm( \n lp` g\ km`hdn\ $0% k\
m`^\ ^p`nodji\]g`* T ^hj g` q\ \ g\ km`hdn\ $0% ^ji g\ n`bpi_\
{io`mkm`o\^di; C\t `i `g h pi_j ^jn\n ^jhj g\n dhb`i`n _` g\
Q`g\ _` o\g h \i`m\ lp` ^\_\ pi\ _` `gg\n kp`_\ `sdnodm `i pi hj)
%% K}QcU ;( 8( 8_`\Ucd_^& +JYXREW$ EU^WeY^ 7__[c& 7Q\dY]_bU& *2.0& ``( **0'

,/1

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

h`io _`o`mhdi\_j ngj nd \gbj hpt _da`m`io` `sdno` o\h]d i `i

`n` hjh`ioj; N\]`hjn \g h`ijn lp` g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` ^p\glpd`m
n`m cph\ij `i ^p\glpd`m hjh`ioj _`k`i_` ^\pn\gh`io` _` gj
lp` ndi _p_\ kj_m\ dio`mkm`o\mn` ^jhj pi\ e`m\mlp\ _` ^\pn\n
^j`sdno`io`n* Kjm `e`hkgj( np `sdno`i^d\ _`k`i_` _` lp` g\ o`h
k`m\opm\ _` g\ od`mm\ n` h\io`ib\ _`iomj _` ^d`mojn hmb`i`n( g\
^p\g \ np q`u _`k`i_` _` g\ _dno\i^d\ _` g\ od`mm\ m`nk`^oj _`g njg(
lp` _`k`i_` _` g\n ap`mu\n bm\qdo\^dji\g t ^`iomk`o\ lp` \a`^
o\i \ g\ od`mm\( lp` _`k`i_`i _` g\n h\n\n _` g\ od`mm\ t _`g njg(
lp` _`k`i_`i _` gjn ^jinodopt`io`n lphd^jn _` g\ od`mm\ t _`g
njg( lp` _`k`i_`i _` g\ `nomp^opm\ \ohd^\ t np]\ohd^\ _` g\
od`mm\ t _`g njg* O`i`hjn( kp`n( k\m\ ^\_\ n`m cph\ij ij ngj
pi\ n`md` _` ^\pn\n \io`^`_`io`n lp` gj km`^`_`i( ndij o\h]d i
pi jm_`i _` a\^ojm`n ^\pn\g`n ^jio`hkjmi`jn* @noj ij k\m`^`
n`m( ndi `h]\mbj( gj lp` >jkg`noji lpd`m` _`^dm( kjmlp` `no` jm
_`i _` ^\pn\n ij ^ji_p^` id \g diadidoj id \ i\_\ lp` gg\h`
hjn ?djn* K\m`^` gg`b\m c\no\ g\n k\mo^pg\n ]nd^\n np]\ohd^\n*
Lp kj_m\ ^jio`no\m >jkg`noji \g m`nk`^oj; <admh\m\ lp` g\n
k\mo^pg\n ]nd^\n np]\ohd^\n ij nji _da`m`io`n _` ^p\glpd`m jom\
^jn\ `i `g hpi_j* O\h]d i _`k`i_`i ^\pn\gh`io` _` \gbj k\m\
`sdnodm kjmlp` np `sdno`i^d\ i`^`ndo\ n`m `skgd^\_\ ^jhj ^p\glpd`m
jom\ ^jn\ `i `g hpi_j* @i jom\n k\g\]m\n( >jkg`noji kj_m\ qdi
^pg\m ^\pn\n t m_`i`n ^\pn\g`n ^ji `skgd^\^dji`n( ^jhj gj cduj `i
pi\ _dn^pndi _`g o`h\ ^ji =`mom\i_ Mpnn`gg* ?dej6 yG\ ^\pn\ `n
pi\ `nk`^d` _` m\ui npad^d`io`* Ngj gjn n`m`n ^jiodib`io`n kp`
_`i o`i`m pi\ ^\pn\* ?djn `n Np kmjkd\ m\ui npad^d`io`7 t ij `n
^\pn\ _` N hdnhj* Kjm m\ui npad^d`io` `i np n`iod_j \hkgdj( `i
od`i_j pi\ `skgd^\^di \_`^p\_\ _` g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` pi n`m k\mod
^pg\m *-3 Gj dhkjmo\io` \lp `n lp` nd `no\hjn ]pn^\i_j g\ ^\pn\
_` \gbj( `no\hjn ]pn^\i_j pi\ ^\pn\ npad^d`io` |`noj `n( pi\ `s
kgd^\^di ^jhkg`o\| _` np `sdno`i^d\* O\g q`u( kp`n( _`]`m\h jn
^jind_`m\m pi\ `skgd^\^di kmdh`m\ j godh\ _` ^hj `n lp` c\t
^jn\n ^jhj g\ b`io`( gjn ^\]\ggjn( g\n kd`_m\n ` di^gpnj gjn i`p
omdijn( `i gpb\m _` ^jind_`m\m g\n ^\pn\n kmdh`m\n _`g ^\h]dj( j
^\pn\n godh\n jiojgbd^\n*
-3
A* >* >jkg`noji( `som\_j _` pi _`]\o` `i `g O`m^`m kmjbm\h\ _` g\ =mdodnc
=mj\_^\nodib >jmk*( -504*

:A 6G<JB:CID 9;( A6 86JH6 EG>B:G6

,/2

IXeVXeT \agXeceXgTV\ a1 Xkc_\VTV\ a kWg\`T WX _Tf VbfTf

@i g\ o`m^`m\ dio`mkm`o\^di o`i`hjn pi \mbph`ioj lp` `n ^jind

_`m\]g`h`io` k\m`^d_j \ ^\_\ pij _` gjn k\njn _`g \mbph`ioj _`
g\ kmdh`m\ ^\pn\* @g \mbph`ioj kp`_` `skm`n\mn` _` g\ ndbpd`io`
h\i`m\*
-* C\t \cjm\ ^jn\n lp` `sdno`i t ^jn\n lp` `skgd^\i np `sdn
o`i^d\*
.* Nd c\t \cjm\ ^jn\n lp` `sdno`i t ^jn\n lp` `skgd^\i np `sdn
o`i^d\( t ^\_\ ^jn\( M & lp` `skgd^\ jom\ ^jn\( N& `skgd^\ ^jh
kg`o\h`io` \ N ngj nd `gg\( S( `n \ np q`u `skgd^\_\ kjm jom\
^jn\( `ioji^`n g\ `skgd^\^di ^jhkg`o\ _` N `n diadido\h`io`
g\mb\*
Ebe _b gTagb
/* Nd ^\_\ ^jn\ lp` `skgd^\ jom\ ^jn\ ^jhkg`o\h`io`( g\ `skgd^\
ngj nd \ np q`u `n `skgd^\_\ kjm jom\ ^jn\( `ioji^`n np `s
kgd^\^di ^jhkg`o\ `n diadido\h`io` g\mb\*
Ebe _b gTagb
0* Idibpi\ `skgd^\^di ^jhkg`o\ kp`_` n`m diadido\h`io` g\m
b\)
Ebe _b gTagb
1* C\t \gbj lp` `skgd^\ ^jhkg`o\h`io` jom\n ^jn\n t lp` ij
`n `skgd^\_j kjm idibpi\ jom\ ^jn\( `noj `n( c\t \gbj lp` `n
g\ `skgd^\^di godh\ _` g\n ^jn\n( \ n\]`m( ?djn*
?`]` ijo\mn` lp` `i `no\ dio`mkm`o\^di g\ \admh\^di ^g\q` _`g
\mbph`ioj ij `n lp` c\]m\ pi ih`mj diadidoj _` `skgd^\^dji`n
_da`m`io`n( ndij lp` ^p\glpd`m `skgd^\^di ^jhkg`o\ n`m\ diadid
o\h`io` g\mb\* <lp g\ d_`\ `n lp` nd g\ `skgd^\^di _` pi\ ^jn\
i`^`ndo\ m`a`mdmn` \ jom\ lp` \ np q`u i`^`ndo\ n`m `skgd^\_\( `i
oji^`n g\ `skgd^\^di _` g\ kmdh`m\ ^jn\ ij `no ^jhkg`o\ \ h`ijn
lp` g\ n`bpi_\ `no ^jhkg`o\h`io` `skgd^\_\*
Pi\ ^jin`^p`i^d\ dhkjmo\io` _` `no` ia\ndn `i lp` g\ `skgd
^\^di _` pi\ ^jn\ `no ^jhkg`o\ `n lp` `n kjnd]g` _\m pi \mbp
h`ioj hpt kg\pnd]g` k\m\ \kjt\m g\ km`hdn\ $0%* >jind_ m`n` lp`
ij gg\h\m\hjn \ \gbj pi\ `skgd^\^di \ h`ijn lp` kp_d m\hjn
`skm`n\mg\ ^jhkg`o\h`io`( kjmlp` g\ api^di _` pi\ `skgd^\^di

,0)

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

`n c\^`m dio`gdbd]g` \lp`ggj lp` `skgd^\( t \gbj kp`_` n`m dio`gdbd

]g` ngj nd kp`_` n`m `skm`n\_j* K`mj pi\ `skm`ndi lp` `n diadid
o\h`io` g\mb\ ij kp`_` n`m `skm`n\_\* ?` h\i`m\ lp` idibpi\
`skgd^\^di ^jhkg`o\ kp`_` n`m diadido\h`io` g\mb\* G\ km`hdn\
$)-%( kp`n( t\ ij k\m`^` ^p`nodji\]g`* Kj_`hjn \cjm\ \^`ko\m `g
\mbph`ioj ^jhj ngd_j; <i ij( kjmlp` oj_\q\ ij c`hjn `s\
hdi\_j g\ km`hdn\ $.%( lp` ]\ej `no\ dio`mkm`o\^di kp`_` n`m g\
^p`nodji\]g`*
Ja cebU_X`T1 {fba Xkc_\VTV\baXf Vb`c_XgTf
_Tf Xkc_\VTV\baXf V\Xag Y\VTf TWXVhTWTf5
Kj_`hjn hjnom\m lp` g\ km`hdn\ $.% `n a\gn\ nd `i^jiom\hjn pi
`e`hkgj `i `g lp` pij `skgdlp` pi\ ^jn\ m`admd i_jn` \ jom\ _` o\g
h\i`m\ lp` \pi nd npkji`hjn lp` ^\_\ ^jn\ `skgd^\odq\ _`]` n`m
`skgd^\_\ kjm jom\( g\ `skgd^\^di jmdbdi\g `n( ndi `h]\mbj( ^jh)
kg`g\ t adido\ `i ^p\ioj \ np `so`indi* Nd `i^jiom\hjn pi `e`h
kgj n`h`e\io`( `ioji^`n di^gpnj nd n` m`lpdmd`m` _` pi ih`mj di
adidoj _` `skgd^\^dji`n _da`m`io`n k\m\ `skgd^\m oj_j gj lp` c\t(
n`bpdm\ nd`i_j q`m_\_ lp` \gbpi\n `skgd^\^dji`n `nk`^ad^\n _`
^jn\n di_dqd_p\g`n n`m\i ^jhkg`o\n t adido\n( _` hj_j lp` g\ km`
hdn\ $.% n`m\ a\gn\*
K\m`^` hpt a^dg `i^jiom\m hp^cjn `e`hkgjn lp` kp`_\i pod
gdu\mn` k\m\ _`hjnom\m lp` g\ km`hdn\ $.% `n a\gn\* >jind_ m`n`
^hj `skgd^\m\hjn lp` cp]d`m\ h\m`\ \go\ `i pi hjh`ioj k\m
od^pg\m t `i pi gpb\m k\mod^pg\m _` pi j^ \ij _`o`mhdi\_j* Gj
c\m\hjn `i k\mo` m`admd i_jijn \ g\ kjnd^di _` g\ gpi\ `i m`
g\^di ^ji g\ gj^\gdu\^di _` g\ h\m`\* Nd ]d`i g\ `skgd^\^di m`
npgo\io` kj_m\ k\m`^`m hpt ^jhkgd^\_\ kjmlp` m`lp`mdm\ _`
g`t`n h\o`hod^\n lp` m`g\^dji\m\i g\n h\n\n m`g`q\io`n ^ji g\
\om\^^di bm\qdo\^dji\g m`npgo\io` `iom` g\ gpi\ t `g j^ \ij( `n
^g\m\h`io` adido\* <_`hn k\m`^`m\ lp`( t\ n`\ lp` g\ kjnd^di
_` g\ gpi\ n` `skgdlp` j ij ^ji m`a`m`i^d\ \ jom\ ^jn\( ^jhj ndi
_p_\ np^`_`( ` di^gpnj nd g\ y^\_`i\z _` `skgd^\^dji`n n`k\m\_\n
lp` `hkd`u\ _` `no\ h\i`m\ ap`m\ diadido\h`io` g\mb\( g\ `s\^od
op_ _` g\ `skgd^\^di jmdbdi\g _` g\ h\m`\ \go\ ij n` q` \a`^o\_\*
A*n pi\ `skgd^\^di ^d`ioad^\ ^jhkg`o\h`io` \_`^p\_\ o\g ^jhj
g\n ^jn\n n` km`n`io\i( \ k`n\m _` lp` \gbpi\ jom\ ^jn\ i`^`ndo`
n`m `skgd^\_\* Ndi _p_\ k\m`^` `ioji^`n lp` g\ h\m`\ \go\ lp`_\
^jhkg`o\h`io` `skgd^\_\ pi\ q`u lp` n` c \ _\_j pi\ `skgd^\^di

:A 6G<JB:CID 9: A686JH6 EG>B:G6

^d`ioad^\ ^jhkg`o\h`io` \_`^p\_\* G\ `skgd^\^di _` g\ h\m`\

\go\ `n adido\ t k\m`^` n`m ^jhkg`o\ di^gpnj nd npkji`hjn lp` ^\_\
^jn\ `skgd^\odq\ _`]` \ np q`u n`m `skgd^\_\ kjm jom\* K\m`^`( kp`n(
lp` g\ km`hdn\ $.% `n a\gn\*
Ij `n _da^dg dh\bdi\m g\ j]e`^di \ `no` `e`hkgj* ?`^dhjn lp`
g\ d_`\ lp` `no _`omn _` `no\ dio`mkm`o\^di `n lp` \g `skgd^\m
\gbj ^jhkg`o\h`io`( oj_j \lp`ggj \ gj lp` n` m`ad`m` g\ `skgd
^\^di o\h]d i _`]` n`m `skgd^\_j ^jhkg`o\h`io`* K`mj `n ^g\mj
lp` `noj ij kp`_` \g^\iu\mn` nd n` m`lpd`m` _` pi ih`mj diad
idoj _` `skgd^\^dji`n _da`m`io`n* Kjm gj o\ioj n`bi `no\ j]e`^di
g\ `skgd^\^di _` g\n h\m`\n \go\n `n di^jhkg`o\ kjmlp` ij `skgd^\
g\ kjnd^di _` g\ gpi\7 \n lp` `g `e`hkgj ij m`apo\ g\ km`hdn\ $.%*
Gj dhkjmo\io` lp` c\t lp` n`\g\m \^`m^\ _` `no\ j]e`^di `n lp`
`g lp` g\ c\^` `no ajmu\_j \ \_jko\m g\ kjnd^di _` lp` pi\ `skgd
^\^di V\Xag Y\VT \_`^p\_\ _` g\ h\m`\ \go\ ij `n( ndi `h]\mbj( pi\
`skgd^\^di ^jhkg`o\* @noj `n `s\^o\h`io` gj lp` _d^` >jkg`noji
`i jomj gpb\m _` np _`]\o` ^ji Mpnn`gg*
GhffX__1 K`mj ^pi_j `n \_`^p\_\ pi\ `skgd^\^di; Npkji
lp` `nojt \ kpioj _` km`i_`m pi ^`mdggj* Kj_m\n _`^dm lp` g\
`skgd^\^di \_`^p\_\ _` `nj `n lp` gj amjoj `i g\ ^\e\*
8bc_Xfgba1 =p`ij( k\m\ kmjkndojn km^od^jn( k`mj o`md^\h`i
o`( `nj `n ngj pi\ `skgd^\^di k\m^d\g* Pi\ `skgd^\^di \_`^p\_\
_`]` n`m `i godh\ dino\i^d\ pi\ `nkgd^\^di ojo\g \ g\ lp` ij n`
g` kp`_\ \\_dm i\_\*
GhffX__1 @ioji^`n gj id^j lp` kp`_j _`^dm `n lp` `non ]pn
^\i_j \gbj lp` ij kp`_` `i^jiom\mn` t lp` pij ij _`]` `nk`m\m
j]o`i`m*
8bc_Xfgba1 ?`^dm lp` pij ij gj c\ `i^jiom\_j `n pi\ ^jn\7 _`^dm
lp` pij ij _`]`m\ ]pn^\mgj k\m`^` hn ]d`i _jbhod^j*-4
Lpd i `no `i gj ^jmm`^oj `i `no` _`]\o`; Mpnn`gg \admh\ lp` g\
^d`i^d\ `n `g h`_dj lp` o`i`hjn k\m\ `skgd^\m gjn c`^cjn _`g pid
q`mnj* >p\glpd`m ^jn\ lp` g\ ^d`i^d\ ij kp`_\ `skgd^\m `no( n`bi
Mpnn`gg( hn \gg _`g h]doj _` g\ `skgd^\^di* K`mj _`]`hjn
\^`ko\m lp` c\t \gbj lp` `no hn \gg _` g\ `skgd^\^di; >ji
nd_ m`n` `g \hkgd\h`io` \^`ko\_j kmdi^dkdj lp` n` ^jij^` ^jhj
`g ykmdi^dkdj _` m\ui npad^d`io`z( k`mj lp` o\h]d i kj_m\hjn
-4 \U\W(

,0)

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

`n c\^`m dio`gdbd]g` \lp`ggj lp` `skgd^\( t \gbj kp`_` n`m dio`gdbd*

]g` ngj nd kp`_` n`m `skm`n\_j* K`mj pi\ `skm`ndi lp` `n diadid
o\h`io` g\mb\ ij kp`_` n`m `skm`n\_\* ?` h\i`m\ lp` idibpi\
`skgd^\^di ^jhkg`o\ kp`_` n`m diadido\h`io` g\mb\* G\ km`hdn\
$)D%( kp`n( t\ ij k\m`^` ^p`nodji\]g`* Kj_`hjn \cjm\ \^`ko\m `g
\mbph`ioj ^jhj ngd_j; <i ij( kjmlp` oj_\q\ ij c`hjn `s\
hdi\_j g\ km`hdn\ $.%( lp` ]\ej `no\ dio`mkm`o\^di kp`_` n`m g\
^p`nodji\]g`*
Ja cebU_X`T1 {fba Xkc_\VTV\baXf Vb`c_XgTf
_Tf Xkc_\VTV\baXf V\Xag Y\VTf TWXVhTWTf5
Kj_`hjn hjnom\m lp` g\ km`hdn\ $.% `n a\gn\ nd `i^jiom\hjn pi
`e`hkgj `i `g lp` pij `skgdlp pi\ ^jn\ m`admd i_jn` \ jom\ _` o\g
h\i`m\ lp` \pi nd npkji`hjn lp` ^\_\ ^jn\ `skgd^\odq\ _`]` n`m
`skgd^\_\ kjm jom\( g\ `skgd^\^di jmdbdi\g `n( ndi `h]\mbj( ^jh
kg`o\ t adido\ `i ^p\ioj \ np `so`indi* Nd `i^jiom\hjn pi `e`h
kgj n`h`e\io`( `ioji^`n di^gpnj nd n` m`lpdmd`m` _` pi ih`mj di
adidoj _` `skgd^\^dji`n _da`m`io`n k\m\ `skgd^\m oj_j gj lp` c\t(
n`bpdm\ nd`i_j q`m_\_ lp` \gbpi\n `skgd^\^dji`n `nk`^ad^\n _`
^jn\n di_dqd_p\g`n n`m\i ^jhkg`o\n t adido\n( _` hj_j lp` g\ km`
hdn\ $.% n`m\ a\gn\*
K\m`^` hpt a^dg `i^jiom\m hp^cjn `e`hkgjn lp` kp`_\i pod
gdu\mn` k\m\ _`hjnom\m lp` g\ km`hdn\ $.% `n a\gn\* >jind_ m`n`
^hj `skgd^\m\hjn lp` cp]d`m\ h\m`\ \go\ `i pi hjh`ioj k\m
od^pg\m t `i pi gpb\m k\mod^pg\m _` pi j^ \ij _`o`mhdi\_j* Gj
c\m\hjn `i k\mo` m`admd i_jijn \ g\ kjnd^di _` g\ gpi\ `i m`
g\^di ^ji g\ gj^\gdu\^di _` g\ h\m`\* Nd ]d`i g\ `skgd^\^di m`
npgo\io` kj_m\ k\m`^`m hpt ^jhkgd^\_\ kjmlp` m`lp`mdm\ _`
g`t`n h\o`hod^\n lp` m`g\^dji\m\i g\n h\n\n m`g`q\io`n ^ji g\
\om\^^di bm\qdo\^dji\g m`npgo\io` `iom` g\ gpi\ t `g j^ \ij( `n
^g\m\h`io` adido\* <_`hn k\m`^`m\ lp`( t\ n`\ lp` g\ kjnd^di
_` g\ gpi\ n` `skgdlp` j ij ^ji m`a`m`i^d\ \ jom\ ^jn\( ^jhj ndi
_p_\ np^`_`( ` di^gpnj nd g\ y^\_`i\z _` `skgd^\^dji`n n`k\m\_\n
lp` `hkd`u\ _` `no\ h\i`m\ ap`m\ diadido\h`io` g\mb\( g\ `s\^od
op_ _` g\ `skgd^\^di jmdbdi\g _` g\ h\m`\ \go\ ij n` q` \a`^o\_\*
A*n pi\ `skgd^\^di ^d`ioad^\ ^jhkg`o\h`io` \_`^p\_\ o\g ^jhj
g\n ^jn\n n` km`n`io\i( \ k`n\m _` lp` \gbpi\ jom\ ^jn\ i`^`ndo`
n`m `skgd^\_\* Ndi _p_\ k\m`^` `ioji^`n lp` g\ h\m`\ \go\ lp`_\
^jhkg`o\h`io` `skgd^\_\ pi\ q`u lp` n` c\ _\_j pi\ `skgd^\^di

:A 6G<JB:CID 9: A6 86JH6 EG>B:G6

,0*

^d`ioad^\ ^jhkg`o\h`io` \_`^p\_\* G\ `skgd^\^di _` g\ h\m`\

\go\ `n adido\ t k\m`^` n`m ^jhkg`o\ di^gpnj nd npkji`hjn lp` ^\_\
^jn\ `skgd^\odq\ _`]` \ np q`u n`m `skgd^\_\ kjm jom\* K\m`^`( kp`n(
lp` g\ km`hdn\ $.% `n a\gn\*
Ij `n _da^dg dh\bdi\m g\ j]e`^di \ `no` `e`hkgj* ?`^dhjn lp`
g\ d_`\ lp` `no _`omn _` `no\ dio`mkm`o\^di `n lp` \g `skgd^\m
\gbj ^jhkg`o\h`io`( oj_j \lp`ggj \ gj lp` n` m`ad`m` g\ `skgd
^\^di o\h]d i _`]` n`m `skgd^\_j ^jhkg`o\h`io`* K`mj `n ^g\mj
lp` `noj ij kp`_` \g^\iu\mn` nd n` m`lpd`m` _` pi ih`mj diad
idoj _` `skgd^\^dji`n _da`m`io`n* Kjm gj o\ioj n`bi `no\ j]e`^di
g\ `skgd^\^di _` g\n h\m`\n \go\n `n di^jhkg`o\ kjmlp` ij `skgd^\
g\ kjnd^di _` g\ gpi\7 \n lp` `g `e`hkgj ij m`apo\ g\ km`hdn\ $.%*
Gj dhkjmo\io` lp` c\t lp` n`\g\m \^`m^\ _` `no\ j]e`^di `n lp`
`g lp` g\ c\^` `no ajmu\_j \ \_jko\m g\ kjnd^di _` lp` pi\ `skgd
^\^di V\Xag Y\VT \_`^p\_\ _` g\ h\m^\ \go\ ij `n( ndi `h]\mbj( pi\
`skgd^\^di ^jhkg`o\* @noj `n `s\^o\h`io` gj lp` _d^` >jkg`noji
`i jomj gpb\m _` np _`]\o` ^ji Mpnn`gg*
GhffX__1 K`mj ^pi_j `n \_`^p\_\ pi\ `skgd^\^di; Npkji
lp` `nojt \ kpioj _` km`i_`m pi ^`mdggj* Kj_m\n _`^dm lp` g\
`skgd^\^di \_`^p\_\ _` `nj `n lp` gj amjoj `i g\ ^\e\*
8bc_Xfgba1 =p`ij( k\m\ kmjkndojn km^od^jn( k`mj o`md^\h`i
o`( `nj `n ngj pi\ `skgd^\^di k\m^d\g* Pi\ `skgd^\^di \_`^p\_\
_`]` n`m `i godh\ dino\i^d\ pi\ `nkgd^\^di ojo\g \ g\ lp` ij n`
g` kp`_\ \\_dm i\_\*
GhffX__1 @ioji^`n gj id^j lp` kp`_j _`^dm `n lp` `non ]pn
^\i_j \gbj lp` ij kp`_` `i^jiom\mn` t lp` pij ij _`]` `nk`m\m
j]o`i`m*
8bc_Xfgba1 ?`^dm lp` pij ij gj c\ `i^jiom\_j `n pi\ ^jn\7 _`^dm
lp` pij ij _`]`m\ ]pn^\mgj k\m`^` hn ]d`i _jbhod^j*-4
Lpd i `no `i gj ^jmm`^oj `i `no` _`]\o`; Mpnn`gg \admh\ lp` g\
^d`i^d\ `n `g h`_dj lp` o`i`hjn k\m\ `skgd^\m gjn c`^cjn _`g pid
q`mnj* >p\glpd`m ^jn\ lp` g\ ^d`i^d\ ij kp`_\ `skgd^\m `no( n`bi
Mpnn`gg( hn \gg _`g h]doj _` g\ `skgd^\^di* K`mj _`]`hjn
\^`ko\m lp` c\t \gbj lp` `no hn \gg _` g\ `skgd^\^di; >ji
nd_ m`n` `g \hkgd\h`io` \^`ko\_j kmdi^dkdj lp` n` ^jij^` ^jhj
`g ykmdi^dkdj _` m\ui npad^d`io`z( k`mj lp` o\h]d i kj_m\hjn
-4 \U\W(

,0+

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 ;(C 9>DH

gg\h\m `g ykmdi^dkdj _` m\ui ^jhkg`o\z( `n _`^dm( `g kmdi^dkdj _`

lp` oj_j gj lp` `sdno` p j^pmm` kp`_` n`m ^jhkg`o\h`io` `skgd
^\_j* Nd `no` kmdi^dkdj `n q`m_\_`mj( `ioji^`n k\m`^`m\ lp` i\_\
_`]`m\ `no\m hn \gg _`g h]doj _` g\ `skgd^\^di ^d`ioad^\( nd `n
lp` g\ ^d`i^d\ `n `g h`_dj k\m\ g\ `skgd^\^di( ^jhj gj \admh\ Mpn)
n`gg* <lp npmb`i dih`_d\o\h`io` _jn km`bpio\n* Kmdh`m\( c\t
\gbj lp` g\ ^d`i^d\ ij kp`_\( kjm kmdi^dkdj( `skgd^\m; t( n`bpi_\(
`n q`m_\_`mj `g kmdi^dkdj _` `skgd^\^di ^jhkg`o\; Nd ]d`i ij
c\t idibpi\ m\ui k\m\ k`in\m lp` g\ ^d`i^d\ ij kp`_` gg`b\m \
`skgd^\m ^\_\ ^jn\ di_dqd_p\g lp` j^pmm\ $` di^gpnj o\g q`u m`kji)
_`m \gbi _\ \ g\n km`bpio\n lp` \ q`^`n c\^`i gjn \nomijhjn(
^jhj y kjm lp `sdno` `no` pidq`mnj k\mod^pg\m t ij jomj;z%( c\t
jom\ km`bpio\ lp` k\m`^` lp` g\ ^d`i^d\ ij kp`_` m`nkji_`m* @n\
km`bpio\ `n6 y kjm lp c\t pi pidq`mnj `i gpb\m _` i\_\;z G\
^d`i^d\ kp`_` n`m ^\k\u _` `skgd^\m kjm lp `sdno` `no` pidq`mnj
k\mod^pg\m m`admd i_jn`( kjm `e`hkgj( \ g\ o`jm\ _`g U\Z'UTaZ nj]m`
`g jmdb`i _`g pidq`mnj* N`bi `no\ o`jm\ `no` pidq`mnj `n `g m`npg
o\_j _` g\ `skgjndi _` pi\ h\n\ kmdhjm_d\g lp` h\i_ k`_\ujn
`i oj_\n _dm`^^dji`n t ajmh g\n hgodkg`n b\g\sd\n lp` ajmh\i
`g pidq`mnj* K`mj( kjm `e`hkgj( g\ ^d`i^d\ ij kj_m\ `skgd^\m kjm
lp ( `i gpb\m _` ij c\]`m i\_\ `i \]njgpoj( `no\]\ `no\ h\n\ kmd
hj)_d\g `nk`m\i_j k\m\ `skgjo\m* <lp g\ `skgd^\^di ^d`ioad^\
gg`b\ \ pi ghdo`( kjmlp` ij c\t i\_\ ^ji gj lp` n` `skgdlp`
^d`ioad^\h`io` g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` g\ h\n\ kmdhjm_d\g* ?` h\i`m\
lp`( nd `g kmdi^dkdj _` `skgd^\^di ^jhkg`o\ `n q`m_\_`mj( `ioji
^`n k\m`^` c\]`m \g h`ijn pi\ ^jn\ lp` _`]` n`m `skgd^\_\ k`mj
lp` g\ ^d`i^d\ ij kp`_` `skgd^\m* >jkg`noji( kp`n( kj_m\ `hk`
u\m pi\ _`a`in\ _` g\ km`hdn\ $.% jkjid i_jn` \g ^jiom\`e`hkgj
lp` c`hjn ojh\_j _` g\ `skgd^\^di ^d`ioad^\*
C\t \gbpi\ m\ui k\m\ k`in\m lp` `g kmdi^dkdj _` `skgd^\^di
^jhkg`o\ n`\ q`m_\_`mj; >jkg`noji kj_m\ dio`io\m qjgo`\m `g
kmdi^dkdj ^jiom\ Mpnn`gg \admh\i_j lp` ndi _p_\ _d^cj kmdi^d
kdj `n pi\ km`npkjnd^di _` g\ ^d`i^d\( kp`noj lp` `g kmjbm`nj
^d`ioad^j n` ]\n\ `i g\ _j^omdi\ _` lp` oj_j kp`_` n`m `skgd^\_j*
Kj_`hjn `no\m _` \^p`m_j `i lp` gjn gjbmjn _` g\ ^d`i^d\ nji ndi
_p_\ kmp`]\ _` ^d`moj odkj _` epnodad^\^di _`g kmdi^dkdj o\g ^jidj
gj pn\ g\ ^d`i^d\( k`mj( _`]`hjn `ioji^`n `no\m _` \^p`m_j ^ji
>jkg`noji `i $kd` g\ ^d`i^d\ ij kp`_` c\^`m oj_j `g om\]\ej; Nd
bpd`i_j \ Mpnn`gg( kj_m\hjn dio`mkm`o\m `g kmdi^dkdj _` h\i`m\
o\g lp` ap`m\ npad^d`io` k\m\ gjn kmjkndojn _` g\ ^d`i^d\( k`mj ndi

:A 6G<JB:CID 9: A6 8DCI>C<:C8>6

,0,

\]mdmg` g\ kp`mo\ \ g\ `skgd^\^di ij ^d`ioad^\ _` >jkg`noji* G\

^d`i^d\ `skgd^\ ^jn\n t np^`njn k\mod^pg\m`n _` hj_j o\g lp` g\
ajmh\ _`g kmdi^dkdj lp` g\ ^d`i^d\ i`^`ndo\ n`\ lp` c\t\ pi\ `s
kgd^\^di ^jhkg`o\ k\m\ ^\_\ np^`nj k\mod^pg\m t k\m\ ^\_\ `io`
di_dqd_p\g* <n lp` `no\ q`mndi _`g kmdi^dkdj( hd`iom\n lp` k`m
hdo` \ g\ ^d`i^d\ oj_j gj lp` no\ i`^`ndo\( ij `no\]g`^` _` idibpi\
h\i`m\ lp` `g pidq`mnj ^jhj pi oj_j _`]\ n`m `skgd^\]g` di_`
k`i_d`io`h`io` _` g\n `skgd^\^dji`n k\mod^pg\m`n _` ^\_\ pi\ _`
g\n ^jn\n lp` ajmh\i oj_j `g pidq`mnj* Nd \^`ko\hjn `no\ q`mndi
`ioji^`n kj_`hjn `no\m _` \^p`m_j ^ji Mpnn`gg `i lp` pi\ `s
kgd^\^di ^d`ioad^\ ^jhkg`o\h`io` \_`^p\_\ `n pi\ `skgd^\^di
^jhkg`o\( t `g `e`hkgj _` g\ h\m`\ \go\ m`apo\m\ g\ km`hdn\ $.%*
Ij c\]m\ m\ui( `ioji^`n( k\m\ \admh\m lp` ?djn `n i`^`n\mdj
k\m\ `skgd^\m `g hpi_j lp` ijn mj_`\( id c\]m\ m\ui k\m\ kjn
opg\m \ ?djn ^jhj pi `io` o`md^j `skgd^\odqj* Ndi `h]\mbj( g\
^d`i^d\ ij m`nkji_` \ km`bpio\n ^jhj6 y kjm lp c\t \gbj `i gp
b\m _` i\_\;z( _` h\i`m\ lp` o\g q`u _`]\hjn `no\m _` \^p`m_j
`i lp` n` m`lpd`m` \gbi odkj _` `skgd^\^di ij ^d`ioad^\* Ij
`no ^g\mj ^pg _` g\n _jn kjnd^dji`n `n hn m\uji\]g`7 \n lp` c`
hjn gg`b\_j \ pi \ojgg\_`mj* Kj_`hjn( ij j]no\io`( n\^\m pi\
^ji^gpndi \^`m^\ _` ip`nomj kmdi^dk\g dio`m n `i g\ `skgd^\^di*
Kp`noj lp` ij c`hjn nd_j ^\k\^`n _` m`njgq`m `g _`]\o` \^`m^\
_` g\ `skgd^\^di `i a\qjm _` >jkg`noji( kj_`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp`(
\pmolp` g\ km`hdn\ $.% kp_d`m\ n`m q`m_\_`m\( lp`_\ \]d`mo\ \ pi\
_p_\ m\uji\]g` t kjm gj o\ioj ij kp`_` pn\mn` k\m\ epnodad^\m g\
^ji^gpndi _` lp` ?djn `sdno`* <n lp` _`]`hjn m`^c\u\m g\ o`m
^`m\ t godh\ q`mndi _`g \mbph`ioj _` g\ ^\pn\ kmdh`m\* Ij kj
_`hjn pn\mgj k\m\ epnodad^\m g\ ^m``i^d\ `i g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` ?djn*
@ G <MBPH@IOJ ?@ G< >JIODIB@I>D<

G\ o`m^`m\ q\ lp` ndbp` N\ioj Ojhn `n pi dio`ioj hpt dib`

idjnj kjm `no\]g`^`m g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` ?djn* @hkd`u\ ^ji g\ q`m_\_
T cbfgXe\be\ _` lp` c\t ^jn\n ^jiodib`io`n( `noj `n( ^jn\n o\g`n lp`
`n kjnd]g` lp` `hkd`^`i \ `sdnodm t kjnd]g` lp` _`e`i _` `sdnodm( t
^ji^gpt` _d^d`i_j lp` `sdno` pi n`m i`^`n\mdj( `noj `n( pi n`m o\g
lp` `n dhkjnd]g` lp` `hkd`^` \ `sdnodm j _`e` _` `sdnodm* N` _d^`

,0-

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

lp` _d^cj n`m `sdno` i`^`n\md\h`io` t `n gj lp` gg\h\hjn ?djn*-5

N\ioj Ojhn q\ _` g\ km`hdn\ m`g\odq\ \ g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` g\n ^jn\n
^jiodib`io`n \ np ^ji^gpndi \g \bm`b\m lp` `n dhkjnd]g` lp` g\n
^jn\n ^jiodib`io`n `sdno\i nd`hkm`* ?` h\i`m\ lp`( _d^`( nd oj_j
`n ^jiodib`io`( `ioji^`n `i \gbi hjh`ioj \io`n _` \cjm\( ij
`sdnod i\_\* K`mj nd `i \gbi hjh`ioj \io`n _` \cjm\ ij `sdnod
i\_\ `i \]njgpoj( `ioji^`n ij `sdno` i\_\ \cjm\( gj ^p\g `n _`g
oj_j a\gnj* Kjm gj o\ioj c\t pi n`m ij ^jiodib`io`( `noj `n( i`^`
n\mdj( \ n\]`m( ?djn*
>jhj n` _dej( g\ \admh\^di ^g\q` _` g\ o`m^`m\ q\ lp` ndbp`
N\ioj Ojhn `n g\ \admh\^di _` lp` nd oj_j `n ^jiodib`io`( `i
oji^`n `i \gbi hjh`ioj \io`n _` \cjm\ ij `sdnod i\_\* Kjm
lp ^m``m\ `noj N\ioj Ojhn; @i k\mo` kjmlp` npkji`( k\m\
gjn kmjkndojn _`g \mbph`ioj( lp` `g od`hkj `n diadidoj* >jhj
_d^` >jkg`noji( y@n ^g\mj lp` N\ioj Ojhn npkji` g\ cdko`ndn
_` pi od`hkj diadidoj k\m\ \kjt\m `g \dbp h`io( t np kmp`]\
`no _dn`\_\ k\m\ n\odna\^`m `no\ cdko`ndnz*., Dh\bdi`hjn lp`
`noj `n ^jmm`^oj( t lp` `g od`hkj n` `sod`i_` diadido\h`io` c\^d\
`g k\n\_j* Kj_`hjn `ioji^`n km`bpio\m nd g\n ^jn\n ^jiodib`io`n
c\i `sdnod_j nd`hkm`( \ gj g\mbj _`g k\n\_j diadidoj( j nd c\i `sdn
od_j ngj _pm\io` pi od`hkj adidoj* K\m\ ^p\glpd`m\ _` `no\n _jn
m`nkp`no\n n` \]m`i _jn kjnd]dgd_\_`n* Oh`n` pi od`hkj diadidoj
t g\ npkjnd^di _` lp` g\n ^jn\n ^jiodib`io`n c\i `sdnod_j kjm pi
od`hkj diadidoj `i `g k\n\_j* @noj kp`_` ndbidad^\m pi\ _` _jn
^jn\n lp` n` kp`_`i `skm`n\m _` g\ ndbpd`io` h\i`m\6
\* @i oj_j hjh`ioj( ndi `s^`k^di( lp` n` `sod`i_` diadido\
h`io` `i `g k\n\_j g\n ^jn\n ^jiodib`io`n c\i `sdnod_j*
]* G\n ^jn\n ^jiodib`io`n c\i `sdnod_j `i pi hjh`ioj p jomj \
gj g\mbj _` pi od`hkj k\n\_j diadidoj7 `noj `n( k\m\ GYEPUYMIV
hjh`ioj _\_j _`g k\n\_j \gbpi\n ^jn\n ^jiodib`io`n c\i
`sdnod_j `i \gbi hjh`ioj TagXe\be \ n`*
<n lp`( ^jhj pi\ dgpnom\^di _` $\%( dh\bdi`hjn pi\ gi`\ lp`
n` `sod`i_` diadido\h`io` c\^d\ `g k\n\_j \ k\modm _` \cjm\( `i VP
lp` ^\_\ ^jmo` _` g\ gi`\ m`km`n`io\ pi hjh`ioj _`g od`hkj& t
^\_\ g`om\ V m`km`n`io\ ^jn\n ^jiodib`io`n*
"% 8_^ bUc`USd_ Q\ QbWe]U^d_ TU \Q S_^dY^WU^SYQ TU HQ^d_ I_]~c& q \n`
>OSPgTGE$ PSI& GMX& U^ ^_dQ .(
-, >jkg`noji( 6dh\aTbf& k* -.,*

:A 6G<JB:CID 9: A6 8DCI>C<:C8>6

,0.

'V^ ^=^ ^=^ ^='=

=='= %%k5
^^^^^^^^^
>jhj kp`_` q`mn`( `i ^\_\ hjh`ioj _`g od`hkj lp` n` `sod`i_`
c\^d\ `g k\n\_j c\t ^jn\n ^jiodib`io`n `i `sdno`i^d\* Nd _` c`^cj
ap m\hjn ^\k\^`n _` om\u\m _d^c\ gi`\ ^jiajmh` ap`m\ i`^`n\mdj(
om\ui_jg\ diadido\h`io` c\^d\ g\ dulpd`m_\ _` g\ kbdi\( o`i_m\
pi ih`mj diadidoj _` ^jmo`n k\m\ gjn hjh`iojn( t ^\_\ ^jmo`
o`i_m\ g\ g`om\ V _`]\ej* ?` hj_j lp` c\]m\hjn m`km`n`io\_j
$\% `i `g _d\bm\h\* G\ _da`m`i^d\ `iom` $\% t $]% `n lp` $]% WX]T
TU\XegT _T cbf\U\_\WTW _` lp` kjm gj h`ijn c\t\ pi hjh`ioj `i
`g lp` i\_\ `sdnod* Ngj i`^`ndo\ lp` k\m\ ^\_\ hjh`ioj `i `g
lp` i\_\ `sdnod( \gbpi\n ^jn\n ^jiodib`io`n c\t\i `sdnod_j \io`n
_` `n` hjh`ioj* <n lp` $]% _`e\ \]d`mo\ g\ kjnd]dgd_\_ _` pi\
ndop\^di ^jhj g\ lp` \k\m`^` `i `g ndbpd`io` _d\bm\h\6
!% %% % % % % % % $ % $

! " #

)^ )^ ^ ^^ )^ ^ ^ ^
>jind_`m`hjn \cjm\ g\ jom\ jk^di( lp` g\n ^jn\n ^jiodib`io`n
ngj c\i `sdnod_j _pm\io` pi od`hkj k\n\_j adidoj* ?` ip`qj o`
i`hjn _jn kjnd]dgd_\_`n( \ n\]`m6
^* @i oj_j hjh`ioj( ndi `s^`k^di( lp` n` `sod`i_` `i `g k\
n\_j c\no\ `g hjh`ioj \e\b& c\i `sdnod_j ^jn\n ^jiodib`io`n*
_ * >jn\n ^jiodib`io`n c\i `sdnod_j `i pij p jomj hjh`ioj `i
`g k\n\_j c\no\ `g hjh`ioj `)& `noj `n( k\m\ ^\_\ hjh`ioj
_\_j c\no\ h' e( \gbpi\n ^jn\n ^jiodib`io`n c\i `sdnod_j \i
o`n _` `n` hjh`ioj*
<cjm\ kj_`hjn ^jinompdm a^dgh`io` gjn _d\bm\h\n _` $^% t $_%
]\ni_jijn `i gjn _jn \io`mdjm`n _` $\% t $]%*
Pi\ m\ui kjm g\ ^p\g g\ o`m^`m\ q\ lp` ndbp` N\ioj Ojhn `n
o\i dib`idjn\ t a\n^di\io` `n lp` `no _dn`\_\ k\m\ api^dji\m
^p\glpd`m\ lp` n`\ g\ jk^di lp` `gde\hjn _` $\% \ $_%* Np \adm
h\^di ^g\q` `n lp` _\_\ g\ npkjnd^di _` pi k\n\_j diadidoj(
`ioji^`n( t\ n`\ lp` $\% j $]% j $^% j $_% n`\ ^jmm`^o\( `ioji^`n `i
\gbi hjh`ioj \io`n _` \cjm\ ij `sdndo i\_\* T `noj( n`bi g(
oj_j gj lp` i`^`ndo\ k\m\ c\^`m lp` api^dji` `g \mbph`ioj _`
^jiodib`i^d\* Io`n` lp` \mbph`io\i_j _` `no\ h\i`m\ N\ioj
jhn m`\gh`io` ij i`^`ndo\ njno`i`m id \kjt\m idibpi\ kjnd]d)
y_\_ _` $\% \ $_%* @i ip`nom\ `skjnd^di _`g \mbph`ioj( g\n _da`

,0/

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G >6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

m`i^d\n `iom` $\% t $]% kjm pi g\^dj( t `iom` $^% t $_% kjm `g jomj ij
`noi `skg^do\h`io` ^jindbi\_\n* @g \mbph`ioj `no _dn`\_j(
^jhj _dedhjn( k\m\ o`i`m sdoj ^p\glpd`m\ lp` n`\ g\ jk^di lp`
`gde\hjn* @g \mbph`ioj `n( kp`n( no`6
-* J ]d`i c\ c\]d_j ^jn\n _pm\io` pi od`hkj diadidoj( j ]d`i
c\ c\]d_j ^jn\n ngj _pm\io` pi od`hkj adidoj*
.* Nd c\ c\]d_j ^jn\n _pm\io` pi od`hkj diadidoj( `ioji^`n ^\
_\ nph\ ojo\g _dnodio\ _` `io`n `sdno`io`n lp` kp`_` j^pmmdm
c\ j^pmmd_j \io`n _` \cjm\ `i pi hjh`ioj p jomj*
/* Nd g\n id^\n ^jn\n lp` `sdno`i nji ^jiodib`io`n( `ioji^`n
c\t g\ kjnd]dgd_\_ _` lp` `i \gbi hjh`ioj \io`n _` \cjm\
idibpi\ _` `gg\n c\t\ `sdnod_j*
Ebe _b gTagb
0* Nd c\ c\]d_j ^jn\n _pm\io` pi od`hkj diadidoj t g\n id^\n
^jn\n lp` `sdno`i nji ^jiodib`io`n( `ioji^`n `i \gbi hj
h`ioj \io`n _` \cjm\ ij `sdndod i\_\ $\ k\modm _` .( /%*
1* Nd c\ c\]d_j ^jn\n ngj _pm\io` pi od`hkj adidoj t g\n id^\n
^jn\n lp` `sdno`i nji ^jiodib`io`n( `ioji^`n `i \gbi hj
h`ioj \io`n _` \cjm\ ij `sdndod i\_\*
Ebe _b gTagb
2* Nd g\n id^\n ^jn\n lp` `sdno`i nji ^jiodib`io`n( `ioji^`n `i
\gbi hjh`ioj \io`n _` \cjm\ ij `sdnod i\_\ $\ k\modm _`
-(0(1%*
3* Nd `i \gbi hjh`ioj \io`n _` \cjm\ ij `sdnod i\_\( `i
oji^`n i\_\ `sdno` \cjm\*
Ebe _b gTagb
4* Nd g\n id^\n ^jn\n lp` `sdno`i nji ^jiodib`io`n( `ioji^`n
i\_\ `sdno` \cjm\ $\ k\modm _` 2( 3%*
5* @n a\gnj lp` ij `sdno\ i\_\ \cjm\*
Ebe _b gTagb
-,* @n a\gnj lp` g\n id^\n ^jn\n lp` `sdno`i nji ^jiodib`io`n(
`noj `n( c\t pi n`m i`^`n\mdj( \ n\]`m( ?djn $\ k\modm _` 4( 5%*
Nd ]d`i `i g\n km`hdn\n $.% t $/% `g \mbph`ioj ^jind_`m\ g\n ^jin`
^p`i^d\n _` lp` g\n ^jn\n ^jiodib`io`n `sdno\i _pm\io` pi od`hk,

:A 6G<JB:CID 9: A6 8DCI>C<:C8>6

,00

diadidoj( o\h]d i( `i g\ km`hdn\ $1%( ^jind_`m\ g\ ^jin`^p`i^d\ _`

lp` g\n ^jn\n ^jiodib`io`n `sdno\i ngj _pm\io` pi od`hkj adidoj*
G\ km`hdn\ $1% `no\]g`^` lp` nd g\n ^jn\n c\i `sdnod_j ngj _pm\io`
pi od`hkj adidoj \io`n _` \cjm\( `ioji^`n cp]j \gbi kmdh`m hj
h`ioj `i `g lp` \gbj `hk`u \ `sdnodm( _` h\i`m\ lp` \io`n _`
`n` hjh`ioj ij `sdnod i\_\* @noj ndi _p_\ `n q`m_\_ nd ^ji^`_`
hjn lp` `g od`hkj `n diadidoj( t\ n`\ lp` g\n ^jn\n c\t\i `sdnod_j
j ij _pm\io` pi od`hkj diadidoj* @ioji^`n( _\_\ g\ nph\ _` `no\
km`hdn\ t _` g\ km`hdn\ $-%( lp` `n pi\ q`m_\_ `qd_`io`( kj_`
hjn ^ji^gpdm $2%( g\ ^p\g ij ^jiod`i` m`a`m`i^d\ \gbpi\ \ idibpi\
_` g\n cdko`ndn \^`m^\ _` _pm\io` ^pioj od`hkj c\i `sdnod_j g\n
^jn\n* ?` h\i`m\ lp` nd g\n km`hdn\n $.% t $/% nji q`m_\_`m\n(
`ioji^`n n`bi `no\ q`mndi _`g \mbph`ioj _` g\ ^jiodib`i^d\(
kj_`hjn n\^\m pi\ ^ji^gpndi lp` ij _`k`i_\ _` ^pg _` g\n
_jn cdko`ndn n`\ g\ ^jmm`^o\* @n kjm `noj lp` n` \admh lp` `no` `n
pi \mbph`ioj hn ap`mo` lp` `g ]\n\_j `i g\ npkjnd^di _` lp`
g\n ^jn\n c\i `sdnod_j _pm\io` pi od`hkj diadidoj* Ndi `h]\mbj(
gj kmdi^dk\g `n nd g\n km`hdn\n $.% t $/% nji q`m_\_`m\n* Ndi _p_\
kj_`hjn \^`ko\m $5%* G\ km`hdn\ $3%( nd ]d`i ij `n pi\ q`m_\_
i`^`n\md\( kp`_` m`ajmhpg\mn` ^jhj pi\ q`mndi hn b`i`m\g _`g
kmdi^dkdj _` g\ ^jin`mq\^di _` g\ h\n\)`i`mb\ lp` `no\]g`^`( `i
b`i`m\g( lp` `i pi ndno`h\ ^`mm\_j idibpi\ ^\iod_\_ _` `i`mb\(
di^gpt`i_j g\ lp` `no `i ajmh\ _` h\n\( kp`_` n`m j ]d`i ^m`\_\
j ]d`i _`nompd_\* ?` h\i`m\ lp`( nd \k\m`^` \gbj ip`qj( `no` kmdi
^dkdj \admh\ lp` ij kp`_` c\]`m q`id_j _` g\ i\_\( ndij lp` m`
lpd`m` pi\ om\ina`m`i^d\ _` `i`mb\ _` \gbpi\ jom\ ^jn\* >p\i_j
g\ km`hdn\ $3% `n ^jind_`m\_\ ]\ej `no\ gpu k\m`^` \^`ko\]g`*
@n ^g\mj lp` $.% t $/% nji g\n km`hdn\n ^g\q`* >jind_`m`hjn
^pd_\_jn\h`io` \h]\n km`hdn\n( `hk`u\i_j kjm g\ km`hdn\ $/%
lp` `n( k\m\ `hk`u\m( hn kg\pnd]g`* Nd oj_j gj lp` c\ `sdnod_j `n
^jiodib`io`( `ioji^`n `n kjnd]g` lp` ^\_\ ^jn\ _`e` _` `sdnodm `i
\gbi hjh`ioj* B`i`m\gh`io` g\n ^jn\n _`e\i _` `sdnodm `i hj
h`iojn _da`m`io`n( \n lp` kjm gj b`i`m\g `i ^p\glpd`m hjh`ioj
\gbpi\n _` `gg\n `sdno`i* K`mj nd m`nomdibdhjn ip`nom\ hp`nom\
{|kjm `e`hkgj \g kmdh`m \j _` \gbi ^jg`bdj _`o`mhdi\_j|( nd
]d`i gjn hd`h]mjn _`g ^pmnj _`e\mi _` `sdnodm `i hjh`iojn _da`
m`io`n( gg`b\m pi hjh`ioj `i lp` oj_jn `nojn n`m`n ^jiodib`io`n
c\]mi _`e\_j _` `sdnodm* Nd \cjm\ `so`i_`hjn ip`nom\ hp`nom\
c\no\ di^gpdm oj_\ g\ b`io` ` di^gpnj oj_jn gjn j]e`ojn and^jn( kj_`
hjn q`m hpt ^g\m\h`io` lp` `i `no\ `m\ _`g \mh\h`ioj ip^g`\m

,01

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

`n hpt kjnd]g` lp` gg`bp` `g hjh`ioj `i lp` ij `sdno\i id k`m

nji\n id j]e`ojn and^jn* N`bpm\h`io`( kp`n( nd ngj c\i `sdnod_j
^jn\n ^jiodib`io`n( `n kjnd]g` lp` `i \gbi hjh`ioj( lp` _` c`
^cj kp_j c\]`m j^pmmd_j \io`n _` \cjm\( oj_\n \lp`gg\n ^jn\n lp`
c\i `sdnod_j km`qd\h`io` c\i _`e\_j _` `sdnodm t idibpi\ ip`q\
c\ `hk`u\_j \ `sdnodm* Io`n` lp` `noj ij ndbidad^\ \admh\m lp`
[T j^pmmd_j( ndij ngj lp` `n cbf\U_X lp` c\t\ j^pmmd_j( gj ^p\g `n
pi\ \admh\^di hp^cj hn _ ]dg*
G\ km`hdn\ $/% k\m`^` \^`ko\]g`* K`mj( gj `n; >jind_ m`n` _`
ip`qj `g kmdi^dkdj _` ^jin`mq\^di _` g\ h\n\)`i`mb\ lp` pod
gdu\hjn ^jhj m\ui k\m\ \^`ko\m g\ km`hdn\ $3%* @no` kmdi^dkdj
`no\]g`^` lp` nd ojh\hjn \g pidq`mnj ^jhj pi ndno`h\ ^`mm\_j(
`ioji^`n idibpi\ `i`db\ kp`_` ^m`\mn` j _`nompdmn`* K`mj `noj
np`i\ a\hdgd\m( kjmlp` kj_`mijn m`ajmhpg\mgj k\m\ g``m lp` g\
`i`mb\ _`g pidq`mnj `n o\g lp` `n dhkjnd]g` lp` ^d`mo\ ^\iod_\_
_` g\ hdnh\ `hkd`^` \ `sdnodm ` dhkjnd]g` lp` ^d`mo\ ^\iod_\_ _`
g\ hdnh\ _`e` _` `sdnodm* ?` hj_j lp`( _\_\ g\ q`m_\_ _` g\ km`
hdn\ $5%( pi\ q`u \_\ko\_\ k\m\ m`a`mdmn` \ g\ `i`mb\( _`]`hjn
^ji^gpdm lp` `n dhkjnd]g` lp` `i \gbi hjh`ioj \io`n _` \cjm\
i\_\ `sdnod`m\( di^gpd_\ g\ `i`mb\* @noj ijn gg`q\m \ ^ji^gpdm
lp` g\ km`hdn\ $/% `n a\gn\ \ h`ijn lp` lp`m\hjn \admh\m lp` g\
h\n\)`i`mb\ `sdno` i`^`n\md\h`io` t ij ^jiodib`io`h`io`( kjm
lp` `n \gbj lp` ij kp`_` n`m id ^m`\_j id _`nompd_j* K`mj `no`
ij k\m`^` n`m pi ^\hdij qd\]g`( kjmlp` ^p\i_j ^\m\^o`mdu\hjn \
?djn ^jhj `o`mij( _`^d_dhjn lp` `noj n`m\ dio`mkm`o\_j _` h\
i`m\ lp` ap`m\ gbd^\h`io` dhkjnd]g` lp` g `hk`u\m\ \ `sdndodm
j _`e\m\ _` `sdnodm* ?` \c lp` pi n`m i`^`n\mdj n`\ \lp`g lp` `n
gbd^\h`io` dhkjnd]g` ^m`\m j _`nompdm* Kjm gj o\ioj g\ `i`mb\ `n
^jiodib`io` kjmlp` `n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g` ^m`\mg\ j _`nompdmg\*
DU]XV\ a1 haT T`U\Z XWTW1 cbf\U\_\WTWY f\VT
q`mnpn cbf\U\_\WTW _ Z\VT
<gbj c\ n\gd_j h\g* Kjm pi g\_j( g\ km`hdn\ $/% k\m`^` Q SU ` dQ R \U 4
kjm `g jomj( k\m`^` a\gn\* Ndi _p_\ k\m`^` kjnd]g` lp` i\_\ Uh YcdQ &
k`mj o\h]d i k\m`^` dhkjnd]g` kjmlp` g\ `i`mb\ lp` c\t Q X _ bQ
ij kp_j c\]`m nd_j ^m`\_\ t ij kp`_` n`m _`nompd_\* E Q b U S U a o U
o`i`hjn pi kmj]g`h\ m`nk`^oj _` gj lp` `n kjnd]g` t T U \_ lg(`
ij gj `n* K\m\ njgp^dji\mgj _`]`hjn `s\hdi\m `g ^ji^`koj T U `q
nd]dgd_\_* @n dhkjmo\io` n`\g\m lp` c\t q\mdjn odkjn T YVU bU ^ dU%

:A 6G<JB:CID 9: A6 8DCI>C<:C8>6

,02

_` kjnd]dgd_\_( _jn _` gjn ^p\g`n nji m`g`q\io`n k\m\ ip`nomj kmj

]g`h\6 g\ kjnd]dgd_\_ gbd^\ t g\ kjnd]dgd_\_ and^\*
<* Ebf\U\_\WTW _ Z\VT1 <gbj `n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g` nd t ngj nd ij
qdjg\ g\n g`t`n _` g\ gbd^\( `noj `n( nd ij dhkgd^\ gbd^\h`io`
pi\ ^jiom\_d^^di ^p\i_j n` pi` ^ji ^p\glpd`m jm\^di \i\
god^\h`io` q`m_\_`m\ t ^ji g\n g`t`n _` g\ gbd^\* Kjm `no\
_`adid^di `n gbd^\h`io` dhkjnd]g` lp` `i \gbi gpb\m qdq\
pi\ njgo`m\ ^\n\_\*
=* Ebf\U\_\WTWY f\VT 6 <gbj `n and^\h`io` kjnd]g` nd t ngj nd -% `n
gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g`( t .% ij qdjg\ g\n g`t`n and^\n _` g\ i\op
m\g`u\( `noj `n( `n a\gnj lp` dhkgdlp` gbd^\h`io` pi\ ^ji
om\_d^^di ^p\i_j n` pi` ^ji pi\ jm\^di q`m_\_`m\ $^ji
g\ lp` `n gbd^\h`io` ^jhk\od]g`% t ^ji g\n g`t`n _` g\ and^\
t _` g\ gbd^\* Kjm `no\ _`adid^di `n and^\h`io` dhkjnd]g`
lp` pi\ q\^\ n\go` kjm `i^dh\ _` g\ gpi\ _`n_` g\ od`mm\ ndi
idibpi\ \tp_\*
Nd m``s\hdi\hjn g\ km`hdn\ $/%( `i^jiom\m`hjn lp` `n \^`k
o\]g` ^p\i_j dio`mkm`o\hjn wkjnd]g`x_` pi\ h\i`m\( k`mj lp` `n
hpt _dn^pod]g` ^p\i_j g\ dio`mkm`o\hjn _` g\ jom\ h\i`m\* >ji
nd_`m`hjn kmdh`mj g\ kjnd]dgd_\_ and^\* ?` hj_j lp` g\ km`hdn\
$/% n` ^jiqd`mo` `i6
/\* Nd g\n id^\n ^jn\n lp` c\i `sdnod_j nji gbd^\h`io` ^ji
odib`io`n( `ioji^`n pi\ kjnd]dgd_\_ and^\ `n lp` `i \gbi
hjh`ioj \io`n _` \cjm\ ij `sdnod`m\ i\_\*
Kj_`hjn hjnom\m mkd_\h`io` lp` $/\% `n a\gn\ `i m`g\^di ^ji `g
kmdi^dkdj _` ^jin`mq\^di* Npkjib\hjn lp` gj id^j lp` nd`h
km` c\ `sdnod_j `n ^d`mo\ ^\iod_\_ _` `i`mb\( t\ n`\ `i ajmh\ _`
h\n\ j `i \gbpi\ jom\ ajmh\ ^jhj `g ^\gjm* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( g\n
id^\n ^jn\n lp` c\i `sdnod_j nji gbd^\h`io` ^jiodib`io`n* Idi
bpi\ `n o\g lp` n`\ gbd^\h`io` dhkjnd]g` ^m`\mg\ j _`nompdmg\* Ndi
`h]\mbj( ij `n and^\h`io` kjnd]g` lp` `i \gbi hjh`ioj \io`n
_` \cjm\ ij `sdnod`m\ i\_\* G\ `i`db\( \pilp` n`\ gbd^\h`io`
^jiodib`io`( `n and^\h`io` i`^`n\md\( `noj `n( `n and^\h`io` dh
kjnd]g` ^m`\mg\ t _`nompdmg\* @i ^jin`^p`i^d\( $/\% `n a\gn\* @n
p\i_j ^ji^`]dhjn g\ wkjnd]dgd_\_x^jhj wkjnd]dgd_\_ and^\x^p\i&
$/% k\m`^` a\gn\*

,1)

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

< `no\n \gopm\n \gbpd`i kj_m\ j]e`o\m lp` `no\ h\i`m\ _` om\
o\m $/\% `s^gpt` ^jhkg`o\h`io` g\ \admh\^di _` lp` ?djn ^m`
`g hpi_j Xk a\[\_b& kjmlp` g\ g`t _` g\ ^jin`mq\^di _` g\ h\n\)
`i`mb\( o\g ^jhj n` dio`mkm`o\ \lp ^jhj \kgd^\]g` \g pidq`mnj
^jhj pi oj_j( dhkgd^\ lp` ^d`mo\ ^\iod_\_ _` `i`mb\ c\ `sdn
od_j nd`hkm`* @n q`m_\_ lp` \kgd^\m g\ g`t _` `no\ h\i`m\ c\^`
and^\h`io` dhkjnd]g` g\ ^m`\^di Xk a\[\_b& k`mj `noj ij `s^gpt` g\
^m`\^di* ?d^c\ ^m`\^di `n ndi _p_\ pi hdg\bmj t( ^jhj oj_jn gjn
hdg\bmjn)_`)qdjg\^di( dhkgd^\ gj and^\h`io` dhkjnd]g`* ?` h\
i`m\ lp`( \pilp` `nopqd m\hjn _` \^p`m_j ^ji D Dph` `i lp` gjn
hdg\bmjn)_`)qdjg\^di t g\ ^m`\^di Xk a\[\_b TYbeg\be\ nji \go\h`io`
dhkmj]\]g`n( nj]m` g\ ]\n` _` gj lp` n` c\ `no\]g`^d_j m`k`od_\
h`io`( `noj ij gjn `s^gpt` ^jhkg`o\h`io`* @noj `n( ij c\^` lp`
n`\ gbd^\h`io` dhkjnd]g` lp` j^pmm\i t( ^jhj o\h]d i c`hjn
qdnoj( ngj nd gjn hdg\bmjn t g\ ^m`\^di Xk a\[\_b ap`m\i gbd^\h`io`
dhkjnd]g`n ?djn n`m\ di^\k\u _` gg`q\mgjn \ ^\]j*
Kp`noj lp` $/\%( pn\i_j g\ wkjnd]dgd_\_ and^\x( ij o`i_m sdoj(
`in\t`hjn ^ji g\ kjnd]dgd_\_ gbd^\x( _` h\i`m\ lp` $/% n` ^ji
qd`mo` `i6
/ U( Nd g\n oid^\n ^jn\n lp` `sdno`i nji gbd^\h`io` ^jiodib`io`n(
`ioji^`n pi\ kjnd]dgd_\_ gbd^\ `n lp` `i \gbi hjh`ioj
\io`n _` \cjm\ ij `sdnod`m\ i\_\*
Mkd_\h`io` kp`_` q`mn` lp` $/2% `n q`m_\_`m\* Nd \admh\hjn
lp` oj_\n g\n ^jn\n nji o\g`n lp` `n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g` lp` _`
e`i _` `sdnodm( `ioji^`n ij c\t pi\ ^jiom\_d^^di gbd^\ `i \adm
h\m o\h]d i lp` i\_\ `sdno`* Ijn ^jiom\_`^dhjn \ ijnjomjn hdn
hjn ngj nd \admh\hjn lp` \gbj `sdno` i`^`n\md\h`io`( `noj `n(
lp` `sdno` \cjm\ t lp` `n gbd^\h`io` dhkjnd]g` lp` `hkd`^` \
`sdnodm j _`e` _` `sdnodm( t \admh\m o\h]d i lp` `i ^d`moj ] _] U^d_
i\_\ `sdno`* ?`]`hjn `ioji^`n pn\m $,U% `i `g \mbph`ioj _` g\
^jiodib`i^d\*
G\ km`hdn\ $.% `n ndi _p_\ g\ hn _dn^pod]g`( k`mj ^m`j lp`
kj_`hjn c\^`mg\ k\m`^`m hn kg\pnd]g` pn\i_j pi\ \i\gjb\ ^ji
hji`_\n* >jind_ m`in` _jn hji`_\n o\g`n lp` n`\ kjnd]g` l`
^\db\i `i ^\m\ t lp` n`\ kjnd]g` lp` ^\db\i `i ^mpu* >pg`n nji
g\n kjnd]dgd_\_`n _dnkjid]g`n; Dg\q . kjnd]dgd_\_`n( _ji_` a `n `g
ih`mj _` hji`_\n diqjgp^m\_\n* ?` h\i`m\ lp` k\m\ _jn hj
i`_\n c\t ^p\omj kjnd]dgd_\_`n6 ^\m\( ^\m\7 ^\m\( ^mpu7 ^mpu( SQbQ&
^mpu( ^mpu* ?\_j pi ih`mj diadidoj _` g\iu\hd`iojn \g \dm` _`

:A 6G<JB:CID 9: A6 8DCI>C<:C8>6

,1*

pi\ _` `no\n hji`_\n( kj_`hjn ndi _p_\ ^ji^gpdm lp` `i pij p

jomj hjh`ioj j^pmmdm ^\_\ pi\ _` `no\n kjnd]dgd_\_`n* <n lp`
nd g\ km`hdn\ $.% di_d^\m\ `g g\iu\hd`ioj _` _jn hji`_\n \g \dm`
`i gpb\m _` g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` j]e`ojn( kj_m\hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` `n
q`m_\_`m\* Kjm jom\ k\mo`( nd ^jind_`m\hjn pi hdggi _` hji`
_\n( \pilp` cp]d`m\ .-, kjnd]dgd_\_`n( _\_\ pi\ n`md` diadido\ _`
g\iu\hd`iojn \g \dm` _` pi hdggi _` hji`_\n( n`bpdm\ nd`i_j
kmj]\]g` lp` ^\_\ pi\ _` g\n .-, kjnd]dgd_\_`n j^pmmd`m\ \g h`
ijn pi\ q`u `i pij p jomj hjh`ioj* >d`mo\h`io`( ndi dhkjmo\m
^pio\n hji`_\n o`ib\hjn hd`iom\n `g ih`mj n`\ adidoj( k\m`
^`m\ lp`( _\_j pi ih`mj diadidoj _` g\iu\hd`iojn \g \dm`( ^\_\
kjnd]dgd_\_ j^pmmdm\ \g h`ijn pi\ q`u* Nd \kgd^\hjn \cjm\ g\ \i\
gjb\ _` hji`_\n lp` kp`_`i ^\`m `i ^\m\ j ^mpu \ j]e`ojn lp`
kp`_`i `hk`u\m \ `sdnodm t _`e\m _` `sdnodm( `ioji^`n kj_`hjn
q`m lp` _\_\ pi\ ^\iod_\_ diadido\ _` od`hkj( kp`_` c\]`m \g
bpi\ m\ui k\m\ \admh\m lp` ^\_\ kjnd]dgd_\_ j^pmmdm `i pij p
jomj hjh`ioj( t \n ^ji g\ km`hdn\ $/% ^ji^gpdm\hjn( ^jhj ^ji
g\ $0%( lp` j^pmmdm g\ kjnd]dgd_\_ _` lp` idibpij _` `nojn j]e`ojn
`sdno\*
Nd( ^jhj gj dhkgd^\ g\ \i\gjb\ ^ji g\n hji`_\n( kj_`hjn \^`k
o\m g\ km`hdn\ $.%( `ioji^`n g\ km`n`io` dio`mkm`o\^di _`g \mbp
h`ioj _` g\ ^jiodib`i^d\ kp`_` n`m \^`mo\_\( kjmlp` ^\_\ km`
hdn\ `n kg\pnd]g` t `g \mbph`ioj( qgd_j* <gbj lp` ijn kp`_` c\
^`m q\^dg\m( ndi `h]\mbj( `n lp` g\ kg\pnd]dgd_\_ _` g\ km`hdn\ $/%
_`k`i_` _` lp n`iod_j _` wkjnd]dgd_\_xn` pn`* >pg `n `g lp` c`
hjn pn\_j k\m\ c\^`m kg\pnd]g` g\ km`hdn\ $.%; K\m\ \q`mdbp\mgj
^jind_`m`hjn jomj `e`hkgj( `no\ q`u pn\i_j pi\ mpg`o\* ?\_j pi
ih`mj diadidoj _` qp`go\n _` pi\ mpg`o\( k\m`^`m\ lp` g\ ]jg\
n` _`o`i_m\ kjm gj h`ijn pi\ q`u `i ^\_\ ih`mj `i `g lp`
n`\ and^\h`io` kjnd]g` lp` n` _`o`ib\( ij dhkjmo\ ^pi bm\i_`
n`\ g\ mpg`o\* N` _`o`i_m\ o\h]d i `i ^\_\ ih`mj gbd^\h`io`
kjnd]g`; >jind_ m`n` pi\ mpg`o\ lp` `no ade\_\ _` o\g hj_j lp`
n`\ and^\h`io` dhkjnd]g` lp` g\ ]jg\ n` _`o`ib\ `i `g ih`mj
-) @i o\g ^\nj( g\ ]jg\ ij n` _`o`i_m\ kjm gj h`ijn pi\ q`u
`i ^\_\ ih`mj `i `g lp` n`\ gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g` lp` n` _`
o`ib\( kjmlp` ij c\t pi\ ^jiom\_d^^di gbd^\ `i g\ \admh\^di
_` pi\ mpg`o\ ^pt\ ]jg\ n` _`od`i` `i `g ih`mj -( di^gpnj nd
pij o\h]d i \admh\ lp` g\ mpg`o\ `no ade\_\ _` o\g h\i`m\ lp`
`n and^\h`io` dhkjnd]g` lp` g\ ]jg\ n` _`o`ib\ `i `g ih`mj -*

,1+

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( nd `g pidq`mnj n` k\m`^` hn \ pi\ mpg`o\ ade\

lp` \ pi\ mpg`o\ lp` bdm\ \g \u\m( `ioji^`n \gbpi\n ^jn\n lp` nji
gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g`n ij j^pmmdmi* Nd ]d`i `n gbd^\h`io` kjnd
]g` lp` \gbi _\ g\ q\^\ n\go` kjm `i^dh\ _` g\ gpi\ ndi lp`
i\_d` g\ \tp_`( ndi _p_\ `n and^\h`io` dhkjnd]g`( _` h\i`m\
lp` kj_`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` ij j^pmmdm* @n g\ kjnd]dgd_\_ and^\
hn lp` g\ kjnd]dgd_\_ gbd^\ g\ lp` dhkjmo\ k\m\ gj lp` j^p
mm`* Kjm jom\ k\mo`( kp`noj lp` g\ g`t _` g\ ^jin`mq\^di _` g\
h\n\)`i`mb\ kp`_` n`m podgdu\_\ k\m\ hjnom\m lp` ^d`mo\n ndop\
^dji`n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g`n( o\g`n ^jhj g\ ndop\^di `i g\ lp` i\_\
`sdno`( nji and^\h`io` dhkjnd]g`n t kjm gj o\ioj ij j^pmmdmi nd
ij `n hdg\bmjn\h`io`( _`]`hjn pn\m g\ wkjnd]dgd_\_ and^\x `i g\
km`hdn\ $.% nd c`hjn _` c\^`mg\ kg\pnd]g`*
?`]`hjn pn\m g\ wkjnd]dgd_\_ and^\x `i g\ km`hdn\ $.% k\m\ c\
^`mg\ kg\pnd]g`( k`mj k\m\ c\^`m kg\pnd]g` g\ km`hdn\ $/% _`]dhjn
pn\m g\ wkjnd]dgd_\_ gbd^\x* I`^`ndo\hjn pn\m _da`m`io`n n`iod_jn
_` wkjnd]dgd_\_x `i `no\n _jn km`hdn\n k\m\ lp` n`\i kg\pnd]g`n*
@g m`npgo\_j `n lp` kj_`hjn c\^`mg\n kg\pnd]g`n ngj pn\i_j \h
]dbp\h`io` g\ k\g\]m\ wkjnd]dgd_\_x* K`mj `noj diq\gd_\ `g \mbp
h`ioj( kjmlp` k\m\ lp` pi \mbph`ioj n`\ qgd_j _`]` pn\m oj_jn
npn o mhdijn piqj^\h`io`( `n _`^dm( ^ji pi njgj n`iod_j* Kjm gj
o\ioj `g \mbph`ioj _` g\ ^jiodib`i^d\ n` `iam`io\ ^ji `g ndbpd`io`
_dg`h\6 nd ij c\t \h]db `_\_ `i g\ k\g\]m\ wkjnd]g`x( `ioji^`n
kjm gj h`ijn pi\ km`hdn\ `n a\gn\ t `g \mbph`ioj ^\m`^` _` q\gd
_`u* Nd c\t pi\ \h]db `_\_ `i wkjnd]g`x( `ioji^`n `g \mbph`ioj
`n diqgd_j t( `i ^jin`^p`i^d\( ^\m`io` _` q\gd_`u* < k\modm _` `noj
kj_`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` `g \mbph`ioj ^\m`^` _` q\gd_`u* Ij kj_`
hjn epnodad^\m g\ ^m``i^d\ `i ?djn podgdu\i_j `g \mbph`ioj _` g\
^jiodib`i^d\*
@G <MBPH@IOJ ?@G ?DN@ J

Pij _` gjn \mbph`iojn hn _dn^pod_jn lp` n` c\ podgdu\_j k\m\

epnodad^\m g\ ^m``i^d\ `i g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` ?djn `n `g \mbph`ioj _`g
_dn`j( j( ^jhj n` g` gg\h\( `g \mbph`ioj o`g`jgbd^j* Nd ]d`i `no`
\mbph`ioj `n( ^jhj gjn lp` t\ c`hjn `s\hdi\_j( pi \mbph`ioj
T cbfgXe\be\& _dad`m` _` \lp ggjn `i \gbj dhkjmo\io`* < _da`m`i^d\
_` gjn \mbph`iojn \io`mdjm`n( lp` nji oj_jn _`_p^odqjn( `g \mbp
h`ioj _`g _dn`j `n `n`i^d\gh`io` pi \mbph`ioj di_p^odqj* @n
pi dio`ioj kjm ^ji^`]dm \g pidq`mnj( j kjm gj h`ijn \gbpi\n ^\

:A 6G<JB:CID 9:A 9>H:yD

,1,

m\^o`mnod^\n _`g pidq`mnj( ^jhj \gbpi\n _` g\n ^jn\n lp` `g cjh

]m` c\ _dn`\_j t ^m`\_j( _` h\i`m\ lp` kj_\hjn dia`mdm di
_p^odq\h`io` _` `no\ `qd_`i^d\ _`g _dn`j lp` c\t pi _dn`\_jm
j ^m`\_jm ^jhj `g _dn`\_jm dio`gdb`io` _` gjn \mo`a\^ojn cph\
ijn( k`mj( j]qd\h`io`( hp^cj hn dio`gdb`io`* @i `g i^g`j _`g
\mbph`ioj( kp`n( _`n^\in\ pi\ \i\gjb\ `iom` `g pidq`mnj t g\n
^jn\n lp` n\]`hjn _dn`\_\n t ^m`\_\n kjm n`m`n dio`gdb`io`n* @g
\mbph`ioj _`g _dn`j( kjm gj o\ioj( `n pi \mbph`ioj \i\gbd^j(
t _`]`hjn( `ioji^`n( `s\hdi\m ]m`q`h`io` g\ ajmh\ _`g \mbp
h`ioj \i\gbd^j* Npkjib\hjn lp` c\t pi j]e`oj )u t lp` lp`
m`hjn \q`mdbp\m nd od`i` g\ kmjkd`_\_ EP& k`mj lp` ij kj_`hjn
\q`mdbp\mgj _` pi\ h\i`m\ _dm`^o\* Nd ^jhk\m\hjn )P ^ji jomjn
j]e`ojn lp` n\]`hjn lp` od`i` g\ kmjkd`_\_ EP t `i^jiom\hjn
lp` D d `n ^jhj \lp ggjn `i q\mdjn \nk`^ojn t ij _dad`m` _` `ggjn
`i \nk`^ojn dhkjmo\io`n( `ioji^`n kj_`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` kmj]\
]g`h`io` ) P od`i` g\ kmjkd`_\_ EP( @n dhkjmo\io`( _`n_` gp`bj(
lp` n` ^jind_`m` oj_\ `qd_`i^d\ _dnkjid]g`( kjmlp` kp`_` c\]`m
_da`m`i^d\n lp` c\b\i dhkmj]\]g` lp` )u o`ib\ g\ kmjkd`_\_ EP(
6eZh`Xagbf TaT_ Z\Vbf
Kj_`hjn `skji`m g\ ajmh\ b`i`m\g _` pi \mbph`io \i\gbd^j
_`)g\ h\i`m\ ndbpd`io`6
-* Gjn j]e`ojn ) W( , .(,/( *** Da od`i`i g\n kmjkd`_\_`n Em&E!&
K0(* * * Ea `i ^jhi*
.* Gjn j]e`ojn D.(,/( *** ) od`i`i g\ kmjkd`_\_ EP(
Ebe _b gTagb& cebUTU_X`XagX
/* @g j]e`oj DP od`i` g\ kmjkd`_\_ EP(
C`hjn _d^cj lp` oj_\n g\n `qd_`i^d\n _dnkjid]g`n _`]`i n`m ^ji
nd_`m\_\n nd pi\ \admh\^di ^jhj $/% _`]` epnodad^\mn` _` `no\ h\
i`m\( kjmlp` c\t ^d`mojn odkjn _` a\^ojm`n lp` _dnhdipt`i g\ kmj
]\]dgd_\_ _` g\ ^ji^gpndi* O\h]d i c\t( ndi `h]\mbj( a\^ojm`n
lp` \ph`io\i g\ kmj]\]dgd_\_( ajmo\g`^d`i_j \n \g \mbph`ioj*
K m gj o\ioj( ^jhj ^ji ^p\glpd`m \mbp h`io di_p^odqj( `g m`lp`)
oohd`ioj _` podgdu\m oj_\n g\n `qd_`i^d\n _dnkjid]g`n |gg\h\_j m`
c`mdh d`ioj _` g\ `qd_`i^d\ ojo\g| `n `n`i^d\g* K\m\ q`m g\ dhkjm
o\i^d\ _` `no` m`lp`mdhd`ioj( ^jind_ m`n` `g `e`hkgj ndbpd`io`6
<kjib\hjn lp` ) P `n pi ^j^c` lp` n` lpd`m` ^jhkm\m( lp` EP

,1-

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

`n g\ kmjkd`_\_ _` ^jinphdm b\njgdi\ \ m\ui _` kjm gj h`ijn

2 fdgh`omjn kjm gdomj( t lp` ij n` kp`_` kmj]\m `g ^j^c` \io`n
_` ^jhkm\mgj* N` kp`_` o`i`m ^d`mo\ d_`\ _`g ^jinphj _` b\nj
gdi\ _`g ^j^c` ^jhk\mi_jgj ^ji `g ^jinphj _` b\njgdi\ _` jomjn
^j^c`n* Hd`iom\n hn ^j^c`n c\t\ ^ptj ^jinphj n`\ _` kjm gj
h`ijn 2 fdgh`omjn kjm gdomj |`noj `n( `g h\tjm ih`mj _` ^j
^c`n di^gpd_jn `i )" ((( Da lp` od`i`i g\ kmjkd`_\_ E W| `n hn
kmj]\]g` lp` `g ^j^c` ) P o`ib\ g\ kmjkd`_\_ E W* Kjm jom\ k\mo`(
hd`iom\n hn kmjkd`_\_`n `i ^jhi o`ib\i `nojn jomjn ^j^c`n
^ji `g ^j^c` ) P |o\g`n ^jhj `g ih`mj _` ^dgdi_mjn( `g odkj _`
om\inhdndi( g\ h\m^\ _`g ^j^c`( g\ \iodb `_\_ _`g hjojm( `o^*|
`n hn kmj]\]g` lp` `g ^j^c` ) P o`ib\ pi ^jinphj _` kjm gj
h`ijn 2 fdgh`omjn kjm gdomj* Ndi `h]\dbj( nd m`npgo\ lp` hp
^cjn ^j^c`n ^ji `g hdnhj ih`mj _` ^dgdi_mjn( `g hdnhj odkj _`
om\inhdndi( pi hjojm ^ji g\ hdnh\ \iodb `_\_( `o^*( ij od`i`i
pi ^jinphj _` kjm gj h`ijn 2 fdgh`omjn kjm gdomj( `ioji^`n
g\ kmj]\]dgd_\_ _` lp` `g ^j^c` lp` n` kd`in\ ^jhkm\m o`ib\ pi
^jinphj _` kjm gj h`ijn 2 fdgh`omjn kjm gdomj( _dnhdipdm ijoj
md\h`io`* <_`hn nd( _\_\ g\ hdnh\ diajmh\^di `i g\n km`hdn\n(
pij `no dio`m`n\_j `i pi ^jinphj _` 3 fdgh`omjn kjm gdomj `i
gpb\m _` 2 fdgh`omjn kjm gdomj( `ioji^`n g\ kmj]\]dgd_\_ _` lp`
`g ^j^c` o`ib\ pi ^jinphj _` 3 fdgh`omjn kjm gdomj `n h`ijm
lp` g\ kmj]\]dgd_\_ _` lp` o`ib\ pi ^jinphj _` 2 fdgh`omjn
kjm gdomj*
?` `no` `e`hkgj kj_`hjn `som\`m ^p\omj odkjn _da`m`io`n _`
a\^ojm`n lp` \a`^o\mi g\ kmj]\]dgd_\_ _` g\ ^ji^gpndi* @nojn t
jomjn a\^ojm`n m`g`q\io`n _`]`i n`m njk`n\_jn `i ^p\ioj \ np ^\k\
^d_\_ k\m\ gg`b\m \ pi\ \admh\^di adi\g \^`m^\ _` g\ kmj]\]dgd_\_
j dhkmj]\]dgd_\_ _` pi\ ^ji^gpndi* Gjn _jn a\^ojm`n ndbpd`io`n
ajmo\g`^`mi `g \mbph`ioj( `noj `n( \ph`io\mi g\ kmj]\]dgd_\_
_` g\ ^ji^gpndi6
-* Hd`iom\n hn bm\i_` `n `g ih`mj _` j]e`ojn di^gpd_jn `i
,. {{ Da lp` od`i`i g\n kmjkd`_\_`n EQ ((( Ea& hn kmj]\]g`
`n g\ ^ji^gpndi*
.* Hd`iom\n hn bm\i_` `n `g ih`mj _` kmjkd`_\_`n di^gpd_\n
` i ; .)**; lp` gjn j]e`ojn ) P ((( Da od`i`i `i ^jhi( hn
kmj]\]g` `n g\ ^ji^gpndi*
Gjn _jn a\^ojm`n ndbpd`io`n _dnhdipt`i g\ kmj]\]dgd_\_ _` g\ ^ji
^gpndi6

:A 6G<JB:CID 9:A 9>H:yD

,1.

/* Hd`iom\n hn bm\i_` `n `g ih`mj _` j]e`ojn lp` od`i`i

E3{((( E & k`mj lp` ij od`i`i EP& h`ijn kmj]\]g` `n g\ ^ji
^gpndi*
0* Hd`iom\n hn ap`mo` `n g\ \admh\^di c`^c\ `i g\ ^ji^gpndi(
m`g\odq\ \ g\ km`hdn\( h`ijn kmj]\]g` `n g\ ^ji^gpndi*
Qjgq\hjn \cjm\ \g \mbph`ioj _`g _dn`j* K`mj h\io`ib\hjn `i
h`io` `nojn ^p\omj a\^ojm`n lp` \a`^o\i g\ kmj]\]dgd_\_ j kjnd]dgd
_\_ _` g\ ^ji^gpndi _` gjn \mbph`iojn \i\gbd^jn _` h\i`m\ lp`
ij gjn dbijm`hjn k\m\ ij _`e\m _` ^phkgdm ^ji `g m`lp`mdhd`ioj
_` g\ `qd_`i^d\ ojo\g*.9bf iXef\baXf WX_ TeZh`Xagb WX_ W\fX b
G\n _jn q`mndji`n hn ^ g`]m`n _`g \mbph`ioj _`g _dn`j n` `i
^p`iom\i `i gjn 9\~_bZbf fbUeX eX_\Z\ a aTgheT_ _` Cph` t `i g\
lpdh\ q\ _` N\ioj Ojhn _` <lpdij* N\ioj Ojhn `skji` np
q`mndi _` g\ h\i`m\ ndbpd`io`6
Q`idjn( `i `a`^oj( lp` ^jn\n lp` ^\m`^`i _` ^jij^dhd`ioj( ^jhj
gjn ^p`mkjn i\opm\g`n( j]m\i kjm pi adi( ^jhj n` ^jhkmp`]\ j]n`m
q\i_j lp` nd`hkm`( j ^\nd nd`hkm`( j]m\i _` g\ hdnh\ h\i`m\ k\m\
^jin`bpdm gj lp` hn g`n ^jiqd`i`7 kjm _ji_` n` ^jhkm`i_` lp` ij
q\i \ np adi j]m\i_j \g \^\nj( ndij dio`i^dji\_\h`io`* <cjm\ ]d`i(
gj lp` ^\m`^` _` ^jij^dhd`ioj ij od`i_` \ pi adi( nd ij gj _dmdb` \g
bpd`i lp` `iod`i_\ t ^jiju^\( \ g\ h\i`m\ ^jhj `g \mlp`mj _dmdb`
g\ ag`^c\* Gp`bj `sdno` pi n`m dio`gdb`io` lp` _dmdb` oj_\n g\n ^jn\n
i\opm\g`n \ np adi( t \ no` gg\h\hjn ?djn*

@i gjn 9\~_bZbf `n >g`\io`n lpd`i kmjkji` `g \mbph`ioj _` g\

ndbpd`io` h\i`m\6
@^c\_ pi\ hdm\_\ `i ojmij \g hpi_j7 ^jio`hkg\_ `g oj_j t ^\_\
pi\ _` npn k\mo`n( q`m dn lp` ij `n jom\ ^jn\ ndij pi\ bm\i hlpdi\(
np]_dqd_d_\ `i pi diadidoj ih`mj _` hlpdi\n hn k`lp`\n lp`
\ np q`u \_hdo`i np]_dqdndji`n c\no\ pi bm\_j lp` q\ hn \gg _`
gj lp` gjn n`iod_jn t a\^pgo\_`n cph\i\n kp`_`i m\nom`\m t `skgd
^\m* Oj_\n `no\n hlpdi\n t c\no\ npn k\mo`n hn idhd\n n` \epno\i
#& K\m\ pi `s\h`i hn _`o\gg\_j _` gjn \mbph`iojn \i\gbd^jn( q \n` D* >j)
K}( >a_ebWhVg\ba _b AbZ\V& H\^hdgg\i( Ip`q\ Tjmf( -521( ^\kopgj --*
N\ioj Ojhn _` <lpdij( Hh`T IXb_ Z\VT& _bX( V\g( `i ijo\ -17 om\_p^^di
Ywmbd_\ kjm A* =\m]\_j Qd`ej( =d]gdjo`^\ _` <pojm`n >mdnod\ijn( H\_md_*

,1/

:A EGD7A:B6 9:?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

` i om` n( ^ji pi\ km`^dndi l p ` \mm`]\o\ g\ \_ h dm\^di _ ` oj_jn gjn

l p ` g\n c \ i ^jio`h kg\_j* G\ ndibpg\m \_ \ko\^di _ ` gjn h `_djn \
gjn adi`n `i g\ I \opm\g`u\ `i o`m\( n` \n`h `e\ `s \^o\h `io`( \p i l p `
`i h p ^c j `s^`_`( \ gjn kmj _ p ^oj n _`g dib`idj c p h \i j ( \ gjn _ ` gjn
_dn`jn _ `g cjh ]m`( _ ` npn k`in\h d`iojn( np n\] d_p m\ t np di o`
gdb`i^d\* Nd( k j m gj o\i oj( gjn `a`^ojn n` \n`h `e\i ` i om` n( `no\h jn
j]gdb\_jn \ dia`mdm( k j m oj_\n g\n m`bg\n _ ` g\ \i\gjb\( l p ` o\h ]d i
g\n ^\pn\n nji n`h `e\io`n( t l p ` `g < pojm _ ` g\ I \opm\g`u\ n` k \m`^`
`i \gbj \ g\ h `i o` c p h \i \( \ p i ^p \i _ j npn a\^pgo\_`n n`\i h p^cj
h n ^jind_`m\]g`n `i k mj k j m^d i \ g\ bm\i_ `u\ _ ` g\ j ] m\ l p ` c\
`e`^po\_j* Kjm no`( t ngj k j m `no` \mb p h `i oj T cbf_Xe\be\& kj_`h jn
k mj ] \ m \g h dnh j od`h kj g\ `sdno`i^d\ _ ` p i \ ? `d_\_ t np n`h `e\iu\
^ji g\ h `i o` ` dio`gdb`i^d\ c p h \i \ n *./

Gj lp` \h]\n q`mndji`n od`k`i `i ^jhi `n g\ \admh\^di _`

lp` `i `g pidq`mnj t `i npn k\mo`n i\opm\g`n c\t `qd_`i^d\ _` pi
_dn`j j kmjkndoj( t lp` `no` _dn`j j kmjkndoj i`^`ndo\ g\ `sdn
o`i^d\ _` pi n`m dio`gdb`io` lp` _dmde\ `g pidq`mnj t npn k\mo`n
_` \^p`m_j ^ji np kmjkndoj* Ndi `h]\mbj( c\t _jn _da`m`i^d\n
dhkjmo\io`n `iom` `no\n _jn q`mndji`n lp` _`]`hjn ^jind_`m\m
\io`n _` `q\gp\mg\n ^mod^\h`io`* K\m\ q`m h`ejm `no\n _da`m`i^d\n
`skjib\hjn ajmh\gh`io` gjn \mbph`iojn* Kj_`hjn dio`mkm`o\m
g\ q`mndi _` N\ioj Ojhn ^jhj ndbp`6
-* Gjn j]e`ojn i\opm\g`n lp` ^jinodopt`i `g pidq`mnj $`noj `n(
gjn lp` ij nd`io`i( gjn ij ^m`\_jn kjm `g cjh]m`( o\g`n ^jhj
gjn m]jg`n( g\n mj^\n( g\n hjio\\n( gjn kg\i`o\n% \^o\i k\m\
\g^\iu\m pi adi j h`o\*
.* Nd \gbj \^o\ k\m\ \g^\iu\m pi adi( `ioji^`n `n _dmdbd_j c\^d\
`n` adi kjm \gbi n`m dio`gdb`io`*
/* Idibi j]e`oj i\opm\g `n pi n`m dio`gdb`io`*
Ebe _b gTagb
-( @sdno` pi cUb dio`gdb`io` lp` _dmdb` gjn j]e`ojn ^QdebQ\Uc
k\m\ \g^\iu\m pi VY^ j h`o\*
1* @no` _dm`^ojm `n ?djn*
G\ q`mndi _` Jg`\io`n kp`_` `skji`mn` ^jhj ndbp`6
./ Cph`( 9\~_bZbf fbUeX eX_\Z\ a aT_heT_& om\_* _` @_hpi_j JxBjmh\i( @g
g`bdj _` H sd^j( H sd^j( -50.( K\mo` --( k* .5*

:A 6G<JB:CID 9:A 9>H:yD

,10

-* @g pidq`mnj `n ^jhj pi\ `ijmh` hlpdi\ c`^c\ kjm `g

cjh]m` \ k\modm _` hp^c\n hlpdi\n h`ijm`n( n\gqj kjm
lp` `g pidq`mnj `n hp^cj hn ^jhkg`ej lp` ^p\glpd`m h
lpdi\ c`^c\ kjm `g cjh]m`*
.* @a`^ojn n`h`e\io`n od`i`i ^\pn\n n`h`e\io`n*
/* G\ ^\pn\ _` pi\ hlpdi\ c`^c\ kjm `g cjh]m` `n pi n`m
dio`gdb`io`*
Ebe _b gTagb& cebUTU_X`XagX
0* G\ ^\pn\ _`g pidq`mnj `n pi n`m dio`gdb`io`*
1* @no\ ^\pn\ `n ?djn*
Pi\ _da`m`i^d\( `qd_`io` _` dih`_d\oj( `n lp` hd`iom\n lp` g\
q`mndi _` Jg`\io`n `n ^g\m\h`io` pi \mbph`ioj \i\gbd^j di
_p^odqj( g\ q`mndi _` N\ioj Ojhn `n n`i^dgg\h`io` pi \mbp
h`ioj _`_p^odqj* ?i_` `no g\ ^\m\^o`mnod^\ di_p^odq\ lp` _d
edhjn lp` `m\ `n`i^d\g k\m\ `g \mbph`ioj _`g _dn`j; Nd j]n`mq\
hjn ^ji \o`i^di g\ kmdh`m\ km`hdn\ _` ^\_\ \mbph`ioj kj_`
hjn q`m kjm lp g\ q`mndi _` N\ioj Ojhn k\m`^` ^\m`^`m _`g
^\m^o`m \i\gbd^j _` g\ q`mndi _` Jg`\io`n* G\ kmdh`m\ km`hdn\
_` N\ioj Ojhn `n ndi _p_\ hp^cj hn \h]dbp\ lp` g\ _` Jg`\i
o`n( kjmlp` hd`iom\n lp` N\ioj Ojhn \admh\ lp` gjn j]e`ojn i\
opm\g`n n` _dmdb`i c\^d\ pi adi( Jg`\io`n \admh\ ndhkg`h`io` lp`
nji ^jhj g\n ^jn\n lp` n\]`hjn lp` n` _dmdb`i c\^d\ pi adi |kjm
`e`hkgj( g\n hlpdi\n* Lp m\ui kj_m\ c\]`m k\m\ \^`ko\m g\
kmdh`m\ km`hdn\ _` N\ioj Ojhn; G\ epnodad^\^di j]qd\ m`lp`
mdm\ _` pi \mbph`ioj \i\gbd^j ^jhj6
2* Gjn j]e`ojn i\opm\g`n lp` ^jinodopt`i `g pidq`mnj \^o\i
^jhj g\n ^jn\n lp` n` _dmdb`i c\^d\ pi adi j h`o\*
Ebe _b gTagb& cebUTU_X`XagX
-* Gjn j]e`ojn i\opm\g`n lp` ^jinodopt`i `g pidq`mnj \^o\i
k\m\ \g^\iu\m pi adi j h`o\*
K\m\ `g \mbph`ioj _` N\ioj Ojhn( kp`n( g\ \i\gjb\ ^ji g\n ^j)
N\n lp` n\]`hjn lp` c\i nd_j _dn`\_\n( k\m`^` n`m gj lp` epn)
ad^\ g\ kmdh`m\ km`hdn\* T kp`noj lp` `no\ k\m`^` n`m g\ id^\
Km`hdn\ \h]dbp\( nd`i_j \^`ko\]g`n g\n km`hdn\n $.% t $/%( g\ \i\
gb \ _`n^\in\ `i `g i^g`j _`g \mbph`ioj* Kj_`hjn \^`ko\m g\

,11

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

km`hdn\ $.% kjmlp` ndi _p_\ k\m`^` lp` ngj pi n`m ^ji dio`gdb`i
^d\ kp`_` kg\io`\m pi\ h`o\ lp` \g^\iu\m t g\ ajmh\ _` \g^\iu\mg\
kjm q\mdjn h`_ djn* Kjm jom\ k\mo`( kp`noj lp` c`hjn qdnoj lp` kjm
wj]e`ojn i\opm\g`nx lp`m`hjn _`^dm gjn j]e`ojn lp` ^jinodopt`i `g
pidq`mnj lp` ij nd`io`i id nji c`^cjn kjm `g cjh]m`( kj_`hjn
b\m\iodu\m lp` g\ km`hdn\ $/% `n q`m_\_`m\ kjm _`adid^di*
G\ n`bpi_\ _da`m`i^d\ `iom` \h]\n q`mndji`n `n hn dhkjm
o\io`* N\ioj Ojhn c\]g\ ngj _` pi n`m dio`gdb`io` lp` _dmdb`
gjn j]e`ojn i\opm\g`n c\^d\ pi\ h`o\( hd`iom\n lp` >g`\io`n c\
]g\ _`g \pojm _` g\ i\opm\g`u\* @noj `n( g\ q`mndi _` N\ioj Ojhn
ngj kmp`]\ lp` c\t pi _dm`^ojm j _dn`\_jm hpt dio`gdb`io` lp`
c\ kg\i`\_j `g ^pmnj _`g pidq`mnj( k`mj g\ q`mndi _` >g`\io`n
kmp`]\ lp` pi n`m `som`h\_\h`io` dio`gdb`io` ^m` `g pidq`mnj
_` \^p`m_j ^ji pi kg\i j kmjkndoj* <io`n _` lp` `s\hdi`hjn `g
\mbph`ioj _`]`hjn _`^d_dm lp ^ji^gpndi _`]`hjn pn\m* N\]`
hjn lp` g\ ^ji^gpndi _` >g`\io`n `n hn ap`mo` lp` g\ _` N\ioj
Ojhn kjmlp` \admh\ lp` c\t pi ^m`\_jm t _dn`\_jm( hd`iom\n
lp` g\ ^ji^gpndi _` N\ioj Ojhn ndhkg`h`io` \admh\ lp` c\t
pi _dn`\_jm* <n lp` g\ ^ji^gpndi _` N\ioj Ojhn n`m hn kmj
]\]g` lp` g\ _` >g`\io`n `i m`g\^di ^ji `g hdnhj ^jiepioj _`
km`hdn\n* Ndi `h]\mbj( `g kmjkndoj _`g \mbph`ioj `n `no\]g`^`m
g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` ?djn( t gj lp` gg\h\m\hjn ?djn ij `n ndhkg`
h`io` `g _dn`\_jm( ndij o\h]d i `g ^m`\_jm _`g pidq`mnj* Kjm
^jindbpd`io`( nd `no\]g`^`hjn ndhkg`h`io` lp` c\t pi _dn`\_jm
j \mlpdo`^oj _`g pidq`mnj( lp`_\ g\ _p_\ _` nd `no epnodad^\_j gg\
h\m \ _d^cj n`m ?djn* Podgd^`hjn( kp`n( g\ q`mndi _` >g`\io`n
k\m\ gjn kmjkndojn _` pi\ `q\gp\^di ^mod^\*
Kj_`hjn kji`m `g \mbph`ioj _` >g`\io`n `i g\ ajmh\ _ ` gjn
\mbph`iojn \i\gbd^jn lp` _dn^podhjn \io`mdjmh`io` k`mhdod`i
_j lp` )P 9 `g pidq`mnj( D \(((D a 9 q\mdjn odkjn _` ] |aeY^Qc&
E d 9 g\ kmjkd`_\_ _` o`i`m pi _dn`\_jm t ^m`\_jm dio`gdb`io`( t
Eb((( Ea 9 q\md\n kmjkd`_\_`n lp` Du od`i` `i ^jhi ^ji Db(
) a( Nd ojh\hjn ^jhj `e`hkgj _` hlpdi\ pi m`gje o\g ^jhj gj
`hkg`\ jomj _`a`injm _`g \mbph`ioj( Rdggd\h K\g`t( kj_`hjn n`
\g\m q\md\n kmjkd`_\_`n `i ^jhi*.#- Pi m`gje od`i` ` i b m \ i \ e ` n
lp` bdm\i _` \^p`m_j ^ji pi jm_`i `i ^d`mojn `e`n( \gbpijn _` gjn
^p\g`n \a`^o\i \ :omjn _` h\i`m\ lp` kmj_p^`i `g ^jio`j m`bpg\m
_` gjn n`bpi_jn( gjn hdipojn t g\n cjm\n* Dbp\gh`io`( kj_`hjn
.0 Q \n` R* K\g`t( :kaWXaVXf b Y g[X :k\fgXagX TaW 6gge\U\JXf b Y g[X 9X\gl'

:A 6G<JB:CID 9:A 9>H:yD

,12

j]n`mq\m \ g\ gpi\ bdm\m \gm`_`_jm _` g\ od`mm\ t \ g\ od`mm\ bd

m\m \gm`_`_jm _` np `e`( t o\h]d i \gm`_`_jm _`g njg( _` \^p`m_j
^ji pi jm_`i lp` ^\pn\ `g ^m`^dhd`ioj t g\ _dnhdip^di m`bp
g\m`n _` g\n h\m`\n \n ^jhj `g \^\`^`m m`bpg\m _`g _\ t g\ ij
^c`* G\ od`mm\( g\ gpi\ t `g njg( `i npn q\md\_\n m`g\^dji`n `iom` n
kmj_p^`i pi\ n`md` o`hkjm\g m`bpg\m o\g ^jhj g\ _` gjn `ibm\i\
e`n _` pi m`gje `i npn q\md\_\n m`g\^dji`n* T kp`noj lp` `g m`gje
od`i` g\ kmjkd`_\_ Eu $`noj `n( od`i` pi _dn`\_jm t ^m`\_jm di
o`gdb`io`%( gj hn kmj]\]g` `n lp` o\h]d i g\ o`ib\i g\ od`mm\ t
`g m`noj _`g pidq`mnj* @no` `n( kp`n( `g \mbph`ioj lp` _`]`hjn
^jind_`m\m* Ndi `h]\mbj( no\ ij `n g\ id^\ \i\gjb\ kjnd]g`* Nd
]d`i c`hjn n`bpd_j \ >g`\io`n t c`hjn ^jhk\m\_j \g pidq`mnj
^ji pi\ hlpdi\( o\h]d i kj_`hjn `i^jiom\m pi _dn`j `i g\n
j]m\n _` \mo` _`g cjh]m`* G\n m`g\^dji`n ajmh\g`n `iom` g\n ajm
h\n t gjn ^jgjm`n lp` n` pi`i k\m\ kmj_p^dm `g c`mhjnj _dn`j
_` pi\ kdiopm\ nji ^jhj g\n ajmh\n t ^jgjm`n lp` n` pi`i k\m\
kmj_p^dm g\ n`m`i\ ]`gg`u\ _` pi\ kp`no\ _` njg m`ag`e\_\ `i pi
g\bj( j g\ gphdijn\ ]`gg`u\ _` pi jojj `i Ip`q\ Dibg\o`mm\( ^ji
gjn ^jgjm`n _` g\n cje\n `i ^jiom\no` ^ji gjn omji^jn ]g\i^jn _` gjn
\]`_pg`n* Nd opqd m\hjn lp` podgdu\m `no\ \i\gjb\( `ioji^`n ?djn
n`m\ `g \modno\ npkm`hj t ij `g diq`iojm hn bm\i_`* O`i`hjn(
ndi `h]\mbj( lp` n`bpdm `hkg`\i_j g\ \i\gjb\ ^ji g\ hlpdi\
_` >g`\io`n( kjmlp` ij k\m`^` c\]`m m\ui \gbpi\ k\m\ k`in\m
lp` g\ \i\gjb\ ^ji `g \mo` `n h`ejm*
<g `q\gp\m `g \mbph`ioj _` >g`\io`n ij kj_`hjn c\^`m i\_\
h`ejm lp` _dmdbdmijn \ np \io\bjidno\ `i gjn 9\~_bZbf& Adgi( m`n
k`^oj \ g\n j]e`^dji`n hn dhkjmo\io`n* G\n kmdi^dk\g`n j]e`^dj
i`n _` Adgi \kpio\i \ _jn \nk`^ojn6 \ g\ ap`mu\ _` g\ \i\gjb\ t(
kjm gj o\ioj( \ g\ ap`mu\ _` g\ epnodad^\^di \i\gbd^\ _` $0%( t \ g\
dia`m`i^d\ _` $1% \ k\modm _` $0% |`noj `n( \ k\modm _` g\ \admh\^di
njno`id_\ kjm g\ \i\gjb\ _` lp` c\t pi\ ^\pn\ _`g pidq`mnj \ g\
^ji^gpndi _` lp` `no\ ^\pn\ `n ?djn*
DU]XV\ a T _T TaT_bZ T WX 8_XTagXf1
_\f VThfTf ab \agX_\ZXagXf WX_ W\fX b
G\ j]e`^di _` Adgi \ gjn api_\hi`ojn \i\gbd^jn _`g \mbph`ioj
`n `n`i^d\gh`io` pi dio`ioj kjm hjnom\m lp` ij c\t idibpi\
o\ui k\m\ k`in\m lp` `g pidq`mnj n` k\m`^` hn \ g\ ^m`\^di _`

,2)

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

pi n`m dio`gdb`io` lp` \g kmj_p^oj ^\pn\g _` ap`mu\n ij dio`gdb`i

o`n* @i `a`^oj( Adgi om\o\ _` hjnom\m lp` hp^cjn j]e`ojn od`i`i
g\n kmjkd`_\_`n E3{(( &Ea `i ^jhi ^ji `g pidq`mnj( k`mj lp` ij
od`i`i g\ kmjkd`_\_ E g( `noj `n( ij od`i`i pi _dn`\_jm t ^m`\_jm
dio`gdb`io`* Adgi \kgd^\( kp`n( `g a\^ojm $ddd% ^ji `g adi _` _dnhd
ipdm g\ kmj]\]dgd_\_ _` g\ ^ji^gpndi c\no\ `g bm\_j _` t\ ij n`m
kmj]\]g`* Adgi \admh\ lp`( nd ]d`i `g jm_`i t `g _dn`j lp` `i^ji
om\hjn `i `g pidq`mnj kp`_`i \omd]pdmn` \ g\ dio`gdb`i^d\( c\t kjm
gj h`ijn jom\n om`n ^\pn\n lp` m`^g\h\i gj hdnhj* >jind_ m`in`
`g jm_`i t _dn`j lp` m`npgo\i _` g\ m`kmj_p^^di q`b`o\g( g\ m`
kmj_p^^di \idh\g t `g dinodioj*.1 Kj_`hjn `i^jiom\m pi jm_`i
^jhkg`ej( _dn`j t ]`gg`u\ `i pi\ agjm( \m]pnoj j m]jg( idibpij
_` gjn ^p\g`n `n kmj_p^d_j kjm pi n`m dio`gdb`io`( ndij lp` kmj
qd`i` _` pi\ n`hdgg\ lp` `no `i g\ od`mm\( g\ ^p\g m`^d]` \bp\ t
gpu njg\m* @i idibpij _` `nojn ^p\omj a\^ojm`n |n`hdgg\( od`mm\(
\bp\ t gpu| c\t \gbpi\ n`\g _` dio`gdb`i^d\* >jind_ m`in`( kjm
jom\ k\mo`( pi km`^djnj b\oj k`mn\( pi k\qjmm`\g( pi `sod^j k`u
omjkd^\g( j di^gpnj pi n`m cph\ij k\mod^pg\m* @g jm_`i\hd`ioj _`
g\n k\mo`n _` _d^cjn jmb\idnhjn( `g api^dji\hd`ioj dio`mm`g\^dj)
i\_j _` g\n k\mo`n( g\ ]`gg`u\ _` hp^cjn _` `ggjn( nji `g m`npgo\_j
^\pn\g _` g\ a`modgdu\^di _` pi cp`qj `i pi \^oj _` m`kmj_p^^di
\idh\g* <lp _` ip`qj ij c\t idibpi\ m\ui k\m\ k`in\m lp` g\
dio`gdb`i^d\ od`i` \gbi gpb\m( id ndlpd`m\ `i `g ^\nj _` gjn cp
h\ijn( lpd`i`n b`i`m\gh`io` pn\i g\ dio`gdb`i^d\ k\m\ `qdo\m g\
a`modgdu\^di* Kd in`n` o\h]d i `i `g h\m\qdggjnj jm_`i t _dn`j
kmj_p^d_jn kjm `g dinodioj* G\ km`^dndi b`jh omd^\ _` g\n ^jgh`
i\n _` g\n \]`e\n( g\ ajmh\ ^jhkg`e\ _` gjn oi`g`n _` g\n cjmhd
b\n( `g _dn`j api^dji\g _` gjn id_jn _` g\n \q`n( gjn _dlp`n _` gjn
^\nojm`n7 oj_jn k\m`^`i n`m `a`^ojn _` ap`mu\n dinodiodq\n hn lp`
`g m`npgo\_j `nop_d\_j _` pi\ kg\i`\^di dio`gdb`io`* Lp m\
uji`n c\t k\m\ `n^jb`m pi\ ^\pn\ `iom` ^p\omj ^\pn\n _da`m`io`n
_`g jm_`i t `g _dn`j; Ij `n h`ijn m\uji\]g` \admh\m( t kjm gj
o\ioj ij `n h`ijn kmj]\]g`( lp` g\ od`mm\ t g\n jom\n k\mo`n _`g
pidq`mnj c\i ]mjo\_j _` pi\ n`hdgg\( j h\_pm\_j _` pi cp`qj
a`modgdu\_j c\^` hdg`idjn j _`g m`nd_pj _` pi\ kmj_p^^di dinodi
odq\ _` \gbi \idh\g `sodioj c\^` hp^cj od`hkj( lp` \admh\m lp`
`n `g m`npgo\_j kg\i`\_j _` pi n`m diqdnd]g` _` bm\i dio`gdb`i^d\*
.1 Q \n` Cph`( 9\~_bZbf fbUeX eX_\Z\ a aTgheT_( K\mo` QDD*

:A 6G<JB:CID 9:A 9>H:yD

"

D i`gpnj( ^jhj _d^` Adgi( jkjid i_jn` \ g\ \i\gjb\ _` >g`\io`n

^ji pi\ \i\gjb\ kmjkd\(
< cjm\ ]d`i( nd ^jio`h kg\h jn `g pidq`mnj( q`h jn c\no\ _ j i _ ` \g^\i
u\i i p`nomjn ^jij^dh d`iojn( l p ` n` \n`h `e\ h p ^c j \ p i \idh \g j
^p `mk j jmbid^j( t k \m`^` l p ` `no \^op \i _ j k j m k \m`^d_ j kmdi ^dk dj
_ ` qd_\ t h jqdh d`ioj* P i\ ^jiodip\ ^dm^pg\^di _ ` h \o`md\ `i g ij
kmjqj^\ _ `nj m_ `i 7 p i _`nk`m_ d^dj ^jino\io` `i oj_\n npn k\mo`n n`
m`k j i ` di^`n\io`h `io`7 \_qd mo`n` g\ h n `nom`^c\ ndh k\o\ ` i oj_j
`g ndno`h \( t ^\_\ pi\ _ ` g\n k \mo`n j h d`h ]mjn( \g _ ` n`h k ` \ m gjn
jad^djn l p ` g` nji kmjkdjn( j k `m\( o\i oj \ a\qjm _ ` g\ k mjkd\ ^j in`m
q\^di( ^jh j \ g\ _`g oj_j* A*g h p i _ j ( k j m gj o\i oj( diad`mj tj( `n
p i \idh \g( t g\ ? `d_\_ `n `g T_`T _`g h p i _ j ( l p ` gj `no \^op \i _ j
t k j m `gg\ `n \ ^ op \_ j *.2

@sdno`i jom\n h\i`m\n `i lp` kp`_`i j^pmmdm `g jm_`i t`g _dn`j(

_` g\n ^p\g`n g\ hn pnp\g `n h`_d\io` ap`mu\n kpm\h`io` and^\n*
Hdggji`n _` c`mhjnjn _dn`jn `som\jm_di\md\h`io` ^jhkg`ejn
nji `i^jiom\_jn \g `s\hdi\m gjn ^jkjn _` id`q` t gjn ^mdno\g`n _`
^d`mo\n n\g`n* Gjn ^jkjn nji `a`^oj _` g\ o`hk`m\opm\ nj]m` `g q\
kjm _` \bp\ t gjn ^mdno\g`n nji `g `a`^oj _` pi\ npk`mn\opm\^di _`
pi\ njgp^di n\gdi\* @i idibpij _` gjn _jn ^\njn `i^jiom\hjn di
o`gdb`i^d\* @g jm_`i t `g _dn`j lp` ijn mj_`\i nji kmj_p^d_jn _`
hp^c\n h\i`m\n _da`m`io`n kjm hp^c\n ap`mu\n _da`m`io`n* O\io\
h\m\qdgg\ kp`_` njmkm`i_`mijn( `( di^\k\^`n _` ^m``m lp` kj_m\
_`]`mn` \ pi h`mj \^^d_`io`( \ q`^`n ^ji^gpdhjn lp` _`]` c\]`m
pi\ ap`mu\ _dm`^omdu _`omn _` oj_j `ggj* K`mj nd o\g ap`mu\ `sdno`(
no\ kj_m\ n`m `g dinodioj( j pi\ ap`mu\ kpm\h`io` h`^id^\( j
di^gpnj pi\ ^jh]di\^di _` hp^cjn odkjn _` ap`mu\n lp` kmj_p
^`i npn kmjkdjn odkjn _` jm_`i t _dn`j* Ij om\`m\ idibi ]`i`
ad^dj om\o\m _` \admh\m lp` oj_\n `no\n jom\n ^\pn\n _`g jm_`i t `g
_dn`j nji `g m`npgo\_j _` g\ dio`gdb`i^d\ j lp` nji g\ kmp`]\ _`
pi\ ap`mu\ dio`gdb`io`( jmdbdi\md\ t hn ]nd^\* <pilp` `no\ \adm
h\^di kp_d`m\ n`m q`m_\_`m\( ij kj_`hjn npkji`mg\( kjmlp`
`n gj lp` `g \mbph`ioj dio`io\ kmj]\m* <_`hn ij c\t idibpi\
m\ui k\m\ k`in\m lp` `n q`m_\_`m\* >d`mo\h`io`( nd ^jind_`m\
hjn `n\ k\mo` _`g pidq`mnj lp` c\]do\hjn( ^jhj _`]`hjn c\^`mgj
\g `no\]g`^`m \i\gjb\n ^ji gj lp` ^jij^`hjn( q`hjn lp` ^\_\
.2 >U\W*( K\mo` QD( kk* 31)30*

,2+

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

n`m dio`gdb`io` ap` kmj_p^d_j kjm pi\ \^oj k\mod^pg\m _` m`kmj

_p^^di \idh\g( k`mj lp` c\no\ \lp( kjm gj h`ijn( ij c\t m\ui
\gbpi\ k\m\ k`in\m lp` ^p\glpd`m ^\nj _` m`kmj_p^^di \idh\g
`n `g m`npgo\_j _` g\ dio`gdb`i^d\* ?` h\i`m\ lp`( nj]m` g\ ]\n` _`
g\ `qd_`i^d\ _dnkjid]g`( _`]`m\hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` kmj]\]g`h`io`
g\ dio`gdb`i^d\ ij `n g\ ^\pn\ jmdbdi\md\ _`g jm_`i t `g _dn`j7 o\g
q`u `n h`m\h`io` pi\ _` g\n ^\pn\n m`npgo\io`n* @no\ ^ji^gpndi
`n m`ajmu\_\ kjm g\ o`jm\ _` g\ `qjgp^di( lp` \admh\ lp` gjn n`m`n
cph\ijn( ^ji np dio`gdb`i^d\( c\i `qjgp^dji\_j _pm\io` pi g\mbj
k`mdj_j \ k\modm _` ajmh\n _` qd_\ ^\m`io`n _` dio`gdb`i^d\( t lp`
gj c\i c`^cj ^jhj m`npgo\_j _` g\ dio`m\^^di _` a\^ojm`n ij di
o`gdb`io`n o\g`n ^jhj g\ hpo\^di ajmopdo\( g\ `n^\^`u _` \gdh`ioj
t `g dinodioj _` npk`mqdq`i^d\* Nd `no\ o`jm\ `n ^jmm`^o\( `ioji^`n
g\ dio`gdb`i^d\ `n pi\ \\_d_pm\ hpt m`^d`io` \ `n\n ap`mu\n lp`
kp`_`i kmj_p^dm jm_`i t _dn`j*
>ji ]\n` `i g\ _dn^pndi km`^`_`io` kj_`hjn ^ji^gpdm( ^ji Ad
gi( lp`( kp`noj lp` g\ dio`gdb`i^d\ ngj `n pi\ `iom` hp^c\n ^jn\n
`i `no` hpi_j lp` kmj_p^`i jm_`i t _dn`j( ij c\t m\ui k\m\
k`in\m lp` _` \gbpi\ h\i`m\ `n hn kmj]\]g` lp` pi n`m dio`
gdb`io` c\t\ kmj_p^d_j `g pidq`mnj \ lp` pi\ _` g\n jom\n ^\pn\n
_`g jm_`i t `g _dn`j gj c\t\ kmj_p^d_j* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( nd ]d`i
kj_`hjn `no\m _` \^p`m_j ^ji >g`\io`n `i lp` `g pidq`mnj `n `i
q\mdjn m`nk`^ojn ^jhj pi\ hlpdi\ lp` od`i` g\ kmjkd`_\_ EP&
o\h]d i c`hjn qdnoj lp` `n ^jhj hp^c\n ^jn\n lp` ij od`i`i g\
kmjkd`_\_ EP& _` h\i`m\ lp` g\ kmj]\]dgd_\_ _` lp` `g pidq`mnj
o`ib\ g\ kmjkd`_\_ EP `n hpt ]\e\* Ndi _p_\ `n _`h\nd\_j ]\e\
^jhj k\m\ ^ji^gpdm lp` _` `iom` oj_\n gjn odkjn _` ^\pn\n _`g jm
_`i t `g _dn`j kj_`hjn `n^jb`m pi\ lp` kmj]\]g`h`io` `n g\
^\pn\ _`g pidq`mnj t lp` `n g\ dio`gdb`i^d\*
DU]XV\ a T _T \aYXeXaV\T WX diX _T VTafT WX_ ha\iXefb Xf 9\bf1
XYXVgbf fX`X]TagXf g\XaXa VThfTf fX`X]TagXf

C`hjn qdnoj lp` g\ \i\gjb\ lp` `n `n`i^d\g k\m\ `g \mbph`ioj

_`g _dn`j ij kp`_` npno`io\m g\ ^ji^gpndi( `n _`^dm( g\ jm\^di
$0%6 wG\ ^\pn\ _`g pidq`mnj `n pi n`m dio`gdb`io`x* @i ^d`moj n`i
od_j( kp`n( `n npk`magpj n`bpdm hjnom\i_j lp` di^gpnj nd g\ jm\^di
$0% c\ nd_j \_hdod_\( `g k\nj _` $0% \ $1% |w@no\ ^\pn\ `n ?djnx|
^\m`^` _` njgd_`u* Ndi `h]\mbj( g\ j]e`^di _` Adgi \ `no` k\nj

:A 6G<JB:CID 9:A 9>H:yD

,2,

ij ngj `n dio`m`n\io` kjm n hdnh\( ndij lp` \^`io\ jomj \n

k`^oj dhkjmo\io` k\m\ g\ npno`io\^di _` ^ji^gpndji`n \^`m^\ _`
^jn\n _`n^jij^d_\n kjm h`_dj _` \i\gjb\n ^ji ^jn\n ^jij^d_\n*
Adgi n`\g\ lp` nd ^ji^gpdhjn $0% nj]m` g\ ]\n` _` g\ ndhdgdop_
`iom` `g pidq`mnj t pi \mo`a\^oj cph\ij( o\g ^jhj pi m`gje j pi
]\m^j j pi\ ^\n\( `ioji^`n o`i`hjn lp` ^ji^gpdm( _` \^p`m_j ^ji
`g kmdi^dkdj _` lp` `a`^ojn n`h`e\io`n od`i`i ^\pn\n n`h`e\io`n(
lp` g\n ^\pn\n _` gjn \mo`a\^ojn t _`g pidq`mnj nji( \ndhdnhj( n`
h`e\io`n* @i jom\n k\g\]m\n( nd ]d`i `n q`m_\_ lp` hd`iom\n hn
k\m`^d_jn nji `g pidq`mnj t gjn \mo`a\^ojn cph\ijn( hn kmj]\]g`
`n g\ km`hdn\ $)-%( o\h]d i `n q`m_\_ lp` hd`iom\n hn k\m`^d_jn
nji( hn k\m`^d_\n nji npn ^\pn\n* <n lp` nd g\ ndhdgdop_ `n npad
^d`io` k\m\ c\^`m lp` $0% n`\ kmj]\]g`( `ioji^`n _`]`hjn gg`q\m
\ ^\]j g\ \i\gjb\ t ^ji^gpdm lp` kmj]\]g`h`io` g\n ^\pn\n nji
hpt k\m`^d_\n* K`mj nd `n \n( t nd \^`ko\hjn g\ dia`m`i^d\ _` $a:%
\ k\modm _` $#-%( `ioji^`n( ^jhj gj n`\g\ Adgi( o`i_m\hjn lp`
\omd]pdmg` \ ?djn ^\m\^o`mnod^\n hpt kj^j _dqdi\n* >jind_ m`in`
gjn ndbpd`io`n kpiojn n`\g\_jn kjm Adgi6
V-} H\n( \p i `i `g ^\nj _ ` l p` `no` h p i _ j ap`n` pi\ k mj _ p ^
^di gj_j gj k`ma`^o\ l p ` n` lpd`m\( oj_\q\ a\go\m\ n\gs)m nd
oj_\n g\n `s^`g`i^d\n _ ` g\ j]m\ k p `_ `i ^ji epnod^d\ \_ n^md
]dmn`) \g j]m`mj* Nd ^jio`h kg\h jn pi i\qdj lp `s\go\_\ }_`\
_`gsmdijn ajmh \mijn _`g dib`idj _`g ^\mk di o`mj l p ` \mh pi\
h lpdi\ o\i ^jh kgd^\_\( odg t ]`gg\; T l p njmkm`n\ _`gs)idjn
` s k `mdh `i o\m ^p \i_j ^\`h jn `i g\ ^p`io\ _ ` l p ` n` om\o\ _ `
p i h `^id^j `nokd_j( l p ` n` gdh do\ \ dh do\m \ jomj n t l p `
id^\h `io` ^jkd\ pi \mo`( lp`( \ om\q n _ ` pi\ g\mb\ np^`ndi
_ ` `_ \_`n( _`nkp n _ ` h godkg`n `in\tjn( `mmjm`n( ^jmm`^^dj
i`n( _`gdgd`m\^dji`n t ^jiomjq`mnd\n( kj^j \ kj^j c\ d_j k mj
bm`n\i_j* =d`i k p _ d`mj i h p^cjn h pi_jn c\gsmm nd_j m`h ` i
_\_jn t `nomjk`\_jn \ gj g\mbj _ ` pi\ `o`mi d_ \_ ( \io`n _ ` lp`
`no` ndno`h \ _ ` \c jm\ ap`n` \^p\_j7 h p^cj `nap`muj k ` m
_d_j( h p^cjn `no mdg`n `in\tjn( pi g`ioj k ` mj i j di o` mmp h
kd_j kmjbm`nj ^j iodip\_j \ om\q n _ ` `_ \_`n diadido\n `i `g
\mo` _ ` a\]md^\m h pi_jn* @i \npiojn ^jh j `nojn lpd i k p ` _ `
_`o`mh di\m( ij t\ g\ q`m_\_( k `mj id ndlpd`m\ ^j i e`op m\m _ i
_ ` m\_d^\ g\ kmj]\]dgd_\_ ` i om` `g b m\i i h `mj _ ` cdko`ndn
l p ` k p `_ `i k mj k j i `mn`( t \ i h \tjm i h `mj l p` kp `_ `i
dh \bdi\mn`;
gg\#_(( K\mo` Q( `( 24*

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

,2-

V.X T l p \k\md`i^d\ _ ` \mb p h `i oj ( ^j i odi p Adgi( k p `_ `n k mj

_p^dm( k \ mod` i _ j _ ` op cdko`ndn( k \m\ _ ` h j nom\ m g\ p i d_ \_ _ `
g\ ? dqdid_\_; Nji h p^cjn gjn cjh ]m`n l p ` n` p i ` i k \m\ ^jin
omp dm p i \ ^\n\ j p i i\qdj( k\m\ g`q\io\m p i \ ^dp _\_( k \ m\ am\
b p \m p i \ i\^di* Kjm l p ij c`h jn _ ` ^m`` m l p ` nji q\md\n
g\n _`d_\_`n l p ` dio`mqd`i`i k\m\ om\u\m t \ mh \ m p i h pi_j;
@noj b p \m_ \ h \tjm n`h `e\iu\ ^ji g\n ^jn\n _ ` gjn c j h ]m`n *.4
V/X K`mj \ i h n( J g`\io`n* Gjn cjh ]m`n nji h jmo\g`n t m` i p `
q\i np `nk`^d` k j m b`i`m\^di( t `noj `n ^j h i \ oj_\n g\n
^md\op m\n qdqd`io`n* V *** X Kjm l p c\ _ ` `s^gpdmn` p i \ ^dm^pin
o\i^d\( o\i pidq`mn\g t o\i `n`i^d\g( _ ` `n\n ip h `mjn\n t gdh d
o\_\n _ `d_ \_ `n ;.5
V0X T kjm l p ij ^j iq`modmn` _ ` pi\ ] p `i \ q`u `i pi k`ma`^oj
\i omjk jh jmadno\; Kjm l p ij \admh \m l p ` g\ _ `d_ \_ j g\n _`d
_ \_ `n nji ^j mkj m\g`n (- t l p ` od`i `i jejn( i\mdu( ]j^\( jm`e\n(
` o^ *V*** D ;/,

Adgi m`nph` np kjnd^di _d^d`i_j lp` g\ k`mnji\ lp` \_jko\ g\

\i\gjb\ _` Jg`\io`n o\g q`u kj_m\ n`m ^\k\u _` njno`i`m lp` `g
pidq`mnj `n `g kmj_p^oj _` \gbi _dn`\_jm( k`mj ij kp`_` dm hn
g`ejn ]\ni_jn` `i g\ \i\gjb\*
C \no\ _ j i _ ` g \g^\iu\( `n kjnd]g` l p ` `no` h p i _ j n`\ h pt _`a`^
opjnj ` dh k`ma`^oj( nd n` g` ^jh k\m\ ^ji p i k \ om i npk`mdjm( t ij `n
ndij `g k mdh `m t ] p m_ j dio`ioj _ ` \gbpi\ _ `d_ \_ k p `mdg( lp d`i ( h n
o\m_ `( gj \] \i _ j i \q`mbjiu\_\ _ ` p i \ j]m\ o\i dh k`ma`^o\7 j ]d`i
`n kjnd]g` l p ` ngj n`\ g\ j]m\ _ ` \gbpi\ _ ` d_ \_ dia`mdjm( j]e`oj _`
dmmdndi k\m\ npn npk`mdjm`n7 j ]d`i `g k mj _ p ^oj _ ` gjn h p^cjn \jn
t g\ ^cj^c`u _ ` \gb pi\ _`d_\_ n`idg( lp `( _ ` n_ ` l p ` no\ h pmd(
c\ n`bpd_ j mj _ \i _ j \ oj_\ \q `i op m\( \ k \ modm _`g did^d\g dh kpgnj t
ap`mu\ \^odq\ l p ` `gg\ g` ^jh pid^ */-

@i nph\( nd g\ \i\gjb\ ^ji \mo`a\^ojn cph\ijn `n gj npad^d`io`

h`io` ^`m^\i\ ^jhj k\m\ lp` n`\ kmj]\]g` lp` pi n`m dio`gdb`io`
^m`\m\ `g pidq`mnj( `n gj npad^d`io`h`io` ^`m^\i\ ^jhj k\m\ lp`
`g ^m`\_jm n`\ hp^cj hn k\m`^d_j \ gjn n`m`n cph\ijn lp` \
?djn( kjm gj lp` _`]`hjn m`^c\u\m g\ \admh\^di c`^c\ `i $1% _`
.4
.5
/,
/-

>U\W(& k* 25
>U\W(& K\mo` Q( k* 3,*
>U\W(
>U\W(& k* 3-*

6G<JB:CID DCIDAz<>8D3 K:GH>{C 9: 9:H86GI:H

,2.

lp` `g ^m`\_jm _`g pidq`mnj( ^jhj n` `no\]g`^d `i $0%( `n ?djn*

Ij kj_`hjn `no\]g`^`m $1% pn\i_j `g \mbph`io _`g _dn`j*
C`hjn `i^jiom\_j _jn j]e`^dji`n \g \mbph`ioj _`g _dn`j
lp` nji npad^d`io`n k\m\ _`e\m _` ^jind_`m\mgj pi\ epnodad^\^di
di_p^odq\ _` g\ ^m``i^d\ _` lp` ?djn `sdno`* no` `n `g godhj \m
bph`ioj T cbfgXe\be\ kg\pnd]g` _` g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` ?djn* < `no\n
\gopm\n g\ o`i_`i^d\ i\opm\g `n m`^c\u\m g\n kmp`]\n T cbfgXe\be\ t
\admh\m lp` nd g\ ^m``i^d\ `i g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` ?djn n`epnodad^\( _`]`
n`mgj bm\^d\n \ pi\ kmp`]\ T ce\be\& pi\ kmp`]\ lp` ij pn` km`
hdn\n lp` n`epnodadlp`i h`_d\io` pi\ `qd_`i^d\ j]o`id_\ bm\^d\n
\ g\n `sk`md`i^d\n lp` gjn n`m`n cph\ijn od`i`i `i `no` hpi_j*
>jind_`m`hjn _d^c\ kmp`]\*
P I <MBPH@IOJ 6 EG>DG>

Pij _` gjn \mbph`iojn hn ndhkg`n \pilp` _` gjn hn diomdb\i

o`n t _`n^ji^`mo\io`n lp` \gbpi\ q`u c\i nd_j ^ji^`]d_jn `n `g
\mbph`ioj jiojgbd^j* ?`n_` gjn od`hkjn _` N\i <in`ghj( `i
`g ndbgj SD( c\no\ ip`nomjn _\n( c\ nd_j _dn^pod_j dio`mhdi\]g`
h`io`* Pi\ t jom\ q`u n` c\ k`in\_j lp` c\ nd_j m`apo\_j t lp`
n` g` c\ _`e\_j _` g\_j( ngj k\m\ m`\k\m`^`m o\i kmj]g`hod^j
^jhj nd`hkm`* C\ c\]d_j _jn kg\io`\hd`iojn ^gnd^jn _`g \mbp
h`ioj( pij c`^cj kjm N\i <in`ghj t `g jomj kjm M`i ?`n^\mo`n*
Kmdh`mj ^jind_`m\m`hjn g\ q`mndi _` ?`n^\mo`n kjmlp` `n g\ lp`
km`n`io\ `g \mbph`ioj hn ndhkg` t hp`nom\ hn _dm`^o\h`io`
pij _` gjn kpiojn ^`iom\g`n _` g\ _dn^pndi*
@G <MBPH@IOJ JIOJGBD>J6 G< Q@MNDI ?@ ?@N><MO@N

?`n^\mo`n \mbph`io\ lp`

nd `a`^odq\h `io` j ^ p mm` l p ` _ `i k ` i n\ m `i p i n`m k mdh ` mj t np
k m`h j ( t `i n\^\m np d_`\( k j m \n _`^dmgj( _`g o`njmj _ ` h d `nkmdop(
`ioji^`n n `n i`^`n\mdj l p ` g` \omd]pt\ oj_\ np `mo` _ ` k`ma`^^dj
i`n( \ p i l p ` ij g\n ` i p h `m` oj_\n id k m`no` h d \o`i^di \ ^\_\ p i\
_ ` `gg\n `i k\mod^pg\m* T `no\ i`^`nd_\_ ]\no\ k \m\ c\^`mh ` ^ji^gpdm
$gp`bj _` c \] `m m`^jij^d_j l p ` g\ `sdno`i^d\ `n p i\ k`ma`^^di% l p `
`n` n`m k mdh `mj t np k m`h j `sdno` q `m_ \_ `m\h `i o`* .
/.
M`i ?`n^\mo`n( BXW\gTV\baXf `XgTY f\VTf Vba bU]XV\baXf l eXfchXfgTf& om\_* _`
Qd_\g K`\( @_d^dji`n <ga\bp\m\( H\_md_( -533( k* 12*

:\( EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G >6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

Kj_`hjn `skji`m `g \mbph`ioj _` ?`n^\mo`n _` pi\ h\i`m\ n`i

^dgg\ ^jhj ndbp`6
-* Oj_\n g\n k`ma`^^dji`n nji kmjkd`_\_`n _`g n`m npkm`hj*
.* G\ `sdno`i^d\ `n pi\ k`ma`^^di*
Ebe _b gTagb
/* @g n`m npkm`hj od`i` `sdno`i^d\( `noj `n( `sdno`*
Nd ]d`i b`i`m\gh`io` g\ kmdh`m\ km`hdn\ `n \_hdod_\( g\ n`bpi_\
c\ k\n\_j kjm m`k`od_jn t n`q`mjn \o\lp`n* Pi odkj _` \o\lp` ^ji
om\ g\ km`hdn\ $.% c\ nd_j lp` nd g\ `sdno`i^d\ `n pi\ k`ma`^^di(
`ioji^`n `n pi\ kmjkd`_\_ j ^\m\^o`mnod^\ lp` od`i`i \gbpi\n ^j
n\n t lp` ij od`i`i jom\n7 t nd g\ `sdno`i^d\ `n pi\ kmjkd`_\_ _`
g\n ^jn\n( `ioji^`n g\ k\g\]m\ w`sdno`i^d\x `n pi km`_d^\_j( kjm
lp` pij n` m`ad`m` \ g\n kmjkd`_\_`n _` g\n ^jn\n h`_d\io` km`
_d^\_jn* K`mj g\ k\g\]m\ w`sdno`i^d\x ij `n pi km`_d^\_j( _` h\
i`m\ ^kd` g\ `sdno`i^d\ ij `n pi\ k`ma`^^di* G\ m`nkp`no\ j]qd\ \
`no\ j]e`^di `n lp` g\ `sdno`i^d\ `n ndi _p_\ pi km`_d^\_j( kjm
lp` kp`_` km`_d^\mn` _` pi j]e`oj `i pi\ jm\^di* Ndi `h]\mbj(
\lp`ggjn $kd` pn\i `no\ m`apo\^di ^jiom\ g\ km`hdn\ $.% ij id`b\i
lp` g\ w`sdno`i^d\x n`\ pi km`_d^\_j bm\h\od^\g* Np \o\lp` od`i`
q\md\n ajmh\n( k`mj np \admh\^di kmdi^dk\g `n lp` g\ w`sdno`i^d\x
ij `n pi km`_d^\_j _`n^mdkodqj* @n _`^dm( ij `n pi km`_d^\_j lp`
kp`_\ n`m pn\_j k\m\ _`n^md]dm ^jn\n7 ij `n pi km`_d^\_j lp`
kp`_\ pn\mn` k\m\ m`a`mdmn` \ pi\ kmjkd`_\_ lp` kp`_\i o`i`m
g\n ^jn\n* Nd kp`_` hjnom\mn` lp` g\ w`sdno`i^d\x ij `n pi km`_d
^\_j n`h`e\io`( `ioji^`n c\t pi\ ]p`i m\ui k\m\ ^ji^gpdm lp`
g\ `sdno`i^d\ ij `n pi\ kmjkd`_\_ t( kjm gj o\ioj( lp` ij `n pi\
k`ma`^^di*
AT bU]XV\ a WX @Tag1 _T pXk\fgXaV\Tqab Xf ha ceXW\VTWb
@g dio`ioj ^gnd^j t o\g q`u `g hn ap`mo` kjm hjnom\m lp` g\ w`sdn
o`i^d\x ij `n pi km`_d^\_j n` ]\n\ `i g\ j]e`^di c`^c\ kjm Dh
h\ip`g F\io c\^` ^\nd _jn^d`iojn \jn* v cdQ c\ nd_j S _ ^ cYT U b Q T Q
kjm hp^c\ b`io` ^jhj g\ j]e`^di lp` _` pi\ q`u t k\m\ c YU ] p
km` m`apo g\ q`mndi _` ?`n^\mo`n _`g \mbph`ioj jiojgbd^j* A Q
k\mo` ^g\q` _` `no\ j]e`^di n` ^`iom\ `i `g ^ji^`koj _` km`_d
^\_j m`\g( `n _`^dm( n`bi F\io( pi km`_d^\_j ylp` _`o`mhdi\ \
pi\ ^jn\z* @i jom\n k\g\]m\n( pi km`_d^\_j m`\g `n U \ lp` kp`_`

6G<JB:CID DCIDAz<>8D3 K:GH>{C 9: 9:H86GI:H

,20

n`m pn\_j k\m\ \tp_\m \ _`adidm gj lp` pi\ ^jn\ `n* @n( kp`n( gj
lp` kj_`hjn gg\h\m pi km`_d^\_j _`adidojmdj* F\io \mbph`io\
_` g\ h\i`m\ ndbpd`io`6
@qd_`io`h`io`( yn`mz ij `n pi km`_d^\_j m`\g( `n _`^dm( `g ^ji^`koj
_` \gbj lp` kp`_\ \\_dmn` \g ^ji^`koj _` pi\ ^jn\* @n ndhkg`
h`io` g\ kjnd^di _` pi\ ^jn\ j _` ^d`mo\n _`o`mhdi\^dji`n `i n*
@i np pnj gbd^j ij `n hn lp` g\ ^kpg\ _` pi epd^dj* G\ kmjkj
nd^di r9\bf Xf b`a\cbgXagXs ^jiod`i` _jn ^ji^`kojn lp` kjn``i npn
j]e`ojn6 y?djnz t yjhidkjo`i^d\z* G\ k\mo^pg\ y`nz ij `n pi km`
_d^\_j hn( ndij \lp`ggj lp` eX_TV\baT npe`oj t km`_d^\_j* Nd ojhj
`g npe`oj $y?djnz% ^ji oj_jn npn km`_d^\_jn $`iom` gjn lp` n` c\gg\
o\h]d i g\ yjhidkjo`i^d\z% t _dbj y?djn `nz( j yC\t pi ?djnz( ij
\\_j i\_\ ip`qj \g ^ji^`koj _` ?djn( ndij lp` kjibj `g npe`oj `i
n hdnhj ^ji oj_jn npn km`_d^\_jn t gj c\bj m`g\^dji\i_j `g bU]Xgb
^ji hd VbaVXcgb(,,

N`m\ _` bm\i \tp_\ dio`mkm`o\m `no` \mbph`ioj `i m`g\^di ^ji g\

ajmh\ `i lp` pi o mhdij kp`_\ podgdu\mn` k\m\ ^\h]d\m `g ndbid
ad^\_j _` jomj* @noj ijn k`mhdodm dio`mkm`o\m h`ejm gj lp` F\io
lpd`m` _`^dm ^ji lp` pi ^ji^`koj n` \\_\ \ jomj ^ji^`koj* Kjm
`e`hkgj( `g o mhdij wnjgo`mjx n` _`adi` h`_d\io` _jn km`_d^\_jn
wij ^\n\_jx t wq\mix* Kj_m\hjn( ndi `h]\mbj( y\\_dmz jomj km`
_d^\_j \ g\ _`adid^di o\g ^jhj wa`gdux t _` `no\ h\i`m\ ^\h]d\m
`g ndbidad^\_j _` wnjgo`mjx* >p\glpd`m km`_d^\_j lp` \tp_` \ _`
o`mhdi\m `g ndbidad^\_j _` pi o mhdij _` `no\ h\i`m\ `n pi km`
_d^\_j _`adidojmdj* <n lp` pi o mhdij kp`_` n`m pi km`_d^\_j
_`adidojmdj t\ n`\ lp` _` c`^cj n` pn` j ij `i pi\ _`adid^di*
@g id^j m`lp`mdhd`ioj `n lp` n`\ kjnd]g` podgdu\mgj _` _d^c\ h\
i`m\* Kj_`hjn \cjm\ om\_p^dm `g \mbph`ioj _` F\io ^jhj ndbp`6
-* Nd pi o mhdij `n pi km`_d^\_j m`\g $_`adidojmdj%( `ioji^`n
kp`_` \\_dmn` \g ndbidad^\_j _` pi o mhdij k\m\ ^\h]d\m
np ndbidad^\_j*
.* @g o mhdij w`sdno`x ij kp`_` \\_dmn` \g ndbidad^\_j _` pi
o mhdij k\m\ ^\h]d\m np ndbidad^\_j*
Ebe _b gTagb
/* @g o mhdij w`sdno`x ij `n pi km`_d^\_j m`\g*
// F\io( 8e g\VT WX _T eThHacheT& D( .\* k\mo`( .\* _dq*( ^\k* DDD( n`^* DQ $<154(
.2%( om\_* _` K`_mj Md]\n( @_d^dji`n <ga\bp\m\( H\_md_( -544( k* 1,0*

,)1

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

G\ km`hdn\ $-% `n ndi _p_\ \^`ko\]g`( kjmlp` nd pi km`_d^\_j

kp`_` pn\mn` k\m\ _`adidm pi o mhdij( `ioji^`n kp`_` pn\mn`
k\m\ m^_^adidm pi o`mhdij t kjm gj o\ioj ^\h]d\m np ndbidad^\_j*
Ij `n o\i ^g\mj( ndi `h]\mbj( lp` g\ km`hdn\ $.% n`\ q`m_\_`m\*
F\io g\ _`ad`i_` \admh\i_j lp` ^\_\ q`u lp` _`^dhjn lp` \gbj
`sdno`( nd ]d`i km`_d^\hjn w`sdno`x_` pi o mhdij( `no\hjn _d^d`i
_j( `i `a`^oj( lp` `g o mhdij Vba X_ f\Za\Y\VTWb dhX g\`X n` m`ad`m`
\ `no\ ^jn\ j \lp gg\* ?` h\i`m\ lp` ipi^\ ^\h]d\hjn `g ndb
idad^\_j _` pi o mhdij ^p\i_j gj pn\hjn k\m\ _`^dm lp` \gbj
`sdno`* >p\i_j _`^dhjn( kjm `e`hkgj( lp` `sdno`i njgo`mjn a`gd
^`n( `i idibi ^\nj `no\hjn om\o\i_j _` ^\h]d\m `g ndbidad^\_j
_` g\ am\n` wnjgo`mj a`gdux* @i gpb\m _` `nj \admh\hjn lp` g\ am\n`
o\g ^jhj `no n` \kgd^\ \ \gbpijn `io`n* Nd g\ _`a`in\ _` F\io _`
g\ km`hdn\ $.% `n qgd_\( `ioji^`n k\m`^` lp` c\ `no\]g`^d_j lp`
g\ w`sdno`i^d\x ij `n pi km`_d^\_j m`\g j _`adidojmdj*
Nd ]d`i `no` `n pi \mbph`ioj ]\no\io` ^jiqdi^`io`( c\t kjm gj
h`ijn _jn j]e`^dji`n lp` n` kp`_`i _dmdbdm ^jiom\ g* Kmdh`m\(
di^gpnj nd `g \mbph`ioj `n ngd_j ij `no ^g\mj ^hj hp`nom\ lp`
g\ `sdno`i^d\ ij `n pi\ kmjkd`_\_* Gj hn lp` kp`_` hjnom\m
`n lp` g\ `sdno`i^d\ ij `n pi\ kmjkd`_\_ WXY\a\gbe\T _` \gbj* @i
jom\n k\g\]m\n( gj id^j lp` hp`nom\ `n lp` ^p\glpd`m jm\^di lp`
\admh` lp` \gbj `sdno` `n ndio od^\ t ij \i\god^\( k`mj `noj ij ]\no\
k\m\ _`hjnom\m lp` g\ `sdno`i^d\ ij `n pi\ kmjkd`_\_* <gbpi\n
k`mnji\n c\i \mbph`io\_j lp` hjnom\m lp` idibpi\ jm\^di _`
`sdno`i^d\ `n \i\god^\ `n npad^d`io` k\m\ m`apo\m g\ q`mndi _` ?`n
^\mo`n _`g \mbph`ioj jiojgbd^j* Nd `n \n( `ioji^`n `noj `n np
ad^d`io` k\m\ ip`nomjn kmjkndojn* @noj( ndi `h]\mbj( `n a\gnj* Nd
]d`i `i hp^cjn k\n\e`n kp`_` dio`mkm`o\mn` lp` ?`n^\mo`n \admh\
lp` g\ jm\^di w?djn `sdno`x`n \i\god^\( np \mbph`ioj( t\ n`\ ^jhj
\k\m`^` `i g\ ^do\ j ^jhj gj m`^jinompdhjn( ij dhkgd^\ lp` n`\
i`^`n\mdj lp` ?djn `sdno\* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( `g \mbph`ioj ij dh
kgd^\ lp` w?djn `sdno`xn`\ \i\god^\* @n ^d`moj lp` ?`n^\mo`n \admh\
lp` ?djn od`i` i`^`n\md\h`io` oj_\n g\n k`ma`^^dji`n( k`mj ij
\admh\ lp` n`\ i`^`n\mdj lp` g\ `sdno`i^d\ n`\ pi\ k`ma`^^di* ?`
h\i`m\ lp` `g \mbph`ioj `n ^jhk\od]g` ^ji lp` w?djn `sdno`x n`\
gbd^\h`io` ^jiodib`io` $ij \i\god^\%* @g \mbph`ioj _` ? ` n ^ \ m
o`n( kjm gj o\ioj( ij kp`_` n`m m`apo\_j ndhkg`h`io` h jnom\i_j
lp` w`sdno`x ij `n pi km`_d^\_j _`adidojmdj j m`\g*

6G<JB:CID DCIDAz<>8D3 K:GH>{C 9: 9:H86GI:H

,22

C\t pi\ m`nkp`no\ \ `no\ kmdh`m\ j]e`^di $\g \mbph`ioj _`

F\io% lp` ^jindno` `i \\_dm \gbpi\n km`hdn\n \g \mbph`ioj
_` F\io* no\n nji6
_T( Nd pi o mhdij `n pi km`_d^\_j _`n^mdkodqj( `ioji^`n `n pi
km`_d^\_j _`adidojmdj*
<g ^jh]di\m $g\% ^ji $-% j]o`i`hjn( q\ pi ndgjbdnhj cdkjo od^j(
\U( Nd pi o mhdij `n pi km`_d^\_j _`n^mdkodqj( `ioji^`n kp`_`
n`m \\_d_j \g ndbidad^\_j _` pi o mhdij k\m\ ^\h]d\m np
ndbidad^\_j*
@ioji^`n( h`_d\io` $- :% t $.% j]o`i`hjn(
/T( @g o mhdij w`sdno`x ij `n pi km`_d^\_j _`n^mdkodqj*
<cjm\ i`^`ndo\hjn jom\ km`hdn\( \ n\]`m(
0* G\ `sdno`i^d\ `n pi\ kmjkd`_\_ ngj nd w`sdno`x `n pi km`_d
^\_j _`n^mdkodqj7
t h`_d\io` g\ ^jh]di\^di _` $/8u% t $0% j]o`i`hjn g\ ^ji^gpndi
lp` F\io lpd`m`(
1* G\ `sdno`i^d\ ij `n pi\ kmjkd`_\_*
G\ kmdh`m\ ajmhpg\^di _` g\ j]e`^di _` F\io ^jiom\ `g \mbp
h`ioj _` ?`n^\mo`n ijn gg`q\ \ g\ jm\^di $/% lp`( ^jhj qdhjn(
ij `m\ npad^d`io` k\m\ m`apo\m \ ?`n^\mo`n* >ji `no` \mbph`ioj
f\iod\ij ^jmm`bd_j j]o`i`hjn pi\ ^ji^gpndi( $1%( lp`( nd `n ^j
mm`^o\( \^\]\ `sdojn\h`io` ^ji `g \mbph`ioj jiojgbd^j _` ?`n
^\mo`n*
T\ \_hdodhjn g\ km`hdn\ $-%* G\ km`hdn\ $g\% kp`_` n`m kg\p
nd]g` pi\ q`u lp` n`\g`hjn lp` nd pi o mhdij _`n^md]` pi `io`
$_` o\g h\i`m\ lp` `g o mhdij n`\ pi km`_d^\_j _`n^mdkodqj% \g
m`a`mdmn` \ \gbpi\ kmjkd`_\_ _`g hdnhj( `ioji^`n kp`_` \tp_\m
\ _`adidm pi o mhdij lp` n` m`ad`m` \ `n` `io`* Kjm npkp`noj( $g %
n` ndbp` _` $-% t _` $g\%( _` h\i`m\ lp` $- :%`n dbp\gh`io` \^`k
o\]g`* Kjm jom\ k\mo`( \_hdo\hjn g\ km`hdn\ $.% `i ijh]m` _`g
\mbph`ioj nj]m` g\ ]\n` _` lp` gjn q`m]jn ij n` pn\i k\m\ m`a`)
mdn` \ g\n kmjkd`_\_`n _` g\n ^jn\n t kjm gj o\ioj ij nji km`_d
^\_jn m`\g`n j _`adidojmdjn* Ij n` pn\i `i `g odkj _` _`adid^dji`n
lp` `no\hjn ^jind_`m\i_j \lp* Ijn lp`_\ kjm `s\hdi\m( kp`n(
km`hdn\ $0%*

-))

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

A*g c`^cj _` lp` n` ^ji^`_\ lp` `g o mhdij w`sdno`x ij `n pi

km`_d^\_j _`adidojmdj m`\g( ij `n m\ui k\m\ k`in\m lp` `g \_e`odqj
w`sdno`io`x ij kp`_` pn\mn` `i _`adidid^dji`n* K`mj nd `g o mhdij
w`sdno`io`xkp`_` pn\mn` `i _`adid^dji`n( c\t m\uji`n k\m\ k`in\m
lp` `n pi km`_d^\_j m`\g( t o\h]d i g\n c\t k\m\ k`in\m lp` `n pi
km`_d^\_j _`n^mdkodqj* >jind_ m`in` g\n _`adid^dji`n ndbpd`io`n6
N`\ `g o mhdij wm`_\b\x w_\b\ `sdno`io`x t `g o mhdij wijmm`)
_\b\x( w_\b\ ij `sdno`io`x*
Kj_`hjn pn\m `nojn o mhdijn k\m\ _`^dm ^ji ^d`moj n`iod_j( kjm
`e`hkgj( lp` `i np om\nojmi\_j `no\_j h`io\g H\^]`oc q`\ pi\
ijmm`_\b\ k`in\i_j lp` q`\ pi\ m`_\b\* T( kp`noj lp` kj_`
hjn pn\m `g o mhdij w`sdno`io`x `i o\g`n _`adid^dji`n _` o mhdijn
ip`qjn( o\h]d i kj_`hjn pn\mgj k\m\ m`_`adidm o mhdijn lp` t\
`noi `i pnj* <n lp` \cjm\ c`hjn `i^jiom\_j pi\ m\ui k\m\
npkji`m lp` `g o mhdij w`sdno`io`x `n pi km`_d^\_j _`adidojmdj
m`\g( t kjm gj o\ioj c`hjn `i^jiom\_j pi\ m\ui k\m\ npkji`m
lp` w`sdno`io`x `n pi km`_d^\_j _`n^mdkodqj* K`mj nd w`sdno`io`x `n
pi km`_d^\_j _`n^mdkodqj( `ioji^`n `n m\uji\]g` ^m``m lp` g\ `sdn
o`i^d\ `n pi\ kmjkd`_\_7 gjn km`_d^\_jn _`n^mdkodqjn n` m`ad`m`i \
g\n kmjkd`_\_`n _` g\n ^jn\n* C`hjn( kp`n( \mmje\_j ^d`mo\ _p_\
nj]m` g\ km`hdn\ $0%* Kp`n nd `g c`^cj _` lp` w`sdno`io`x n`\ pi
km`_d^\_j _`n^mdkodqj `n ^ji_d^di fhY\V\XagX& cbe f fb_T k\m\ lp` g\
`sdno`i^d\ n`\ pi\ kmjkd`_\_( `ioji^`n `g o mhdij w`sdno`x( nd`i_j
pi km`_d^\_j _`n^mdkodqj( ij `n pi\ ^ji_d^di aXVXfTe\T k\m\ lp`
g\ `sdno`i^d\ n`\ pi\ kmjkd`_\_* ?` h\i`m\ lp` `g \o\lp` _` F\io
\g \mbph`ioj jiojgbd^j _` ?`n^\mo`n _`nkp n _` oj_j am\^\n\*
Kp`_` dgpnom\mn` \lp `no` m\uji\hd`ioj ^ji pi `e`hkgj n\
^\_j _`g ] dn]jg* Npkib\n` lp` \gbpd`i _d^` lp` pi\ ^ji_d^di
i`^`n\md\ k\m\ lp` pi\ k`gjo\ ]\o`\_\ n` ^jiqd`mo\ `i ^\mm`m\
`i `g KXgXeTaqf HgTW\h` _` Adg\_`gad\ `n lp` g\ k`gjo\ m`^jmm\ pi
hidhj _` -1, h`omjn \ g\ \gopm\ \kmjkd\_\* @no\ k`mnji\ \admh\(
`ioji^`n(
Pi\ k`gjo\ ]\o`\_\ `n pi\ ^\mm`m\ `i `g KXgXeTaqf HgTW\h` _`
Adg\_`gad\ ngj nd g\ k`gjo\ m`^jmm` kjm gj h`ijn -1, h`omjn \
g\ \gopm\ \kmjkd\_\*
Ndi `h]\mbj( _` c`^cj ]\no\ k`ma`^o\h`io` ^ji lp` g\ k`gjo\ m`
^jmm\ -., h`omjn \ g\ \gopm\ \kmjkd\_\ k\m\ lp` n` c\b\ p \

6G<JB:CID DCIDAz<>8D3 K:GH>{C 9: 9:H86GI:H

-)*

^\mm`m\ `i `n` `no\_dj* G\ _dno\i^d\ `iom` g\ ]\n` t g\ ^`m^\ _`g

^\hkj _`g g\_j dulpd`m_j `n _` h`ijn _` -., h`omjn* <n lp`
]\o`\m g\ k`gjo\ c\^d\ g\ dulpd`m_\( \ pi\ _dno\i^d\ _` -., h`omjn
\ g\ \gopm\ \kmjkd\_\ `n npad^d`io` k\m\ c\^`m pi\ ^\mm`m\* Kjm
gj o\ioj( ]\o`\m g\ k`gjo\ \ -1, h`omjn _` _dno\i^d\ `i `n` `no\
_dj ij `n pi\ ^ji_d^di i`^`n\md\ k\m\ c\^`m \c pi\ ^\mm`m\*
Gj hdnhj k\n\ ^ji ip`nom\ \admh\^di nj]m` `g \mbph`ioj _`
F\io* Nd `n m\uji\]g` ^m``m lp` w`sdno`io`x( \g n`m pi km`_d^\_j
_`n^mdkodqj( `n npad^d`io` k\m\ lp` g\ `sdno`i^d\ n`\ pi\ kmjkd`
_\_( `ioji^`n `n m\uji\]g` ^m``m lp` `g o mhdij w`sdno`x \g n`m pi
km`_d^\_j _`n^mdkodqj( ij `n i`^`n\mdj k\m\ lp` g\ `sdno`i^d\ n`\
pi\ kmjkd`_\_*
DgeT bU]XV\ a1 _T Xk\fgXaV\T ab Xf haT cXeYXVV\ a

C`hjn qdnoj lp` `g kmdh`m odkj _` \o\lp` \g \mbph`ioj jiojgbd

^j _` ?`n^\mo`n am\^\n\* >jind_`m`hjn jomj* <lp gj dhkjmo\io`
`n lp` di^gpnj nd g\ w`sdno`i^d\x`n pi km`_d^\_j( di^gpnj nd g\ `sdn
o`i^d\ `n pi\ kmjkd`_\_( ndi _p_\ ij `n pi\ k`ma`^^di* <lp(
k\m\ ip`nomjn kmjkndojn( ]\no\ ^ji _`^dm lp` pi\ k`ma`^^di `n
pi\ kmjkd`_\_ lp` od`i` pi j]e`oj lp` q\ epioj ^ji jom\n kmj
kd`_\_`n k\m\ lp` pi n`m n`\ k`ma`^oj* ?` h\i`m\ lp` kj_`hjn
^jhk\m\m _jn ^jn\n t _`^d_dm ^pg `n g\ h`ejm j hn k`ma`^o\* ?`
^d_dm\hjn `no\ ^p`nodi ^jind_`m\i_j g\n k`ma`^^dji`n lp` ^\_\
pi\ opqj t_` g\ lp` ^\_\ pi\ ^\m`^d* Kjm `e`hkgj( \gbpd`i kp`_`
_`n^md]dm \ _jn k`mnji\n _da`m`io`n ^ji bm\i _`o\gg` k`mj ndi _`
^dmijn nd `sdno`i j ij* @ioji^`n ijn km`bpio\ lp _`n^mdk^di
n` \^`m^\ hn \ g\ k`mnji\ \WXT_ j k`ma`^o\* Gj _`^d_dhjn nj]m`
g\ ]\n` _` g\n kmjkd`_\_`n lp` ijn c\ _`n^mdoj* Npkib\n` lp`
_`nkp n _` c\]`m _`^d_d_j ijn _d^` lp` n` g` c\]\ jgqd_\_j _\m
ijn pi\ k\mo` _` g\ diajmh\^di* G\ k`mnji\ lp` k`in\hjn lp`
`m\ h`ijn k`ma`^o\ _` c`^cj `no qdq\( k`mj g\ jom\ `n ndhkg`
h`io` pi k`mnji\e` ad^od^dj* ?`]`hjn \^\nj m`q\gjm\m ip`nom\
_`^dndi \ g\ gpu _` `no` ip`qj c`^cj; K\m`^`m\ lp` ij* Pi\
k`mnji\ n` \^`m^\ hn \ g\ k`ma`^^di lp` jom\( t\ n`\ lp` `sdno\
ij* G\ `sdno`i^d\( kjm gj o\ioj( ij `n pi\ k`ma`^^di*
Ndi _p_\ `no` \mbph`ioj od`i` ^d`mo\ ap`mu\* >p\i_j _`^d_d
hjn lpd i `n `g hn bm\i_` _` gjn km`nd_`io`n( j `g kdiojm d_`\g(
g\ k`mnji\ hn n\io\( ij i`^`ndo\hjn ^jind_`m\m nd `sdno` \cjm\

-)+

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G >6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

6G<JB:CID DCIDAz<>8D3 K:GH>{C 9: H6C 6CH:ABD

-),

j c\ `sdnod_j \gbpi\ q`u* Kj_`hjn q\gjm\m o\ioj \ g\ b`io` ad^

od^d\ ^jhj \ g\ m`\g* G\ `sdno`i^d\ k\m`^` n`m dmm`g`q\io` k\m\ g\
k`ma`^^di( j k\m\ ^jinodopdm pi\ ^jn\ \WXT_ _` ^d`moj odkj* Kjm
^jindbpd`io`( _`]`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` g\ km`hdn\ $.% _` g\ q`mndi
_` ?`n^\mo`n _`g \mbph`ioj jiojgbd^j `n _`h\nd\_j _dn^pod]g`
^jhj k\m\ npno`io\m g\ ^ji^gpndi*

?`]` ijo\mn` lp` `no` \mbph`ioj ij \admh\ id lp` g\ `sdno`i^d\

`n pi\ k`ma`^^di( id lp` g\ jm\^di $/% `n pi\ q`m_\_ i`^`n\
md\* @i ^jin`^p`i^d\( ij k\m`^` `no\m `skp`noj \ idibpi\ _` g\n
j]e`^dji`n lp` c`hjn g\iu\_j ^jiom\ g\ q`mndi _` ?`n^\mo`n* Ndi
`h]\mbj( B\pidgj( pi ^jio`hkjmi`j _` N\i <in`ghj( opqj pi\
j]e`^di _da`m`io` lp` _`]`hjn ^jind_`m\m*

@G <MBPH@IOJ JIOGJBD>J6 G< Q@MNDI ?@ N<I <IN@GHJ

AT bU]XV\ a WX <Tha\_b1 _T `Tlbe \f_T cbf\U_X

B\pidgj g` kd_` \ <in`ghj lp` ^jind_`m` pi dng\ lp` n`\ g\ h`ejm
_` g\n dng\n t lp` ^jind_`m` `g \mbph`ioj ndbpd`io`6

K\n`hjn \cjm\ \ g\ q`mndi _` N\i <in`ghj( g\ ^p\g( ^jhj q`m`

hjn( ij `no o\i iodh\h`io` gdb\_\ ^ji g\ o`ndn _` lp` g\ `sdn
o`i^d\ `n pi\ k`ma`^^di* N\i <in`ghj `hkd`u\ _d^d`i_j lp` `i
o`i_`hjn `g ^ji^`koj _` n`m npkm`hj(
t oj_j gj lp` n` ^jhkm`i_` `no `i g\ dio`gdb`i^d\6 tndi _p_\ \gbpi\
`no` j]e`oj kjm `i^dh\ _`g ^p\g ij n` kp`_` ^ji^`]dm i\_\ h\tjm(
ij `sdno` `i g\ dio`gdb`i^d\ njg\h`io`( kjmlp`( nd \n ap`m\( n` kj_m\
npkji`m( kjm gj h`ijn( lp` `sdno` o\h]d i `i g\ m`\gd_\_( ip`q\
^ji_d^di lp` c\m\ \ pi n`m h\tjm lp` \lp`g lp` ij od`i` `sdno`i
^d\ hn lp` `i `g kpmj t ndhkg` k`in\hd`ioj* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( nd
`no` j]e`oj kjm `i^dh\ _`g ^p\g ij c\t i\_\ h\tjm `nopqd`n` njg\
h`io` `i g\ dio`gdb`i^d\( n`m\( ndi `h]\mbj( o\g lp` c\]m\ \gbj kjm
`i^dh\ _` g( ^ji^gpndi lp` ij n`m\ g`bodh\* @sdno`( kjm ^jind
bpd`io`( _` pi h j_j ^d`moj( pi n`m kjm `i^dh\ _`g ^p\g ij n` kp`_`
dh\bdi\m i\_\( id `i `g k`in\hd`ioj id `i g\ m`\gd_\_*&0

<pilp` cdnomd^\h`io` ij n`\ hpt km`^dnj( kj_`hjn _`n`im`_\m

k\mo` _` g\ ^jhkg`ed_\_ _`g \mbph`ioj _` N\i <in`ghj m`hkg\
u\i_j wn` kp`_` ^ji^`]dmx ^ji w`n kjnd]g`x t wij `sdno` ngj `i `g
`io`i_dhd`iojx kjm w`sdno`x* Kj_`hjn `skji`m `g i^g`j _`g \m
bph`ioj _` g\ h\i`m\ ndbpd`io`6
-* Nd `g h\tjm n`m kjnd]g` ij `sdno`( `ioji^`n `n kjnd]g` lp`
`sdno\ pi n`m hn bm\i_` lp` `g h\tjm n`m kjnd]g`*
.* Ij `n kjnd]g` lp` `sdno\ pi n`m hn bm\i_` lp` `g h \tjm
n`m kjnd]g`*
Ebe _b gTagb
/* @g h\tjm n`m kjnd]g` `sdno`*
10 N\i <in`ghj( Eebf_bZ\b& >\k* DD( om\_* _` E* <g\h`_\( J* N* =*( =d]gdjo`,/
_` <pojm`n >mdnod\ijn( H\_md_( -51.*

ij kp`_`n _p_\m `i \_`g\io` _` g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` g\ dng\( kp`noj lp`

od`i`n pi\ d_`\ ^g\m\ _` g\ hdnh\ `i op `nkmdop t kjmlp` `n hn
`sdnodm `i g\ m`\gd_\_ lp` njg\h`io` `i g\ dio`gdb`i^d\( kp`n _` gj
^jiom\mdj ^p\glpd`m\ jom\ od`mm\ `sdno`io` n`m\( kjm gj hdnhj( hn
dhkjmo\io` lp` `gg\*

<lp B\pidgj n`\g\ lp` `g \mbph`ioj _` <in`ghj kmp`]\ _`

h\nd\_j( _` h\i`m\ lp` ^d`mo\h`io` ^\m`^` _` njgd_`u* Kj_`hjn
kmj]\m h`_d\io` `no` \mbph`ioj lp` `g h\tjm j]e`oj kjnd]g` _`
^p\glpd`m odkj( t\ n`\ pi\ dng\ j pi `nop_d\io` j pi \og`o\ j pi\
^`i\ j gj lp` n`\( `sdno`( t `noj `n ndi _p_\ pi `mmjm* G\ m`nkp`no\
_` <in`ghj ap` ndhkg`h`io` _`^dm lp` g\ gbd^\ _` np \mbph`ioj
ngj n` \kgd^\ \g h\tjm fXe kjnd]g` t \ idibpij jomj*
GXfchXfgT T <Tha\_b1 ha fXe `Tlbe dhX _T `Tlbe \f_T cbf\U_X
@no\]\ epnodad^\_\ g\ m`nkp`no\ _` <in`ghj \ B\pidgj; K\m\ q`m
gj lp` \h]jn lp`m\i _`^dm( pn`hjn q\md\]g`n `i g\n km`hdn\n `i
gpb\m _` ^jino\io`n* C\t ndi `h]\mbj _jn h\i`m\n _` c\^`mgj6
kj_`hjn _`e\m lp` wn`mx n`\ gj m`hkg\u\_j kjm g\ q\md\]g` M & b
]d`i kj_`hjn _`e\m lp` w`g h\tjm n`m kjnd]g`xn`\ npnodopd_j kjm
\ * G\n km`hdn\n _da`mdmi _` \^p`m_j ^ji `ggj* G\ ajmh\ 6 _`g
\mbph`ioj n`m g\ ndbpd`io`6
g\* Nd g\ h\tjm M kjnd]g` ij `sdno`( `ioji^`n `n kjnd]g` lp`
`sdno\ pi\ M h\tjm lp` g\ h\tjm M kjnd]g`*
41 B\pidgj( A\Ueb XfVe\gb XaYTibe WX ha \afXafTgb& ~ 3( om\_* _` E* <g\h`_\( `_*

-)-

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

+T( Ij `n kjnd]g` lp` `sdno\ pi\ S h\tjm lp` g\ h\tjm S kjnd

]g`*
T g\ ajmh\ 7 _`g \mbph`ioj n`m g\ ndbpd`io`6
>U( Nd S ij `sdno`( `ioji^`n `n kjnd]g` lp` `sdno\ pi n`m h\tjm
lp` S*
+U( Ij `n kjnd]g` lp` `sdno\ pi n`m h\tjm lp` M(
Kj_`hjn q`m lp` kj_`hjn npnodopdm M kjm diiph`m\]g`n o mhd
ijn `i $g\% t $.\%( _` h\i`m\ lp` kj_`hjn kmj]\m lp` `g h\
tjm j]e`oj kjnd]g` WX VhT_dh\Xe g\cb `sdno`* Ndi _p_\ c\t \gbj di
^jmm`^oj `i `no` \mbph`ioj( ^jhj \admh\ B\pidgj* Ndi `h]\mbj(
g\ n`bpi_\ ajmh\ _`g \mbph`ioj( 7& h\iod`i` g\ \admh\^di _`
<in`ghj _` lp` np \mbph`ioj ngj api^dji\ k\m\ w`g h\tjm n`m
kjnd]g`x* G\ km`hdn\ $+UPVf q`m_\_`m\ ^p\i_j w`g h\tjm n`m kjnd
]g`x `n npnodpd_j kjm S( k`mj ij c\t idibpi\ m\ui k\m\ k`in\m
lp` `n q`m_\_ k\m\ ^p\glpd`m jom\ ^jn\ o\g ^jhj wg\ h\tjm dng\
kjnd]g`x( kjmlp` g\ jm\^di6
Ij `n kjnd]g` lp` `sdno\ pi fXe h\tjm lp` g\ h\tjm dng\ kjnd]g`(
k\m`^` a\gn\* Hp^cjn n`m`n( `nk`^d\gh`io` gjn _djn`n( nji ndi _p_\
n`m`n h\tjm`n lp` ^p\glpd`m k`_\uj _` od`mm\* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`(
k\m`^`m\ lp` <in`ghj od`i` `i h`io` \gbj \n ^jhj g\ n`bpi_\
ajmh\ _`g \mbph`ioj( _` h\i`m\ lp`( ^jhj g hdnhj gj \admh(
np \mbph`ioj ij `no `skp`noj \ g\n j]e`^dji`n _` B\pidgj*/2
DgeT bU]XV\ a1 X_ fXe `~f fhV\b cbf\U_X
Kj_`hjn \^`ko\m `no\ q`mndi _`g \mbph`ioj _` N\i <in`ghj;
C\ `gp_d_j oj_\n g\n j]e`^dji`n lp` c`hjn `s\hdi\_j( t kjm gj
o\ioj ij c`hjn `i^jiom\_j m\ui \gbpi\ k\m\ m`^c\u\m idibpi\
_` g\n km`hdn\n* <_`hn( g\ km`hdn\ $.% ndi _p_\ `n \^`ko\]g`* Kj
_`hjn( ndi `h]\mbj( `i^jiom\m pi\ m\ui k\m\ m`^c\u\m g\ km`
hdn\ $-% dio`mkm`o\_\ ^jhj $-2%( pi\ m\ui ndhdg\m \ g\ _` B\p
idgj* >jind_ m`n` g\ ajmh\ > _`g \mbph`ioj6
_X( Nd S ij `sdno`( `ioji^`n `n kjnd]g` lp` `sdno\ pi n`m lp` n`\
hn N lp` S*
/2 <g Hb( AUXbUb cU \U TURU UcdQ ]Q^UbQ TU ]_cdbQb S ]_ `n lp` <in`ghj
`eUTU U\eTYb \Q _RZUSY ^ TU <Qe^Y\_(

6G<JB:CID DCIDAz<>8D3 A6 K:GH>{C 9: H6C 6CH:ABD

-).

.V( Ij `n kjnd]g` lp` `sdno\ pi n`m lp` n`\ hn N lp` S*

<lp c`hjn m`hkg\u\_j wh\tjmx `i `g \mbph`ioj _` g\ ajmh\ 7
kjm g\ q\md\]g` N( K\m\ lp` $+V% ap`m\ q`m_\_( S o`i_m\ lp` n`m
`lpdq\g`io` \ w`g n`m hn N kjnd]g`x* K`mj kj_`hjn npnodopdm ^p\g
lpd`m \_e`odqj kjm N t _` `n\ h\i`m\ kmj]\m ij ngj lp` `g `Tlbe
_` ^p\glpd`m\ _` gjn n`m`n `sdno`( ^jhj om\o _` kmj]\mgj B\p
idgj( ndij o\h]d i lp` pi n`m lp` `n npk`mg\odqj TUfb_hgT`XagX WX
VhT_dh\Xe `TaXeT `sdno`* <n lp` kj_m\hjn kmj]\m ^ji `no` \mbp
h`ioj lp` `g n`m hn a`gdu j hn omdno`( hn gdhkdj j hn np^dj(
hn bjm_j j hn _`gb\_j( j hn \]npm_j j hn h\gj kjnd]g`(
`sdno`* @i `no` ^\nj g\n _jn km`hdn\n n`m\i g\n ndbpd`io`n6
Nd `g n`m hn $np^dj( \]npm_j( h\gj( `o^*% kjnd]g` ij `sdno`( `i
oji^`n `sdno` pi n`m hn $np^dj( \]npm_j( h\gj( `o^*% lp` `g
n`m hn $np^dj( \]npm_j( h\gj( `o^*% kjnd]g`*
T6
Ij `n kjnd]g` lp` `sdno\ pi n`m hn $np^dj( \]npm_j( h\gj( `o^*%
lp` `g n`m hn $np^dj( \]npm_j( h\gj( `o^*% kjnd]g`*
Di^gpnj kj_`hjn kmj]\m lp` `g n`m ^pt\ _`n^mdk^di dhkgdlp` `g
h\tjm ih`mj _` ^jiom\_d^^dji`n kjnd]g`n `sdno`* K`mj ij `n kj
nd]g` lp` pi n`m ^pt\ _`n^mdk^di dhkgdlp` \pilp` ap`m\ pi\ ^ji
om\_d^^di `sdno\* <n lp` hp^cjn \mbph`iojn _` g\ ajmh\ 8 ^\m`
^`i _` njgd_`u* K`mj( kp`noj lp` g\ ajmh\ _`g \mbph`ioj `n qgd_\
t g\n km`hdn\n m`g`q\io`n _` g\ ajmh\ $+V% nji q`m_\_`m\n( n` nd
bp` _` `ggj lp` g\n km`hdn\n _` g\ ajmh\ $g`% nji a\gn\n* <_`hn(
kp`noj lp` $>U% `n $g`% ^ji pi\ q\md\]g` h`ijn( `noj ^d`mo\h`io`
\mmje\ pi\ _p_\ nj]m` g\ km`hdn\ $-% ojh\_\ ^jhj `e`hkgj _`
$>U%( Nd \lp <in`ghj lpdnd`m\ m`nkji_`mijn( _` pi\ h\i`m\ nd
hdg\m \ ^jhj g` m`nkji_d \ B\pidgj( lp` np \mbph`ioj ngj n`
\kgd^\ \g \_e`odqj wh\tjmx( g` m`nkji_`m\hjn lp` ij k\m`^` c\
]`m idibpi\ _da`m`i^d\ `iom` `g \_e`odqj wh\tjmx t hp^cjn jomjn
m`g\^dji\_jn ^ji g\ `sdno`i^d\* Nd pi _`a`injm _`g \mbph`ioj ji
ojgbd^j kd`in\ lp` g\ c\t( `ioji^`n \ g g` ^jmm`nkji_` hjnom\mg\*
O\g q`u `n kjnd]g` c\^`mgj( k`mj c\no\ \cjm\ i\_d` gj c\ c`^cj*
Pi\ q`u hn c`hjn \g^\iu\_j pi kpioj `i `g lp` njhjn di^\k\)
>`n _` epnodad^\m pi\ km`hdn\* ?` h\i`m\ lp` nd ]d`i g\ km`hdn\
Kp`_` n`m q`m_\_`m\( ij kj_`hjn pn\mg\ `i pi \mbph`ioj k\m\
Epnodad^\m g\ ^ji^gpndi* ?`]`m\hjn( `ioji^`n( m`^c\u\m gjn \mbp

-)/

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

h`iojn jiojgbd^jn( ^jhj gj c`hjn c`^cj ^ji gjn jomjn( kjm n`m
di\_`^p\_jn k\m\ epnodad^\m g\ ^m``i^d\ _` lp` ?djn `sdno`*
PI<EPNODAD><>DI KM<BH OD>< ?@ G< >M@@I>D< @I G<
@SDNO@I>D< ?@ ?DJN

C`hjn m`^c\u\_j g\n kmp`]\n T cbfgXe\be\ t T ce\be\ hn kg\pnd]g`n

_` g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` ?djn( t( kjm gj o\ioj( ij c`hjn `i^jiom\_j
idibpi\ ajmh\ _` epnodad^\m g\ ^m``i^d\ _` lp` ?djn `sdno`* < h`
ijn lp` `i^jiom`hjn \gbpi\ jom\ h\i`m\ _` epnodad^\m g\n ^m``i
^d\n( o`i_m`hjn lp` ^ji^gpdm lp` `no\ ^m``i^d\ ij `no epnodad^\_\*
Oj_jn gjn \mbph`iojn lp` c`hjn `s\hdi\_j c\i om\o\_j _` epn
odad^\m g\ ^m``i^d\ _\i_j m\uji`n k\m\ k`in\m lp` g\ ^m``i^d\ `n
q`m_\_`m\* Ndi `h]\mbj( km\bh\odno\n ^jhj Rdggd\h E\h`n c\i
om\o\_j _` _`n\mmjgg\m pi odkj _da`m`io` _` m\ui k\m\ njno`i`m
pi\ ^m``i^d\* <gbpi\n ^m``i^d\n _` g\n lp` njhjn di^\k\^`n _`
kmj]\m nd nji q`m_\_`m\n j a\gn\n _`n`hk`\i pi k\k`g o\i dh
kjmo\io` `i ip`nom\n qd_\n lp`( n`bi Rdggd\h E\h`n( o`i`hjn
epnodad^\^di k\m\ ^m``mg\n ]\ej ^d`mo\n ^ji_d^dji`n* @no\ epnodad
^\^di ykm\bhod^\z _` ^d`mo\n ^m``i^d\n( ij _`k`i_`( kp`n( _`
idibpi\ `qd_`i^d\ j m\ui `i a\qjm _` g\ q`m_\_ _` gj lp` n`
^m``* E\h`n( `i np \mo^pgj yG\ qjgpio\_ _` ^m``mz( c\ \kgd^\_j
`no` odkj _` epnodad^\^di \ g\ ^m``i^d\ _` lp` ?djn `sdno`* @s\hd
i`hjn gj lp` _d^`6
G\ o`ndn lp` _`ad`i_j( ]m`q`h`io` `skp`no\( `n lp`6 ChXfgeT aTghx
eT_XmT cTf\baT_& ab f _bchXWX _XZ g\`T`XagX& f\ab dhX WXUX& bcgTecbe haT
WX Wbf cebcbf\V\baXf& VTWT iXm dhX fX geTgX WX haT bcV\ a ZXah\aT dhX ab
chXWT& cbe fh aTgheT_XmT& fXe WXV\W\WT fbUeX UTfXf \agX_XVghT_Xf2 chXfgb dhX
WXV\e& UT]b gT_Xf V\eVhafgTaV\Tf& Cb WXV\WTf& WX]T _T VhXfg\ a TU\XegT & XfXa
f `\f`T haT WXV\f\ acTf\baT_ tgT_ Vb`b WXV\W\e XageX f l abt l VbeeX X_
`\f`b e\XfZb WX ab fXe iXeWTWXeT(R
<lp g\ am\n` ^g\q` `n yjk^di b`ipdi\z( t E\h`n g\ _`adi` ^jhj
pi\ `g`^^di `iom` cdko`ndn \go`mi\odq\n( lp` `n qdq\( om\n^`i_`i
o` t ajmujn\* Kjm jk^di i\iT lpd`m` _`^dm pi\ `g`^^di `iom` cd
ko`ndn `iom` g\n ^p\g`n kjm gj h`ijn pi\ od`i` dio`m n k\m\ g\
k`mnji\ lp` n` `i^p`iom\ \io` g\ `g`^^di* Hp^c\n jk^dji`n ij
/3 R* E\h`n( :ffTlf \a EeTZ`Tg\fgT& C\ai`m( Ip`q\ Tjmf( -52,( k* 51*

?JHI>;>868>{C EG6<BuI>86

-)0

nji qdq\n( ndij( ^jhj g\n gg\h\ E\h`n( hp`mo\n* G\ jk^di `iom`
^m``m j ij lp` o`ibj pi ih`mj dhk\m _` ^\]`ggjn `i g\ ^\]`u\
^\m`^` ndi _p_\ _` oj_j dio`m n k\m\ ^\nd oj_j `g hpi_j*
?dm`hjn lp` pi\ jk^di geTfVXaWXagX `n \lp`gg\ `i g\ lp` _`^d
_dm \ a\qjm j `i ^jiom\ _` pi\ _` g\n cdko`ndn `n _`^d_dm \ a\qjm
j `i ^jiom\ _` \gbj lp` `n hpt dhkjmo\io`* G\ jk^di jam`^d_\ \
pi \nomji\po\ k\m\ \^`ko\m j m`^c\u\m g\ \ndbi\^di _` n`m g\ kmd
h`m\ k`mnji\ lp` _`n^d`i_\ nj]m` g\ gpi\ `n pi\ jk^di om\n^`i
_`io`* G\ godh\ ^\m\^o`mnod^\ i`^`n\md\ k\m\ lp` pi\ jk^di n`\
b`ipdi\ `n lp` g\ jk^di n`\ ajmujn\* Pi\ jk^di YbembfT `n \lp`
gg\ `i g\ lp` ij c\t h\i`m\ _` `gp_dm pi\ _`^dndi* Pi\ k`mnji\
`i^\ji\_\( ndi jkjmopid_\_ k\m\ `n^\k\m( t ^ji g\ `g`^^di y@g
_di`mj j g\ qd_\z( `no \io` pi\ jk^di ajmujn\* Ij kp`_` `gp
_dm g\ `g`^^di `n^\k\i_j( j i`bi_jn` \ m`nkji_`m \g g\_mi(
kjmlp` \g i`b\mn` _`e\m\ _` `iom`b\mg` `g _di`mj t ^ji `ggj( `i
`a`^oj( \^^`_`m\ \ k`m_`m g\ qd_\* Ndi `h]\mbj( g\ jk^di `iom`
q`m g\ o`g`qdndi j dm \g ^di^ ij `n ajmujn\ kjmlp` pij kp`_` _`e\m
_` c\^`m g\n _jn ^jn\n |kjm `e`hkgj( g`t`i_j pi gd]mj*/4
AT bcV\ a eX_\Z\bfT l X_ WXeXV[b T VeXXe
Pi\ q`u _`adid_jn gjn o mhdijn _` E\h`n( kj_`hjn \cjm\ `skj
i`m np \mbph`ioj ^jhj ndbp`6
-* Nd \gbpd`i `no \io` pi\ jk^di lp` `n b`ipdi\ t lp` ij
kp`_` _`^d_dmn` h`_d\io` diq`nodb\^di m\^dji\g( `ioji^`n
n` epnodad^\ lp` `n\ k`mnji\ _`^d_\ _` \^p`m_j ^ji npn _`
n`jn*
.* Nd g\ jk^di m`gdbdjn\ `n pi\ jk^di qdq\ k\m\ \gbpd`i( `i
oji^`n `n pi\ jk^di b`ipdi\ k\m\ `n\ k`mnji\*
/* G\ jk^di m`gdbdjn\ ij kp`_` _`^d_dmn` h`_d\io` diq`nod
b\^di m\^dji\g*
Ebe _b gTagb

/4 >U\W(& kk* 44)5,*

-)1

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

0* Nd g\ jk^di m`gdbdjn\ `n pi\ jk^di qdq\ k\m\ \gbpd`i( `i

oji^`n n` epnodad^\ lp` `n\ k`mnji\ _`^d_\ _` \^p`m_j ^ji
npn _`n`jn*
E\h`n \mbph`io\( kp`n( lp` nd \gbpd`i od`i` g\ qjgpio\_ _` ^m``m(
nd lpd`m` ^m``m( `ioji^`n `n\ k`mnji\ od`i` _`m`^cj \ ^m``m* Kjm
npkp`noj( nd ^m``m lp` ?djn `sdno` j lp` ij `sdno` ij `n _` dio`m n
k\m\ pi\ k`mnji\( `ioji^`n `g \mbph`ioj _` E\h`n ij n` \kgd^\ \
`n\ k`mnji\* N` \kgd^\ \ g\ k`mnji\ lp` lpd`m` ^m``m( \ g\ k`mnji\
k\m\ lpd`i `n\ jk^di `n qdq\( k`mj lp` n` \]nod`i` _` ^m``m kjm
lp` ij od`i` m\uji`n k\m\ k`in\m lp` np ^m``i^d\ `n q`m_\_`m\*
Io`n`( _` k\nj( lp` ij ngj `g npkp`noj ^m`t`io` ndij o\h]d i `g
npkp`noj \o`j kp`_` epnodad^\m np ^m``i^d\* ?` h\i`m\ lp` \ \g
bpd`i lp` lpd`m` ^m``m lp` ?djn ab `sdno` k`mj lp` n` \]nod`i` _`
^m``mgj kjmlp` ij kp`_`i kmjkjm^dji\m m\uji`n k\m\ o\g ^m``i^d\(
`g \mbph`ioj _` E\h`n o\h]d i kp`_` n`mg` _` \tp_\*
<gbpi\n k`mnji\n n` c\i lp`e\_j _` lp` `g \dYp h`io _` E\
h`n kmjkjm^dji\ ypi k`mhdnj dmm`nomd^oj k\m\ k`in\m gj lp` n`
_`n``z( k`mj nd hdm\hjn _` ^`m^\ `g \mbph`ioj kj_`hjn q`m lp`
ij `n \n* @g \mbph`ioj _` E\h`n ngj n` \kgd^\ \ jk^dji`n b`)
ipdi\n lp` ij kp`_\i n`m _`^d_d_\n h`_d\io` diq`nodb\^di m\
^dji\g* @noj `gdhdi\ g\ bm\i h\tjm\ _` g\n jk^dji`n lp` kp`_\i
n`m _`^d_d_\n h`_d\io` pi\ diq`nodb\^di m\^dji\g _` gjn c`^cjn
k`modi`io`n* @g \mbph`ioj _` E\h`n n` \kgd^\ \ pi bmpkj hpt
gdhdo\_j _` jk^dji`n* G\ ^p`nodi lp` ijn dhkjmo\ `n nd n` \kgd^\
\ gj lp`e\h `n gg\h\ g\ jk^di m`gdbdjn\* K\m\ E\h`n( ^p\i_j ijn
`iam`io\hjn ^ji g\ jk^di m`gdbdjn\( g\ cdko`ndn `i ^p`nodi ij `n
w?djn `sdno`x( ndij \gbj hn ^jhkgd^\_j* G\ cdko`ndn m`gdbdjn\ _`
E\h`n od`i` _jn k\mo`n( g\ kmdh`m\ _` g\n ^p\g`n `n( _d^c\ ^ji hdn
k\g\]m\n( w?djn `sdno`x t g\ n`bpi_\ w@no\hjn h`ejm \cjm\ t ndi
_p_\ gj `no\m`hjn _`nkp n nd ^m``hjn lp` ?djn `sdno`x* K\m\ E\
h`n( kp`n( g\ cdko`ndn m`gdbdjn\ `n g\ ^jiepi^di _` _jn cdko`ndn
t g\ jk^di m`gdbdjn\ `n g\ _`^dndi _` ^m``m j ij `i g\ cdko`ndn
m`gdbdjn\*/5
>jind_`m`hjn g\n km`hdn\n* G\ kmdh`m\ k\m`^` \^`ko\]g` kjm
lp` nd \gbpd`i lpd`m` ojh\m pi\ _`^dndi dhkjmo\io`( ij c\t h\
i`m\ _` lp` kp`_\ `gp_dmg\( t o\hkj^j c\t h\i`m\ `i \ ] n j g p oj
_` \^p_dm \ `qd_`i^d\n j m\uji`n k\m\ \kjt\m g\ _`^dndi( ` i oj i ^ ` n
N5 Q \n` `i \U\W(& k* -,1( g\ `skjnd^di _` E\h`n _` g\ cdko`ndn m`gdbdjn\*

?JHI>;>868>{C EG6<BuI>86

-)2

ndi _p_\ od`i` `g _`m`^cj _` _`^d_dm ^jhj lpd`m\* Ij c\t \mbp

h`ioj lp` kp`_\ podgdu\mn` k\m\ ^ji_`i\m _d^c\ _`^dndi ^jhj
dmm\^dji\g* Ij kp`_` `gp_dm g\ `g`^^di( kjmlp` `n ajmujn\7 t ij
kp`_` ndhkg`h`io` dbijm\mg\ kjmlp` `n dhkjmo\io`* @i o\g ^\nj
n` epnodad^\ lp` c\b\ gj lp` lpd`m\* Ij c\t i\_\ m`g\^dji\_j ^ji
g\ _`^dndi lp` ij ojh` `i ^p`io\ npn _`n`jn*
@g kmj]g`h\ _` g\ n`bpi_\ km`hdn\ `n _`^d_dm nd g\ jk^di m`gd
bdjn\ _` E\h`n `n j ij om\n^`i_`io` t ajmujn\* Nd `n \h]\n ^jn\n(
`ioji^`n g\ km`hdn\ `n q`m_\_`m\* E\h`n _d^` lp`6
q`hjn( kmdh`mj( lp` g\ m`gdbdi n` jam`^` ^jhj pi\ jk^di geTfx
VXaWXagX( Npkp`no\h`io` b\i\hjn( di^gpnj \cjm\( h`_d\io` ip`nom\
^m``i^d\( t k`m_`hjn kjm ip`nom\ a\go\ _` ^m``i^d\( pi _`o`mhdi\_j
]d`i qdo\g* @i n`bpi_j gpb\m( g\ m`gdbdi `n pi\ jk^di ajmujn\( `i g\
h`_d_\ `i lp` kp`_` n`mgj* Ij kj_`hjn `n^\k\m \g kmj]g`h\ k`m
h\i`^d`i_j `n^ kod^jn t `nk`m\i_j hn ^g\md_\_( kjmlp`( nd ]d`i
`qdo\m\hjn ^\`m `i `g `mmjm Xa X_ VTfb WX dhX _T eX_\Z\ a YhXeT YT_fT&
k`m_`m\hjn `g ]d`i( `i g\ hdnh\ h`_d_\ `i lp` `n^jbd m\hjn kj
ndodq\h`io` ij ^m``m( ndYhXeT iXeWTWXeT

Kj_`hjn `no\m _` \^p`m_j ^ji E\h`n `i lp` np jk^di m`gdbdjn\

`n om\n^`i_`io`( kjmlp` ojh\m g\ _`^dndi _` ^m``m `i g\ cdko`ndn
`n _`^d_dm `i a\qjm _` ]`i`ad^djn `som`h\_\h`io` dhkjmo\io`n
\cjm\ t o\h]d i `i g\ `o`mid_\_ lp` ndbp` \ g\ hp`mo`* Ndi `h
]\mbj ij lp`_\ ^g\mj kjm lp E\h`n kd`in\ lp` np jk^di `n ajm
ujn\* K\m`^` k`in\m lp` nd _`^d_dhjn n`m di^m _pgjn m`nk`^oj _`
np cdko`ndn m`gdbdjn\( j ]d`i \]no`i`mijn _` ^m``m `i `gg\( `ioji
^`n c`hjn _`^d_d_j( `i `a`^oj( ij \g^\iu\m ^d`mojn ]`i`ad^djn km`
n`io`n* K`mj `noj ij `n \n* Kj_`hjn m`^c\u\m np cdko`ndn m`gd
bdjn\( lp` `n pi\ ^jiepi^di( ndhkg`h`io` m`^c\u\i_j pi\ _`
g\n k\mo`n _` g\ ^jiepi^di* ?` h\i`m\ lp` nd m`^c\u\hjn g\ n`
bpi_\ k\mo`( `noj `n( lp` g\ ^m``i^d\ ijn om\` ]`i`ad^djn( k`mj
^m``hjn lp` ?djn `sdno`( `ioji^`n ij c`hjn m`^c\u\_j gjn ]`i`
ad^djn( kjmlp` m`^d]dmgjn m`lpd`m` ngj _` lp` ^m`\hjn lp` ?djn
`sdno`* Dbp\gh`io`( kj_`hjn \]no`i`mijn _` ^m``m g\ cdko`ndn
m`gdbdjn\ ndi md`nbj \gbpij _` k`m_`m( nd ngj ijn \]no`i`hjn _`
^m``m `i g\ n`bpi_\ k\mo`* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( g\ cdko`ndn m`gdbdjn\
Lp`e\h`n jam`^` ij m`npgo\ n`m pi\ jk^di ajmujn\( t kjm gj o\ioj
g\ n`bpi_\ km`hdn\ _`g \mbph`ioj _` E\h`n `n a\gn\*
0, >U\W(& k k * -,1)-,2*

-*)

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

Ndi `h]\mbj( kj_`hjn `i^jiom\m jom\ cdko`ndn m`gdbdjn\ lp`

^ji_pu^\ \ pi\ jk^di o\ioj ajmujn\ ^jhj om\n^`i_`io`* G\ cd
ko`ndn hn ndhkg` _` lp` ?djn `sdno` n\odna\m g\ jk^di ajmujn\
\^`m^\ _` ^m``m lp` ?djn `sdno` j ij ^m``m lp` ?djn `sdno`* Nd h`
\]no`ibj _` _`^d_dm( `ioji^`n( _`n_` gp`bj( `i `a`^oj c` _`^d_d_j
ij ^m``m lp` ?djn `sdno`* @noj( _`n_` gp`bj( ij `n gj hdnhj lp`
_`^d_dm ^m``m lp` ?djn ij `sdno`* G\ jk^di( `hk`mj( ij `n om\n
^`i_`io`( o\g ^jhj g\ _`adidhjn* Ij c` _`^d_d_j `i a\qjm j `i
^jiom\ _` idibi ]`i`ad^dj km`n`io`( t\ n`\ lp` ^m`\ j h` \]n
o`ib\ _` ^m``m lp` ?djn `sdno` |`nk`^d\gh`io` nd ^m`j( kjm `e`h
kgj( lp` nd cp]d`m\ pi _djn( h` m`^jhk`in\m\ ij kjm hd ^m``i^d\
`i g( ndij kjm ^hj h` kjmoj ^ji hdn n`h`e\io`n* <n lp` kp`_j
_`^d_dm om\o\m \ gjn jomjn ^ji \hjm t m`nk`oj t ^ji `ggj _`^d_dm `i
a\qjm _` gjn ]`i`ad^djn* Kp`_j `lpdqj^\mh` `i ^p\ioj \ lp `n gj
lp` om\`m\ gjn ]`i`ad^djn)( k`mj `iam`ioj `n` md`nbj( ndi dhkjmo\m
gj lp` _`^d_\* Gj dhkjmo\io`( _` oj_\n h\i`m\n( `n lp` \g _`^d_dm
ngj m`nk`^oj _` g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` ?djn( ij c` _`^d_d_j `i a\qjm j
`i ^jiom\ _` gjn ]`i`ad^djn* G\ cdko`ndn ndbpd`io`( ndi `h]\mbj(
lp` gg\h\m = & `gp_` `no` kmj]g`h\6
=( ?djn `sdno`( t ngj gjn lp` ^m``i `i g\n `in`\iu\n _` ?djn
$lp` di^gpt`i = % m`^d]dmi ^d`mojn ]`i`ad^djn dhkjmo\io`n
\cjm\ t o\h]d i _`nkp n*
@i `g ^\nj _` = _`]`hjn ^m``m \h]\n k\mo`n _` g\ ^jiepi^di ^ji
`g adi _` m`^d]dm gjn ]`i`ad^djn( _` h\i`m\ lp` nd m`^c\u\hjn j ijn
\]no`i`hjn _` ^m``m `i ^p\glpd`m\ _` g\n k\mo`n _` g\ ^jiepi^di(
`i `a`^oj( c`hjn _`^d_d_j `i ^jiom\ _` gjn ]`i`iad^djn* <n lp`
pi\ jk^di m`a`m`io` \ = `n ajmujn\ t ndi _p_\ om\n^`i_`io`*
<^`ko`hjn( kp`n( g\ n`bpi_\ km`hdn\ _`g \mbph`ioj _` E\h`n
pi\ q`u lp` c`hjn dio`mkm`o\_j g\ cdko`ndn m`gdbdjn\ ^jhj =(
Oj_\q\ ijn lp`_\ g\ o\m`\ _` `q\gp\m g\ o`m^`m\ km`hdn\* Ij
c`hjn `i^jiom\_j \mbph`iojn ngd_jn k\m\ kmj]\m g\ `sdno`i^d\
_` ?djn( t\ n`\i T ce\be\ b T cbf_Xe\be\( Kp`_` k`in\mn` lp` `noj `n
npad^d`io` k\m\ epnodad^\m g\ km`hdn\ $/%( k`mj c\t jom\n _jn ajm
h\n lp` \i kp`_`i n`m m`apo\_\n* Kmdh`m\( \ gj g\mbj _` g\ _dn
^pndi \io`mdjm npkpndhjn lp` j `n q`_\_`mj j `n a\gnj lp` ?djn
`sdno`( t \pilp` no\ k\m`^` pi\ npkjnd^di m\uji\]g`( c\ nd_j
\o\^\_\ ap`mo`h`io`* N` c\ \admh\_j lp` idibpi\ `skm`ndi m`
gdbdjn\( di^gpt`i_j w?djn `sdno`x( `n pi\ kmjkjnd^di7 oj_\n nji

?JHI>;>868>{C EG6<BuI>86

-**

`skm`ndji`n lp` ij nji id q`m_\_`m\n id a\gn\n* ?` \^p`m_j ^ji

`no\ \admh\^di( g\n `skm`ndji`n m`gdbdjn\n ij ndmq`i k\m\ c\^`m
kmjkjnd^dji`n \^`m^\ _` g\n ^jn\n( ndij lp` od`i`i pi\ api^di
gdib nod^\ ojo\gh`io` _da`m`io`* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( `n pi `mmjm
^ji^gpdm lp` `n q`m_\_`mj j a\gnj lp` ?djn `sdno`( t o\h]d i `n
pi `mmjm c\]g\m _` pi\ jk^di m`gdbdjn\ lp` dhkgdlp` g\ cdko`ndn
_` lp` ?djn `sdno`* C\]g\m _` `no\ h\i`m\ `n `lpdqj^\mn` m`n
k`^oj _`g g`ibp\e` t k`m_`mn` `i kn`p_jkmj]g`h\n lp` di^gpt`i
kn`p_jcdko`ndn*0G\ n`bpi_\ m kgd^\ \ g\ km`hdn\ $/% `n ojo\gh`io` _da`m`io`*
<_hdo` lp` j `n q`m_\_`mj j `n a\gnj lp` ?djn `sdno` t lp` ij
c\t idibpi\ `qd_`i^d\ \ a\qjm _` g\ cdko`ndn _` lp` ?djn `sdno`*
?`^g\m\( ndi `h]\mbj( lp` ndi _p_\ c\t `qd_`i^d\n `i ^jiom\ _` g\
cdko`ndn( `qd_`i^d\n lp` _`]`m\i gg`q\mijn \ ^ji^gpdm lp` ?djn
ij `sdno`* >jind_`m`hjn kjm n`k\m\_j ^\_\ pi\ _` `no\n _da`m`i
o`n m kgd^\n*
Ee\`XeT bU]XV\ a1 _Tf XkceXf\baXf eX_\Z\bfTf ab fba TY\e`TV\baXf
>jij^`hjn hp^cjn pnjn _`g g`ibp\e` lp` ij di^gpt`i \admh\
^dji`n* >p\i_j c\^`hjn pi\ km`bpio\( j _\hjn pi\ jm_`i( j
^jio\hjn pi ^cdno`( j m`^do\hjn pi kj`h\( j c\^`hjn hp^c\n
jom\n ^jn\n ^ji `g g`ibp\e`( ij `no\hjn \admh\i_j \gbj q`m_\
_`mj j a\gnj* Nd _dbj( y>d`mm\ g\ kp`mo\z j yKjm a\qjm kn\h` g\
n\gz( n`m\ di\kmjkd\_j m`nkji_`m y@n q`m_\_z j y@n a\gnjz* Dbp\g
h`io` nd _dbj( y}Lp h\m\qdggjn\ ^jhd_\ z j y}<_`g\io` `lpdkj z(
`nojt `skm`n\i_j hdn n`iodhd`iojn j hdn \^odop_`n m`nk`^oj _`
^d`mo\n ^jn\n* Gj lp` `skm`nj ij `n id q`m_\_`mj id a\gnj* N` c\
_d^cj lp` g\n `skm`ndji`n m`gdbdjn\n ij nji \admh\^dji`n( ndij lp`
api^dji\i hn ]d`i k\m\ `skm`n\m( kjm `e`hkgj( ip`nomjn n`iod
hd`iojn _` o`hjm j \_hdm\^di am`io` \ gjn `som\jn t hdno`mdjnjn
\nk`^ojn _`g hpi_j lp` ijn mj_`\ ` di^gpnj _` ip`nomj hpi_j
dio`mdjm* @no\ ^\m\^o`mdu\^di _` g\n `skm`ndji`n m`gdbdjn\n kp`_`
n`m ^jmm`^o\( k`mj( c\t \gbpi\ m\ui k\m\ \^`ko\mg\; @g h`ejm di
o`ioj lp` n` ^jij^` kjm epnodad^\m `no\ ^ji^`k^di `n `g lp` cduj
<iocjit Ag`r( lpd`i ^jhd`iu\ np _dn^pndi ^ji pi\ k\m]jg\(
0Nj]m` UcdU `e^d_ TU fYcdQ QSUbSQ TU\ \U^WeQZU bU\YWY_c_& f}QcU 6( ?( 6iUb&
6ERKYEKI$ >LYL ERH 6SKMG$ 9_fUb EeR\YSQdY_^c >^S(& CeUfQ N_b[& *2.+& ``( *--'

-*+

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 ;(C 9>DH

lp` `n g\ \_\ko\^di _` pi \mo^pgj _` Ejci Rdn_jh( \^`m^\ _`

pi e\m_di`mj hpt k`^pgd\m* ?d^`6
C\]\ pi q`u _jn `skgjm\_jm`n lp` gg`b\mji \ pi ^g\mj `i g\ n`gq\*
@i `g ^g\mj ^m`^\i hp^c\n agjm`n t hp^c\n cd`m]\n* Pi `skgjm\_jm
_d^`( yPi e\m_di`mj _`]` _` ^pd_\m `no` o`mm`ijz* @g jomj ij `no
_` \^p`m_j6 yIj c\t e\m_di`mjz* <n lp` \mh\i np od`i_\ t kji`i
pi m`gje* Ipi^\ q`i pi e\m_di`mj* yK`mj o\g q`u `n pi e\m_di`mj di
qdnd]g`*z ?` h\i`m\ lp` kji`i pi\ ^`m^\ _` \g\h]m` _` k\n* Gj
`g`^omdad^\i* Gj k\ompgg\i ^ji k`mmjn kjgd^\* $Kjmlp` n` \^p`m_\i _`
^hj :_ [b`UeX \ai\f\U_X _` C* B* R`ggn kj_\ n`m jga\o`\_j t oj^\_j(
k`mj ij kj_\ n`m qdnoj*% K`mj ipi^\ c\t pi bmdoj lp` npbd`m\ lp`
\gbi diompnj c\ m`^d]d_j g\ _`n^\mb\* Ij c\t idibi hjqdhd`ioj
_`g \g\h]m` lp` om\d^dji` \ \gbi `n^\g\_jm diqdnd]g`* Gjn n\]p`njn
ij g\_m\i* <i \n `g >m`t`io` ndbp` ndi ^jiq`i^`mn`* yK`mj c\t pi
e\m_di`mj( diqdnd]g`( dio\ibd]g`( din`ind]g` \ g\n _`n^\mb\n `g ^omd^\n(
pi e\m_di`mj lp` qd`i` `i n`^m`oj \ ^pd_\m `g e\m_di lp` \h\*z Ad
i\gh`io` `g @n^ k_^j n` _`n`nk`m\( y K`mj lp c\t _` op \admh\^di
jmdbdi\g; @i lp n` _dnodibp` gj lp` o gg\h\n pi e\m_di`mj diqdnd
]g`( dio\ibd]g`( `o`mi\h`io` `q\ndqj( _` pi e\m_di`mj dh\bdi\mdj( j
_` idibi e\m_di`mj `i \]njgpoj;0

G\ \admh\^di _` Ag`r `n lp` \n ^jhj g\ `skm`ndi _` g\ k`mnji\

lp` ^m`` lp` c\t pi e\m_di`mj( \g adi\g _` g\ k\m]jg\ n` c\ qp`goj
^jhk\od]g` ^ji ^p\glpd`m `no\_j _` ^jn\n kjnd]g`( gj hdnhj kp`_`
_`^dmn` _` g\n `skm`ndji`n m`gdbdjn\n* < k\modm _` `ggj ^ji^gpt` lp`
pi\ `skm`ndi m`gdbdjn\ ij `n pi\ \admh\^di*
?` h\i`m\ lp` nd g\ `skm`ndi `n `i `a`^oj pi\ \admh\^di( i`^`
n\md\h`io` n`m `lpdq\g`io` \g m`^c\uj _` g\ i`b\^di _` g\ \adm
h\^di* T oj_j gj lp` `no `i ^jiom\ _` g\ \admh\^di( j lp` di_pu^\
\g c\]g\io` \ m`ipi^d\m \ `gg\ t \ \_hdodm lp` n` c\]\ `lpdqj^\_j(
_`]` n`m pi\ k\mo` $j `g oj_j% _`g ndbidad^\_j _` g\ i`b\^di _` g\
\admh\^di* T ^jij^`m `g ndbidad^\_j _` g\ i`b\^di _` g\ \admh\^di
`n( ^\nd ^jhj nd ij opqd`m\ idibpi\ api^di( ^jij^`m `g ndbidad^\_j
_` g\ \admh\^di* T nd ij c\t i\_\ lp` pi\ \admh\^di kpo\odq\ id`
bp`( o\hkj^j c\t i\_\ lp` \admh`6 \n lp` ij `n m`\gh`io` pi\
\admh\^di*0/
0. <* Ag`r( yOc`jgjbt \i_ A\gndad^\odjiz( `i <* Ag`r t <* H\^giotm` $`_n*%(
CXj :ffTlf \a E[\_bfbc[\VT_ I[Xb_bZl( N>H Km`nn( Gji_m`n( -514( k* 52* G\ k\m]jg\
_` Rdn_jh \k\m`^` `i np \mo^pgj yBj_n `i <* Ag`r $`_*%( AbZ\V TaW ATaZhTZX&
kmdh`m\ n`md`( =g\^fr`gg( Jsajm_( -52/( kk* -43).,2*
0/ Ag`r( yOc`jgjbt \i_ A\gndad^\odjiz( k* 54*

?JHI>;>868>{C EG6<BuI>86

-*,

Nd Ag`r `no \lp `i gj ^jmm`^oj( `ioji^`n `n pi `mmjm _`^dm lp` g\

jm\^di w?djn `sdno`x `n q`m_\_`m\ j a\gn\* <n lp` `no\ `skm`ndi
ij `skm`n\ idibpi\ ^m``i^d\ $id q`m_\_`m\ id a\gn\% \^`m^\ _`
^d`mojn c`^cjn* Hn ]d`i `skm`n\ n`iodhd`iojn j \^odop_`n lp` o`
i`hjn m`nk`^oj _`g hpi_j( _` h\i`m\ lp` nd Ag`r `no `i gj ^j
mm`^oj `ioji^`n E\h`n `no `i pi `mmjm \g k`in\m lp` o`i`hjn
pi\ jk^di lp` di^gpt\ g\ ^m``i^d\ _` lp` ?djn `sdno`*
GXfchXfgT T _T bU]XV\ a1 WXfVTafT fbUeX
haT gXbe T T`U\ZhT WX_ f\Za\Y\VTWb

@g i^g`j _`g \mbph`ioj _` Ag`r kp`_` kg\io`\mn` _` g\ h\i`m\

ndbpd`io`6
-* Nd i\_\ q\ `i ^jiom\ _` pi\ `skm`ndi( `ioji^`n np i`b\^di
ij od`i` ndbidad^\_j*
.* Nd g\ i`b\^di _` pi\ `skm`ndi ij od`i` ndbidad^\_j( `ioji
^`n ij c\t i\_\ lp` g\ `skm`ndi id`bp`*
/* Nd ij c\t i\_\ lp` g\ `skm`ndi id`bp`( `ioji^`n ij c\t
i\_\ lp` \admh`*
0* Nd ij c\t i\_\ lp` g\ `skm`ndi \admh`( `ioji^`n ij `n pi\
kmjkjnd^di( `noj `n( ij `n id q`m_\_`m\ id a\gn\*
1* Ij c\t i\_\ lp` q\t\ `i ^jiom\ _` w?djn `sdno`x*
Ebe _b gTagb
2* w?djn `sdno`x ij `n pi\ kmjkjnd^di*
G\n km`hdn\n $.%( $/% t $0% kp`_`i n`m \_hdod_\n( k`mj id $-% id
$1% nji dihpi`n \g \o\lp`* Pi \o\lp` ^jiom\ g\ km`hdn\ $1% `n
dbp\g \ g\ n`bpi_\ j]e`^di \ g\ o`m^`m\ km`hdn\ _` E\h`n( `noj
`n( c\t \gbpi\ `qd_`i^d\ `i ^jiom\ _` w?djn `sdno`x* @s\hdi\m`
hjn `no\ j]e`^di hn \_`g\io` `i `no` hdnhj ^\kopgj* @g jomj
\o\lp` npmb` _` g\ \admh\^di _` lp` t\ n`\ lp` g\n `sk`md`i^d\n
lp` g\ b`io` od`i` `i `no` hpi_j `no i m`g\^dji\_\n j ij ^ji g\
jm\^di w?djn `sdno`x( c\t kjm gj h`ijn pi odkj _` `sk`md`i^d\ m`
g\^dji\_\ ^ji `n\ `skm`ndi* no\ `n g\ `sk`md`i^d\ dhkgd^\_\ `i
- lp` Cd^f gg\h\ yq`mdad^\^di `n^\ojgbd^\z( j q`mdad^\^di kjno`

-*-

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

mdjm \ g\ hp`mo` ^jmkjm\g*00 G\ `skm`ndi w?djn `sdno`x kj_m\ ndi

_p_\ n`m q`mdad^\_\ kjm h`_dj _` ^d`mo\n `sk`md`i^d\n lp` \gbp
i\n k`mnji\n o`i_m\i nd `n lp` c\t qd_\ _`nkp n _` g\ hp`mo`* ?`
g\ hdnh\ h\i`m\( ap`m\ ^d`moj j ij lp` ^p\glpd`m `sk`md`i^d\ `i
`no` hpi_j _`nhdiod`m\ j n` jkpnd`m\ \ g\ jm\^di w?djn `sdno`x(
ndi _p_\( ^d`mo\n `sk`md`i^d\n kjno`mdjm`n \ g\ hp`mo`( o\g`n ^jhj
g\ `sk`md`i^d\ _` pi _`hjidj h\gdbij jhidkjo`io`( _`nh`i
odm\i `n^\ojgbd^\h`io` g\ jm\^di w?djn `sdno`x* <n lp` c\t \gbj
lp` n` jkji` \ w?djn `sdno`x* Ndi `h]\mbj( Ag`r kj_m\ `gp_dm `no\
j]e`^di m`qdn\i_j $1% k\m\ lp` n` m`admd`m\ ngj \ g\ `qd_`i^d\ _`n)
^p]md]g` `i `no` hpi_j( `noj `n( \ g\ `qd_`i^d\ `hkmd^\* G\ km`
hdn\ $1% `no\]g`^`m\ `ioji^`n lp` i\_\ `hkmd^j n` jkji` \ w?djn
`sdno`x( `n _`^dm( lp` g\ jm\^di w?djn `sdno`x ij `n `hkmd^\h`io`
_`nh`iod]g`* Ij j]no\io`( ^ji `g adi _` ^jin`mq\m \n g\ km`hdn\
$1%( _`]`hjn m`ajmhpg\k $-% ^jhj ndbp`6
g\* Nd ij c\t idibpi\ `qd_`i^d\ `hkmd^\ lp` n` jkjib\ \ pi\
`skm`ndi( `ioji^`n np i`b\^di ij od`i` n`iod_j*
K`mj( nd ijn _\hjn ^p`io\ _` lp` g\ `qd_`i^d\ `i ^jiom\ _` pi\
`skm`ndi `n pi\ `qd_`i^d\ _` np i`b\^di( t _` lp` g\ i`b\^di
_` pi\ `skm`ndi od`i` n`iod_j ngj `i `g ^\nj _` lp` g\ `skm`ndi
o\h]d i gj o`ib\( kj_`hjn m`ajmhpg\m $g\% ^jhj ndbp`6
-:* Nd ij c\t pi\ `qd_`i^d\ `hkmd^\ lp` \kjt` \ pi\ `skm`
ndi( `ioji^`n g\ `skm`ndi ij od`i` ndbidad^\_j*
>p\i_j j]n`mq\hjn g\ km`hdn\ $-% om\inajmh\_\ `i $- :%n` \^g\m\
gj lp` c\t _`omn _` `no` \mbph`ioj |`g ^mdo`mdj _` q`mdad^\]dgd)
_\_ _`g ndbidad^\_j* G\ km`hdn\ $- :%( g\ ^p\g( `i `a`^oj( njnod`i`
lp` nd pi\ `skm`ndi od`i` n`iod_j `ioji^`n `n `hkmd^\h`io` q`)
mdad^\]g`( `n m`\gh`io` pi\ h\ida`no\^di _`g ^mdo`mdj _` q`mdad^\)
]dgd_\_ lp`( ^jhj qdhjn `i `g >\kopgj 0( `n hpt _dn^pod]g`*01 G\
km`hdn\ $-%( kp`n( n` qp`gq` hpt _dn^pod]g` ^p\i_j `n `ih`i_\_\
k\m\ `gp_dm g\ j]e`^di \ g\ km`hdn\ $1%* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( kp`noj
lp` no` t jomjn dio`iojn kjm `no\]g`^`m lp` g\n `skm`ndji`n m`gd
bdjn\n ij nji \admh\^dji`n n` c\i \kjt\_j `i `g _dn^pod]g` ^mdo`
mdj _` q`mdad^\]dgd_\_ _`g ndbidad^\_j( kj_`hjn m`^c\u\m `g kmdh`m
00 Q \n` E* Cd^f( yOc`jgjbt \i_ Q`mdad^\odjiz( `i E*Cd^f $`_*%( I[X Xk\fgXaVX
bY <bW& H\^hdgg\i( Ip`q\ Tjmf( -520( kk* .1.).30*
01 Gjn kmj]g`h\n ^ji gjn lp` n` `iam`io\ `g ^mdo`mdj _` q`mdad^\]dgd_\_ nji
_dn^pod_jn ^ji ^d`moj _`o\gg` `i g\n kk* .54)/,.*

:A B6A 8DBD :K>9:C8>6 8DCIG6 A6 :M>HI:C8>6 9: 9>DH

-*.

\o\lp` ^jiom\ g\ o`m^`m\ km`hdn\ _` E\h`n* Ij c\t m\uji`n k\m\

_p_\m _` lp` g\ jm\^di w?djn `sdno`xn`\ pi\ kmjkjnd^di*
=IKYRHE SFNIGMlR( LE] IZMHIRGMEW IR GSRXVE HI PE LMTlXIWMW VIPMKMSWE

K`mj( kj_`hjn o\h]d i m`^c\u\m `g n`bpi_j \o\lp` `i ^jiom\

_` g\ km`hdn\ $/%; Kj_`hjn \^`ko\m gj lp` o\ioj E\h`n ^jhj
Ag`r \^`ko\i( \ n\]`m( lp` ij c\t `qd_`i^d\n `hkmd^\n m`g`q\i
o`n k\m\ g\ `skm`ndi w?djn `sdno`; Nd `i^jiom\hjn `noj \^`ko\]g`(
`ioji^`n \pilp` ij n` n\gq\m\ \g \mbph`ioj _` Ag`r( ijn k`mhd
odm\ \^`ko\m g\ o`m^`m\ km`hdn\ _`g \mbph`ioj _` E\h`n t( kjm gj
o\ioj( np \mbph`ioj* < k\modm _` ip`nom\ _dn^pndi \io`mdjm c`
hjn `i^jiom\_j ]p`i\n m\uji`n k\m\ `no\m _` \^p`m_j `i lp` ij
c\t `qd_`i^d\n lp` \kjt`i \ g\ `skm`ndi w?djn `sdno`x( k`mj ij
c`hjn ^jind_`m\_j nd c\t \gbpi\ `qd_`i^d\ lp` n` jkjib\ \ `n\
`skm`ndi* Kj_`hjn( ^m`j( dbijm\m hp^cjn c`^cjn _` gjn lp` g\
b`io` c\ \admh\_j lp` `noi `qd_`io`h`io` m`g\^dji\_jn ^ji g\
`sdno`i^d\ _` ?djn( k`mj c\t jomjn c`^cjn lp` ij kp`_`i n`m o\i
a^dgh`io` `gp_d_jn* ?` \^p`m_j ^ji hp^c\ b`io`( g\ `sdno`i^d\
_` o\ioj h\g `i `no` hpi_j ij kp`_` n`m dbijm\_\( n\gqj kjm \g
bpd`i lp` n`\ o\i dmm\^dji\g `i npn ^m``i^d\n \^`m^\ _` ?djn lp`
ij `nopqd`m\ _dnkp`noj \ ^jind_`m\m id ndlpd`m\ g\ kjnd]dgd_\_ _`
lp` \gbj ^p`io` ^jhj pi\ `qd_`i^d\ `i ^jiom\ _` g\ `sdno`i^d\ _`
?djn* ?`]`hjn( kjm gj o\ioj( ^jind_`m\m `g kmj]g`h\ _`g h\g*
@ G H<G >JHJ @QD?@I>D< >JIOM< G< @SDNO@I>D< ?@ ?DJN

@g kmj]g`h\ _`g h\g `n pij _` gjn kmj]g`h\n lp` hn dilpd`o\i

\ ^p\glpd`m\ lp` ^m`` lp` `sdno` pi ?djn lp` `n jhid]ji_\_jnj(
jhidn^d`io` t jhidkj_`mjnj t lp` ^m` `no` hpi_j `i `g lp`
qdqdhjn* Kj_`hjn `hk`u\m \ q`m `no` kmj]g`h\ _` g\ ndbpd`io`
h\i`m\6 Nd pno`_ ap`m\ jhid]ji_\_jnj( jhidn^d`io` t jhidkj
o`io`( t ap`m\ \ ^m`\m pi pidq`mnj `i `g lp` cp]d`m\ n`m`n lp`
nd`io`i |n`m`n lp` `noi \g`bm`n j omdno`n( lp` _dnampo\i _`g kg\)
^`m( nd`io`i _jgjm( `skm`n\i \hjm( dm\( kd`_\_( j_dj| lp odkj
_` hpi_j ^m`\m\; Kjm n`m jhidkjo`io`( o`i_m\ g\ ^\k\^d_\_ _`
^m`\m ^p\glpd`m hpi_j lp` ap`m\ gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g` lp` ^m`\m\(
t kjm n`m jhidn^d`io`( n\]m\ ^hj ^m`\m ^p\glpd`m\ _` `nojn h pi
_jn gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g`n* >pg `n^jb`m\ pno`_; J]qd\h`io` `n)
>jb`m\ `g h`ejm _` gjn hpi_jn kjnd]g`n kjmlp` n`m\ jhid]ji)

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

_\_jnj t lp`mm\ c\^`m gj h`ejm `i oj_j gj lp` cd^d`m\* >m`\m\(

`ioji^`n( `g h`ejm _` gjn hpi_jn kjnd]g`n( `noj `n( `g hpi_j lp`
opqd`m\ g\ h`ijm ^\iod_\_ _` h\g kjnd]g`* T ^jhj gjn odkjn hn
j]qdjn _` h\g nji `g npamdhd`ioj( g\ _dad^pgo\_ t `g _jgjm( ^m`\m\
pi hpi_j `i `g lp` gjn n`m`n lp` nd`io`i npamd`m\i gj h`ijn kj
nd]g`* Om\o` _` dh\bdi\m ^hj n`m\ pi hpi_j n`h`e\io`* <^\nj
n`m\ ^jhj `g lp` _` c`^cj `sdno`( `no` hpi_j `i `g lp` qdqd
hjn; >m`\m\ pno`_ pi hpi_j ^jhj no` nd opqd`m\ `g kj_`m t
npkd`m\ ^hj ^m`\m ^p\glpd`m hpi_j gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g`; Nd np
m`nkp`no\ `n yijz ^jhj k\m`^` lp` _`]`m\ n`m( `ioji^`n _`]`m\
`hk`u\m \ `io`i_`m kjm lp gjn h\d`n _`g npamdhd`ioj t `g _jgjm
`i `no` hpi_j nji o\i kmj]g`hod^jn k\m\ ^p\glpd`m\ lp` kd`in`
lp` ?djn ^m` `no` hpi_j* no` ij k\m`^` n`m `g odkj _` hpi_j
lp` ?djn ^m`\m\( t ndi _p_\ ij n`m\ `g odkj _` hpi_j lp` ^jin`m
q\m\* ?\_j `no` hpi_j( kp`n( k\m`^` lp` _`]`m\hjn ^ji^gpdm
lp` `n dhkmj]\]g` lp` c\t\ nd_j ^m`\_j j ^jin`mq\_j kjm ^p\g
lpd`m ^jn\ lp` gg\h`hjn ?djn* <n lp`( _\_j `no` hpi_j k\mod^p
g\m( k\m`^` lp` _`]`m\hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` `n dhkmj]\]g` lp` ?djn
|lpd`i nd `sdno` ^m` `no` pidq`mnj| `sdno\* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`(
g\ ^m``i^d\ _` lp` ?djn ij `sdno`( hn lp` g\ ^m``i^d\ _` lp` n
`sdno`( k\m`^`m\ `no\mepnodad^\_\ kjm g\n `qd_`i^d\n lp` `i^jiom\
hjn `i `no` hpi_j*
DU]XV\ a1 _T ZXagX Xf eXfcbafTU_X WX_ `T_
@g kmj]g`h\ _`g h\g ij `n ndhkg`h`io` pi kmj]g`h\ k\m\ \g
bpd`i lp`( kjm `e`hkgj( lpd`m\ epnodad^\m g\ ^m``i^d\ `i ?djn h`
_d\io` `g \mbph`ioj _`g _dn`j* @n pi kmj]g`h\ k\m\ lpd`i lpd`
m\ \admh\m lp` np ^m``i^d\ `i ?djn ij `n dmm\^dji\g( lp` ij `n
^jiom\md\ \ gj lp` _`]` ^m``mn` nj]m` g\ ]\n` _` g\n `qd_`i^d\n _dn
kjid]g`n* C\t \gbpi\ h\i`m\ _` m`njgq`m j _` `gp_dm `no` kmj
]g`h\; Kj_`hjn _` \gbi hj_j epnodad^\m gjn h oj_jn _` ?djn
^ji gjn n`m`n cph\ijn( _\_\ g\ h\i`m\ ^jhj nji g\n ^jn\n `i `no`
hpi_j; ?d^c\ o\m`\ ^jinodopt` gj lp` n` c\ gg\h\_j o`j_d^`\( lp`
`n `g dio`ioj kjm epndodad^\m g\ \admh\^di _` lp`( \ k`n\m _`g h\g
lp` `i^jiom\hjn \lp( no` `n `g h`ejm _` gjn hpi_jn kjnd]g`n*
@i ^d`moj n`iod_j `g kmj]g`h\ `no `i `i^jiom\m g\ h\i`m\ _`
_dnk`in\m \ ?djn _` g\ m`nkjin\]dgd_\_ hjm\g kjm `g npamdhd`ioj*
Pi dio`ioj kjm c\^`m `noj g` \omd]pt` g\ m`nkjin\]dgd_\_( t kjm gj
o\ioj g\ ^pgk\( _`g npamdhd`ioj \ gjn n`m`n cph\ijn `i gpb\m _`

:A B6A 8DBD :K>9:C8>6 8DCIG6 A6 :M>HI:C8>6 9: 9>DH

-*0

\omd]pmn`g\ \ ?djn* N`bi `no\ ^ji^`k^di ?djn ^m` \ gjn n`m`n

cph\ijn \ np kmjkd\ dh\b`i t no\ `n g\ m\ui kjm g\ ^p\g g\ b`io`
od`i` P]m` \g]`_mj* T kp`noj lp` g\ b`io` od`i` gd]m` \g]`_mj( `n
`gg\ t ij ?djn g\ hjm\gh`io` m`nkjin\]g` kjm oj_j `g npamdhd`ioj
lp` ^\pn\* Ndi _p_\ g\ \^odop_ _` gjn cjh]m`n c\^d\ gjn cjh]m`n
kp`_` n`m ]\no\io` cjmmd]g` ^jhj gj o`nodad^\ `g ^\hdij lp` q\ _`g
^\id]\gdnhj \ g\ dilpdnd^di( gjn ^\hkjn i\udn _` ^ji^`iom\^di
t `g ]jh]\m_`j `i h\n\ _` ^dqdg`n* Am`^p`io`h`io` gjn cjh]m`n
k\m`^`i hn \kojn k\m\ d_`\m t podgdu\m dinomph`iojn _` ojmopm\
lp` k\m\ m`\gdu\m j]m\n _` ^\md_\_*
GXfchXfgT1 `T_ `beT_ q`mnpn `T_ aTgheT_

G\ b`io` `n ndi _p_\ m`nkjin\]g` _` hp^cj _`g npamdhd`ioj di

agdbd_j \ jom\ b`io`( k`mj( _` oj_\n h\i`m\n( nji hp^c\n g\n ^j
n\n _` g\n lp` ij k\m`^` n`m ^pgk\]g`* K\m\ q`m `noj _dnodib\hjn
gj lp` n` c\ gg\h\_j h\g hjm\g _`g h\g i\opm\g* @g h\g hjm\g
^jindno` `i oj_j `g h\g _`g hpi_j lp` `n `g m`npgo\_j ^\pn\g _`
\lp`ggjn \b`io`n hjm\gh`io` m`nkjin\]g`n lp` ajmh\i k\mo` _`g
hpi_j* @g h\g i\opm\g di^gpt` oj_j `g m`noj _`g h\g lp` kp`_\
c\]`m* ?` h\i`m\ lp`( nd ]d`i `g npamdhd`ioj h\ndqj _` <pn^crdou
`n ndi _p_\ pi h\g hjm\g( `g npamdhd`ioj o\h]d i `ijmh` lp`
m`npgo\ _` _`n\nom`n i\opm\g`n o\g`n ^jhj gjn o`mm`hjojn( dipi_\
^dji`n( n`lp\n( cpm\^\i`n t ndhdg\m`n( ij nji `g m`npgo\_j ^\pn\g
_` idibi \b`io` hjm\g lp` c\t\ `i `g hpi_j* Nji h\g`n i\op
m\g`n( h\g`n _` gjn lp` idibi n`m cph\ij `n m`nkjin\]g`* <_
hdo\hjn( kp`n( k\m\ gjn kmjkndojn _` `no\ _dn^pndi lp` hp^cj
_`g h\g `n hjm\g t lp` ?djn ij `n m`nkjin\]g` _` no`* K`mj `noj
ngj ndbidad^\ lp` `g kmj]g`h\ _`g h\g _`]` n`m m`_`adid_j ^jhj
`g kmj]g`h\ _`g h\g i\opm\g( pi kmj]g`h\ lp` ij `n hn a^dg _`
m`njgq`m*
DU]XV\ a1 HTgTa~f Vb`b haT VThfT WX_ `T_ aTgheT_

<lp kp`_` j]e`o\mn` lp` nd ]d`i g\ b`io` ij `n hjm\gh`io` m`n

kjin\]g` _` gjn h\g`n i\opm\g`n kjmlp` ij `n ^\pn\ _` `ggjn( ndi
`h]\mbj _d^cjn h\g`n j^pmm`i ^jhj kmp`]\n( \_q`mo`i^d\n t ^\n
\ j n k\m\ gjn n`m`n cph\ijn kjm gjn h\g`n lp` n ^\pn\i* @i ^ji
n`^p`i^d\( g\ j]e`^di k`mndno`( kjmlp` \pilp` ?djn n`\ g\ ^\pn\

-*1

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

_` gjn h\g`n i\opm\g`n( `no epnodad^\_j `i ^\pn\mgjn _\_\ g\ h\

i`m\ ^jhj g\ b`io` n` ^jhkjmo\ ^ji g\ b`io` t ^ji ?djn hdnhj*
Pi m`adi\hd`ioj _` `no\ j]e`^di ^jindno` `i di^gpdm \ N\o\in
^jhj ^\pn\ _` pi\ k\mo` _`g h\g i\opm\g( _` h\i`m\ lp` ngj
^d`mojn h\g`n i\opm\g`n nji ^\pn\_jn kjm ?djn t `g m`noj kjm N\
o\in* @no\ j]e`^di `n dhkjmo\io` kjmlp` ijn \tp_\ \ _`gdhd
o\m `g kmj]g`h\ lp` `no\hjn _dn^pod`i_j* Ij ijn dio`m`n\ n\
]`m nd g\ `sdno`i^d\ _`g h\g lp` `i^jiom\hjn `i `no` hpi_j `n
^jhk\od]g` ^ji g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` ?djn $`noj `n( nd c\t ^jindno`i^d\
gbd^\%( ndij lp `a`^oj od`i` nj]m` g\ kmj]\]dgd_\_ _` g\ `sdno`i^d\
_` ?djn* Kj_`hjn \_hdodm lp` n`\ gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g` lp` ?djn
c\t\ ^m`\_j `no` hpi_j kjmlp` `n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g` lp` `no`
hpi_j( ^ji oj_jn npn h\g`n( n`\ `g h`ejm _` gjn hpi_jn kjnd
]g`n*02 K`mj c\t hp^c\n kjnd]dgd_\_`n gbd^\n dhkmj]\]g`n t g\
\admh\^di _` lp` ?djn ^m` `no` hpi_j k\m`^` \ `no\n \gopm\n n`m
pi\ _` `gg\n* ?` h\i`m\ lp`( \pilp` gj lp` g\ j]e`^di \io`mdjm
\admh\ chXWX n`m q`m_\_( g\ km`bpio\ `n nd c\t \gbpi\ m\ui k\m\
k`in\m lp` `n q`m_\_* Gjn h\g`n i\opm\g`n \agdb`i di_dn^mdhdi\
_\h`io` \ ^pgk\]g`n t \ dij^`io`n kjm dbp\g* >d`mo\h`io` `g np
amdhd`ioj _` ]`] n dij^`io`n ^jhj m`npgo\_j _` pi o`mm`hjoj ij
kp`_` epnodad^\mn`( id ndlpd`m\ ^jhj \_q`mo`i^d\ k\m\ lp` g\ b`io`
^jmmde\ npn ^jnoph]m`n* Nd n` _d^` lp` o\g npamdhd`ioj `n j]m\ _`
N\o\in( kj_`hjn km`bpio\m kjm lp n` g` k`mhdo` \ N\o\in ^ji
odip\m ^ji np j]m\* Ij kp`_` n`m kjmlp` ?djn ij o`ib\ `g kj_`m
k\m\ _`o`i`m \ N\o\in* @no\ _j^omdi\ h\idlp`\ _` lp` c\t _jn
ap`mu\n bdb\io`n^\n( pi\ ]p`i\ t pi\ h\g\( idibpi\ _` g\n ^p\
g`n kp`_` k\n\m kjm `i^dh\ _` g\ jom\( `n `s^gpd_\ kjmlp` ?djn
`n jhidkjo`io`( t ndi _p_\ `n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g` lp` N\o\in
n`\ _`nompd_j j kjm gj h`ijn gdhdo\_j* ?`]` _` n`m lp` ?djn g`
k`mhdo` \ N\o\in pn\m npn kmjkdjn h oj_jn* K`mj `noj `lpdq\g` \
lp` \gbpd`i o`ib\ `g kj_`m k\m\ _`o`i`m \ \gbpd`i( t g` k`mhdo\ \
no` diagdbdm npamdhd`ioj \ qjgpio\_* no` ij k\m`^` n`m `g odkj _`
^jn\n lp` k`mhdodm\ pi n`m jhid]ji_\_jnj*
<g gg`b\m \ `no` kpioj kp`_` m`kgd^\mn` lp` N\o\in( ^jhj gjn
cph\ijn( od`i` gd]m` \g]`_mj( t lp` ?djn( c\]d i_jg` _\_j `no`
gd]m` \g]`_mj( ij lpd`m` dio`ma`mdm( \n ^jhj k`mhdo` o\iojn h\g`n
-/ EQbQ e^ TUVU^cQ TU \Q S_^WbeU^SYQ TU \Q UhYcdU^SYQ TU 9Y_c i TU\ ]Q\& f}QcU
6( E\Q^dY^WQ& kIXU ;bUU LY\\ 9UVU^cUl& U^ B( 7\QS[ #UT($& :LMPSWSTL] d^ +Q#RGE`
6\YU^ ! J^gY^& A_^TbUc& *2/.& ``( +)-'++)(

:A B6A 8DBD :K>9:C8>6 8DCIG6 A6 :M>HI:C8>6 9: 9>DH

-*2

hjm\g`n kjmlp` ij lpd`m` dio`ma`mdm ^ji `g gd]m` \g]`_mj _` gjn

n`m`n cph\ijn* <_hdo\hjn lp` ?djn ij lpd`m` dio`ma`mdm ^ji `g
gd]m` `e`m^d^dj _` g\ qjgpio\_ _` ^p\glpd`m k`mnji\( o\g q`u kjmlp`
no` `n `g id^j _ji _` ?djn t `g hn km`^djnj k\m\ \lp`ggjn lp`
gj od`i`i* Pi\ \^odop_ n`h`e\io` k\m`^` ^g\m\h`io` \_hdm\]g`7
g\ h\tjm\ _` ijnjomjn lpd`m` kj_`m `e`m^`m np qjgpio\_( t hp
^cjn _` ijnjomjn k`in\hjn lp` `no` _`m`^cj g` k`mo`i`^` \ oj_\
g\ b`io`* Ndi `h]\mbj( c\t hp^c\n ndop\^dji`n `i g\n lp` k`in\
hjn lp` g\ id^\ ^jn\ hjm\gh`io` ^jmm`^o\ lp` n` kp`_` c\^`m
`n gdhdo\m g\ gd]`mo\_ _` \gbpd`i k\m\ lp` ij kp`_\ c\^`m gj lp`
lpd`m\* C\t hp^cjn ^\njn `i gjn lp` _`]`hjn ^jiadi\m \ \gbpd`i
`i pi cjnkdo\g k\m\ `ia`mhjn h`io\g`n j `i pi\ kmdndi k\m\ `qd
o\m lp` g` c\b\ _\j \ jomjn* Nd( ^jhj ndi _p_\ k\m`^` n`m( c\t
^\njn ^g\mjn `i gjn lp` g\ id^\ ^jn\ ^jmm`^o\ lp` n` kp`_` c\^`m
`n m`nomdibdm `g gd]m` \g]`_mj _` \gbpd`i( `ioji^`n( nd N\o\in `n g\
^\pn\ _` gjn h\g`n i\opm\g`n( g\ id^\ ^jn\ ^jmm`^o\ lp` n` kp`_`
c\^`m `n m`nomdibdm \ N\o\in* ?` h\i`m\ lp` pi n`m jhid]ji_\
_jnj m`nomdibdm\ g\n \^^dji`n _` N\o\in nd kp_d`m\ c\^`mgj* T `n
^g\mj lp` ?djn kj_m\( nd `sdnod`m\*
GXfchXfgT1 X_ `T_ aTgheT_ Xf Xkc_\VTU_X cbe VThfTf aTgheT_Xf
K\m`^` lp` kjnopg\m \ N\o\in ^jhj ^\pn\ _` ^d`mojn h\g`n i\op
m\g`n ij \tp_\ \ m`n^\o\m g\ cdko`ndn _` lp` ?djn `sdno`* C\t jom\
m\ui kjm g\ lp` `noj `n \n* N\o\in( ^jhj ^\pn\ dij]n`mq\]g` _`
^d`mojn np^`njn j]n`mq\]g`n( _`n`hk`\m\ `g hdnhj k\k`g lp` gjn
`io`n o`md^jn o\g`n ^jhj gjn `g`^omji`n( kmjoji`n t i`pomji`n( `i
g\n o`jm\n ^d`ioad^\n* ?d^cjn `io`n o`md^jn nji kjnopg\_jn k\m\
`skgd^\m gj j]n`mq\_j* C`hjn qdnoj lp` _d^cjn kjnopg\_jn n` epn
odad^\i ngj nd ^d`moj odkj _` `io` o`md^j `n i`^`n\mdj k\m\ `skgd
^\m gjn np^`njn* <n( c`hjn qdnoj lp` g\ kjnopg\^di _` _`hjidjn(
kjm h _d^jn ]mpejn( ^jhj ^\pn\n _` ^d`mo\n `ia`mh`_\_`n( t _`
?djn ^jhj g\ ^\pn\ _` `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n( ij kp`_` epnodad^\mn`
_` `no\ h\i`m\*03 @n \^\nj _da`m`io` `g ^\nj _` N\o\in ^jhj
^\pn\ _` gjn h\g`n j]n`mq\]g`n; K\m`^` lp` ij* O`i`hjn oj_\ g\
m\ui `i k`in\m lp` oj_jn gjn h\g`n i\opm\g`n od`i`i ^\pn\n k`m
a`^o\h`io` i\opm\g`n* Ij `n( kjm gj o\ioj( m\uji\]g` kjnopg\m pi\
03
K\m\ pi\ _dn^pndi _` gjn _`hjidjn ^jhj `io`n o`md^jn q \in` g\n
KK) /-,)/-.*

-+)

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

^\pn\ ij i\opm\g k\m\ `skgd^\m g\ j^pmm`i^d\ _` \lp ggjn* Pi\ q`u

hn( kp`_` c\]`m o\g ^\pn\( k`mj ij kj_`hjn epnodad^\mg\ _` `no\
h\i`m\* Id ndlpd`m\ kj_`hjn epnodad^\m g\ kjnopg\^di _` g\ `sdn
o`i^d\ _` N\o\in k\m\ m`n^\o\m g\ cdko`ndn _` lp` ?djn `sdno`*
Kj_m\hjn kmjkjm^dji\m pi\ epnodad^\^di di_dm`^o\ n`h`e\io` nd
cp]d`m\ \gbpi\ m\ui k\m\ k`in\m lp` ?djn `n i`^`n\mdj ^jhj
`io` `skgd^\odqj o`md^j( k`mj ^ji `g am\^\nj _`g \mbph`ioj `skgd
^\odqj api_\h`io\g ij c\t m\ui k\m\ k`in\m lp` _d^cj kjnop
g\_j `n i`^`n\mdj* Ij kj_`hjnepnodad^\m g\ kjnopg\^di _` pi `io`
`skgd^\odqj dii`^`n\mdj ^ji `g kmjkndoj _` m`n^\o\m pi n`bpi_j
`io` `skgd^\odqj dii`^`n\mdj*
DU]XV\ a1 gbWbf _bf `T_Xf fba aXVXfTe\bf
@sdno` jomj dio`ioj om\_d^dji\g k\m\ `gp_dm `g kmj]g`h\ _`g h\g
lp` _`]`hjn ^jind_`m\m* @no\ kjnd^di dio`io\ m`^ji^dgd\m `g h\g
lp` `i^jiom\hjn `i `no` hpi_j ^ji g\ \admh\^di _` lp` no`
`n `g h`ejm _` gjn hpi_jn kjnd]g`n( \admh\i_j lp` gjn h\g`n lp`
`i^jiom\hjn `i `no` hpi_j nji h\g`n i`^`n\mdjn j di`qdo\]g`n(
_` h\i`m\ lp` ^p\glpd`m jomj hpi_j o`i_m\ hn h\g`n* @no\
\admh\^di n` ]\n\ `i g\ jkdidi _` lp` `g h`ejm hpi_j k\m\
pi n`m ^jhj pi\ k`mnji\ `n pi hpi_j jm_`i\_j `i `g lp` no\
kp`_` km`_`^dm `g ^pmnj _` gjn np^`njn ^ji pi bm\_j _` km`
^dndi npad^d`io` ^jhj k\m\ bpd\m np qd_\ ^ji n`bpmd_\_ t kmjn
k`md_\_* ?d^cj hpi_j _`]` kmj^`_`m _`iomj _` g\ g`b\gd_\_( t(
_` \^p`m_j ^ji `no\ \admh\^di( `noj m`lpd`m` pi hpi_j lp`
kmj^`_\ n`bi g`t`n ^\pn\g`n* ?` ^p\glpd`m pidq`mnj n`h`e\io`
`no _`nodi\_j \ m`npgo\m ^d`moj bm\_j _` npamdhd`ioj t _dad^pg
o\_ ^p\i_j g\ b`io` n` `iam`io\ ^ji ap`mu\n i\opm\g`n _`h\nd\_j
kj_`mjn\n k\m\ `gg\* G\ \admh\^di( `i nph\( `n lp` no` `n `g
h`ejm _` gjn hpi_jn kjnd]g`n( kp`noj lp` oj_jn npn h\g`n nji
i`^`n\mdjn* @no` hpi_j od`i` g\ h`ijm ^\iod_\_ kjnd]g` _` h\
g`n i\opm\g`n ^jhk\od]g` ^ji pi hpi_j lp` kmj^`_` n`bi g`t`n*
<g dbp\g lp` ^ji g\ j]e`^di km`^`_`io` kj_`hjn \_hdpm lp` `n
kjnd]g` lp` `no\ \admh\^di n`\ q`m_\_`m\* K`mj o\h]d i kj_`
hjn km`bpio\m( ^jhj Adgi( nd `n `no\ \admh\^di j np i`b\^di
g\ hn kmj]\]g`( ]\ni_jijn `i g\n `qd_`i^d\n m`^jbd_\n `i `no`
hpi_j* @noj `n( nd kp_d m\hjn `i^jiom\m `i `no` hpi_j \gbp
ijn `e`hkgjn _` h\g`n lp` ndi _p_\ k\m`^d`m\i `qdo\]g`n t kjm gj
o\ioj dii`^`n\mdjn( `ioji^`n g\ \admh\^di k\m`^`m\ dhkmj]\]g`*

:A B6A 8DBD :K>9:C8>6 8DCIG6 A6 :M>HI:C8>6 9: 9>DH

-+*

GXfchXfgT1 X]X`c_bf WX `T_Xf \aaXVXfTe\bf

Qjgq\hjn pi\ q`u hn \ Adgi( lpd`i `iph`m\ q\mdjn `e`hkgjn _`
gj lp` g kd`in\ lp` nji h\g`n `qdo\]g`n* Adgi n` di^gdi\ \ \_hdodm
lp` `g _jgjm kp`_` o`i`m pi\ api^di q\gdjn\ \g \_q`modm \ gjn n`m`n
lp` nd`io`i _` g\n `ia`mh`_\_`n ^jmkjm\g`n( t lp` `n h`ejm k\m\
g\ b`io` lp` `g ^pmnj _` g\ i\opm\g`u\ kmj^`_\ `i ajmh\ jm_`i\_\*
K`mj ij `i^p`iom\ m\uji`n k\m\ k`in\m lp` `g _jgjm `n i`^`n\mdj
k\m\ \_q`modm \ gjn n`m`n lp` nd`io`i( j lp` g\n g`t`n ^\pn\g`n n`\i
i`^`n\md\n k\m\ lp` `g ^pmnj _` g\ i\opm\g`u\ n`\ jm_`i\_j* ?d^`6
G\ ce\`XeT ^dm^pino\i^d\ lp` diomj_p^` `g h\g( `n `n\ _dnkjnd^di j
`^jijh\ _` g\ qd_\ \idh\g( kjm g\ lp` `g _jgjm( \n ^jhj `g kg\^`m(
`noi _`nodi\_jn \ `s^do\m g\ \^^di _` oj_\n g\n ^md\opm\n( ojmii
_jg\n \g`mo\n `i g\ bm\i `hkm`n\ _` g\ kmjkd\ ^jin`mq\^di* <cjm\
]d`i( \g `io`i_dhd`ioj cph\ij( ngj `g kg\^`m( `i npn _dq`mnjn bm\
_jn( g` k\m`^` npad^d`io` k\m\ `n` adi* Oj_jn gjn \idh\g`n ]d`i kp
_d`m\i `no\m `i pi ^jino\io` `no\_j _` bj^`( t ^ji j^\ndi _` q`mn`
pmbd_jn kjm ^p\glpd`m\ _` g\n i`^`nd_\_`n i\opm\g`n( o\g`n ^jhj g\
n`_( `g c\h]m` t -\ a\odb\( `i gpb\m _` _jgjm( kj_m\i `sk`mdh`io\m
pi\ _dnhdip^di _`g kg\^`m( ^ji gj lp` `no\m\i dinodb\_jn \ ]pn^\m
`g j]e`oj i`^`n\mdj \ np npno`ioj* @g cjh]m` k`mndbp` `g kg\^`m o\i
\cdi^\_\h`io` ^jhj m`cpt` `g _jgjm7 _`]d( kp`n( kjm gj h`ijn(
c\]`m nd_j ^jinodopd_j _` `n` hj_j* K\m`^`( kjm gj o\ioj( k`ma`^
o\h`io` kjnd]g` g\ ^jiodip\^di _`g i`bj^dj _` qdqdm( ndi lp` dio`m
q`ib\ k\m\ i\_\ `g _jgjm* <lp n` _`]`( `ioji^`n( lp` gjn \idh\g`n
n`\i npn^`kod]g`n _` n`h`e\io` n`in\^di;04

Kp`_` c\]`m \gbpijn lp` ij `no i _` \^p`m_j ^ji Adgi( \gbpijn

lp` kd`in`i lp` ^d`moj bm\_j _` _jgjm `n h`ejm k\m\ gg`q\m \ ^\]j
`g \km`i_du\e` lp` pi\ h`m\ _dnhdip^di _`g kg\^`m* Ndi `h]\mbj
k\m`^` hpt dmm\uji\]g` ^m``m lp` gjn \idh\g`n i`^`ndo\i n`m o\i
npn^`kod]g`n \ pi _jgjm hpt dio`inj ^jhj gj nji gjn cph\ijn* Pi
hpi_j ndhdg\m \ no` `i oj_jn m`nk`^ojn( n\gqj `i lp` gjn \idh\
g`n opqd`m\i pi\ npn^`kod]dgd_\_ \g _jgjm hp^cj h`ijm( n`m\ pi
hpi_j h`ejm t lp` k\m`^` hpt kjnd]g`* ?` h\i`m\ lp` `g _jgjm(
j kjm gj h`ijn ^d`mo\ dio`ind_\_ _`g _jgjm( `n pi h\g dii`^`n\mdj(
j `qdo\]g`*
04 Cph`( .MgPSKSW WSFVI VIPMKMlR REXYVEP$ UT( _o*( `QbdU M>& ``( *,)'*,*(

-++

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

:A B6A 8DBD :K>9:C8>6 8DCIG6 A6 :M>HI:C8>6 9: 9>DH

-+,

Kjm gj lp` ^ji^d`mi` \ g\ i`^`nd_\_ _` g`t`n ^\pn\g`n `i `g h`

ejm _` gjn hpi_jn kjnd]g`n( t kjm gj o\ioj `i pi hpi_j jm_`i\_j(
_d^` Adgi6

h`io`( ^\h]d\m\i \g hpi_j( t ndi `h]\mbj( ij k\m`^` lp` \go`

m\m\i `i i\_\ `g ^pmnj _` g\ i\opm\g`u\( ^jhj `i g\ \^op\g `^jijh\
_` g\n ^jn\n( _ji_` nji n`^m`o\n g\n ^\pn\n t q\md\]g`n t ^jhkg`e\n*1,

K`mj g\ ^\k\^d_\_ k\m\ `g _jgjm ij kmj_p^dm\ kjm n njg\ `g _jgjm(

nd ij ap`m\ kjm g\ fXZhaWT ^dm^pino\i^d\( \ n\]`m6 g\ _dm`^^di _`g
h pi_j kjm m`bg\n b`i`m\g`n7 t `noj( `i hj_j \gbpij k\m`^` lp` n`\
i`^`n\mdj \ pi n`m hpt k`ma`^oj* @n ^d`moj lp`( nd oj_j _`k`i_d`n`
_` \^ojn qjgdodqjn k\mod^pg\m`n( `g ^pmnj _` g\ i\opm\g`u\ n` q`m\ k`m
k`op\h `io` dio`mmphkd_j( t `g cjh]m` ij kj_m\ `hkg`\m np m\ui
`i g\ ^ji_p^o\ _` np qd_\* K`mj ij kj_m\ m`h`_d\mn` `no` di^jiq`
id`io` kjm jomjn \^ojn qjgdodqjn k\mod^pg\m`n; @i nph\ ij kj_m\ g\
?`d_\_ `so`mhdi\m oj_j `g h\g( _jlpd`m\ lp` n` c\gg\m`( t kmj_p^dm
oj_j `g ]d`i( ndi km`qd\n km`k\m\^dji`n j g\mbjn kmj^`njn _` ^\pn\n
t `a`^ojn;05

<pi nd g\ h\tjm\ _` gjn np^`njn j^pmmd`m\ ^jhj k\mo` _` ^\_`

i\n ^\pn\g`n ^jiodip\n( \pi nd ?djn ngj \^op\m\ j^\ndji\gh`io`(
gj kj_m\ c\^`m _` pi\ h\i`m\ o\g lp` n`m\ _`n^jij^d_\ k\m\
gjn cph\ijn* Ij `i^jiom\m\i idibpi\ mpkopm\ `i `g jm_`i ^\p
n\g7 gj lp` \ `ggjn g`n k\m`^`m\ pi\ ^jdi^d_`i^d\ t pi \^^d_`io`
n`m\ `i hp^cjn ^\njn j]m\ _` ?djn( lpd`i hpt a^dgh`io`( h`
_d\io` hdg\bmjn _` ^jdi^d_`i^d\ di_dn^`mid]g`n( kj_m\ \tp_\m \
gjn cph\ijn hn am`^p`io`h`io` _` gj lp` \cjm\ nji \tp_\_jn
kjm g\n ^jdi^d_`i^d\n* Pi\ q`u hn( ^d`mo\n ^\m\^o`mnod^\n _`g pid
q`mnj( ^\_`i\n ^\pn\g`n ij mjo\n lp` am`^p`io`h`io` _`n`h]j^\i
`i _jgjm t jomjn h\g`n( ij nji i`^`n\md\n `i `g h`ejm _` gjn h pi
_jn kjnd]g`n*
O\g q`u `g `e`hkgj hn _`^dndqj podgdu\_j kjm Adgi ^ji^d`mi` \
gj lp` g gg\h\ yg\ dhkm`^dn\ c\]dgd_\_ _` oj_jn gjn m`njmo`n t kmdi
^dkdjn _` g\ bm\i hlpdi\ _` g\ i\opm\g`u\z*1- <_hdo` _` ]p`i
bm\_j lp` ^d`mo\n k\mo`n _`g pidq`mnj kp`_`i ^d`mo\h`io` n`m i`
^`n\md\n k\m\ `g ]d`i`no\m _` gjn n`m`n cph\ijn( k`mj \gbpijn _`
gjn `a`^ojn _` `no\n k\mo`n lp` ^\pn\i npamdhd`ioj ij nji `i hj_j
\gbpij i`^`n\mdjn*

G\ ^ji^`k^di _` Adgi `n lp` pi n`m jhidn^d`io` t jhidkjo`io`

kj_m\ ^jiomjg\m `g ^pmnj _` gjn np^`njn h`_d\io` \^ojn k\mod^p
g\m`n _` np qjgpio\_ `i pi\ ajmh\ jm_`i\_\ ^jhj nd oj_jn gjn
np^`njn ap`m\i k\mo` _` ^\_`i\n ^\pn\g`n ^jiodip\n npe`o\n \ g`
t`n ^\pn\g`n* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( g\n g`t`n ^\pn\g`n ij nji i`^`n\md\n
k\m\ `g odkj _` pidq`mnj jm_`i\_j lp` `n hn ^jiq`id`io` k\m\
gjn n`m`n cph\ijn* Kjm gj o\ioj k\m`^` ^g\mj lp` _d^cj n`m kj_ m\(
h`_d\io` pi\ n`md` jm_`i\_\ _` \^ojn( `qdo\m t `mm\_d^\m hp^cj
_`g h\g lp` c\t `i `g hpi_j*
Kjm jom\ k\mo`( di^gpnj `i pi pidq`mnj `i `g lp` `g ^pmnj _`
gjn np^`njn `no bj]`mi\_j kjm g`t`n ^\pn\g`n( c\t o\iojn a\^ojm`n
^\pn\gh`io` m`g\^dji\_jn ^ji g\ h\tjm\ _` gjn np^`njn( lp` `i g\
h`_d_\ `i lp` gjn n`m`n cph\ijn gj kp`_`i q`m( gjn np^`njn nji
h`m\n ^jdi^d_`i^d\n _` \^^d_`io`n* >jhj _d^` Adgi6
Kjm gj o\ioj( pi n`m n\]`_jm _` oj_jn gjn n`^m`ojn m`njmo`n _`g pid
q`mnj( kj_m\ a^dgh`io`( kjm \^ojn qjgdodqjn k\mod^pg\m`n( _dmdbdm oj
_jn `njn \^^d_`io`n k\m\ `g ]d`i _` g\ cph\id_\_( c\^d`i_j \ oj_j
`g hpi_j a`gdu( ndi _`n^p]mdmn` `i idibpi\ _` npn jk`m\^dji`n* Pi\
agjo\ ^pt\ adi\gd_\_ ap`n` n\gp_\]g` \ g\ nj^d`_\_( `i^jiom\m\ nd`h
km` qd`iojn a\qjm\]g`n7 gjn kmi^dk`n ]p`ijn bju\m\i _` n\gp_ t
g\mb\ qd_\7 g\n k`mnji\n( i\^d_\n k\m\ `e`m^`m `g kj_`m t g\ \poj
md_\_( n`m\i _` ]p`i\ i_jg` t _` qdmopjn\ _dnkjnd^di* Pijn ^p\i
ojn \^jio`^dhd`iojn ^jhj nojn( _dmdbd_jn ^ji m`bpg\md_\_ t n\]d\
05 _U\W(& k*

-/-)-/.*

<n( gjn qd`iojn nji i`^`n\mdjn k\m\ \^\mm`\m gjn q\kjm`n kjm g\ np
k`mad^d` _` g\ od`mm\( t k\m\ \psdgd\m \g cjh]m` `i g\ i\q`b\^di(
k`mj ^ji ^pio\ am`^p`i^d\( g`q\ioi_jn` `i o`hk`no\_`n t cpm\
^\i`n( n` qp`gq`i k`mid^djnjn; G\ ggpqd\ `n i`^`n\md\ k\m\ \gdh`i
o\m g\n kg\io\n t \idh\g`n _` g\ od`mm\( k`mj ^ji ^pio\ am`^p`i^d\
`n `n^\n\; ^ji ^pio\ am`^p`i^d\ `s^`ndq\; @g ^\gjm `n di_dnk`in\
]g` \ oj_\ qd_\ t q`b`o\^di( k`mj ij nd`hkm` n` _\ `i g\ _`]d_\
kmjkjm^di* ?` g\ h`u^g\ _` n`^m`^di _` gjn cphjm`n t epbjn _`g
^p`mkj( _`k`i_` g\ n\gp_ t kmjnk`md_\_ _`g \idh\g( k`mj g\n k\mo`n
ij `e`^po\i ^ji m`bpg\md_\_ g\n api^dji`n lp` g`n nji kmjkd\n*1.

@i nph\( nd ]d`i g\n ^jmmd`io`n _` \dm`( g\ ggpqd\( ^d`mo\ ^\iod_\_

_` ^\gjm( t gjn agpd_jn ^jmkjm\g`n ^jhj g\ n\ibm`( kp`_`i n`m i`
^`n\mdjn k\m\ g\ qd_\ cph\i\( k\m`^` ojo\gh`io` dii`^`n\mdj lp`
1, _U\W(& kk * -/.)-//*
1- _U\W(& k* -/3*
1& _U\W(& k* -/4*

-+-

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

c\t\ cpm\^\i`n( ojmi\_jn( dipi_\^dji`n( n`lp\n( amj t ^\gjm `s

om`hjnjn( j h\g`n n\ibpi`jn o\g`n ^jhj g\ g`p^`hd\*
< `no\n \gopm\n _` g\ _dn^pndi kj_`hjn ^ji^gpdm ^ji n`bpmd_\_
lp` g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` gj lp` ndi _p_\ k\m`^` pi h\g dii`^`n\mdj `i
`no` hpi_j( kmjkjm^dji\ ]\n`n di_p^odq\n k\m\ g\ ^m``i^d\ _` lp`
?djn ij `sdno`( kjmlp` `n kmj]\]g` lp` nd \gbpi\ q`u `sdnod c\]m\
^m`\_j pi hpi_j _da`m`io`( t lp` nd `sdno` \cjm\ ^jiomjg\m\ `g
^pmnj _` g\ i\opm\g`u\ k\m\ `qdo\m hp^cjn np^`njn k`mid^djnjn lp`
j^pmm`i*
DU]XV\ a1 _Tf Xi\WXaV\Tf WX dhX W\fcbaXa
_bf fXeXf [h`Tabf fba \afhY\V\XagXf
K`mj nd ]d`i _d^c\ ^ji^gpndi k\m`^` n`bpm\( c\t oj_\q\ pi\ h\
i`m\ _` kj_`m `qdo\mg\* C\t hp^cjn lp` m`^c\u\m\i g\ \admh\
^di _` lp` gjn cph\ijn kp`_`i m`pidm kmp`]\n \ k\modm _` gj
lp` n\]`i lp` \a`^o\m\ g\ kmj]\]dgd_\_ j dhkmj]\]dgd_\_ _` g\
`sdno`i^d\ _` ?djn* >jind_ m`n` g\ ndbpd`io` \i\gjb\* Npkib\n`
lp` pi idj k`lp`j `n ^md\_j `i pi\ nj^d`_\_ kmdhdodq\ `i g\
lp` `g bm\_j hn \goj _` k`ma`^^di ^jindno` `i n`m pi bm\i ^\
u\_jm ^ji ijo\]g`n c\]dgd_\_`n and^\n* Npkib\n` \_`hn lp` n`
g` gg`q\ \ pi\ pidq`mnd_\_ `i g\ lp` c\t pi bm\i h\o`hod^j m`
^jij^d_j* @g idj `iom\ `i ^jio\^oj ^ji \gbpijn _` gjn m`npgo\
_jn _`g om\]\ej _`g h\o`hod^j* Hdm\ `som\\_j h\m^\n ]g\i^\n
lp` c\i lp`_\_j kjm oj_j `g kdu\mmi* Hdm\ k\k`g`n ^ji h\m^\n
dbp\gh`io` `som\\n* J^\ndji\gh`io` `n^p^c\ \ g\ b`io` _`^dm
^pi dhkjmo\io` `n `no\ k`mnji\( k`mj ipi^\ n` h`i^dji\ g\ ^\
^`m\* O\h]d i `n^p^c\ \ jomjn _`^dm lp` ij kp`_`i dh\bdi\mn`
lp ^m`` `no\m c\^d`i_j `no` h\o`hod^j( ` di^gpnj jomjn c\]g\i
_` np a\go\ _` `e`m^d^dj and^j t _`g c`^cj _` lp` ^jiodip\h`io`
`no n`io\_j \io` pi `n^mdojmdj* Nj]m` g\ ]\n` _` `nojn am\bh`iojn
_` diajmh\^di( n`m\ ojo\gh`io` i\opm\g lp` `g idj k`in\m\ lp`
`no\ k`mnji\ `n o\g q`u hpt `som\\( k`mj lp` ndi _p_\ ij `n pi\
bm\i k`mnji\* K`mj ij lp`mm\hjn _`^dm lp` `g idj od`i` pi\
epnodad^\^di di_p^odq\ k\m\ \admh\m lp` g\ ^\pn\ _` gjn m`npgo\_jn
lp` g qdj ij `n pi n`m ijo\]g`* Np diajmh\^di `m\ o\i dindbidad
^\io` lp` `m\ dinpad^d`io` k\m\epnodad^\m ^p\glpd`m ^m``i^d\ \^`m^\
_` g\ bm\i_`u\ _` g\ k`mnji\* Nd ]d`i g\ \i\gjb\ ij `n k`ma`^o\( n`
c\ \admh\_j lp` g\ diajmh\^di lp` od`i`i gjn cph\ijn \^`m^\
_`g hj_j _` kmj^`_`m _` ?djn `n ^jhj g\ diajmh\^di lp` od`i`

:A B6A 8DBD :K>9:C8>6 8DCIG6 A6 :M>HI:C8>6 9: 9>DH

-+.

`g idj \^`m^\ _`g h\o`hod^j( `s^`koj kjmlp` `n hn dindbid

ad^\io`* >hj kj_m\hjn `ioji^`n k`in\m lp` g\ diajmh\^di
lp` c`hjn j]o`id_j ^ji ip`nom\n gdhdo\^dji`n `n ^\nd npad^d`io`
k\m\ epnodad^\m ^p\glpd`m ^m``i^d\( kjndodq\ j i`b\odq\( \^`m^\ _`
g\ bm\i_`u\ _` g\ ^\pn\ _`g pidq`mnj;
Nd \^`ko\hjn `no\ \i\gjb\ `iom` ip`nom\ `qd_`i^d\ m`g\^dji\_\
^ji ?djn t g\ `qd_`i^d\ _`g idj m`g\^dji\_\ ^ji `g h\o`hod^j(
`ioji^`n `i gpb\m _` ^ji^gpdm lp` `n dhkmj]\]g` lp` ?djn `sdno\(
_`]`m\hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` idibi \mbph`ioj ]\n\_j `i g\n `qd
_`i^d\n _` lp` _dnkji`i gjn n`m`n cph\ijn `n ^\k\u _` \a`^o\m
g\epnodad^\^di k\m\ \admh\m lp` ?djn `sdno` j lp` ?djn ij `sdno`*
O\h]d i _`]`m\hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` E\h`n `no `i gj ^jmm`^oj \g
\admh\m lp` n` epnodad^\ lp` ^m`\hjn `i g\ cdko`ndn m`gdbdjn\ \pi
^p\i_j ij c\t\ `qd_`i^d\n lp` g\ \kjt`i* ?ji_` ij c\t `qd_`i
^d\n `i ^jiom\ _` pi\ cdko`ndn _` pi\ jk^di b`ipdi\( `no epn
odad^\_j ^m``m `i `gg\* <n kp`n( nd kj_`hjn \^`ko\m g\ \i\gjb\(
di^gpnj am`io` \ g\ `qd_`i^d\ \k\m`io`h`io` ^jiom\md\ kmjkjm^dj
i\_\ kjm `g h\g i\opm\g km`n`io` `i `no` hpi_j( `ioji^`n ij
c\]m\ i\_\ dmm\^dji\g `i ^m``m lp` ?djn `sdno`*
GXfchXfgT1 _T VeXXaV\T WX TVhXeWb Vba _T Xi\WXaV\T gbgT_ W\fcba\U_X
C\t( ndi `h]\mbj( pi\ _da`m`i^d\ dhkjmo\io` `iom` ip`nom\ nd
op\^di m`g\^dji\_\ ^ji ?djn t g\ ndop\^di _`g idj i\odqj `i m`
g\^di ^ji `g h\o`hod^j( t `no\ _da`m`i^d\ \go`m\ g\ m`g\^di _` g\
\i\gjb\ ^ji ip`nomj kmj]g`h\* >p\i_j \gbpd`i dio`io\ epnodad^\m
pi\ ^m``i^d\ kjm h`_dj _` pi ^p`mkj _` `qd_`i^d\n( njg\h`io`
kp`_` _`^dmn` lp` c\ epnodad^\_j g\ ^m``i^d\ nd c\ ^jind_`m\_j
`g ojo\g _` g\n `qd_`i^d\n _` lp` _dnkji`* @g idj i\odqj kj_\
^g\m\h`io` c\]`m `i^jiom\_j hn `qd_`i^d\n m`g\^dji\_\n ^ji
g\ bm\i_`u\ _`g h\o`hod^j( `qd_`i^d\n lp` ndi _p_\ kj_\i c\
]`mgj ^ji_p^d_j \ m`^jind_`m\m np ^m``i^d\ _` lp` ij c\]\ i\_\
bm\i_djnj `i `n\ k`mnji\* Ijnjnomjn( ndi `h]\mbj( \ `no\n \gopm\n
_` g\ _dn^pndi( o`i`hjn ]p`i\n m\uji`n k\m\ k`in\m lp` c`hjn
`s\hdi\_j( km^od^\h`io`( kjm gj h`ijn c\no\ ^d`moj bm\_j( oj
_\n g\n `qd_`i^d\n _dnkjid]g`n( _` h\i`m\ lp` kj_`hjn( \ _da`
m`i^d\ _`g idj( _`^dm lp` c`hjn ^phkgd_j ^ji `g m`lp`mdhd`ioj
_` g\ `qd_`i^d\ ojo\g* >p\i_j \gbpd`i ^phkg`( kp`n( ^ji `no` m`
lp`mdhd`ioj( ij dhkjmo\ ^pi _ ]dg n`\ np `qd_`i^d\( nd di^gdi\ g\
]\g\iu\( kjm kj^j lp` n`\( `i a\qjm _` pi\ cdko`ndn( `ioji^`n `g

-+/

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

^\hdij m\^dji\g `n o`i`m pi\ ^m``i^d\ lp` `no _` \^p`m_j ^ji

`n\ `qd_`i^d\*
> J I > G P N D I

<n kp`n( nd ]d`i g\n `qd_`i^d\n m`npgo\io`n _` g\ `sdno`i^d\ _`g h\g

`i `no` h pi_j kp`_`i n`m ]\no\io` _ ]dg`n `i m`g\^di ^ji g\n
`qd_`i^d\n _` g\n lp` ij _dnkji`hjn( `n npad^d`io`( ndi `h]\mbj(
k\m\ di^gdi\m g\ ]\g\iu\ _`g ojo\g _` `qd_`i^d\n _dnkjid]g`n `i a\
qjm _` g\ cdko`ndn _` lp` ?djn ij `sdno`* <pilp` ?djn kp`_`
`sdnodm( ^jhj ^d`mo\h`io` gj kj_m\i kmj]\m `qd_`i^d\n _` g\n lp`
ij _dnkji`i gjn n`m`n cph\ijn( g\ ^ji^gpndi lp` ^jhj n`m`n m\
^dji\g`n _`]`hjn n\^\m( ^ji ]\n` `i g\n `qd_`i^d\n _dn^pod_\n `i
`no` ^\kopgj( `n lp` ?djn ij `sdno`( t( ^jhj ij kp`_` n`m ^m`\_j
id _`nompd_j( lp` ipi^\ `sdnod t lp` ipi^\ `sdnodm*
@E@M>D>DJN
-* ?` \^p`m_j ^ji g\ ^\m\^o`mdu\^di _` ?djn lp` \k\m`^` `i `g o`soj(
^pg _` g\n ^jn\n ndbpd`io`n n`m\ g ^\k\u _` c\^`m; @skglp`gj*
C\^`m cd`gj ^\gd`io`*
?`nompdmn` \ n hdnhj*
C\^`m lp` pi omdibpgj
Jgqd_\m(
o`ib\ ^p\omj ibpgjn*
Diagdbdm npamdhd`ioj
C\^`m lp` . hn . n`\i 1*
n_d^\h`io`*
.* @q\g` g\ ndbpd`io` j]e`^di \ g\ \admh\^di _` lp` ?djn `n jhid
kjo`io`6
@n kjnd]g` lp` `i `g hjh`ioj `d \gbpd`i( \ n\]`m( tj( g`q\io`
g\ kd`_m\ lp` tj g`q\ioj `i `g hjh`ioj he* K`mj ij `n kjnd]g`
lp` `i `g hjh`ioj hd ?djn g`q\io` g\ kd`_m\ lp` tj g`q\ioj `i
`g hjh`ioj hd* Kp`_j c\^`m \gbj lp` ?djn ij kp`_` c\^`m t
kjm gj o\ioj g ij `n jhidkjo`io`*
/* @i f @q\ib`gdjn n` `no\]g`^` lp` >mdnoj g` _dej \ K`_mj6 y@no\
ij^c`( \io`n _` lp` `g b\ggj ^\io`( h` i`b\mn om`n q`^`nz( t lp`
`noj np^`_d \ k`n\m _` lp` K`_mj \n`bpm\]\ lp` ij np^`_`m\*
no` k\m`^` n`m pi `e`hkgj _` jhidn^d`i^d\ _dqdi\* @skgdlp` nd
^m`` lp` K`_mj kp_j c\]`m o`id_j gd]m` \g]`_mj _\_j lp` >mdnoj
km`qd gj lp` c\m\*
0* ?dn^po\ `g \mbph`ioj ndbpd`io`6
G\n `sk`md`i^d\n hn_^\n nji di`a\]g`n( kjm gj pioj ij kp`
_`i n`m _`n^mdo\n ^ji km`^dndi* <n kp`n( ^p\glpd`m diajmh` nj)

:?:G8>8>DH

-+0

] m` g\n h dnh \n `n `ib\jnj t k j m gj o\i oj ij k p ` _ ` k mj k j m

^dji\m kmp`]\ \gbpi\ _ ` idibpi\ \admh \^di* ? ` `ggj n` ndbp`
lp` ^m``m `i ?djn ij k p `_ ` epnodad^\mn` \k `g\i _ j \ `sk`md`i^d\n
hnod^\n*
1* Kp`_` pno`_ k`in\m `i \gbpi\ kjnd]g` ndop\^di `i g\ l p ` p i
^d`ioad^j _`]\ \_h dodm ^\pn\n nj]m`i\opm\g`n; Nd `n \n( _`n^md]\
_d^c\ ndop\^di tepnodadlp` np ^ji^gpndi* Nd ij( `skgdlp ` k j m l p
ij*
2* >m`` pno`_ lp` c\t\ \gbpi\ kmp`]\ cdnomd^\ |]]gd^\ j _ ` j omj
odkj| lp` \kjt`( kjm gj h `ijn c\no\ ^d`moj bm\_j( g\ \admh \^di
_ ` lp` ?djn n` m`q`g \io` g\ b`io`; Epnodadlp` np m`nkp`no\*
3* H p`nom` lp km`h dn\n `i `g \mbph `ioj _ ` g\ kmdh `m\ ^\pn\ t `i `g
\mbph `ioj _` g\ ^jiodib`i^d\ nji T cbf_Xe\be\ t ^pg`n nji T ce\be\(
Nji g\n ^ji^gpndji`n T cbf_Xe\be\ b T ce\be\5 Nd nji T cbfgXe\be\& `s
kgdlp` lp `qd_`i^d\ `h kmd^\ `n m`g`q\io` k\m\ g\n h dnh\n* Nd nji
T ce\be\ `skgdlp` ^h j pi\ jm\^di \ ce\be\ t kjm gj o\ioj i`^`n\
md\( kp`_` _`mdq\mn` _` km`h dn\n _ ` `i om` g\n ^p\g`n pi\n nji T
cbfgXe\be\ t kjm gj o\ioj ^jiodib`io`n*
4* G\ km`bpio\ ^`iom\g lp` n` _dn^po` `i g\ o`m^`m\ q`mndi _`g \mb p
h `ioj _` g\ kmdh `m\ ^\pn\ `n nd od`i` n`iod_j k`_dm pi\ `skgd^\^di
\^`m^\ _` kjm lp c\t \gbj `i gpb\m _` i\_\* P i\ m\ui k\m\ k `i
n\m lp` `n pi\ km`bpio\ g`bodh\ `n lp`( kp`noj l p` oj_j gj lp`
c\t `i `g pidq`mnj `n ^jiodib`io`( o\h ]d i gj `n `g pidq`mnj* ?`
h \i`m\ lp` g\ `sdno`i^d\ _`g pidq`mnj( dbp\g lp` g\ `sdno`i^d\ _ `
^p\glpd`m jom\ ^jn\( _`]` n`m `skgd^\_\* G\ m`nkp`no\ _ ` = `mom\i_
Mpnn`gg \ `noj `n lp` `g `mmj m lp` c\t `i `no` m\uji\h d`ioj `n g\ a\
g\^d\ dgpnom\_\ kjm `g \mbph `ioj yOj_j cjh ]m` od`i` pi\ h \_m`(
kjm gj o\ioj g\ m\u\ cph \i\ od`i` pi\ h \_m`x* @q\g` `no\n _jn
kjnd^dji`n jkp`no\n*
5* Di_dlp` \gbpijn `e`hkgjn _` ^jn\n lp` n`\i gbd^\h `io` kjnd]g`n
k`mj and^\h`io` dhkjnd]g`n* C\t \gbj lp` n`\ gbd^\h `io` dh
kjnd]g` k`mj ij and^\h`io` dhkjnd]g`; >jind_`m`( kjm `e`h kgj(
-\ jm\^di w?djn `n jhidn^d`io` t ?djn ij `n jh idn^d`io`x* Qdjg\
`noj \gbpi\ g`t and^\; @n and^\h`io` dhkjnd]g` _` \^p`m_j ^ji g\
_`adid^di _` g\ kbdi\ /35;
-,* >ji am`^p`i^d\ n` \admh\ lp` g\ o`jm\ _` g\ `qjgp^di c\ c`^cj
dinjno`id]g` `g \mbph `ioj _`g _dn`j* Ndi `h ]\mbj( >jkd`noji(
`i np gd]mj 6dh\aTf& _d^`6 yNd N\ioj Ojhn cp]d`m\ qdqd_j `i g\
kj^\ _` g\ cdko`ndn `qjgp^djidno\( di_p_\]g`h `io` c\]m\ \mbp
h `io\_j lp` `no\ cdko`ndn \kjt\ k`mj ij diq\gd_\ g\ ^ji^gpndi

-+1

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G A6 8G::C8>6 :C 9>DH

_`g \mbph`ioj _`g V_dn`jX * @skgdlp` ^hj N\ioj Ojhn kj_m\

c\]`m pn\_j `no\ o`jm\ k\m\ njno`i`m `g \mbph`ioj _`g _dn`j*
--* >mdodlp` `g \mbph`ioj ndbpd`io`6
?djn `n pi n`m lp` kp`_` c\^`m oj_\n g\n ^jn\n lp` gbd^\h`io`
n`\ kjnd]g` lp` g c\b\* K`mj pi n`m ij `sdno`io` ij kp`_` c\
^`m i\_\ `i \]njgpoj( hp^cj h`ijn oj_j gj lp` `n gbd^\h`io`
kjnd]g`* Kjm gj o\ioj ?djn `sdno`*
-.* @skgdlp` nd `no` \mbph`ioj `n T cbfgXe\be\ j T ce\be\(
@no ^g\mj lp` g\ jm\^di wG\ `sdno`i^d\ `n pi\ k`ma`^^dixij `n
\i\god^\( _` h\i`m\ lp` `n pi\ jm\^di ^ji_ib`io` t ij i`^`
n\md\* K`mj nd `n ^jiodib`io`( _`]` n`m TcbfgXe\be\ t `g \mbph`ioj
jiojgbd^j _` ?`n^\mo`n( lp` g\ ^jiod`i` ^jhj pi\ km`hdn\( `n
T cbfgXe\be\ t ij \ ce\be\& ^jhj n` \admh\ `i `g o`soj*
-/* @g adgnjaj am\i^ n K\n^\g kmjkpnj lp` g\ h\i`m\ _` _`^d_dm `iom`
^m``m j ij `i ?djn ^jindno` `i _`n^p]mdm lp `n h`ejm( nd ^m``m j
ij ^m``m( t \kjno\m _` \^p`m_j ^ji `ggj* @noj n` ^jij^` ^jhj g\
\kp`no\ _` K\n^\g* K\n^\g ijn _d^` lp` ^jind_`m`hjn g\n kmj]\]d
gd_\_`n*
Nd \kjno\hjn lp` ?djn `sdno`( t `sdno`( b\i\hjn g\ _d^c\ `o`mi\7
nd ij `sdno`( ij c`hjn k`m_d_j i\_\* Nd \kjno\hjn lp` ?djn
ij `sdno`( t `sdno`( `ioji^`n j]o`i`hjn g\ dia`gd^d_\_ `o`mi\7
nd ij `sdno` ngj b\i\hjn pi\ \ajmopi\_\ ^m``i^d\ q`m_\_`m\*
Gj j]qdj `n \kjno\m lp` ?djn `sdno`* >ji _d^c\ \kp`no\ o`i`hjn
hp^cj lp` b\i\m t i\_\ lp` k`m_`m* @noj `n hpt npk`mdjm \
pi\ \kp`no\ `i g\ lp` o`i`hjn kj^j lp` b\i\m t hp^cj lp`
k`m_`m*
@q\g` `no` dio`ioj kjm epnodad^\m g\ ^m``i^d\ `i ?djn* >jhkm`gj
^ji `g dio`ioj _` E\h`n*
-0* @i `no` ^\kopgj n` gg`b \ g\ ^ji^gpndi _` lp` gjn m`g\ojn _` q\
mdjn odkjn _` `sk`md`i^d\n m`gdbdjn\n ij kmjkjm^dji\i kmp`]\n np
ad^d`io`n k\m\ epnodad^\m g\ ^m``i^d\ `i ?djn* <^\nj g\ `sdno`i^d\ _`
o\g`n m`g\ojn ij kj_m\( _` oj_\n h\i`m\n( hjnom\m pi\ _da`m`i^d\
dhkjmo\io` `iom` ?djn t w`ge\m_di`mj `o`mi\h`io` `n^pmmd_dujx_`
Ag`r; Epnodadlp` np m`nkp`no\*
-1* Pi odkj _` \mbph`ioj k\m\ epnodad^\m g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` ?djn lp`
ij \k\m`^` `i `no` o`soj `n `g ^jij^d_j ^jhj \mbph`ioj hjm\g*
@q\g` g\ ]m`q` q`mndi lp` \k\m`^` \ ^jiodip\^di*
Nd ?djn ij `sdnod`m\( `ioji^`n ij c\]m\ pi\ g`t hjm\g j]e`odq\
kjmlp` g\n g`t`n hjm\g`n _`]`i n`m _`^m`o\_\n kjm pi n`m( pi

:?:G8>8>DH

-+2

n`m lp` n`\ jhd }]ji_\_jnj* Kjm jom\ k\mo`( idibpi\ g`t j]
e`odq\ _`k`i_` ndhkg`h`io` _` pi n`m cph\ij* K`mj ij c\t
_p_\ _` lp` c\t g`t`n hjm\g`n j]e`odq\n( _` h\i`m\ lp` ?djn
`sdno`*
@n no` pi \mbph`ioj T ce\be\ b T cbfgXe\be\Y @skglp`gj*
-2* N` c\ njno`id_j lp` di^gpnj `g kmj]g`h\ _`g h\g hjm\g ij n` m`
np`gq` \k`g\i_j \g gd]m` \g]`_mj cph\ij( t\ lp` ?djn g`n kj_m\
c\]`m _\_j gd]m` \g]`_mj \ gjn n`m`n cph\ijn t o\h]d i c\]`m
dio`mq`id_j hdg\bmjn\h`io` _`n]\m\o\i_j kjm gj h`ijn gjn ^m
h`i`n hn \omj^`n* ?` c`^cj( ?djn kj_m\ dio`mq`idm k\m\ _`n
]\m\o\m g\n h\g\n dio`i^dji`n _` h\i`m\ o\g lp` ap`m\i hdg\bmjn
_` ^jdi^d_`i^d\* <n lp` idibpi\ g`t _` g\ i\opm\g`u\ o`i_m\ kjm
lp n`m lp`]m\io\_\* K\m`^` `no\ \admh\^di `no\m ]d`i api_\_\;
@skgdlp` np m`nkpno\*
-3* ?dn^po\ gj ndbpd`io`6
@g kmj]g`h\ _`g h\g ij `n k\m\ `g ^mdnod\idnhj idibi kmj
]g`h\ `i \]njgpoj kjmlp` ^p\glpd`m ^\iod_\_ _` hdn`md\ o`
mm`i\g `n gdo`m\gh`io` i\_\ ^jhk\m\_\ ^ji g\ _d^c\ diadido\ t
`o`mi\ lp` `g ^mdnod\idnhj kmjh`o`*
-4* N\i <bpnoi njno`i\ lp` \pilp` k`in`hjn lp` c\t h\g`n i\opm\
g`n( m`\gh`io` ij gjn c\t* K`in\hjn _` `no\ h\i`m\ kjmlp` ip`n
om\ kmjkd\ i\opm\g`u\ `n dinpad^d`io`h`io` m`\g $`n _`^dm lp` ij `n
npad^d`io` ^jhj g\ _` ?djn% k\m\ \km`c`i_`m g\n ^jn\n o\g ^jhj nji
$`noj `n( ]p`i\n%* ?` h\i`m\ lp` nd kp_d m\hjn q`m pi o`h]gjm j
pi\ kg\b\ \ om\q n _` gjn jejn _` ?djn( `ioji^`n q`m\hjn lp` `n
`s\^o\h`io` gj lp` _`]`m\ j^pmmdm `i pi gpb\m k\m ^pg\m `i pi
hjh`ioj k\mod^pg\m* @q\g` ^mod^\h`io` `no` \mbph`ioj*
-5* C\t pi\ o`jm\ lp` `skgd^\ `g h\g lp` c\t `i `g hpi_j kjnopg\i_j
^jhj np ^m`\_jm \ pi ?djn h\gj* N` `iam`io\ `no\ o`jm\ ^ji pi
ykmj]g`h\ _`g ]d`iz ^jmm`nkji_d`io` \g kmj]g`h\ _`g h\g ^ji `g
lp` n` `iam`io\ `g o`no\; Kjm lp ij kp`_` `g o`no\ n`\g\m g\
bm\i ^\iod_\_ _` ]d`i lp` c\t `i `g hpi_j ^ji `g adi _` `skgd^\m
`g kmj]g`h\ _`g h\g;
.,* Kj_m\ j]e`o\mn` lp` -\ ^ji^gpndi _` `no` ^\kopgj `n di^jmm`^o\
kjmlp` c`hjn dbijm\_j \gbpi\ `qd_`i^d\ kjndodq\ dhkjmo\io`( `n
oj `n( \gbpi\ `qd_`i^d\ `i a\qjm _` -\ \admh\^di _` lp` ?djn `sdn
o`* C`hjn dbijm\_j \gbpi\ `qd_`i^d\; >pg `n `s\^o\h`io` g\
`qd_`i^d\ dbijm\_\; =\no\m\ ^ji \\_dm `no\ `qd_`i^d\ k\m\ ^\h
]d\m g\ ^ji^gpndi _` `no` ^\kopgj; >hj;

QD
@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ EPNODAD><M PI< IJMH< OD><
@sdno` pi odkj _` kmj]g`h\ \g lp` ^jiodip\h`io` n` `iam`io\ g\
h\tjm\ _` g\ b`io`* @i pij p jomj hjh`ioj ijn `i^jiom\hjn
\io` g\ _`^dndi _` lp `n gj lp` _`]`hjn c\^`m* Am`^p`io`h`io`
o\h]d i ijn km`bpio\hjn nd gj lp` c`hjn c`^cj c\ nd_j ^jmm`^oj(
t \^pn\hjn \ gjn jomjn( ^jhj \ ijnjomjn hdnhjn( _` ij c\^`m gj
lp` n` _`]` c\^`m* @i hp^cjn _` `nojn ^\njn `no\hjn `hdod`i_j
epd^djn hjm\g`n j od^jn( `no\hjn epub\i_j `g q\gjm hjm\g _` g\n
\^^dji`n lp` ijnjomjn( p jomjn( c`hjn c`^cj j k`in\hjn c\^`m*
Kd`in` pno`_ `i \gbpi\n _` npn \^^dji`n k\n\_\n* Kmj]\]g`h`io`
`i^jiom\m \gbpi\n \^^dji`n lp` kd`in\ lp` _`]d ij c\]`m c`
^cj* O\g q`u h`iodm \^`m^\ _` np `_\_ k\m\ lp` g` ndmqd`m\i \g^j
cjg `i pi ]\m( j c\]`mg` `^c\_j pi jej \ g\ cje\ _` epioj `i pi
`s\h`i( j yc\]`m k`_d_j km`no\_jz \gbi gd]mj _` g\ ]d]gdjo`^\
di_`adid_\h`io` ndi m`bdnom\mgj* Di^gpnj \cjm\ kp`_` `no\m k`i
n\i_j `i \gbpi\ gi`\ _` \^^di apopm\( ^jhj pn\m gjn k\k`g`n
_` \gbpd`i k\m\ \gbi omhdo`( j h`o`mn` _`h\nd\_j `i `g kmjkdj
om\]\ej k\m\ `qdo\m k\mod^dk\m `i \^^dji`n nj^d\g`n( j dbijm\m pi
kmdi^dkdj kmj^g\h\_j am`^p`io`h`io` kjm pno`_ hdnhj( ^ji `g
adi _` `qdo\m \gbpi\ _dad^pgo\_ and^\* ?ji_` c\t pi\ k`mnji\ lp`
kd`in\ \^`m^\ _` gj lp` `gg\ t jomjn c\i c`^cj j `noi c\^d`i_j(
`i gpb\m _` \^op\m ndi k`in\m( \c `i^jiom\hjn pi\ k`mnji\ lp`
n` `iam`io\ ^ji g\ _`^dndi _` `hdodm pi epd^dj hjm\g* T( ^jhj
^ji ^p\glpd`m epd^dj( ^p\i_j gj `hdodhjn ijn bpno\ k`in\m lp`
`n `g epd^dj ^jmm`^oj j \g h`ijn lp` o`i`hjn epnodad^\^dji`n k\m\
k`in\m lp` `n `g ^jmm`^oj*
>hj kj_`hjn epnodad^\m ip`nomjn epd^djn hjm\g`n; >p\i_j
_`^d_dhjn gj lp` _`]`hjn c\^`m ijn bpno\m\ ]\n\m ip`nom\n _`
^dndji`n `i m\uji`n qgd_\n( nd ]d`i( ^jhj `i hp^c\n jom\n `h)

-,+

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

km`n\n cph\i\n( \ h`ip_j _`^d_dhjn ndi k`in\m* B`i`m\gh`io`(

^p\i_j om\o\hjn _` _`a`i_`m ip`nom\n _`^dndji`n t \^^dji`n hj
m\g`n( gj c\^`hjn m`hdod i_jijn \ \gbpi\ m`bg\ j ijmh\ hjm\g(
o\g ^jhj yIj h\o\mnzj yIj `n ^jmm`^oj h`iodm id c\^`m om\h k\z*
@n _`^dm( am`^p`io`h`io` epnodad^\hjn g\ \admh\^di _` lp` pi\
\^^di k\mod^pg\m `n ^jmm`^o\ j di^jmm`^o\ m`hdod i_jijn \ \gbpi\
m`bg\ j ijmh\ od^\ lp` n` \kgd^\ \ `n\ \^^di* @n j]qdj( ndi `h
]\mbj( lp` ij kj_`hjn _`hjnom\m lp` pi\ \^^di `n ^jmm`^o\ j
di^jmm`^o\ \k`g\i_j \ pi ijmh\ \ h`ijn lp` c\t\hjn \k`g\_j
\ g\ ijmh\ \kmjkd\_\* Kjm `e`hkgj( om\o\m _` \]njgq`m \ pi\ k`m
nji\ ]g\i^\ _`g \n`ndi\oj _` pi\ k`mnji\ i`bm\ \k`g\i_j \ g\
ijmh\ _` lp` idibpi\ k`mnji\ ]g\i^\ _`]` n`m _`^g\m\_\ ^pgk\
]g` _` pi ^mdh`i ^p\i_j g\ q^odh\ `n i`bm\( kp`_` ^jiq`i^`m
\ \gbpi\n k`mnji\n( k`mj ij ndmq` k\m\ epnodad^\m `g \^oj hjm\g
h`io`( kjmlp` g\ ijmh\ \k`g\_\ `n di^jmm`^o\* Kjm jom\ k\mo`(
dio`io\m `gdhdi\m g\ k`i\ ^\kdo\g \k`g\i_j \ g\ ijmh\ _` lp`
idibpi\ k`mnji\( j bmpkj _` k`mnji\n( od`i` `g _`m`^cj _` lpd
o\mg` g\ qd_\ \ jom\ k`mnji\( ndi _p_\ od`i` ^d`mo\ ap`mu\* <lp`
ggjn lp` _`ad`i_`i g\ k`i\ ^\kdo\g b`i`m\gh`io` ij \o\^\mi g\
ijmh\ k`mj om\o\mi _` _`hjnom\m lp` _`]` n`m hj_dad^\_\ k\m\
_\m ^p`io\ _` ^d`mo\n `s^`k^dji`n* Pi\ k\mo` dhkjmo\io` _` g\
epnodad^\^di _` pi\ _`^dndi hjm\g k\mod^pg\m n` ]\n\( kp`n( `i g\
ijmh\ od^\ ^jmm`^o\*
Nd kj_`hjn `i^jiom\m \gbpi\ h\i`m\ _` epnodad^\m pi\ ijmh\
j bmpkj _` ijmh\n( `ioji^`n g\ id^\ o\m`\ k\mod^pg\mh`io` hj
m\g lp` ijn lp`_\ |o\g q`u g\ o\m`\ hn _da^dg _` oj_\n| `n g\ _`
\kgd^\m g\n ijmh\n \ ip`nom\ qd_\* G\ n`bpi_\ o\m`\ ijn ^jmm`n
kji_` \ oj_jn( di^gpd_jn gjn adgnjajn( lpd`i`n ij `noi `i pi\
kjnd^di h`ejm k\m\ o`i`m sdoj lp` ^p\glpd`m jom\ k`mnji\* Ndi
`h]\mbj( gjn adgnjajn nji k\mod^pg\mh`io` \_`^p\_jn k\m\ g\ kmd
h`m\ o\m`\( kjmlp` `noi `nk`^d\gh`io` dio`m`n\_jn `i `gg\( t ^\gd
ad^\_jn k\m\ m`\gdu\m diq`nodb\^dji`n ^mod^\n nj]m` gjn \mbph`iojn
lp` g\ b`io` kmjkji` k\m\ epnodad^\m npn \^^dji`n t ^m``i^d\n* @i
`no` ^\kopgj `s\hdi`m`hjn g\n kmdi^dk\g`n o`jm\n lp` kmjkji`i
t _`ad`i_`i ijmh\n hjm\g`n k\mod^pg\m`n( ` dio`io\m`hjn gg`q\m \
^\]j pi `s\h`i adgjnad^j _` ^\_\ pi\( ^ji g\ `nk`m\iu\ _` lp`
kj_m`hjn n\^\m pi\ ^ji^gpndi epnodad^\_\ \^`m^\ _` gj lp` nji
g\n ijmh\n od^\n ^jmm`^o\n*

:K6AJ68>{C 9: 688>DC:H N 9: E:GHDC6H

@ q \ gp \ ^ d i _ ` \ ^ ^ dj i ` n

K:GHJ H

-,,

` q \ gp \ ^ d i _ ` k ` mn j i \ n

<io`n _` lp` ^jind_`m`hjn g\n gXbe Tf od^\n $`noj `n( g\n o`jm\n lp`
kmjkji`i ijmh\n od^\n% _`]`hjn kji`m ia\ndn `i _jn ^p`nodj
i`n* G\ kmdh`m\ `n lp` `no\hjn dio`m`n\_jn `i pi\ ijmh\ lp`
kp`_\ pn\mn` k\m\ km`n^md]dm t `q\gp\m gi`\n _` \^^di k\mod^pg\
m`n( `n _`^dm( pi\ ijmh\ lp` kp`_\ pn\mn` k\m\ km`n^md]dm gj lp`
_`]`hjn c\^`m t `q\gp\m gj lp` c`hjn c`^cj* Ij `no\hjn( kp`n(
dio`m`n\_jn `i pi\ ijmh\ lp` _`]\ pn\mn` k\m\ `q\gp\m hjm\g
h`io` \ g\n k`mnji\n lp` m`\gdu\i \^^dji`n( ndij `i pi\ ijmh\
k\m\ `q\gp\m g\n TVV\baXf lp` g\ b`io` m`\gdu\* Ndi _p_\ pn\hjn gjn
_jn odkjn _` ijmh\n( kp`noj lp` ij ngj _`^d_dhjn lp` gj lp` \g
bpd`i cduj ap` ^jmm`^oj j di^jmm`^oj( ndij lp` o\h]d i `gjbd\hjn
j ^pgk\hjn \ g\ k`mnji\ kjm c\^`mgj t \ q`^`n g\ epub\hjn hj&
m\g j dihjm\g* <h]jn odkjn _` ijmh\ nji dhkjmo\io`n( k`mj nji
_da`m`io`n* K\m`^` `n`i^d\g k\m\ g\ `q\gp\^di hjm\g _` pi\ k`m
nji\ kjm gj lp` c\^`( lp` ^jind_`m`hjn npn hjodqjn( npn ^m``i^d\n
t g\n ^dd^pino\i^d\n k\mod^pg\m`n ]\ej g\n ^p\g`n ojh g\ _`^dndi
_` \^op\m( k`mj ij `no ^g\mj lp` \gbpij _` nojn n`\ k`modi`io`
k\m\ g\ `q\gp\^di _` np \^^di* Kjm `e`hkgj( hp^c\ b`io` c\
\admh\_j lp` ap` pi `mmjm g\iu\m g\ kmdh`m\ ]jh]\ \ohd^\ `i
Cdmjncdh\( t kjm ^jindbpd`io` ^pgk\mji \g Km`nd_`io` Omph\i
kjm c\]`m jm_`i\_j lp` n` g\iu\m\ g\ ]jh]\* Ndi `h]\_j( `no\n
_jn ^p`nodji`n `noi ojo\gh`io` n`k\m\_\n* Kj_`hjn \mbph`i
o\m lp` ap` hjm\gh`io` di^jmm`^oj g\iu\m g\ kmdh`m\ ]jh]\ `i
pi\ ^dp_\_ kjmlp` pi ndodj h`ijn kj]g\_j kj_m\ c\]`m nd_j
dbp\gh`io` `a`^odqj* <lp _`^d_dhjn g\ ^p`nodi ndi ^jind_`m\m
gjn hjodqjn( ^m``i^d\n t km`ndji`n lp` cd^d`mji lp` `g Km`nd_`io`
Omph\i ojh\m\ `n\ _`^dndi* K`mj k\m\ _`^d_dm nd `g Km`nd_`io`
`n j ij ^pgk\]g` _`]`hjn ^jind_`m\m npn hjodqjn( npn ^m``i^d\n
\^`m^\ _` g\ bp`mm\ t nd `m\i m\uji\]g`n( \n ^jhj g\n ap`mu\n `s
o`mi\n ` dio`mi\n lp` n` _\]\i `i g\ k`mnji\ lp` o`i\ lp` ojh\m
g\ _`^dndi* Kp`_` n`m( kp`n( lp` g\ \^^di lp` m`\gdu ap`m\ di
^jmm`^o\( k`mj lp` ij _`]`m\ n`m ^pgk\_j kjm `gg\* Dbp\gh`io`(
\gbpd`i kj_m\ c\^`m \gbj lp`( ^jiom\md\h`io` \ np dio`i^di(
m`npgo\m\ ^jmm`^oj* @i o\g ^\nj( g\ \^^di kp`_` n`m ^jmm`^o\ k`mj
k`mnji\ kp`_` h`m`^`m pi\ \^pn\^di* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( _`
]`hjn \^jm_\mijn _` _dnodibpdm `iom` `nojn _jn odkjn _` ijmh\(
K mlp` `no\hjn ^jind_`m\i_j njg\h`io` ijmh\n k\m\ `q\gp\m \^

-,-

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

^dji`n hjm\g`n t kjmlp` ij _dnodibpdm `iom` `gg\n c\ ^ji_p^d_j

\ h`ip_j \ \^pn\^dji`n diepno\n t \ n`iodhd`iojn _` ^pgk\ dii`
^`n\mdjn* C\t hp^c\n \^^dji`n lp` nji di^jmm`^o\n k`mj lp` ij
m`ag`e\i idibpi\ ^pgk\ `i `g lp` g\n c\^`* @io`i_`m `i gpb\m _`
^pgk\m `n am`^p`io`h`io` gj \kmjkd\_j*
H OJ?J K<M< @Q<GP<M >M OD><H@IO@ O@JM <N OD><N

G\ n`bpi_\ ^p`nodi n` m`ad`m` \ gjn h`_djn lp` pn\m`hjn k\m\

`q\gp\m ^mod^\h`io` g\n _dnodio\n o`jm\n od^\n* @i b`i`m\g( kmj
^`_`m`hjn ^jhj `i `g >\kopgj 0( `i `g lp` ^jind_`m\hjn q\
md\n o`jm\n nj]m` g\ m`g\^di h`io`)^p`mkj* @noj `n( om\o\m`hjn
_` _`n\mmjgg\m ^g\m\h`io` ^\_\ kjnd^di( _` ^jind_`m\m gjn kmj
]g`h\n lp` ^\_\ pi\ `iam`io\( t _` _`^d_dm `ioji^`n lp kjnd^di
`iam`io\ h`ijn j]e`^dji`n n`md\n* ?`]`hjn( kp`n( `g\]jm\m t `q\
gp\m g\n j]e`^dji`n hn n`md\n \ ^\_\ o`jm\* @i^jiom\m`hjn( kjm
`e`hkgj( lp` g\n ijmh\n kmjkp`no\n kjm \gbpi\n o`jm\n ij n`
\kgd^\i \ oj_\n g\n ndop\^dji`n( lp` jom\n ijmh\n _`n`h]j^\i `i
^jiagd^ojn hjm\g`n dmm`njgp]g`n ^p\i_j n` \kgd^\i \ ^d`mo\n ndop\
^dji`n t lp` di^gpnj c\t jom\n lp` km`n^md]`i gi`\n _` \^^di hj
m\gh`io` m`kpbi\io`n `i ^d`mo\n ndop\^dji`n* @no\ godh\ ^p`nodi
`n hpt dhkjmo\io` t h`m`^` pi ^jh`io\mdj kjno`mdjm*
<admh\m`hjn lp` \gbpd`i od`i` T_ZhaT m\ui k\m\ eXV[TmTe pi\
ijmh\ lp` `n ^g\m\h`io` ^jiom\md\ \ gj lp`( _` pi\ h\i`m\ \^m)
od^\( `n\ k`mnji\ fgXa_X Vba fXZhe\WTW _` lp` `n ^jmm`^oj* ?`]`hjn
_`^dm \gbpi\n ^jn\n k\m\ \^g\m\m `no\ d_`\* Kmdh`mj( ij ]\no\ ^ji
lp` pi\ k`mnji\ `no din`bpm\ \^`m^\ _` nd `n j ij ^jmm`^oj gj lp`
g\ ijmh\ km`n^md]`( ndij lp` _`]` `no\m ^jhkg`o\h`io` n`bpm\( j
o`i`m g\ ^`mo`u\( _` lp` gj lp` g\ ijmh\ km`n^md]` ij `n ^jmm`^oj*
N`bpi_j( `no\ ^g\n` _` ndop\^di kp`_` j^pmmdm _` q\md\n h\i`
m\n _da`m`io`n* Kjm `e`hkgj( pi\ ijmh\ od^\ _\_\ kj_m\ _d^o\m
lp` pi\ \^^di `nk`^ad^\ `n_e^jmm`^o\ hd`iom\n lp` pi\ k`mnji\
kj_m\ n`iodmn` ojo\gh`io` n`bpm\ _` lp` `n\ \^^di `n ^jm`^o\*
?`n_` gp`bj( gj ^jiom\mdj _` `noj o\h]d i kp`_` j^pmmdm* <_`hn(
pi\ ijmh\ kj_m\ _d^o\m lp` pi\ \^^di `nk`^ad^\ `n j]gdb\ojmd\
hd`iom\n lp` pi\ k`mnji\ n` nd`io` n`bpm\ _` lp` `n\ \^^di `no
hjm\gh`io` kmjcd]d_\* ?` g\ hdnh\ h\i`m\( pi\ ijmh\ kj_m\
_`^dmijn lp` pi\ \^^di `no hjm\gh`io` k`mhdod_\( `noj `n( lp`
id `n j]gdb\ojmd\ id `no kmjcd]d_\( hd`iom\n lp` pi\ k`mnji\ n`
nd`io` n`bpm\ _` lp` `n\ \^^di `n j]gdb\ojmd\( j _` lp` `no kmj

BvID9D E6G6 :K6AJ6G I:DGx6H vI>86H

-,.

cd]d_\* @no ^g\mj o\h]d i lp` kp`_`i npmbdm jomjn ^jiagd^ojn _`

`no` odkj `iom` gj lp` km`n^md]` pi\ ijmh\ od^\ t gj lp` pi\ k`m
nji\ nd`io` lp` `n ^jmm`^oj `i pi\ ndop\^di `nk`^ad^\* @g o mhdij
wdi^jmm`^ojx n` pn njg\h`io` k\m\ ^p]mdm ^\_\ pi\ _` `no\n kjnd
]dgd_\_`n*
Dh\bdi` lp` pi\ k`mnji\ om\o\ _` kmj]\m pi\ ijmh\ od^\
qd`i_j nd no\ `no _` \^p`m_j `i gj lp` km`n^md]` ^ji gj lp` `n\
k`mnji\ nd`io` lp` `n hjm\gh`io` ^jmm`^oj* Npkjib\( o\h]d i(
lp` `no\ k`mnji\ `i^p`iom\ lp` c\t pi \^p`m_j ^jind_`m\]g` nj
]m` `g \npioj* ?` `noj kjm n njgj ij n` n`bpdm lp` g\ ijmh\ od^\
`n TVXcgTU_X k\m\ `n\ k`mnji\* Kp`_` c\]`m hp^c\n jom\n ^jn\n
`lpdqj^\_\n `i `n\ ijmh\* Id ndlpd`m\ n` ndbp` lp` `n\ k`mnji\
o`ib\ \gbpi\ m\ui k\m\ \^`ko\mg\* @g kmj]g`h\ `n lp` pi\ k`m
nji\ kp`_` o`i`m ^m``i^d\n hjm\g`n di^jindno`io`n* Kj^\ b`io` c\
`s\hdi\_j ^jin^d`io`h`io` `g `nk`^omj _` npn jkdidji`n t _`^d
ndji`n hjm\g`n( t `n hpt kmj]\]g` lp` hp^c\ b`io` n`\ di^ji
ndno`io`* Hp^c\n k`mnji\n _`^d_`i _` pi\ h\i`m\ _da`m`io` `i
hjh`iojn _da`m`io`n( di^gpnj ]\ej ^dm^pino\i^d\n ndhdg\m`n( `nk`
^d\gh`io` ^p\i_j g\ \^^di diqjgp^m\ \ \gbpd`i lp`md_j p j_d\_j*
>p\i_j \gbpd`i n` _\ ^p`io\ _` lp` od`i` ^m``i^d\n di^jindno`i
o`n( `ioji^`n( di^gpnj nd ^m`` `i pi\ _` `gg\n ^ji hp^c\ ap`mu\( ij
_`]` pn\mg\ k\m\ kmj]\m idibpi\ ijmh\* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( pi\
k`mnji\ _`]` \kjt\mn` `i npn kmjkd\n jkdidji`n diopdodq\n _` gj
lp` `n ^jmm`^oj( di^jmm`^oj( j]gdb\ojmdj( k`mhdnd]g` j kmjcd]d_j(
ngj pi\ q`u lp` n` nd`io` ojo\gh`io` n`bpmj _` `n\n jkdidji`n
t _` lp` idibpi\ _` npn jom\n ^m``i^d\n `n di^jhk\od]g` ^ji g\n
hdnh\n*
Kp`_` j]e`o\mn`( ndi `h]\mbj( lp` `n pi `mmjm \kjt\mn` `i
`no` `s\h`i diopdodqj _` g\n ijmh\n od^\n( kjmlp` g\n jkdidji`n
od^\n _` g\ b`io`( di^gpnj g\n lp` njnod`i` ^ji h\tjm ap`mu\( _dad`
m`i hp^cj `i ^\njn k\mod^pg\m`n* Kjm `e`hkgj( hp^cjnep_jn `i
^p`iom\i j]qdj lp` nji hjm\gh`io`n m`kpbi\io`n ^d`mo\n \^^dj
i`n lp` hp^cjn i\udn `i^jiom\]\i ojo\gh`io` \^`ko\]g`n* O\h
]d i `n ^g\mj lp` c\t kmjapi_jn _`n\^p`m_jn dbp\gh`io` n`iod
_jn `iom` hp^cjn k\^dadno\n t hp^cjn _dmdb`io`n hdgdo\m`n* @n ndi
_p_\ pi `mmjm( n`bi `no\ j]e`^di( \kjt\mn` `i pi h oj_j _`
`q\gp\^di lp` k`mhdo\ \ gjn i\udn t \ \gbpijn _` gjn _dmdb`i
o`n hdgdo\m`n hn din`ind]g`n o`i`m epnodad^\^di k\m\ njno`i`m pi\
pjmh\( kjmlp` nojn ij `i^p`iom\i lp` no\ km`n^md]\ \gbj hj)

-,/

:A EGD7A:B6 9:?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

m\h`io` m`kpbi\io`( hd`iom\n lp` hp^c\n jom\n k`mnji\n g\ `i

^p`iom\i ^g\m\h`io` \]`mmm\io`*
@no\ j]e`^di od`i` ^d`mo\ ap`mu\( nd ]d`i ij o\io\ ^jhj pij
kj_m\ `nk`m\m \g kmdi^dkdj* <kjt\mn` `i jkdidji`n diopdodq\n _`
_da`m`io`n k`mnji\n( ^jhj gj \^\]\hjn _` _`n^md]dm( ij gg`q\m
kjm n hdnhj \ ijmh\n _da`m`io`n lp` `no i ]hfg\Y\VTWTf k\m\ k`m
nji\n _da`m`io`n* >p\i_j hp^cj( gj lp` n` ndbp` `n lp` `g ^\hdij
`no \]d`moj k\m\ lp` k`mnji\n _da`m`io`n o`ib\i( ^\_\ pi\( T_x
ZhaT eTm a k\m\ \^`ko\m ijmh\n _da`m`io`n* ?` oj_\n h\i`m\n n`
_`]` ^ji^`_`m lp` \kjt\mn`( `i k\mo`( `i g\n jkdidji`n diopdodq\n
_` _da`m`io`n k`mnji\n k`mhdo` lp` pi\ k`mnji\ o`ib\ \gbpi\
m\ui k\m\ \^`ko\m g\ ijmh\ od^\ C P l lp` jom\ k`mnji\ o`ib\ \g
bpi\ m\ui k\m\ \^`ko\m g\ ijmh\ C5& di^gpnj ^p\i_j CP lC3{ ij
nji ngj _da`m`io`n ndij lp` `noi `i ^jiagd^oj `iom` n* K`in\hjn(
ndi `h]\mbj( lp` oj_\ `no\ m`g\odqd_\_ _` g\n m\uji`n $k\m\ _da`
m`io`n ijmh\n od^\n% `n di`qdo\]g`* G\n ^p`nodji`n ^g\q` nji nd `g
h oj_j j `s\h`i kmjkp`nojn ^jinodopt`i k\m\ pi\ k`mnji\ pi\
epnodad^\^di _` pi\ ijmh\ od^\ lp` `no ^g\m\h`io` `lpdqj^\_\(
t nd `g `s\h`i k`mhdo` lp` ijmh\n _da`m`io`n `no i epnodad^\_\n
k\m\ k`mnji\n _da`m`io`n* C\t om`n m\uji`n k\m\ lp` ^m`\hjn lp`
`n kg\pnd]g` `nk`m\m lp` `g h oj_j kmjkp`noj ij o`ib\ idibpi\
_` `no\n ^jin`^p`i^d\n*
G\ kmdh`m\ m\ui `n lp` `no` `s\h`i diopdodqj `n ngj pij _`
`iom` q\mdjn `sh`i`n j ^ji_d^dji`n lp` _`]` k\n\m pi\ ijmh\
od^\ k\m n`m n\odna\^ojmd\* Hp^c\n ijmh\n lp` k\m\ pi\ k`mnji\
k\mod^pg\m k\n`i `no` `s\h`i ij o`i_mi sdoj kjmlp` ij n\odn
a\mi g\n jom\n ^ji_d^dji`n* K\mo` _` gj lp` c\m`hjn( hd`iom\n
`s\hdi\hjn q\md\n ijmh\n od^\n kmjkp`no\n \ gj g\mbj _`g ^\
kopgj( n`m om\o\m _` _`n^p]mdm `no\n jom\n dhkjmo\io`n ^ji_d^dj
i`n k\m\ lp` pi\ ijmh\ n`\ n\odna\^ojmd\* C\m`hjn `noj `s\hd
i\i_j kmdi^dk\gh`io` g\n m\uji`n lp` `i^jiom`hjn k\m\ m`^c\
u\m#kmjkp`no\n din\odna\^ojmd\n* K\m\ ^p\i_j c\t\hjn \^\]\_j(
`nk`m\hjn c\]`m `i^jiom\_j ij ngj pi\ o`jm\ n\odna\^ojmd\( ndij
o\h]d i g\n ^ji_d^dji`n t `sh`i`n lp` c\t\ k\n\_j( kmj]\i_j
^ji `ggj n`m n\odna\^ojmd\*
G\ n`bpi_\ m\ui `n lp` id ndlpd`m\ `nk`m\hjn _dq`mb`i^d\n
\hkgd\h`io` _dapi_d_\n `iom` ijmh\n lp` k\n`i gjn `sh`i`n
diopdodqjn* Pi\ ijmh\ ij _`hp`nom\ c\]`m k\n\_j `no` `s\h`i
nd \gbpd`i `i^p`iom\ lp` ij g` hjg`no\ idibpi\ _` g\n \^^dji`n
km`n^mdo\n kjm g\ ijmh\ lp` g\ h\tjm\ _` g\ W U^ dU U^SeU^dbQ

BvID9D E6G6 :K6AJ6G I:DGx6H vI>86H

-,0

hjm\gh`io` m`kpbi\io`* ?`]` `i^jiom\m lp` k\n\ `no` `s\h`i

o\h]d i `i pi\ \hkgd\ q\md`_\_ _` ^\njn _da`m`io`n* Kjm `e`h
kgj( hp^cjn i\udn `i^jiom\m\i lp` `n hjm\gh`io` m`kpbi\io`
k\m\ ^p\glpd`m\ h`o`m \ i\udn g`\g`n `i ^h\m\n _` b\n* K`mj( ]\ej
^d`mo\n ^ji_d^dji`n( `i _da`m`io`n k\n`n( _d^c\n \^^dji`n kj_m\i
hpt ]d`i n`m km`n^mdo\n kjm g\ hdnh\ ijmh\ lp` `n\ k`mnji\ `i
^jiom\m\ \^`ko\]g` `i jomjn ^\njn* ?` h\i`m\ lp` pi\ k`mnji\
ij _`]` n`g`^^dji\m k\m^d\gh`io` gjn ^\njn lp` podgdu\ k\m\ kmj]\m
pi\ ijmh\* ?`]` `s\hdi\m pi\ \hkgd\ q\md`_\_ _` ^\njn kjnd
]g`n t m`\g`n k\m\ q`m nd g\ ijmh\ km`n^md]` \gbj lp` `gg\ nd`io`
^ji oj_\ ^`mo`u\ lp` `n pi `mmjm* Ngj pi\ q`u lp` c\t\ c`^cj
`noj kp`_` epnodad^\m lp` pi\ ijmh\ k\n` `no` `s\h`i k\mod^pg\m*
Ngj pi\ q`u lp` c\t\ c`^cj `noj( pi\ k`mnji\ `i^jiom\m lp`
nji hp^c\n h`ijn g\n ijmh\n lp` k\n\i `g `s\h`i _` gj lp`
kj_m\ c\]`m `nk`m\_j*
Pi\ o`m^`m\ t godh\ m\ui `n lp` km`_`^dhjn lp` c\]m pi
\hkgdj \^p`m_j `iom` _da`m`io`n k`mnji\n \^`m^\ _` lp` ^d`mo\n
\^^dji`n nji hjm\gh`io` m`kpbi\io`n( kjm \n _`^dmgj( j hjm\g
h`io` ^jmm`^o\n* @g `e`hkgj nj]m` gjn i\udn podgdu\_j \io`mdjm
h`io` `i g\ kbdi\ 0/1 kp`_` pn\mn` \lp jom\ q`u* >ji ^jiad\iu\
km`_`^dhjn lp` hp^c\ b`io`( g\ h\tjm\ _` g\ b`io` kjm ^d`moj(
`no\m _` \^p`m_j `i lp` g\ ojmopm\ t `e`^p^di i\udn _` hdggj
i`n _` k`mnji\n dij^`io`n ap`mji hjm\gh`io` di^jmm`^o\n* ?` \c
lp`( nd pi\ ijmh\ od^\ _\_\ ^jind_`m\m\ k`mhdnd]g`n o\g`n \^^dj
i`n( `g m`^c\uj _` _d^c\ ijmh\ n` ]\n\m\( \g h`ijn k\m^d\gh`io`(
`i `g c`^cj _` lp` g\ bm\i h\tjm\ _` g\ b`io` `no\m\ ojo\gh`io`
n`bpm\ _` lp` _d^c\n \^^dji`n nji hjm\gh`io` m`kpbi\io`n* Ij
`n i`^`n\mdj _`^dm( \lp( lp` ij `no\hjn \admh\i_j lp` g\ _`^dndi
_` m`^c\u\m j \^`ko\m pi\ ijmh\ od^\ _`]`m\ ]\n\mn` `i g\ m`bg\
_` g\ h\tjm\*
Kj_`hjn m`nphdm `no\ _dn^pndi _` ip`nomj h oj_j _d^d`i_j
lp` ijn \kjt\m`hjn Xa cTegX `i _jn m`bg\n j `sh`i`n( lp` kp`
_`i n`m `skm`n\_jn _` g\ ndbpd`io` h\i`m\6
W
-* Nd pi\ k`mnji\ n` nd`io` n`bpm\ _` lp` pi\ \^^di `nk`^ad^\
`n hjm\gh`io` di^jmm`^o\( t `no\ ^m``i^d\ moj `n di^jhk\od
]g` ^ji idibpi\ _` npn jom\n ^m``i^d\n( t c\t pi\ ijmh\
od^\ lp` _d^o\ lp` `no\ \^^di `n hjm\gh`io` ^jmm`^o\( `i
oji^`n `no\ k`mnji\ od`i` m\uji`n k\m\ m`^c\u\m _d^c\ ijm
h\ od^\*

-,1

:A EGD7A:B6 9:?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

.* Nd pi\ k`mnji\ n` nd`io` n`bpm\ _` lp` pi bm\i ih`mj

_` \^^dji`n nji hjm\gh`io` ^jmm`^o\n t idibpi\ _` `no\n
^m``i^d\n `n di^jin`^p`io` ^ji idibpi\ _` npn jom\n ^m``i
^d\n( t ij c\ nd_j k\m^d\g \g `n^jb`m `no\n \^^dji`n k\m\ np
^jind_`m\^di( t `i^p`iom\ lp` pi\ ijmh\ od^\ ^ji^p`m_\
`i oj_jn `nojn ^\njn ^ji npn ^m``i^d\n( `ioji^`n `no\ k`mnji\
od`i` m\uji`n k\m\ \^`ko\m _d^c\ ijmh\ od^\*
<h]\n m`bg\n nji ^jhkg`e\n k`mj( k`in\hjn( nji \^`ko\]g`h`io`
^g\m\n* Io`n` lp` c\]g\i _` o`i`m T_ZhaT m\ui k\m\ \^`ko\m j
m`^c\u\m pi\ ijmh\ od^\* <n kp`n( ij n` `no \admh\i_j lp` nd
pi\ ijmh\ od^\ ij gjbm\ kji`mn` \ g\ \gopm\ _` gj _`n^mdoj `i
$-%( j n` kji` \ g\ \gopm\ _` gj _`n^mdoj `i $.%( pij od`i` `qd_`i
^d\ ^ji^gpt`io` `i ^jiom\ j \ a\qjm _` pi\ ijmh\* Pij o`i_m\
ndhkg`h`io` pi am\bh`ioj _` `qd_`i^d\ k`modi`io`( kjndodq\ j
i`b\odq\( _`k`i_d`i_j _` ^\_\ ^\nj k\mod^pg\m*
OD>< O@JGBD><

Hp^c\ _` ip`nom\ km`k\m\^di t _` ip`nomj \km`i_du\e` od^jn

od`i` gpb\m `i pi ^jio`soj m`gdbdjnj* ?` c`^cj g\ od^\ k\m`^`
n`m k\mo` `n`i^d\g _` g\ m`gdbdi* O\ioj `i `g <iodbpj O`no\h`ioj
^jhj `i `g Ip`qj t `i g\ h\tjm\ _` gjn o`sojn m`gdbdjnjn( ^jhj `g
>jmi( c\t `in`\iu\n od^\n* @i `g <iodbpj O`no\h`ioj gjn ?d`u
H\i_\hd`iojn nji api_\h`io\g`n t `i `g Ip`qj O`no\h`ioj o`
i`hjn( `iom` jom\n( g\n `in`\iu\n _`g N`mhi _` g\ Hjio\\*
@n i\opm\g( kp`n( \nj^d\m g\ od^\ t g\ hjm\gd_\_ ^ji g\ m`gdbdi(
_` hj_j lp` o\h]d i m`npgo\ i\opm\g ]pn^\m `i g\ m`gdbdi ijm
h\n od^\n lp` kj_\hjn pn\m k\m\ km`n^md]dm t `q\gp\m ip`nom\n
\^^dji`n* T nd q`hjn c\^d\ \omn `i g\ _dn^pndi nj]m` ?djn `i `g
>\kopgj 1( kj_`hjn _`mdq\m pi\ ijmh\ \ k\modm _` g\ _dn^pndi
nj]m` g\ ]ji_\_ _`g N`m Npkm`hj* @noj `n( kj_`hjn kmjkji`m
lp` g\ ijmh\ od^\ ^jmm`^o\ `n g\ ndbpd`io`6
<lp`ggj lp` ?djn lpd`m` `n gj lp` _`]` c\^`mn`*
Nd no\ `n g\ ijmh\ od^\ ^jmm`^o\( `ioji^`n ^\_\ q`u lp` _`^d_dhjn
gj lp` _`]` c\^`mn` j gj lp` _`]` c\]`m nd_j c`^cj _`]`hjn
]\n\m ip`nom\ _`^dndi `i g\ qjgpio\_ _` ?djn*
Gj lp` _`]`hjn c\^`m k\m\ lp` `no\ ijmh\ n`\ Q ` \YS Q R \U Q
ndop\^dji`n `nk`^ad^\n `n `i^jiom\m \gbpi\ h\i`m\ T U T U c S e R b Yb

vI>86 I:DA{<>86

-,2

gj lp` ?djn lp`mm\ `i `n\ ndop\^di* C\t _jn h\i`m\n _` _`n

^p]mdm `noj* Kmdh`mj( ?djn kj_m\ m`q`g\mijn np qjgpio\_ ^jhp
id^i_jn` _dm`^o\h`io` ^ji ijnjomjn( j ]d`i kj_m\ m`q`g\m np qj
gpio\_ \ \gbpd`i lp` \ np q`u ijn g\ ^jhpid^\m\ \ ijnjomjn* K\m\
g\ h\tjm\ _` ijnjomjn( nd \^\nj n` ijn m`q`g\ g\ qjgpio\_ _` ?djn(
ngj `n di_dm`^o\h`io`( nd`i_j jom\ k`mnji\ `g dio`mh`_d\mdj* @i
^jin`^p`i^d\( nd c`hjn _` \kgd^\m g\ ijmh\ o`jgbd^\ ]\ni_jijn
`i g\ qjgpio\_ _` ?djn di_dm`^o\h`io` m`q`g\_\( _`]`hjn n`m ^\
k\^`n _` epnodad^\m \gbpi\ \admh\^di k\mod^pg\m \^`m^\ _` g\ qj
gpio\_ _` ?djn( kjm `e`hkgj( gjn ?d`u H\i_\hd`iojn* K`mj t\ c`
hjn qdnoj `i `g >\kopgj 1 ^pi _da^dg `n kmjkjm^dji\m api_\h`i
ojn k\m\ k`in\m lp` c\ j^pmmd_j \gbpi\ m`q`g\^di _` g\ qjgpio\_
_` ?djn di_`k`i_d`io`h`io` _` lp` pi\ \admh\^di k\mod^pg\m
n`\ ^jmm`^o\*DU]XV\ a1 _Tf TY\e`TV\baXf eX_\Z\bfTf WXUXa
]hfg\Y\VTefX `XW\TagX TY\e`TV\baXf g\VTf
Npkjib\hjn lp` \gbpd`i \admh\ lp` gj lp` ?djn lpd`m` `n lp`
g\ b`io` j]`_`u^\ gjn ?d`u H\i_\hd`iojn* O`i`hjn \cjm\ pi\
ijmh\ od^\ lp` kj_`hjn \kgd^\m \ ndop\^dji`n k\mod^pg\m`n* K`mj
^hj c\]m`hjn _` epnodad^\m g\ \admh\^di _` lp` no` `n `g ^mdo`
mdj ^jmm`^oj; Ij kj_`hjn c\^`mgj ndhkg`h`io` \aph \i_j lp`
?djn g` m`q`g gjn h\i_\hd`iojn \ Hjdn n( kjmlp` _`]`hjn epn
odad^\m g\ \admh\^di _` lp` ap` ?djn lpd`i n` gjn m`q`g* >ji
nd_ m`n` gj lp` c\m\hjn nd g`t m\hjn lp` Hjdn n m`bm`n ^ji
h\i_\hd`iojn lp` _`^\i yC\u `g \hjm ^ji g\ `nkjn\ _` op kmed
hjz( yMj]\ gjn ]d`i`n _` op kmedhjz( y<]pn\ _` opn k\_m`nz* ?`
^d_dm\hjn lp` ^p\glpd`m ^jn\ lp` c\t\ nd_j m`q`g\_\ \ Hjdn n( ij
`m\ g\ qjgpio\_ _` ?djn( kjmlp` `nojn nji h\i_\hd`iojn dihj
m\g`n* Ij epnodad^\hjn lp` \gbj n`\ hjm\g hjnom\i_j lp` `skm`n\
g\ qjgpio\_ _` ?djn( kjmlp` g\ id^\ h\i`m\ _dnkjid]g` k\m\ `q\
gp\m \admh\^dji`n `i ^jiagd^oj \^`m^\ _` gj lp` ?djn lpd`m` `n `i
^jiom\i_j ^pg _` `gg\n `no _` \^p`m_j ^ji gj lp` `n hjm\g* <n
kp`n( _`]`hjn pn\m \admh\^dji`n od^\n k\m\ epnodad^\m \admh\^dj
i`n m`gdbdjn\n `i gpb\m _` api_\h`io\m g\ od^\ `i g\n \admh\^dji`n
_` \gbpi\ m`gdbdi*.

- Q \in` g\n `|WY^Qs ,.1',/-(

& <^`m^\ TU QbWe]U^d_c S\Qb_c U^ S_^dbQ TU \Q }dYSQ dU_\ WYSQ& f}QcU \Q TYc'

--)

:A EGD7A:B6 9:?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

@noj ij `lpdq\g` \ i`b\m lp` g\ m`gdbdi n`\ k\m\ hp^c\ b`io`

g\ ]\n` knd^jgbd^\ _` g\ od^\* Kp`_` n`m( kp`n( lp` g\ m`gdbdi
o`ib\ pi\ m`g\^di knd^jgbd^\ dhkjmo\io` ^ji g\ od^\* O\hkj^j
`lpdq\g` \ i`b\m lp` ?djn c\t\ jm_`i\_j j km`n^mdoj ^d`mojn h\i
_\hd`iojn hjm\g`n* <gbpd`i lp` ^m`\ lp` _`]` ^phkgdmn` g\ qj
gpio\_ _` ?djn kp`_` \^`ko\m oj_j gj lp` \^\]\hjn _` _dn^podm*
Kjm jom\ k\mo`( i\_\ _` gj _d^cj c\no\ \lp c\^` k`in\m lp` gjn
?d`u H\i_\hd`iojn ij `skm`n\i g\ k\g\]m\ m`q`g\_\ kjm ?djn*
Kj_m\i `skm`n\mg\* Nd gj c\^`i( o\h]d i `skm`n\i kjm gj h`ijn
k\mo` _` pi\ ijmh\ od^\ ^jmm`^o\* Gj id^j lp` \lp n` c\ \adm
h\_j `n lp` ij kj_`hjnepnodad^\m lp` n\n p jom\n ijmh\n od^\n
nji ^jmm`^o\n \k`g\i_j \ kmjipi^d\hd`iojn _` \gbpi\ m`gdbdi
k\mod^pg\m( kjmlp` _`]`hjn epnodad^\m lp` `nojn kmjipi^d\hd`i
ojn `skm`n\i g\ k\g\]m\ m`q`g\_\ kjm ?djn hjnom\i_j \ g\ q`u lp`
nji kmjipi^d\hd`iojn hjm\g`n ^jmm`^ojn* Kp`noj lp` \lp ip`n
om\ o\m`\ `nepnodad^\m \gbpi\ ijmh\ od^\( ij kj_`hjn _`o`i`mijn
`i gjn kmjipi^d\hd`iojn _` \gbpi\ m`gdbdi( di^gpnj nd nji ^j
mm`^ojn* ?`]`hjn `i^jiom\m \gbpi\ h\i`m\ _` hjnom\m lp` nji
^jmm`^ojn( t `noj ij kp`_` c\^`mn` \k`g\i_j \ g\ m`gdbdi hdnh\*
Ij `no\hjn `i pi\ h`ejm kjnd^di nd om\o\hjn _` api_\h`io\m
pi\ ijmh\ od^\ `i g\ m`q`g\^di _dm`^o\* Kp`_` n`m lp` pi _\
pno`_ o`ib\ pi\ `sk`md`i^d\ m`gdbdjn\ `i g\ lp` n` m`q`g`i ^d`mo\n
m_`i`n* Pno`_ kp`_`( ^jhj gj c\i c`^cj jomjn _`nkp n _` `s
k`md`i^d\n ndhdg\m`n( \^`ko\m `noj \^mod^\h`io` ^jhj m`q`g\_jm
_` g\ k\g\]m\ _` ?djn t kmj^g\h\mgj \io` oj_jn* K`mj \lp ijn
dio`m`n\ ij gj lp` pno`_ kj_m\ c\^`m( ndij nd n` epnodad^\m\ lp`
pno`_ \admh\m\ lp` c\ `n^p^c\_j g\ k\g\]m\ _` ?djn* Ij ]\no\
^ji c\]`m m`^d]d_j `no\n m_`i`n _` pi\ h\i`m\ `som\\ t id^\*
C\t hp^cjn ^\njn _` k`mnji\n lp` c\i n`bpd_j npn yqj^`nz t c\i
^jh`od_j o`mmd]g`n ^mh`i`n* @i _d^cjn ^\njn b`i`m\gh`io` k`i
n\hjn lp` g\n yqj^`nz nji `g m`npgo\_j _` om\nojmijn knd^jgbd^jn*
<_`hn( `n kjnd]g` lp` ij ngj ?djn( ndij o\h]d i lp` `g _d\]gj
m`q`g` np qjgpio\_ \ gjn n`m`n cph\ijn* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( pno`_
kj_m\ epnodad^\m np \admh\^di _` lp` c\ `n^p^c\_j g\ k\g\]m\ _`
?djn ngj nd kp_d`m\ kmjkjm^dji\m \gbpi\ m\ui k\m\ k`in\m lp`
^pi _`g kmdi^dkdj o`jgbd^j _` E`m`h t =`ioc\h `i 6a >agebWhVg\ba _b g[X Ee\ax
V\c\Xf bY Bbe~\f TaW AXZ\f_Tg\ba \a I[X Jg\_\_Te\Taf& ?jp]g` ?\t( B\m_`i >dot( I) T):
-52-* Ejci Nop\mo Hdgd o\h]d i _dn^po` g\ od^\ o`jgbd^\ `i Jg\_\gTe\Ta\f`& t o\h
]d i `i I[X Jg\_\_Te\Taf& k* 0./*

vI>86 I:DA{<>86

--*

`n\ k\g\]m\ `skm`n\ pi\ jm_`i _` ?djn t ij _`g _d\]gj* Pno`_ ij

kp`_` c\^`m `noj \k`g\i_j \ np `sk`md`i^d\ m`gdbdjn\* <n kp`n(
`i `g ^\nj _` m`q`g\^di _dm`^o\ \n ^jhj `i `g ^\nj _` m`q`g\^di
di_dm`^o\( g\epnodad^\^di _` pi\ ijmh\ od^\ ij kp`_` ]\n\mn` `i
pi\ \admh\^di m`gdbdjn\*
G\ ^ji^gpndi lp` c`hjn \g^\iu\_j `n lp` nd ]d`i pi\ m`gdbdi
kp`_` \tp_\mijn knd^jgbd^\h`io` k\m\ _`^d_dm lp `n gj lp` n`
_`]` c\^`m( ij kp`_` \tp_\mijn \ epnodad^\m gj lp` _`^d_dhjn c\
^`m* G\ epnodad^\^di _` ip`nom\n ijmh\n od^\n t kjm gj o\ioj _`
ip`nom\n \^^dji`n `n di_`k`i_d`io` _` g\ m`gdbdi* @i qdno\ _`
`noj( g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` ?djn `n dmm`g`q\io` k\m\ epnodad^\m ijmh\n
od^\n* ?` h\i`m\ lp` gjn lp` n` _\i ^p`io\ _` lp` t\ ij kp`_`i
^m``m `i ?djn ij `noi ajmu\_jn \ ^ji^gpdm lp` i\_\ `n ^jmm`^oj
j di^jmm`^oj* Ij c\t i\_\ di^jindno`io` `i njno`i`m pi\ ijmh\
od^\ k\mod^pg\m t `i ^m``m lp` ?djn ij `sdno`* >jhj n` kpnj _`
h\idad`noj \io`mdjmh`io`( t ^jhj q`m`hjn( g\ `q\gp\^di ^mod^\
t g\ epnodad^\^di _` ijmh\n od^\n n` gg`q\ \ ^\]j ndi m`a`m`i^d\
\gbpi\ \ g\ m`gdbdi*
Ndi `h]\mbj c\t pi\ jkdidi \hkgd\h`io` _dapi_d_\ _` lp`
nd ij c\t ?djn( `ioji^`n i\_\ `n hjm\g j dihjm\g( ^jmm`^oj j di
^jmm`^oj* no\ `n g\ jkdidi _` lp` nd \gbj `n ^jmm`^oj t \gbj `n
di^jmm`^oj `n kjmlp` \n c\ nd_j _`^m`o\_j kjm ?djn* Io`n` lp`
no\ `n pi\ \admh\^di _da`m`io` _` g\ lp` `s\hdi\hjn km`qd\
h`io`* G\ \admh\^di \io`mdjm `n lp`
Nd \gbj `n lp`md_j kjm ?djn( `ioji^`n `n gj lp` _`]` c\^`mn`*
K`mj g\ km`n`io` \admh\^di `n lp`
Nd c\t \gbj lp` `n gj ^jmm`^oj $gj lp` _`]` c\^`mn`%( `ioji^`n
`n lp`md_j $kmj^g\h\_j p jm_`i\_j% kjm ?djn*
Nd ]d`i g\ kmdh`m\ jm\^di `n \^`ko\]g`( g\ n`bpi_\ `n ndi _p_\ _dn
^pod]g`* @i kmdh`m gpb\m( ij c\t m\uji`n k\m\ k`in\m lp` oj_\n
g\n \^^dji`n ^jmm`^o\n nji lp`md_\n p jm_`i\_\n kjm ?djn( kjmlp`
ij c\t m\uji`n k\m\ k`in\m lp` ?djn _\ m_`i`n lp` ^p]m\i oj
_\n g\n ndop\^dji`n hjm\g`n* Kp`_` n`m lp` `i ^d`mo\ ndop\^di pi\
\^^di k\mod^pg\m n`\ ^jmm`^o\7 `ioji^`n nd ?djn opqd`m\ lp` jm
_`i\m \gbpi\ \^^di `i `n\ ndop\^di( jm_`i\m\ `n\ \^^di* K`mj
`no\ \admh\^di ij ^ji_p^` \ g\ ^ji^gpndi _` lp` nd ij c\t ?djn(
`ioji^`n i\_\ `n ^jmm`^oj j di^jmm`^oj* @i n`bpi_j gpb\m( kjm

--+

:A EGD7A:B6 9:?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

f: h`ijn `n kjnd]g` lp` kj_\hjn epnodad^\m pi\ ijmh\ od^\ lp`

n`\ ^jmm`^o\7 t kp`noj lp`( ^jhj c`hjn qdnoj( _d^c\ epnodad^\^di
ij m`lpd`m` idibpi\ m`a`m`i^d\ \ ?djn( ij c\t m\ui k\m\ k`in\m
lp` g\ ijmh\ od^\ ^jmm`^o\ _`]` kmjq`idm _` ?djn* Ndi `h]\mbj(
^p\glpd`m\ lp` n`\ g\ ^\pn\ lp` g\ hp`q\( g\ b`io` c\]g\ _` g\ _`
^\_`i^d\ _` g\ hjm\gd_\_ t _` g\ _`nomp^^di _` g\n ijmh\n od^\n
^pgk\i_j _` `ggj \g _`]dgdo\hd`ioj _` g\ m`gdbdi* @g m`npgo\_j _`
`noj( \admh\ g\ b`io`( `n lp` g\ hjm\g n` qp`gq` m`g\odq\( _` h\i`m\
lp` i\_\ `n ^jmm`^oj j di^jmm`^oj( t gj lp` k\m\ h `n ^jmm`^oj
c\^`m `n ndhkg`h`io` gj lp` lpd`mj c\^`m* <pilp` ij `n m\mj `n
^p^c\m o\g \admh\^di( g\ \admh\^di hdnh\ `n hpt m\m\( kjmlp`
m`km`n`io\ om`n kjnd^dji`n od^\n _da`m`io`n |`g m`g\odqdnhj od^j(
`g idcdgdnhj od^j t `g `bjnhj od^j* ?` pi\ p jom\ h\i`m\ `n
o\n kjnd^dji`n _`no\^\i `iom` g\n jkdidji`n \^`m^\ _` g\ od^\ lp`
n` `skm`n\i cjt `i _\* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( ^\_\ pi\ h`m`^` \lp
\o`i^di di_dqd_p\g*
M @ G < O DQ DN H J

O D> J

@g m`g\odqdnhj od^j k\m`^` `skm`n\mn` `i g\ am`^p`io` \admh\^di6

Gj lp` `no ]d`i k\m\ od ij nd`hkm` `no ]d`i k\m\ h*
T kp`noj lp` `no\ \admh\^di k\m`^` n`m q`m_\_`m\( hp^c\ b`io`
lp`_\ ^jiq`i^d_\ kjm `g m`g\odqdnhj od^j* K`mj no\ `n pi\ \adm
h\^di \h]dbp\ t npn dio`mkm`o\^dji`n \^`ko\_\n ij nji g\n lp`
dhkgd^\i `g m`g\odqdnhj od^j* Pi\ dio`mkm`o\^di _` wGj lp` `no
]d`i k\m\ od ij nd`hkm` `no ]d`i k\m\ h a `n g\ ndbpd`io`6
G\ \^^di ^jmm`^o\ k\m\ od ij nd`hkm` `n g\ \^^di ^jmm`^o\ k\m\
h*
@no\ dio`mkm`o\^di `n \ h`ip_j q`m_\_`m\ kjmlp` _jn k`mnji\n
nji ^ji am`^p`i^d\ ojo\gh`io` _da`m`io`n( k`mj `nj ij dhkgd^\ pi
m`g\odqdnhj od^j* Kjm `e`hkgj( nd pno`_ `n pi bm\i i\_\_jm t tj
ij n i\_\m( `ioji^`n `i g\ hdnh\ ndop\^di( `i g\ lp` q`hjn \ pi
idj \cjbi_jn`( k\m\ pno`_ `n ^jmm`^oj i\_\m k\m\ \tp_\mgj t
k\m\ h `n ^jmm`^oj dm kjm \tp_\* K`mj nd ]d`i _dad`m` gj lp` ^\_\
pij _` ijnjomjn _`]` c\^`m `i g\ hdnh\ ndop\^di( ndbp` nd`i_j
q`m_\_ lp` \h]jn _`]`hjn c\^`m gj kjnd]g` kjm \tp_\m \g idj*
<lp ij c\t i\_\ m`g\odqj*

G:A6I>K>HBD vI>8D

--,

GX_Tg\i\f`b WX _T TVV\ a q`mnpn eX_Tg\i\f`b WX _T abe`T

Gj lp` _`]`hjn c\^`m k\m\ `qdo\m `no\ ^jiapndi `n _dnodibpdm
`iom` `g m`g\odqdnhj _` g\n \^^dji`n od^\n t `g m`g\odqdnhj _` g\n
ijmh\n od^\n*
GX_Tg\i\f`b WX _T TVV\ a1 G\n \^^dji`n nji ^jmm`^o\n `i \gbpi\n
ndop\^dji`n ` di^jmm`^o\n `i jom\n ndop\^dji`n*
GX_Tg\i\f`b WX _T abe`T1 G\n ijmh\n od^\n nji ^jmm`^o\n `i \g
bpi\n ndop\^dji`n ` di^jmm`^o\n `i jom\n ndop\^dji`n*
C`hjn qdnoj pi ^\nj _` m`g\odqdnhj _` g\ \^^di `i `g `e`hkgj
_`g idj lp` n` `no \cjb\i_j( k`mj n` ij `m\ pi ^\nj _` m`
g\odqdnhj _` g\ ijmh\* O\ioj pno`_ ^jhj tj \kgd^\hjn g\ hdnh\
ijmh\6 lp` _`]\hjn c\^`m gj kjnd]g` kjm \tp_\m \g idj* ?` h\
i`m\ lp` kp`_` c\]`m m`g\odqdnhj _` \^^dji`n ^jmm`^o\n ndi lp`
c\t\ m`g\odqdnhj _` ijmh\n od^\n* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( n`bi `no\
dio`mkm`o\^di
Gj lp` `n ^jmm`^oj k\m\ od ij nd`hkm` `n ^jmm`^oj k\m\ m\
`skm`n\ pi m`g\odqdnhj _` g\ \^^di( k`mj kp`noj lp` `g m`g\od
qdnhj od^j ^jmm`nkji_` \g m`g\odqdnhj _` g\ ijmh\( t kp`noj lp`
`g m`g\odqdnhj _` g\ \^^di ij dhkgd^\ `g m`g\odqdnhj _` g\ ijmh\(
`no\ \admh\^di( \ h`ip_j q`m_\_`m\( ij dhkgd^\ pi m`g\odqdnhj
od^j* Gj lp` kp`_` m`npgo\m ^jiapnj `n lp` c\t\ \gbpi\n ijm
h\n od^\n o\g`n ^jhj yIj h\o\mnz lp` \admh`i lp` ^d`mojn \^ojn
nd`hkm` nji di^jmm`^ojn( _` h\i`m\ lp` kp`_` k\m`^`m lp` gj
lp` gg\h\hjn \]njgpodnhj _` g\ ijmh\ dhkgdlp` \]njgpodnhj _`
g\ \^^di* K`mj c\t hp^cjn jomjn ^\njn o\g`n ^jhj yCjim\mn \ op
k\_m` t \ op h\_m`z `i gjn lp` idibpi\ \^^di `nk`^ad^\ `no kmj
cd]d_\* <n kp`n( \lp`ggjn lp` n` m`]`g\i ^jiom\ `g \]njgpodnhj _`
g\ \^^di ij `noi j]gdb\_jn \g m`g\odqdnhj od^j( kjmlp` g\ ijmh\
od^\ ^jmm`^o\ kp`_` k`mhdodm lp` `g lp` pi\ \^^di `nk`^ad^\ n`\
^jmm`^o\ j di^jmm`^o\ _`k`i_\ _` g\n ^dm^pino\i^d\n `nk`^ad^\n `i
g\n lp` n` gg`q\ \ ^\]j* >hj cjim`hjn \ ip`nomjn k\_m`n `i
^d`moj hjh`ioj _`k`i_` _` `ggjn( _` ijnjomjn t _` g\n ^dm^pin
o\i^d\n k\mod^pg\m`n*
Jom\ dio`mkm`o\^di _` wGj lp` `n ^jmm`^oj k\m\ od ij nd`hkm`
Y ^jmm`^oj k\m\ h a `n g\ ndbpd`io`6

---

:A EGD7A:B6 9:?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

Gj lp` o kd`in\n lp` `n ^jmm`^oj ij nd`hkm` `n gj lp` tj

kd`inj lp` `n ^jmm`^oj*
=\ej `no\ dio`mkm`o\^di g\ \admh\^di ^d`mo\h`io` `n q`m_\_`m\*
K`mj( `ioji^`n( oj_j gj lp` `skm`n\( `n lp` \ q`^`n `no\hjn `i
_`n\^p`m_j \^`m^\ _` gj lp` k`in\hjn lp` `n ^jmm`^oj t `noj
`n ojo\gh`io` ^jhk\od]g` ^ji `g \]njgpodnhj _` g\ ijmh\* <n
kp`n( `no\ dio`mkm`o\^di ij ^ji_p^` \g m`g\odqdnhj od^j* >ji `g
adi _` gg`b\m \g m`g\odqdnhj od^j i`^`ndo\hjn pi\ dio`mkm`o\^di
lp` c\b\ m`g\odq\n \ g\n abe`Tf od^\n* Jom\ dio`mkm`o\^di lp` n`
\^`m^\ hn t lp` \ h`ip_j n` kd`in\ lp` ^ji_p^` \g m`g\odqdnhj
od^j `n g\ ndbpd`io`6
Ij nd`hkm` lp` o o`ib\n epnodad^\^di k\m\ \^`ko\m lp` pi\
ijmh\ `n ^jmm`^o\ tj o`ibj epnodad^\^di k\m\ \^`ko\mgj*
@no\ dio`mkm`o\^di( nd ]d`i `n o\h]d i ^jmm`^o\( ij nd`hkm` ^ji
_p^` \g m`g\odqdnhj od^j kjmlp` \gbpd`i kp`_` o`i`mepnodad^\^di
k\m\ \^`ko\m \gbj ^jhj ^jmm`^oj ^p\i_j ij gj `n* Kjm `e`hkgj(
ndi _p_\ `no\m\hjn _` \^p`m_j `i lp` \gbpd`i lp` ^m`t`m\ lp`
g\ q`gj^d_\_ _` gjn j]e`ojn kp`_` di^m`h`io\mn` di_`adid_\h`io`
o`i\ epnodad^\^di k\m\ ^m``m `nj \io`n _` lp` @dino`di kmjkp
nd`m\ np o`jm\* K`mj o\h]d i \admh\m\hjn lp`( \pilp` opqd`m\
epnodad^\^di( np ^m``i^d\ `m\ di^jmm`^o\* Kjm jom\ k\mo`( ^jhj c`
hjn qdnoj( `n kjnd]g` lp` ip`nomj h oj_j k\m\ `q\gp\m ijmh\n
od^\n( `g ^p\g podgdu\ g\n ^jiqd^^dji`n hjm\g`n hn ap`mo`n _` g\
b`io` ^jhj pi\ `iom` q\mdjn `sh`i`n( _`n`h]j^\m `i ^d`mo\
m`g\odqd_\_ _` g\ epnodad^\^di _` ijmh\n od^\n* K`mj \g dbp\g lp`
^ji g\n cdko`ndn ^d`ioad^\n( nd ]d`i _dnodio\n k`mnji\n kj_m\i o`
i`m epnodad^\^di k\m\ \^`ko\m ijmh\n _da`m`io`n( ^p\glpd`m\ _`
`gg\n( `n hn( oj_\n `gg\n( kj_m\i `no\m( ij j]no\io`( `lpdqj^\_\n*
<n kp`n( nd ]d`i c\t pi\ m`g\odqd_\_ _` g\ epnodad^\^di( `noj ij
dhkgd^\ pi\ m`g\odqd_\_ _` gj lp` `n ^jmm`^oj* <pilp` g\n ^m``i
^d\n ]hfg\Y\VTWTf _dad`m\i ^jiajmh` ^\h]d\ `g ^jij^dhd`ioj _` g\
b`io`( `noj ij \a`^o\ `g lp` o\g`n j ^p\g`n ^m``i^d\n n`\i iXeWTWXx
eTf b ^jmm`^o\n* G\ m`g\odqd_\_ lp` c\t `i lp` pi\ k`mnji\ o`ib\
epnodad^\^di k\m\ \^`ko\m pi\ ^m``i^d\ j ijmh\ ij a\qjm`^` \g m`
g\odqdno\ od^j( `g ^p\g m`lpd`m` _` lp` c\t\ m`g\odqd_\_ _` g\n ijm
h\n ^jmm`^o\n* @g odkj _` dio`mkm`o\^di lp` i`^`ndo\hjn k\m\ `g
m`g\odqdnhj od^j `n `g ndbpd`io`6

G:A6I>K>HBD vI>8D

--.

G\ ijmh\ od^\ ^jmm`^o\ k\m\ od ij nd`hkm` `n g\ ijmh\ od^\

^jmm`^o\ k\m\ h*
@no\ dio`mkm`o\^di dhkgd^\ `g m`g\odqdnhj od^j kjmlp` dhkgd^\
lp` pi\ ijmh\ od^\ n`\ ^jmm`^o\ `i m`g\^di ^ji ^d`mo\n ndop\
^dji`n ` di^jmm`^o\ `i m`g\^di ^ji jom\n* Ndi `h]\mbj( ]\ej `no\
dio`mkm`o\^di( g\ \admh\^di t\ ij `n j]qd\h`io` q`m_\_`m\* ?`
]`hjn ^jind_`m\m lp m\uji`n kj_m\ c\]`m k\m\ \^`ko\mg\*
9XY\a\V\ a WX_ eX_Tg\i\f`b g\Vb
?`adi\hjn kmdh`mj `g m`g\odqdnhj od^j _` g\ ndbpd`io` h\i`m\6
GX_Tg\i\f`b g\Vb1 Ijmh\n od^\n _da`m`io`n nji ^jmm`^o\n k\m\
_da`m`io`n bmpkjn _` k`mnji\n*
@no\ _`adid^di `n ajmhpg\_\ `i o mhdijn b`i`m\g`n k\m\ \]\m^\m
q\mdjn odkjn _da`m`io`n _` m`g\odqdnhj od^j* Kjm `e`hkgj( pi\ `n
k`^d` _` m`g\odqdnhj od^j lp` \gbpijn nj^dgjbjn t \iomjkgjbjn
`noi o`io\_jn \ \^`ko\m `n `g eX_Tg\i\f`b Vh_gheT_& o`jm\ lp` `no\
]g`^` lp` `g lp` pi\ ijmh\ od^\ n`\ ^jmm`^o\ _`k`i_` _` g\ ^pg
opm\ j nj^d`_\_ _` g\ k`mnji\ `i ^p`nodi* O\h]d i `sdno` `g eX_Tg\x
i\f`b WX V_TfX& ^pt\n m\^`n `noi `i `g h\msdnhj( t n`bi `g ^p\g g\n
ijmh\n od^\n nji ^jmm`^o\n `i m`g\^di ^ji g\ ^g\n` `^jihd^\ _`
g\ k`mnji\* O\h]d i c\t pi m`g\odqdnhj lp` \om\` \ gjn cdnojmd\
_jm`n( `g eX_Tg\i\f`b [\fg e\Vb& n`bi `g ^p\g g\n ijmh\n od^\n nji ^j
mm`^o\n `i m`g\^di ^ji g\ kj^\ k\mod^pg\m `i lp` qdq` g\ k`mnji\*
Idibpi\ _` `no\n `nk`^d`n _` m`g\odqdnhj od^j `no hnepnodad^\_\
lp` g\ o`jm\ b`i`m\g* Kjm gj o\ioj nd `i^jiom\hjn \gbpi\ m\ui
k\m\ m`^c\u\m g\ o`jm\ b`i`m\g( o`i_m`hjn epnodad^\^di k\m\ m`
^c\u\m dbp\gh`io` ^\_\ pi\ _` npn q`mndji`n `nk`^ad^\n*
>jh`i^`hjn `g `s\h`i _`g m`g\odqdnhj od^j ^jind_`m\i_j
_jn _` gjn kmdi^dk\g`n \mbph`iojn lp` n` pn\i k\m\ epnodad^\mgj6
`g \mbph`ioj _` gjnepd^djn od^jn _dn^jm_\io`n t `g \mbph`ioj _`
g\n _da`m`io`n ijmh\n od^\n*
:_ TeZh`Xagb WX _bf]h\V\bf g\Vbf W\fVbeWTagXf
Pij _` gjn c`^cjn hn \hkgd\h`io` \^`ko\_jn lp` nji k`modi`i
o`n k\m\ g\ od^\( `n lp` c\t( c\ c\]d_j( t kmj]\]g`h`io` c\]m
nd`hkm` pi _`n\^p`m_j b`i`m\g \^`m^\ _` gj lp` `n ^jmm`^oj t _`

--/

:A EGD7A:B6 9:?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

gj lp` `n di^jmm`^oj* Ij n` om\o\ ndhkg`h`io` _` lp` gjnepd^djn _`

g\ b`io` _` pi\ ^pgopm\ _dad`m\i hp^cj _` gjn epd^djn _` g\ b`io`
_` jom\ ^pgopm\( id _` lp` gjnepd^djn _` g\ b`io` `i pi\ `o\k\ _` g\
cdnojmd\ n`\i ojo\gh`io` _da`m`io`n _` gjn _` g\ b`io` _` pi\ kj^\
\io`mdjm j kjno`mdjm* @i^jiom\hjn epd^djn od^jn hpt _dn^jm_\i
o`n _`iomj _` pi\ ^pgopm\ t `i pi\ hdnh\ kj^\* Ndi _p_\( n`bi
`no\ j]e`^di( nd \ gj g\mbj _` gjn ndbgjn t kjm oj_j `g hpi_j g\
b`io` c\ `hdod_j ^jiodip\h`io` epd^djn hjm\g`n hpt _dn^jm_\i
o`n t \ h`ip_j jkp`nojn( `ioji^`n g\n ijmh\n od^\n _` g\ b`io`
_dad`m`i _` gpb\m \ gpb\m t _` kj^\ \ kj^\ `i m`g\^di ^ji g\n
ndop\^dji`n `i g\n lp` qdq` g\ b`io`* Kjm gj o\ioj( _` \^p`m_j ^ji
`no` \mbph`ioj( g\n ijmh\n ^jmm`^o\n nji m`g\odq\n \ g\n ndop\^dj
i`n `i g\n lp` n` `i^p`iom\ g\ b`io` lp` \kgd^\ g\n ijmh\n* @noj
`n( _`]`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` `g m`g\odqdnhj od^j `n q`m_\_`mj*
M`nph\hjn `no` \mbph`ioj k\m\ kj_`m `q\gp\mgj ^mod^\h`i
o`* Kp`_` n`m `skm`n\_j ^jhj ndbp`6
-* Gjnepd^djn od^jn lp` `hdo` g\ b`io` _dad`m`i hp^cj _`k`i
_d`i_j _` _i_` t ^pi_j qdq\ no\*
.* Nd gjn epd^djn od^jn lp` `hdo` g\ b`io` _dad`m`i hp^cj( `i
oji^`n g\n ijmh\n od^\n lp` pn\ g\ b`io` _dad`m`i hp^cj*
Ebe _b gTagb
/* G\n ijmh\n od^\n lp` pn\ g\ b`io` _dad`m`i hp^cj*
Ebe _b gTagb
0* @g m`g\odqdnhj od^j `n q`m_\_`mj*
>jiom\ `no` \mbph`ioj kp`_`i c\^`mn` _jn j]e`^dji`n* Kmdh`m\(
nd ]d`i g\ km`hdn\ $-% `n \^`ko\]g`( c\t m\uji`n k\m\ _p_\m _` g\
q`m_\_ _` g\ n`bpi_\ km`hdn\* T\ c`hjn qdnoj lp` `g m`g\odqdnhj
_` g\ \^^di ij dhkgd^\ `g m`g\odqdnhj _` g\ ijmh\( t lp` c\t kj
^\n m\uji`n k\m\ k`in\m lp` `g m`g\odqdnhj _`g epd^dj dhkgd^\ `g
m`g\odqdnhj _` g\ ijmh\* <gbpijn \iomjkgjbjn t nj^dgjbjn( kjm
^d`moj( lp` `noi _` \^p`m_j ^ji $-%( ij `noi ojo\gh`io` n`bp
mjn _` $.%* Hp^cjn epd^djn hpt _dn^jm_\io`n kp`_`i n`m `skgd^\
_jn n`\g\i_j lp` g\ b`io` `i ^p`nodi od`i` ^m``i^d\n _da`m`io`n
\^`m^\ _` gj lp` nji gjn c`^cjn( t ij lp` od`i` ijmh\n od^\n
_da`m`io`n* Kjm `e`hkgj( `i pi\ nj^d`_\_( g\ b`io` o`i\ g\ ^jn
oph]m` _` h\o\m \ npn k\_m`n ^p\i_j nojn `hk`u\]\i \ c\^`mn`

G:A6I>K>HBD vI>8D

--0

qd`ejn* @i g\n ^pgopm\n j^^d_`io\g`n pi \^oj n`h`e\io` `n ^jind

_`m\_j ^jhkg`o\h`io` dihjm\g* G\ h\tjm\ _` ijnjomjn kd`in\
lp` h\o\m \ gjn kmjkdjn k\_m`n `n di^jmm`^oj( kjmlp` `hkg`\
hjn g\ ijmh\ _` lp` _`]`hjn cjim\m \ ip`nomjn k\_m`n* K\m`^`
ndi _p_\ lp` kj_`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` g\ b`io` _` `n\ nj^d`_\_ ij
o`i\ _d^c\ ijmh\( k`mj `noj n`m\ pi `mmjm* @n\ b`io` ^m`\ lp`
^\_\ pij _` ijnjomjn qdq` _`nkp n _` g\ hp`mo` `i `g `no\_j and^j
`i lp` hp`m`* ?` o\g h\i`m\ lp` k`mhdodm lp` \gbpd`i n` c\b\
qd`ej t _`^m kdoj ij n`m\ cjim\mgj* @n\ b`io` c\^\ gj lp` k`i
n\]\ lp` `m\ gj h`ejm k\m\ npn k\_m`n( t kjm gj o\ioj gjn cjim\]\
\tp_i_jgjn \ j]o`i`m g\ dihjmo\gd_\_ `i pi `no\_j and^j \bm\
_\]g`*/ @i `no` `e`hkgj( k\m`^` lp` o\ioj `ggjn ^jhj ijnjomjn
pn\hjn g\ hdnh\ ijmh\ od^\( k`mj kp`noj lp` `no\hjn `i _`n
\^p`m_j \^`m^\ _` gjn c`^cjn _` g\ qd_\ _`nkp n _` g\ hp`mo`( gjn
epd^djn lp` c\^`hjn _dad`m`i hp^cj* ?` `no\ h\i`m\ hp^c\n _d
a`m`i^d\n _`epd^djn nj]m` c`^cjn kp`_`i n`m `skgd^\_\n ndi kjnop
g\m ijmh\n od^\n _da`m`io`n* <gbpijn \iomjkgjbjn od`i`i g\ `nk`
m\iu\ _` _`n^p]mdm lp` ^d`mo\n ijmh\n od^\n nji pidq`mn\gh`io`
^jind_`m\_\n ^jmm`^o\n* Nd `n \n( g\ km`hdn\ $.% n`m\ \go\h`io`
_dn^pod]g`*
Ndi `h]\mbj( di^gpnj nd g\ _dn^m`k\i^d\ _` ijmh\n od^\n ij `n
o\i bm\i_` ^jhj \gbpijn gj \admh\i( g\ `qd_`i^d\ \^op\gh`io`
_dnkjid]g` \kjt\ g\ \admh\^di _` lp` g\ b`io` \ h`ip_j od`i`
^m``i^d\n _da`m`io`n \^`m^\ _` ^pg`n ijmh\n od^\n nji ^jmm`^o\n*
Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( kj_`hjn _`a`i_`m g\ km`hdn\ $/% dio`mkm`o\_\
_` g\ ndbpd`io` h\i`m\6
/\* G\n ijmh\n od^\n lp` g\ b`io` ^m`` lp` nji ^jmm`^o\n \ h`
ip_j _dad`m`i*
?` h\i`m\ lp` kp`noj lp` kj_`hjn \^`ko\m $/\%( o\h]d i kj_`
hjn \^`ko\m $0% nd g\ dia`m`i^d\ _` $0% \ k\modm _` $/\% `n qgd_\*
Ndi `h]\mbj( ^jhj `noi g\n ^jn\n( g\ dia`m`i^d\ `n diqgd_\ kjm
lp` $/\% `n pi\ \admh\^di ngj \^`m^\ _` gj lp` g\ b`io` VeXX lp`
`n ^jmm`^oj t $0% `n pi\ \admh\^di \^`m^\ _` gj lp` WX [XV[b `n
^jmm`^oj* no\ `n g\ n`bpi_\ j]e`^di \g \mbph`ioj _` gjn epd^djn
n @no` dY`_ TU UZU]`\_ Uc TYcSedYT_ `_b H_\_]_^ :( 6cSX U^ =SGMEP :W]GLS%
PSK]$ Km`iod^` =Q\\& :^W\Ug__T 8\bVVc& C( ? *2.+& 8Q`~de\_ *,& Uc`USYQ\]U^dU U^
`( ,00& T_^TU dbQdQ TU ]_cdbQb S ]_ `b|SdYSQc }dYSQc dQ^ TYVUbU^dUc `eUTU^
m`npgo\m _` SbUU^SYQc _RZUdYfQc TYcS_bTQ^dUc t ^_ TU ^_b]Qc }dYSQc TYVUbU^dUc(

--1

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

od^jn _dn^jm_\io`n |`n diqgd_\ kjmlp` g\ dia`m`i^d\ _` $0% \ k\m

odm _` $/\% `n diqgd_\* Gj lp` _`]`hjn c\^`m `n `i^jiom\m pi\
km`hdn\ lp`( ^ji $,T%& ijn k`mhdo\ dia`mdm $0%* @noj ijn gg`q\ \g
n`bpi_j \mbph`ioj _`g m`g\odqdnhj od^j*
:_ TeZh`Xagb WX _Tf abe`Tf g\VTf W\YXeXagXf
< \gbpijn kp`_` k\m`^`mg`n lp` nd ]d`i g\ dia`m`i^d\ _` $0% \ k\modm
_` $/\% `n( `nomd^o\h`io` c\]g\i_j( diqgd_\( n` k\m`^` \ g\ dia`
m`i^d\ _` wN^m\o`n `n hjmo\gx\ k\modm _` wN^m\o`n `n pi\ k`mnji\x
|gj lp` a\go\ `n pi\ q`m_\_ j]qd\ o\g ^jhj wOj_jn gjn n`m`n cp
h\ijn nji hjmo\g`nx* Ndi `h]\mbj( g\ k\mo` _dn^pod]d` _` pi \mbp
h`ioj o\i `iodh`hod^j `n hpt \ h`ip_j `n\ km`hdn\ a\go\io`*
@s\hdi`hjn `g km`n`io` ^\nj `nomp^opm\i_j `g \mbph`ioj _` g\
ndbpd`io` h\i`m\6
/\* Ijmh\n od^\n lp` g\ b`io` ^m`` lp` nji ^jmm`^o\n \ h`ip_j
_dad`m`i*
1* Nd g\n ijmh\n od^\n lp` g\ b`io` ^m`` lp` nji ^jmm`^o\n \ h`
ip_j _dad`m`i( `ioji^`n g\n ijmh\n od^\n lp` nji ^jmm`^o\n
_dad`m`i \ h`ip_j k\m\ `no\ b`io` _da`m`io`*
Ebe _b gTagb
0* G\n ijmh\n od^\n lp` nji ^jmm`^o\n nji \ h`ip_j _da`m`i
o`n k\m\ b`io` _da`m`io`( `noj `n( `g m`g\odqdnhj od^j `n q`m
_\_`mj*
Gj lp` c`hjn c`^cj c\ nd_j \bm`b\m g\ jm\^di $1% ^jhj km`hdn\
a\go\io` k\m\ c\^`m qgd_j `g \mbph`ioj* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( kp`noj
lp` c`hjn qdnoj lp` $/\% `n \^`ko\]g`( _`]`hjn \^`ko\m $0% nd kj
_`hjn epnodad^\m $1%* >jind_`m`hjn $1%( lp` `n pi\ jm\^di _` g\
ajmh\6
.T( Nd g\n k lp` g\ b`io` ^m`` lp` nji ^jmm`^o\n _dad`m`i \ h`
ip_j( `ioji^`n g\ k lp` `n ^jmm`^o\ \ h`ip_j _dad`m` k\m\
`no\ b`io` _da`m`io`*
>p\i_j ^jind_`m\hjn $1\% q`hjn lp` c\t hp^c\n jm\^dji`n _`
`n\ ajmh\ lp` nji ojo\gh`io` a\gn\n* Kjm `e`hkgj( hp^c\ b`io`
_dad`m` `i npn ^m``i^d\n \^`m^\ _`g hpi_j lp` g` mj_`\( k`mj `noj
ij dhkgd^\ lp` `i ^\_\ ^\nj pi\ ^m``i^d\ _da`m`io` n`\ ^jmm`^o\*
Nd tj ^m`j lp` `g ih`mj ^jmm`^oj _` kg\i`o\n `n j^cj t pno`_

G:A6I>K>HBD vI>8D

--2

^m`` lp` `g ih`mj ^jmm`^oj `n _d`u( ij `n lp` pi ih`mj n`\

^jmm`^oj k\m\ h t lp` jomj gj n`\ k\m\ pno`_* @i `no` ^\nj o\ioj
pno`_ ^jhj tj `no\hjn `i pi `mmjm( ip`nom\n ^m``i^d\n nji di^j
mm`^o\n( t\ lp` c\t pij t ngj pi ih`mj ^jmm`^oj _` kg\i`o\n t
`n` ih`mj `n ip`q`* @i b`i`m\g( jm\^dji`n _` g\ ajmh\ $.T% fba
a\gn\n* Kjm jo\ k\mo`( ij c\t m\uji`n k\m\ k`in\m lp` g\n ^m``i
^d\n \^`m^\ _` g\n ijmh\n od^\n nji ndbidad^\odq\h`io` _da`m`io`n
_` \lp`gg\n ^m``i^d\n k\m\ g\n lp` $1\% `n a\gn\* O`i`hjn( kjm gj
o\ioj( m\uji`n k\m\ ^ji^gpdm lp` $1% `n a\gn\*
Kp`noj lp` gjn _jn \mbph`iojn lp` \kjt\i \g m`g\odqdnhj od^j
nji diqgd_jn( ij c`hjn `i^jiom\_j m\uji`n k\m\ \^`ko\mgj* <_`
hn( kp`noj lp` `n ^g\m\h`io` ^jiom\mdj \ ip`nom\ ^ji^`k^di
jm_di\md\ _` g\ hjm\gd_\_( c\t \gbpi\ m\ui k\m\ m`^c\u\mgj*
>p\i_j \admh\hjn lp` h`iodm( c\^`m om\hk\ t h\o\m `n di^j
mm`^oj( ij \admh\hjn lp` `no\n kmjcd]d^dji`n n` _`mdq\i _` ijm
h\n lp` n` \kgd^\i ^jmm`^o\h`io` \ \gbpijn _` ijnjomjn k`mj ij
\ oj_jn* K`in\hjn lp` pi\ ijmh\ od^\ `n j ]d`i ^jmm`^o\ j ]d`i
di^jmm`^o\ k\m\ pij t k\m\ oj_jn( t kp`noj lp` ij c`hjn `i^ji
om\_j m\ui \gbpi\ k\m\ i`b\m `noj kj_`hjn n`bpdm \^`koi_jgj*
9XYXafT WX_ eX_Tg\i\f`b g\Vb1 ha TeZh`Xagb `bW\Y\VTWb
@g kg`doj `io\]g\_j ^jiom\ `g m`g\odqdnhj od^j o\g ^jhj n` \kgd^\
\ g\n ijmh\n od^\n ndi _p_\ k\m`^` hpt ap`mo` t j]gdb\_j* K`mj
kj_`hjn c\]`m dbijm\_j \gbpi\n ^jn\n lp` kp`_`i _`^dmn` \ np
a\qjm* @i k\mod^pg\m m`^p m_`n` ip`nom\ _dn^pndi \io`mdjm nj]m`
`g h oj_j lp` _`]`hjn pn\m `i `no` ^\kopgj( `i `g lp` _jn kmdi
^dkdjn j `sh`i`n ap`mji \kmj]\_jn( pij ^ji^`mid`io` \ g\n m\
uji`n k\m\ m`^c\u\m pi\ ijmh\ od^\ t `g jomj ^ji^`mid`io` \ g\n
m\uji`n k\m\ \^`ko\m pi\ ijmh\* O\g q`u kj_\hjn \mbph`io\m(
_` \^p`m_j ^ji g\ godh\ _` `nojn `sh`i`n( lp` b`io` _da`m`io`
od`i` T_Za api_\h`ioj k\m\ \^`ko\m ijmh\n od^\n _da`m`io`n( t
_` `no\ h\i`m\ ^m`\m pi ip`qj \mbph`ioj \ a\qjm _`g m`g\odqdnhj
od^j* ?d^cj \mbph`ioj kj_m\ n`m `g ndbpd`io`6
/2* < h`ip_j g\n ijmh\n od^\n lp` _da`m`io` b`io` nd`io` lp`
nji ^jmm`^o\n( _dad`m`i `iom` n*
12* Nd \ h`ip_j g\n ijmh\n od^\n lp` _da`m`io` b`io` nd`io`
lp` nji ^jmm`^o\n _dad`m`i `iom` n( `ioji^`n `no\ b`io` _da`

-.)

:A EGD7A:B6 9:?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

m`io` od`i` \gbpi\n m\uji`n k\m\ \^`ko\m ijmh\n od^\n _d

a`m`io`n*
Ebe _b gTagb
2* B`io` _da`m`io` od`i` \gbpi\n m\uji`n k\m\ \^`ko\m ijmh\n
od^\n _da`m`io`n*
?`n_` gp`bj( di^gpnj _`e\i_j `no\]g`^d_\ g\ jm\^di $2%( ij c\
]m\hjn `no\]g`^d_j `g m`g\odqdnhj od^j* K`mj `g \mbph`ioj kj
_m\ ^jiodip\m ^ji ngj pi\ km`hdn\ hn( \ n\]`m6
3* Nd b`io` _da`m`io` od`i` \gbpi\n m\uji`n k\m\ \^`ko\m ijm
h\n od^\n _da`m`io`n( `ioji^`n `n m\uji\]g` ^m``m lp` `g m`
g\odqdnhj od^j `n ^jmm`^oj*
Ebe _b gTagb
4* @n m\uji\]g` ^m``m lp` `g m`g\odqdnhj od^j `n ^jmm`^oj*
C\t m\uji`n k\m\ k`in\m lp`( ^p\i_j `n `io`i_d_j \_`^p\_\
h`io`( `no` \mbph`ioj `n qgd_j* G\ `skm`ndi w`n m\uji\]g`
^m``mxlp` \k\m`^` `i $3% t $4% _`]` `io`i_`m`n` ^jhj wc\t \gbp
i\n m\uji`n \ np a\qjmx* >p\i_j n` `iod`i_` $3% _` `no\ h\i`m\(
`ioji^`n `n hpt kg\pnd]g`* Ndi _p_\ g\ km`hdn\ $/U% `n q`m_\
_`m\* G\ km`hdn\ $.U% kp`_` ndi `h]\mbj n`m njnk`^cjn\( t\ lp`(
_`nkp n _` oj_j( g\ b`io` n` nd`io` n`bpm\ _` oj_\ ^g\n` _` ^j
n\n lp` nji ^jhkg`o\h`io` \]npm_\n* Ndi `h]\mbj( $.U% kp`_`
n`m m`ajmu\_\ nd g\ `io`i_`hjn `i `g n`iod_j _` lp` b`io` _da`
m`io` `i^p`iom\ lp` ijmh\n od^\n _da`m`io`n ^jdi^d_`i ^ji \lp`
ggj lp`( _` pi\ h\i`m\ dhk\m^d\g( `gg\ hdnh\ ^jind_`m\ ^ji n`
bpmd_\_ ^jhj \^^dji`n ^jmm`^o\n( t `i idibi ^\nj g\n ^m``i^d\n
lp` `no\ b`io` od`i` \^`m^\ _` `no\n \^^dji`n nji di^jhk\od]g`n
^ji npn jom\n ^m``i^d\n* @ioji^`n( _` \^p`m_j ^ji `g kmdi^dkdj j
`s\h`i $.% `skp`noj \io`mdjmh`io` $q \n` k* 0/4%( ^\_\ pi\ _`
`no\n k`mnji\n od`i` \gbpi\ m\ui k\m\ \^`ko\m ^\_\ pi\ _` `n
o\n ijmh\n _da`m`io`n* @i jom\n k\g\]m\n( kj_`hjn npkji`m lp`
$12% `n kg\pnd]g` ^ji o\g _` lp` g\ m\ui kjm g\ lp` g\ b`io` n`
nd`io` n`bpm\ _` ijmh\n od^\n _da`m`io`n n`\ lp` c\ `i^jiom\_j(
_` \^p`m_j ^ji g\ km`hdn\ $.%( lp` `no\n ijmh\n `noi _` \^p`m_j
^ji \^^dji`n lp` `no\ hdnh\ b`io` ^jind_`m\ ^ji n`bpmd_\_ lp`
nji ^jmm`^o\n* ?` `no\ h\i`m\( kp`noj lp` oj_j gj lp` \k\m`^`
`i `no` \mbph`ioj `n kg\pnd]g`( c`hjn _`n^p]d`moj pi \kjtj kj
ndodqj \ a\qjm _`g m`g\odqdnhj od^j*

C>=>A>HBD vI>8D

-.*

Ndi `h]\mbj( \io`n _` ^ji^gpdm lp` `g m`g\odqdnhj od^j c\ lp`

_\_j `no\]g`^d_j( _`]`hjn km`no\m hp^c\ \o`i^di \ gj lp` `no`
\mbph`ioj hp`nom\ `s\^o\h`io`* Np ^ji^gpndi \admh\ lp` `n
m\uji\]g` ^m``m `i `g m`g\odqdnhj od^j( t( ^jhj \^\]\hjn _` q`m(
`noj ndbidad^\ lp` c\t T_ZhaT m\ui \ a\qjm _`g m`g\odqdnhj od^j*
?d^c\ ^ji^gpndi( ndi `h]\mbj( ij `lpdq\g` \ \admh\m lp` `g m`
g\odqdnhj od^j Xfg|]hfg\Y\VTWb( K\m\ `io`i_`m kjm lp ( ngj i`^`
ndo\hjn n`\g\m lp`( \pilp` c\t\ \gbpi\ m\ui \ a\qjm _`g m`g\
odqdnhj od^j( `noj `n k`ma`^o\h`io` ^jhk\od]g` ^ji lp` o\h]d i
c\t\ \gbpi\ m\ui j m\uji`n Xa VbageT _` g* T( kjm ^d`moj( `noj `n
km`^dn\h`io` gj lp` c`hjn n`\g\_j7 `g m`g\odqdnhj od^j q\ `i
^jiom\ _` ip`nom\ ^ji^`k^di jm_di\md\ _` g\ hjm\gd_\_( `n _`^dm(
`i ^jiom\ _` gj lp` b`i`m\gh`io` npkji`hjn \^`m^\ _` g\ hj
m\gd_\_ _pm\io` ip`nomjn hjh`iojn ij adgjnad^jn* ?d^cj a\^ojm)
ij `n `i hj_j \gbpij pi\ ^jind_`m\^di _`^dndq\ `i ^jiom\ _`g
m`g\odqdnhj od^j* Ndi `h]\mbj( `n ha a\^ojm i`b\odqj lp` ndi _p_\
`n ndbidad^\odqj* T( ^p\i_j `no` a\^ojm i`b\odqj n` ^jhk`in\ ^ji `g
a\^ojm kjndodqj n`\g\_j `i `g \mbph`ioj lp` \^\]\hjn _` _dn^p
odm( q`hjn lp` `g a\^ojm i`b\odqj ^jhk`in\ \g kjndodqj* ?` h\i`m\
lp` `g m`g\odqdnhj od^j ij c\ lp`_\_j epnodad^\_j( \ k`n\m _`g c`
^cj m`^jij^d_j _` lp` od`i` \gbpi\n m\uji`n \ np a\qjm*
@g ^\hdij k\m`^` `no\m \]d`moj k\m\ g\ ]nlp`_\ _` pi\ ijmh\
od^\ lp` kj_\hjn epnodad^\m ^jhj g\ ijmh\ ^jmm`^o\ k\m\ oj_jn*
Ip`nom\ ]nlp`_\( ndi `h]\mbj( kp`_` ampnom\mn` _` jom\ h\
i`m\* Lp m\uji`n o`i`hjn k\m\ k`in\m lp` c\t pi\ ijmh\ \_`
^p\_\ nj]m` gj ^jmm`^oj t gj di^jmm`^oj( t\ n`\ k\m\ \gbpijn j k\m\
oj_jn; @n q`m_\_ lp` ^p\i_j `hdodhjn epd^djn hjm\g`n \^op\hjn
]\ej g\ npkjnd^di _` lp` c\t o\g ijmh\( k`mj o\g q`u i\_\ n`\
^jmm`^oj t i\_\ n`\ di^jmm`^oj7 o\g q`u ij c\t\ pi\ ijmh\ od^\
^jmm`^o\* Nd `noj `n q`m_\_( `n pi\ gj^pm\ `najmu\mn` kjm epnodad^\m
lp` pi\ ijmh\ n`\ ^jmm`^o\* ?`]`hjn( kp`n( `s\hdi\m g\ \adm
h\^di _`g idcdgdnhj od^j \io`n _` `h]\m^\mijn `i pi `s\h`i
^mod^j _` ijmh\n od^\n k\mod^pg\m`n*
I DC DG DN H J

O D> J

Kj_`hjn _`adidm `g idcdgdnhj od^j _` pi\ h\i`m\ hpt ndhkg`

^jhj ndbp`6

-.+

:A EGD7A:B6 9:?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

C\[\_\f`b g\Vb6 Ij c\t i\_\ hjm\gh^io` ^jmm`^oj t i\_\ hj

m\gh`io` di^jmm`^oj*

Nd `no\ kjnd^di `n \^`mo\_\( `ioji^`n( kp`noj lp` ij c\t \^^dj

i`n ^jmm`^o\n id di^jmm`^o\n( i\_\ _` gj lp` c\^`hjn `n hjm\g
t i\_\ `n dihjm\g( oj_j `no k`mhdod_j t i\_\ `no hjm\gh`io`
kmjcd]d_j id `n hjm\gh`io` j]gdb\ojmdj* O\h]d i n` ndbp` lp`
ij c\t ijmh\n od^\n ^jmm`^o\n( kjmlp` nd g\n cp]d`m\( `ioji^`n
g\n \^^dji`n lp` `sdbdm\i n`m\i hjm\gh`io` j]gdb\ojmd\n( t g\n
\^^dji`n lp` kmjcd]dm\i `no\m\i hjm\gh`io` kmjcd]d_\n* ?d^c\
^ji^`k^di `n ojo\gh`io` ^jiom\md\ \ ip`nom\n ^m``i^d\n jm_di\
md\n* G\ h\tjm\ _` ijnjomjn n` nd`io` ojo\gh`io` n`bpmj _` lp`
\gbpi\n \^^dji`n nji ^jmm`^o\n t \gbpi\n di^jmm`^o\n* @i ^jin`
^p`i^d\( \ h`ijn lp` c\t\ m\uji`n j]gdb\ojmd\n k\m\ \^`ko\m `g
idcdgdnhj od^j( kj_`hjn m`^c\u\mgj ^jhj gj cd^dhjn ^ji `g m`g\
odqdnhj od^j* B`i`m\gh`io`( `g _`]\o` \^`m^\ _`g idcdgdnhj od^j
ij n` ^`iom\ _dm`^o\h`io` `i `g kmj]g`h\ _` nd \gbpi\n \^^dj
i`n k\mod^pg\m`n nji hjm\gh`io` ^jmm`^o\n j di^jmm`^o\n( kjmlp`
`no` kmj]g`h\ kp`_` _dn^podmn` h`ejm `i m`g\^di ^ji g\n ijmh\n
od^\n* Nd c\t ]p`i\n m\uji`n k\m\ k`in\m lp` pi\ ijmh\ od^\
`n ^jmm`^o\( c\t ]p`i\n m\uji`n k\m\ m`^c\u\m `g idcdgdnhj od^j*
Nd c\t ]p`i\n m\uji`n k\m\ k`in\m lp` idibpi\ ijmh\ od^\ `n
^jmm`^o\( c\t \gbpi\ m\ui k\m\ _p_\m _` lp` \gbpi\n \^^dji`n
n`\i ^jmm`^o\n j di^jmm`^o\n*
@n dhkjmo\io` n`\g\m \lp lp` `n kjnd]g` lp` g\n \^^dji`n n`\i
^jmm`^o\n j di^jmm`^o\n k`mj lp` idibpi\ ijmh\ od^\ n`\ ^j
mm`^o\* Kj_`hjn _` \gbpi\ h\i`m\ yo`i`m g\ n`in\^diz _` lp` \^
^dji`n k\mod^pg\m`n nji ^jmm`^o\n o\g ^jhj o`i`hjn g\ n`in\^di qd
np\g _` lp` gjn j]e`ojn nji mjejn* <g dbp\g lp` q`m( o\g`n yn`in\^dj
i`nz hjm\g`n ij _`k`i_`m\i _` g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` \gbpi\ ijmh\*
Ndi `h]\mbj( `g idcdgdno\ od^j \mbph`io\ `i a\qjm _` np jkdidi
om\o\i_j _` hjnom\m lp` ij c\t ijmh\n od^\n ^jmm`^o\n( kjmlp`
no\ `n g\ h`ejm h\i`m\ _` _`a`i_`m np kjnd^di* B`i`m\gh`io`
_`k`i_` _` _jn \mbph`iojn kmdi^dk\g`n( pij _` gjn ^p\g`n n` k\
m`^` \g n`bpi_j \mbph`ioj _`g m`g\odqdnhj od^j( kjmlp` `no oj
h\_j _`g _`n\^p`m_j \^`m^\ _` g\n ijmh\n od^\n ^jmm`^o\n( t `g
n`bpi_j n` _`mdq\ _` g\ a\go\ _`epnodad^\^di _` ^p\g`nlpd`m\ ijm
h\n od^\n*

C>=>A>HBD

i `j

-.,

:_ TeZh`Xagb WX _Tf abe`Tf g\VTf W\YXeXagXf

<gbpi\n k`mnji\n \admh\i lp` `n pi `mmjm dia`mdm `g m`g\odqdnhj
od^j \ k\modm _` g\ _di_d_\ t \iodbp\ _dq`mb`i^d\ _` ^m``i
^d\n \^`m^\ _` ^pg`n nji g\n ijmh\n od^\n ^jmm`^o\n* ?d^cj _`n
\^p`m_j( lp` c\ k`mndnod_j _pm\io` ndbgjn `i oj_\n k\mo`n( o`nod
ad^\ hn ]d`i lp` m`\gh`io` ij c\t ijmh\n od^\n ^jmm`^o\n* Pi
\mbph`ioj n`h`e\io`( ^jhj kp`_` q`mn`( ij `n h`ejm lp` `g \m
bph`ioj \ a\qjm _`g m`g\odqdnhj od^j* Kj_`hjn hjnom\m `noj km`
n`io\i_j `g \mbph`ioj _` g\ ndbpd`io` h\i`m\6
-* G\n ijmh\n od^\n lp` g\ b`io` ^m`` lp` nji ^jmm`^o\n _dad`
m`i `i oj_j `g hpi_j t \ om\q n _`g od`hkj*
.* Nd g\n ijmh\n od^\n lp` g\ b`io` ^m`` lp` nji ^jmm`^o\n _d
ad`m`i `i oj_j `g hpi_j t \ om\q n _`g od`hkj( `ioji^`n ij
c\t ijmh\n od^\n ^jmm`^o\n*
Ebe _b gTagb
/* Ij c\t ijmh\n od^\n ^jmm`^o\n*
>jhj kp`_` \_dqdi\mn`( g\ km`hdn\ $.%( lp` `n dbp\g \ g\ km`hdn\
$1%`i `g ^jmm`nkji_d`io` \mbph`ioj _`g m`g\odqdnhj od^j( `n hpt
_dn^pod]g`* G\ km`hdn\ $.% `n _` g\ ajmh\6
+T( Nd g\n k lp` g\ b`io` ^m`` lp` nji ^jmm`^o\n( _dad`m`i( `ioji
^`n ij c\t o\g`n s ^jmm`^o\n*
T hp^c\n jm\^dji`n lp` od`i`i `no\ ajmh\ nji ^g\m\h`io` a\gn\n*
Kjm `e`hkgj( c\t hp^c\n ^m``i^d\n _dq`mb`io`n \^`m^\ _` g\ kjnd
]g` qd_\ `i `nom`gg\n g`e\i\n( k`mj `noj ij dhkgd^\ lp` idibpi\ _`
`no\n ^m``i^d\n n`\ ^jmm`^o\* <gbpi\n ^m``i^d\n \^`m^\ _` g\ qd_\
`i `nom`gg\n nji ^jmm`^o\n t \gbpi\n ij gj nji* Pij `i^p`iom\ am`
^p`io`h`io` pi\ \hkgd\ q\md`_\_ _` ^m``i^d\n _da`m`io`n \^`m^\
_` pi o`h\ _da^dg( g\ h\tjm\ _` g\n ^p\g`n nji a\gn\n( k`mj \gbpi\n
_` g\n ^p\g`n nji q`m_\_`m\n* Kj_`hjn( kjm gj o\ioj( m`^c\u\m `no`
\mbph`ioj _`g idcdgdnhj od^j kjm ij n`m h`ejm lp` `g \mbph`ioj
\ a\qjm _`g m`g\odqdnhj od^j*
:_ TeZh`Xagb WX _T YT_gT WX]hfg\Y\VTV\ a
>p\i_j n` `q\g\i ^mod^\h`io` gjn ^\i_d_\ojn kmdi^dk\g`n lp`
\nkdm\i \ n`m g\ ijmh\ od^\ ^jmm`^o\( n` c\^` `qd_`io` lp` idi
bpij c\ npk`m\_j kmj]g`h\n dhkjmo\io`n _` o\g h\i`m\ lp` ij

-.-

:A EGD7A:B69:?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

i`^`ndo`i epnodad^\^di* <n kp`n( n`bi `no` \mbph`ioj( kp`noj

lp` idibpi\ ijmh\ od^\ `no epnodad^\_\( oj_\n `noi diepnodad^\
_\n t kjm gj o\ioj idibpi\ `n pi\ ijmh\ ^jmm`^o\* Kj_`hjn `s
kji`m `g \mbph`ioj _` g\ h\i`m\ ndbpd`io`6
-* Idibpi\ ijmh\ od^\ `no epnodad^\_\*
Ebe _b gTagb
.* Oj_\n g\n ijmh\n od^\n `noi diepnodad^\_\n*
/* Nd oj_\n g\n ijmh\n od^\n `noi diepnodad^\_\n( `ioji^`n idi
bpi\ ijmh\ od^\ `n ^jmm`^o\*
Ebe _b gTagb
0* Idibpi\ ijmh\ od^\ `n ^jmm`^o\ $_` h\i`m\ lp` `g idcd
gdnhj od^j `n m\uji\]g`%*
@no` \mbph`ioj `n `i ^d`moj hj_j kg\pnd]g`( kjmlp` kj_`hjn j]
o`i`m `qd_`i^d\n k\m\ \kjt\m $-%( kjmlp` g\ dia`m`i^d\ dih`_d\o\
_` $.% \ k\modm _` $-% `n ndi _p_\ qgd_\( t kjmlp` $/% k\m`^` q`m_\
_`m\* @n _`^dm( nd ij c\t ijmh\ od^\ kjnd]g` lp` _`hp`nom` n`m
^jmm`^o\( _` o\g h\i`m\ lp` oj_\n `no i diepnodad^\_\n( ndi _p_\
k\m`^` m\uji\]g` ^ji^gpdm lp` idibpi\ _` `gg\n `n ^jmm`^o\* ?`
hj_j lp`( kp`noj lp` g\n km`hdn\n $-% t $/% k\m`^`i \^`ko\]g`n t
`g \mbph`ioj qgd_j( k\m`^` lp` _`]`hjn \^`ko\m g\ ^ji^gpndi*
K`mj k`in hjngj pi kj^j hn* C`hjn \^`ko\_j $-% nj]m` g\ ]\n`
_` lp` idibpij _` gjn ^\i_d_\ojn lp` \nkdm\ \ n`m g\ ijmh\ od^\
^jmm`^o\ c\ npk`m\_j gjn kmj]g`h\n( _` hj_j lp` idibpi\ c\
lp`_\_j epnodad^\_\* Ndi `h]\mbj( ^p\i_j \kjt\hjn $/% gj cd^d
hjn c\]g\i_j \^`m^\ _` gj lp` m`npgo\ _` lp` idibpi\ ijmh\
kp`_\ n`m epnodad^\_\* C\t pi\ _da`m`i^d\ `iom` w\i ij c\ nd_j
epnodad^\_\x t wij kp`_` n`mepnodad^\_\x( t\ lp` gj kmdh`mj `n ^jh
k\od]g` ^ji pi\ epnodad^\^di apopm\ k`mj gj n`bpi_j `s^gpt` oj_\
kjnd]dgd_\_ _` epnodad^\^di* @g \mbph`ioj( kp`n( k\m`^` dhkgd^\m
pi\ \h]db `_\_ _` g\ k\g\]m\ wdiepnodad^\_\x kjmlp` $.% k\m`^`
`sdbdm pi n`iod_j _` wdiepnodad^\_\xt $/% jomj* ?` h\i`m\ lp` c\no\
\cjm\ `g \mbph`ioj `n diqgd_j* Kj_`hjn dhk`_dm g\ \h]db `_\_
t c\^`m lp` `g \mbph`ioj n`\ qgd_j m`hkg\u\i_j g\ km`hdn\ $/%
^ji jom\n _jn km`hdn\n( \ n\]`m6
/\* Nd oj_\n g\n ijmh\n od^\n \i ij c\i nd_j epnodad^\_\n( `i
oji^`n oj_\n g\n ijmh\n od^\n nji diepnodad^\]g`n $ij kp`_`i
n`m epnodad^\_\n%*

C>=>A>HBD vI>8D

-..

,U( Nd oj_\n g\n ijmh\n od^\n nji diepnodad^\]g`n $ij kp`_`i n`m
epnodad^\_\n%( `ioji^`n idibpi\ ijmh\ od^\ `n ^jmm`^o\*
>p\i_j c\^`hjn `noj `n a^dg q`m lp` $/\% `n a\gn\ t o\h]d i c\t
_p_\n \^`m^\ _` $,U%(
@i b`i`m\g `n a\gnj `no\]g`^`m lp` nd \i ij c`hjn epnodad^\_j
\gbpi\n \admh\^dji`n _` `iom` pi bmpkj _` \go`mi\odq\n( `ioji^`n
idibpi\ _` `n\n \admh\^dji`n kp`_` n`mepnodad^\_\* Idibpi\ \adm
h\^di k\mod^pg\m \^`m^\ _` nd c\t qd_\ `i `nom`gg\n g`e\i\n kp`_`
\cjm\ `no\m epnodad^\_\( `n _`^dm lp` ij c\t `qd_`i^d\n npad^d`io`n
k\m\ \kjt\m ^ji ap`mu\ idibpi\ \admh\^di `i k\mod^pg\m* K`mj
`noj ij dhkgd^\ lp` ij n`\ kjnd]g` lp` \gbi _\ pi\ \admh\^di
`no\m epnodad^\_\* ?` h\i`m\ lp` `i `no` `e`hkgj( ^jhj `i g\
od^\( nd idibpi\ kjnd^di c\ nd_j epnodad^\_\( ij i`^`ndo\hjn ^ji
^gpdm lp` idibpi\ kjnd^di kp`_` `no\m epnodad^\_\* ?`]`m\hjn
m`^c\u\m g\ km`hdn\ $/\% t ^ji `gg\ `g \mbph`ioj lp` g\ ^jiod`i`*
<pilp` k\m\ ip`nomjn kmjkndojn ij `n i`^`n\mdj m`^c\u\m $,U%
id $/\%( q\g` g\ k`i\ km`^dn\m lp` $,U% n` _`mdq\ _` g\ \admh\^di
_` lp` ij c\t jm\^dji`n ^jmm`^o\n k`mj diepnodad^\]g`n* @noj `n( n`
_`mdq\ _` g\ kjnd^di n`bi g\ ^p\g nd pi\ `skm`ndi ^jiod`i` pi\
jm\^di q`m_\_`m\( `ioji^`n( kjm gj h`ijn( `n kjnd]g`epnodad^\mg\*
K`mj( ^jhj qdhjn `i `g >\kopgj 1( `n hpt _da^dg `no\]g`^`m _d^c\
\admh\^di* Di^gpnj nd g\ `skm`ndi w?djn `sdno`x`n ^jhk\od]g` ^ji
^p\glpd`m `no\_j _` ^jn\n kjnd]g`( ij n` c\ hjnom\_j lp` g\ `s
km`ndi ij n`\ pi\ jm\^di q`m_\_`m\* G\ km`hdn\ $,U%& kp`n( nd
]d`i ij `n `i hj_j \gbpij o\i _dn^pod]g` ^jhj $/\%( o\hkj^j `n
`i hj_j \gbpij j]qd\h`io` \^`ko\]g`* @i ^p\glpd`m np^`nj( `i
qdno\ _` lp` $,T% `n _dn^pod]g`( o`i`hjn m\uji`n k\m\ m`^c\u\m `g
\mbph`ioj kjm a\go\ _` epnodad^\^di*
Ij c`hjn `i^jiom\_j m\uji`n k\m\ k`in\m lp` `g idcdgdnhj
od^j n`\ q`m_\_`mj( _` h\i`m\ lp` ij o`i`hjn m\uji`n k\m\
k`in\m lp` i\_\ _` gj lp` ijnjomjn c\^`hjn( j ^p\glpd`m jom\
k`mnji\( `n hjm\gh`io` di^jmm`^oj* <_`hn( kp`noj lp` ^d`mo\n
\^^dji`n k\m`^`i ^g\m\h`io` di^jmm`^o\n t jom\n ^jmm`^o\n( o`i`
hjn m\uji`n k\m\ m`^c\u\m `g idcdgdnhj od^j* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`(
kj_`hjn _`n`^c\m `g idcdgdnhj od^j epioj ^ji `g m`g\odqdnhj od)

-./

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

@ N > @ K O D> DN H J

O D> J

K\m`^` lp` kj_`hjn `hk`u\m ip`nomj dio`ioj kjmepnodad^\m ip`n

om\ \admh\^di _` lp` c\t ijmh\n od^\n ^jmm`^o\n* <io`n _` c\
^`mgj( ndi `h]\mbj( c\]g\m`hjn _` jomj `iajlp` m`g`q\io` k\m\
ip`nomjn kmjkndojn lp` h`m`^` n`m h`i^dji\_j( `nk`^d\gh`io`
kjmlp` \ h`ip_j n` g` ^jiapi_` ^ji `g idcdgdnhj od^j* @n `g
`iajlp` n`bi `g ^p\g ij n` kp`_` n\]`m nd pi\ ijmh\ od^\ `n ^j
mm`^o\( kjmlp` idibpi\ jkdidi `n hn m\uji\]g` lp` ^p\glpd`m
jom\ l& `i ^jin`^p`i^d\( ij `n kjnd]g` epnodad^\m lp` \gbpi\ ijmh\
od^\ n`\ ^jmm`^o\* @no\hjn( kp`n( k`m_d`i_j `g od`hkj \g om\o\m _`
_`hjnom\mgj* no` `n `g `n^`kod^dnhj od^j( `g ^p\g `n _da`m`io` _`g
idcdgdnhj od^j `i lp` ndhkg`h`io` \admh\ lp` ij n` kp`_` n\
]`m nd \gbpi\ ijmh\ od^\ `n ^jmm`^o\( j lp` ij n` kp`_` epnodad^\m
lp` n`\ ^jmm`^o\( `i gpb\m _` \admh\m lp` idibpi\ ijmh\ od^\ `n
_` c`^cj ^jmm`^o\* @n( kp`n( pi\ \admh\^di hn _ ]dg lp` g\ _`g
idcdgdnhj od^j* Kjm jom\ k\mo`( `i hj_j \gbpij `n dmm\uji\]g`*
?` c`^cj( kj_m\hjn \admh\m lp` o`i`hjn `qd_`i^d\n di_p^od
q\n k\m\ \kjt\m `g `n^`kod^dnhj od^j( kjmlp` k\m`^` lp`( c\no\
\cjm\( idibpi\ _` g\n ijmh\n od^\n lp` c\i nd_j kmjkp`no\n \
gj g\mbj _` g\ cdnojmd\ c\ lp`_\_j epnodad^\_\* ?d^c\ `qd_`i^d\(
nd `n ^jmm`^o\( c\^` \g `n^`kod^dnhj od^j hn m\uji\]g` lp` dmm\
uji\]g`( t nd _`]`hjn \^`ko\m `no\ `qd_`i^d\ t ij `i^jiom\hjn
idibpi\ jom\ lp` n` g` ^jiom\kjib\( k\m`^` lp` g\ kjnd^di hn
^jmm`^o\ lp` kj_`hjn \_jko\m `n g\ _`g `n^`kod^dnhj od^j* Ndi
`h]\mbj( nd c`hjn _` epnodad^\m _d^c\ kjnd^di( _`]`hjn `s\hd
i\m kjm ijnjomjn hdnhjn _d^c\ `qd_`i^d\* @noj `n( _`]`hjn `q\
gp\m ^mod^\h`io` g\n ijmh\n lp` \nkdm\i \ n`m g\ ijmh\ od^\ ^j
mm`^o\* <n kp`n( nd ]d`i `g `n^`kod^dnhj od^j kp`_` n`m g\ kjnd^di
od^\ ^jmm`^o\( ij kj_`hjn epnodad^\mgj hd`iom\n ij c\t\hjn ^jh
kg`o\_j g\ o\m`\ lp` o`i`hjn \io` ijnjomjn*
@BJ

NH J

O D> J

< q`^`n pi\ k`mnji\ \admh\ lp` i\_d` od`i` `g _`m`^cj _` _`

^dmg` gj lp` _`]` c\^`m( kjmlp` kp`_` c\^`m gj lp` `gg\ lpd`m\)
?d^c\ \admh\^di n` k\m`^` \ pi\ _`^g\m\^di o\ioj _` idcdgdnhj
od^j ^jhj _` `bjnhj( t nd \bm`b\ lp` ^p\glpd`m\ kp`_` c\^`m gj
lp` o\h]d i `gg\ lpd`m` c\^`m( n` k\m`^` \ndhdnhj \g m`g\odqdnhj

:<DxHBD vI>8D

-.0

od^j* K`mj _`]`hjn o`i`m ^pd_\_j `i n`k\m\m `no\n om`n _da`m`i

o`n \admh\^dji`n( kjmlp` ojh\_\n epio\n nji di^jhk\od]g`n* G\
\admh\^di _` lp` ^\_\ k`mnji\ kp`_` c\^`m gj lp` lpd`m\ ij `n
pi\ ajmh\ _` m`g\odqdnhj od^j kjmlp` `n pi\ \admh\^di lp` n`
\kgd^\ \ oj_jn t ^\_\ pij* Nd g\ \admh\^di ap`m\ lp` `n ^jmm`^oj
k\m\ h t k\m\ i\_d` hn c\^`m gj lp` lpd`m\( `ioji^`n n`m\ pi\
ajmh\ _` `g\odqdnhj* K`mj `noj ij `n gj lp` `no\hjn _dn^pod`i_j*
G\ \admh\^di kj_m\ n`m pi\ _`^g\m\^di _` idcdgdnhj od^j nd
gj lp` n` lpd`m` _`^dm `n lp` `no\hjn \pojmdu\_jn \ c\^`m gj lp`
lp`m\hjn kjmlp` i\_\ `n ^jmm`^oj t i\_\ `n di^jmm`^oj* K`mj `no\
\admh\^di( \g i`b\m lp` c\t\ pi\ ijmh\ ^jmm`^o\( `n di^jhk\
od]g` o\ioj ^ji `g m`g\odqdnhj od^j( lp` `no\]g`^` lp` c\t q\md\n
ijmh\n ^jmm`^o\n( ^jhj ^ji `g `bjnhj od^j( lp` \admh\ lp` ngj
c\t pi\( \ n\]`m6
:Zb f`b g\Vb1 >\_\ k`mnji\ _`]` \^op\m k\m\ gg`q\m \g hsdhj
np kmjkdj ]d`i j ]d`i`no\m*
Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( nd ]d`i c`hjn \mmje\_j g\ _p_\ nj]m` `g m`g\od
qndhj t `g idcdgdnhj od^jn( i\_\ _` gj lp` c`hjn _d^cj \mmje\
\gbpi\ _p_\ nj]m` `g `bjnhj od^j*
@nomd^o\h`io` c\]g\i_j( nd \gbpd`i `skm`n\ pi\ o`jm\ od^\
`bjno\ ^p\i_j _d^` lp` kp`_` c\^`m gj lp` lpd`m\( `n hn kmj
]\]g` lp` `no njno`id`i_j g\ `nk`^d` _` `bjnhj od^j ^jij^d_\
^jhj c`_jidnhj `bjno\( kjmlp` `no c\]g\i_j _` gj lp` lpd`m`
j _`n`\* @no\ `nk`^d` _` `bjnhj \ h`ip_j dbp\g\ gj ]p`ij ^ji
`g kg\^`m j g\ a`gd^d_\_6
=XWba\f`b XZb fgT1 Gj lp` ^\_\ k`mnji\ _`]` c\^`m `n \^op\m
k\m\ gg`q\m \g hsdhj np kmjkdj kg\^`m j a`gd^d_\_*
Dio`mkm`o`hjn `no\ _`^g\m\^di _` c`_jidnhj `bjno\ _` g\ h\
i`m\ ndbpd`io`6
Pi\ k`mnji\ _`]` m`\gdu\m pi\ \^^di `i pi\ ndop\^di nd t
ngj nd gj c\^` ^ji `g adi _` gg`q\m \g hsdhj np kmjkdj kg\^`m
j a`gd^d_\_*
@noj ijn _\m pi\ ijmh\ lp` kj_`hjn pn\m ij ngj k\m\ _`^d_dm
gj lp` _`]`hjn c\^`m( ndij o\h]d i k\m\ _`^d_dm lp `n gj lp` ij
o`i`hjn g\ j]gdb\^di _` c\^`m* =\ej `no\ dio`mkm`o\^di( nd c\bj
\(b k\m\ gg`q\m \g hsdhj hd kg\^`m( `ioji^`n _`]j c\^`mgj7 nd

-.1

:A EGD7A:B6 9:?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

ij `n \gbj lp` c\bj k\m\ gg`q\m \g hsdhj hd kg\^`m `ioji^`n

ij `n q`m_\_ lp` _`]\ c\^`mgj $gj ^p\g lpd`m` _`^dm lp` h` `no
hjm\gh`io` k`mhdod_j ij c\^`mgj%* Io`n` lp` g\ \admh\^di `n
lp` `no\ dio`mkm`o\^di kmjkjm^dji\ pi\ ijmh\ k\m\ gj lp` ij
`no\hjn j]gdb\_jn \ c\^`m( `i gpb\m _` pi\ ijmh\ k\m\ gj lp`
`no\hjn j]gdb\_jn \ ij c\^`m* no\ `n pi\ _da`m`i^d\ dhkjmo\io`
kjmlp`( kjm `e`hkgj( \pilp` ij `no`hjn j]gdb\_jn \ \o\mijn g\
\bpe`o\ _`g u\k\oj dulpd`m_j \io`n lp` g\ _`g _`m`^cj( `noj ij
lpd`m` _`^dm lp` `no\hjn j]gdb\_jn \ ij \o\m g\ _`g dulpd`m_j \i
o`n lp` g\ _`g _`m`^cj* Gj kmdh`mj ijn _d^` lp` ij o`i`hjn j]gd
b\^di hjm\g \^`m^\ _`g jm_`i `i `g lp` _`]`hjn \o\mijn g\n \bp
e`o\n( hd`iom\n lp` gj n`bpi_j \admh\ lp` o`i`hjn g\ j]gdb\^di
hjm\g _` ij \o\mg\n `i ^d`moj jm_`i( `noj `n( lp` ij `no\hjn \poj
mdu\_jn \ \o\m g\ \bpe`o\ dulpd`m_\ \io`n lp` g\ _`m`^c\* Pn\i_j
g\ ijmh\ _`g `bjnhj c`_jidno\ \q`mdbp\hjn gj lp` _`]`hjn ij
c\^`m( gj lp` `no hjm\gh`io` kmjcd]d_j( `i^jiom\i_j g\n \^^dj
i`n lp` nji ^jiom\md\n \ g\n lp` _`]`hjn c\^`m* Kjm `e`hkgj( nd
_`]j _`^dm g\ q`m_\_( `ioji^`n `no kmjcd]d_j lp` ij _db\ g\ q`m
_\_( `n _`^dm( ij _`]j h`iodm* >ji `no\n _dnodi^dji`n `i h`io`
`s\hdi`hjn g\ `nk`^d` hn _dapi_d_\ _`g `bjnhj( `g c`_jidnhj
`bjno\*
C @ ? J I DN H J

@B J NO<

<io`n _` `hk`u\m pi\ `q\gp\^di ^mod^\ _` `no\ o`jm\ _`]`hjn

`no\m n`bpmjn _` gj lp` dhkgd^\ t _` gj lp` ij dhkgd^\( kjmlp`
^d`mo\n j]e`^dji`n \ g\ o`jm\ c\i npmbd_j _` pi h\g`io`i_d_j*
no` `n pi odkj _` o`jm\ c`_jidno\ t( _` `no` hj_j( kmj^g\h\
lp` `g kg\^`m `n gj lp` `n ]p`ij `i n hdnhj* @n _`^dm( kmj^g\h\
lp` hd`iom\n lp` ^d`mo\n ^jn\n kp`_`i n`m ]p`i\n ^jhj h`_djn
k\m\ ^d`mo\n jom\n( `g kg\^`m `n gj ]p`ij `i ^p\ioj adi( `n gj lp`
_`]` n`m ]pn^\_j kjm n hdnhj* Jom\n ^jn\n _`]`i n`m ]pn^\_\n
nd nji h`_djn k\m\ `g kg\^`m* <n kp`n( g\ h`_d^di\ ij `n ]p`i\
^jhj pi adi( k`mj `n ]p`i\ ^jhj pi h`_dj kjmlp` ^ji_p^` \g
kg\^`m \tp_i_jijn \ \gdqd\mijn _` g\n `ia`mh`_\_`n* @g kg\^`m(
kjm gj o\ioj( `n gj lp` n` c\ gg\h\_j `g fh``h` Ubah`& j ]d`i
npkm`hj* <gbpi\n k`mnji\n c\i kp`noj j]e`^dji`n \g c`^cj _`
lp` n` `lpdk\m` `g fh``h` Ubah` ^ji `g kg\^`m( kjmlp` `lpdk\m\,
`g kg\^`m \ kg\^`m`n ^jmkjm\g`n o\g`n ^jhj gjn lp` kmjkjm^dji\i `g
n`sj( g\ ^jhd_\ t g\ ]`]d_\* K`mj pi c`_jidno\ ij `no j]gdb\_j \

=:9DC>HBD :<DxHI6

-.2

njno`i`m pi\ kjnd^di n`h`e\io`( kjmlp` kp`_` m`^jij^`m ^jhj

kg\^`m`n \ gjn gg\h\_jn kg\^`m`n y`g`q\_jnz( o\g`n ^jhj gjn kg\^`
m`n `no od^jn t gjn kg\^`m`n _` g\ ^jio`hkg\^di( g\ diq`i^di t g\
^m`\^di \monod^\* @i ^jin`^p`i^d\( pi c`_jidno\ kp`_` \nkdm\m
\ `nojn kg\^`m`n y`g`q\_jnz t \nepnodad^\m `g _`n`hk`j _` \^odqd
_\_`n lp` nji gjn h`_djn k\m\ \g^\iu\mgjn*
Pi c`_jidno\ `bjno\ `no dio`m`n\_j `i c\^`m gj lp` gg`q\ \g
hsdhj np kmjkdj kg\^`m* Hp^c\ b`io` n` dh\bdi\ \ pi\ k`mnji\
n`h`e\io` ^jhj \lp`gg\ lp` \ ^\_\ hdipoj ]pn^\ n`in\^dji`n t
`hj^dji`n dih`_d\o\n ndi k`in\m `i `g apopmj* @noj( ndi `h]\mbj(
`n pi `mmjm( kjmlp` g\ ^\iod_\_ _` kg\^`m lp` \gbpd`i j]od`i` _`
pi \^oj ij ngj _`k`i_` _` gjn kg\^`m`n dih`_d\ojn lp` m`^d]`(
ndij o\h]d i _` g\n ^jin`^p`i^d\n \ g\mbj kg\uj _` `n` \^oj* Pi
c`_jidno\ ij od`i` kjm lp n`m hdjk`( kjmlp` kp`_` _\mn` ^p`io\
_` lp`( \]no`id i_jn` \cjm\ _` kg\^`m`n( kp`_` gg`q\m \g hsdhj
`g kg\^`m lp` j]o`i_m \ gj g\mbj _` oj_\ np qd_\* Pi c`_jidno\
lp` m`^c\^` pi\ q\^pi\ ^jiom\ g\ m\]d\( _`nkp n _` c\]`m nd_j
hjm_d_j kjm pi k`mmj m\]djnj( kjm `g _jgjm km`n`io` _` g\n di
t`^^dji`n( n`m\ ^d`mo\h`io` pi c`_jidno\ hpt kj]m`( kjmlp` `g
_jgjm apopmj _` g\ `ia`mh`_\_ npk`m\m\ ^ji hp^cj \g _jgjm _`
g\n dit`^^dji`n* Pi c`_jidno\( kjm gj o\ioj( ij i`^`ndo\ n`m `g lp`
qdq` `g hjh`ioj t ]pn^\ `g kg\^`m n`inp\g* Kp`_` \nkdm\m \ gjn
kg\^`m`n dio`g`^op\g`n kg\i`\i_j ^pd_\_jn\h`io` np qd_\ _d\md\(
o`id`i_j g\ hdm\ kp`no\ `i h`o\n apopm\n* @g c`_jidnhj `bjno\(
kp`n( ij `n gj lp` `i pi kmdi^dkdj kj_m\ k\m`^`m* Ndi `h]\mbj(
k\m`^` n`m ^jiom\mdj \ ip`nom\ ^ji^`k^di c\]dop\g _` g\ hjm\gd
_\_( kjmlp` k\m`^` k`mhdodm pi odkj _` `bjnhj* @i ^jin`^p`i
^d\( \ h`ijn lp` c\t\ ]p`i\n m\uji`n k\m\ \^`ko\m `g c`_jidnhj
`bjno\( `n pi\ o`jm\ lp` _`]`hjn m`^c\u\m*
Ndi `h]\mbj( \ g\ h\tjm\ _` g\ b`io` lp` kmja`n\ `g c`_j
idnhj `bjno\ ij g` dilpd`o\ `g m`oj _` _`a`i_`m np kjnd^di( kjm
lp` g\ ]\n\ `i ^d`mo\ o`jm\ \^`m^\ _` g\n ^\k\^d_\_`n t gdhdo\
^dji`n knd^jgbd^\n _` gjn n`m`n cph\ijn( g\ ^p\g g` k\m`^` ^g\
m\h`io` q`m_\_`m\* Nd ]d`i c\t q\md\n q`mndji`n _` `no\ o`jm\(
hp^c\n _` `gg\n \admh\i lp` `g lp` pi\ k`mnji\ o`ib\ g\ ^\
k\^d_\_ _` m`\gdu\m ^d`mo\ \^^di `i pi\ ndop\^di k\mod^pg\m _`
k`i_` _` ^pg _` npn _`n`jn n`\ `g hn ap`mo` `i `n` hjh`ioj*
Y lp`( \_`hn( `i ^p\glpd`m ndop\^di( `g _`n`j hn ap`mo` _`
pi\ k`mnji\ nd`hkm` `n di^m`h`io\m np kmjkdj kg\^`m j a`gd^d_\_

-/)

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

^p\ioj n`\ kjnd]g`* ?` hj_j lp` `i ^p\glpd`m ndop\^di pi\ k`m

nji\ \^o\ k\m\ gg`q\m \g hsdhj np kmjkd\ a`gd^d_\_ ndi o`i`m `i
^p`io\ idibpi\ jom\ ^jn\* @no\ o`jm\ `n `g `bjnhj knd^jgbd^j( t
kp`_` n`m _`adid_\ _` g\ ndbpd`io` h\i`m\6
:Zb f`b cf\Vb_ Z\Vb1 Pi n`m cph\ij `n knd^jgbd^\h`io` ^\k\u
_` m`\gdu\m pi\ \^^di nd t ngj nd gj c\^` ^ji `g adi _` gg`q\m
\g hsdhj np kmjkdj kg\^`m j a`gd^d_\_*0
Io`n` ^hj `g `bjnhj knd^jgbd^j _dad`m` _`g c`_jidnhj `bjno\
od^j* @g kmdh`mj `no\]g`^` g\n ^ji_d^dji`n k\m\ \lp`ggj lp` o`i`
hjn g\ ^\k\^d_\_ _` c\^`m( hd`iom\n lp` `g n`bpi_j `no\]g`^` g\n
^ji_d^dji`n k\m\ \lp`ggj lp` o`i`hjn g\ j]gdb\^di hjm\g _` c\
^`m* Nji( kp`n( hpt _da`m`io`n* @g kmdh`mj `n pi kg\io`\hd`ioj
kpm\h`io` a^od^j( k`mj `g n`bpi_j `skm`n\ pi\ ijmh\ od^\* Ndi
`h]\mbj( g\ \admh\^di knd^jgbd^\( a^od^\( od`i` `g adi _` kmjkjm
^dji\m m\uji`n k\m\ \^`ko\m g\ \admh\^di od^\*
:_ TeZh`Xagb WX_ XZb f`b cf\Vb_ Z\Vb
@g \mbph`ioj _`g `bjnhj knd^jgbd^j kp`_` kg\io`\mn` _` g\
h\i`m\ ndbpd`io`6 g\n id^\n \^^dji`n lp` pi\ k`mnji\ `n knd
^jgbd^\h`io` ^\k\u _` gg`q\m \ ^\]j nji \lp`gg\n lp` q\i _`
\^p`m_j ^ji np _`n`j hn ap`mo`( j `i jom\n k\g\]m\n( \lp`gg\n
lp` gg`q\i \g hsdhj np kmjkdj kg\^`m* K`mj ndi _p_\ o`i`hjn g\
j]gdb\^di _` c\^`m \gbj ngj nd njhjn ^\k\^`n _` c\^`mgj* @n _`
^dm( _`]`hjn c\^`m \gbj ngj nd kj_`hjn c\^`mgj* Kjm gj o\ioj( g\n
id^\n ^jn\n lp` _`]`hjn c\^`m nji g\n ^jn\n lp` c\^`hjn k\m\
gg`q\m \g hsdhj ip`nomj kmjkdj kg\^`m* @g c`_jidnhj `bjno\ `n
q`m_\_`mj*
@s\hdi`hjn `no` \mbph`ioj `skjid i_jgj _` g\ ndbpd`io`
h\i`m\6
-* Pi\ k`mnji\ od`i` g\ j]gdb\^di _` m`\gdu\m pi\ \^^di ngj
nd `n ^\k\u _` m`\gdu\mg\*
0
@no\ _`^g\m\^di _`g `bjnhj knd^jgbd^j ij _`]` g``mn` ^jhj \admh\^di
_` lp` pi\ k`mnji\ c\^` oj_j gj lp` knd^jgbd^\h`io` `n ^\k\u _` c\^`m* Od`i`
g\ ap`mu\ _` yPi n`m cph\ij `n knd^jgbd^\h`io` ^\k\u _` m`\gdu\m pi\ \^^di nd
t ngj nd gj c\^` $nd \^\nj g\ c\^`% ^ji `g adi _` gg`q\m \g hsdhj np kmjkdj kg\^`m
j a`gd^d_\_z* C\^`hjn pnj _` g\ q`mndi ndhkg`( njno`id_\ ngj kjm ^jhj_d_\_*

=:9DC>HBD :<DxHI6

-/*

.* Pi\ k`mnji\ `n ^\k\u _` c\^`m \gbj ngj nd gj c\^` k\m\ gg`

q\m \g hsdhj np kmjkdj kg\^`m j a`gd^d_\_*
Ebe _b gTagb
/* Pi\ k`mnji\ od`i` g\ j]gdb\^di _` m`\gdu\m pi\ \^^di ngj
nd g\ m`\gdu\ k\m\ gg`q\m \g hsdhj np kmjkdj kg\^`m j a`gd^d
_\_*
Ebe _b gTagb
0* @g c`_jidnhj `bjno\ od^j `n q`m_\_`mj*
Gj kmdh`mj lp` c\t lp` ijo\m \^`m^\ _` `no` \mbph`ioj `n lp`
g\ dia`m`i^d\ _` $0% \ k\modm _` $/% `n diqgd_\ kjmlp` `g c`_j
idnhj `bjno\ ij ngj \admh\ lp` \gbpd`i od`i` g\ j]gdb\^di _`
c\^`m \gbj f _b f\ gj c\^` k\m` gg`q\m \g hsdhj np kmjkdj kg\^`m(
ndij o\h]d i lp` _`]` c\^`mgj f\ `n \gbj lp` c\^` k\m\ gg`q\m \g
hsdhj np kmjkdj kg\^`m* G\ n`bpi_\ k\mo` _` g\ \admh\^di `n
dhkjmo\io` k\m\ ip`nomjn kmjkndojn kjmlp` `no\hjn ]pn^\i_j
pi\ ijmh\ j ^mdo`mdj epnodad^\]g` k\m\ _`^d_dm gj lp` _`]`hjn c\
^`m( gj ^p\g lpd`m` _`^dm lp` lp`m`hjn \gbj lp` n`\ pi\ ^ji_d^di
npad^d`io` hn lp` i`^`n\md\ k\m\ g\ j]gdb\^di hjm\g* <n kp`n( `g
c`_jidnhj `bjno\ ij kp`_` `no\]g`^`mn` ndhkg`h`io` \k`g\i_j
\ g\ o`jm\ c`_jidno\ knd^jgbd^\* Ndi `h]\mbj( kp`noj lp` g\ di
a`m`i^d\ _` $/% \ k\modm _` $-% t $.% `n q _\( pi c`_jidno\ `bjno\
kp`_`( nd $-% t $.% nji q`m_\_`m\n( \admh\m lp` ij o`i`hjn g\
j]gdb\^di _` c\^`m i\_\ \ h`ijn lp` gj c\b\hjn k\m\ gg`q\m
\g hsdhj ip`nomj kmjkdj kg\^`m* @noj `n( gj lp` `no` \mbph`ioj
kp`_` `no\]g`^`m( nd `n qgd_j( `n lp` ^p\glpd`m ijmh\ od^\ lp`
j]gdbp` \ \gbpd`i \ m`\gdu\m \^^dji`n lp` ij m`\gdu\m\ k\m\ gg`q\m
\g hsdhj np kmjkdj kg\^`m( `n pi\ ijmh\ di^jmm`^o\* Kjm ^ji
ndbpd`io`( ^p\glpd`m ijmh\ od^\ ^jmm`^o\ o`i_m\ lp` km`n^md]dm
id^\h`io` \^^dji`n lp` n` m`\gd^`i k\m\ gg`q\m \g hsdhj `g kmj
kdj kg\^`m( t\ n`\ lp` o\h]d i \admh` j ij lp` _`]\ m`\gdu\m `n\n
\^^dji`n cbedhX nji g\n \^^dji`n lp` m`\gdu\ k\m\ gg`q\m \g hsdhj
np kmjkdj kg\^`m* @g \mbph`ioj( kp`n( nd ]d`i ij `no\]g`^` `g c`_j
idnhj `bjno\( n ijn kmjkjm^dji\ pi\ h\i`m\ _` `q\gp\m \lp`gg\n
ijmh\n od^\n lp` ^jhkdo`i ^ji `g c`_jidnhj `bjno\* T kp`noj
lp` k\m`^` `no\m ^g\mj lp` g\ h\tjm\ _` g\n ijmh\n \ q`^`n km`n
^md]dm \^^dji`n lp` \gbpd`i ij c\m\ k\m\ gg`q\m \g hsdhj np
kmjkdj kg\^`m( `no` \mbph`ioj( nd `n qgd_j( kmjkjm^dji\ h`_djn
kj_`mjnjn k\m\ `gdhdi\m ijmh\n od^\n \go`mi\odq\n( lpdu c\no\

-/+

:A EGD7A:B6 9:?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

`g kpioj `i lp` njg\h`io` `g c`_jidnhj `bjno\ lp`_` dg`nj* @n

dhkjmo\io`( kp`n `s\hdi\m `no` \mbph`ioj*
G\ km`hdn\ $-%( \ h`ip_j `skm`n\_\ ^jhj g\ n`io`i^d\ _` lp`
y_`]` dhkgd^\ kp`_`z( `n pi kmdi^dkdj b`i`m\gh`io` \^`ko\_j*
B`i`m\gh`io` `no\hjn _` \^p`m_j `i lp` i\_d` od`i` g\ j]gd
b\^di _` c\^`m \gbj lp` g` `n dhkjnd]g` c\^`m( kjm `e`hkgj( nd
od`i` \gbpi\ di^\k\^d_\_ and^\* ?` `no\ h\i`m\( `i `g `e`hkgj
_`g idj lp` n` `no \cjb\i_j podgdu\_j \io`n `i `no` ^\kopgj( tj
ij o`ibj g\ j]gdb\^di _` n\go\m \g \bp\ k\m\ n\gq\m \g idj nd ij n
i\_\m* Nd g\ b`io` h` ^pgk\ kjm ij i\_\m c\^d\ `g idj `i gpb\m
_` ^jmm`m kjm \tp_\( kp`_j gd]m\mh` _` g\ ^pgk\ _d^d`i_j lp`
tj ij n\]\ i\_\m* <n lp` o`i_m\ g\ j]gdb\^di _` i\_\m c\^d\ `g
idj ngj nd npkd`m\ i\_\m* G\ km`hdn\ $-% `n( kp`n( \^`ko\]g`*
DU]XV\ a T_ XZb f`b cf\Vb_ Z\Vb1
T iXVXf _T ZXagX TVgT Vba UXaXib_XaV\T
G\ k\mo` ^g\q` _`g \mbph`ioj `n j]qd\h`io` g\ km`hdn\ $.%( g\
^p\g n` _`mdq\ _`g `bjnhj knd^jgbd^j* @s\hdi hjng\* Kj_m\
\admh\mn`( ij j]no\io`( lp` `g adgnjaj ij od`i` kjm lp `q\gp\m
^mod^\h`io` g\ km`hdn\ $.%( t\ lp` `n pi\ \admh\^di lp` k`m
o`i`^` \g h]doj _` g\ ^d`i^d\ `hkmd^\ _` g\ knd^jgjb\* K`mj nd
]d`i b`i`m\gh`io` `n q`m_\_ lp` ij ^jhk`o` \ gjn adgnjajn `q\
gp\m \admh\^dji`n `hkmd^\n ^d`ioad^\n( c`hjn _` `i^jiom\m \gbi
api_\h`ioj k\m\ k`in\m lp` nd( ^jhj n` \admh\( `g `bjnhj knd
^jgbd^j `n pi\ \admh\^di `hkmd^\( `ioji^`n np a\gn`_\_ `n o\i
h\idad`no\ lp` ij n` i`^`ndo\ pi\ ajmh\^di `nk`^d\g k\m\ hjn
om\m lp` `n a\gn\*
@no\hjn npkjid`i_j lp`( \g dbp\g lp` ^p\glpd`m o`jm\ knd
^jgbd^\ ^jhk`o`io`( g\ o`jm\ lp` c`hjn _`ijhdi\_j `bjnhj
knd^jgbd^j `n pi\ o`jm\ `hkmd^\ ^d`ioad^\* >jhj o\g _`]`m\ o`
i`m pi\ ^\m\^o`mnod^\ `i ^jhi ^ji jom\n o`jm\n `hkmd^\n( `noj
`n( _`]`m\ n`m `hkmd^\h`io` m`apo\]g`* ?`]`m\ c\]`m( kp`n( \g
bpi\ ndop\^di `hkmd^\h`io` ^jhkmj]\]g` lp` nd j^pmmd`m\ m`
apo\m\ \ g\ o`jm\* Gj lp` k\m`^` lp` i`^`ndo\hjn k\m\ kmj]\m `g
`bjnhj knd^jgbd^j `n pi ^\nj `i `g lp` \gbpd`i ij \^op\m\ ^ji
`g adi _` gg`q\m \g h sdh j np kmjkdj kg\^`m j a`gd^d_\_* Kj_`h jn
`hkg`\m( kjm gj o\ioj( pi ^\nj `i `g lp` \gbpd`i \^op\m\ n\^mdad
^\i_j np kmjkd\ a`gd^d_\_ kjm g\ a`gd^d_\_ _` jomj( j( o\g q`u( \gbi
^\nj `i `g lp` \gbpd`i \^op\m\ \gompdno\ j ]`i qjg\h`io`* K`mj ndi

=:9DC>HBD :<DxHI6

-/,

_p_\ gjn ^\njn _` b`io` lp` \^o\ ^ji ]`i`qjg`i^d\ ij nji m\mjn*
N\]`hjn _` k\_m`n lp` om\]\e\i hp^c\n cjm\n `som\n k\m\ ^ji
omd]pdm \ g\ `_p^\^di _` npn cdejn( _` b`io` lp` _ji\ pi mdi
k\m\ \tp_\m \ pi\ k`mnji\ lp` n` `no hpmd`i_j kjm a\go\ _` pij(
_` hdndji`mjn lp` \mmd`nb\i np qd_\ k\m\ gg`q\m \tp_\ t ^jij^d
hd`ioj \ b`io` lp` qdq` \om\n\_\* @i `nojn t hp^cjn jomjn ^\njn
o`i`hjn b`io` lp` \^o\ ^ji ]`i`qjg`i^d\ k\m\ jomjn `i gpb\m
_` \^op\m k\m\ n hdnh\* <n kp`n( k\m`^` lp` kj_`hjn ^ji^gpdm
ij ngj lp` `g `bjnhj knd^jgbd^j `n m`apo\]g`( ndij lp` c\ nd_j
m`apo\_j hpt a^dgh`io`* @g \mbph`ioj lp` c`hjn pn\_j `n `g
cYWeYU^dU3

1* Nd `g `bjnhj knd^jgbd^j `n q`m_\_`mj( `ioji^`n ^\_\ k`m

nji\ \^o\ nd`hkm` k\m\ gg`q\m \g hsdhj np kmjkd\ a`gd^d
_\_*
2* Nd ^\_\ k`mnji\ \^o\ nd`hkm` k\m\ gg`q\m \g hsdhj np kmj
kd\ a`gd^d_\_( `ioji^`n i\_d` \^o\ ^ji ]`i`qjg`i^d\*
3* <gbpi\n k`mnji\n \^o\i ^ji ]`i`qjg`i^d\*
Ebe _b gTagb
4* @g `bjnhj knd^jgbd^j `n a\gnj*
GXfchXfgT1 _T ZXagX TVgT f\X`ceX cbe T`be cebc\b
Kp`_` `nk`m\mn` lp` gjn _`a`injm`n _`g `bjnhj knd^jgbd^j m`n
kji_\i ^ji pi ^jiom\\dbph`io o\h]d i ]\n\_j `i g\ km`hdn\
$2% k`mj ^ji g\ ^ji^gpndi _` lp` $3% `n a\gn\( kjm g\ m\ui _` lp`
g\ b`io` nd`hkm` \^o\ kjm \hjm kmjkdj j dio`m n `i n hdnhj
di^gpnj ^p\i_j gj lp` c\^` \tp_\ \ jomjn* G\ ^p`nodi `n lp`( nd
]d`i `n q`m_\_ lp` \ h`ip_j g\ b`io` gg`q\ \ ^\]j \^ojn ]`i qjgjn
$`noj `n( \^ojn lp` _` c`^cj \tp_\i \ jomjn%( ij \^o\ ^ji ]`i`
qjg`i^d\ $`noj `n( kjm X_ U\Xa WX TdhX__bf \ lpd`i`n \tp_\%* G\ b`io`
nd`hkm` \^o\ `i api^di _` np kmjkd\ a`gd^d_\_( di^gpnj ^p\i_j
gj lp` c\^` \tp_\ \ jomjn* @noj |pij _` gjn \mbph`iojn kmdi
^dk\g`n hp`nom\ lp`( \ k`n\m _` gj lp` k\m`^`( i\_d` \^o\ ^ji
]`i`qjg`i^d\| kp`_` `skm`n\mn` _` g\ ndbpd`io` h\i`m\*
2) Nd ^\_\ k`mnji\ nd`hkm` \^o\ kjm \h jm kmjkdj $`noj `n(
k\m\ gg`q\m \g hsdhj np kmjkd\ a`gd^d_\_%( `ioji^`n ipi^\
\^o\ ^ji ]`i`qjg`i^d\ $`noj `n( kjm `g ]d`i _` jomjn%*

-/-

:A EGD7A:B6 9:?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

5* G\ b`io` nd`hkm` \^o\ kjm \hjm kmjkdj*

Ebe _b gTagb
-,* Idibpi\ k`mnji\ \^o\ \gbpi\ q`u ^ji ]`i`qjg`i^d\ Vt $3%
`n a\gn\X*
:_ TeZh`Xagb WX 7hg_Xe1 TVghTe Vba UXaXib_XaV\T
l TVghTe cbe T`becebc\b fba Vb`cTg\U_Xf
@g \mbph`ioj \io`mdjm c\ nd_j \hkgd\h`io` _dn^pod_j( k`mj np
m`apo\^di ^gnd^\ \k\m`^` `i g\n j]m\n _`g j]dnkj Ejn`kc =pog`m*1
Gj hn `i mbd^j _`g \o\lp` _` =pog`m \kpio\ \ g\ km`hdn\ $2%( g\
km`hdn\ ^jhi \ `no` \mbph`ioj t \g \io`mdjm* ?` h\i`m\ lp`
nd np \o\lp` `n qgd_j \h]jn \mbph`iojn am\^\n\i* =pog`m id`b\
lp` \^op\m kjm \hjm kmjkdj j kjm dio`m n `i pij hdnhj `n di
^jhk\od]g` ^ji `g c`^cj _` \^op\m ^ji ]`i`qjg`i^d\( t \mbph`io\
lp` \pilp` nd`hkm` \^op`hjn kjm \hjm kmjkdj kj_`hjn n`bpdm
\^op\i_j \ q`^`n ^ji ]`i`qjg`i^d\* @hkd`u\ kjm n`\g\m lp` \^
op\m kjm \hjm kmjkdj kp`_` _`n^md]dmn` ^jhj \^op\m k\m\ n\odn
a\^`m `g _`n`j _` g\ kmjkd\ a`gd^d_\_* K`mj _d^cj _`n`j ij `n pi
_`n`j `nk`^ad^j j k\mod^pg\m o\g ^jhj `g _`n`j _` pi ]\mlpdggj
_` ^cj^jg\o`* @n pi _`n`j b`i`m\g( ^jhj `g _`n`j lp` `nk`m\hjn
`i^jiom\m `i ip`nomjn kjgod^jn _` kmjhjq`m `g ]d`i`no\m b`i`m\g
_` g\ b`io`* T \n ^jhj \gbpd`i kp`_` \^op\m k\m\ n\odna\^`m `g
_`n`j _`g ]d`i`no\m b`i`m\g m`\gdu\i_j ngj \^ojn `nk`^ad^jn o\g`n
^jhj \kmj]\m g`t`n `nk`^ad^\n( \n kj_`hjn \^op\m k\m\ n\odna\
^`m `g _`n`j $b`i`m\g% _` ip`nom\ kmjkd\ a`gd^d_\_ ^ji ngj m`\gdu\m
\^ojn `nk`^ad^jn( o\g`n ^jhj ^jhkm\m pi ]\mlpdggj _` ^cj^jg\o`*
Ij c\t( kp`n( pi \^oj `nk`^ad^j lp` n\odna\b\ `g _`n`j b`i`m\g _`
ip`nom\ kmjkd\ a`gd^d_\_( _` h\i`m\ lp` ^p\i_j \^op\hjn( nd`h
km` gj c\^`hjn k\m\ n\odna\^`m \gbi _`n`j `nk`^ad^j( t\ n`\ lp`
o\h]d i \^op`hjn j ij k\m\ n\odna\^`m `g _`n`j b`i`m\g _` ip`nom\
kmjkd\ a`gd^d_\_*
Kj_`hjn _dnodibpdm _jn odkjn _` _`n`jn `nk`^ad^jn t kjm gj
o\ioj _jn odkjn `nk`^ad^jn _` \^ojn* @i kmdh`m gpb\m c\t WXfXbf
W\e\Z\Wbf [TV\T hab `\f`b |o\g`n ^jhj gjn _`n`jn _`g c\h]m`( `g
n`sj( `g jmbpggj t oj_jn \lp`ggjn _`n`jn m`g\^dji\_jn ^ji ip`nom\
.
K}QcU ?_cU`X 7e Ub& 0XZI =GVQSRW$ AYRUbQ\ 6bdc EbUcc& CeUfQ N_b[& *2.)&
``( *+'*0 i ``( -2'/.(

=:9DC>HBD :<DxHI6

-/.

n\gp_ t ip`nomj ^jij^dhd`ioj* @i ^\_\ pij _` `nojn ^\njn n\odn

a\^`hjn pi _`n`j `nk`^ad^j c\^d`i_j \gbj \ a\qjm $j `i ^jiom\%
_` ijnjomjn hdnhjn* T \pilp` oj_jn gjn \^ojn `bjno\n ^jhj( kjm
`e`hkgj( lpdo\mg` pi _pg^` \ pi idj( `noi _dmdbd_jn c\^d\ pij
hdnhj( ij k\m`^` lp` oj_jn gjn \^ojn _dmdbd_jn c\^d\ pij hdnhj
^jhj( kjm `e`hkgj( ^jhkm\mn` pi _pg^` `i ^dm^pino\i^d\n ijm
h\g`n( n`\i `bjno\n*
@i n`bpi_j gpb\m c\t WXfXbf W\e\Z\Wbf [TV\T bgebf& o\g`n ^jhj gjn
_`n`jn _` \tp_\m j _` g\nodh\m \ \gbpd`i* @i `nojn ^\njn c\^`hjn
\gbj `nk`^ad^j \ a\qjm j `i ^jiom\ _` \gbpd`i `i gpb\m _` c\
^`mgj \ a\qjm j `i ^jiom\ _` ijnjomjn hdnhjn* >p\i_j \^op\hjn
kjm \hjm kmjkdj \ h`ip_j gj c\^`hjn k\m\ n\odna\^`m _`n`jn `n
k`^ad^jn _dmdbd_jn c\^d\ pij( ^jhj ^p\i_j ^jh`hjn( c\^`hjn `g
\hjm( km\^od^\hjn o`idn( ojh\hjn k\nodgg\n t \ q`^`n ^p\i_j g``
hjn pi gd]mj* <gbpi\n q`^`n( ^d`mo\h`io`( \^op\hjn ^ji `bjnhj
^p\i_j c\^`hjn `no\n ^jn\n* Ndi `h]\mbj( o\h]d i \^op\hjn am`
^p`io`h`io` kjm \hjm kmjkdj k\m\ n\odna\^`m _`n`jn _dmdbd_jn
c\^d\ jomjn t kjm gj o\ioj _`n`jn ^g\m\h`io` ij `bjno\n( ^jhj
^p\i_j j]o`i`hjn n\odna\^^di kjm \tp_\m \ \gbpd`i( `in`\m \
\gbpd`i( j di^gpnj g\nodh\mgj* @i gjn kmdh`mjn ^\njn `no\hjn \^
op\i_j `nk`^ad^\h`io` kjm ijnjomjn hdnhjn( k`mj `i gjn n`bpi
_jn ij7 kjmlp` `i gjn kmdh`mjn `no\hjn \^op\i_j k\m\ n\odna\
^`m _`n`jn `nk`^ad^jn _dmdbd_jn c\^d\ pij( k`mj `i gjn n`bpi
_jn \^op\hjn k\m\ n\odna\^`m _`n`jn `nk`^ad^jn _dmdbd_jn c\^d\
jomjn* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( kj_`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` nd ]d`i \^op\m k\m\
n\odna\^`m _`n`jn `nk`^ad^jn _dmdbd_jn c\^d\ pij `n di^jhk\od]g`
^ji \^op\m ^ji ]`i`qjg`i^d\( kjmlp` \^op\m ^ji ]`i`qjg`i^d\ `n
\^op\m `k`^ad^\h`io` \ a\qjm _` \gbpd`i hn( \^op\m kjm \hjm
kmjkdj t \^op\m ^ji ]`i`qjg`i^d\ ij nji di^jhk\od]g`n( kjmlp`
\^op\m k\m\ n\odna\^`m _`n`jn `nk`^ad^jn _dmdbd_jn c\^d\ jomjn `n
^jhk\od]g` ^ji \^op\m k\m\ n\odna\^`m `g _`n`j b`i`m\g _` ip`nom\
kmjkd\ a`gd^d_\_* @i b`i`m\g kj_`hjn( kp`n( \^op\m k\m\ ijnjomjn
hdnhjn \g hdnhj od`hkj lp` \^op\hjn `nk`^ad^\h`io` \ a\qjm $j
`i ^jiom\% _` jomjn* @g \hjm kmjkdj ij `s^gpt` `g \^op\m ^ji ]`
i`qjg`i^d\( t g\ km`hdn\ $2% `n kjm gj o\ioj a\gn\*
< `no\n \gopm\n pi _`a`injm _`g `bjnhj knd^jgbd^j kj_m\ dm
o`i g`ejn ^jhj k\m\ \admh\m _jbhod^\h`io` lp` ipi^\ \^op\
hjn k\m\ n\odna\^`m _`n`jn _dmdbd_jn c\^d\ jomjn |`noj `n( kj_m\
\admh\m lp` nd`hkm` \^op\hjn `nk`^ad^\h`io` \ a\qjm j `i ^ji)
om\ ijnjomjn hdnhjn t lp` kjm gj o\ioj ipi^\ \^op\hjn ^ji

-//

:A EGD7A:B6 9:?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

]`i`qjg`i^d\( \pilp` _`n_` gp`bj \ q`^`n m`\gd^`hjn \^ojn ]`i

qjgjn* K`mj `g _jbh\odnhj ij ndmq` _` i\_\ kjmlp` k\m`^` lp`
g\ b`io`( `i `a`^oj( \^o\( \pilp` o\g q`u m\m\h`io`( ^ji ]`i`qj
g`i^d\* Kjm gj o\ioj( \ h`ijn lp` c\t\ pi \mbph`ioj qgd_j lp`
\admh` gj ^jiom\mdj( _`]`hjn \^`ko\m lp` g\ km`hdn\ $3% `n q`m_\
_`m\* @g `bjno\ knd^jgbd^j ij i`^`ndo\( ndi `h]\mbj( ojh\m pi
^\hdij o\i _`n`nk`m\_j kjmlp`( ^jhj c`hjn qdnoj( g\ j]e`^di
\io`mdjm \ g\ km`hdn\ $2% ij ngj _`nompt` `g \mbph`ioj ^jiom\
$3%( ndij o\h]d i `g \mbph`ioj lp` pn\hjn k\m\ kmj]\m lp` `g
`bjnhj knd^jgbd^j `n a\gnj* @no]\hjn( kjm gj o\ioj( `i pi `mmjm
\g k`in\m lp` kj_\hjn pn\m `e`hkgjn _` \^ojn ]`i qjgjn k\m\
m`apo\m `g `bjnhj knd^jgbd^j*
DU]XV\ aY\aT_1 _T ZXagX ab f\X`ceX TVgT cbe T`be cebc\b

Ip`nomj `mmjm `m\ dindnodm `i `e`hkgjn _` b`io` lp` \^o\ ^ji

]`i`qjg`i^d\* I`^`ndo\hjn( hn ]d`i( n`\g\m `e`hkgjn ^g\mjn _`
b`io` lp` \^o\ _` hj_j ^jiom\mdj \ np kmjkd\ a`gd^d_\_( kjmlp`
\g ^jhk\m\m o\g`n `e`hkgjn ^ji g\ km`hdn\ $1%6
Nd `g `bjnhj knd^jgbd^j `n q`m_\_`mj( `ioji^`n oj_\ k`mnji\
\^o\ nd`hkm` k\m\ gg`q\m \g hsdhj np kmjkd\ a`gd^d_\_*
kj_`hjn hjnom\m ^g\m\h`io` lp` `g `bjnhj knd^jgbd^j `n a\gnj*
Pi\ q`u hn k\m`^` lp` o`i`hjn \io` ijnjomjn pi kmj]g`h\
n`i^dgg\h`io` `hkmd^j( t i\ q`u hn g\ m`nkp`no\ k\m`^` n`m
lp` c\t ^\njn `i gjn lp` gj h`ijn kg\pnd]g` `n \admh\m lp` pi\
k`mnji\ `no n\odna\^d`i_j pi _`n`j k\m\ np kmjkd\ a`gd^d_\_* G\
b`io` \ q`^`n k\m`^` n\^mdad^\m np kmjkd\ a`gd^d_\_ ^p\i_j \^o\
_` \^p`m_j ^ji pi n`iod_j _`g _`]`m k\m\ c\^`m gj lp` ^m`` lp`
`n ^jmm`^oj* Hp^cjn njg_\_jn k\omdjo\n `noi ^jiq`i^d_jn kjm `s
k`md`i^d\n iodh\n lp` g\ bp`mm\ `n `g diad`mij( \pi \n nji qjgpi
o\mdjn k\m\ hdndji`n k`gdbmjn\n lp` ndi _p_\ k\m`^`i ^jiom\md\n \
np kmjkdj ]d`i`no\m t a`gd^d_\_* O\h]d i c\ c\]d_j ^\njn _` b`io`
_`^d_d_\ \ g\ q`ib\iu\( \ lpd`i ij g` dhkjmo\ `i \]njgpoj gj lp`
g` np^`_\ ^ji o\g _` _`nompdm \ \gbpd`i* @i o\g`n ^\njn k\m`^` `no\m
^g\mj lp` _`]`m\hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` `no\ b`io` \^o\ k\m\ n\odna\
^`m _`n`jn _dmdbd_jn c\^d\ jomjn `i gpb\m _` _`n`jn `i ]`i`ad^dj
_` np kmjkd\ a`gd^d_\_* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( pi\ q`u hn( k\m`^` lp`
_`]`m\hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` `g `bjnhj knd^jgbd^j `n a\gnj*

=:9DC>HBD :<DxHI6

-/0

<g m`nk`^oj g\ m`nkp`no\ ^\nd diq\md\]g` `n lp` g\ b`io` \^o\

kjm \hjm kmjkdj di^gpnj `i \lp`ggjn ^\njn `i gjn lp` k\m`^` `qd
_`io` lp` ij \^o\ kjm \hjm kmjkdj* Pi\ q`u _\_j `no` k\nj(
`g `bjnhj knd^jgbd^j n` \n`h`e\ \ jom\n _jn \admh\^dji`n lp`
n` jt`i \ h`ip_j $\ n\]`m( lp` g\ b`io` nd`hkm` \^o\ k\m\ n\
odna\^`m np _`n`j hn ap`mo`( t lp` g\ b`io` nd`hkm` \^o\ k\m\
m`_p^dm g\ o`indi%( `i g\n lp` di^gpnj gjn ^\njn ^jiom\mdjn hn j]
qdjn ij ^jiom\_d^`i g\ \admh\^di* @n _`^dm( g\ o`jm\ n` c\ qp`goj
dihpi` \ g\ m`apo\^di `hkmd^\* Ij n` \admh\ ndhkg`h`io` lp`
ij c\ c\]d_j ^\njn m`\g`n lp` m`apo\m\i g\ o`jm\( ndij hn ]d`i
lp` idibi ^\nj lp` kp_d m\hjn ^ji^`]dm g\ m`apo\m\* < h`
ip_j `g `bjnhj knd^jgbd^j `n njno`id_j _` `no\ h\i`m\( `n _`^dm(
_jbhod^\h`io`( k`mj ^p\i_j gj `n( t\ ij `n pi\ o`jm\ `hkmd^\
^d`ioad^\ \]d`mo\ \ pi\ m`qdndi h`_d\io` g\ j]n`mq\^di* N` c\
qp`goj ^jhk\od]g` ^ji ^p\glpd`m ^jn\ lp` kp_d m\hjn j]n`mq\m(
_` \c lp` _`e` _` n`m pi\ o`jm\ _` g\ ^d`i^d\ `hkmd^\ _` g\ knd
^jgjb\* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( _`e\ _` n`m `g odkj _` o`jm\ lp` kp`_`
n`mepnodad^\_\ h`_d\io` gjn c\gg\ubjn _` g\ knd^jgjb\( _` h\i`m\
lp` _d^c\ ^d`i^d\ ij kmjkjm^dji\m pi\ m\ui k\m\ \^`ko\mg\*
?`]`hjn m`^c\u\m `no\ ajmh\ hj_dad^\_\ _`g `bjnhj knd
^jgbd^j ^jhj gj cd^dhjn ^ji g\ q`mndi \io`mdjm; < _da`m`i^d\ _`
`no\ godh\( m`\gh`io` ij dhkjmo\ gj lp` c\b\hjn* M`^p m_`n`
lp` g\ q`mndi \io`mdjm( _` n`m \^`ko\]g`( _`]\ pn\mn` ^jhj `s\
h`i _` gj lp` g\n k`mnji\n kp`_`i c\^`m t kjm gj o\ioj ^jhj
h`_dj k\m\ m`^c\u\m g\n ijmh\n od^\n lp` km`n^md]`i \^^dji`n
di^jhk\od]g`n ^ji gj lp` c\^`i* @m\( kp`n( hpt m`g`q\io` k\m\ g\
od^\* K`mj g\ km`n`io` q`mndi `n ^jhk\od]g` ^ji ^p\glpd`m ^jh
kjmo\hd`ioj lp` kp_d m\hjn j]n`mq\m( t kjm gj o\ioj ij kp`_`
n`m pn\_\ k\m\ kmj]\m g\n \^^dji`n km`n^mdo\n kjm ijmh\n lp`
^jhkdo`i ^ji `g c`_jidnhj `bjno\* @g `bjnhj knd^jgbd^j n` c\
_`]dgdo\_j \ o\g bm\_j lp` ij kp`_` \tp_\mijn \ _`^d_dm `iom`
_da`m`io`n ijmh\n od^\n* ?` h\i`m\ lp` ^p\glpd`m o`md^j _` g\
`od^\ kp`_` \^`ko\mgj* Kj_`hjn( nd lp`m`hjn( \^`ko\m o\h]d i
`no\ q`mndi _`g `bjnhj knd^jgbd^j( k`mj nd gj c\^`hjn( kj_`)
h n dbijm\mgj dih`_d\o\h`io` kjmlp` ij od`i` idibpi\ m`g\^di
^ji g\ od^\( j k\m\ `g ^\nj( ^ji g\ knd^jgjb\*
C`hjn qdnoj lp` `g `bjno\ od^j ij n` kp`_` \kjt\m `i `g c`
_jidnhj `bjno\ knd^jgbd^j k\m\epnodad^\m np kjnd^di* Nd g\ o`jm\
`n `hkmd^\ ndi _p_\ k\m`^` n`m a\gn\( t nd ij `n `hkmd^\ ij \tp_\
\ Kmjkjm^dji\m m\uji`n k\m\ `g`bdm `g `bjnhj od^j `i gpb\m _`

-/1

:A EGD7A:B6 9:?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

^p\glpd`m jom\ o`jm\ od^\* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( `g `bjno\ od^j _`]`

`i^jiom\m \gbpi\ jom\ h\i`m\ k\m\ epnodad^\m np o`jm\* @g id^j
\mbph`ioj m`hjo\h`io` kg\pnd]g` lp` lp`_\ n` ]\n\ `i `g c`^cj
_` lp` ^p\i_j \gbpd`i ijn km`bpio\ kjm lp cd^dhjn \gbj( \ h`
ip_j g` m`nkji_`hjn _d^d`i_j lp` gj cd^dhjn kjmlp` lpdndhjn( t
`nj gj n\odna\^`* Kjm `e`hkgj( nd n` h` km`bpio\ kjm lp apd \g ^di`
\ij^c` `i gpb\m _` `nop_d\m( kj_m\ m`nkji_`m lp` o`i\ b\i\n _`
dm \g ^di` j lp` ij lp`m\ `nop_d\m( t \g m`nkji_`m _` `no\ h\i`m\
g\ km`bpio\ lp`_\ ^jio`no\_\* <cjm\ ]d`i( n`bi `no` \mbph`ioj(
kp`noj lp` _d^c\ km`bpio\ `sdb` pi\ epnodad^\^di _` hd \^^di(
c` epnodad^\_j hd \^^di m`nkji_d`i_j \ g\ km`bpio\* ?` h\i`m\
lp` c` _\_j pi\ ]p`i\ m\ui _` gj lp` cd^` m`admd i_jh` \ gj
lp` lp`m\ c\^`m( \n lp` c\^`m gj lp` lpd`mj lp`_\ epnodad^\_j t
kjm gj o\ioj `n gj lp` _`]j c\^`m* Kp`noj lp` `no` \mbph`ioj( \g
lp` kj_`hjn gg\h\m \mbph`ioj _` g\n ]p`i\n m\uji`n( ^jigg`q\
_jn `mmjm`n m`g\^dji\_jn ^ji ip`nomjn \^op\g`n dio`m`n`n( _`]`
hjn `s\hdi\m `g \mbph`ioj ^ji ^d`moj ^pd_\_j*
:_ TeZh`Xagb WX _Tf UhXaTf eTmbaXf

Gj `n`i^d\g _`g \mbph`ioj kp`_` m`nphdmn` ^jhj ndbp`6

-* Nd _`n`j c\^`m \gbj $c\^`m \gbj k\m\ j]o`i`m kg\^`m%( `ioji
^`n kp`_j epnodad^\m `g c\^`mgj m`admd i_jh` \g _`n`j $kg\
^`m%*
.* Nd kp`_j epnodad^\m `g c\^`m \gbj( `ioji^`n o`ibj ]p`i\n m\
uji`n k\m\ c`^`mgj*
/* Nd o`ibj ]p`i\n m\uji`n k\m\ c\^`m \gbj( `ioji^`n `n gj lp`
_`]j c\^`m*
Ebe _b gTagb
0* Nd _`n`j c\^`m \gbj $c\^`m \gbj k\m\ j]o`i`m kg\^`m%( `ioji
^`n `n gj lp` _`]j c\^`m*
@no` \mbph`ioj( ^jhj `g \io`mdjm( ij epnodad^\ `g `bjnhj od^j(
k`mj kjm m\uji`n _da`m`io`n* @i kmdh `m gpb\m( kmjkjm^dji\ ngj
pi\ ^ji_d^di npad^d`io` k\m\ g\ j]gdb\^di( hd`iom\n lp` `g `bjn
hj od^j o`h]d i kg\io`\ pi\ ^ji_d^di i`^`n\md\* @n ^d`moj lp`
no` ij `n pi kpioj qdo\g( kjmlp` kj_`hjn _dn`\m pi \mbph`ioj
k\m\g`gj lp` ijn k`mhdo\ ^ji^gpdm lp` nd ij _`n`j c\^`m \gbj

=:9DC>HBD :<DxHI6

-/2

`ioji^`n ij `n gj lp` _`]j c\^`m* G\ n`bpi_\ m\ui `n lp` `g

`bjnhj od^j n` m`ad`m` \ gj lp` gg`q\ \g hsdhj hd kg\^`m t ij \
gj lp` ndhkg`h`io` h` kmjkjm^dji\ kg\^`m* Kj_`hjn _`o`mhdi\m
`noj( ndi `h]\mbj( m`admd i_jijn \ gj lp` _`]j _`n`\m t \ gj lp`
c\bj k\m\ gg`q\m \g hsdhj hd kg\^`m* Npkjib\hjn( kp`n( lp` \
k\modm _` `no` \mbph`ioj( epioj ^ji `g \mbph`ioj i`b\odqj k\m\
g`gj( kj_`hjn dia`mdm lp` `g `bjnhj od^j `n q`m_\_`mj* K`mj `n
ngd_j `no` \mbph`ioj;
DU]XV\ a1 WXfXTe [TVXe T_Zb ab]hfg\Y\VT X_ [TVXe_b
C`hjn ]\n\_j g\ km`hdn\ $-% `i `g c`^cj _` lp` hpt \ h`ip_j
kj_`hjn m`nkji_`m \ pi y kjm lp ;z _d^d`i_j ndi hn lp` gj
cd^dhjn kjmlp` lpdndhjn* <n lp` ^ji am`^p`i^d\ kj_`hjn m`n
kji_`m \ pi\ `sdb`i^d\ _` epnodad^\^di ^ji _d^c\ m`nkp`no\* K`mj
c`hjn dia`md_j _` `ggj lp` _\hjn pi\ epnodad^\^di _` gj lp` c\
^`hjn ^\_\ q`u lp` m`nkji_`hjn _` `no\ h\i`m\* C\t _jn m\uj
i`n kjm g\n lp` no\ `n pi\ dia`m`i^d\ `lpdqj^\_\* G\ kmdh`m\ `n
lp`( ^p\i_j m`nkji_j \ pi\ km`bpio\ ^jhj y kjm lp apdno` \g
^di` `i gpb\m _` `nop_d\m;z _d^d`i_j ykjmlp` lpdn`z j ykjmlp`
h` _d`mji b\i\nz( hd m`nkp`no\ ij _\ pi\ ]p`i\ m\ui _` gj lp`
cd^`( ndij lp` hn ]d`i ndmq` k\m\ m`cpn\mh` \ _\m pi\ m\ui
k\m\ \admh\m lp` ij n` i`^`ndo\ idibpi\* Api^dji\ hn ^jhj
yij c\t m\uiz( yij n z( ykjmlp` nz( j di^gpnj ^jhj pi `i^je`mn`
_` cjh]mjn* <n kp`n( ^p\i_j \gbpd`i m`nkji_` _` `no\ h\i`m\
ij `no epnodad^\i_j np \^^di( ndij lp` hn ]d`i `no \admh\i_j
lp` ij c\t i\_\ lp` epnodad^\m j `no m`cpni_jn` \ _\m pi\ epn
odad^\^di* Pi\ m`nkp`no\ n`h`e\io` kp`_` dhk`_dm lp` n` ^ji
odi` km`bpio\i_j( k`mj ij epnodad^\ g\ \^^di* @noj kp`_` dgpn
om\mn` h`_d\io` pi `e`hkgj _da`m`io`* Npkib\n` lp` \ \gbpd`i
n` g` km`bpio\m\ kjm lp g` _dnk\m \ o\g \i^d\i\ ^p\i_j ^mpu\]\
g\ ^\gg` t lp` m`nkji_d`m\ lp` g` _d`mji b\i\n t ij _de`m\ i\_\
hn* Dbp\gh`io` kj_m\ c\]`mn` `i^jbd_j _` cjh]mjn( kjmlp`
`i idibpij _` gjn _jn ^\njn epnodad^\m\ gj lp` cduj* @i `no` `e`h
kgj ij ijn n\odna\^` np m`nkp`no\ kjmlp` \lp( \ _da`m`i^d\ _`g
kmdh`m `e`hkgj( n` g` kd_` pi\ epnodad^\^di t ij _\ idibpi\* ?`
h\i`m\ lp` \pilp` \gbpi\n q`^`n kj_`hjn m`nkji_`m( ^p\i_j
n` ijn `sdb` pi\ epnodad^\^di( c\]g\i_j _` ip`nomjn _`n`jn t _`
- lp` ijn kg\^`( ij c`hjn _\_j pi\ epnodad^\^di _` ip`nom\n
<^dji`n( kjmlp` _d^c\ m`nkp`no\ `n \_`^p\_\ ngj ^p\i_j ij n`

-0)

:A EGD7A:B6 9:?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

m`lpd`m` idibpi\epnodad^\^di* G\ n`bpi_\ m\ui `n lp`( kjm jom\

k\mo`( \pilp` `nopqd m\hjn _` \^p`m_j `i lp` \ q`^`n kj_`hjn
epnodad^\m ip`nom\n \^^dji`n _` `no` hj_j( `g `e`hkgj _`g _dnk\mj
_`hp`nom\ lp` hp^c\n q`^`n ij kj_`hjn* C\t ndop\^dji`n `i g\n
lp` ngj tj njt \a`^o\_j( _` h\i`m\ lp` gjn id^jn a\^ojm`n hj
m\gh`io` k`modi`io`n nji hdn kmjkd\n km`a`m`i^d\n* K`mj _ji_`
jomjn nji \a`^o\_jn c\t jomjn a\^ojm`n hjm\gh`io` k`modi`io`n*
<n( kj_`hjn m`^c\u\m g\ km`hdn\ $-% t ^ji `gg\ `no` \mbph`ioj
_`g `bjnhj od^j*
<io`n _` ^jiodip\m _`]`hjn n`\g\m o\h]d i lp` g\ km`hdn\
$/% `n a\gn\( kjmlp` `noj \^`io\ pi\ _dnodi^di dhkjmo\io`* @n
q`m_\_ lp` nd o`ibj pi\ ]p`i\ m\ui k\m\ c\^`m \gbj( `ioji^`n
h` `no k`mhdod_j c\^`mgj( `noj `n( ij `n di^jmm`^oj lp` gj c\b\*
K`mj _` `ggj ij n` ndbp` lp` nd`hkm` n`\ \gbj lp` _`]\ c\^`m* Am`
^p`io`h`io` ^p\i_j epnodad^\hjn pi\ \^^di hjnom\hjn lp` ij
`no kmjcd]d_\ t ij lp` `n j]gdb\ojmd\* Kjm `e`hkgj( k\m`^` lp`
hp^c\n q`^`n g\ b`io` kp`_` _\m ]p`i\n m\uji`n k\m\ ij \tp
_\m \ \gbpd`i lp` `n \o\^\_j kjm pi\ ]\i_\ _` \n`ndijn `i \gbi
mdi^i _` pi\ bm\i ^dp_\_* K`mj \pilp` _d^c\n m\uji`n hp`n
om`i lp` ij od`i` g\ j]gdb\^di _` \tp_\m( t lp` kjm gj o\ioj g`
`no hjm\gh`io` k`mhdod_j ij \tp_\m( ij hjnom\m\i lp` o`i\
g\ j]gdb\^di _` ij \tp_\m* Pi\ q`u hn _`]`hjn _dnodibpdm `i
om` wij o`i`m g\ j]gdb\^di _` c\^`mx t wo`i`m g\ j]gdb\^di _` ij
c\^`mx( k\m\ `ia\odu\m lp`( nd ]d`i g\ k`mnji\ lp` `i `no` ^\nj ij
\tp_\ ij _`]` n`iodmn` dihjm\g( o\hkj^j _`]` n`iodmn` k\mod^p
g\mh`io` hjm\g*
GXV[Tmb WX_ [XWba\f`b XZb fgT1 ceXfVe\UX
TVgbf `beT_`XagX eXchZaTagXf

Ij c`hjn `i^jiom\_j idibpi\ h\i`m\ _` epnodad^\m g\n `nk`^d`n

_` `bjnhj od^j lp` c`hjn _`ijhdi\_j c`_jidnhj `bjno\*
?`]`hjn m`^c\u\mgj; C`hjn `no\_j jk`m\i_j ]\ej `g kmdi^dkdj
_` lp` nd pi\ ijmh\ od^\ km`n^md]` ^d`mo\n \^^dji`n lp` pi\ k`m
nji\ ^jind_`m\ lp` nji hjm\gh`io` di^jmm`^o\n( t ^m``m `noj ij `n
di^jhk\od]g` ^ji npn jom\n ^m``i^d\n( `ioji^`n `no\ k`mnji\ od`i`
\gbpi\ m\ui k\m\ m`^c\u\m g\ ijmh\* @i `no` ^\nj( \_`hn( ij
c\t \mbph`iojn ^jhk`in\ojmdjn \ a\qjm _`g c`_jidnhj `bjno\)
Kjm jom\ k\mo`( g\n \^^dji`n km`n^mdo\n kjm `no\ ijmh\( ^m``hjn
n`m\i \lp`gg\n lp` km^od^\h`io` ^p\glpd`m\ ^jind_`m\m\ h jm\g

:<DxHBD vI>8D CD =:9DC>HII6

h`io` di^jmm`^o\n* <n kp`n( ^jind_ m`n` \ pi n_d^j j \ \gbpd`i

lp` j_d` \ oj_\ pi\ m\u\* @g ^\ogjbj _` kg\^`m`n n_d^jn lp` n`
`i^p`iom\ `i ?hfg\aX _`g H\mlp n _` N\_` `n npad^d`io` k\m\ hjn
om\m lp` hp^c\n \^^dji`n lp` g` _\i kg\^`m \ ^d`mo\ b`io` nji(
ij j]no\io`( hjm\gh`io` m`kpbi\io`n k\m\ km^od^\h`io` oj_j
\lp`g lp` ^jind_`m` `g \npioj* @g kg\^`m lp` \gbpijn i\udn `i^ji
om\]\i `i ojmpm\m( hpodg\m t h\o\m ep_jn( g\n \^odop_`n _` o`mmd
]g`n \n`ndijn t gjn jno`iojnjn t _`n^\m\_jn \n`ndi\ojn _` b`io` i`
bm\ kjm k\mo` _` ^d`mojn npm`jn ]g\i^jn( _\i o`nodhjidj _` lp`
`g c`_jidnhj `bjno\ ij ngj k`hdodm\( ndij lp` o\h]d i c\m\
j]gdb\ojmdjn \gbpijn _` gjn ^mh`i`n hn cjmm`i_jn lp` n` c\i
^jh`od_j* ?`]`m\hjn( kp`n( ^ji^gpdm ij ngj lp` c\t m\uji`n
k\m\ m`^c\u\m `no\ ijmh\( ndij o\h]d i lp` `g c`_jidnhj `bjno\
_`]` n`m m`^c\u\_j n`i^dgg\h`io` kjmlp`( \g c\^`m _`g kg\^`m _`
^\_\ k`mnji\ np bp\ \^`m^\ _` gj lp` `n ^jmm`^oj ` di^jmm`^oj(
km`n^md]` `g odkj _` `bjnhj lp` dbijm\ g\ a`gd^d_\_ t ]d`i`no\m
_` ^p\glpd`m jom\ k`mnji\*
@BJ

NH J

O D> J I J C @ ? J I DN O <

C`hjn m`^c\u\_j `g c`_jidnhj `bjno\ lp` `n pi\ _` g\n ajmh\n

_`g `bjnhj od^j( k`mj o\h]d i _`]`m\hjn m`^c\u\m `g `bjnhj
od^j `i b`i`m\g; K\m\ m`nkji_`m \ `noj _`]`hjn c\^`m gj lp`
cd^dhjn \g `q\gp\m `g c`_jidnhj `bjno\( `noj `n( \q`mdbp\m nd c\t
\gbpijn \mbph`iojn lp` gj epnodadlp`i t \q`mdbp\m nd km`n^md]`
\gbpi\n \^^dji`n _` ^pt\ a\gn`_\_ `no`hjn ^jiq`i^d_jn* C`hjn
_`adid_j `g `bjnhj od^j ^jhj g\ o`jm\ lp` c\^` g\ ndbpd`io`
\admh\^di6
>\_\ k`mnji\ _`]` \^op\m k\m\ gg`q\m \g hsdhj np kmjkdj
]d`i j ]d`i`no\m*
@i m`g\^di ^ji g\ ijmh\ lp` pn\hjn k\m\ `g c`_jidnhj `bjno\
o`i`hjn g\ ndbpd`io` \admh\^di6
Pi\ k`mnji\ _`]` m`\gdu\m pi\ \^^di nd t ngj nd gj c\^` k\m\
gg`q\m \g hsdhj np kmjkdj ]d`i`no\m $`noj `n( nd t ngj nd gj
c\^` k\m\ gg`q\m \g hsdhj np kmjkdj dio`m n%*
k`mijn gg`b\_j \ `no\ ijmh\ npnodopt`i_j w]d`i`no\mxkjm wkg\^`mx*
m ^jindbpd`io`( kj_`hjn gg`b\m \ gjn \mbph`iojn _`g `bjnhj

-0+

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

od^j h`_d\io` g\ hdnh\ npnodop^di* Gj lp` `i^jiom\hjn( kp`n(

`n pi \mbph`ioj ]\n\_j `i g\ o`jm\ _` lp` nd`hkm` \^op\hjn \
a\qjm _` ip`nomj kmjkdj ]d`i`no\m ` dio`m n `i ijnjomjn hdnhjn(
t pi \mbph`ioj ]\n\_j `i g\ \admh\^di _` lp` kj_`hjn epnod
ad^\m ip`nom\n \^^dji`n m`admd i_jijn \g dio`m n `i ijnjomjn hdn
hjn* ?`e\m`hjn lp` `g g`^ojm _`hp`nom` lp` gjn \mbph`iojn _`
`no\ ajmh\ ij nji h`ejm`n lp` gjn _` g\ ajmh\ \io`mdjm* @i ^jin`
^p`i^d\( nd g\ o`jm\ b`i`m\g _`g `bjnhj od^j km`n^md]` \^^dji`n
_` g\n lp` `no\hjn n`bpmjn lp` nji hjm\gh`io` di^jmm`^o\n( kj
_`hjn m`^c\u\mgj epioj ^ji `g c`_jidnhj `bjno\*
DU]XV\ a T_ XZb f`b g\Vb1 ceXfVe\UX TVgbf `beT_`XagX eXchZaTagXf
Gj kmdh`mj lp` c\t lp` n`\g\m \g `s\hdi\m gj lp` `g `bjnhj
od^j km`n^md]` `n lp` ij km`n^md]` hp^c\n _` g\n \^^dji`n `n
k`^ad^\n km`n^mdo\n kjm `g c`_jidnhj `bjno\( kjmlp` gj lp` h`
kmjkjm^dji\ `g kg\^`m hsdhj \ h`ip_j ij `n gj lp` gg`q\ \g
hsdhj hd ]d`i`no\m* @noj `n `nk`^d\gh`io` `qd_`io` nd d_`iodad
^\hjn ip`nomj ]d`i`no\m ` dio`m n `i ijnjomjn hdnhjn ^ji g\ n\gp_
t g\n ^\k\^d_\_`n h`io\g`n t and^\n* <gbpi\n k`mnji\n `gdb`i `i
om`( kjm pi g\_j( pi\ qd_\ _` dio`injn kg\^`m`n `i g\ lp` np n\gp_
n` _`o`mdjm\ t `i g\ lp` ij _`n\mmjgg\i npn ^\k\^d_\_`n( t( kjm
`g jomj( pi\ qd_\ _` `i^d`mmj t \ h`ip_j \m_p\ t m`bg\h`io\_\
`i g\ lp` ^jin`mq\i np n\gp_ t _`n\mmjgg\i npn ^\k\^d_\_`n* Ij
`n dhkmj]\]g` lp` `g kmdh `m odkj _` qd_\( \pi m`_p^d_\ ^jind
_`m\]g`h`io` kjm pi\ hp`mo` o`hkm\i\ |`nk`^d\gh`io` nd nj
]m`qd`i` mkd_\h`io` t ndi _jgjm| ^jio`i_m\ hn kg\^`m lp` `g
n`bpi_j* K`mj `no` godhj gg`q\ hn \g ]d`i`no\m _` g\ k`mnji\*
?` hj_j lp` `no\n _jn ijmh\n _da`m`io`n kj_m\i \ h`ip_j _d
a`mdm `i ^p\ioj \ gj lp` km`n^md]`i( _` h\i`m\ lp` gjn `e`hkgjn
lp` pn\hjn ^jiom\ `g c`_jidnhj `bjno\ ij kp`_`i pn\mn` `i g\
ajmh\ km`n`io` ^jiom\ `g `bjnhj od^j* Ndi `h]\mbj( n` kp`_`i
`i^jiom\m `e`hkgjn lp` kmjkjm^dji\mi ]\n`n k\m\ m`^c\u\m `g
`bjnhj od^j* Pi `e`hkgj `n `g ^\nj `i `g lp` om`n k`mnji\n od`
i`i pi\ `ia`mh`_\_ lp` `n a\o\g \ h`ijn lp` ojh`i ^d`mo\n k\n
odgg\n* Pi\ _` `no\n k`mnji\n( _`n^jij^d_\ k\m\ oj_jn gjn _`hn(
od`i` g\n id^\n om`n k\nodgg\n _dnkjid]g`n( t n\]` lp` nd pi\ k`m&
nji\ ojh\ pi\ od`i` 5, kjm ^d`moj _` kmj]\]dgd_\_`n _` nj]m`qdqdm
\ g\ `ia`mh`_\_( lp` nd ojh\ _jn od`i` 50 kjm ^d`ioj _` kmj]\
]dgd_\_`n( t lp` nd n` ojh\ g\n om`n od`i` `g 55 kjm ^d`ioj _` km #

:<DxHBD vI>8D CD =:9DC>HI6

-0,

]\]dgd_\_`n* Lp `n gj lp` _`]` c\^`m; K\m`^` ^g\mj lp` _`]`

_\m \ ^\_\ k`mnji\ pi\ k\nodgg\* K`mj `g `bjnhj od^j km`n^md]`
lp` gg`q` \g hsdhj np kmjkdj ]d`i`no\m7 lp` `i `no` ^\nj _`]`
ojh\mn` g\n om`n k\nodgg\n t _`e\m hjmdm \ gjn jomjn _jn*
AT \WXT WX E_Tg a fbUeX _T `beT_\WTW l X_ \agXe f cbe hab `\f`b
< `no\n \gopm\n k\m`^` c\]`m ngj pi\ m`nkp`no\ \g `bjno\ od^j t
no\ `n g\ \admh\^di _` lp` ojh\m g\n om`n k\nodgg\n m`\gh`io` ij
m`_pi_\ `i `g kmjkdj dio`m n _` g\ k`mnji\( k`mj ij `no ^g\mj
^hj kp`_` _`a`i_`mn` `noj* G\ h\tjm\ _` gjn adgnjajn hj_`m
ijn ij c\ om\o\_j _` _`a`i_`mgj t `i b`i`m\g c\ m`^c\u\_j `g
`bjnhj od^j* Ndi `h]\mbj( `noj ij `n q`m_\_ `i m`g\^di ^ji
`g \iodbpj adgnjaj bmd`bj Kg\oi* G` dio`m`n\]\i gjn dio`iojn kjm
epnodad^\m g\ hjm\gd_\_ j dihjm\gd_\_ _` g\n \^^dji`n t k`in\]\
lp` pi\ h\i`m\ _` c\^`mgj( t o\g q`u g\ id^\( `m\ `no\]g`^`m lp`
g\n \^^dji`n hjm\g`n ]`i`ad^d\i \g lp` g\n m`\gdu\ t g\n \^^dji`n
dihjm\g`n gj k`mep_d^\i* @noj `n( dio`io hjnom\m lp` \^op\m hj
m\gh`io` m`_pi_\ `i `g dio`m n _`g lp` m`\gdu\ g\ \^^di t lp` \^
op\m dihjm\gh`io` q\ `i ^jiom\ _` np dio`m n( \ k`n\m _` gj lp`
am`^p`io`h`io` k\m`^`* Nd cp]d`m\ o`id_j sdoj( `ioji^`n kj_m\
\admh\mn` lp` o`i_m\hjn g\ h`ejm _`a`in\ kjnd]g` _` g\ hjm\
gd_\_( kjmlp` nd kp_d m\hjn ^jiq`i^`m)\ \gbpd`i _` lp` \^op\m
hjm\gh`io` gj ]`i`ad^d\( `ioji^`n n`m\ pi ojioj nd ij \^op\m\
hjm\gh`io`*
Kj_`hjn q`m `g \mbph`ioj _` Kg\oi g`t`i_j pi k\n\e` _`g _`
]\o` `iom` N^m\o`n( lp` `skm`n\ `g kpioj _` qdno\ _` Kg\oi( t Kjgj
`i `g _dgjbj kg\oid^j <beZ\Tf( @i `no\ k\mo` _`g _dgjbj N^m\o`n
om\o\ _` hjnom\mg` \ Kjgj lp` gj k`jm lp` kp`_` np^`_`mg` \ pi\
k`mnji\ `n ^jh`o`m pi \^oj diepnoj j dihjm\g t `n^\k\m \g ^\nodbj
^jmm`nkji_d`io`* ?` h\i`m\ lp` g\ k`mnji\ lp` ^jh`o` pi\ ^\
_`i\ dio`mhdi\]g` _` cjmm`i_jn ^mh`i`n ^jiom\ g\ cph\id_\_(
lp` `n^\k\ \g ^\nodbj t qdq` pi\ qd_\ gpepmdjn\ _` om\ilpdgd_\_
t kg\^`m lp` k\m`^` bju\m ^jhkg`o\h`io`( `no( n`bi N^m\o`n(
`i pi\ kjnd^di k`jm lp` pi\ k`mnji\ lp` ^jh`od gjn hdnhjn
^mh`i`n t lp` `n \km`c`i_d_\ t ^\nodb\_\* <_`hn( \h]\n k`m
nji\n `noi `i pi\ kjnd^di k`jm lp` pi\ k`mnji\ lp` nd`hkm`
\^o\ ^ji epnod^d\ t lp` \ ^\pn\ _` `ggj qdq` oj_\ np qd_\ `i pi
_jgjm dio`mhdi\]g` t om\]\e\i_j k`ijn\h`io`* <n kp`n( n`bi

-0-

:A EGD7A:B6 9:?JHII\;*86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

N^m\o`n( ndi dhkjmo\m gj lp` kp_d`m\ k\m`^`m \^op\m ^ji epnod

^d\( nd`hkm` m`_pi_\ `i `g dio`m n _` pij* Kj_`hjn q`m ^hj
N^m\o`n \mbph`io\ `i a\qjm _` `no\ kjnd^di kj^j kg\pnd]g` \
k\modm _` g\n ndbpd`io`n gi`\n6
H VeTgXf1 >jind_`m\ _` `no` hj_j g\ ^jn\6 q`n o( `i `g o`mm`ij
_` g\ mdlp`u\( \gbi jomj h\g lp` g\ kj]m`u\;
Eb_b1 Ij( ij c\t h\tjm h\g*
H1 T `i `g hpi_j _`g ^p`mkj( _dm\n lp` `g h\g `n g\ _`]dgd_\_(
g\ `ia`mh`_\_( g\ a`\g_\_ t ^jn\n kjm `g `nodgj; T ij o` dh\
bdi\n lp` `g \gh\ od`i` \ndhdnhj pi h\g lp` g` `n kmjkdj;(
t \ `noj gj gg\h\m\n diepnod^d\ ` dbijm\i^d\ t ^j]\m_\ t ^jn\n
kjm `g `nodgj;
E1 N`bpm\h`io`*
N6 Kp`n ]d`i6 c\n c\]g\_j _` om`n h\g`n ^jmm`nkji_d`io`n \
om`n `g`h`iojn |mdlp`u\n( ^p`mkj t \gh\|( \ gjn ^p\g`n gg\
h\hjn kj]m`u\( `ia`mh`_\_ ` diepnod^d\;( t ^pg _` gjn h\
g`n `n `g hn k`ijnj; Ij `n \^\nj g\ diepnod^d\ t( `i b`i`m\g(
`g h\g _`g \gh\;
E1 >ji hp^cj( `g hn q`mbjiujnj*
H1 T nd `n `g hn q`mbjiujnj( n`m o\h]d i `g k`jm*
E1 Lp lpd`m`n _`^dm N^m\o`n;
H1 Lpd`mj _`^dm lp` gj hn q`mbjiujnj( ^jhj c`hjn ^jiq`
id_j \io`mdjmh`io` ndi `s^`k^di( `n gj lp` _`k\m\ `g h\tjm
_jgjm j `g h\tjm k`mepd^dj j \h]\n ^jn\n \ g\ q`u* <^\]\hjn
_` ^jiq`idm `i lp` gj hn q`mbjiujnj `n g\ diepnod^d\ t oj_j
h\g _`g \gh\ Ij `n q`m_\_ lp` `n gj hn q`mbjiujnj( j ]d`i
kjmlp` `n gj hn _jgjmjnj t j^\ndji\ pi _jgjm `s^`ndqj( j
]d`i kjmlp` `n gj hn k`mep_d^d\g( j ]d`i \h]\n ^jn\n;
E1 Ndi _p_\*
H1 Kjm gj o\ioj( n`m diepnoj( dio`hk`m\io`( ^j]\m_` ` dbij
m\io`( `n hn _jgjmjnj lp` n`m kj]m` t lp` `no\m `ia`mhj;
E1 Ij( N^m\o`n( `g _jgjm ij k\m`^` _`mdq\mn` _` opn km`hdn\n*

:<DxHBD vI>8D CD =:9DC>HII6

-0.

H1 G\ h\g_\_ _`g \gh\( kp`n( nd`i_j `g hn q`mbjiujnj _` oj

_jn gjn h\g`n( ndi n`mgj $^jhj o njnod`i`n% `i qdmop_ _` np
_jgjm( np ^\pn\ _`]` n`m \gbi k`mepd^dj t h\g `ijmh` _`
h\bidop_ di`i\mm\]g`* T _`]j \nphdm lp` \lp`ggj lp` `n
gj hn bm\i_` `i k`mepd^dj n`m `g h\tjm _` gjn h\g`n;
E1 N*
H1 <n( kp`n( g\ diepnod^d\( g\ dio`hk`m\i^d\ t `i b`i`m\g g\n
_`km\q\^dji`n _`g \gh\( nji `g h\tjm _` gjn h\g`n;
E1 @qd_`io`h`io` lp` n*
H1 Kp`n ]d`i6 lp \mo` ijn gd]`m\ _` g\ kj]m`u\; Ij `n \^\nj
`g \mo` _` c\^`m _di`mj; T ^pg ijn gd]`m\ _` g\ `ia`mh`
_\_; Ij `n \^\nj `g \mo` _` g\ h`_d^di\; T ^pg ijn \k\mo\
_`g qd^dj t _` g\ diepnod^d\; Nd ij `m`n ^\k\u _` m`nkji_`m _`
dih`_d\oj( km`bio\o` \_ji_` gg`q\hjn \ gjn `ia`mhjn t \
lpd i \^p_dhjn;
E1 <g h _d^j( N^m\o`n*
H1 T \_ji_` ^ji_p^dhjn \ g\n k`mnji\n lp` \^o\i diepno\ j
dio`hk`m\io`h`io`;
E1 <io` gjn ep`^`n( lp`mmn _`^dm*
N6 Lpd`i`n c\]mi _` ^\nodb\mgjn( ij `n \n;
E1 N*
H1 T ij `n q`m_\_ lp` gjn lp` ^\nodb\i m`^o\h`io` \ jomjn gj
c\^`i _` \^p`m_j ^ji ^d`mo\n ijmh\n _` epnod^d\;
E1 >g\mj lp` n*
N6 <n( kp`n( `ioji^`n `g \mo` _` c\^`m _di`mj gd]`m\ _` g\ kj
]m`u\( g\ h`_d^di\ _` g\ `ia`mh`_\_ t g\ epnod^d\ _` g\ dio`h
k`m\i^d\ t g\ diepnod^d\;
E1 @n `qd_`io`*
N6 T ^pg `n `ioji^`n g\ h`ejm _` g\n om`n ^jn\n;
E' G\epnod^d\ npk`m\ ^ji hp^cj \ g\n jom\n _jn( \hdbj N^m\o`n*

-0/

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

H1 T g\ epnod^d\( nd `n g\ h`ejm( kmjkjm^dji\m `g h\tjm kg\^`m j

g\ h\tjm podgd_\_ j \h]\n \ g\ q`u* K`mj `n \^\nj pi kg\^`m
n`m ^pm\_j t bju\i \lp`ggjn lp` nji ^pm\_jn;
E1 H` k\m`^` lp` ij*
H1 K`mj `n `ioji^`n odg;
E1 N*
N6 N( kjmlp` `g k\^d`io` n` gd]`m\ _` pi bm\i h\g* Q\g` kjm
`nj g\ k`i\ lp` njkjmo` `g _jgjm t n\i`;
E1 Ndi _p_\*
N6 T lpd i n`m `g cjh]m` hn a`gdu `i gj lp` \g ^p`mkj n`
m`ad`m`( `g lp` c\ nd_j ^pm\_j( j `g lp` ipi^\ c\ `no\_j `i
a`mhj;
E1 Ndi _p_\ `g lp` ipi^\ c\ `no\_j `ia`mhj*
H1 N( kjmlp` ndi _p_\ g\ a`gd^d_\_ ij ^jindno` `i gd]`m\mn` _`
gjn h\g`n( ndij `i ij c\]`mgjn o`id_j ipi^\* T \cjm\ dh\bdi\
\ _jn cjh]m`n lp` od`i`i pi h\g `i `g ^p`mkj j `i `g \gh\( t
lp` pij _` `ggjn `no nd`i_j om\o\_j t gd]`m\_j _`g h\g t lp`
`g jomj ij `no nd`i_j om\o\_j t ^jin`mq\ `g h\g( ^pg _` `ggjn
`n `g hn _`nbm\^d\_j;
E1 Ndi _p_\ `g lp` ij c\ nd_j om\o\_j*
N6 T( ij c`hjn ^jiq`id_j `i lp` `g ^\nodbj `n g\ gd]`m\^di
_`g h\g h\tjm lp` `n `g qd^dj; Kjmlp` g\ epnod^d\ ijn ^jmmdb`
t ijn c\^` hn epnojn t `n g\ h`_d^di\ k\m\ ip`nomjn qd^djn*
@ioji^`n \lp`g lp` ij od`i` qd^djn `i np \gh\ `n lpd`i j^pk\
`g kmdh`m gpb\m `i g\ `n^\g\ _` g\ a`gd^d_\_7 kp`n t\ n` c\ hjn
om\_j lp` gjn qd^djn nji `g h\tjm _` gjn h\g`n t lpd`i n` gd]`m\
_`g qd^dj( `n _`^dm \lp`g lp` `n \hji`no\_j( m`km`i_d_j t ^\n
odb\_j( j^pk\ `g n`bpi_j gpb\m* @ioji^`n( `g lp` k`jm qdq`
`n `g lp`( nd`i_j diepnoj( ij `n gd]`m\_j _` g\ diepnod^d\;
E1 <n k\m`^` ndi _p_\*2

2 <_\ko\_j( ^ji ^\h]djn( _` I[X 9\T_bZhXf bY E_Tgb& =* Ejr`oo $`_*%* M\i_jh

Cjpn`( Ip`q\ Tjmf( -5/3( Qjg* D( kk* 1/3)/5*

8DC8AJH>{C 68:G86 9:A :<DxHBD vI>8D

-00

k`e\m`hjn lp` `g g`^ojm _`n^p]m\ g\n a\gg\n `i `g ^\hdij kjm `g

lp` Kjgj n` _`e ^ji_p^dm c\no\ g\ kjnd^di _` N^m\o`n( k`mj _`]`
n`\g\mn` \lp lp` di^gpnj nd N^m\o`n cp]d`m\ o`id_j sdoj \g epn
odad^\m np kjnd^di( gj c\]m\ o`id_j ngj _`nkje\i_j \g `bjnhj
od^j _` oj_j q\gjm `i o\ioj ijmh\ hjm\g* N^m\o`n \admh\ lp`
n`m epnoj j hjm\g `n gj hn ]`i ad^j k\m\ `g \gh\ t kjm gj o\ioj
k\m\ gjn n`m`n cph\ijn( \ k`n\m _` lp` k\m`u^\ n`m gj ^jiom\
mdj* <n kp`n( _`]`hjn \q`mdbp\m lp `n gj lp` m`_pi_\ `i ip`n
omj h\tjm dio`m n \q`mdbp\i_j lp `n gj ^jmm`^oj* @noj `n( _`
]`hjn n\]`m lp `n ^jmm`^oj ^ji `g adi _` \q`mdbp\m lp `n gj
h`ejm k\m\ ijnjomjn hdnhjn( kjmlp` ndi dhkjmo\m lp kp`_\ k\
m`^`m hn ]`i ad^j( ij gj `n nd `n diepnoj* ?` h\i`m\ lp` `i gp
b\m _` lp` `g dio`m n `i pij hdnhj kmjkjm^dji` `g ^mdo`mdj _`
gj lp` `n ^jmm`^oj ^jhj gj `sdb` `g `bjnhj od^j( i`^`ndo\m\hjn
\gbpi\ ijmh\ od^\ di_`k`i_d`io` k\m\ _`o`mhdi\m gj lp` `n ^j
mm`^oj ^ji `g adi _` _`n^mp]mdm lp `n gj lp` m`\gh`io` m`_pi_\
`i ip`nomj dio`m n* Kg\oi( c\^d`i_j _` gj lp` `n ^jmm`^oj g\ ]\n`
k\m\ _`^d_dm gj lp` `n hn ]`i ad^j( c\ c`^cj dhkjnd]g` podgdu\m
`g `bjnhj od^j ^jhj ^mdo`mdj k\m\ _`^d_dm gj lp` `n ^jmm`^oj*
> J I > G P N D I < > @ M > < ? @ G @ B J N H J
?@=@ N@M M@>C<U<?J

O D> J 6

Kp`noj lp` k\m`^` ij c\]`m h`ejm h\i`m\ _` epnodad^\m g\ o`jm\

b`i`m\g _`g `bjnhj od^j lp` g\ _`epnodad^\m `n\ m\h\ _`g `bjnhj
lp` c`hjn gg\h\_j c`_jidnhj `bjno\( _`]`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` `g
`bjnhj od^j _`]` n`m m`^c\u\_j* @noj `n \n kjmlp` ij c\t pi
\mbph`ioj qgd_j k\m\ \kjt\mgj t kjmlp` km`n^md]` ^d`mo\n \^^dj
i`n hjm\gh`io` m`kpbi\io`n* no\n nji \^^dji`n lp`( nd qjgq`hjn
\ gjn `e`hkgjn k`modi`io`n( `i^jiom\hjn lp` od`i`i pi\ ^\m\^
o`mnod^\ hjm\gh`io` k`modi`io` `i ^jhi* @i ^\_\ ^\nj g\ \^^di
lp` km`n^md]` `g `bjnhj od^j `n hjm\gh`io` m`kpbi\io` kjm
lp` g\ ijmh\ dbijm\ g\ a`gd^d_\_ t `g ]d`i`no\m _` jom\n k`mnji\n
\a`^o\_\n kjm g\ \^^di km`n^mdo\* @i nph\( g\ ijmh\ _`g `bjnhj
od^j k\m`^` `no\m `lpdqj^\_\ kjmlp` dbijm\ pi dibm`_d`io` _`
g\ hjm\gd_\_ lp` k\m`^` n`m `n`i^d\g( \ n\]`m( g\ dhk\m^d\gd_\_* <g
_`^d_dm gj lp` n` _`]` c\^`m k\m`^` lp` ^\_\ k`mnji\ lp` kp`_`
n`m \a`^o\_\ kjm g\ \^^di _`]` n`m ojh\_\ `i ^p`io\* I\_d` _`]`
n`m dbijm\_j t i\_d` _`]` o`i`m pi m\ibj kmdqdg`bd\_j* K\n`hjn

-01

:A EGD7A:B6 9:?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

\ pi\ o`jm\ lp` di^jmkjm\ `skg^do\h`io` g\ dhk\m^d\gd_\_ \ np

ijmh\*
:A JI>A>I6G>HBD3 A6K:GH>{C 9: 7:CI=6B
Podgdo\mdnhj ij `n ngj `g ijh]m` _` pi\ o`jm\ od^\ k\mod^pg\m(
ndij lp` `n `g ijh]m` _` pi\ _j^omdi\ n`bi g\ ^p\g g\n m`ajmh\n
nj^d\g`n _`]`i \g^\iu\mn` c\^d`i_j ^jdi^d_dm g\n \^^dji`n _` g\n
k`mnji\n t _` gjn bj]d`mijn ^ji `g kmdi^dkdj od^j _` g\ podgd_\_*
@no` kmdi^dkdj( `i o\ioj \mh\ od^\ t nj^d\g k\m\ gjbm\m pi\ m`
ajmh\( ap` `skm`n\_j ^ji `gj^p`i^d\ kjm q`u kmdh`m\ `i g\ j]m\
_` E`m`h t =`ioc\h( lpd`i gj _`adid _` g\ ndbpd`io` h\i`m\6
Kjm kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_ n` `iod`i_` `g kmdi^dkdj lp` \kmp`]\ j
_`n\kmp`]\ ^p\glpd`m \^^di _` \^p`m_j ^ji g\ o`i_`i^d\ lp` k\
m`^` \ph `io\m j _dnhdipdm g\ a`gd^d_\_ _` g\ k\mo` ^ptj dio`m n `no
`i ^p`nodi7 j( gj lp` `n gj hdnhj( _d^cj ^ji jom\n k\g\]m\n( lp`
kmjhp`q` j n` jkji` \ `n\ a`gd^d_\_* ?dbj ^p\glpd`m \^^di t kjm
gj o\ioj ij ngj oj_\ \^^di _` pi di_dqd_pj k\mod^pg\m( ndij oj_\
h`_d_\ _` bj]d`mij*3

>jhj kp_j _\mn` ^p`io\ `g kmjkdj =`ioc\h( n`m\ hn k`mnkd

^pj gg\h\m \ np kmdi^dkdj od^j kmdi^dkdj _` g\ h\tjm a`gd^d_\_(
`i gpb\m _` kmdi^dkdj _` g\ podgd_\_( kjmlp` ^ji^d`mi` \ g\ a`gd^d
_\_( \g kg\^`m t \g _jgjm _` g\n k\mo`n \a`^o\_\n kjm g\n \^^dji`n*
T( ^jhj gj _dej `i pi\ ijo\ \g kd` \\_d_\ kjno`mdjmh`io`(
G\ k\g\]m\ wpodgd_\_x ij di_d^\ ^g\m\h`io` g\n d_`\n _X c_TVXe t Wbx
_be ^jhj gj c\^`i g\n k\g\]m\n wa`gd^d_\_x t w_d^c\x7 o\hkj^j ijn
^ji_p^` \ g\ ^jind_`m\^di _`g a`Xeb _` gjn dio`m`n`n \a`^o\_jn7
`g a`Xeb& `i o\ioj ^dm^pino\i^d\ lp` ^jiomd]pt`( `i g\ h\tjm kmj
kjm^di( \ g\ ajmh\^di _` g\ ijmh\ \lp _dn^pod_\7 abe`T WX _b Vbx
eeXVgb X \aVbeeXVgb& kjm h`_dj _` g\ ^p\g g\ ^jiq`id`i^d\ _` g\ ^ji_p^o\
cph\i\( `i oj_\ ndop\^di( kp`_` n`m kp`no\ \ kmp`]\ ^jiq`id`i
o`h`io`*4

:c Y]`_bdQ^dU& `eUc& ^_dQb aeU U\ edY\YdQbYc]_& aeU Uc \Q dU_b~Q aeU

`b_`_^U U\ `bY^SY`Y_ TU \Q edY\YTQT S_]_ \Q ^_b]Q }dYSQ S_bbUSdQ&
3 =`ioc\h( I[X Jg\_\gTe\Taf& `_* mdo*( kk* -3)-4*
4 >U\W(& k* .5-*

:A JI>A>I6G>HBD3 A6 K:GH>{C 9: 7:CI=6B

-02

`lpdk\m\ g\ podgd_\_ _` \gbj ^ji np o`i_`i^d\ \ kmj_p^dm a`gd^d_\_

j kg\^`m* <n kp`n( g\ k\g\]m\ wpodgd_\_x( ^jhj g\ pn\m`hjn \lp( ij
`lpdq\g` \ wkmjq`^cjx( _` h\i`m\ lp` ^p\i_j ^jind_`m`hjn g\
podgd_\_ _` \gbj ij `no\m`hjn ^jind_`m\i_j lp pnj od`i` j ^pi
kmjq`^cjnj `n( ndij np m`g\^di ^ji g\ kmj_p^^di _` a`gd^d_\_*
:_ ce\aV\c\b WX hg\_\WTW
Om\o`hjn _` `skji`m ^g\m\h`io` g\ ijmh\ podgdo\md\* Pi\ kmd
h`m\ \kmjsdh\^di `n g\ ndbpd`io`6
Pi\ \^^di _`]` n`m m`\gdu\_\ nd t ngj nd gg`q\ \g hsdhj `g
kg\^`m _` g\n k\mo`n \a`^o\_\n kjm g\ \^^di*
@no` `ipi^d\_j kp`_`( ndi `h]\mbj( n`m hn km`^dnj nd n` `nk`^d
ad^\ lp `n gj lp` ^p`io\ ^jhj pi\ k\mo` \a`^o\_\* K\m\ hp^cjn
kp`_` k\m`^`m `qd_`io` lp` n` m`ad`m` \ k`mnji\n( k`mj =`ioc\h
n` _dj ^p`io\ _` lp` `g @no\_j j ^jhpid_\_ ^jhj pi oj_j kp`_`
n`m pi\ k\mo` dio`m`n\_\ t \a`^o\_\* C\t( kjm `e`hkgj( ^mh`i`n
^jiom\ `g @no\_j( t \gbpijn e`a`n _` @no\_j c\i dindnod_j `i lp`
gjn dio`m`n`n _`g @no\_j nji _da`m`io`n _` gjn dio`m`n`n _` gjn ^dp
_\_\ijn* ?` h\i`m\ lp` \gbpijn g_`m`n c\i `scjmo\_j \ gjn
^dp_\_\ijn \ n\^mdad^\mn` kjm g\ k\omd\( `noj `n( \ n\^mdad^\m np kmj
kd\ a`gd^d_\_( di^gpnj np qd_\( kjm `g @no\_j* C\ c\]d_j b`io` lp`
\admh\ lp` `g @no\_j ij `n ngj pi di_dqd_pj _dnodioj( ndij lp`
`n pi di_dqd_pj _` h\tjm q\gjm lp` ^p\glpd`m\ ` di^gpnj lp` oj
_jn npn ^dp_\_\ijn* Ndi _p_\ `n dhkjmo\io`( kp`n( k\m\ ip`nomjn
kmjkndojn( nd c`hjn j ij _` ^jio\m \g @no\_j j \ g\ ^jhpid_\_( \g
ajmhpg\m `no\ ijmh\( ^jhj pi di_dqd_pj \a`^o\_j \k\mo`* =`io
c\h n` _dj ^p`io\ _` `noj t \^g\m gj lp` lp`m\ _`^dm ^ji wk\mo`x*
G\ ^jhpid_\_ `n pi VhXecb ad^od^dj ^jhkp`noj kjm g\n k`mnji\n di_d
qd_p\g`n lp` n` ^jind_`m\ lp` ^jinodopt`i( kjm _`^dmgj \n( npn `\X`x
Uebf( >pg `n `ioji^`n `g dio`m n _` g\ ^jhpid_\_; |G\ nph\ _`
gjn dio`m`n`n _` gjn _dq`mnjn hd`h]mjn lp` g\ ^jhkji`i*5

N`bi =`ioc\h( kp`n( ij i`^`ndo\hjn ^jind_`m\m \g @no\_j ^jhj

pi\ k\mo` \a`^o\_\ lp` `no n`k\m\_\( \n lp` kj_`hjn ^\h]d\m
g\ ijmh\ _` o\g hj_j lp` g`\hjn
2

!"

`( Y1(

-1)

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

Pi\ \^^di _`]` n`m m`\gdu\_\ nd t ngj nd gg`q\ \g hsdhj `g

kg\^`m _` \lp`gg\ b`io` lp` `n \a`^o\_\ kjm g\ \^^di*
@no\ ajmhpg\^di ndbp` nd`i_j \h]dbp\( ndi `h]\mbj( kjmlp` kj
_m\ dio`mkm`o\mn` lp` `no\]g`^` lp` pi\ \^^di `n ^jmm`^o\ ngj
nd `g kg\^`m _` ^\_\ k`mnji\ \a`^o\_\ `n gg`q\_j \g hsdhj* @noj
ij ngj ij `n gj lp` =`ioc\h lpdnj _`^dm( ndij lp` `n pi\ ijmh\
lp` hpt m\m\h`io` kj_m\ ^phkgdmn`* @i g\ h\tjm\ _` g\n nd
op\^dji`n ij `n kjnd]g` gg`q\m \g hsdhj g\ a`gd^d_\_ j `g kg\^`m
WX VTWT k`mnji\ diqjgp^m\_\* B`i`m\gh`io` \gbpd`i lp`_\m h`
ijn lp` ^jhkg`o\h`io` n\odna`^cj ^ji gj lp` k\n\* Gj lp` =`io
c\h lpd`m` _`^dm `n lp` g\ \^^di lp` _`]` m`\gdu\mn` `i pi\ nd
op\^di k\mod^pg\m `n \lp`gg\ lp` gg`q\ \g hsdhj g\ nph\ ojo\g
_`g kg\^`m kmj_p^d_j* <n lp`( nd ]d`i `i hp^c\n ndop\^dji`n \g
bpijn _` gjn \a`^o\_jn n`mi dia`gd^`n t `sk`mdh`io\mi _jgjm(
kj_m\hjn om\o\m _` _`n^md]dm g\n \^^dji`n ^jmm`^o\n ^jhj \lp`
gg\n lp` gg`q\i \g hidhj `g ih`mj _` k`mnji\n dia`gd^`n t lp`
`sk`mdh`io\i _jgjm* Ij j]no\io`( di^gpnj `no\ hj_dad^\^di ij
`n ojo\gh`io` ^jmm`^o\ kjmlp` pi\ \^^di lp` j^\ndji\ lp` q\
md\n k`mnji\n o`ib\i pi gdb`mj _jgjm _` ^\]`u\ `n h`ejm lp` pi\
\^^di `i g\ lp`( ]\ej g\n hdnh\n ^dm^pino\i^d\n( ngj pi\ k`m
nji\ npam` pi _jgjm ^\nd diojg`m\]g`* ?` h\i`m\ lp` ij _`]`hjn
^jind_`m\m ndhkg`h`io` ^pio\ b`io` m`^d]` kg\^`m j _jgjm _` g\
\^^di( ndij o\h]d i ^pi dio`inj `n ^\_\ kg\^`m j _jgjm* <n kp`n(
njno`ib\hjn lp` `g kmdi^dkdj ^jind_`m\ `g hjioj ojo\g _` kg\^`m
t _jgjm kmj_p^d_jn( _ji_` `g hjioj `n pi\ api^di `iom` g\ di
o`ind_\_ `sk`mdh`io\_\ kjm k`mnji\ t `g ih`mj _` k`mnji\n
\a`^o\_\n* Kj_`hjn \cjm\ `no\]g`^`m `g kmdi^dkdj _` g\ ndbpd`io`
h\i`m\6
Pi\ \^^di _`]` n`m m`\gdu\_\ nd t ngj nd gg`q\ \g hsdhj `g
hjioj ojo\g _` kg\^`m _` \lp`gg\n k`mnji\n \a`^o\_\n kjm g\
\^^di*
K`mj oj_\q\ ij c`hjn o`mhdi\_j _` m`^odad^\mgj* <pilp` kp`_\
k\m`^`m j]qdj lp` `g m\ubj _` g\ hjm\gd_\_ lp` qdhjn lp` a\go\]\
\g `bjnhj od^j |`n _`^dm( g\ dhk\m^d\gd_\_| `no di^gpd_j `i g\
ajmhpg\^di \io`mdjm _`g kmdi^dkdj podgdo\mdno\( \i lp`_\ gpb\m
k\m\ g\ k\m^d\gd_\_* >hj gg`bp`hjn \g hjioj ojo\g
_`k`i
_`m _` q\mdjn a\^ojm`n( di^gpt`i_j `g lp` g` _`hjn j ij `g hdnh
` e U T U

:A JI>A>I6G>HBD3 A6 K:GH>{C 9: 7:CI=6B

-1*

k`nj \ ^\_\ k`mnji\ \a`^o\_\* @i pi\ nj^d`_\_ `i g\ lp` \gbp

i\n k`mnji\n n`\i ^jind_`m\_\n ^jhj ^dp_\_\ijn _` n`bpi_\(
\gbpd`i lp` podgd^` g\ godh\ q`mndi _` `no` kmdi^dkdj kj_m\ h`
_dm `g kjm^`io\e` ojo\g _` kg\^`m j _jgjm \g lp` ^jiomd]pt` ^\_\
k`mnji\ _` \^p`m_j ^ji np ^ji_d^di ^jhj ^dp_\_\ij c`^cj t
_`m`^cj j ^jhj ^dp_\_\ij _` n`bpi_\* K\m`^` ^g\mj lp` `g kg\
^`m t `g _jgjm _` gjn i`bmjn `i hp^c\n k\mo`n _` @no\_jn Pid_jn
ij n` ojh\i `i ^p`io\ nj]m` g\n hdnh\n ]\n`n lp` gjn kg\^`m`n t
_jgjm`n _` gjn ]g\i^jn* O\h]d i c\t `e`hkgjn `i gjn lp` gjn kg\
^`m`n _` gjn m`t`n ^p`io\i hn lp` gjn _` npn n]_dojn* =`ioc\h(
ndi `h]\mbj( ij lpd`m` pi\ _dqdndi n`h`e\io`( _` h\i`m\ lp`
_`]`hjn `skji`m `g a\^ojm _` g\ dhk\m^d\gd_\_ `skg^do\h`io`*
@noj ijn kmjkjm^dji\m g\ q`mndi adi\g _`g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_6
Pi\ \^^di _`]` n`m m`\gdu\_\ nd t ngj nd gg`q\ \g hsdhj `g
hjioj ojo\g _` gjn kg\^`m`n _` \lp`gg\n k`mnji\n \a`^o\_\n kjm
g\ \^^di( ^jio\i_j \ ^\_\ k`mnji\ ^jhj pi\ t \ idibpi\
k`mnji\ ^jhj hn _` pi\*
Pn\m`hjn `no` `ipi^d\_j `i ip`nom\ `q\gp\^di ^mod^\ _` g\ ijm
h\ _` =`ioc\h( ^pt\n kmp`]\n jam`^d_\n k\m\ \kjt\mg\ k\n\m`
hjn \ `s\hdi\m*
6eZh`Xagbf XaYTibe WX_ ce\aV\c\b WX hg\_\WTW

>jhj gj ijo =`ioc\h( kp`_`i jam`^`mn` _jn odkjn _` kmp`]\n

`i _`a`in\ _` pi\ kmdi^dkdj od^j |\ pi\ g\ gg\h kmp`]\ _d
m`^o\( \ g\ jom\ g\ kj_`hjn gg\h\m kmp`]\ di_dm`^o\* @g kmdh`m
odkj _` kmp`]\ `n pi\ kmp`]\ _`_p^odq\ `i g\ lp` g\ ^ji^gpndi
`n `g kmdi^dkdj hdnhj* <n lp` `no` odkj _` kmp`]\ \mbph`io\ _d
m`^o\h`io` \ a\qjm _`g kmdi^dkdj* @i pi\ kmp`]\ di_dm`^o\ `g kmdi
^dkdj `n \kjt\_j di_dm`^o\h`io` m`apo\i_j j]e`^dji`n `i ^jiom\
_` g t hjnom\i_j lp` c\t j]e`^dji`n \ g\n \go`mi\odq\n jkp`no\n*
@no\ `n g\ h\i`m\ ^jhj \mbph`io\hjn \g `q\gp\m ^mod^\h`io`
g\n _dq`mn\n kjnd^dji`n kmjkp`no\n ^jhj njgp^dji`n \g kmj]g`h\
h`io`)^p`mkj t g\ h\i`m\ ^jhj c`hjn `iaj^\_j g\n _dq`mn\n
o`jm\n od^\n* J]qd\h`io` pi\ kmp`]\ di_dm`^o\ ij kp`_` kmj
kjm^dji\m pi \mbph`ioj o\i mdbpmjnj j ]\n`n o\i ngd_\n( ^jhj
pi\ kmp`]\ _dm`^o\* @hk`^`hjn kjm q`m nd c\t \gbpi\n kmp`]\n
_dm`^o\n _dnkjid]g`n k\m\ `g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_*

-1+

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

EehXUTf W\eXVgTf Xa YTibe WX_ ce\aV\c\b WX hg\_\WTW1

WXe\iTV\ a WX #WXUX# T cTeg\e WX qXfq
=`ioc\h k`in\]\ lp` ij c\]\ kmp`]\n _dm`^o\n k\m\ np kmdi^d
kdj( ykjmlp` gj lp` n` pn\ k\m\ kmj]\m ^p\glpd`m jom\ ^jn\( ij
kp`_` kjm n hdnhj n`m kmj]\_j6 pi\ ^\_`i\ _` kmp`]\n _`]`
o`i`m pi ^jhd`iuj `i \gbi gpb\mz*-, Gj lp` \ =`ioc\h g` dh
kjmo\ \lp `n lp` g `no kmjkjid`i_j `g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_
^jhj g\ ijmh\ Gd^\ ]nd^\ j g_h\* Kjm gj o\ioj( nd ]d`i jomjn
kmdi^dkdjn od^jn kp`_`i _`_p^dmn` _` np kmdi^dkdj( no` ij n` _`
_p^` _` idibi jomj kmdi^dkdj od^j* <pilp` kj_\hjn _`_p^dm
^d`mo\n j]gdb\^dji`n _` ^d`mo\n ijmh\n od^\n t o\g q`u `no\n ijmh\n
_` jom\n( `g kmj^`nj _` _`_p^^di _`]` `hk`u\m kjm pij j hn
kmdi^dkdjn od^jn lp` ij nji _`_p^d]g`n _` jomjn* nojn nji gjn
kmdi^dkdjn ]nd^jn* K\m\ =`ioc\h( ^jhj k\m\ g\ h\tjm\ _` gjn
o`md^jn _` g\ od^\( ngj c\t pi kmdi^dkdj ]nd^j t no` ij kp`_`
_`_p^dmn` _` pi kmdi^dkdj od^j hn ]nd^j*
<\gbpd`i kp`_` j^pmmmn`g` lp` nd ]d`i `g kmdi^dkdj od^j ]nd^j
ij kp`_` _`_p^dmn` _` jomjn kmdi^dkdjn od^jn( `noj ij hp`nom\
lp` `g kmdi^dkdj ]nd^j ij kp`_\ n`m _`_p^d_j _` idibpi\ km`
hdn\ `i \]njgpoj* Kjm ^d`moj( kjm lp `g kmdi^dkdj od^j ]nd^j
ij kp`_` n`m _`_p^d_j _` \gbpi\n km`hdn\n j]e`odq\n \^`m^\ _`
^hj nji g\n ^jn\n; N` c\ om\o\_j _` c\^`m `noj* G\ b`io` c\ om\
o\_j _` _`_p^dm g\n j]gdb\^dji`n hjm\g`n \ k\modm _` g\ i\opm\g`u\
_` gjn n`m`n cph\ijn( _` gjn c`^cjn _` g\ `qjgp^di( j _` c`^cjn
\^`m^\ _` g\n nj^d`_\_`n( ^pgopm\n t ^g\n`n `^jihd^\n* @i ^\_\
^\nj( g\ b`io` c\ om\o\_j _` _`_p^dm pi `ipi^d\_j ijmh\odqj _`g
_`]`m( \ k\modm _` pi `ipi^d\_j a^od^j _`g n`m*
DU]XV\ a WX =h`X1 a\aZa #WXUX# fX WXWhVX WX #Xf#
Pij _` gjn kmdh`mjn `i \mmje\m g\ njnk`^c\ nj]m` g\ _`_p^^di
_` w_`]`x \ k\modm _` w`nx ap` ?\qd_ Cph`( lpd`i _dej6
@i oj_j ndno`h\ hjm\g _` lp` c\t\ o`id_j ijod^d\( c\no\ \cjm\( c`
kj_d_j nd`hkm` j]n`mq\m lp` `g \pojm ndbp` _pm\io` ^d`moj od`hkj
`g hj_j _` m\uji\m `no\]g`^d`i_j g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` ?djn j m`\gdu\i_j
j]n`mq\^dji`n nj]m` gjn lp`c\^`m`n cph\ijn( t( _` kmjioj( h` `i
^p`iomj ^ji g\ njmkm`n\ _` lp`( `i q`u _` g\n ^kpg\n c\]dop\g`n _`
-, >U\W(& `( *2(

:A JI>A>I6G>HBD3>6 K:GH>{C 9: 7;(CI=6B

-1,

g\n kmjkjnd^dji`n6 Xf l ab Xf& ij q`j idibpi\ kmjkjnd^di lp` ij

`no ^ji`^o\_\ ^ji pi WXUX j pi ij WXUX( @no` ^\h]dj `n dhk`m^`kod
]g`( k`mj m`npgo\( ndi `h]\mbj( _` g\ h\tjm dhkjmo\i^d\* @i `a`^oj(
`i ^p\ioj lp` `no` WXUX b ab WXUX `skm`n\ \gbpi\ ip`q\ m`g\^di j
\admh\^di( `n i`^`n\mdj lp` no\ n`\ j]n`mq\_\ t `skgd^\_\ t lp` \g
hdnhj od`hkj n` _ m\ui _` \gbj lp` k\m`^` \]njgpo\h`io` di^ji
^`]d]g`( \ n\]`m6 ^hj `n kjnd]g` lp` `no\ ip`q\ m`g\^di n` _`_pu^\
_` jom\n ojo\gh`io` _da`m`io`n*

Cph` c\^` \lp g\ j]n`mq\^di gbd^\ _` lp` idibi `ipi^d\_j

_`g _`]`m( `noj `n( \lp`g lp` f _b c\^` pi\ \admh\^di nj]m` `g
_`]`m t kjm gj o\ioj ij pi\ \admh\^di a^od^\( n` _`_p^` gbd
^\h`io` _` pi `ipi^d\_j a^od^j _`g n`m( `noj `n( \lp`g lp` f _b
c\^` pi\ \admh\^di a^od^\ t kjm gj o\ioj ij pi\ \admh\^di nj]m`
`g _`]`m* K\m\ q`m \lp g\ d_`\ _` Cph`( ^jind_ m`in` _jn kmj
kjnd^dji`n ^p\g`nlpd`m\( K t eY *^ dh\bi`n` lp` F `n _`_p^d]g`
gbd^\h`io` _` E( Nd gj `n( `ioji^`n n` _`_p^dm pi\ \poj^jiom\)
_d^^di `skg^do\ _` g\ ^jiepi^di _` E t ab ${( Kjm `e`hkgj( n`\ E
9 w`no ggjqd`i_j t `no ip]g\_jx t n`\ F 4 w`no ggjqd`i_jx* ?`]`
n`m j]qdj lp` E dhkgd^\ F j( _d^cj _` jom\ h\i`m\( lp` ${ `n _`
_p^d]g` _` E( ?`nkp n _` oj_j( E `n pi\ ^jiepi^di t F `n pij
_` gjn ^jiepi^ojn* <cjm\ ^jind_ m`n` g\ ^jiepi^di E l ab F( @i
k\g\]m\n n`m\6
@no ggjqd`i_j t `no ip]g\_j t ij `no ggjqd`i_j*
?`]` `no\m ^g\mj lp` _` `no\ kmjkjnd^di kj_`hjn _`_p^dm g\ \p)
oj^jiom\_d^^di `skg^do\(
@no ggjqd`i_j t ij `no ggjqd`i_j(
t\ lp`( pi\ q`u hn( g\n kmjkjnd^dji`n ^jiepiodq\n di^gpt`i `g
^jiepioj m`g`q\io`* @noj dgpnom\ g\ d_`\ ^g\q` _` lp` nd F `n _`
_p^d]g` _` E& `ioji^`n n` _`_p^` pi\ \poj^jiom\_d^^di _` g\
^jiepi^di _` E l ab F(
Kj_`hjn `io`i_`m `g kpioj _` qdno\ _` Cph` podgdu\i_j `no\
d_`\ ^g\q` t m\uji\i_j m`omjnk`^odq\h`io`( kjm \n _`^dmgj* Np
kib\n` lp` o`i`hjn pi\ \admh\^di kpm\h`io` a^od^\ ndi pi
-- ?* C ph `(+D IeXT_hX bY =h`Ta CTgheX& G* <* N`g]t)=dbb` $`_*%( Jsajm_ Pid
q`mndot Km`nn( Ip`q\ Tjmf( -52,( k* 025* Om\_p^^di `nk\jg\ _` A gds ?plp`(
@_dojm\ I\^dji\g( H\_md_( -533( kk* 245)5,*

-1-

:A EGD7A:B6 9:?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

w_`]`x o\g ^jhj g\ kmjkjnd^di 6& lp` `n w< tp_\m \ gjn _`hn `n
gg`q\m \g hsdhj g\ a`gd^d_\_x t pi\ \admh\^di ijmh\odq\ nj]m`
`g _`]`m( ab 7& lp` `n wIj _`]`hjn \tp_\m \ gjn _`hnx* Gj kmd
h`mj lp` c\t lp` ijo\m `nlp`g\ ^jiepi^di WX 6 t ab 7 ij pi\
\poj^jiom\_d^^di* Kjm jom\ k\mo`( idibpi\ \poj^jiom\_d^^di n`
kp`_` _`_p^dm _` g\ ^jiepi^di WX 6 t ab 7 ojh\_\ `i n hdnh\*
?` o\g hj_j lp` $\lp `n _ji_` `iom\ `g m\uji\hd`ioj m`omjnk`^
odqj% _\_j gj lp` gg\h\hjn g\ wd_`\ ^g\q`x( kj_`hjn dia`mdm lp` 7
ij n` _`_p^` WX 6( T( _dm\ Cph`( gj lp` \lp q\g` k\m\ g\n kmj
kjnd^dji`n 6 t 7 q\g` `i b`i`m\g( `noj `n( k\m\ ^p\glpd`m k\m _`
kmjkjnd^dji`n `i `g lp` pi\ _` `gg\n n`\ pi\ \admh\^di kpm\
h`io` a^od^\ t g\ jom\ kpm\h`io` ijmh\odq\( `n _`^dm( pi\ \adm
h\^di nj]m` `g _`]`m* Idibpi\ \admh\^di nj]m` `g _`]`m kp`_`
_`_p^dmn` _` pi\ \admh\^di kpm\h`io` a^od^\* ?` \c lp` ij
kj_\hjn _`_p^dm lp` pi\ \^^di _`]\ n`m m`\gdu\_\ \ k\modm _`
g\ km`hdn\ _` lp` gg`q\ \g hsdhj g\ a`gd^d_\_ b`i`m\g j `g hjioj
ojo\g _` kg\^`m*
<i ij c`hjn gg`b\_j \ pi\ ^ji^gpndi \^`m^\ _`g kmdi^dkdj
_` podgd_\_ j _` \gbpi\ jom\ ijmh\ ^\( kjmlp` _d^c\n ijmh\n
b`i`m\gh`io` di^gpt`i o\ioj \admh\^dji`n nj]m` `g _`]`m ^jhj
\admh\^dji`n nj]m` `g n`m $\admh\^dji`n a^od^\n%* Ndi `h]\mbj( kj
_`hjn pn\m g\ ^ji^gpndi _` Cph` k\m\ n\^\m jom\ \^`m^\ _` g\n
ijmh\n od^\n* Npkjib\hjn lp` 9 `n pi `ipi^d\_j nj]m` `g _`
]`m( lp` D `n pi `ipi^d\_j a^od^j lp` ^jino\ _` pi\ ^jiepi^di
_` `ipi^d\_jn q`m_\_`mjn nj]m` `g n`m lp` ^jiod`i`i \admh\^dj
i`n a^od^\n( t lp` C `n pi\ ijmh\ od^\ o\g lp` 9 j \gbi jomj
`ipi^d\_j nj]m` `g _`]`m n` _`_p^` _` C & _`k`i_d`i_j _` lp
`ipi^d\_jn a^od^jn `no i ^jiepio\_jn ^ji C ( ?` h\i`m\ lp` nd C
ap`m\ `g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_ t D di^gpt`m\ `g `ipi^d\_j ) P& p6 `n
pi\ \^^di lp` gg`q\ \g hsdhj `g hjioj ojo\g _`g kg\^`mx( `ioji
^`n kj_m\hjn _`_p^dm 9& `noj `n( p6 _`]` n`m m`\gdu\_\x* <cjm\
c`hjn qdnoj lp` idibi `ipi^d\_j nj]m` `g n\]`m `n _`_p^d]g`
_` idibi `ipi^d\_j kpm\h`io` a^od^j* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( 9 ij
kp`_` _`_p^dmn` ngj _` D& k`mj( kj_`hjn npkji`m( 9 kp`_` _`
_p^dmn` _` C t D( ?` `ggj kj_`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` C & g\ ^p\g q\g`
k\m\ ^p\glpd`m ijmh\ od^\( ij kp`_` _`_p^dmn` ngj _` )& `n _`
^dm( _` g\ ^jiepi^di _` oj_jn gjn `ipi^d\_jn a^od^jn q`m_\_`mjn*

:A JI>A>I6G>HBD3 A6 K:GH>{C 9: 7:CI=6B

-1.

<n kp`n( idibpi\ ijmh\ od^\ kp`_` _`_p^dmn` _` idibpi\ t id

ndlpd`m\ _` oj_\n g\n km`hdn\n a^od^\n q`m_\_`m\n*-.
<lp `g m\uji\hd`ioj `n pi o\ioj diomdi^\_j* Ndi `h]\mbj(
`eUTU n`m ndhkgdad^\_j _` g\ ndbpd`io` h\i`m\6 npkib\n` lp`
YY `n pi\ ijmh\ od^\ ^jhj `g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_( lp` J `n g\
^jiepi^di _` oj_\n g\n \admh\^dji`n a^od^\n q`m_\_`m\n( t lp`
9 `n pi\ \admh\^di \^`m^\ _`g _`]`m* Npkjid`i_j lp` D di^gpt\
)P ^jhj pi ^jiepi^oj( o`i`hjn
-* 9 kp`_` _`_p^dmn` _` g\ ^jiepi^di WX C l )(
<cjm\ t\ n\]`hjn( kjm pi \mbph`ioj `skp`noj \io`n `i g\n k
bdi\n 04/)040 lp` idibpi\ \admh\^di kpm\h`io` a^od^\ om\^
^jindbj pi\ \admh\^di kpm\h`io` ijmh\odq\* <n lp` kj_`hjn
_`^dm6
.* Ij `n `g ^\nj lp` 9 kp`_\ _`_p^dmn` _` D( $Dbp\gh`io`6 ij
`n `g ^\nj lp` D dhkgdlp` 9(%
?` $-% t $.% lp`m`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp`
/* Ij `n `g ^\nj lp` C $pi\ ijmh\ od^\% kp`_\ _`_p^dmn` _` D
$`g ^jiepioj _` oj_\n g\n \admh\^dji`n a^od^\n q`m_\_`m\n%*
K\m\ q`m ^hj n` kp`_` n\^\m `no\ ^ji^gpndi \ k\modm _` $-% t $.%(
kj_`hjn pn\m pi\ kmp`]\ di_dm`^o\ j \mbph`ioj* @noj `n( kj_`
hjn `hk`u\m npkjid`i_j `s\^o\h`io` gj bchXfgb \ $/%( \ n\]`m6
0* C kp`_` _`_p^dmn` _` D(
<cjm\ kj_`hjn \_hdodm ndi _p_\ lp`
1* D kp`_` _`_p^dmn` _` D(
K`mj( nd C kp`_` _`_p^dmn` _` J( t J kp`_` \ndhdnhj _`_p^dmn`
_` J( `ioji^`n o\h]d i kp`_` _`_p^dmn` np ^jiepi^di* @n _`^dm
lp` _` $0% t $1% j]o`i`hjn
2* G\ ^jiepi^di _` C l D kp`_` _`_p^dmn` _` D(
Io`n`( ndi `h]\mbj( lp` ^p\i_j n` ojh\i epiojn $2% t $-%( j]o`
i`hjn _dm`^o\h`io`
3) 9 kp`_` _`_p^dmn` _` D(
K\m\ pi\ _dn^pndi nj]m` g\ _`_p_]dgd_\_ q \n` `g >\kopgj -( kk* 00)01*

-1/

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

@g k\nj _` $-% t $2% ij `n ndij pi odkj _` ndgjbdnhj cdkjo od^j6 nd

g\ ^jiepi^di _` C t D kp`_` _`_p^dmn` _` D V9$2%X( t 9 kp`_`
_`_p^dmn` _` g\ ^jiepi^di _` C t D V9$-%X( `ioji^`n 9 kp`_`
_`_p^dmn` _` D V9$3%X*
@g `ipi^d\_j $3%( ndi `h]\mbj( `n `s\^o\h`io` gj jkp`noj \
$.%* @nojn _jn `ipi^d\_jn ojh\_jn epiojn `lpdq\g`i \ pi\ ^ji
om\_d^^di( `noj `n( \g m`npgo\_j _` lp` 9 kp`_` t ij kp`_` _`
_p^dmn` _` D( ?`mdq\hjn `no\ ^jiom\_d^^di diomj_p^d`i_j $0%(
g\ ^p\g( c`hjn _` m`^jm_\m( `n `s\^o\h`io` gj jkp`noj \ $/%* ?`
h\i`m\ lp` kj_`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` $0% `n \lp( kjm _`^dmgj \n( `g
^pgk\]g` gbd^j* ?` g\n km`hdn\n $-%( $.% t $0% `i^jiom\hjn lp`
kj_`hjn _`_p^dm pi\ \poj^jiom\_d^^di* <n kp`n( pn\i_j `s\^
o\h`io` `g hdnhj m\uji\hd`ioj lp` pn\hjn \io`mdjmh`io` k\m\
_dn^podm w`nx t w_`]`x( kj_`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` $/% kp`_` _`_p^dmn`
_` g\ ^jiepi^di _` $-% t $.%*
DgeT bU]XV\ a1 _T YT_TV\T aTgheT_\fgT $WX _T WXY\a\V\ a%

C`hjn qdnoj lp` idibpi\ ijmh\ od^\ godh\ kp`_` _`_p^dmn`

_` idibpi\ jom\ ijmh\ od^\ t lp` idibpi\ ijmh\ od^\ kp`_`
_`_p^dmn` _` km`hdn\n kpm\h`io` a^od^\n* K\m`^`m\( kp`n( lp`
kj_m\hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` ij c\t kmp`]\ _dm`^o\ kjnd]g` k\m\ pi\
ijmh\ od^\ godh\* Ndi `h]\mbj( _d^c\ ^ji^gpndi n`m\ km`h\
opm\* Nd ]d`i idibi `ipi^d\_j \^`m^\ _`g _`]`m t idibpi\ ijm
h\ od^\ kp`_` _`_p^dmn` _` pi ^jiepioj _` km`hdn\n lp` n`\i
`i np ojo\gd_\_ `ipi^d\_jn a^od^jn \^`m^\ _`g n`m( kj_m\ ij j]n
o\io` n`m q`m_\_ lp` \bm`b\i_j njg\h`io` ^d`mo\n km`hdn\n \i\
god^\n kp_d m\hjn _`_p^dm \gbpijn `ipi^d\_jn \^`m^\ _`g _`]`m
j \gbpi\ ijmh\ od^\* Nd `noj kp`_` c\^`mn`( `ioji^`n( kp`noj
lp` g\ km`hdn\ \_d^dji\g `n gbd^\h`io` i`^`n\md\( kj_`hjn ^ji
^gpdm lp` `n gbd^\h`io` i`^`n\mdj lp` nd g\n km`hdn\n j]e`odq\n
nji q`m_\_`m\n( `ioji^`n o\h]d i gj `n g\ ^ji^gpndi \^`m^\ _`g
_`]`m* @noj `n( g\ km`hdn\ j]e`odq\ dhkgd^\m\ g\ ^ji^gpndi \^`m^\
_`g _`]`m( t( _`nkp n _` oj_j( w_`]`x kj_m\ _`mdq\mn` _` w`nx*-1
K\m\ q`m ^hj kp`_` \kgd^\mn` gj \io`mdjm \ w_`]`x t w`nx( ^ji
nd_`m`hjn `g ndbpd`io` \dbp h`io6
gn K\m\ pi\ _dn^pndi \^`m^\ _` g\ \i\gdod^d_\_ t g\ dhkgd^\^di( q \n` `g >\
kdopgj -( kk* / d|01*

:A JI>A>I6G>HBD3 A6 K:GH>{C 9: 7:CI=6B

-10

-* \ `n pi\ \^^di lp` gg`q\ \g hsdhj `g hjioj ojo\g _` a`gd^d

_\_*
Ebe _b gTagb
.* T _`]` n`m m`\gdu\_\*
@no` \mbph`ioj ^ji pi\ km`hdn\ j]e`odq\ \^`m^\ _`g n`m t pi\
^ji^gpndi \^`m^\ _`g _`]`m `n diqgd_j* K`mj nd \\_dhjn ^jhj
km`hdn\6
/* Oj_j \lp`ggj lp` gg`q` \g hsdhj `g hjioj ojo\g _` a`gd^d_\_
`n gj lp` _`]` n`m m`\gdu\_j(
`ioji^`n `g \mbph`ioj `n qgd_j* Tnd $/% `n pi `ipi^d\_j \i\god^j
t kjm gj o\ioj i`^`n\md\h`io` q`m_\_`mj( `ioji^`n kj_`hjn ^ji
^gpdm lp` $-% dhkgd^\ $.%* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( \gbpd`i kj_m\ jam`^`m
`g \mbph`ioj \io`mdjm k\m\ hjnom\m ^hj `n lp` w_`]`x kp`_`
_`mdq\mn` _` w`nx* @noj( _`n_` gp`bj( c\^` npdbdm g\ km`bpio\ _`
nd $/% `n \i\god^\( `n _`^dm( pi `ipi^d\_j ^pt\ q`m_\_ kp`_` `n
o\]g`^`mn` \k`g\i_j njg\h`io` \ g\ gbd^\ t \g ndbidad^\_j _` gjn
o mhdijn* <gbpi\n k`mnji\n k\m`^`i c\]`m k`in\_j lp` \n `n( t
`no\ jkdidi c\ nd_j \omd]pd_\ \ =`ioc\h \ k`n\m _` lp` kd`in`
lp` `g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_ i`^`ndo\ pi\ kmp`]\ di_dm`^o\* ?`]`
hjn( kjm gj o\ioj( `s\hdi\m g\ \admh\^di _` lp` $/% `n \i\god^\(
kjmlp` nd gj `n( `ioji^`n ij o`i`hjn lp` n`bpdm \_`g\io` `i ip`n
om\ ]nlp`_\ _` pi\ ijmh\ od^\ epnodad^\]g`*
<gbpijn kj_m\i \mbph`io\m lp` $/% `n \i\god^\ nj]m` g\ ]\n`
_` lp`( `i kmdh`m gpb\m( `n \i\god^j lp` gj lp` _`]` m`\gdu\mn` `n
gj lp` gg`q\ \g hsdhj gj lp` `n ]p`ij( t `i n`bpi_j gpb\m( _`
lp` g\ a`gd^d_\_ b`i`m\g `n( kjm _`adid^di( gj lp` `n ]p`ij* @no\
`n g\ h\i`m\ ^hj B* @* Hjjm` dio`mkm`o\ \ =`ioc\h ^p\i_j
\admh\ lp` =`ioc\h( ^jhj hp^cjn jomjn( ^jh`o` gj lp` Hjjm`
gg\h\ g\ ya\g\^d\ i\opm\gdno\z*-0 N`bi Hjjm` `no\ a\g\^d\ `n ^jh`
od_\ kjm ^p\glpd`m\ lp` _`adi\ pi o mhdij od^j ^jhj w]p`ijx(
w^jmm`^ojx j wdi^jmm`^ojx h`_d\io` o mhdijn kpm\h`io` a^od^jn j
_`n^mdkodqjn( t lp` kjm gj o\ioj ij od`i`i pi\ ap`mu\ `q\gp\_jm\*
?` h\i`m\ lp` n` ^jh`o` g\ a\g\^d\ i\opm\gdno\ ^p\i_j \gbpd`i
_`adi` o mhdijn od^jn o\g`n ^jhj w]p`ijx pn\i_j ngj o mhdijn
`hkmd^jn o\g`n ^jhj wkg\^`mx( wa`gd^d_\_x( w_`n`jx j wdio`m nx* Ndi
-- Q \n` B* @* Hjjm`( Ee\aV\c\T :g[\VT& >\h]md_b` Pidq`mndot Km`nn( Ip`q\
T mf( -52,( kk* 1).-*

-11

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

`h]\mbj( g\ a\g\^d\ ij `no gdhdo\_\ \ `n\n _`adid^dji`n lp` ^ji

od`i`i njg\h`io` o mhdijn i\opm\gdno\n( `n _`^dm( `hkmd^jn* N` c\
n`\g\_j lp` `no\ a\g\^d\ kj_m\ gg\h\mn` h`ejm a\g\^d\ _` g\ _`
adid^di kjmlp`( ^jhj _d^` `g kmjkdj Hjjm`( n` ^jh`o` oj_\ q`u
lp` \gbpd`i _`adi` pi o mhdij `q\gp\_jm o\g ^jhj w]p`ijx h`
_d\io` pi o mh dij ij `q\gp\_jm*-1 ?` hj_j lp` ij ngj g\n _`
adid^dji`n i\opm\gdno\n j `hkmd^\n( ndij o\h]d i g\n _`adid^dji`n
h`o\and^\n t m`gdbdjn\n( dhkgd^\m\i g\ a\g\^d\* <n lp` nd Hjjm`
`no `i gj ^jmm`^oj( \g _`adidm w]p`ijx ^jhj wgj lp` ?djn lpd`m`x(
^jh`o` g\ hdnh\ a\g\^d\ lp` nd gj _`adi` ^jhj wkg\^`mx*
<cjm\ _`]`hjn km`bpio\mijn kjm lp kd`in\ Hjjm` lp` ^p\g
lpd`m\ _` _d^c\n _`adid^dji`n `n a\g\u* Np kmdh `m\ m\ui `n lp`
^p\glpd`m\ _` _d^c\n _`adid^dji`n c\m\ _` hp^c\n km`bpio\n
\]d`mo\n j _dn^pod]g`n( km`bpio\n ^`mm\_\n t omdqd\g`n* Kjm `e`h
kgj( nd \gbpd`i _`adid`m\ wgj lp` `n ]p`ijx ^jhj wkg\^`mx( `ioji
^`n g\ km`bpio\ \k\m`io`h `io` _dn^pod]g` w @n nd`hkm` ]p`ij `g
kg\^`m;x n` ^jiqd`mo` `i i\_\ hn lp` g\ omdqd\g km`bpio\ w @n
kg\^`m `g kg\^`m;x Ndi _p_\ q\g` g\ k`i\ _dn^podm nd `g kg\^`m `n
nd`hkm` ]p`ij( k`mj i\_d` `hkg`\m\ np od`hkj `i _dn^podm nd `g
kg\^`m `n kg\^`m* Jom\ h\i`m\ _` q`m `noj `n _i_jn` ^p`io\ _`
lp` hp^cjn `ipi^d\_jn lp` pn\hjn k\m\ m`^jh`i_\m j ^ji_`
i\m lp` \gbpd`i c\b\ \gbj n` ^jiq`modm\i `i ndhkg`n jm\^dji`n
omdqd\gh`io` q`m_\_`m\n t k`m_`m\i np ap`mu\ `q\gp\_jm\* Kjm
`e`hkgj( nd g` _dbj \ \gbpd`i lp` _`]` ajh`io\m g\ a`gd^d_\_ b`
i`m\g kjmlp` ajh`io\m g\ a`gd^d_\_ b`i`m\g `n ajh`io\m gj lp`
`n ]p`ij( lpd`mj \kjt\m ^d`moj odkj _` \^^di \kmj]i_jg\* K`mj
nd wgj lp` `n ]p`ijx ndbidad^\ wg\ a`gd^d_\_ b`i`m\gx `ioji^`n oj_j
gj lp` c` _d^cj `n lp` n` _`]` ajh`io\m g\ a`gd^d_\_ b`i`m\g kjm
lp` ajh`io\m g\ a`gd^d_\_ b`i`m\g `n ajh`io\m g\ a`gd^d_\_ b`i`m\g*
@no\ godh\ \admh\^di ij ngj `n \]npm_\( ndij lp` `n ^g\mj lp`
ij `n pi ^\nj _` \kjtj \ \gbj h`_d\io` np \kmj]\^di*-2 Kj_m\
c\]`m _d^cj njg\h`io`( ykjmlp` h\o\m `n h\o\mz j yajh`io\m g\
hdn`md\ `n ajh`io\m g\ hdn`md\z* K`mj g\ \admh\^di jmdbdi\g ij `n
\]npm_\* Kjm gj o\ioj g\ godh\ ij `n pi\ om\_p^^di \_`^p\_\
-1 Q \n` R* Am\if`i\( yOc` I\opm\gdnod^ A\gg\^tz( `i R* N`gg\m\ tE* Cjnk`mn
$`_n*%( GXTW\aZf \a :g[\VT_ I[Xbel& .\ `_*( <kkg`oji)>`iopmt)>mjaon( Ip`q\ Tjmf(
-53,( kk* 10)2.*
-2 K\m\ pi\ _dn^pndi hn _`o\gg\_\ \^`m^\ _` ^hj g\ a\g\^d\ i\opm\gdno\ gg`q\
\ lp` g\ k\g\]m\ #]p`ijx kd`m_\ np api^di _` \kmj]\^di( q \n` M* H* C\m ( I[X
ATaZhTZX bY Bbe~\f( Jsajm_ Pidq`mndot Km`nn( Ip`q\ Tjmf( -51.( >\kopgj 1*

:A JI>A>I6G>HBD3 A6 K:GH>{C 9: 7:CI=6B

-12

_` g\ \admh\^di jmdbdi\g( t ^p\glpd`m jom\ om\_p^^di lp` _`e`

ap`m\ `g `g`h`ioj `q\gp\_jm t kjm gj o\ioj hjm\g( o\h]d i n`m
di\_`^p\_\*
G\n ^jin`^p`i^d\n _` `no\ a\g\^d\ nji dhkjmo\io`n* Kj_`hjn
\cjm\ _`^g\m\m lp` idibpi\ \admh\^di od^\ kp`_` _`mdq\mn` _`
km`hdn\n a^od^\n( kjmlp` idibpi\ `no dhkgd^\_\ `i pi `ipi
^d\_j a^od^j* >p\glpd`m `ipi^d\_j n`h`e\io` dhkgd^\m\ pi\ a\
g\^d\ i\opm\gdno\ j _` g\ _`adid^di* Kjm gj o\ioj( o\h]d i kj_`hjn
^ji^gpdm lp` idibpi\ ijmh\ od^\ `no dhkgd^\_\ `i pi `ipi
^d\_j a^od^j* ?` `no\ h\i`m\ c`hjn `no\]g`^d_j gj lp` n` c\ gg\
h\_j g\ Thgbab` T _` g\ od^\* @n _`^dm lp`( idibi `ipi^d\_j
od^j kp`_` _`mdq\mn` _` idibi `ipi^d\_j lp` ij n`\ od^j( _`
h\i`m\ lp` idibi c\gg\ubj ^d`ioad^j dhkgd^\ pi kmdi^dkdj `od^j(
idibpi\ \admh\^di h`o\and^\ dhkgd^\ pi kmdi^dkdj _^j( t idi
bpi\ \admh\^di m`gdbdjn\ $lp` ij n`\ od^\% dhkgd^\ pi kmdi^dkdj
od^j* Ij kj_`hjn( kp`n( o`i`m g\ `nk`m\iu\ _` `i^jiom\m pi\
kmp`]\ _dm`^o\ _`g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_ j _` ^p\glpd`m jomj kmdi
^dkdj od^j `i g\ ^p\g `g kmdi^dkdj _`]\ _`_p^dmn` _` km`hdn\n lp`
ij n`\i od^\n* T kp`noj lp` c`hjn qdnoj lp` idibi kmdi^dkdj
od^j godhj kp`_` _`_p^dmn` _` km`hdn\n od^\n( kj_`hjn ^ji
^gpdm lp` =`ioc\h `no\]\ `i gj ^jmm`^oj6 ij `sdno` kmp`]\ _dm`^o\
_`g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_ id _` idibi jomj kmdi^dkdj od^j godhj*
AT cehXUT \aW\eXVgT WX 7Xag[T` WX_ ce\aV\c\b WX hg\_\WTW
=`ioc\h podgdu\ ngj `g odkj _` kmp`]\ di_dm`^o\ lp` c`hjn pn\_j
\ gj g\mbj _`g ^\kopgj* @i kmdh`m gpb\m( \admh\(
?`]d_j \ g\ ^jinodop^di i\opm\g _` g\ `nomp^opm\ cph\i\( `i g\ h\
tjm\ _` g\n j^\ndji`n _` np qd_\( `i b`i`m\g gjn cjh]m`n \]m\u\i
`no` kmdi^dkdj( ndi k`in\m `i g7 nd ij k\m\ jm_`i\m npn kmjkd\n \^
^dji`n( n k\m\ om\o\m _` jm_`i\mg\n( \n ^jhj g\n _` gjn _`hn cjh
]m`n*-3

@n _`^dm lp`( n`bi =`ioc\h( `g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_ km`n^md]`

\^^dji`n lp` _` pi\ h\i`m\ \^mod^\ gjn n`m`n cph\ijn ^m``i lp`
nji ^jmm`^o\n* @i n`bpi_j gpb\m( oj_jn gjn kmdi^dkdjn lp` _dad`m`i
`i ^p\ioj \ gj lp` km`n^md]`i _`g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_ n` `iam`i
o\i \ j]e`^dji`n npad^d`io`n k\m\ m`^c\u\mgjn* < k\modm _` `no\n _jn
-3 =`ioc\h( I[X Jg\_\_Te\Taf& kk* -5).,*

-2)

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

km`hdn\n =`ioc\h ^ji^gpt` lp` ndi _p_\ n` epnodad^\ lp` \^`ko`

hjn `g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_ ^jhj g\ ijmh\ od^\ ^jmm`^o\*
Nd ]d`i `i b`i`m\g =`ioc\h _`e\ lp` `g g`^ojm diq`nodbp` nd
np kmdi^dkdj `no _` \^p`m_j ^ji ip`nom\n ^m``i^d\n od^\n jm_d
i\md\n( n kmjkjm^dji\ m\uji`n k\m\ m`^c\u\m oj_jn gjn kmdi^dkdjn
lp` n` g` jkji`i* ?d^` lp` ^p\glpd`m kmdi^dkdj _da`m`io` _`g nptj
`n j ]d`i ^jhkg`o\h`io` jkp`noj \ no`( j ]d`i j^\ndji\gh`io`
jkp`noj* <g kmdh`m kmdi^dkdj lp` n` g` jkji` gj gg\h\ ce\aV\c\b
WX_ TfVXg\f`b& `g ^p\g( _d^` =`ioc\h( y\g dbp\g lp` `g kmdi^dkdj _`
podgd_\_( \kmp`]\ j _`n\kmp`]\ ^p\glpd`m \^^di _` \^p`m_j ^ji
g\ o`i_`i^d\ lp` k\m`u^\ \ph `io\m j _dnhdipdm g\ a`gd^d_\_ _`
g\ k\mo` ^ptjn dio`m`n`n `no i `i ^p`nodi7 k`mj _` pi hj_j di
q`mnj6 g\ \kmj]\^di _` \^^dji`n `i g\ h`_d_\ `i lp` od`i_\i \
_dnhdipdm np a`gd^d_\_( t np _`n\kmj]\^di `i g\ h`_d_\ `i lp`
od`i_\i \ \ph`io\mg\z*-4>jhj gj n`\g\ =`ioc\h( nd _d^cj kmdi
^dkdj ap`m\ n`bpd_j ^ji ^jindno`i^d\( g\ od`mm\ n` ^jiq`modm\ `i pi
diad`mij qdqd`io` `i hpt kj^j od`hkj* K`mj `g kmdi^dk\g \o\lp` _`
=`ioc\h ^jindno` `i n`\g\m lp` gjn cph\ijn nji di^\k\^`n _`
n`bpdm `no` kmdi^dkdj ^ji ^jindno`i^d\* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( kp`noj
lp`( ^jhj t\ c`hjn qdnoj( w_`]`x dhkgd^\ wkp`_`x( kj_`hjn ^ji
^gpdm lp` `n a\gnj lp` oj_jn _`]\i n`bpdm _d^cj kmdi^dkdj* Kj_`
hjn `no\m _` \^p`m_j ^ji =`ioc\h `i lp` _`]`hjn m`^c\u\m `no`
kmdi^dkdj*
=`ioc\h \bmpk\ oj_jn gjn kmdi^:kdjn _`g n`bpi_j odkj lp` n`
jkji`i \g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_ |odkj lp` ngj `i \gbpi\n ndop\
^dji`n n` jkji` \ gj lp` `g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_ km`n^md]`| ]\ej
q\md\n q`mndji`n _` gj lp` g gg\h\ ce\aV\c\b WX _T f\`cTg T l _T Tag\x
cTg T( >ji `ggj lpd`m` _`^dm
\lp`g kmdi^dkdj lp` \kmp`]\ j _`n\kmp`]\ ^d`mo\n \^^dji`n( ij `i
g\ h`_d_\ `i lp` od`i_`i \ \ph `io\m g\ a`gd^d_\_( o\hkj^j `i g\
h`_d_\ `i lp` od`i_`i \ _dnhdipdm g\ a`gd^d_\_ _` g\ k\mo` ^ptjn
dio`m`n`n `noi `i ^p`nd_i( ndij ndhkg`h`io` kjmlp` pi cjh]m`
n` `i^p`iom\ \ n hdnhj _dnkp`noj \ \kmj]\mg\n j _`n\kmj]\mg\n(
njno`id`i_j `n\ \kmj]\^di j _`n\kmj]\^di ^jhj pi\ m\ui npad
^d`io` kjm n hdnh\( t m`ipi^d\i_j \ g\ i`^`nd_\_ _` ]pn^\m pi\
]\n` `somin`^\*-5
-4 >U\W(& k* .-*
-5 _U\W(& k* .4*

:A JI>A>I6G>HBD3 A6 K:GH>{C 9: 7:CI=6B

-2*

9YSX_c kmdi^dkdjn( ^jhj gj n`\g\ =`ioc\h( ij \k`g\i \ ^p\glpd`m

^_b]Q lp` n`\ di_`k`i_d`io` _` gjn n`iodhd`iojn t jkdidji`n _`
\lp`ggjn lp` kmjkji`i gjn kmdi^dkdjn* G\ \k`g\^di `n( `i oj_j
SQc_& Q gj lp` \gbpijn \kmp`]\i j _`n\kmp`]\i* Ndi _p_\( idi
We^Q ^_b]Q od^\ epnodad^\]g` kp`_` _`mdq\mn` _` `no\ h\i`m\* Nd
7U^dXQ] `no \lp `i gj ^jmm`^oj( _`]`m\hjn ij ngj m`^c\u\m
U\ kmdi^dkdj lp` n` jkji` ojo\gh`io` \g nptj( ndij oj_jn \lp`
\\_c lp` n` jkji`i j^\ndji\gh`io`* Ngj lp`_\m\ `g kmdi^dkdj _`
7U^dXQ](
DU]XV\ a T _T cehXUT WX 7Xag[T`1 ab eXYhgT
gbWTf _Tf bc\a\baXf dhX fX _X bcbaXa
C\t _jn kpiojn `i g\ kmp`]\ _` =`ioc\h lp` kj_`hjn \o\^\m6
np m\ui k\m\ m`^c\u\m oj_jn gjn kmdi^dkdjn lp` n` jkji`i `i
\gbpi\n ndop\^dji`n \g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_( t( n`bpi_j( np \adm
h\^di _` lp` idibpi\ \^^di km`n^mdo\ kjm np kmdi^dkdj `n hj)
m\gh`io` m`kpbi\io`* @i kmdh`m gpb\m ^jind_`m`hjn g\ h\i`m\
^jhj =`ioc\h ^\m\^o`mdu\ oj_\n g\ q`mndji`n _`g kmdi^dkdj _`
ndhk\o\ t \iodk\o\* Idibpij _` _d^cjn kmdi^dkdjn( \admh\( nji
ijmh\n di_`k`i_d`io`n _` gjn n`iodhd`iojn _` g\ b`io`* @noj( kjm
npkp`noj( ij `n npad^d`io` k\m\ _dnodibpdm `nojn kmdi^dkdjn _`g nptj
^ji^`mid`io` \ g\ a`gd^d_\_ _` g\n k`mnji\n* Ndi `h]\mbj( ^jiodi\
^\m\^o`mdu\i_j `no\n o`jm\n mdq\g`n _d^d`i_j lp` npnodopt`i \ pi\
ijmh\ j]e`odq\ kjm pi\ h`m\ ^jiad\iu\ `i gjn n`iodhd`iojn _`
\kmj]\^di t _`n\kmj]\^di* ?` h\i`m\ lp`( n`bi =`ioc\h(
oj_\n `no\n o`jm\n n` m`_p^`i \ \admh\m lp` _`]`m\hjn `hdodm
ip`nomjn epd^djn hjm\g`n ]\ni_jijn ndhkg`h`io` `i ^hj ijn
n`iodhjn `i `n` hjh`ioj* Kj_`hjn `no\m _` \^p`m_j ^ji =`io
c\h `i lp` oj_\n g\n q`mndji`n _`g kmdi^dkdj _` ndhk\o\ t \i
odk\o\ _`]`m\i n`m m`^c\u\_\n( k`mj gj lp` ^ji oj_\ ^g\md_\_
k\m`^` a\gnj `n np \admh\^di _` lp` oj_jn gjn kmdi^dkdjn j^\ndj
i\gh`io` jkp`nojn \g nptj nji q`mndji`n _`g kmdi^dkdj _` ndhk\o\
t \iodk\o\* >jind_ m`n`( kjm `e`hkgj( `g `bjnhj od^j( lp` \ q`
^`n km`n^md]` \^^dji`n lp` n` jkji`i \g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_ _`
=`ioc\h* @no ^g\mj lp` `n pi\ ijmh\ j]e`odq\ \kgd^\]g` \ oj_\ g\
b`io` `i oj_j hjh`ioj( t ij km`n^md]` \^^dji`n ]\ni_jn` `i gj
lp` k\m\ \gbpd`i m`npgo\ lp` `n ^jmm`^oj j di^jmm`^oj `i `n` hj
h`ioj* < q`^`n n` jkji` \g kmdi^dkdj _` =`ioc\h( k`mj ij `n pi\
q`mndi _`g kmdi^dkdj _` ndhk\o\ t \iodk\o\* G\ _`a`in\ _` =`io)

-2+

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

c\h _` np kmjkdj kmdi^dkdj am\^\n\( `i ^jin`^p`i^d\( kjmlp` ij

c\ ^jind_`m\_j oj_jn gjn kmdi^dkdjn mdq\g`n*
=`ioc\h kj_m\ m`nkji_`m lp` gjn kmdi^dkdjn lp` j^\ndji\g
h`io` n` jkji`i \g nptj o\h]d i am\^\n\i kjmlp` ij ^jind_`
m\i \ oj_\ g\ b`io` diqjgp^m\_\* K`mj nd ]d`i `noj `n q`m_\_ _`g
`bjnhj( ij i`^`ndo\ n`m q`m_\_ _` ^p\glpd`m jom\ o`jm\ mdq\g
_`g kmdi^dkdj _` =`ioc\h( kjmlp` kj_m\i n`m b`ipdijn mdq\g`n
t ^jind_`m\m \ oj_\ g\ b`io` diqjgp^m\_\ `i g\ h`_d_\ `i lp` ij
^jind_`m\m\i ngj g\ a`gd^d_\_ _` oj_jn gjn diqjgp^m\_jn* =`io
c\h( _`n_` gp`bj( ij kj_m m`^c\u\m gjn kmdi^dkdjn jkp`nojn ]\
ni_jn` `i lp` ij ^jind_`m\i ngj g\ a`gd^d_\_ _` oj_jn* Nd gj
cd^d`m\( ngj hjnom\m\ lp` _dad`m`i _` np kmjkdj kmdi^dkdj( k`mj
`no\ ij `n m\ui npad^d`io` k\m\ m`^c\u\mgjn* Kjm gj o\ioj( `no\
k\mo` _` g\ kmp`]\ di_dm`^o\ _` =`ioc\h am\^\n\ kjmlp` =`io
c\h ij c\ kj_d_j hjnom\m lp` ngj `g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_ t `g
kmdi^dkdj _`g \n^`odnhj \io`mdjmh`io` m`^c\u\_j nji kmdi^dkdjn
pidq`mn\gh`io` \kgd^\]g`n lp` kp`_`i \kgd^\mn` _` pi\ h\i`m\
j]e`odq\*
:_ V~_Vh_b [XWba\fgT
Nd ]d`i( ^jhj c`hjn qdnoj( =`ioc\h ij c\ _`hjnom\_j lp` oj
_jn gjn kmdi^dkdjn _da`m`io`n \g nptj kp`_`i n`m m`^c\u\_jn( `no`
am\^\nj ij `n qdo\g nd( ^jhj ^m`` =`ioc\h( np kmdi^dkdj( t njg\
h`io` np kmdi^dkdj( ij km`n^md]` \^^dji`n hjm\gh`io` m`kpbi\i
o`n k\m\ gjn n`m`n cph\ijn* Ndi `h]\mbj( nd `i^jiom\hjn ndop\
^dji`n `i g\n lp` gj lp` np kmdi^dkdj km`n^md]` `n hjm\gh`io` m`
kpbi\io`( `ioji^`n =`ioc\h `no\m\ `i pi\ n`md\ _dad^pgo\_* Om\
o`hjn( kp`n( _` k`in\m `i pi\ ndop\^di n`h`e\io`* K\m\ c\^`mgj
_`]`hjn o`i`m \gbpi\ }_`\ _` ^hj kj_`hjn gg`b\m \ pi\ ^ji
^gpndi \^`m^\ _` gj lp` gg`q\ \g hsdhj `g hjioj ojo\g _` kg\^`m
`i ^p\glpd`m ndop\^di* @g h oj_j kmjkp`noj kjm =`ioc\h `n gj
lp` n` c\ gg\h\_j V~_Vh_b [XWba\fgT& kjmlp` kmjkji` pi\ h\i`m\
_` ^\g^pg\m `g hjioj ojo\g _` kg\^`m n`\g\i_j oj_jn gjn a\^ojm`n
k`modi`io`n* N`bi =`ioc\h c\t nd`o` a\^ojm`n k`modi`io`n _da`
m`io`n lp` kp`_`i _dqd_dmn` `i om`n _da`m`io`n ^\o`bjm\n ]nd^\n*
@g kmdh `m odkj _` a\^ojm `n `g lp` di^gpt` g\n ^\m\^o`mnod^\n k`m
odi`io`n _` ^\_\ kg\^`m t ^\_\ _jgjm kmj_p^d_jn kjm g\ \^^di `i
^p`nodi7 `g n`bpi_j odkj di^gpt` g\ o`i_`i^d\ _` pi kg\^`m j _j
gjm k\mod^pg\m k\m\ n`m n`bpd_j _` hn kg\^`m t _jgjm7 t `g o`m^`m

:A JI>A>I6G>HBD3 A6 K:GH>{C 9: 7:CI=6B

-2,

odkj ^jindno` `i `g h oj_j lp` di^gpt` gjn ^g^pgjn _` oj_jn gjn

kg\^`m`n t _jgjm`n lp` m`npgo\i _` g\ \^^di `i ^p`nodi* @iph`
m`hjn `nojn a\^ojm`n _` g\ ndbpd`io` h\i`m\6
8TeTVgXe fg\VTf \age afXVTf WX_ c_TVXel WX_ Wb_be
-* >agXaf\WTW _` ^\_\ kg\^`m j _jgjm*
.* 9heTV\ a j gjibdop_ _`g od`hkj _` ^\_\ kg\^`m j _jgjm*
/* EebUTU\_\WTW _` lp` `g kg\^`m j `g _jgjm j^pmm\i _`nkp n _`g
\^oj*
@noj `n \a`^o\_j kjm6
0* Eebc\aVh\WTW j ^`m^\i\ `i `g od`hkj _`g kg\^`m j _jgjm m`n
k`^oj _`g \^oj*
8TeTVgXe fg\VTf VbafXVhXagXf WX_ c_TVXel X_ Wb_be
.( ;XVhaW\WTW j kmj]\]dgd_\_ _` lp` g\ n`in\^di n`\ n`bpd_\
kjm jom\n n`in\^dji`n _`g `\f`b odkj*
2* >`cheXmT j kmj]\]dgd_\_ _` lp` g\n n`in\^dji`n n`\i n`bpd
_\n kjm jom\n n`in\^dji`n _`g odkj bchXfgb(
Hh`T WX gbWbf _bf c_TVXeXf l Wb_beXf dhX eXfh_gTa WX_ TVgb
3* BTZa\ghW _` gjn kg\^`m`n t _jgjm`n*.,
Kj_`hjn dgpnom\m h`_d\io` pi ndhkg` `e`hkgj ^hj `nojn a\^oj
m`n kj_m\i \a`^o\m g\ nph\ ojo\g _`g kg\^`m t `g _jgjm lp` m`npgo\i
_`g \^oj* ?db\hjn lp` pno`_( pi\ k`mnji\ ^ji `g _di`mj \k`i\n
npad^d`io` k\m\ ^jh`m( n` `i^p`iom\ pi\ ^\mo`m\ lp` ^jiod`i` hdg
_g\m`n t o\me`o\n lp` d_`iodad^\i \g kmjkd`o\mdj ^jhj hpgodhdggj
i\mdj* Kg\i`\ m`bm`n\m g\ ^\mo`m\( k`mj n` _`]\o` `iom` m`bm`n\m j
ij `g _di`mj* Lp _`]` c\^`m; K\m\ _`^d_dm gg`q\ \ ^\]j `g ^g^pgj
c`_jidno\* >\g^pg\ lp` kp`noj lp` id pno`_ id `g hdggji\mdj od`i`i
k`mnji\n lp` _`k`i_\i _` pno`_`n( ij c\t lp` ^jind_`m\m \ i\
_d` \k\mo` _` pno`_`n _jn* Ngj _`]` h`_dm `g kg\^`m _` pno`_ t `g
_jgjm _` g nd ^jin`mq\ `g _di`mj( ^jiom\ `g _jgjm _` pno`_ t `g kg\
^`m _` g nd gj m`bm`n\* Kj_`hjn ndi _p_\ npkji`m lp` g\ dio`ind
_\_ _`g kg\^`m lp` pno`_ kp`_` j]o`i`m \g `hkg`\m `g _di`mj k\m\
^jhkm\m ^jhd_\( ]`]d_\ t _dq`mndi nj]m`k\n\ ^ji hp^cj \ g\
., @i m`g\^di ^ji `g `ipi^d\_j _`g ^g^pgj c`_jindo\ _` =`ioc\h( q \n`

\U\W(& k k * / 3 )0 , *

-2-

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

dio`ind_\_ _` g\ dmmdo\^di _`g hdggji\mdj kjm ij n`mg` _`qp`goj np

_di`mj* <_`hn( g\ _pm\^di _`g kg\^`m _` pno`_ kmj]\]g`h`io`
npk`m\m ^ji hp^cj g\ dmmdo\^di _` g* Kj_`hjn npkji`m lp` `n
hpt kmj]\]g` lp` pno`_ j]o`ib\ kg\^`m t lp` g n` dmmdo`( _` h\
i`m\ lp` gjn a\^ojm`n $/% t $0% ij o`i_mi hp^cj `a`^oj* O\h]d i
kj_`hjn _`n^jio\m `g `a`^oj _` $1% t $2% `i `g ^\nj _`g hdggji\
mdj( kjmlp` pi\ q`u lp` np dmmdo\^di c\t\ _`n\k\m`^d_j o`i_m
_`h\nd\_\n ^jn\n hn dhkjmo\io`n `i lp k`in\m* K`mj nd npkj
i`hjn lp` kmj]\]g`h`io` pno`_ ]`]`m hp^cj ^jhj m`npgo\_j
_` ^jin`mq\m `g _di`mj( kj_`hjn _`^dm lp` `g kg\^`m `n _` \gbpi\
h\i`m\ dhkpmj _`]d_j \g h\g`no\m lp` g` n`bpdm* <n lp` _`
]`hjn npnom\`m \gbpi\ k\mo` _` g\ ojo\gd_\_ _`g kg\^`m _` pno`_*
T kp`noj lp` _d^cjn kg\^`m`n b`i`m\gh`io` ij nji n`bpd_jn _`
kg\^`m`n \_d^dji\g`n( ^jhj _d^cj h\g`no\m( kj_`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp`
np kg\^`m ij `n a`^pi_j `i \]njgpoj* Ndi `h]\mbj( `no ^g\mj lp`
nd pno`_ ^jin`mq\ `g _di`mj np kg\^`m `s^`_`m ^ji hp^cj \g _dn
kg\^`m _`g hdggji\mdj( _` h\i`m\ lp` c\t pi di^m`h`ioj b`i`m\g
^jind_`m\]g` `i `g hjioj ojo\g _` kg\^`m* K`mj nd m`bm`n\ `g _di`mj(
`g gdb`mj kg\^`m lp` m`^d]` `g hdggji\mdj \k`i\n npk`m\ \ g\ dia`gd
^d_\_ lp` pno`_ n`iodm ^p\i_j kd`in` `i gjn ]p`ijn hjh`iojn
_` gjn lp` n` `no\m\ k`m_d`i_j* ?\_j oj_j `noj( g\ _`^dndi `n
a^dg* Pno`_ _`]`( nd \kgd^\ `g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_( ^jin`mq\m `g
_di`mj*
C`hjn qdnoj pi ndhkg` `e`hkgj _` ^hj `g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd
_\_ _`]` \kgd^\mn` `i pi\ ndop\^di `nk`^ad^\* G\ km`bpio\ lp`
`no \io` ijnjomjn `n nd c\t ^d`mo\n ndop\^dji`n `i g\n lp` `g kmdi
^dkdj km`n^md]dm\ \^^dji`n hjm\gh`io` m`kpbi\io`n* <gbpd`i kj
_m\ \admh\m lp` t\ c`hjn `i^jiom\_j pi\ ndop\^di n`h`e\io`
kjmlp` nd`hkm` _`]`hjn m`bm`n\m gjn \mo^pgjn k`m_d_jn \ np kmj
kd`o\mdj* Ndi `h]\mbj( c\t `s^`k^dji`n \ `no\ m`bg\( o\g ^jhj g\ ^d
o\_\ kjm Kg\oi `i g\ lp` ij _`]`m\hjn m`bm`n\m pi \mh\ hjmo\g
\ np g`bodhj kmjkd`o\mdj lpd`i n` c\ ^jiq`mod_j `i pi h\idod^j
cjhd^d_\* Kjm jom\ k\mo`( nd ]d`i `g `e`hkgj lp` c`hjn podgdu\_j
kp`_` k\m`^`mg` \ \gbpijn lp` `n pi ^\nj `i `g lp` gj km`n^mdoj
kjm `g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_ `n di^jmm`^oj( gj lp` km`n^md]` ij `n
pi `e`hkgj ]d`i _`adid_j _` pi \^oj hjm\gh`io` m`kpbi\io`*
@n( ndi gpb\m \ _p_\n( pi ^g\mj ^jiom\`e`hkgj _` g\ \admh\^di _`
=`ioc\h _` lp` np kmdi^dkdj b`i`m\gh`io` km`n^md]` \^^dji`n
lp` q\i _` \^p`m_j ^ji gj lp` k`in\hjn lp` `n ^jmm`^oj* I`

:A JI>A>I6G>HBD3 A6 K:GH>{C 9: 7:CI=6B

-2.

^`ndo\hjn pi ^\nj hn ^jiqdi^`io` k\m\ m`apo\m g\ \admh\^di _`

=`ioc\h*
JaT bU]XV\ a T_ ce\aV\c\b WX 7Xag[T`1 _bf c_TVXeXf f~W\Vbf
?`]`hjn pn\m `g ^g^pgj c`_jidno\ k\m\ \qd`mdbp\m lp `n gj lp`
_`]`hjn c\^`m( _` h\i`m\ lp` nd `g ^g^pgj km`n^md]` pi\ \^^di
j]qd\h`io` dihjm\g kj_`hjn m`^c\u\m `g kmdi^dkdj _` =`ioc\h*
Ojh`hjn pi `e`hkgj _`g H\mlp n _` N\_`* C\t pi ^p\moj gg`ij
_` cjh]m`n lp` j]od`i`i pi kg\^`m `som`hj _` g\ n_d^\ hpod
g\^di _` g\ id\ Epnodi`*.-Epnodi` k\_`^` pi bm\i _jgjm( k`mj oj
_jn gjn cjh]m`n bju\i _` pi bm\i kg\^`m( _` h\i`m\ lp` g\ nph\
ojo\g _` kg\^`m `i `no` ^\nj `n h\tjm lp` nd gjn cjh]m`n m`ipi^d\i
\ np kg\^`m k`mhdod i_jg` \ Epnodi` n`bpdm np ^\hdij dg`n\* Nd \kgd
^\hjn `g kmdi^dkdj _` =`ioc\h lp`_\ ^g\mj pi\ q`u hn gj lp` n`
_`]` c\^`m* Gjn cjh]m`n _`]`i bju\m np n_d^j kg\^`m t Epnodi`
_`]` npamdm* K`mj `noj `n ndi _p_\ hjm\gh`io` m`kpbi\io`* <gbj
c\ n\gd_j o`mmd]g`h`io` h\g nd pi kmdi^dkdj km`n^md]` n`h`e\i
o`n \^ojn n_d^jn* Kj_m\ j]e`o\mn`( ndi `h]\mbj( lp` kp`noj lp`
g\ hpodg\^di lp` Epnodi` k\_`^` n` ^jiqd`mo` `i pi _jgjm kmj
gjib\_j( hd`iom\n lp` gjn kg\^`m`n _` gjn n_d^jn nji `ah`mjn(
`g hjioj ojo\g _` _jgjm npk`m\ \g hjioj ojo\g _` kg\^`m* @no\
j]e`^di kp`_` `gp_dmn` a^dgh`io` ^\h]d\i_j g\ ndop\^di kjm
pi\ `i g\ lp` `no` bmpkj k\mod^pg\m h\o` nd`hkm` \g j]e`oj _` np
n\_dnhj \g adi\g _` npn m`bj^dejn \_hdidnom\i_j c]dgh`io` pi\
_mjb\ lp` h\o\ mkd_\h`io` t ndi _jgjm* <lp o`i`hjn pi `e`h
kgj `i `g#lp` `g \n`ndi\oj( \g ^jmo\m `i n`^j `g _jgjm n_d^\h`io`
diagdbd_j( `gdhdi\m\( `i `g kmdi^dkdj _` =`ioc\h( pi\ j]e`^di
^jind_`mi_jg\ pi\ diepmd\ _`gd]`m\_\*
>jind_ m`n` jomj `e`hkgj k\m\ dgpnom\m pi\ q`u hn ^hj `g
ia\ndn kp`noj `i `g kg\^`m( `i o\ioj lp` fh``h` Ubah`& kp`_`
epnodad^\m `g \n`ndi\oj* M`hkg\^`hjn \g n\_dnhj kjm `g ^pgoj _`
^d`mo\n k`mnji\n lp` j_d\i `g _jgjm k`mj lp` j]od`i`i pi di
h`inj kg\^`m _` g\ hpodg\^di _` pi ^p`mkj cph\ij od]dj* @no`
bmpkj `gdb` ^pd_\_jn\h`io` pi\ q^odh\ lp` ij o`ib\ pi\ a\
hdgd\ ^`m^\i\ j \hdbjn t ^pt\ qd_\ ij n`\ k\mod^pg\mh`io` kg\
^`io`m\* Nd kp`_`i( om\o\i _` `n^jb`m \ \gbpd`i lp` k\_`^` pi\
`ia`mh`_\_ _` o\g hj_j lp` kp`_\i `gdhdi\m np _jgjm* H\o\i \

.- @g H\mlp n _` N\_`(?hfg\aX(

-2/

:A EGD7A:B6 9:?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

_d^c\ k`mnji\ o\i c]dgh`io` t ndi ^\pn\m _jgjm ^jhj gjn n_d^jn7
`ioji^`n ^`g`]m\i npn bjujnjn mdojn* ?d^cjn \n`ndijn k\m`^`i o`
i`m epnodad^\^di( _` \^p`m_j ^ji `g kmdi^dkdj _` =`ioc\h( k`mj
`no ^g\mj lp` `noi `lpdqj^\_jn* ?` pi\ ajmh\ p jom\( nd ]d`i `g
kmdi^dkdj `n( ^jhj c`hjn qdnoj( dhk\m^d\g( ij _`e\ _` jhdodm \gbj
lp` `n `n`i^d\g \ g\ hjm\gd_\_* ?`]`m\hjn( `ioji^`n( m`^c\u\m `g
kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_ _` =`ioc\h ^jhj c`hjn m`^c\u\_j \io`n
`g `bjnhj od^j( kjmlp` ij gd`hjn `i^jiom\_j pi\ m\ui k\m\
\^`ko\mgj( k`mj n c`hjn `i^jiom\_j pi\ m\ui k\m\ m`^c\u\mgj*
@noj ij ndbidad^\( ndi `h]\mbj( lp` c\t\hjn `i^jiom\_j m\
uji`n npad^d`io`n k\m\ m`^c\u\m `g podgdo\mdnhj( kjmlp` g\ q`mndi
_` =`ioc\h `n ngj pi\ q`mndi k\mod^pg\m* Jom\ q`mndi( g\ kmj
kp`no\ kjm Ejci Nop\mo Hdgd( lpd`i ndbpd \ =`ioc\h `i npn d_`\n
\^`m^\ _` g\ m`ajmh\ nj^d\g( `n pi dio`ioj `skg^doj kjm `iam`i
o\mn` \ g\ j]e`^di lp` \^\]\hjn _` kg\io`\m* K\n`hjn( kjm ^ji
ndbpd`io`( \ ^jind_`m\m g\ o`jm\ od^\ _` Hdgd*
@G PODGDO<MDNHJ6 G< Q@MNDI ?@ H gGG

Ejci Nop\mo Hdgd( ^ptj k\_m` `m\ E\h`n Hdgd( pi n`bpd_jm t ^ji
o`hkjmi`j _` =`ioc\h( opqj pi\ \hkgd\ jkjmopid_\_ k\m\ `n
o\m \g ^jmmd`io` _` oj_\n g\n j]e`^dji`n lp` npmb\i `i ^jiom\ _` g\
o`jm\ _` no`* @i ^jin`^p`i^d\( `i np gd]mj :_ hg\_\gTe\f`b& n` kmj
kpnj kg\io`\m t epnodad^\m pi\ q`mndi _`g kmdi^dkdj podgdo\mdno\*
<g dbp\g lp` =`ioc\h dio`io m`apo\m g\n j]e`^dji`n \g kmdi^dkdj
t ajmhpg\m j]e`^dji`n \ gjn kmdi^dkdjn jkp`nojn* < _da`m`i^d\ _`
=`ioc\h( om\o _` ^jinompdm pi\ kmp`]\ _` np kmdi^dkdj h`ijn
di_dm`^o\( k`mj np kmp`]\ m`npgo pi j]qdj am\^\nj* <lp `no\hjn
dio`m`n\_jn kmdhjm_d\gh`io` `i np _`a`in\ _`g podgdo\mdnhj( k\m
od^pg\mh`io` `i np m`apo\^di _` g\ j]e`^di _` lp` nd om\o\hjn _`
dbp\g h\i`m\ \ oj_jn gjn kg\^`m`n( ^jhj _`]`hjn c\^`mgj \g \kgd
^\m `g ^g^pgj c`_jidno\( `ioji^`n gjn kg\^`m`n n_d^jn \n ^jhj gjn
kg\^`m`n h`m\h`io` ^jmkjm\g`n _`]`i `lpdk\m\mn` ^ji gjn kg\^`
m`n _` g\ ^jio`hkg\^di( g\ ^m`\^di( `g _`n^p]mdhd`ioj( t jomjn
_` gjn gg\h\_jn kg\^`m`n h`io\g`n* @noj `n( `n h`ejm n`m pi ^`m_j
n\odna`^cj lp` pi cjh]m` din\odna`^cj7 `n h`ejm `i \gbpi\n nd
op\^dji`n lp` gjn n_d^jn `no i n\odna`^cjn \ lp` ij gj `no i* Hdgd
m`nkji_` \ `no\ j]e`^di ^jhj ndbp`6

:A JI>A>I6G>HBD3 A6 K:GH>{C 9: B>AA

-20

@n k`ma`^o\h`io` ^jhk\od]g` ^ji `g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_ m`^jij^`m

`g c`^cj _` lp` \gbpi\n V_TfXf _` kg\^`m nji hn _`n`\]g`n t hn q\
gdjnjn lp` jom\n* N`m\ \]npm_j npkji`m lp` gjn kg\^`m`n _`k`i_`i
ngj _` g\ ^\iod_\_( nd`i_j \n lp`( \g q\gjm\m oj_\n g\n _`hn ^jn\n(
n` ojh\i `i ^jind_`m\^di g\ ^\gd_\_ o\ioj ^jhj g\ ^\iod_\_*y

8T_\WTW& q`mnpn VTag\WTW WX c_TVXe

@n j]qdj lp`( ^jiom\md\h`io` \ gj lp` _d^` Hdgd( g\n _dnodi^dji`n
^p\gdo\odq\n `iom` gjn kg\^`m`n nji di^jhk\od]g`n \g h`ijn ^ji pi\
ajmh\ _`g podgdo\mdnhj( \ n\]`m( g\ _` =`ioc\h* G\n id^\n ^\
m\^o`mnod^\n _`g kg\^`m t `g _jgjm lp` _`]`hjn ^jind_`m\m `i `g
^g^pgj c`_jidno\ nji np dio`ind_\_ t np _pm\^di* Ij c\t idibi
a\^ojm _dnkjid]g` k\m\ _dnodibpdm `iom` _da`m`io`n odkjn _` kg\^`
m`n t _da`m`io`n odkjn _` _jgjm`n* ?` h\i`m\ lp` Hdgd c\ ojh\_j
pi\ jmd`io\^di m\_d^\g \ k\modm _` g\ o`jm\ _` =`ioc\h* >pi
m\_d^\g `n np jmd`io\^di kp`_` q`mn` `s\hdi\i_j `g ^mdo`mdj lp`
kmjkji` k\m\ _dnodibpdm `iom` idq`g`n ^p\gdo\odqjn _`g kg\^`m* ?d^`(
Nd( _` _jn kg\^`m`n( c\t pij \g ^p\g( di_`k`i_d`io`h`io`6 _` ^p\g
lpd`m n`iodhd`ioj _` j]gdb\^di hjm\g( _\i pi\ _`^d_d_\ km`a`m`i
^d\ oj_jn j ^\nd oj_jn gjn lp` od`i`i `sk`md`i^d\ _` \h]jn( n` `n `g
kg\^`m hn _`n`\]g`* Nd lpd`i`n od`i`i pi ^jij^dhd`ioj \_`^p\_j
_` \h]jn( ^jgj^\i \ pij o\i kjm `i^dh\ _`g jomj( lp`( \pi n\]d`i_j
lp` c\i _` \g^\iu\mgj ^ji pi bm\_j _` n\odna\^^di h`ijm( ij gj
^\h]d\i kjm idibpi\ ^\iod_\_ _`g jomj kg\^`m( lp` np i\opm\g`u\
g`n k`mhdo` bju\m( `no epnodad^\_j \omd]pdmg` \g bj^` km`a`md_j pi\
npk`mdjmd_\_ ^p\gdo\odq\ o\g( lp` g\ ^p\iodo\odq\ m`npgo\( `i ^jhk\)
m\^di( _` k`lp`\ dhkjmo\i^d\*&#

AD

@g ^mdo`mdj _` Hdgd ijn _d^` lp` _`^d_\hjn lp kg\^`m`n nji ^p\gd

o\odq\h`io` npk`mdjm`n h`_d\io` pi\ `nk`^d` _` qjo\^di _`
\lp`ggjn lp` c\i `sk`mdh`io\_j gjn kg\^`m`n `i ^p`nodi* @no\
k\m`^` n`m pi\ ajmh\ `hdi`io`h`io` _`hj^mod^\ _` _`^d_dm g\
^p`nodi( k`mj q`m`hjn lp` ij gj `n* @n kjnd]g` lp` gjn m`npgo\_jn
_` _d^c\ qjo\^di hp`nom`i ndhkg`h`io` pi \hkgdj _`n\^p`m_j
j di^gpnj pi\ km`a`m`i^d\ kjm gjn kg\^`m`n y_` gjn ^`m_jnz* Hdgd
ndi `h]\mbj k\m`^` dbijm\m `no\ kjnd]dgd_\_ dih`_d\o\h`io`( t\
.. Ejci Nop\mo Hdgd( :_ hg\_\gTe\f`b& om\_p^^di _`g dibg n _` M\hi >\nodgg\(
<bpdg\m( =p`ijn <dm`n( -54,( kk* /,)/-*
./ ?U\W(& k* /-*

-21

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

lp` \nph` lp` `g yq`m`_d^oj _` gjn id^jn ep`^`n ^jhk`o`io`nz

n`m lp` y\k\mo` _` np dio`ind_\_( gjn kg\^`m`n _`mdq\_jn _` g\n
a\^pgo\_`n npk`mdjm`n nji `nk`^ad^\h`io` km`a`md]g`n \ \lp`ggjn
_` lp` `n npn^`kod]g` g\ i\opm\g`u\ \idh\g( n`k\m\_\ _` g\n a\^pg
o\_`n npk`mdjm`n*** z.0 < Hdgd g` k\m`^` ^g\mj lp` gjn kg\^`m`n hn
ij]g`n( \lp`ggjn lp` `noi \nj^d\_jn \g dio`g`^oj _` g\ k`mnji\(
b\i\mi g\n qjo\^dji`n nj]m` gjn kg\^`m`n ^jmkjm\g`n hn ]\ejn j
ykmjkdjn _` gjn ^`m_jnz* <n kp`n( k\m\ Hdgd( `g podgdo\mdnhj kp`_`
`gp_dm g\ j]e`^di _` lp` `n pi\ adgjnja\ _` ^`m_jn* K\m\ `io`i
_`m kjm lp Hdgd `no o\i n`bpmj _`g m`npgo\_j _` _d^c\ qjo\^di
_`]`hjn ^ji^`iom\mijn `i g\ am\n` ^g\q`( wgjn id^jn ep`^`n ^jh
k`o`io`nx* <g pn\m `no\ am\n` Hdgd lpd`m` _`^dm lp` g\ k`mnji\ lp`
c\ n\]jm`\_j gjn kg\^`m`n hn `g`q\_jn k`mj lp` km`ad`m` gjn kg\
^`m`n ^jmkjm\g`n `n pi m`i`b\_j( pi\ k`mnji\ _` qjgpio\_ _ ]dg
lp` ij `n ^jhk`o`io` k\m\ epub\m* Np qjoj( kjm gj o\ioj( ij _`]`
n`m ojh\_j `i ^p`io\*
Lpdu kj_\hjn `i^jiom\m \gbpi\ h\i`m\ k\m\ epnodad^\m g\ m`
qj^\^di _`g _`m`^cj \g qjoj _` gjn c\]do\io`n _` pi ]\mmdj ]\ej
lp` c\i ^\_j _` \gbi `no\_j npk`mdjm km`qdj( k`mj ij `no ^g\mj
^pg`n n`m\i g\n ]\n`n* Ndi gpb\m \ _p_\n `no ^g\mj( ndi `h]\mbj(
^hj _`]`hjn om\o\m \ gjn n_d^jn( h\njlpdno\n( di^`i_d\mdjn( ib'
lXhef t jomjn lp` kj_m\i km`a`mdm gjn kg\^`m`n `sod^jn \ gjn yij
]g`nz* O\g q`u kj_m\hjn gg\h\m \ `no\ b`io`( k`mq`mod_\( t ngj
k`mhdodmg` _`^d_dm \ g\ b`io` ijmh\g* K`mj di^gpnj nd kp_d m\hjn
_`^d_dm lpd i `n ijmh\g ndi ^\`m `i pi\ k`od^di _` kmdi^dkdj( n`
bpdm\hjn `i^jiom\i_j hp^cjn cjh]m`n( ^jhj ?* C* G\rm`i^`(
lpd`i`n( nd opqd`m\i lp` `n^jb`m `iom` gjn kg\^`m`n dio`g`^op\g`n
t gjn kg\^`m`n n`sp\g`n( \admh\m\i ndi q\^dg\m lp` `n^jb`m\i gjn
godhjn* N`m\ hpt _da^dg hjnom\m lp` `no\ b`io` `n m`i`b\_\ j
k`mq`mod_\* Kjm jom\ k\mo`( `no\ b`io` om\o\ \ h`ip_j _` epnodad^\m
np `g`^^di ]\ni_jn` `i lp`( kjm `e`hkgj( ndi kg\^`m`n n`sp\g`n
g\ b`io` n` qp`gq` \dng\_\( njgdo\md\( \k\md`i^d\n cp`^\n ndi ^\k\^d
_\_ k\m\ ^jhpid^\mn` ^ji npn n`h`e\io`n* @no\ b`io` \mbph`io\
^ji am`^p`i^d\ lp` `i `no\ kj^\ _` `i\e`i\^di t \pojh\odnhj(
g\ id^\ h\i`m\ _` `qdo\m g\ _`ncph\idu\^di `n \ om\q n _` pi\
\k\ndji\_j qi^pgj ^jinompd_j nj]m` g\ ]\n` `hj^dji\g _` gjn bj
^`n t kg\^`m`n _` gjn \^ojn n`sp\g`n ^jhk\mod_jn* O\h]d i c\t
hp^cjn jomjn( di^gpt`i_j hp^cjn adgnjajn( lp` `noi _` \^p`m_j
.0 >U\W(& `( ,.(

:A JI>A>I6G>HBD3 A6 K:GH>{C 9: B>AA

-22

^ji Hdgd( k`mj pi\ qjo\^di _da^dgh`io` ^jinodopt` g\ h\i`m\

\_`^p\_\ k\m\ hjnom\m lp` `noi `i gj ^jmm`^oj* T lp k\n\
^ji g\ bm\i h\tjm\ _` g\ b`io` lp` \ gj g\mbj _` oj_\ np qd_\
od`i` kj^\n jkjmopid_\_`n k\m\ `sk`mdh`io\m gjn kg\^`m`n ndi o`
i`m g\ ^pgk\ _` `ggj; < `no` m`nk`^oj( _d^c\ b`io` ij ^p`io\ ^jhj
pi\ t( ^jhj m`npgo\_j( pi\ q`u lp` pi\ e`m\mlp\ _` kg\^`m`n n`
c\ _`^d_d_j( ij kj_m\i ^jio\m ^jhj pi\ \g \kgd^\m `g kmdi^dkdj
podgdo\mdno\*
Pi\ qjo\^di ij k\m`^` n`m g\ h\i`m\ ^jmm`^o\ k\m\ _`^d_dm
`no\ ^p`nodi( k`mj _` lp jom\ h\i`m\ kj_m\ _`^d_dmn`; Hpt \
h`ip_j( ^p\i_j n` _`]\o` `no\ ^p`nodi( `g \dbph`ioj kmj^`_`
m`admd i_jn` \ \lp`ggj ^ji gj lp` gjn kg\^`m`n `noi \nj^d\_jn j
\lp`ggj \ gj lp` ^ji_p^`i* Gjn kg\^`m`n ^p\gdo\odq\h`io` npk`
mdjm`n m`npgo\i n`m \lp`ggjn lp` `noi \nj^d\_jn \ gj lp` `n h`ejm(
kjm `e`hkgj( k\m\ `g dio`g`^oj _` pi\ k`mnji\ j k\m\ `g \hjm _`
pi\ k`mnji\ c\^d\ npn n`h`e\io`n* K`mj pi\ q`u lp` n` c\ ojh\_j
`no` ^\hdij( `g podgdo\mdnhj n` c\ \]\i_ji\_j( kjmlp` `g kmdi^d
kdj od^j ]nd^j `n `g lp` n` pn\ k\m\ _dnodibpdm g\e`m\mlp\ _` g\n
^jn\n lp` nji ]p`i\n( t k\m\ `ggj ij c\t i`^`nd_\_ _` m`a`m`i^d\
\gbpi\ \g kg\^`m* Pi podgdo\mdno\ ij kp`_` n`bpdm `no\ q\* Nd q\hjn
\ n`m podgdo\mdno\n _`]`hjn `no\m _` \^p`m_j t\ n`\ `i lp` oj_jn
gjn kg\^`m`n j( nd ij( lp` ngj ^d`mojn kg\^`m`n( nji g\n id^\n ^j
n\n diomin`^\h`io` ]p`i\n* Nd ojh\hjn g\ kmdh`m\ \go`mi\odq\(
`ioji^`n npmb` g\ j]e`^di _` lp` `g podgdo\mdnhj dhkgd^\ lp` `n
h`ejm n`m pi ^`m_j n\odna`^cj lp` pi N^m\o`n din\odna`^cj* Nd kmj
]\hjn g\ n`bpi_\( `ioji^`n ndhkg`h`io` kj_`hjn `iph `m\m gjn
kg\^`m`n _` \^p`m_j ^ji pi\ e`m\mlp\ ^p\gdo\odq\ ndi epnodad^\m
g\ gdno\ m`admd i_jijn \ jom\ ^jn\ lp` n`\ diomin`^\h`io` ]p`i\*
Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( ij c\]m h\i`m\ _` _`^d_dm `iom` gdno\n \go`m
i\odq\n t kjm gj o\ioj ij c\]m ]\n`n k\m\ _`^d_dm gj lp` _`]` c\
^`mn` `i ndop\^dji`n k\m_^pg\m`n* Kp`noj lp` idibpi\ \go`mi\odq\
`n \om\^odq\( o\g q`u _`]\hjn \]\i_ji\m `g podgdo\mdnhj t ^ji g g\
\admh\^di lp` c`hjn `no\_j ^jind_`m\i_j \ k\modm _` ip`nomj
`s\h`i _`g c`_jidnhj `bjno\( \ n\]`m( lp` `g kg\^`m `n g\ id^\
^jn\ diomin`^\h`io` ]p`i\*

.))

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

PI< J=E@>DI <G PODGDO<MDNHJ6

?@=@M@N @NK@>D<G@N

@g podgdo\mdnhj `iam`io\ jomjn kmj]g`h\n* O\ioj g\ q`mndi _` Hdgd

^jhj g\ _` =^ioc\di `iam`io\i _jn n`md\n j]e`^dji`n \_d^dji\g`n*
G\ kmdh`m\ n` ]\n\ `i g\ di^\k\^d_\_ _`g podgdo\mdnhj k\m\ `skgd
^\m WXUXeXf XfcXV\T_Xf( Ndi _p_\ k\m`^` c\]`m _`]`m`n p j]gdb\^dj
i`n ^kd` \gbpi\n k`mnji\n od`i`i( _\_\ np ^ji_d^di k\mod^pg\m
t `nk`^d\g( k`mj lp` jom\n k`mnji\n ij od`i`i* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`(
`nojn _`]`m`n nji _da`m`io`n _` g\n j]gdb\^dji`n lp` oj_jn o`i`
hjn( ^jhj kjm `e`hkgj( g\ _` gg`q\m \g hsdhj g\ a`gd^d_\_* G\n
k`mnji\n lp` nji k\_m`n( h\`nomjn j ep`^`n( kjm `e`hkgj( od`
i`i j]gdb\^dji`n `nk`^d\g`n k\m\ ^ji npn cdejn( \gphijn j \^p
n\_jn( m`nk`^odq\h`io`( j]gdb\^dji`n lp` jomjn ij od`i`i ^ji g\
hdnh\ b`io`* @g podgdo\mdnhj k\m`^` n`m di^\k\u _` `skgd^\m `nojn
_`]`m`n* >p\i_j pi h\`nomj ^\gdad^\ pi o`soj j pi `s\h`i( ij
_`^d_` g\ ^\gdad^\^di ]\ni_jn` `i gj lp` gg`q\m\ \g hsdhj g\ a`
gd^d_\_ bgj]\g `i `n` ^\nj k\mod^pg\m* Om\o\ _` ^\gdad^\m ]\ni_jn`
njg\h`io` `i g\ ^\gd_\_ _`g om\]\ej m`\gdu\_j( di^gpnj nd g\ ^\gdad
^\^di m`npgo\io` kmj_p^` hn _jgjm lp` kg\^`m* Nd kmj_p^` hn
_jgjm `no nd`i_j dihjm\g; Hp^cjn `nop_d\io`n k\m`^`i k`i
n\m `nj( k`mj _da^dgh`io` n`m\ ^jmm`^oj _\m pi\ ^\gdad^\^di _`
\^p`m_j ^ji g\ h\i`m\ ^jhj \a`^o\ \ g\ a`gd^d_\_ _` gjn dio`m`
n\_jn* Kj_`hjn dh\bdi\m \ pi `nop_d\io` njgdo\mdj diepno\h`io`
_`nkm`^d\_j kjm npn ^jhk\`mjn t lp` n`m\ diepno\h`io` _`na\
qjm`^d_j `i m`g\^di ^ji `nop_d\io`n hn kjkpg\m`n* <n kp`n( gjn
h\`nomjn k\m`^`i o`i`m( _\_\ np kjnd^di id^\( pi\ j]gdb\^di
^jhkg`o\h`io` di_`k`i_d`io` _`g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_* Gjn _`
]`m`n `nk`^d\g`n( kjm gj o\ioj( km`n`io\i jomj kmj]g`h\ \g podgdo\
mdnhj t \ g\ \admh\^di kmdi^dk\g _` lp` njg\h`io` gjn kg\^`m`n
nji diomin`^\h`io` ]p`ijn*
C`hjn qdnoj ngj pi `e`hkgj `i `g lp` g\ \kgd^\^di _`g kmdi
^dkdj _` podgd_\_ kmjqj^\ lp` \gbpd`i n`\ om\o\_j diepno\h`io`*
Pi kmj]g`h\ ndhdg\m npmbdm\ nd pi ep`u j epm\_j opqd`m\ g\ din
omp^^di _` _`^d_dm nd \gbpd`i `n ^pgk\]g` ]\ni_jn` `i gj lp`
gg`q\ \g hsdhj g\ a`gd^d_\_ bgj]\g* @noj n`m\ diepnoj `i h p^cjn
^\njn( t \kpio\ \ gj lp` o\g q`u `n `g kmj]g`h\ hn n`mdj ^ji `g
lp` n` `iam`io\ `g podgdo\mdnhj( `g kmj]g`h\ _` g\ `lpd_\_ t g\epn
od^d\* no` k\m`^` n`m pi kmj]g`h\ di_`k`i_d`io` _`g kmj]g`h\

DIG6 D7?:8>{C 6A JI>A>I6G>HBD

. )*

_` gjn _`]`m`n `nk`^d\g`n kjmlp` ij ngj gjn ep`^`n t epm\_jn _`

]`i n`mepnojn7 `n pi\ j]gdb\^di lp` ^\_\ pij _` ijnjomjn k\m`^`
o`i`m m`nk`^oj _` npn n`h`e\io`n* Kp`_` k\m`^`m `som\j lp` g\
`lpd_\_ n`\ pi kmj]g`h\ k\m\ `g podgdo\mdnhj( kjmlp` k\n\hjn
_`g `bjnhj od^j \g podgdo\mdnhj `i ]pn^\ _` pi\ ijmh\ dhk\m
^d\g* @n q`m_\_ lp` `g podgdo\mdnhj `n dhk\m^d\g \g ^jio\m \ ^\_\
k`mnji\ ^jhj pi\ t ij ^jhj hn _` pi\( kjm gj h`ijn m`nk`^oj
_` g\ ^\iod_\_ _` kg\^`m t _jgjm( k`mj no` ij `n `g id^j odkj _`
dhk\m^d\gd_\_ hjm\gh`io` k`modi`io`( t ndi _p_\ ij `n `g id^j
odkj lp` kp`_` n`m k`modi`io` k\m\ g\ epnod^d\*
JOM< J=E@>DI <G PODGDO<MDNHJ6
@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ G<EPNOD>D<

@g kmj]g`h\ _` g\ epnod^d\ lp` `iam`io\ `g podgdo\mdnhj n` _`hp`n

om\ ^ji pi `e`hkgj _` pi ^cdqj `skd\ojmdj* Dh\bi`n` pi kp`]gj
_ji_` g\ cde\ _` pi\ a\hdgd\ kmjhdi`io` c\ nd_j n`^p`nom\_\ m`
^d`io`h`io` `i kg`i\ gpu _`g _\( _`nkp n qdjg\_\ t ]mpo\gh`io`
\n`ndi\_\* G\ kjgd^\ `n ojo\gh`io` ]pmg\_\( t `iom` g\ ^dp_\_\i\(
`s^do\_\ kjm gjn k`md_d^jn gj^\g`n( c\t pi _`n_ i ^m`^d`io` c\
^d\ g\ kjgd^\* >\_\ q`u `n hn _da^dg k\m\ g\ kjgd^\ ^jiomjg\m \
g\ epq`iop_ _`g kp`]gj( gjn ^mh`i`n \ph`io\i( t `g kid^j n`
`sod`i_`* K\m`^` lp` _`]`m\ c\^`mn` \gbj k\m\ m`no\pm\m g\ ^ji
ad\iu\ `i g\ g`t t `i g\ kjgd^\* @i `n` hjh`ioj `g e`a` _` g\ kj
gd^\ _`^d_` `i^jiom\m \ \gbpd`i lp` kp`_\ n`m \^pn\_j kjm gjn
^mh`i`n t njh`od_j \ pi epd^dj mkd_j t _`^dndqj* @g kmdh`m q\
b\]pi_j _`g kmdh`m om`i lp` k\n\ `n \km`c`i_d_j( t ^ji a\gnjn
o`nodbjn t pi epm\_j ^pd_\_jn\h`io` `n^jbd_j( `n ^ji_`i\_j \
hp`mo`* @g kp`]gj m`nkdm\ om\ilpdgj( g\ kjgd^\ m`^d]` `gjbdjn( g\
a`gd^d_\_ t g\ om\ilpdgd_\_ n` m`no\pm\i |n\gqj kjm pi k\ompgg`mj
lp` n\]\ lp` `g cjh]m` `e`^po\_j ij `m\ ^pgk\]g`* K`mj `ge`a` _`
g\ kjgd^\( lp` ij `m\ ^jij^d_j \io`mdjmh`io` kjm np hjm\gd_\_(
gj om\ilpdgdu\ dih`_d\o\h`io` _i_jg` pi ^pmnj mkd_j _` podgd
o\mdnhj t hjnomi_jg` \n ^hj g\ a`gd^d_\_ bgj]\g c\ nd_j gg`q\_\
\g hsdhj*
@no` `n pi `e`hkgj _` pi j]qdj _`n\adij _` g\ epnod^d\* ?d^cj
^\nj kj_m\ j^pmmdm( ^jhj kj_m\ a^dgh`io` hjnom\mn`( nd dh\
bdi\hjn lp` g\ ^dp_\_ n` `i^p`iom\ `i `g npm _` @no\_jn Pid
_jn t lp` o\ioj `g qdjg\_jm ^jhj `g q\b\]pi_j nji i`bmjn* Ndi
`h]\mbj( _d^cjn ^\njn ij _`]`m\i j^pmmdm( t ndi _p_\ ^p\glpd`m

.)+

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

kmdi^dkdj od^j lp` gjn km`n^md]\ `n ^g\m\h`io` di^jmm`^oj* @g pod

gdo\mdnhj( kp`noj lp` n\^mdad^\ g\ epnod^d\ kjm g\ a`gd^d_\_ bgj]\g t
kjm gj o\ioj jhdo` pi dibm`_d`io` `n`i^d\g _` g\ dhk\m^d\gd_\_(
_`]` n`m m`^c\u\_j `i a\qjm _` pi\ o`jm\ od^\ lp` ^jind_`m` \
g\ epnod^d\ ^jhj pi\ k\mo` `n`i^d\g _` g\ hjm\gd_\_* K\m\ `i^ji
om\m _d^c\ o`jm\( _`]`hjn k\n\m \ pi\ ijmh\ lp` n` _dnodibp`
m\_d^\gh`io` _` oj_\n g\n lp` c`hjn `s\hdi\_j c\no\ \cjm\ `i
lp` ij ^jind_`m\ k`modi`io`n g\n ^jin`^p`i^d\n _` pi \^oj k\m\
_`^d_dm nd `n ^jmm`^oj* ?d^c\ o`jm\ od^\ c\ nd_j gg\h\_\ y_`ji)
ojgbd^\z kjmlp` c\^` cdi^\kd `i lp` g\ hjm\gd_\_ `no `n`i^d\g
h`io` ]\n\_\ `i g\ m`g\^di `iom` pi \^oj t g\n g`t`n j kmdi^dkdjn
hjm\g`n hn lp` `i np m`g\^di ^ji npn ^jin`^p`i^d\n*
OD>< ?@JIOJGBD><6
G< O@JM < ?@ F<IO

Oj_\n g\n o`jm\n od^\n lp` c`hjn `s\hdi\_j c\no\ \lp c\i o`
id_j _jn ^jn\n `i ^jhi* Kmjkji`i \gbj ^jhj `g fh``h` Ubah`
j h\tjm ]d`i( t km`n^md]`i lp` gj lp` _`]` c\^`mn` n`\ k\m\ gg`q\m
\g hsdhj `g h\tjm ]d`i( ^p\glpd`m\ lp` no` n`\* Kjm `e`hkgj(
o\ioj `g c`_jidnhj `bjno\ ^jhj `g podgdo\mdnhj _` =`ioc\h `noi
_` \^p`m_j `i lp` kp`noj lp` `g kg\^`m( j g\ a`gd^d_\_( `n gj lp` `n
]p`ij `i n hdnhj( `n `g fh``h` Ubah` t _`]`hjn om\o\m _` kmj
_p^dmgj nd`hkm` lp` n`\ kjnd]g`* @i gj lp` _dad`m`i `n `i npn \adm
h\^dji`n nj]m` lpd i `n g\ k`mnji\ ^ptj kg\^`m _`]` n`m gg`q\_j
\g hsdhj* K\m\ `no\n o`jm\n gj lp` `n hjm\gh`io` dhkjmo\io`
`n nd ip`nom\n \^^dji`n od`i`i j ij ^jin`^p`i^d\n lp` kmj_p^`i
`g h\tjm ]d`i* G\n o`jm\n lp` kji`i ia\ndn `i g\n ^jin`^p`i^d\n
_` g\n \^^dji`n c\i nd_j gg\h\_\n o`jm\n od^\n yd_`jgbd^\nz*
:_ U\Xa `Tlbe1 haT UhXaT ib_hagTW
@g bm\i adgnjaj \g`hi Dhh\ip`g F\io kmjkpnj pi\ o`jm\ od^\
lp` `n hpt _da^dg _` dio`mkm`o\m( \pilp` b`i`m\gh`io` c\ nd_j
`io`i_d_\ ^jhj `g `e`hkgj kmdi^dk\g _` o`jm\ _`jiojgbd^\* Q\
hjn \ n`bpdm `no\ dio`mkm`o\^di* F\io ^jh`iu np ]nlp`_\ _`
pi kmdi^dkdj od^j ]nd^j _` g\ hdnh\ h\i`m\ ^jhj gj cd^d`mji
=`ioc\h t Hdgd* O\h]d i `hk`u dio`io\i_j `i^jiom\m `g h\tjm
]d`i* Ndi `h]\mbj( gj lp` ^ji^gpt ap` o\i _da`m`io` _` g\n ^ji
^gpndji`n \g^\iu\_\n kjm gjn jomjn( lp` `i np o`jm\ gj lp` ^jin

vI>86 9:DCIDA{<>86

.),

odopt` `g h\tjm ]d`i kp`_` \g^\iu\mn` ndi ojh\m `i ^p`io\ g\n

^jin`^p`i^d\n _` pi \^oj* K\m\ q`m ^hj gg`b \ `no\ ^ji^gpndi
_`]`hjn `io`i_`m g\n ^ji_d^dji`n lp` g `sdb\ _` ^p\glpd`m ^jn\
k\m\ lp` ap`m\ `g h\tjm ]d`i* N`bi F\io( `g h\tjm ]d`i ij ngj
_`]` n`m ]p`ij `i n hdnhj( _`]` n`m ]p`ij ndi m`nomd^^di*.1 @noj
lpd`m` _`^dm lp` ij c\t ndop\^dji`n `i g\n ^p\g`n \\_dm gj lp` `n
`g h\tjm ]d`i c\^` lp` g\ ndop\^di n`\ k`jm hjm\gh`io`* Podgd
u\i_j no` ^jhj np ^mdo`mdj( F\io kp`_` `gdhdi\m oj_jn gjn ^\i_d
_\ojn kmdi^dk\g`n lp` \nkdm\i \ n`m `g h\tjm ]d`i( kjmlp` ^p\i_j
pij _` nojn n` \\_` \ ^d`mo\n ndop\^dji`n g\n `hk`jm\* F\io `gd
hdi\ g\n a\^pgo\_`n y`g`q\_\nz o\g`n ^jhj g\ dio`gdb`i^d\ t `gepd^dj
kjmlp` nd pi\ k`mnji\ ^ji h\gjn kmjkndojn o\h]d i od`i` pi \goj
bm\_j _` dio`gdb`i^d\( gjn m`npgo\_jn nji k`jm`n* O\h]d i `gdhdi\
m\nbjn o\g`n qjhj `g q\gjm( g\ _`^dndi t g\ k`mn`q`m\i^d\ kjmlp`
ykp`_`i qjgq`mn` `som`h\_\h`io` h\gjn t _\dijn nd g\ qjgpi
o\_( lp` c\ _` c\^`m pnj _` `nojn _ji`n _` g\ i\opm\g`u\( t ^pt\
k`^pgd\m ^jinodop^di n` gg\h\ kjm `nj VTe~VgXe& ij `n ]p`i\z*.2
M`^c\u\ gj lp` g gg\h\ _ji`n _` g\ ajmopi\( di^gpt`i_j `g kj_`m(
g\ mdlp`u\( `g cjijm( \n ^jhj `g ^\i_d_\oj podgdo\mdno\( `g kg\^`m(
kjmlp` nojn o\h]d i kp`_`i c\^`m lp` ^d`mo\n ndop\^dji`n n`\i
k`jm`n _` gj lp` n`m\i ndi `ggjn* Nd( kjm `e`hkgj( `n^p^cm\hjn
lp` gjn q`m_pbjn _` <pn^crdou j]o`i\i kg\^`m _` npn cjmmd]g`n
\^^dji`n( di^gpnj nd `no\hjn _` \^p`m_j `i lp` `g kg\^`m `n ]p`ij
`i n hdnhj( ij k`in\m\hjn lp` `no` kg\^`m c\^\ lp` g\ ndop\^di
h`ejm\m\* K`in\m\hjn hn ]d`i lp` c\^\ lp` npn \^^dji`n ap`
m\i hp^cj k`jm`n* ?`nkp n _` m`^c\u\m `nojn ^\i_d_\ojn F\io
kmjkji` gj id^j lp` n`bi g ^jdi^d_` ^ji np ^mdo`mdj* @i pi
a\hjnj k\n\e` _d^`6
Id `i `g hpi_j( id( `i b`i`m\g( o\hkj^j ap`m\ _`g hpi_j( `n kj
nd]g` k`in\m i\_\ lp` kp`_\ ^jind_`m\mn` ^jhj ]p`ij ndi m`nomd^
^di( \ ij n`m o\i ngj pi\ UhXaT ib_hagTW5*

F\io \admh\ lp` gj id^j ]p`ij ndi m`nomd^^di `n pi\ ]p`i\ qj

gpio\_( k`mj `skgd^\m gj lp` lpd`m` _`^dm ^ji w]p`i\ qjgpio\_x
ij `n i\_\ a^dg* K\m\ ip`nomjn kmjkndojn ]\no\m ^ji `hk`u\m
.1 F\io _dn^po` lp `n ]p`ij ndi m`nomd^^di `i g\ kmdh`m\ n`^^di _` ;haWT'
`XagTV\ a WX _T `XgTY f\VT WX _Tf Vbfgh`UeXf( @_dojmd\g Kjmm\( H sd^j( -531( k* 5*
.2 >U\W(& k* .-*
.3 >U\W(

.)-

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

n`\g\i_j lp` n`bi F\io yg\ ]p`i\ qjgpio\_ ij `n ]p`i\ kjm

gj lp` `a`^o` j m`\gd^`( ij `n ]p`i\ kjm np \_`^p\^di k\m\ \g
^\iu\m \gbi adi lp` ijn c\t\hjn kmjkp`nojz*.4 @noj `n kjmlp`
gj lp` c\^`hjn ^jhj m`npgo\_j _` g\ qjgpio\_( kp`_`( kjm ^\np\
gd_\_( ojmk`u\ j dio`ma`m`i^d\ _` jomjn( n`m ojo\gh`io` jkp`noj \
gj lp` c\]\hjn _`^d_d_j* N\]`hjn _`g di`koj ]d`i dio`i^dji\_j
t _`g qdgg\ij lp`( \ k`n\m _` oj_jn npn kg\i`n( _` c`^cj \tp_\ \g
c mj`* F\io _d^` lp` g\ qjgpio\_ y`n ]p`i\ ngj kjm `g lp`m`m( `n
_`^dm( `n ]p`i\ `i n hdnh\z*.5 @noj lpd`m` _`^dm lp` `g lp` pi\
qjgpio\_ n`\ ]p`i\ ij _`k`i_` _` g\n ^jin`^p`i^d\n _`g lp`m`m
ndij _` g\ h\i`m\ _` lp`m`m* @noj n` kji` _` h\idad`noj `i g\
ndbpd`io` _`adi^di lp` kj_`hjn podgdu\m k\m\ `skm`n\m `g kpioj
_` qdno\ _` F\io6
N od`i` ]p`i\ qjgpio\_ 9$(t \^o\ kjm m`nk`oj \ g`t`n hjm\g`n*
@noj ndbp` nd`i_j o\i ngj pi ^jhd`iuj kjmlp` c`hjn diomj_p
^d_j _jn ip`qjn o mhdijn lp` `hkg`\ F\io( gjn ^p\g`n m`lpd`m`i
pi\ `skgd^\^di6 w\^o\ kjm m`nk`oj \x t wg`t hjm\gx* @g kmdh`mj
kp`_` `skgd^\mn` _dnodibpd i_jgj _` w\^o\ _` \^p`m_j ^jix_` g\
ndbpd`io` h\i`m\6
N TVgT WX TVhXeWb Vba `g kmdi^dkdj E 9 (t N c\^` \gbj lp` `n
^jhk\od]g` ^ji gj lp` E km`n^md]`*
N TVg\ T cbe eXfcXgb \g kmdi^dkdj E 4{&Y H c\^` \gbj kjm g\ njg\
m\ui _` lp` gj lp` `no c\^d`i_j `n ^jhk\od]g` ^ji gj lp`
E km`n^md]`*
Am`^p`io`h`io` kj_`hjn \^op\m _` \^p`m_j ^ji pi kmdi^dkdj ndi
n`m ndlpd`m\ ^jin^d`io`n _` g ` di^gpnj ^p\i_j om\o\hjn _` qdj
g\mgj* >p\i_j g\ h\tjm\ _` ijnjnomjn ^ji_p^` pi ^j^c` \^o\ _`
\^p`m_j ^ji g`t`n lp` n` m`ad`m`i \g ghdo` _` q`gj^d_\_( \ q`^`n
kjmlp` lp`m`hjn( jom\n ndi o`i`m idibi k`in\hd`ioj j _`n`j
\g m`nk`^oj( t jom\n ^p\i_j om\o\hjn _` lp`]m\io\m g\ g`t( nd( kjm
`e`hkgj( k`in\hjn `lpdqj^\_\h`io` lp` `g ghdo` `n hn ]\ej
_` gj lp` `i m`\gd_\_ `n* @i idibpij _` `nojn ^\njn \^op\hjn kjm
m`nk`oj \ g\n g`t`n* <^op\hjn kjm m`nk`oj \ pi\ g`t ngj ^p\i_j
.4 >U\W(& `( .-*
.5 >U\W(

vI>86 9:DCIDA{<>86

.).

ip`nom\ _`^dndi _` c\^`m \gbj n` ]\n\ `i( t ngj `i( lp` g\ m\ui
_` gj lp` c\^`hjn `n ^jhk\od]g` ^ji gj lp` g\ g`t km`n^md]`* ?`
h\i`m\ lp` k\m\ \^op\m kjm m`nk`oj \ pi\ g`t _`]`hjn _`^d_dm
]\ni_jijn njg\h`io` `i g\ m\ui( `noj `n( ndi \kjt\mijn `i ip`n
om\n di^gdi\^dji`n j _`n`jn( k\m\ c\^`m gj lp` `n ^jhk\od]g` ^ji gj
lp` g\ g`t km`n^md]`* Nd `ioji^`n \^op\hjn ]\ni_jijn `i ip`nom\
_`^dndi( n` kp`_` _`^dm lp` \^op\hjn kjm m`nk`oj \ g\ g`t*
AT _Xl `beT_ l X_ \`cXeTg\ib VTgXZ e\Vb
G\ `skm`ndi wg`t hjm\gx `n hn _da^dg _` `skgd^\m* N\]`hjn om`n
^jn\n6
-* Pi\ g`t hjm\g km`n^md]` gj lp` _`]` c\^`mn`*
.* Gj lp` _`]` c\^`mn` `n kmj_p^dm `g h\tjm ]d`i ^p\glpd`m\
lp` no` n`\*
/* Pi\ qjgpio\_ lp` \^o\ kjm m`nk`oj \ g\n g`t`n hjm\g`n `n
`g h\tjm ]d`i*
?` gj \io`mdjm kj_`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` g\ g`t hjm\g km`n^md]` ngj
pi\ ^jn\( \ n\]`m( lp` \^op`hjn kjm m`nk`oj \ g\n g`t`n hjm\g`n*
@noj od`i` _jn ^jin`^p`i^d\n dhkjmo\io`n* G\ kmdh`m\ `n lp` ngj
c\t pi\ g`t hjm\g( kjmlp` ngj n` km`n^md]` pi\ ^jn\* G\ n`bpi_\
`n lp`( kp`noj lp` g\ g`t hjm\g `sdb` ndhkg`h`io` lp` \^op`
hjn kjm m`nk`oj \ `gg\ hdnh\( `n _da`m`io` _` oj_jn gjn kmdi^dkdjn
od^jn ]nd^jn lp` `s\hdi\hjn km`qd\h`io`* Oj_jn nojn km`n
^md]`i lp \^ojn _`]`hjn m`\gdu\m( k`mj no` km`n^md]` ^hj _`
]`hjn m`\gdu\m ^p\glpd`m \^oj* Kjm gj o\ioj( ij nji g\n \^^dji`n
k\mod^pg\m`n lp` pi\ g`t km`n^md]` g\n lp` c\^`i hjm\g \ pi\ g`t(
`n _`^dm( ij `n `g ^jio`id_j k\mod^pg\m _` ^p\glpd`m g`t gj lp` g\
c\^` hjm\g* T kp`noj lp` ^p\glpd`m g`t k\mod^pg\m ^jindno` ngj `i
\gbi ^jio`id_j k\mod^pg\m lp` \_jko\ g\ ajmh\ _` pi\ g`t( _`]`
n`m `no\ g`b\gd_\_ gj lp` c\^` hjm\g \ pi\ g`t* <n lp` nd kj_`hjn
`i^jiom\m pi\ g`t lp` `skm`n` ndhkg`h`io` `no\ ajmh\ g`b\g _`
g\ g`t( `ioji^`n c\]m`hjn `i^jiom\_j g\ id^\ g`t hjm\g*
Lp ajmh\ od`i`i oj_\n g\n g`t`n km`n^mdkodq\n; Kp`_`i _dnodi
bpdmn` _` g\n g`t`n `skgd^\odq\n( ^jhj g\n g`t`n ^d`ioad^\n( `i lp`
kp`_`i `skm`n\mn` ^jhj dhk`m\odqjn \^`m^\ _` g\n \^^dji`n _` g\
b`io`* ?` h\i`m\ lp` g\n g`t`n km`n^mdkodq\n g`b\g`n nji `skm`
n\_\n am`^p`io`h`io` _` hj_j dhk`m\odqj ^jhj `i yM`_pu^\ np

.)/

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

q`gj^d_\_z t yKmjcd]d_j aph\mz* T kp`noj lp` ij c\t idibpi\

m`nomd^^di nj]m` `g dhk`m\odqj hjm\g n\gqj lp` `skm`n\ g\ ajmh\
g`b\g( ij c\t ^ji_d^dji`n lp` _`]\i ^phkgdmn` k\m\ lp` n`\ \kgd
^\]g`* @n( kp`n( pi dhk`m\odqj di^ji_d^dji\g j ^\o`bmd^j t `n pi
dhk`m\odqj _` \kgd^\^di pidq`mn\g* <n lp` g\ g`t hjm\g( \g `sd
bdm lp` \^op`hjn kjm m`nk`oj \ `gg\ hdnh\( `sdb` lp` \^op`hjn
kjm m`nk`oj \ g\ g`b\gd_\_ pidq`mn\g ` di^ji_d^dji\g* G\ g`t hj
m\g `sdb` lp` nd`hkm` lp` _`^d_\hjn c\^`m \gbj _`]`hjn _`^d
_dm c\^`mgj njg\h`io` kjm g\ m\ui _` lp` c\^`mgj `n ^jhk\od]g`
^ji gj lp` g\ g`b\gd_\_ pidq`mn\g ` di^ji_d^dji\g `sdb`* T( n`bi
`no\ dio`mkm`o\^di _` F\io( g\ g`b\gd_\_ pidq`mn\g ` di^ji_d^dj
i\g `sdb` lp` gjn kmdi^dkdjn `i gjn lp` _` c`^cj ]\n`hjn ip`nom\
_`^dndi( gj lp` F\io gg\h\ yhsdh\nz( _`]`i o`i`m g\ ajmh\ _`
g\n g`t`n pidq`mn\g`n ` di^ji_d^dji\g`n* @g dhk`m\odqj hjm\g( kjm
gj o\ioj( `sdb` lp` hjm\gh`io` ijn `no k`mhdod_j \^op\m n`bi
pi\ hsdh\ ngj nd ip`nom\ _`^dndi _` \^op\m _` \^p`m_j ^ji `gg\
`n ^jhk\od]g` ^ji ip`nom\ qjgpio\_ _` c\^`m _` g\ hsdh\ pi\
g`t pidq`mn\g ` di^ji_d^dji\g lp` bj]d`mi` g\n \^^dji`n _` oj_jn(
di^gpt`i_j g\n ip`nom\n* F\io ajmhpg\ `g dhk`m\odqj ^\o`bmd^j
^jhj ndbp`6
J ]m\ ngj n`b i p i \ h sdh \ o\g l p ` kp`_\n l p ` m` m \g h dnh j od`h
kj l p ` n` oj mi ` g`t pidq`mn\g*/,
K M DH @ M <

A J M H P G < > D I ? @ G DH K @ M < O DQ J > < O @ B M D> J

G\ ajmhpg\^di \io`mdjm _`g dhk`m\odqj ^\o`bmd^j ij `n g\ id^\

_\_\ kjm F\io( k`mj `n g\ kmdh`m\ lp` g _`mdq\* @s\hdi\m`
hjn np n`bpi_\ ajmhpg\^di hn \_`g\io` `i g\ k* 1--* Pi\ ^jn\
lp` \h]\n od`i`i `i ^jhi `n lp` km`n^md]`i kmdi^dkdjn t( kjm
`i_`( \^^dji`n ]\n\_\n `i gjn kmdi^dkdjn( di_`k`i_d`io`h`io` _`
g\n ^jin`^p`i^d\n _` g\n \^^dji`n* Pi\ o`jm\ od^\ lp` ojh\ `noj
^jhj np kmdi^dkdj od^j ]nd^j `n g\ o`jm\ _`jiojgbd^\* no\( \g
dbp\g lp` jom\n o`jm\n od^\n( n` ojk\ ^ji j]e`^dji`n( k`mj \i
o`n _` `skji`mg\n o`i`hjn lp` _`^d_dm nd _`]`hjn dio`mkm`o\m
`g kmdi^dkdj _` F\io ^jhj pi\ `skm`ndi _` pi\ ^ji_d^di _`
\pojmdu\^di hjm\g i`^`n\md\ t npad^d`io`( j ndhkg`h`io` _` pi\
,) >U\W(& `( ,2(

EG>B:G6 ;DGBJA68>{C 9:A >BE:G6I>KD 86I:<{G>8D

.)0

^ji_d^di i`^`n\md\ _\_\ g\ k\g\]m\ wngjx* @noj `n( k\m`^` `lpd

q\g`io` \6
Od`i`n g\ \pojmdu\^di _` \^op\m ]\ej `g kmdi^dkdj E f _b f\ kp`
_`n lp`m`m lp` E n`\ pi\ g`t pidq`mn\g*
Kjm jom\ k\mo`( nd om\o\hjn _` dio`mkm`o\mg\ o\h]d i ^jhj pi\
^ji_d^di npad^d`io`( `ioji^`n npmb`i j]e`^dji`n _` dih`_d\oj*
Nd g\ kjnd]dgd_\_ _` lp` \gbpd`i lpd`m\ lp` pi kmdi^dkdj n`\ pi\
g`t pidq`mn\g `n pi\ ^ji_d^di npad^d`io` k\m\ lp` `g kmdi^dkdj
n`\ \lp`g ]\ej `g ^p\g _`]` \^op\m( `ioji^`n j]o`i`hjn m`npgo\
_jn hjm\gh`io` m`kpbi\io`n* Kjm `e`hkgj( pi n\_jh\njlpdno\
kj_m\ ij o`i`m idibi kmj]g`h\ \g lp`m`m lp` `g kmdi^dkdj lp`
_d^` y_\g` \ Gk`u ^di^j g\odb\ujn _d\mdjnz( n` pidq`mn\gd^` `i y_\
g` \ oj_j `g hpi_j ^di^j g\odb\ujn _d\mdjnz* K`mj ij _`]` ^ji
^gpdmn` _` `ggj lp` `no \pojmdu\_j k\m\ \^op\m ]\ej `g kmdi^dkdj
_` _\mg` \ Gk`u ^di^j g\odb\ujn _d\mdjn* Kjm gj o\ioj _`]`hjn
m`nomdibdm `g kmdi^dkdj _` hj_j lp` `skm`n` ndhkg`h`io` pi\
^ji_d^di i`^`n\md\*
Ij j]no\io`( pi\ q`u lp` c`hjn m`nomdibd_j _` `no\ h\i`m\ `g
dhk`m\odqj ^\o`bmd^j( npmb` jom\ j]e`^di* @g dhk`m\odqj m`nomdi
bd_j ij `n _` idibpi\ \tp_\ `i gjn ^\njn `i lp` kj_`hjn lp`m`m
lp` pi kmdi^dkdj n` pidq`mn\gd^` k`mj `i gjn lp` ij `no\hjn n`
bpmjn \^`m^\ _` nd _`]`hjn \^op\m ]\ej `n` kmdi^dkdj* Gj hn lp`
kp`_` _`^dmijn `g dhk`m\odqj `n lp` nd ij kj_`hjn lp`m`m lp`
pi kmdi^dkdj n` pidq`mn\gd^` `ioji^`n ij `no\hjn \pojmdu\_jn \
n`bpdmgj( `noj `n( ij _`]`hjn \^op\m ]\ej `n` kmdi^dkdj* Kjm ^ji
ndbpd`io`( `g dhk`m\odqj _` F\io( nd ]d`i kp`_` n`m pi `g`h`ioj
`n`i^d\g _` pi kmdi^dkdj od^j ]nd^j( ij kp`_` n`m `g kmdi^dkdj
]nd^j hdnhj( kjmlp` ij `n \kgd^\]g` `i hp^c\n ndop\^dji`n* ?`
c`^cj( kj_m\ o\h]d i j]e`o\mn`( ij `no ^g\mj ^hj n` \kgd^\ `i
^p\glpd`m ndop\^di( kjmlp` ij `no ^g\mj ^hj kj_`hjn _`md
q\m j]gdb\^dji`n k\mod^pg\m`n _` pi kmdi^dkdj o\i \]nom\^oj* F\io
om\o\ _` m`apo\m `no\ n`bpi_\ j]e`^di hjnom\i_j ^hj _`mdq\m
_`]`m`n k\mod^pg\m`n \ k\modm _` np dhk`m\odqj* Gj lp` dio`io\
c\^`m `n hjnom\m lp` \gbpd`i lp` gg`q\ \ ^\]j pi \^oj k\mod^pg\m
]\ni_jn` `i pi\ hsdh\ dihjm\g k\mod^pg\m ^\`m\ `i pi odkj
_` di^jindno`i^d\ nd o\h]d i lpdnd`m\ lp` g\ hsdh\ n` ^jiqdmod`m\
`i pi\ g`t pidq`mn\g* ?` h\i`m\ lp` gj lp` F\io lpd`m` _`^dm ^ji
yij kp`_`n lp`m`m lp` g\ hsdh\ ]\ej g\ ^p\g \^o\n n`\ pi\ g`t

.)1

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

pidq`mn\gz `n lp` nd gj c\^`n( `ioji^`n n`mn _` \gbpi\ h\i`m\ di

^jindno`io` t kjm gj o\ioj op _`^dndi n`m dmm\^dji\g* K`mj ojh\m
pi\ _`^dndi dmm\^dji\g `n ^jiom\mdj \ \^op\m kjm m`nk`oj \ g\ g`t
hjm\g( kjmlp`( ^jhj c`hjn qdnoj( \^op\hjn kjm m`nk`oj \ g\ g`t
hjm\g id^\h`io` nd ojh\hjn pi\ _`^dndi ]\ni_jijn ngj `i
g\ m\ui k\m\ \^op\m _` \^p`m_j ^ji g\ g`t hjm\g*
@s\hdi`hjn _jn _` gjn `e`hkgjn _` F\io k\m\ dgpnom\m np h
oj_j* Pi _`]`m lp` g _`mdq\ _` np kmdh`m\ ajmhpg\^di `n `g
_`]`m _` ij c\^`m pi\ a\gn\ kmjh`n\( kjm `e`hkgj( ^ji `g adi _`
j]o`i`m _di`mj km`no\_j* @i `no` ^\nj( n`bi F\io( g\ hsdh\
n`m\
>p\i_j h` ^m`\ `no\m \kpm\_j _` _di`mj( ojh\m \ km no\hj
t kmjh`o`m `g k\bj( \pi ^p\i_j n lp` ij gj qjt \ q`mdad^\m
ipi^\*/Nd `no\ hsdh\ n` pigq`mn\gdu\( o`i_m`hjn pi\ g`t lp` _db\ lp`
^\_\ q`u lp` \gbpd`i i`^`ndo` _di`mj _`]` c\^`m pi\ a\gn\ kmj
h`n\ ^ji `g adi _` j]o`i`mgj* Nd no\ ap`m\ pi\ g`t lp` bj]`m
i\m\ g\n \^^dji`n _` oj_j `g hpi_j( `ioji^`n( n`bi F\io( i\_d`
^m``m\ pi\ kmjh`n\ c`^c\ ]\ej o\g`n ^dm^pino\i^d\n t i\_d` n`m\
gg`q\_j \ ^m``m a\gn\n kmjh`n\n* @g m`npgo\_j `n pi\ di^jindno`i^d\
`iom` g\ dio`i^di _`g h`iodmjnj k\m\ `ib\\m \ gjn _`hn t np
_`n`j _` pi\ g`t pidq`mn\g lp` `gdhdi` `g `ib\j* Kj_`hjn ^ji
^gpdm `ioji^`n lp` ij _`]`hjn c\^`m a\gn\n kmjh`n\n* C` \lp
pi kmdi^dkdj od^j lp` kmjc]` \^ojn `nk`^ad^jn( _` o\g h\i`m\
lp`( nd g\ _`mdq\^di _` F\io `n qgd_\( F\io ijn c\ hjnom\_j
^hj \kgd^\m np kmdi^dkdj \]nom\^oj \ \^ojn `nk`^ad^jn* Idibi
\^oj lp` ^jindno\ `i h`iodm `n ^jmm`^oj*
Jomj _` gjn `e`hkgjn _` F\io n` m`ad`m` \ g\ k`mnji\ lp` _`^d_`
ij \tp_\m \ \gbpd`i lp` i`^`ndo` \tp_\* @i `no` `e`hkgj F\io
`iod`i_` g\ hsdh\ _` g\ ndbpd`io` h\i`m\6
Ij \tp_\m \ jom\ k`mnji\ di^gpnj ^p\i_j no\ i`^`ndo` \tp_\*
Nd opqd m\hjn lp` ^jiq`modm `no\ hsdh\ `i g`t pidq`mn\g n`m\ g\
g`t lp` _dm\ lp` i\_d` _`]` \tp_\m \ ^p\glpd`m jom\ k`mnji\ lp`
i`^`ndo` \tp_\* K`mj( \admh\ F\io( oj_jn _`n`\hjn lp` \gbpd`i
ijn \tp_` ^p\i_j ijn `i^jiom\hjn `i kmj]g`h\n( _` h\i`m\
H* >U\W(& `( -)(

EG>B:G6 ;DGBJA68>{C 9:A >BE:G6I>KD 86I:<{G>8D

.)2

lp` ip`nomj _`n`j _` \tp_\ `no\m\ `i ^jiagd^oj ^ji ip`nomj _`n`j

_` lp` gj \io`mdjm n`\ pi\ g`t pidq`mn\g lp` bj]d`mi` g\n \^^dji`n
cph\i\n* <n kp`n( o`i`hjn g\ j]gdb\^di _` \tp_\m \ jomjn `i
ndop\^dji`n `nk`^ad^\n ^p\i_j nojn i`^`ndo\i \tp_\*
DU]XV\ a T _T ce\`XeT Ybe`h_TV\ a1
{dh `~k\`Tf [Tl dhX ha_iXefT_\mTe5
C`hjn qdnoj \ k\modm _` gjn _jn `e`hkgjn \io`mdjm`n lp` `g h oj_j
_` F\io k\m\ _`mdq\m _`]`m`n `nk`^ad^jn _` g\ kmdh`m\ ajmhp
g\^di _`g dhk`m\odqj ^\o`bmd^j _`k`i_` _` g\ _`mdq\^di _` pi\
di^jindno`i^d\ ^p\i_j ^d`mo\n hsdh\n n` pigq`mn\gdu\i* C\t _jn
kmj]g`h\n ]nd^jn `i `no\ _`mdq\^di* @g kmdh`mj `n `g kmj]g`h\
_` \kgd^\m g\ kmdh`m\ ajmhpg\^di \ g\n hsdh\n* < ^pg`n _`]`
\kgd^\mn` t \ ^pg`n ij _`]` \kgd^\mn`; @g n`bpi_j `n `g kmj]g`h\
_` nd F\io kp`_` j ij( ^jhj g \admh\( _`mdq\m pi\ ^g\m\ di^ji
ndno`i^d\ \g \kgd^\m `no\ kmdh`m\ ajmhpg\^di* K\m\ q`m `g kmdh`m
kmj]g`h\ ^jind_ m`n` \ pi\ k`mnji\ lp` qdq` `i ^ji_d^dji`n hd
n`m\]g`n( hp`mo\ _` c\h]m`( lp` n\]` lp` ij kp`_` njno`i`m pi\
kmjh`n\ c`^c\ \ pi\ k`mnji\ `som`h\_\h`io` md^\( ^ji `g adi _`
j]o`i`m _di`mj k\m\ ^jhd_\ t h`_d^di\n di_dnk`in\]g`n* < lp
hsdh\ _`]`hjn \kgd^\m `g dhk`m\odqj; @n \ g\ hsdh\ ]\no\io`
b`i`m\g _` F\io j \ pi\ hn m`nomdibd_\( o\g ^jhj6
Nd`hkm` lp` h` `no hpmd`i_j _` c\h]m` t i`^`ndo` ^jhd_\
t h`_d^di\n t g\ id^\ h\i`m\ _` j]o`i`mg\ n`\ c\^d`i_j pi\
a\gn\ kmjh`n\( g` c\m pi\ a\gn\ kmjh`n\ \ pi\ k`mnji\ md^\
lp` kp`_\ km`n^di_dm _`g _di`mj*
Ij ^\]` _p_\ _` lp` no\ `n pi\ hsdh\ dihjm\g di^gpnj nd g\
dio`i^di _` g\ k`mnji\ \g \^op\m _` \^p`m_j ^ji `gg\ `n _` \gbi
hj_j di^jindno`io` ^ji np _`n`j _` pidq`mn\gdu\mg\*
>jind_ m`n` pi pidq`mn\gdu\_jm hpt \nopoj lp` ^\_\ q`u lp`
c\^` pi\ a\gn\ kmjh`n\ \admh\ lp` np hsdh\ `n \gbj \n ^jhj
gj ndbpd`io`6
Nd`hkm` lp` \gbpd`i hd_\ - h`omj 4, ^hn( o`ib\ pi jej \upg
t jomj ^\a ( pi\ ^d^\omdu _` 4 ^hn `i g\ h`edgg\ dulpd`m_\( pi
c`md_\ _` ]\g\ `i g\ k\gh\ _` g\ h\ij _`m`^c\( pi \m`o` _`
jmj `i g\ jm`e\ dulpd`m_\( t i`^`ndo` _di`mj( _`]` k`_dm _di`mj
km`no\_j t c\^`m g\ a\gn\ kmjh`n\ _` k\b\mgj*

.*)

:A EGD7A:B6 9:?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

Gj lp` c\^` \nopoj \ `no` pigq`mn\gdu\_jm `n lp` g\ id^\ k`mnji\

lp` ^jdi^d_` ^ji `no\ _`n^mdk^di `n g hdnhj* Kjm jom\ k\mo`(
\admh\ lp` `no\ hsdh\ `n pidq`mn\g o\g ^jhj `no kp`noj lp` `n
_` g\ ajmh\6
Nd`hkm` lp` \gbpd`i n`\ S _`]` c\^`m N
lp` `n g\ ajmh\ _` g\ hsdh\ pigq`mn\gdu\_\ _` F\iG ?` c`^cj(
g\ hsdh\ n` \kgd^\ \ gbWb TdhX_ lp` n`\ S* @n pi c`^cj ^jiodi
b`io` lp` ngj ip`nomj \nopoj pidq`mn\gdu\_jm n`\ S* Kjm ^jind
bpd`io`( no`( lp` pn\ `no\ ajmh\ ^ji g\ _`n^mdk^di \io`mdjm k\m\
oj_\n npn hsdh\n( n` `i^p`iom\ ^ji lp` i\_\ `no kmjcd]d_j
t i\_\ `n j]gdb\ojmdj( kjmlp` oj_\n npn hsdh\n nji pidq`mn\
g`n* ?` h\i`m\ lp` kp`_` \^op\m _` \^p`m_j ^ji `gg\n t lp`m`m
lp` n`\i g`t`n pidq`mn\g`n ndi ^\`m `i pi\ di^jindno`i^d\* G\ m`n
kp`no\ j]qd\ \ `noj `n _`^dm lp` _`]` kji`mn` \gbpi\ m`nomd^^di
m`nk`^oj \ \lp`ggj lp` kj_`hjn npnodopdm kjm wSx( k`mj ij `no
^g\mj ^hj k`mhdodm pi\ am\n` o\g ^jhj w_`n`nk`m\_\h`io` i`^`
ndo\_j _` ^jhd_\x( t `s^gpdm g\ am\n` hn g\mb\ diq`io\_\ kjm `g
\nopoj pidq`mn\gdu\_jm*
DgeT bU]XV\ a1 ab chXWX WXe\iTe WXUXeXf XfcXV Y\Vbf
Ndi `h]\mbj( `g kmdh`mj ij `n `g kmj]g`h\ hn n`mdj( kjmlp`
kp`_` n`m kjnd]g` m`nomdibdm n\odna\^ojmd\h`io` g\ \kgd^\^di _`g
dhk`m\_qj( k`mj ij `no ^g\mj ^hj `gp_dm `g n`bpi_j kmj]g`h\*
@n di_dnk`in\]g` lp` F\io _`mdq` \gbpi\ `nk`^d` _` di^jindno`i
^d\* @g `e`hkgj hn kg\pnd]g` lp` _\ `n `g ^\nj _` g\ a\gn\ kmjh`n\(
k`mj di^gpnj \lp am\^\n\ np _`mdq\^di* Njg\h`io` c\t pi\ di
^jindno`i^d\ nd \gbpd`i _`^d_` `ib\\m \ pi\ k`mnji\ t o\h]d i
_`^d_` c\^`m \gbj lp` g` dhkd_\ `ib\\mg\* K`mj `g `ib\j ij n`
\^\]\m\ \c nd gj a\Vb lp` ap`m\ \ np^`_`m( ap`m\ lp` g\n \^^dj
i`n _` ^p\glpd`m\ lp` i`^`ndo\m\ _di`mj `nopqd`m\i bj]`mi\_\n
kjm pi g`t lp` `sdbd`m\ c\^`m a\gn\n kmjh`n\n* Nd g\ k`mnji\ \
g\ lp` pi h`iodmjnj `no\]\ om\o\i_j _` `ib\\m ij npkd`m\ lp`
c\t pi\ g`t n`h`e\io` j ij n` cp]d`m\ _\_j ^p`io\ _` lp` n` om\
o\]\ _` pi\ ndop\^di ^jhkm`i_d_\ kjm g\ g`t \^`m^\ _` g\ i`^`nd
_\_ _` _di`mj( `ioji^`n c\t hp^c\n kmj]\]dgd_\_`n _` lp` ap`m\
`ib\\_\( `nk`^d\gh`io` nd `g `ib\\_jm ap`m\ \nopoj* Di^gpnj nd
`no\ km^od^\ cp]d`m\ o`id_j gpb\m phq`mn\gh`io` _pm\io` ndbgjn
c\]m\( ^jhj _d^` `g _d^cj( ypi dib`ipj lp` i\^` ^\_\ hdipoj *

H:<JC96 ;DGBJA68>{C 9:A >BE:G6I>KD 86I:<{G>8D

.**

Hpt \ h`ip_j c\t( _`n\ajmopi\_\h`io`( kj^j k\m`^d_j `iom` gj

lp` g\ b`io` lpd`m` ^m``m t g\ q`m_\_*
@g kmj]g`h\ `n hn `qd_`io` `i `g n`bpi_j `e`hkgj( kjmlp`
k\m\ gg`b\m \ g\ di^jindno`i^d\ F\io _`]` \admh\m lp` oj_jn _`
n`\hjn lp` \gbpd`i ijn \tp_` ^p\i_j ijn `i^jiom\hjn `i kmj
]g`h\n* Nd \gbpd`i ij opqd`m\ `no` _`n`j( `ioji^`n np pidq`mn\gd
u\^di _` g\ hsdh\ _` ij \tp_\m \ i\_d` ij n`m\ di^jhk\od]g`
^ji ^p\glpd`m\ _` npn _`n`jn* Ij `no\m\ j]gdb\_j( `i ^jin`^p`i
^d\( \ \tp_\m \ gjn _`hn* @no\hjn n`bpmjn _` lp` c\t \gbpi\n
k`mnji\n lp` ij od`i`i `no` _`n`j |b`io`( kjm `e`hkgj( lp` \n`
bpm\ k`mo`i`^`m \ `n\ ^\nd hod^\ m\u\ _` b`io` ^jij^d_\ ^jhj di
_dqd_p\gdno\ mdbpmjn\* F\io kp`_` \admh\m ^p\i_j hp^cj lp` gjn
lp` ij njhjn di_dqd_p\gdno\n mdbpmjnjn ^\`m\hjn `i pi\ di^ji
ndno`i^d\( k`mj \pi \lp npmb`i kmj]g`h\n* Kmdh`mj `no( \g dbp\g
lp` \io`n( `g kmj]g`h\ _` m`nomdibdm g\ \kgd^\^di _`g dhk`m\odqj*
Di^gpnj nd `i g\ hsdh\ ndhkg`h`io` `nk`^dad^\hjn g\ h\i`m\ _`
i`^`ndo\m \tp_\( ^jhj `i wi`^`ndo\ \tp_\ k\m\ ^mpu\m g\ ^\gg`x( \g
bpijn _` ijnjomjn njhjn kjm gj h`ijn npad^d`io`h`io` qdbjmjnjn
^jhj k\m\ ij _`n`\m `no` odkj _` \tp_\* @i n`bpi_j gpb\m( \g \]
njgq`m \g di_dqd_p\gdno\ mdbpmjnj _` g\ m`nkjin\]dgd_\_ _` \tp_\m
\ jomjn( F\io k\m`^` k`mhdodm gj lp` kj_m\hjn gg\h\m g\ a\g\^d\
_`g di_dqd_p\gdno\ mdbpmjnj6 kp`noj lp` ij i`^`ndoj \tp_\ t oj_j
`g hpi_j _`]`m\ n`m ^jhj tj( ij o`ibj g\ j]gdb\^di _` \tp_\m
\ i\_d`* ?`n\ajmopi\_\h`io`( n`\hjn gj lp` n`\hjn( g\ h\tjm\
_` ijnjnomjn ij njhjn di_dqd_p\gdno\n mdbpmjnjn* <q`^`n i`^`ndo\
hjn \tp_\ t kjm gj o\ioj c\t \gbpi\n q`^`n `i lp` jomjn _`]`m\i
\tp_\mijn t\ n`\ lp` `ggjn i`^`ndo`i j ij \tp_\*
C\t( kp`n( n`md\n _dad^pgo\_`n ^ji g\n lp` n` `iam`io\ g\ kmdh`m\
ajmhpg\^di _` F\io _`g dhk`m\odqj ^\o`bmd^j( _dad^pgo\_`n lp`
dhkd_`i lp` n`\ npad^d`io` k\m\ njno`i`mn` kjm n njgj ^jhj `g
dhk`m\odqj hjm\g ]nd^j* Ndi `h]\mbj( ij _`]`hjn m`^c\u\mgj
kjm ^jhkg`oj( kjmlp` kp`_` n`m pi `g`h`ioj dhkjmo\io` k\m\
pi\ ajmhpg\^di n\odna\^ojmd\ _` _d^cj dhk`m\odqj*
N@B PI ?<

A J M H P G < > D I ? @ G DH K @ M < O DQ J > < O @ B M D> J

Pi\ q`u m`^c\u\_\ g\ kmdh`m\ ajmhpg\^di _` F\io \gbpd`i kj

_m\ km`bpio\mn` kjm lp q\hjn \ `s\hdi\m np n`bpi_\ ajmhp
g\^di t( kjm ^d`moj( kjm lp c`hjn ^jind_`m\_j \ F\io ^p\i_j
ip`nomj kmjkndoj c\ nd_j `i^jiom\m pi\ o`jm\ od^\ lp` di^gpt\

:A EGD7A:B6 9:?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

.*+

H:<JC96 ;DGBJA68>{C 9:A >BE:G6I>KD 86I:<{G>8D

\ g\ epnod^d\* Nd ]d`i ij `n j]qdj lp` g\ kmdh`m\ ajmhpg\^di `no

m`g\^dji\_\ ^ji g\ epnod^d\( F\io( \g `sdbdm lp` g\n hsdh\n ]\ej
g\n ^p\g`n \^op\hjn n`\i pidq`mn\gdu\_\n _` hj_j lp` n`\i dbp\g
h`io` \kgd^\]g`n \ oj_jn( c\ di^gpd_j `i np dhk`m\odqj \gbj lp` `n
`n`i^d\g \ g\epnod^d\* >p\i_j gg`bp`hjn \ g\ n`bpi_\ ajmhpg\^di(
ndi `h]\mbj( q`m`hjn ^g\m\h`io` ^hj g\ o`jm\ _` F\io npk`m\
`g odkj _` _dad^pgo\_ lp` g\ epnod^d\ g` kg\io`\ \g podgdo\mdnhj*
F\io( \g `skji`m np n`bpi_\ ajmhpg\^di( g` _dj `skm`ndi \
pi\ _` g\n _j^omdi\n cph\idno\n hn bm\i_djn\n* M`nph` `i pi
]m`q` dhk`m\odqj g\ _j^omdi\ _` g\ _dbid_\_ t q\gjm _` g\ k`mnji\
di_dqd_p\g6
J]m\ _` o\g hj_j lp` pn`n g\ cph\id_\_( o\ioj `i op k`mnji\
^jhj `i g\ k`mnji\ _` ^p\glpd`m jomj( nd`hkm` ^jhj pi adi
\g hdnhj od`hkj t ipi^\ njg\h`io` ^jhj pi h`_dj*/.
C\t _jn km`n^mdk^dji`n dhkjmo\io`n `i `no` dhk`m\odqj* ?`]`hjn
om\o\m \ g\n k`mnji\n ^jhj Y\aXf& `noj `n( _`]`hjn om\o\mg\n ^jhj
n`m`n lp` od`i`i pi q\gjm diomin`^j `i n hdnhjn( ndi dhkjmo\m
`g q\gjm lp` kp`_\i o`i`m j _`g lp` kp`_\i ^\m`^`m `i o\ioj `Xx
W\bf cTeT ha Y\a( O\hkj^j _`]`hjn om\o\m ipi^\ \ g\ b`io` ^jhj
^jn\n lp` nji f\`c_Xf `XW\bf( @n _`^dm lp` nd ]d`i kj_`hjn( gj c\
^`hjn( t \ h`ip_j o`i`hjn lp` om\o\m \ g\ b`io` ^jhj pi h`_dj(
\g c\^`mgj o\h]d i o`i`hjn lp` om\o\mg\ ^jhj pi adi* ?` hj_j
lp` `g bm\ie`mj om\o\ \ np \m\_j t h\ij _` j]m\ ^jhj h`_djn(
pi h\ipa\^opm`mj om\o\ \ npn hlpdi\n t om\]\e\_jm`n ^jhj h`
_djn( t pi `nop_d\io` om\o\ \ npn gd]mjn t h\`nomjn ^jhj h`_djn*
K`mj nd ]d`i `n ^jmm`^oj om\o\m \g \m\_j( g\ h\lpdi\md\ t gjn gd]mjn
f\`c_X`XagX ^jhj h`_djn( g\ h\ij _` j]m\( gjn om\]\e\_jm`n t gjn
h\`nomjn _`]`i o\h]d i n`m om\o\_jn ^jhj adi`n* @noj dhkgd^\ lp`
idibpi\ k`mnji\ _`]` n`m `n^g\q\( j m\^d\gh`io` _dn^mdhdi\_\( j
pn\_\ ^jhj ^cdqj `skd\ojmdj* >\_\ k`mnji\ `n pi adi `i n hdnh\
t _`]` n`m om\o\_\ ^jhj o\g* <lp `no( ndi _p_\( g\ `n`i^d\ hdnh\
_` g\epnod^d\*
F\io \admh\ lp` `no\ ajmhpg\^di `n ngj pi\ h\i`m\ hn _`
`skm`n\m `s\^o\h`io` g\ hdnh\ g`t hjm\g lp` \k\m`^` `i g\ kmd
h`m\ ajmhpg\^di* Nd ]d`i `no ^g\mj( ndi gpb\m \ _p_\n( kjm lp
k`in\]\ `noj F\io( o\g q`u gj lp` ndbp` \tp_\m \ `skgd^\m lp
`m\ gj lp` o`i\ `i h`io`* T\ c`hjn qdnoj lp` F\io njno`i\ lp`
/.

!"$#

.*,

g\ ]p`i\ qjgpio\_ `n `g h\tjm ]d`i( _` h\i`m\ lp` pi\ ]p`i\

qjgpio\_ `n pi adi `i n hdnhj t _`]` n`m om\o\_j ^jhj o\g* K`mj
kj_`hjn om\o\m g\ a\^pgo\_ _` pi n`m ^jhj pi adi `i n hdnhj ngj
om\o\i_j \g n`m hdnhj ^jhj pi adi* T kp`noj lp` ngj pi n`m lp`
kp`_` \^op\m kjm m`nk`oj \ g\ g`t( `noj `n( ngj pi n`m m\^dji\g(
kp`_` o`i`m pi\ ]p`i\ qjgpio\_( n` ndbp` lp` _`]`hjn om\o\m \
gjn n`m`n m\^dji\g`n _` ]p`i\ qjgpio\_ ^jhj adi`n* Kjm jom\ k\mo`(
kp`noj lp` ij kj_`hjn n\]`m \ k\modm _` npn `a`^ojn nd pi\ qjgpi
o\_ `n ]p`i\( ij kj_`hjn `no\m n`bpmjn nd pi\ qjgpio\_ k\mod^p
g\m `n j ij ]p`i\* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( k\m\ ij jhdodm idibi n`m _`
]p`i\ qjgpio\_( _`]`hjn om\o\m \ oj_jn gjn n`m`n m\^dji\g`n t kjm
`i_` \ oj_jn gjn n`m`n cph\ijn ^jhj adi`n `i n hdnhjn* ?` `no\
h\i`m\( k\mod`i_j _` g\n hdnh\n km`hdn\n( o\g ^jhj ap`mji pn\
_\n k\m\ gg`b\m \ g\ kmdh`m\ ajmhpg\^di( gg`b\hjn kjm pi ^\hdij
gdb`m\h`io` _da`m`io` \ g\ n`bpi_\ ajmhpg\^di* ?` `no\ hdnh\
h\i`m\ F\io kp_j c\]`m gg`b\_j \ g\ n`bpi_\ ajmhpg\^di t \ g\
^ji^gpndi _` lp` `m\ `lpdq\g`io` \ g\ kmdh`m\*
Jom\ m\ui lp` F\io kj_m\ c\]`m o`id_j k\m\ k`in\m lp` g\n
_jn ajmhpg\^dji`n nji `lpdq\g`io`n( t kjm `i_` lp` nji ajmhp
g\^dji`n _` g\ hdnh\ g`t( `n lp` k`in\]\ lp` gjn hdnhjn _`]`m`n
kj_m\i _`mdq\mn` _` ^\_\ pi\ _` `gg\n* Dgpnom `noj _`mdq\i_j gjn
hdnhjn _`]`m`n _` ^\_\ ajmhpg\^di* @s\hdi`hjn ^hj _`mdq\
gjn _jn _`]`m`n \io`mdjh`io` _dn^pod_jn* Q`m`hjn lp` g\ _`md
q\^di `n hn a^dg t kg\pnd]g` `i `no` ^\nj* F\io _`mdq\ `g _`
]`m _` ij c\^`m a\gn\n kmjh`n\n _` g\ km`n^mdk^di _` ij om\o\m \
g\n k`mnji\n ^jhj h`_djn \mbph`io\i_j njg\h`io` lp` \gbpd`i
lp` `no _`^d_d_j \ c\^`m _d^c\ kmjh`n\ yq` \g kpioj lp`*** `no
_`^d_d_j \ pn\m g\ k`mnji\ \e`i\ ^jhj ndhkg` h`_djz*// @i `noj
ndi _p_\ F\io `no `i gj ^jmm`^oj( kjmlp` `ib\\m \ pi\ k`m
nji\ ^ji `g adi _` ^jin`bpdm \gbj k\m\ ijnjomjn hdnhjn `n pn\mg\
ndhkg`h`io` ^jhj pi h`_dj k\m\ ip`nomj kmjkdj ]`i`ad^dj* G\
j]gdb\^di lp` o`i`hjn _` \tp_\m \ gjn _`hn n` _`mdq\ _` g\
jom\ km`n^mdk^di( g\ ^p\g \k\m`^` `i g\ n`bpi_\ ajmhpg\^di( \
n\]`m( lp` om\o`hjn \ g\ b`io` ^jhj adi`n* @noj lpd`m` _`^dm lp`
_`]`hjn a\qjm`^`m `g ]d`i`no\m _` g\ b`io` kjmlp` \n `n ^jhj
_`]`hjn om\o\m \ pi ]d`i `i n hdnhj* @i ^jin`^p`i^d\( ij ]\no\
^ji lp` `qdo`hjn om\o\m \ g\ b`io` ndhkg`h`io` ^jhj pi h`_dj7
_`]`hjn c\^`m hn lp` `nj*
/1 >U\W(& k* 01*

k* 00)01*

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

.*-

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86H JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

>d`mo\h`io`( kj_m\ h\io`i`mn` g\ cph\id_\_( \pilp` i\_d` ^ji

omd]pt`m\ \ g\ a`gd^d_\_ _` gjn _`hn( bp\m_i_jn` ]d`i _` npnom\`mg`
i\_\7 h\n `n pi\ ^ji^jm_\i^d\ h`m\h`io` i`b\odq\ t ij kjndodq\(
^ji g\ [h`Ta\WTW& Vb`bY\a Xa f & `g lp` ^\_\ ^p\g ij n` `nap`m^`( `i gj
lp` kp`_\( kjm ajh`io\m gjn adi`n \e`ijn*10

Nd ]d`i F\io `no g`ejn _` n`m pi podgdo\mdno\( gg`b\ \ pi\ j]gdb\^di

lp` np`i\ hpt podgdo\mdno\( \ n\]`m( lp` _`]`hjn ajh`io\m g\ a`
gd^d_\_ _` gjn _`hn om\o\i_j \ ^\_\ k`mnji\ ^jhj pi adi* <n
kp`n( g\ n`bpi_\ ajmhpg\^di _` F\io kp`_` kmjkjm^dji\m pi\
h\i`m\ _` m`^ji^dgd\m `g kmdi^dkdj _` g\ h\tjm a`gd^d_\_ ^ji g\
epnod^d\* Ndi `h]\mbj( k\m\ `q\gp\mgj o`i`hjn lp` q`m nd `iam`io\
jomjn kmj]g`h\n*
JaT bU]XV\ a T _T gXbe T WX @Tag1
ab Xf Tc_\VTU_X T gbWTf _Tf f\ghTV\baXf
C\t om`n j]e`^dji`n lp` \mmje\i _p_\n nj]m` g\ n`bpi_\ ajmhp
g\^di _` F\io _`g dhk`m\odqj ^\o`bmd^j( k`mj oj_\n kp`_`i n`m
\_\ko\_\n k\m\ \kgd^\mn` o\h]d i \ g\ kmdh`m\ ajmhpg\^di7 _`
h\i`m\ lp` nji j]e`^dji`n m`\g`n \ g\ o`jm\ od^\ f\iod\i\ `i np
^jiepioj* T\ c`hjn qdnoj g\ kmdh`m\ j]e`^di o\g ^jhj n` \kgd^\ \
g\ kmdh`m\ ajmhpg\^di* Idibpi\ ajmhpg\^di `n \kgd^\]g` \ oj
_\n g\n ndop\^dji`n* @no` kmj]g`h\ npmb` k\m\ g\ n`bpi_\ ajmhp
g\^di `i _jn odkjn _` ndop\^dji`n* G\ kmdh`m\ ndop\^di `n pi\
`i g\ lp` oj_\n g\n \go`mi\odq\n kjnd]g`n `sdb`i lp` n` om\o` \ \g
bpd`i ngj ^jhj pi h`_dj( o\g ^jhj `i `g `e`hkgj _` pi ]jo`
n\gq\qd_\n nj]m`^\mb\_j _` b`io` _ji_` \gbpd`i od`i` lp` n`m n\
^mdad^\_j ^jhj pi h`_dj k\m\ n\gq\m \ gjn jomjn* @g dhk`m\odqj _`
F\io ij ijn kmjkjm^dji\ idibpi\ h\i`m\ _` _`^d_dm* G\ n`bpi_\
ndop\^di `n \lp`gg\ `i g\ lp` oj_\n g\n \go`mi\odq\n ijn k`mhdo`i
om\o\m \ \gbpd`i ^jhj pi adi( k`mj `i g\ lp` ^\_\ \go`mi\odq\ di
qjgp^m\ \ _da`m`io`n k`mnji\n* no` `n `g kmj]g`h\ ^ji `g lp` n`
`iam`io\ \gbpd`i lp` `no \ ^\mbj _` _dnomd]pdm aji_jn _` ^\md_\_
o\i gdhdo\_jn lp` ij oj_jn gjn lp` i`^`ndo\i \tp_\ kp`_`i n`m
\tp_\_jn* @g dhk`m\odqj _` F\io ij kmjkjm^dji\ pi\ h\i`m\
_` _`^d_dm `iom`( kjm `e`hkgj( pi\ a\hdgd\ ^ji pi cdej o\g`iojnj(
jom\ ^ji pi cdej lp` i`^`ndo\ \o`i^di h _d^\( t jom\ ^ji pi cdej
/0 >U\W(& kk* 04)05 V01X(

H:<JC96 ;DGBJA68>{C 9:A >BE:G6I>KD 86I:<{G>8D

.*.

lp` od`i` kmj]g`h\n h`io\g`n t lp` \o`mmjmdu\ \ gjn q`^dijn* Nd

]d`i `i ^\_\ pij _` `nojn odkjn _` ^\njn g\n _`^dndji`n nji hpt
_da^dg`n( pi kmdi^dkdj lp` kmjkjm^dji\m\ pi\ h\i`m\ _` _dnodi
bpdm `iom` g\n \go`mi\odq\n n`m\ npk`mdjm \g h`ijn `i pi \nk`^oj
\g dhk`m\odqj _` F\io*
HXZhaWT bU]XV\ a1 WXUXeXf TUfb_hgbf q`mnpn WXUXeXf kmdh\ a\^d`
G\ n`bpi_\ j]e`^di `n hn n`md\* N`bi F\io gjn _`]`m`n lp` _`
mdq\hjn _`g dhk`m\odqj ^\o`bmd^j nji _`]`m`n \]njgpojn* Kjm gj
o\ioj( F\io `no ^jhkmjh`od_j ^ji gj lp` \io`mdjmh`io` gg\h\
hjn \]njgpodnhj _` g\ \^^di( `n _`^dm( lp` ^d`mojn \^ojn nji nd`h
km` ^jmm`^ojn j nd`hkm` di^jmm`^ojn* ?` h\i`m\ lp` k\m\ F\io g\
j]gdb\^di _` ij h`iodm `n pi _`]`m \]njgpoj( \n lp` ij _`]`
hjn h`iodm ]\ej idibpi\ ^ji_d^di* @noj( ndi `h]\mbj( ^ji_p^`
\ ^d`mojn m`npgo\_jn lp` ndi _p_\ nji hjm\gh`io` m`kpbi\io`n*
Npkjib\hjn lp` pi _dmdb`io` gj^\g i\ud _` g\ Cjg\i_\ j^pk\_\
^jia\ `i pno`_ t lp` pno`_ `no `i^p]md`i_j \ pi dhkjmo\io`
m`apbd\_j ep_j lp` `g _dmdb`io` `no ]pn^\i_j* no` qd`i` \ ]pn
^\mgj \ pno`_ t( ^jiad\i_j `i pno`_( g` km`bpio\ nd `no j^pgo\i_j
\g m`apbd\_j* Pno`_ n\]` lp` g n` dm ndi ]pn^\m nd g` _d^` lp` ij
j^pgo\ \ i\_d`( t lp` ij _`^dm i\_\ `lpdq\g_m\ \ _`^dmg` g\ q`m
_\_* K\m`^` ^g\mj lp` `i `no\ ndop\^di pno`_ _`]` h`iodm( k`mj
pi f\iod\ij lp` m`^p`m_` `g _`]`m \]njgpoj _` _`^dm g\ q`m_\_
_dm\ lp` pno`_ _`]` \_hdodm lp` `no j^pgo\i_j \ pi m`apbd\_j*
@n ^g\sj lp` _d^cj f\iod\ij `no `i pi `mmjm*
K\m`^`( kjm gj o\ioj( lp` gjn _`]`m`n _`mdq\_jn _`g dhk`m\odqj
^\o`bmd^j ij _`]`i n`m `io`i_d_jn ^jhj _`]`m`n \]njgpojn( ndij
hn ]d`i ^jhj gj lp` n` c\ _`ijhdi\_j _`]`m`n ce\`T YTV\X5U
@noj `n( gjn _`]`m`n f\iod\ijn nji _`]`m`n lp` n` ijn `sdb` ^ph
kgdm \ h`ijn lp` n`\i ^\i^`g\_jn j \ipg\_jn kjm jom\ ^jn\ lp`
n` ijn `sde\* <n lp` `g _`]`m _` ij h`iodm ij `n pi _`]`m \]nj
gpoj( ndij ndhkg`h`io` pi _`]`m ce\`T YTV\X& kjmlp` `i \gbpi\n
ndop\^dji`n `n \ipg\_j kjm \gbi jomj _`]`m ce\`T YTV\X& o\g ^jhj
\tp_\m \ pi \hdbj lp` h`m`^` \tp_\ t lp` n` `i^p`iom\ `i pi\
bm\i \agd^^di* @i pi\ ndop\^di k\mod^pg\m( `g _`]`m ce\`T YTV\X

/1 @g ^ji^`koj _` _`]`m ce\`T YTV\X qd`i` _` ?* Mjnn( I[X G\Z[g TaW g[X <bbW&
Jsajm_ Pidq`mndot Km`nn( Ip`q\ Tjmf( -511( kk* -4).,*

.*/

:A EGD7A:B6 9:?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

lp` \ipg\ oj_jn gjn _`hn `n ip`nomj _`]`m \_`^p\_j( `n _`^dm(

gj lp` _`]`hjn c\^`m `i _d^c\ ndop\^di*
Kj_`hjn `skji`m `no\ _dnodi^di `iom` pi _`]`m \]njgpoj t pi
_`]`m ce\`T YTV\X _`adid`i_j gjn o mhdijn ^g\q`*
6 od`i` `g _`]`m ce\`T YTV\X _` c\^`m E 4{gY C\t \gbj 8P lp`
`sdb` lp` 6 c\b\ E(
Ndi `h]\mbj( kp`noj lp` pi _`]`m ce\`T YTV\X kp`_` n`m \ipg\_j
t kjm gj o\ioj ij n`m gj lp` _`]`hjn c\^`m( o`i`hjn o\h]d i lp`
m`g\^dji\m w_`]`m ce\`T YTV\X# ^ji w\ipg\x t ^ji w_`]`x*
@g _`]`m ce\`T YTV\X _` 6 _` c\^`m E `n \ipg\_j `i g\n ndop\
^dji`n N 4W\Y( C\t \gbj >e lp` `sdb` lp^+- c\b\ E& k`mj c\t
\gbj hn >.( _` o\g h\i`m\ lp` 8P t >.epiojn ab `sdb`i lp`
6 c\b\ E `i g\n ndop\^dji`n N*
@noj `skm`n\ gj lp` g` np^`_` \ g\ j]gdb\^di ce\`T YTV\X _` _`^dm
g\ q`m_\_ `i `g `e`hkgj _`g m`apbd\_j* @i `no\ ndop\^di c\t \gbj(
kjm `e`hkgj( pi\ m`bg\ f\iod\i\( lp` ojh\_\ `i n hdnh\ `sdb`
lp` pno`_ _db\ g\ q`m_\_( k`mj lp` ojh\_\ epioj ^ji g\ `sdb`i^d\
^jiom\md\ _` \tp_\m \% m`apbd\_j( ij `sdb` lp` _db\ g\ q`m_\_* Kjm
jom\ k\mo`( `i `no\ ndop\^di ndi _p_\ k\m`^` `sdbmn`g` \ pno`_
c\^`m \gbj `i gpb\m _` _`^dm g\ q`m_\_* Gj lp` n` g` `sdb` c\^`m(
gj lp` _`]` c\^`m( gj lp` c`hjn _`ijhdi\_j pi _`]`m \_`^p\_j(
`n h`iodm* <n kp`n(
6 _`]` $od`i` `g _`]`m \_`^p\_j% `i g\ ndop\^di N c\^`m E 4WgY'
C\t \gbj 8 lp` `sdb` lp` 6 c\b\ E `i g\ ndop\^di H& l ij
c\t idibi jomj >. o\g lp` 8u l 8.epiojn ij `sde\i lp` 6
c\b\ E `i g\ ndop\^di H(
?` h\i`m\ lp` ^p\glpd`m j]gdb\^di ce\`T YTV\X lp` ij n`\ \ip
g\_\ `i \gbpi\ ndop\^di `n pi _`]`m \_`^p\_j t _`]`hjn c\^`mgj
`i `n\ ndop\^di*
Kj_`hjn \cjm\ _`adidm w_`]`m \]njgpojx ^jhj `g _`]`m k\m\ `g
lp` ij c\t idibpi\ ndop\^di `i g\ lp` \ \gbpd`i n` g` `sde\ c\^`m
\gbj `i gpb\m _` _d^cj _`]`m \]njgpoj* @n( kjm ^jindbpd`io`( pi
_`]`m lp` ipi^\ `n \ipg\_j*
,/ @no\ h\i`m\ _` _`adidm `no\n _dnodi^dji`n qd`i` _` M* H* >cdncjgh( yOc`
@ocd^n ja M`lpdm`h`ioz( `i 6`Xe\VTa E[ bfbc[^T_ FhTegVe_l $-520%( kk* -03)1/*

H:<JC96 ;DGBJA68>{C 9:A >BE:G6I>KD 86I:<{G>8D

.*0

6 od`i` `g _`]`m \]njgpoj _` c\^`m E 4{gY ( C\t \gbj 8P lp`

`sdb` lp` 6 c\b\ E& t ab c\t idibpi\ ndop\^di `i g\ lp` \ 6
n` g` `sde\ c\^`m \gbj `i gpb\m _` E(
Pi\ q`u lp` c`hjn qdnoj gj lp` `n i`^`n\mdj k\m\ lp` pi _`]`m
n`\ pi _`]`m \]njgpoj kj_`hjn q`m o\h]d i lp` c\t hpt kj^jn
_`]`m`n( nd \^\nj c\t \gbpij( lp` n`\i \]njgpojn* B`i`m\gh`io`
c\t \gbpi\ ndop\^di `i g\ lp` pi _`]`m `n \ipg\_j( _` c`^cj
`i g\ lp` n` ijn `sdb` c\^`m jom\ ^jn\* G\ h\tjm\ _` ip`nomjn
_`]`m`n( kjm gj o\ioj( nji gg\h\_jn ^ji hn kmjkd`_\_ _`]`m`n
ce\`T YTV\X(
K\m`^` lp` gjn _`]`m`n f\iod\ijn nji _`n^mdojn ^ji hn km`
^dndi ^jhj _`]`m`n ce\`TYTV\X lp` ^jhj _`]`m`n \]njgpojn( kjm
lp`( ^jhj c`hjn qdnoj( c\t ndop\^dji`n `i g\n lp` nji \ipg\_jn*
Kj_`hjn om\o\m `g `e`hkgj _`g m`apbd\_j _` `no\ h\i`m\( k`mj nd
gj c\^`hjn _`]`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` g\ o`jm\ _` F\io ij `n \kmj
kd\_\ kjmlp` ij kp`_` \gje\m `g ^ji^`koj _` \ipg\^di* @g kmj
]g`h\ `n `ia\odu\_j hn \_`g\io` `i g\ o`m`^`m\ t hn n`md\ j]
e`^di \ g\ o`jm\ _` F\io*
IXeVXeT bU]XV\ a1 ab chXWX eXfb_iXe VbaY_\Vgbf XageX _bf WXUXeXf
@g `e`hkgj _`g m`apbd\_j ij ngj hp`nom\ lp` c\t pi kmj]g`h\
`i g\ o`jm\ _` F\io `i o\ioj lp` k\m`^` km`n^md]dm \^^dji`n hj
m\gh`io` m`kpbi\io`n `i ^d`mo\n ndop\^dji`n( ndij lp` o\h]d i
kp`_`)dgpnom\m `g kmj]g`h\ lp` \^\mm`\i k\m\ np o`jm\ `njn ^ji
agd^ojn `iom` gjn _`]`m`n* @i `g `e`hkgj _`g m`apbd\_j g\ k`mnji\
n` `iam`io\ ^ji gj lp` ^g\m\h`io` ^jinodopt` pi ^jiagd^oj `iom`
gjn _`]`m`n( kjmlp` od`i` `g _`]`m _` \tp_\m \g m`apbd\_j t `g
_`]`m _` _`^dm g\ q`m_\_* @i `no` ^\nj _`]`m\ n`m a^dg m`njgq`m
`g ^jiagd^oj( k`mj g\ o`jm\ _` F\io ij kp`_` c\^`mgj* Nd( ^jhj
kd`in\ F\io( np o`jm\ km`n^md]` _`]`m`n \]njgpojn( `ioji^`n `i
`no` `e`hkgj g\ k`mnji\ _`]` c\^`m _jn ^jn\n lp` ij kp`_` c\
^`m ndhpgoi`\h`io`* <n lp` ij ngj `no j]gdb\_j \ c\^`m \gbj
lp` ij kp`_` c\^`m( ndij lp` o\hkj^j `n ^\k\u _` epnodad^\m np
`g`^^di `iom` pi\ t jom\ _`^dndi* Nd dio`mkm`o\hjn lp` g\ o`jm\
km`n^md]` _`]`m`n ce\`TYTV\X& `ioji^`n( \pilp` g\ k`mnji\ ij `no
j]gdb\_\ \ c\^`m _jn ^jn\n ^jiom\_d^ojmd\n( ndbp` ndi o`i`m h\
i`m\ _` _`^d_dm lp c\^`m* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( g\ o`mj\ _` F\io ij
kp`_` j^pk\mn` _` _`]`m`n `i ^jiagd^oj* K\m`^` lp` g\ o`jm\ _`

.*1

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

JI>A>I6G>HBD G:<JA69DG

.*2

F\io c\ _dqjm^d\_j _` o\g ajmh\ g\ hjm\gd_\_ _` g\n ^jin`^p`i^d\n

_` ip`nomjn \^ojn lp`( `i pi ^\nj ^jhj `g _`g `e`hkgj _`g m`ap
bd\_j `i `g lp` g\n ^jin`^p`i^d\n k\m`^`i n`m hpt dhkjmo\io`n(
ij kp`_` \tp_\mijn*
C`hjn `i^jiom\_j om`n j]e`^dji`n \ g\ o`jm\ od^\ _`jiojgbd)
^\ _` F\io lp`( ojh\_\n `i ^jiepioj( ^jinodopt`i pi\ m\ui npad
^d`io` k\m\ m`^c\u\mg\ kjmlp` ij kmjkjm^dji\ pi kmdi^dkdj od^j
]nd^j* <n kp`n( o`i`hjn lp` ^jiodip\m ^ji ip`nom\ ]nlp`_\*
Ij _`]`hjn( ndi `h]\mbj( n`i^dgg\h`io` m`^c\u\m g\ o`jm\ _`
F\io kjmlp` `skm`n\ \gbj lp` k\m`^` `n`i^d\g k\m\ ^p\glpd`m
kmdi^dkdj ]nd^j n\odna\^ojmdj( g\ `sdb`i^d\ _` om\o\m \ g\ b`io`
^jhj pi adi( t kjm `i_` ^ji epnod^d\* K\m`^`( `i ^jin`^p`i^d\(
lp` `g dhk`m\odqj _` F\io _`]` n`m di^gpd_j `i ^p\glpd`m ijmh\
]nd^\ n\odna\^ojmd\* @g kmj]g`h\ `n ^hj di^gpdmgj* Pi\ m`nkp`no\
m`^d`io` t hpt _dn^pod_\ `n g\ o`jm\ _`ijhdi\_\ podgdo\mdnhj m`
bpg\_jm*

6Vgbf& _XlXf& ]hXVXf l _XZ\f_TWbeXf

G\ \kgd^\]dgd_\_ _`g kmdi^dkdj podgdo\mdno\ \ g\n g`t`n epm_d^\n c\
gg`q\_j \ \gbpijn adgnjajn \ kmjkji`m lp` g\ ijmh\ od^\ ^jmm`^o\
_`]` ^jinompdmn` _` g\ hdnh\ h\i`m\ `i lp` `g kmdi^dkdj podgdo\
mdno\ n` \kgd^\ \ g\n g`t`n epm_d^\n* K\m\ c\^`m `noj _`]`hjn `i
o`i_`m t _dnodibpdm `iom` g\ m`g\^di _` pi ep`u ^ji pi\ g`t t g\
m`g\^di _` pi g`bdng\_jm ^ji pi\ g`t* K* C* Ijr`gg)Nhdoc \admh\
lp`6

@G PODGDO<MDNHJ M@BPG<?JM

<gep`u( ^jhj gj n`\g\ Ijr`gg)Nhdoc( g` dio`m`n\ _`^d_dm ^\njn di

_dqd_p\g`n t \g c\^`mgj ngj kp`_` \kjt\mn` `i g\n g`t`n qdb`io`n*
Ij kp`_`( k\m\ ]d`i j k\m\ h\g( pn\m g\n ^jin`^p`i^d\n k\m\ epn
odad^\m np _`^dndi* @gep`u( kjm gj o\ioj( kp`noj lp` npn _`^dndji`n
`noi gdhdo\_\n \ pi ^jiepioj _` g`t`n( api^dji\ `i ^d`moj hj_j
_` pi\ h\i`m\ _`jiojgbd^\* Ndi `h]\mbj( ^jhj _d^` Ijr`gg)
Nhdoc(

?jn _` gjn kmdi^dk\g`n kmj]g`h\n ^ji gjn lp` n` `iam`io\ g\ o`jm\

_` F\io nji lp` ij kp`_` j^pk\mn` _` _`]`m`n `i ^jiagd^oj t lp`
c\t ndop\^dji`n `i g\n lp` ij `n \kgd^\]g`* ?jn _` gjn kmdi^dk\g`n
kmj]g`h\n k\m\ `g podgdo\mdnhj nji `g _` gjn kg\^`m`n dia`mdjm`n t `g
_` g\ epnod^d\* Kp`noj lp` g\ o`jm\ _` F\io kp`_` m`njgq`m gj lp`
g` ^\pn\ kmj]g`h\n \g podgdo\mdno\ t `g podgdo\mdnhj kp`_` `gp_dm
gj lp` \ F\io g` ^\pn\ kmj]g`h\n( k\m`^` lp` nd gjn _jn kp_d`
m\i n`m \]\m^\_jn kjm pi\ o`jm\ lp` `gdhdi\m\ g\n _`]dgd_\_`n
_` \h]jn ^jin`mq\i_j gjn kpiojn ap`mo`n _` ^\_\ pij( `ioji
^`n o`i_m\hjn pi\ o`jm\ hpt n\odna\^ojmd\* G\ o`jm\ _` F\io
\^`io\ g\ dhkjmo\i^d\ _` g\n g`t`n hjm\g`n lp` km`n^md]`i _`]`
m`n* @noj g` k`mhdo` epnodad^\m g\ epnod^d\* @g podgdo\mdnhj( kjm jomj
g\_j( kmjkji` pi\ ijmh\ lp` kp`_` \kgd^\mn` \ oj_\ ndop\^di*
O\h]d i kp`_` \kgd^\mn` \ g\n g`t`n7 `noj `n( kj_`hjn `q\gp\m pi\
g`t _`o`mhdi\i_j nd np \kgd^\^di od`i_` j ij \ gg`q\m \g hsdhj g\
a`gd^d_\_ bgj]\g* ?` c`^cj( n` c\ \admh\_j lp` g\ h\i`m\ _` `q\
gp\m ^p\glpd`m g`tepm_d^\( m`^d`io`h`io` kmjkp`no\ j qdb`io`( `n
\kgd^i_jg` `g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_( kjmlp` `g kmjkndoj _`g bj
]d`mij( t kjm `i_` _` g\n g`t`n epm_d^\n( `n gg`q\m \g hsdhj `g
]d`i`no\m b`i`m\g*

@g _`]`m _`g ep`u `n kmjipi^d\m gjn q`m`_d^ojn t g\n n`io`i^d\n _`

\^p`m_j ^ji g\ g`t7 t g\ km`bpio\ y lp q`m`_d^oj t lp n`io`i^d\
_`]` kmjipi^d\m;z n` ^jiqd`mo` id^\h`io` `i g\ km`bpio\ y lp
q`m`_d^oj t lp n`io`i^d\ nji dhkp`nojn kjm g\ g`t k\m\ `no` ^md
h`i;z @i o\ioj ep`u( ij g` dhkjmo\i g\n ^jin`^p`i^d\n( ]`i ad^\n j
_\di\n( _` gj lp` kmjipi^d\* Dbp\gh`io`( g\ km`bpio\ y ap` pi\
n`io`i^d\ epno\;z ij kp`_` m`nkji_`mn` `i m`g\^di ^ji npn ^jin`
^p`i^d\n( ndij njg\h`io` `i m`g\^di ^ji g\ g`t*/3

@g _`]`m _`g g`bdng\_jm `n ojo\gh`io` _da`m`io`* Ij ^jindno` `i _`^d

_dm nd pi\ \kgd^\^di k\mod^pg\m _` g\ g`t `nepno\ j ij( ndij `i _`^d_dm
lp g`t`n _`]`i n`m \_jko\_\n t lp k`i\gd_\_`n _`]`i dhkji`mn`
k\m\ g\ qdjg\^di _` ^\_\ g`t* T `no\n ^p`nodji`n ij kp`_`i _`^d
_dmn` _` g\ hdnh\ h\i`m\ ^jhj `g ep`u _`^d_` lp q`m`_d^oj t lp
n`io`i^d\ _`]` kmjipi^d\m*/4

@g g`bdng\_jm _`]`m\ `q\gp\m g\n g`t`n kjm npn ^jin`^p`i^d\n `i

gpb\m _` `q\gp\mg\n _` \^p`m_j ^ji jomj ^jiepioj _` g`t`n( \pi
lp`( _`n_` gp`bj( g\n ^jin`^p`i^d\n _` pi\ g`t k\mod^pg\m _`k`i
_`i `i k\mo` _` jom\n g`t`n t\ qdb`io`n* @g g`bdng\_jm( kp`n( kp`noj
lp` `q\g\ ij kjm g\n g`t`n ndij kjm g\n ^jin`^p`i^d\n( api^dji\
/3 K* C* Ijr`gg)Nhdoc( :g[\Vf& K^ibpdi =jjfn( =\godhjm`( -510( k* ./2*
/4 >U\W(& k* ./3*

.+)

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

`i ^d`mo\ h\i`m\ _` pi hj_j podgdo\mdj* Pn\i_j `no\ \i\gjb\ ^ji

g\ g`b\gd_\_( Ijr`gg)Nhdoc ^ji^gpt` lp`
G\ j]gdb\^di _` j]`_`^`m pi\ m`bg\ ij _`n^\in\( n`bi g\ jkdidi
_` g\ h\tjm\ _` gjn cjh]m`n jm_di\mdjn( `i g\n ^jin`^p`i^d\n ]`i
ad^\n lp` m`npgo\i _` j]`_`^`mg\ `i pi ^\nj k\mod^pg\m( t\ n`\ \ ^jmoj
j \ g\mbj kg\uj( ^jhj ^\nd nd`hkm` c\i npkp`noj gjn podgdo\mdno\n*
K`mj g\n m\uji`n k\m\ \_jko\m pi\ m`bg\ ]d`i kp`_`i n`m _`g pkj
lp` npbd`m`i gjn podgdo\mdno\n*/5

@i jom\n k\g\]m\n( Ijr`gg)Nhdoc kmjkji` pi\ o`jm\ od^\ lp`

m`nomdib` g\ \kgd^\^di _`g kmdi^dkdj podgdo\mdno\ \ m`bg\n _` ^ji
_p^o\ `i gpb\m _` \kgd^\mgj \ \^^dji`n k\mod^pg\m`n* G\n \^^dji`n
k\mod^pg\m`n lp` m`\gdu\hjn t lp` q`hjn lp` n` m`\gdu\i _`]`i n`m
`q\gp\_\n h`_d\io` m`bg\n hjm\g`n lp` nji \ np q`u epnodad^\_\n
kjm `g kmdi^dkdj podgdo\mdno\* Gg\h`hjn \ g\n m`bg\n hjm\g`n epn
odad^\_\n kjm no` ym`bg\n podgdo\mdno\nz* O`i`hjn( kp`n( gj lp` n`
c\ gg\h\_j hg\_\gTe\f`b eXfge\aZ\Wb& kjmlp` m`nomdib` g\ \kgd^\^di
_`g kmdi^dkdj podgdo\mdno\( t o\h]d i hg\_\gTe\f`b eXZh_TWbe( kjmlp`
m`nomdib` `g kmdi^dkdj \ m`bg\n* @no\ o`jm\ _dad`m`( kjm gj o\ioj(
_` pi\ o`jm\ lp` \kgdlp` `g kmdi^dkdj podgdo\mdno\ \ gjn \^ojn* ?`
h\i`m\ lp` _dad`m` _` g\n o`jm\n _` =`ioc\h t _` Hdgd lp` c`
hjn dio`mkm`o\_j ^jhj q`mndji`n _`g hg\_\gTe\f`b WX TVgbf( Kj_`
hjn `io`i_`m h`ejm `no\ _da`m`i^d\ `no\]g`^d`i_j pi kmdi^dkdj
lp` ^jino\ _` _jn k\mo`n t lp` ^jiod`i` g\ _j^omdi\ ^`iom\g _`g
podgdo\mdnhj m`bpg\_jm*
-* <gbpd`i od`i` `g _`]`m ce\`T YTV\X _` j]`_`^`m pi\ eXZ_T _`
^ji_p^o\ nd t ngj nd `g lp` g\ m`bg\ n`\ qdb`io` od`i_` \ gg`q\m
\g hsdhj g\ a`gd^d_\_ bgj]\g _` \lp`ggjn \ lpd`i`n n` \kgd^\
$`n _`^dm lp` g\ m`bg\ `n pi\ eXZ_T hg\_\gTe\fgT%(
.* <gbpd`i od`i` `g _`]`m ce\`TYTV\X _` m`\gdu\m pi TVgb nd t ngj
nd `g \^oj `n km`n^mdoj kjm pi\ m`bg\ podgdo\mdno\*
N @ DN

M @ L P @ M DH D@ I O J N K<M< P I < I J M H < O D> < N < O DN A < > O J M D< T

P I @ S < H @ I ? @ G P O DG DO < M DN H J M @ B P G < ? J M

C`hjn gg`b\_j \g kmdi^dkdj _`g podgdo\mdnhj m`bpg\_jm ^ji g\ `n

k`m\iu\ _` lp` di^jmkjm\m g\ ap`mu\ _` g\n o`jm\n _` F\io t _`
/5 3FMH&$ `( ./5*

H:>H G:FJ:G>B>:CIDH E6G6 JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

1.-

=`ioc\h `gdhdi\i_j npn _`]dgd_\_`n* Q`\hjn( kp`n( lp np`mo`

^jmm` `g podgdo\mdnhj m`bpg\_jm( k`mj c\bhjngj n\^\i_j \ gpu
oj_jn gjn kmj]g`h\n t j]e`^dji`n lp` pn\hjn k\m\ m`^c\u\m oj
_\n g\n o`jm\n km`^`_`io`n t gj lp`( ^jhj m`npgo\_j( c`hjn `i
^jiom\_j i`^`n\mdj k\m\ pi\ o`jm\ od^\ n\odna\^ojmd\* >p\glpd`m
o`jm\ od^\ ^jhkg`o\h`io` n\odna\^ojmd\ _`]` kmjkjm^dji\m pi
kmdi^dkdj od^j ]nd^j6
-* Lp` n`\ \kgd^\]g` \ ^p\glpd`m ndop\^di lp` `sde\ pi\ `g`^
^di hjm\g* $G\ o`jm\ _` F\io t `g podgdo\mdnhj _` Hdgd( lp`
ij kmjkjm^dji\i idibpi\ h\i`m\ epnodad^\]g` k\m\ `q\gp\m
^p\gdo\odq\h`io` gjn kg\^`m`n( ij kp`_`i ^phkgdm `no\ ^ji
_d^di*%
.* Lp` di^gpt\ _`]`m`n `nk`^d\g`n* $@g podgdo\mdnhj _` \^ojn t `g
`bjnhj od^j am\^\n\i `i `no` kpioj*%
/* Lp` m`np`gq\ ^jiagd^ojn `iom` gjn _`]`m`n* $G\ o`jm\ _` F\io
am\^\n\ \lp*%
0* Lp` b\m\iod^` lp` n` om\o` \ g\n k`mnji\n ^jhj adi`n t kjm
`i_` lp` b\m\iod^` g\ epnod^d\ t g\ dhk\m^d\gd_\_* $<lp am\
^\n\i `g podgdo\mdnhj _` \^ojn t `g `bjnhj od^j*%
1* Lp` ojh` `i ^jind_`m\^di g\n ^jin`^p`i^d\n _` g\n \^^dji`n
k\m\ g\ a`gd^d_\_ cph\i\* $<lp k\m`^` am\^\n\m g\ o`jm\ _`
F\io*%
2* Lp` ij km`n^md]\ \^ojn _` gjn lp` `no`hjn n`bpmjn lp` nji
di^jmm`^ojn* $@g `bjnhj od^j t `g podgdo\mdnhj _` =`ioc\h
am\^\n\i `i `no` kpioj*%
@no ^g\mj lp` `g podgdo\mdnhj m`bpg\_jm ^phkg` g\ ^ji_d^di $1%
t ij c\t m\ui k\m\ k`in\m lp` ij ^phkg` g\n ^ji_d^dji`n $-%
t $2%( nd ]d`i `n _da^dg _`^d_dm m`nk`^oj _` $-% t $2% kjmlp` n` c\
om\]\e\_j kj^j `i gj ^ji^`mid`io` \ m`^jh`i_\^dji`n `nk`^ad^\n
k\m\ g\n m`bg\n podgdo\mdno\n* Ndi `h]\mbj k\m`^` ij c\]`m m\ui
k\m\ lp` ij c\t\ pi\ m`bg\ hjm\g podgdo\mdno\ lp` ^p]m\ oj_\n g\n
ndop\^dji`n t k\m\ lp` pi \^oj km`n^mdoj kjm `no\n m`bg\n n`\ hj
m\gh`io` m`kpbi\io`* @i oj_j ^\nj( kjm \cjm\ npkjib\hjn lp`
`g podgdo\mdnhj m`bpg\_jm ^phkg` g\n ^ji_d^dji`n $-%( $1% t $2%* K\
m`^` lp` ij kp`_` ^phkgdm $.%( $/% t $0%( k`mj gjn podgdo\mdno\n m`
bpg\_jm`n n` c\i ^ji^`iom\_j `i hjnom\m ^hj np o`jm\ ^phkg`
`no\n ^ji_d^dji`n* <admh\i lp` gjn _`]`m`n `nk`^d\g`n _`g k\_m`(

.++

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

`g ep`u t `g h\`nomj kp`_`i n`m ^jiomjg\_jn( kjmlp` c\t m`bg\n

podgdo\mdno\n lp` dhkji`i `nojn _`]`m`n( `noj `n( m`bg\n lp` kp`
_`i n`m epnodad^\_\n `i o\ioj lp` od`i_`i \ gg`q\m \g hsdhj g\
a`gd^d_\_ bgj]\g _` gjn \a`^o\_jn* <pilp` `noj ij c\ nd_j `no\]g`
^d_j( `n \g h`ijn kg\pnd]g` k`in\m lp` g\n km^od^\n km`n^mdo\n kjm
_d^c\n g`t`n y`nk`^d\g`nz od`i`i ^jin`^p`i^d\n ]`i ad^\n k\m\ g\
b`io`* Kjm gj o\ioj o\h]d i kj_`hjn \_hdodm lp` `g podgdo\mdnhj
m`bpg\_jm k\m`^` ^phkgdm g\ ^ji_d^di $.%*
K\m`^`( ij j]no\io`( lp` g\ ^ji_d^di $/% c\^` npmbdm pi bm\q`
kmj]g`h\ kjmlp`( ^jhj c`hjn qdnoj( ^p\i_j c\t q\md\n m`bg\n
hjm\g`n o\h]d i c\t ^jiagd^ojn `iom` gjn _`]`m`n* @g podgdo\mdnhj
m`bpg\_jm n` `iam`io\ ^ji ^jiagd^ojn `iom` gjn _`]`m`n t( o\g ^jhj
c`hjn `skm`n\_j np kmdi^dkdj( ij c\t h\i`m\ _` m`njgq`m _d^cjn
^jiagd^ojn* D*\ m`nkp`no\ \ `noj _`g podgdo\mdno\ m`bpg\_jm `n lp` `g
kmdi^dkdj `no di^jhkg`oj o\g ^jhj `no `skp`noj* ?`]`i ojh\mn`
kmjqdndji`n k\m\ lp`( ^p\i_j c\t\ ^jiagd^ojn `iom` _`]`m`n ce\`T
YTV\X km`n^mdojn kjm m`bg\n podgdo\mdno\n( `g _`]`m \ipg\_j( \lp`g lp`
_`]` m`\gdu\mn`( n`\ _`^d_d_j h`_d\io` pi\ \kgd^\^di _dm`^o\ _`g
kmdi^dkdj podgdo\mdno\ \ g\ TVV\ a( ?` h\i`m\ lp` ^p\i_j t ngj
^p\i_j \gbpd`i n` `iam`io\ \ pi\ ndop\^di `i g\ lp` _jn j hn
_`]`m`n ce\`TYTV\X lp` `noi `i ^jiagd^oj nji km`n^mdojn kjm m`bg\n
podgdo\mdno\n( _`]` _`^d_dm lp \^^di m`\gdu\m h`_d\io` `g kmdi^d
kdj podgdo\mdno\* @i oj_\n g\n _`hn ndop\^dji`n `g kmdi^dkdj _`]`
\kgd^\mn` ngj \ g\n m`bg\n* ?` hj_j lp` n` ^phkg` g\ ^ji_d^di $/%
$t( `i j^\ndji`n( n` ^phkg` _` h\i`m\ o\g lp` epnodad^\ g\ h`iodm\
`i `g `e`hkgj _`g m`apbd\_j%*
@noj ijn gg`q\ \g kmj]g`h\ _` g\ epnod^d\ lp` o\io\n _dad^pgo\_`n
g` ^\pn\ \g podgdo\mdno\ _` \^ojn* @n ^\k\u `g podgdo\mdnhj m`bpg\_jm
_` `gp_dm g\n a\gg\n _`g `e`hkgj _`g ^cdqj `skd\ojmdj; @g podgdo\mdno\
om\o\ _` `gp_dmgjn om\o\i_j g\ epnod^d\ _` g\ hdnh\ h\i`m\ ^jhj
om\o\ gjn _`]`m`n `nk`^d\g`n* <admh\ lp` g\ j]gdb\^di _` n`m epnoj
n` ndbp` _` g\ m`bg\ lp` kp`_\ n`m epnodad^\_\ \kgd^\i_j `g kmdi^d
kdj podgdo\mdno\* ?` hj_j lp` g\ km^od^\ lp` ^jindno` `i om\o\m \
g\ b`io` ^ji epnod^d\ `n km`n^mdo\ kjm pi\ m`bg\ podgdo\mdno\( kjmlp`
`n pi\ km^od^\ lp` od`i` ^jin`^p`i^d\n ]`i ad^\n k\m\ gjn \a`^o\
_jn* K\m`^`( kp`n( hpt kg\pnd]g` ^ji^gpdm lp` `g podgdo\mdnhj m`
bpg\_jm `n pi\ o`jm\ od^\ n\odna\^ojmd\ kjmlp` `g kmdi^dkdj od^j
]nd^j lp` kmjkji` k\m`^` ^phkgdm oj_\n g\n ^ji_d^dji`n lp` `i
^jiom\hjn lp` nji i`^`n\md\n k\m\ ^p\glpd`m o`jm\ od^\ n\odna\^
ojmd\*

H:>H G:FJ:G>B>:CIDH E6G6 JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

.+,

DU]XV\ a T_ hg\_\gTe\f`b eXZh_TWbe1 ab ZTeTag\mT _T]hfg\V\T

Ndi `h]\mbj( \io`n _` ^ji^gpdm lp` c`hjn `i^jiom\_j g\ o`jm\

lp` c`hjn `no\_j ]pn^\i_j( _`]`hjn ^jind_`m\m ^ji hn _`o\
gg` ^hj `g podgdo\mdnhj m`bpg\_jm ^jhkm`i_` \ g\epnod^d\* @i `no\
o`jm\ g\epnod^d\ `no \n`bpm\_\ njg\h`io` hd`iom\n g\ km^od^\ b`
i`m\g _` g\ epnod^d\ od`i_\ \ gg`q\m \g hsdhj g\ a`gd^d_\_ bgj]\g*
@n kjnd]g`( kjm gj o\ioj( lp` `i \gbpi\n nj^d`_\_`n pi\ m`bg\ lp`
`sdbd`m\ g\ epnod^d\ ij gg`q\m\ \g hsdhj g\ a`gd^d_\_* @n kjnd]g`
lp` pi\ g`t lp` ajmu\m\ \ g\ b`io` \ om\]\ejn `n^g\qdu\io`n kj_m\
`i ^d`mo\n ^dm^pino\i^d\n gg`q\m \g hsdhj g\ a`gd^d_\_ bgj]\g( di
^gpnj ojh\i_j `i ^p`io\ g\ dia`gd^d_\_ _` gjn `n^g\qjn* @i _d^c\
ndop\^di g\ b\m\io\ _` epnod^d\ _`n\k\m`^`* <n kp`n( nd ]d`i `g
podgdo\mdnhj m`bpg\_jm kp`_` ^jhkm`i_`m \ g\ epnod^d\( hd`iom\n
lp` `g podgdo\mdnhj _` \^ojn ij kp`_`( ij c\t idibpi\ b\m\io\
_` lp` gj c\b\* @g odkj _` epnodad^\^di _` g\n m`bg\n `sdbd_\n kjm
`g podgdo\mdnhj m`bpg\_jm _`k`i_` o\ioj _` g\n ^dm^pino\i^d\n k\m
od^pg\m`n( lp` ij kj_`hjn `no\m n`bpmjn _` lp` \gbpi\ m`bg\ k\m
od^pg\m n`m epnodad^\_\*
no\ ij `n g\ id^\ h\i`m\ ^jhj g\epnod^d\ kp`_` lp`_\m ampn
om\_\ ]\ni_jn` `i g\ o`jm\ _`g podgdo\mdnhj m`bpg\_jm* H`_d\io`
`no\ o`jm\ g\ m`bg\ _` g\ epnod^d\ `n ndhkg`h`io` pi\ _` g\n hp
^c\n m`bg\n epnodad^\_\n h`_d\io` `g kmdi^dkdj podgdo\mdno\* C`hjn
qdnoj lp` _ji_` c\t hn _` pi\ _` `no\n m`bg\n `n kmj]\]g` lp`
\gbpi\n q`^`n no\n `no i `i ^jiagd^oj( t ^p\i_j gj `noi _`]`hjn
\kgd^\m _dm`^o\h`io` `g kmdi^dkdj podgdo\mdno\ \ g\ \^^di k\m\ _`
o`mhdi\m lp `n gj lp` _`]`hjn c\^`m* @n kjm gj o\ioj kmj]\]g`
lp` c\t\ j^\ndji`n `i lp` g\ j]gdb\^di ce\`T YTV\X _` n`m epnoj
n`\ \ipg\_\ _` hj_j lp` `i `n\n j^\ndji`n _`]`hjn n`m diepn
ojn* >jind_ m`n`( kjm `e`hkgj( pi\ nj^d`_\_ `i g\ lp` pi\ m`bg\
epnodad^\_\ h`_d\io` `g kmdi^dkdj podgdo\mdno\ n`\ lp` `g m`nk`oj \
g\ \kgd^\^di _` g\ g`t _`]` h\io`i`mn`* Gj lp` km`n^md]` _d^c\
m`bg\ kj_m\ a^dgh`io` `no\m `i ^jiagd^oj ^ji g\ j]gdb\^di _` n`m
epnoj* @i _d^c\ ndop\^di `g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_ n` \kgd^\m\ _d
m`^o\h`io` \ g\ \^^di t `g kmj]g`h\ _`g ^cdqj `skd\ojmdj npmbdm\
_` ip`qj* @i ^jin`^p`i^d\( di^gpnj nd pi\ m`bg\ lp` km`n^md]` g\
epnod^d\ `noepnodad^\_\( hpt ]d`i kp`_` n`m lp` `i dino\i^d\n k\m
od^pg\m`n pi om\oj diepnoj n`\ j]gdb\ojmdj* Kjm gj o\ioj( nd ]d`i `g
podgdo\mdnhj m`bpg\_jm k\m`^` km`a`md]g` \ g\n jom\n o`jm\n lp`

.+-

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

c`hjn `s\hdi\_j( ndbp` o`id`i_j pi\ a\gg\* ?`]`hjn ^jiodip\m

^ji g\ ]nlp`_\*
K\m`^` lp` nd lp`m`hjn b\m\iodu\m g\ epnod^d\ _`]`hjn di^jm
kjm\mg\ \g kmdi^dkdj od^j ]nd^j `i gpb\m _` epnodad^\mg\ _` pi\
h\i`m\ _`mdq\_\* G\ id^\ o`jm\ lp` c`hjn `i^jiom\_j lp`
c\^` `noj `n g\ o`jm\ _`jiojgbd^\ _` F\io* Nd _` \gbpi\ h\i`m\
kj_`hjn c\^`m lp` `g kmdi^dkdj _` F\io n`\ ]nd^j t o\h]d i
^jin`mq\m g\n ^\m\^o`mnod^\n _`g podgdo\mdnhj m`bpg\_jm( c\]m`hjn
`i^jiom\_j pi\ o`jm\ n\odna\^ojmd\*
C`hjn qdnoj lp` g\ n`bpi_\ ajmhpg\^di _` F\io od`i` _jn
k\mo`n( pi\ lp` km`n^md]` lp` ij om\o`hjn \ idibpi\ k`mnji\
ngj ^jhj pi h`_dj t jom\ lp` km`n^md]` lp` om\o`hjn \ oj_\ g\
b`io` ^jhj pi adi `i n hdnhj* Nd _` \gbpi\ h\i`m\ kj_`hjn _\m
^jio`id_j \ gj lp` ndbidad^\ om\o\m \ g\ b`io` ^jhj pi adi( kj_`
hjn n`m ^\k\^`n _` `i^jiom\m g\ o`jm\ lp` lp`m`hjn* T \pilp`
njg\h`io` gj n`\g\hjn _` k\nj( t\ c`hjn qdnoj g\ kdno\ lp` lp`
m`hjn `i `g kmjkdj F\io* N\]`hjn lp` \g om\o\m \ \gbpd`i ^jhj pi
adi( g\ `sdb`i^d\ hidh\ `n lp` kmj_pu^\hjn t ^jin`mq`hjn g\n
^ji_d^dji`n i`^`n\md\n k\m\ np `sdno`i^d\ ^jiodip\* K`mj \g dbp\g
lp` ^ji ^p\glpd`m ^jn\ lp` ^jinodopt` pi adi( o\h]d i _`]`hjn
ajh`io\m np ]d`i`no\m* N`bi F\io $q^\n` k* 1-.%( o\h]d i _`
]`hjn om\o\mgj _` pi\ h\i`m\ podgdo\mdno\7 _`]`hjn ajh`io\m np
a`gd^d_\_* @noj npbd`m` lp` _`]`hjn ojh\m `g kmdi^dkdj _` F\io(
t kjm `i_` g\ epnod^d\( ^jhj ]nd^j t pn\m `g kmdi^dkdj podgdo\mdno\
k\m\ _`mdq\m ^d`mojn _`]`m`n ^jhk\od]g`n ^ji `g kmdi^dkdj _` F\io*
@i gj lp` `g podgdo\mdnhj m`bpg\_jm n` `lpdqj^\ `n `i c\^`m \ g\
epnod^d\ _`mdq\_\ `i gpb\m _` ]nd^\* ?` c`^cj( `n hn m\uji\]g`
epnodad^\m lp` n` gg`q` \g hsdhj g\ a`gd^d_\_ cph\i\ h`_d\io` \g
bpi\ m`a`m`i^d\ \g kmdi^dkdj lp` \admh\ lp` gjn cph\ijn _`]`i
n`m om\o\_jn ^jhj adi`n( `noj `n( _` pi hj_j f\iod\ij( lp` epnodad
^\m lp` n` om\o` \ g\ b`io` ^ji epnod^d\ h`_d\io` pi\ m`a`m`i^d\ \g
kmdi^dkdj lp` \admh\ lp` _`]`hjn gg`q\m \g hsdhj g\ a`gd^d_\_
cph\i\* @no\ `n hjm\gh`io` dhkjmo\io` kjmlp` gjn n`m`n cph\
ijn nji dhkjmo\io`n* T ij `n lp` gjn cph\ijn n`\i hjm\gh`io`
dhkjmo\io`n kjmlp` g\ a`gd^d_\_ cph\i\ gj n`\*

JC EG>C8>E>D JI>A>I6G>HI6 @6CI>6CD

.+.

PI< KMJKP@NO< K<M< PI< IJMH< N<ODNA<>OJMD<6

PI KMDI>DKDJ PODGDO<MDNO< F<IOD<IJ

Ip`nom\ o\m`\ `n `i^jiom\m \gbpi\ h\i`m\ _` din`mo\m `g kmdi^d

kdj podgdo\mdno\ `i g\ n`bpi_\ ajmhpg\^di _` F\iG N\]`hjn _jn
^jn\n6 g\ kmdh`m\ `n lp` g\ km`n^mdk^di ]nd^\ `n( _` n`m kjnd]g`(
ij om\o\m \ i\_d` ndhkg`h`io` ^jhj pi h`_dj( k`mj nd `noj ij
`n kjnd]g` `i pi\ ndop\^di k\mod^pg\m( `ioji^`n _`]`hjn om\o\m
g\ h`ijm ^\iod_\_ kjnd]g` _` b`io` ^jhj pi ndhkg` h`_dj* @g
`e`hkgj _`g ]jo` n\gq\qd_\n nj]m`^\mb\_j dgpnom\ pi\ ndop\^di `i
g\ lp` \gbpd`i _`]` n`m n\^mdad^\_j( `n _`^dm( om\o\_j ^jhj pi ndh
kg` h`_dj k\m\ n\gq\m \ gjn jomjn* @i n`h`e\io` ndop\^di `n j]qdj
lp` _`]` n`m n\^mdad^\_\ g\ h`ijm ^\iod_\_ kjnd]g` _` b`io`* G\
n`bpi_\ `n lp` _`]`hjn om\o\m \ g\ h\tjm ^\iod_\_ kjnd]g` _`
b`io` ^jhj pi adi* C`hjn dio`mkm`o\_j lp` `noj dhkgd^\ lp`
_`]`hjn ajh`io\m \^odq\h`io` `g ]d`i`no\m _` \lp`ggjn lp` nji
\a`^o\_jn kjm g\ \^^di `i ^p`nodi* Ndi `h]\mbj( kp`noj lp` aj
h`io\m `g ]d`i`no\m _` o\io\ b`io` ^jhj n`\ kjnd]g` kp`_` `no\m
`i ^jiagd^oj ^ji om\o\m \ g\ h`ijm ^\iod_\_ kjnd]g` _` b`io` ^jhj
pi ndhkg` h`_dj( t kp`noj lp` `g dhk`m\odqj hn ]nd^j `n ij om\
o\m \ g\ b`io` ^jhj pi ndhkg` h`_dj( `g n`bpi_j dhk`m\odqj _`]`
m`nomdibdmn` _` h\i`m\ o\g lp` n`\ ^jhk\od]g` ^ji `g kmdh`mj*
@i `no` hjh`ioj kp`_` npmbdm pi\ j]e`^di* Kj_`hjn `qd
o\m om\o\m \ pi\ k`mnji\ ^jhj pi ndhkg` h`_dj ndi c\^`m i\_\
`i \]njgpoj* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( `i ^p\glpd`m ndop\^di kj_`hjn
`qdo\m om\o\m \ \gbpd`i ^jhj pi ndhkg` h`_dj* Nd \^`ko\hjn `g
dhk`m\odqj \io`mdjm ^jhj ]nd^j( ij _`]`hjn n\^mdad^\m \ i\_d`
`i `g `e`hkgj _`g ]jo` n\gq\qd_\n( kjmlp` `nj n`m\ om\o\m ^jhj
pi ndhkg` h`_dj \ g\ h`ijm ^\iod_\_ kjnd]g` _` b`io`* K`mj `nj
`lpdq\g_m\ \ pi\ dii`^`n\md\ k m_d_\ _` qd_\n* ?`]`hjn( kp`n(
`i^jiom\m pi kmdi^dkdj ]nd^j _da`m`io`*
Kj_`hjn `gp_dm g\ j]e`^di `io`i_d`i_j lp` om\o\m \ \gbpd`i
^jhj pi ndhkg` h`_dj di^gpt` ij c\^`m i\_\ k\m\ \tp_\mgj
^p\i_j m`\gh`io` i`^`ndo\ \tp_\( `nk`^d\gh`io` ^p\i_j np qd_\
`no `i k`gdbmj* Ij c\^`m i\_\ k\m\ \tp_\m \ \gbpd`i `i _d^c\
ndop\^di `lpdq\g` \ ^jind_`m\mgj ^jhj \gbj ndi q\gjm diomin`^j*
@noj `lpdq\g` \ om\o\mgj ^jhj pi ndhkg` h`_dj* Kj_`hjn( kp`n(
dio`mkm`o\m `g dhk`m\odqj ]nd^j ^jhj6

.+/

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

@i ^p\glpd`m ndop\^di( $\% omo`n` ^jhj pi ndhkg` h`_dj \ g\

h`ijm ^\iod_\_ kjnd]g` _` b`io`( t $]% omo`n` ^jhj pi adi
\ g\ h\tjm ^\iod_\_ kjnd]g` _` b`io`( _` o\g h\i`m\ lp` n`\
^jhk\od]g` ^ji $\%*
C`hjn \admh\_j lp` ajh`io\m g\ a`gd^d_\_ _` \gbpd`i `n dhkjm
o\io` k\m\ om\o\mgj ^jhj pi adi* ?`]`hjn( kp`n( di^jmkjm\m \
ip`nomj dhk`m\odqj g\ km`n^mdk^di _` a`mh`io\m g\ a`gd^d_\_ _`
\lp`ggjn lp` nji \a`^o\_jn kjm pi\ \^^di* Ndi `h]\mbj( kp`noj
lp` ajh`io\m o\io\ a`gd^d_\_ ^jhj n`b kjnd]g` \ h`ip_j `no `i
^jiagd^oj ^ji `g dhk`m\odqj ]nd^j \io`mdjmh`io` `skp`noj( ^p\g
lpd`m km`n^mdk^di _` ajh`io\m g\ a`gd^d_\_ _`]` n`m m`nomdibd_\
_` o\g h\i`m\ lp` n`bpdmg\ n`\ ^jhk\od]g` ^ji gj lp` ip`nomj dh
k`m\odqj ]nd^j f\iod\ij km`n^md]`*
Nd ]d`i `noj kmjkjm^dji\ g\ `nomp^opm\ `n`i^d\g _`g kmdi^dkdj(
ndbp` `no\i_j km`n`io` g\ km`bpio\ _` ^hj _`]`hjn m`g\^dj
i\m `g om\o\m \ g\ h\tjm ^\iod_\_ kjnd]g` _` b`io` ^jhj pi adi
^ji ajh`io\m g\ a`gd^d_\_* @g kmj]g`h\ `n lp` c\t q\md\n h\i`
m\n jkp`no\n _` c\^`m `noj* Om\o\hjn \ pi\ k`mnji\ ^jhj pi adi
ajh`io\i_j np a`gd^d_\_* Kj_m\hjn( kp`n( `sdbdm g\ \^^di lp`
ajh`io\ c\no\ ^d`moj bm\_j g\ a`gd^d_\_ _` g\ h\tjm ^\iod_\_ kj
nd]g` _` b`io`( j ]d`i kj_m\hjn `i `n` hjh`ioj n`m podgdo\mdno\n
t `sdbdm lp` n` gg`q` \g hsdhj `g hjioj ojo\g _` a`gd^d_\_( ^ji
o\i_j( _`n_` gp`bj( \ ^\_\ pij ^jhj pij t ij hn _` pij* @gd
e\hjn k\m\ `hk`u\m pi\ dio`mkm`o\^di podgdo\mdno\ _` \^ojn lp`
ijn kmjkjm^dji\ `g kmdi^dkdj ndbpd`io`6
Pi\ \^^di _`]` n`m m`\gdu\_\ `i pi\ ndop\^di nd t ngj nd
-* \g m`\gdu\m g\ \^^di( $\% n` om\o\ ^jhj pi ndhkg` h`_dj \ g\
h`ijm ^\iod_\_ kjnd]g` _` b`io` `i `n\ ndop\^di( t $]% n`
om\o\ ^jhj pi adi \ g\ h\tjm ^\iod_\_ kjnd]g` _` b`io` _`
o\g h\i`m\ lp` `noj n`\ ^jhk\od]g` ^ji $\%( l
.* \g m`\gdu\m g\ \^^di `i `n\ ndop\^di n` kmj_p^` o\io\ a`gd^d
_\_ bgj]\g ^jhj _`]` n`m nd n` `n ^jhk\od]g` ^ji $-%*
>jhj `g g`^ojm kp`_` _`n^p]mdmgj kjm n hdnhj( `no` kmdi^dkdj k\
m`^` ^phkgdm g\n kmdh`m\n ^di^j ^ji_d^dji`n lp` ^p\glpd`m o`jm\
od^\ n\odna\^ojmd\ _`]` ^phkgdm( n\gqj $/%( lp` ^ji^d`mi` \ gjn _`
]`m`n `nk`^d\g`n* <g \kgd^\m `g kmdi^dkdj podgdo\mdno\ _` \^ojn \g c`
^cj _` om\o\m \ g\ b`io` ^jhj pi adi c`hjn k`mhdod_j lp` `g kmj

JC EG>C8>E>D JI>A>I6G>HI6 @6CI>6CD

.+0

]g`h\ _` gjn _`]`m`n `nk`^d\g`n _` gjn h\`nomjn npme\ _` ip`qj*

Ndi `h]\mbj( kp`noj lp` `no` kmj]g`h\ kp`_` n`m om\o\_j kjm
`g podgdo\mdnhj m`bpg\_jm( kj_`hjn di^gpdm gjn _`]`m`n `nk`^d\g`n
\kgd^\i_j `g kmdi^dkdj _`g podgdo\mdnhj m`bpg\_jm* <lp o`i`hjn
lp` c\^`m jom\ `g`^^di* Kj_`hjn npkji`m( ^jhj gj c\^` `g podgd
o\mdno\ m`bpg\_jm( lp` c\t m`bg\n podgdo\mdno\n lp` ^p]m`i oj_\n g\n
ndop\^dji`n lp` dhkgd^\i pi\ `g`^^di hjm\g* J kj_`hjn c\^`m
\gbj m`nk`^oj \ g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` \gbpi\n ndop\^dji`n ij ^p]d`mo\n
kjm `no\n m`bg\n `sdbd`i_j lp` `g kmdi^dkdj podgdo\mdno\ _` \^ojn
n` \kgdlp` \ `no\n ndop\^dji`n* <^`ko`hjn \lp( ndi `h]\mbj( g\
npkjnd^di _`g podgdo\mdno\ m`bpg\_jm* Gj lp` kj_`hjn gg\h\m `g
kmdi^dkdj podgdo\mdno\ f\iod\ij n`m6
Pi\ \^^di _`]` n`m m`\gdu\_\ `i pi\ ndop\^di nd t ngj nd
-* \g m`\gdu\m g\ \^^di( $\% n` om\o\ ^jhj pi ndhkg` h`_dj \ g\
h`ijm ^\iod_\_ kjnd]g` _` b`io` `i `n\ ndop\^di( t $]% n`
om\o\ ^jhj pi adi \ g\ h\tjm ^\iod_\_ kjnd]g` _` b`io` _`
o\g h\i`m\ lp` `noj n`\ ^jhk\od]g` ^ji nT%& l
.* m`\gdu\m g\ \^^di `no km`n^mdoj kjm ^p\glpd`m m`bg\ podgdo\
mdno\ lp` $\% ij qdjg` g\ ^ji_d^di $-% `i `n\ ndop\^di( t lp`
$]% ij n`\ \ipg\_\ kjm jom\ m`bg\ podgdo\mdno\ lp` ij qdjg` g\
^ji_d^di $-% `i `n\ ndop\^di*
K\m\ `io`i_`m `no` kmdi^dkdj( q`\hjn gj lp` km`n^md]dm\ `i pi
`e`hkgj k\mod^pg\m nj]m` ]jo`n n\gq\qd_\n* Npkjib\hjn lp` pno`_
`n `g ^\kdoi _` pi ]\m^j lp` \^\]\ _` cpi_dmn`( t lp` `no \
^\mbj _`g id^j ]jo` n\gq\qd_\n m`no\io` lp` `no nj]m`^\mb\_j _`
b`io`( t jom\n om`n k`mnji\n q\i \ ojh\m np opmij k\m\ `iom\m \g
\bp\ t `noi ^jgb\_\n \ gjn g\_jn _`g ]jo`* Npkjib\hjn \_`hn
lp` `n `qd_`io` lp` pi\ ojmh`io\ k`gdbmjn\ n` `no \^`m^\i_j
mkd_\h`io` t lp` `g ]\m^j ujuj]m\m \ h`ijn lp` pi hidhj _`
^di^j k`mnji\n n`\ \mmje\_j \ g\ _`mdq\* Pno`_ _`]` _`^d_dm lp `n
gj lp` c\t lp` c\^`m* @g kmdi^dkdj podgdo\mdno\ f\iod\ij `sdb` lp`
`i `n\ ndop\^di n\^mdadlp` \ \gbpi\n k`mnji\n( k`mj g\n h`ijn
kjnd]g`n( k\m\ n\gq\m \ g\n _`hn* ?` `no\ h\i`m\( pno`_ om\o\m\
`i `no\ ndop\^di \ g\ h`ijm ^\iod_\_ kjnd]g` _` b`io` ^jhj pi
ndhkg` h`_dj( t \ g\ h\tjm ^\iod_\_ kjnd]g` ^jhj pi adi*
Pi\ q`u ojh\_\ `no\ _`^dndi pno`_ n` `iam`io\ ^ji `g kmj
]g`h\ _` `i^jiom\m pi kmj^`_dhd`ioj k\m\ _`^d_dm lpd i _`]`
n`m n\^mdad^\_j* Pi kmj^`_dhd`ioj _` _`^dndi lp` ^g\m\h`io` ij

.+1

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

om\o\ \ i\_d` ^jhj pi ndhkg` h`_dj `n `^c\m k\e\n( k`mj jomj `n

k`_dm qjgpio\mdjn* G\ `sdb`i^d\ ]nd^\ f\iod\i\ `skm`n\_\ `i g\
^ji_d^di $-% ij kmjkjm^dji\ idibpi\ h\i`m\ k\m\ `n^jb`m `i
om` \h]jn kmj^`_dhd`iojn* ?` hj_j lp` _`]` pno`_ ^jind_`m\m
^p\g`nlpd`m\ _` g\n m`bg\n podgdo\mdno\n k`modi`io`n* K\m\ q`m lp
m`bg\n \kgd^\m( npkjib\hjn \_`hn lp` ^di^j _` g\n k`mnji\n _`g
]jo` n` jam`^`i k]gd^\h`io` ^jhj qjgpio\md\n k\m\ n`m n\^mdad^\
_\n* >jind_ m`n` \cjm\ g\ ndbpd`io` m`bg\6
Nd`hkm` lp` n` i`^`ndo` lp` \gbpi\n k`mnji\n n`\i n\^mdad^\_\n
k\m\ n\gq\m \ jom\n( t lp` \gbpi\n k`mnji\n n` c\t\i jam`^d_j
k]gd^\h`io` ^jhj qjgpio\md\n k\m\ n`m n\^mdad^\_\n( `ioji
^`n `n pi\ j]gdb\^di ce\`T YTV\X n\^mdad^\m \ gjn qjgpio\mdjn*
@no\ m`bg\ n` \kgd^\ ^g\m\h`io` \ `no\ ndop\^di t ij qdjg\ gj `sd
bd_j kjm g\ ^ji_d^di ]nd^\ f\iod\i\* Kjm jom\ k\mo`( `n m\uji\]g`
k`in\m lp` `n pi\ m`bg\ podgdo\mdno\ kjmlp` od`i_`( `i `a`^oj( \ gg`
q\m \g hsdhj g\ a`gd^d_\_ bgj]\g _` \lp`ggjn \ gjn lp` n` \kgd^\* ?`
c`^cj( `n hpt kmj]\]g` lp` nd `no\ m`bg\ ij ap`m\ n`bpd_\ ^p\i_j
n` kp_d`m\ \kgd^\m( c\]m\ hp^c\ dia`gd^d_\_( t pi\ ap`mo` m`ndn
o`i^d\( j di^gpnj c\]m\ np]g`q\^dji`n ^p\i_j \ \lp`ggjn lp` ij
n` jam`^d`mji ^jhj qjgpio\mdjn( k`mj lp` n\]`i lp` jomjn n gj cd
^d`mji( n` g`n kd_` lp` _`e`i \ g\ np`mo` lpd i n`m\ n\^mdad^\_j* T(
_\_\ g\ jom\ npkjnd^di kg\pnd]g` _` lp` `no\ m`bg\ ij n`\ \ipg\_\
`i `no\ ndop\^di( g\ j]gdb\^di _` pno`_ `n k`_dm qjgpio\mdjn( `i
gpb\m _` lp` gjn k\n\e`mjn `^c`i k\e\n*
@g kmdi^dkdj lp` adi\gh`io` c`hjn \g^\iu\_j `n ^jhkg`ej* >j
hj kp`_` q`mn` kjm `g `e`hkgj \io`mdjm( `sdb` _` ^\_\ pij lp`
^jind_`m` t m`g\^dji` hp^cjn a\^ojm`n k\m\ _`^d_dm gj lp` _`]`
c\^`m `i ^p\glpd`m ndop\^di k\mod^pg\m* K\m\ hp^c\ b`io` `i hp
^c\n ndop\^dji`n `n km^od^\h`io` dhkjnd]g` ^phkgdm pi\ o\m`\
o\i ^jhkg`e\* >\_\ pij _` ijnjomjn _`]`m\( _`n_` gp`bj( c\^`m
gj kjnd]g`( t ^p\i_j \gbpd`i c\t\ c`^cj pi om\]\ej m\uji\]g`
h`io` ]p`ij k`mj ij c\t\ kj_d_j _`^d_dm ^jmm`^o\h`io`( ij n`
g` _`]` \_ep_d^\m ^pgk\ \gbpi\* >jhj n` _dej \g kmdi^dkdj _` `no`
^\kopgj( g\n ijmh\n \_`^p\_\n k\m\ `q\gp\m hjm\gh`io` g\n \^
^dji`n nji _da`m`io`n _` g\n ijmh\n \_`^p\_\n k\m\ `q\gp\m hj
m\gh`io` \ g\n k`mnji\n* Nd ]d`i ij c`hjn ^jind_`m\_j \lp `no`
godhj odkj _` ijmh\( pi\ ^jn\ `no ^g\m\6 lp` hp^c\n \^^dj

:?:G8>8>DH

.+2

i`n lp` ^g\m\h`io` nji _`g oj_j di^jmm`^o\n ij m`ag`e\i idibpi\

^pgk\ _` lpd`i g\n ^jh`o`*
8 D C 8 A J H >{ C

Ij c`hjn ^jind_`m\_j nd `g kmdi^dkdj podgdo\mdno\ f\iod\ij ^phkg`

g\ n`so\ ^ji_d^di |g\ ^p\g km`n^md]` lp` ij c\t\ \^ojn _` gjn lp`
`no`hjn n`bpmjn lp` nji di^jmm`^ojn* @no\ o\m`\ g` ^jmm`nkji_` \g
g`^ojm* Nd `i^p`iom\ lp` ^phkg` g\ ^ji_d^di $2%( `ioji^`n od`i`
]p`i\n m\uji`n k\m\ k`in\m lp` `n pi\ o`jm\ od^\ n\odna\^ojmd\*
Kp`_` c\]`m( ij j]no\io`( pi\ o`jm\ h`ejm lp` ij c\t\hjn ^ji
nd_`m\_j* Kp`_` c\]`m( kjm `e`hkgj( h\i`m\n _` \kgd^\m `g kmdi
^dkdj podgdo\mdno\ \ g\ ijmh\ ]nd^\ f\iod\i\ lp` ij c\t\hjn ^ji
nd_`m\_j* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( \pilp` `i `no` gd]mj c\t\hjn _`e\_j
_` `s\hdi\m ijmh\n od^\n( `g `s\h`i hdnhj ij `no ^ji^gpd_j*
K`mj c\ gg`b\_j ]\no\io` g`ejn* <g kmdi^dkdj _`g ^\kopgj `i^jiom\
hjn ]p`i\n m\uji`n k\m\ m`^c\u\m q\md\n ^ji^`k^dji`n6 g\ od^\
o`jgbd^\( `g m`g\odqdnhj od^j( `g idcdgdnhj( `g `bjnhj( k`mj _`
e\hjn \]d`mo\ g\ km`bpio\ \^`m^\ _` nd _`]`m\hjn \^`ko\m `g `n
^`kod^dnhj od^j* ?`^d_dhjn lp` nd \g ^ji^gpdm ip`nomj `s\h`i
_` g\n ijmh\n od^\n ij `i^jiom]\hjn idibpi\ lp` ap`m\ n\odn
a\^ojmd\( o`i_m\hjn ]p`i\n ]\n`n di_p^odq\n k\m\ \^`ko\m g\ \adm
h\^di _`g `n^ kod^j od^j _` lp` ij c\t ijmh\n od^\n epnodad^\
]g`n* Nd ]d`i `g `s\h`i \i ij `no ^jhkg`oj( o`i`hjn( di^gpnj `i
`no` hjh`ioj( m\uji`n k\m\ k`in\m lp` c`hjn `i^jiom\_j pi\
ijmh\ lp` kjm gj h`ijn n` \^`m^\ \ pi\ ijmh\epnodad^\]g`* Kj_`
hjn `no\m `lpdqj^\_jn( k`mj di^gpnj nd gj `no\hjn( c\t n`\g`n _`
adidodq\n _` lp` n` c\ kmjbm`n\_j t _` lp` n` ndbp` kmjbm`n\i_j*
O`i`hjn( kp`n( ]\n`n k\m\ ^ji^gpdm lp` `g `n^`kod^dnhj od^j `n
di^jmm`^oj* <pilp` g\ o\m`\ _` epnodad^\m pi\ ijmh\ od^\ `n hpt
_da^dg t \ h`ip_j _`n^jm\uji\_jm\( c`hjn `i^jiom\_j m\uji`n
k\m\ n`bpdm dio`ioi_jgj ^ji g\ `nk`m\iu\ _` j]o`i`m sdoj*
:?: G 8 >8 >D H

-* >pg`n _` gjn ndbpd`io`n epd^djn ^m`` pno`_ lp` nji epd^djn hjm\
g`n; >pg`n ij gj nji; @skgdlp` npn m`nkp`no\n*
G\ b`io` od`i` pi _`m`^cj di\gd`i\]g` \ g\ qd_\( \ g\ gd]`mo\_ t
\ g\ ]nlp`_\ _` g\ a`gd^d_\_*
?djn ^\nodb\ \ \lp`ggjn lp` lp`]m\io\i npn g`t`n*

.,)

:?:G8>8>DH

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

Ij h\o\mn*
Mj]\m `n ^jiom\mdj \ g\ g`t*
Nd`hkm` _`]`hjn j]`_`^`m g\ g`t*
@g pnj _` i\m^od^jn `n ij^dqj k\m\ g\ nj^d`_\_*
w?`]`x dhkgd^\ wkp`_`x*
I\_\ `n ^jmm`^oj j di^jmm`^oj hd`iom\n ij k`in`hjn lp` gj `n*
.* Di_dlp` m`nk`^oj _` ^\_\ pij _` gjn ndbpd`io`n `e`hkgjn nd nji
`e`hkgjn ^g\mjn _` m`g\odqdnhj od^j o\g ^jhj `no _`adid_j `i `g
o`soj* @skgdlp` npn m`nkp`no\n*
G\ kjgdb\hd\ `no\]\ hjm\gh`io` k`mhdod_\ `i od`hkjn _`
<]m\c\h k`mj \cjm\ `n dihjm\g*
Gj lp` \admh\n lp` `n ^jmm`^oj `n ngj op jkdidi t kjm gj o\ioj
ij `n h`ejm lp` g\ _` ^p\glpd`m jom\ k`mnji\*
Gj di^jmm`^oj `n gj lp` k`mep_d^\ \ g\ nj^d`_\_( _` h\i`m\ lp`
gj lp` `n di^jmm`^oj `i pi\ nj^d`_\_ ^ji am`^p`i^d\ `n ^jmm`^oj
`i jom\*
@g kmdi^dkdj podgdo\mdno\ kp`_` n`m ^jmm`^oj k\m\ g\n ^pgopm\n j^
^d_`io\g`n( k`mj ndi _p_\ `n di^jmm`^oj k\m\ g\n ^pgopm\n jmd`i
o\g`n*
Ij c\t ijmh\n od^\n( ^\_\ pij _` ijnjomjn o\i ngj yq`z lp
`n ^jmm`^oj t lp `n di^jmm`^oj*
/* @q\g` `g ndbpd`io` \mbph`ioj6
@g _`o`mhdidnhj ^\pn\g `n q`m_\_`mj( _` gj ^p\g n` ndbp` lp`
i\_d` kjn`` gd]m` \g]`_mj( t( kjm ^jindbpd`io`( lp` i\_d` `n
hjm\gh`io` m`nkjin\]g` _` gj lp` c\^`* K`mj nd i\_d` `n m`n
kjin\]g` _` gj lp` c\^`( `ioji^`n ij kp`_` `no\m j]gdb\_j \
c\^`m i\_\* @n _`^dm lp` ij c\t i\_\ lp` _`]\ c\^`m7 i\_\ `n
^jmm`^oj t i\_\ `n di^jmm`^oj* Kjm gj o\ioj( `g idcdgdnhj od^j
`no `i gj ^d`moj*
0* @q\g` `g ndbpd`io` \mbph`ioj6
@g `n^`kod^dnhj od^j `n ^jmm`^oj kjmlp`( `i g h\ dino\i^d\(
i\_d` kp`_` c\^`m jom\ ^jn\ lp` n`bpdm np kmjkd\ ^ji^d`i^d\ `i
\npiojn hjm\g`n( t i\_\ kp`_` n`m epnodad^\_j _` `n\ h\i`m\*
1* Npkib\n` lp` \gbpd`i gg\h\_j K m`u c\ \mmd`nb\_j np qd_\ k\m\
n\gq\m \ pi idj lp` n` `no \cjb\i_j* ?dn^po\ g\ ndbpd`io` `skgd
^\^di _` npn \^^dji`n6
K m`u ij \^op m`\gh`io` ndi `bjnhj( `noj `n( ij \mmdnb np
qd_\ kjm `g idj lp` n` `no\]\ \cjb\i_j* Hn ]d`i( K m`u `n g\
^g\n` _` k`mnji\ lp` j]od`i` n\odna\^^di t kg\^`m ^jhj m`npg
o\_j _` \tp_\m \ gjn _`hn( t np _`n`j _` `no` odkj _` kg\^`m `m\

2*

3*

4*

5*

.,*

o\i ap`mo` lp` npk`m \ np _`n`j _` kmjo`b`m np kmjkd\ qd_\*

K m`u( kjm gj o\ioj( `no\]\ \^op\i_j m`\gh`io` k\m\ j]o`i`m `g
kg\^`m pgo`mdjm( ij k\m\ n\gq\m \g idj*
N` c\ \admh\_j lp` \gbpijn kg\^`m`n $kjm `e`hkgj( gjn kg\^`m`n
`no od^jn%( nji npk`mdjm`n \ jomjn $kjm `e`hkgj( gjn kg\^`m`n n`sp\
g`n%* @skgdlp` gj lp` \gbpd`i kj_m\ lp`m`m _`^dm ^ji _d^c\ \adm
h\^di* N`m\ ^jindno`io` pi c`_jidno\ knd^jgbd^j nd njnopqd`m\
lp` \gbpijn kg\^`m`n nji npk`mdjm`n \ jomjn; N`m\ ^jindno`io` pi
c`_jidno\ od^j; @skglp`gj*
@g c`_jidnhj od^j ap` m`^c\u\_j nj]m` g\ ]\n` _` lp` ij c\]\ \m
bph`iojn qgd_jn `i np a\qjm t _` lp` km`n^md]` \^ojn hjm\gh`io`
m`kpbi\io`n* Npkjib\ lp` pi c`_jidno\ `bjno\ m`nkji_d`m\ _`
g\ ndbpd`io` h\i`m\6
Hd o`jm\ ij km`n^md]` \^ojn hjm\gh`io` m`kpbi\io`n kjmlp`
gjn \^ojn m`kpbi\io`n nji ^g\m\h`io` \lp`ggjn lp` k`mep_d^\i
\ jom\n k`mnji\n( t k`mep_d^\m \ jomj `n diqdo\mgj \ g\ q`ib\iu\
j \g ^\nodbj* Kp`noj lp` `n j]qdj lp` \ i\_d` g` dio`m`n\ kmjqj
^\m _\j nj]m` n hdnhj( `ioji^`n ]\ni_jn` `i `g c`_jidnhj
`bjno\ g\ ^ji^gpndi ^jmm`^o\ `n lp` ij _`]`hjn k`mep_d^\m \
gjn _`hn* Hd o`jm\( kjm gj o\ioj( ij km`n^md]` \^ojn hjm\g
h`io` m`kpbi\io`n*
@q\g` g\ m`nkp`no\ _`g c`_jidno\ `bjno\*
>jind_`m` `g \mbph`ioj _` N^m\o`n $kk* 030)032%* Od`i` epnod
ad^\^di `i np \admh\^di _` lp` ^p\i_j pi\ k`mnji\ `n diepno\
g\ diepnod^d\ `n pi\ `ia`mh`_\_ _` np \gh\( t `i lp`( ^jhj k\m\
oj_\n g\n `ia`mh`_\_`n( g\ k`mnji\ `no\m\ h`ejm nd ipi^\ cp]d`m\
nd_j diepno\ `i \]njgpoj; >jind_`m` \ pi\ k`mnji\ lp` qdq` ykjm
nd`hkm` a`gduz bm\^d\n \ g\n q`io\e\n lp` g` om\`i npn ^mh`i`n* ?`
\gbpi\ h\i`m\ `n m`\gh`io` hn hdn`m\]g` lp` nd n` cp]d`m\ lp`
_\_j `i pi\ kj]m`u\ epno\ k`mj jkm`ndq\;
Pi\ j]e`^di \ g\ q`mndi podgdo\mdno\ _` =`ioc\h `n lp` npkji`
pi y^g^pgj c`_jidno\z( `noj `n( pi ndno`h\ h`_d\io` `g ^p\g q\
mdjn _jgjm`n t kg\^`m`n kp`_`i n`m nph\_jn t m`no\_jn ^jhj nd n`
om\o\m\ _` h\iu\i\n j _` i\m\ie\n* ?` hj_j lp` n` npkji` lp`
_`]`hjn n`m ^\k\^`n _` nph\m `g kg\^`m lp` pno`_ j]od`i` _` m`\
gdu\m pi _`n^p]mdhd`ioj dhkjmo\io` \g lp` tj j]o`ibj _` ojh\m
]p`i qdij( t j]o`i`m ^jhj m`npgo\_j( _dbhjngj \n( om`n q`^`n g\
^\iod_\_ lp` K m`u j]od`i` kjm c\^`m pi\ adio\ `i kjf\m h`ijn `g
_jgjm _` ^\]`u\ lp` od`i` Gk`u* Ndi _p_\( ^jiodi\ g\ j]e`^di( g\
d_`\ hdnh\ _` _d^cj ^g^pgj `n \]npm_\* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( `g kmdi
^dkdj _` podgd_\_ _` =`ioc\h `n \]npm_j* @q\g` `no\ j]e`^di*

.,+

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

-,* @g ndbpd`io` k\m`^` n`m pi ^\nj _` _`mdq\^di _` pi\ ^ji^gpndi

\^`m^\ _`g w_`]`mx \ k\modm _` pi\ km`hdn\ \^`m^\ _`g wn`mx* M`
apo\ kjm gj o\ioj g\ \admh\^di _` Cph` _` lp` w_`]`x ij kp`_`
_`mdq\mn` _` w`nx Vj w`noxX; @skgdlp` np m`nkp`no\*
-* G\ \i^d\i\ Nm\* Gk`u Xfg~ i`^`ndo\_\ _` \tp_\*
Ebe _b gTagb
.* Nd tj WXUb \tp_\m \ g\n hpe`m`n \i^d\i\n lp` `noi i`^`ndo\_\n
_` \tp_\( `ioji^`n WXUb \tp_\m \ g\ \i^d\i\ Nm\* Gk`u*
--* @n qgd_\ g\ ndbpd`io` _`mdq\^di _` w_`]`x \ k\modm _` pi\ \adm
h\^di a^od^\; @skgdlp` np m`nkp`no\*
-* Hdbp`g _d^`( yKjm `no` h`_dj kmjh`oj \tp_\m \ Ndhi \ `n^\
k\m _` g\ ^m^`gz*
.* Nd \gbpd`i _d^` kmjh`o`m \gbj( `ioji^`n `no j]gdb\_j \ c\^`m
gj lp` kmjh`o`*
/* Nd \gbpd`i `no j]gdb\_j \ c\^`m gj lp` kmjh`o`( `ioji^`n _`]`
c\^`m gj lp` kmjh`o`*
Ebe _b gTagb
0* Hdbp`g _`]` \tp_\m \ Ndhi \ `n^\k\m _` g\ ^m^`g*
-.* >pg`n _` gjn `ipi^d\_jn ndbpd`io`n ^jh`o`i ^g\m\h`io` g\ a\g\^d\
_` g\ _`adid^di t ^pg`n ij; Epnodadlp` npn m`nkp`no\n*
Gj lp` `n ]p`ij `n gj lp` `n jm_`i\_j kjm ?djn*
G\ k\g\]m\ w]p`ijxlpd`m` _`^dm wgj lp` _`]` n`m gg`q\_j \g h
sdhjx*
@g kg\^`m `n( `i qdmop_ _`g ndbidad^\_j _` g\n k\g\]m\n( g\ id^\
^jn\ ]p`i\ `i n hdnh\*
Gj ]p`ij `n( `qd_`io`h`io`( \lp`ggj \ gj lp` \kpio\i oj_\n
g\n ^jn\n*
?`^dm lp` \gbj `n ]p`ij `n _`^dm lp` `n pi j]e`oj _` dio`m n
cph\ij*
-/* @q\g` g\ ndbpd`io` j]e`^di \g podgdo\mdnhj6
?` \^p`m_j ^ji `g kmdi^dkdj _` p gd_\_ _`]`hjn om\o\m \ ^\_\
k`mnji\ ^jhj pi\ t ij hn _` pi\* ?` hj_j lp` ^\_\ k`mnji\
_`]` m`^d]dm dbp\g ^jind_`m\^di* K`mj nd \^`ko\hjn `g kmdi^dkdj
_` podgd_\_ ij kj_`hjn c\^`m `noj( kjmlp` \gbpi\n k`mnji\n
nji hp^cj hn n`ind]g`n \ gjn kg\^`m`n t \ gjn _jgjm`n lp` jom\n(
t ^p\i_j y\\_dhjnz kg\^`m`n j _jgjm`n( pi\ k`mnji\ `som`h\
_\h `io` n`ind]g` o`i_m\ hn k`nj `i ip`nomjn ^g^pgjn lp` g\

:?:G8>8>DH

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b`io` ^ji pi\ n`ind]dgd_\_ ijmh\g* <n kp`n( nd pn\hjn `g kmdi

^dkdj _` podgd_\_ ij kj_`hjn _\mg` \ oj_\ g\ b`io` g\ hdnh\
^jind_`m\^di ^jhj gj `sdb` `g kmdi^dkdj* @g kmdi^dkdj( kjm gj
o\ioj( `n di^jindno`io` t ij _`]` n`bpdmn`*
-0* Gk`u( lp` `n f\iod\ij( _`^d_` lp` ^`i\m \ g\n 26,, KH* n`\ np
m`bg\* Kjm ^jindbpd`io` pigq`mn\gdu\ `no\ m`bg\( `noj `n( g\ ^ji^d]`
^jhj pi\ g`t pidq`mn\g( k`mj n` cjmmjmdu\ ^ji `g m`npgo\_j* Nd oj_j
`g h pi_j ^`i\m\ \ g\n 26,, K*H*( gjn n`mqd^djn hn dhkjmo\io`n n`
dio`mmph kdm\i( gjn k\^d`io`n n` lp`_\m\i nj]m` g\ h`n\ _` jk`
m\^dji`n( gjn \qdji`n ^cj^\m\i( gjn ]\m^jn `i^\gg\m\i( `o^* Kp`noj
lp` g ij kj_m\ _`n`\m `no` `no\_j _` ^jn\n ^ji^gpt` lp` _`]`
m`^c\u\m np m`bg\* K`mj g\ hdnh\ j]e`^di n` \kgd^\ \ pi\ m`bg\
lp` km`n^md]\ g\ ^`i\ \ ^p\glpd`m jom\ cjm\( t `ioji^`n `hkd`u\
\ hjmdmn` _` c\h]m`* C\ ^jh`od_j Gk`u \gbi `mmjm \g `h
kg`\m g\ kmdh`m\ ajmhpg\^di _`g dhk`m\odqj ^\o`bmd^j; Nd `n \n(
`skglp`gj ^pd_\_jn\h`io`*
-1* N` c\ j]e`o\_j lp` g\ o`jm\ od^\ _` F\io `sdb` lp` g\ b`io` ij
o`ib\ n\ibm` `i g\n q`i\n t lp` n`\ dicph\i\* N`bi `no\ j]
e`^di( F\io _d^` lp` nd h` `i^p`iomj ^ji pi\ k`mnji\ c`md_\ od
m\_\ `i g\ ^\mm`o`m\( n`m\ pi `mmjm \tp_\mg\ kjm o`i`m ^jhk\ndi
_` `gg\* @nj n`m\ \^op\m kjm di^gdi\^di j kjm _`n`j7 `i gpb\m _`
`ggj( _`]j \^op\m kjm m`nk`oj \ g\ g`t hjm\g( nj]m` g\ ]\n` _` g\ njg\
m\ui* Nd F\io `no `i gj ^jmm`^oj( _`]`hjn n`m amjn( dhk\nd]g`n t
^\m`^`m _` ^jhk\ndi* ?`]`hjn n`m hlpdi\n \go\h`io` hjm\g`n*
Kp`noj lp` no\ `n ndi _p_\ pi\ m`kpbi\io` ^ji^`k^di \^`m^\ _`
^hj _`]` \^op\m g\ b`io`( g\ o`jm\ _` F\io _`]` n`m m`^c\u\_\*
@q\g` `no\ j]e`^di*
-2* Npkjib\ lp` pno`_ lpd`m` _`^d_dm nd c\^`m j ij om\hk\ `i pi `s\
h`i* @i^p`iom` g\ hsdh\ n`bi g\ ^p\g \^op\m\ nd _`^d_d`m\ c\
^`m om\hk\ t kib\g\ \ kmp`]\ ^ji ^\_\ pi\ _` g\n q`mndji`n _`g
dhk`m\odqj ^\o`bmd^j*
-3* >jind_`m` g\ ndbpd`io` j]e`^di \ g\n o`jm\n _^\n p gdo\mdno\n( t
^jhk\m` ^hj m`nkji_`m\ pi podgdo\mdno\ _` \^ojn ^ji g\ m`nkp`no\
_` pi p gdo\mdno\ m`bpg\_jm6
K m`u n` `no hpmd`i_j `i h`_dj _` pi bm\i npamdhd`ioj t
kjnd]g`h`io` g` lp`_` pi h`n _` qd_\ ndi `nk`m\iu\ \gbpi\
_` m`^pk`m\mn`* K m`u ij od`i` k\md`io`n id \ i\_d` lp` b\i`
j kd`m_\ \gbj ^ji np hp`mo`* Np _j^ojm( pi ]p`i podgdo\mdno\(
_`^d_` ^\mdo\odq\h`io` _\mg` hp`mo`* K m`u( ndi `h]\mbj( n`
jkji` t _d^` lp` lpd`m` qdqdm ^p\ioj n`\ kjnd]g`( kjm ap`mo`
lp` n`\ np _jgjm* ?` oj_\n h\i`m\n `g _j^ojm g` kji` adi \ g\

.,-

:A EGD7A:B6 9: ?JHI>;>86G JC6 CDGB6 vI>86

qd_\ _` K m`u* no` k\m`^`m\ n`m `g \^oj lp` g\n o`jm\n od^\n
podgdo\mdno\n km`n^md]dm\i( k`mj `n `qd_`io` lp` `n di^jmm`^oj*
-4* Pi\ ^p`nodi hjm\g lp` ij n` _dn^pod `i `no` o`soj `n `g kmj]g`h\
_`g ^\nodbj* >jhk\m` g\n o`jm\n od^\n _dn^pod_\n `i `g o`soj ^ji
^`mid`io`n \ g\epnodad^\^di _` g\ k`i\ ^\kdo\g( ij ngj m`nk`^oj _`
^mh`i`n o\g`n ^jhj `g n`^p`nomj( ndij o\h]d i k\m\ ^\njn _` \n`
ndi\ojn `i kmdh `m bm\_j kjm pi\ k`mnji\ lp` t\ c\t\ nd_j n`i
o`i^d\_\ \ ^\_`i\ k`mk`op\ kjm jomj ^mdh`i* @skgdlp` ^pg _` g\n
o`jm\n od^\n ^m`` pno`_ lp` kmjkjm^dji\ g\ kjnd^di hn m\uji\
]g` \^`m^\ _` g\ k`i\ ^\kdo\g*
-5* @q\g` hjm\gh`io` \^ojn _` gjn ndbpd`io`n odkjn h`_d\io` g\ ijm
h\ `skp`no\ `i g\ kbdi\ 1.4* Nd kd`in\ lp` g\ ndop\^di `i \g
bpijn ^\njn _`]` `skji`mn` ^ji h\tjm _`o\gg`( kp`_` c\^`m `n
k`^dad^\^dji`n m\uji\]g`n* Km`n^md]` g\ ijmh\ \gbj hjm\gh`io`
m`kpbi\io` `i `nojn ^\njn; Nd `n \n( _`]`hjn m`^c\u\m g\ ijmh\;
@skglp`gj*
O`i`m m`g\^dji`n n`sp\g`n km`h\mdo\g`n*
M`cpn\mn` \ n`mqdm `i pi\ bp`mm\ lp` pno`_ ^jind_`m\ diepno\*
I`b\mn` \ _`g\o\m \ pi \hdbj \g lp` n` c\ `no\_j qd`i_j c\^`m
om\hk\*
Q`ib\mn` _` \gbpd`i lp` gj c\ k`mep_d^\_j*
Mj]\m `i pi\ bm\i dinodop^di ^jhj pi\ pidq`mnd_\_ j pi\ gd
]m`m\*
.,* < g\ gpu _` np m`nkp`no\ \ g\ km`bpio\ -5 t _` gjn hp^cjn jomjn
a\^ojm`n _dn^pod_jn `i `g o`soj( ^m`` pno`_ lp` g\ ijmh\ od^\ `s
kp`no\ `i g\ kbdi\ 1.4 `no epnodad^\_\; @skgdlp` np m`nkp`no\* Nd
kd`in\ lp` ij( ^m`` pno`_ lp` \gbpi\ jom\ ijmh\ `no epn ad^\_\ j
^ji^gpt` lp` _`]`m\hjn \^`ko\m `g `n^`kod^dnhj od^j; Epnodadlp`
npn ^ji^gpndji`n*
.-* G\n ijmh\n od^\n ij nji podgdu\_\n ngj k\m\ g\ `q\gp\^di hjm\g
_` g\n \^^dji`n _` gjn di_dqd_pjn( ndij o\h]d i k\m\ g\ `q\gp\^di
hjm\g _` g\n g`t`n _` gjn bj]d`mijn t _` g\n nj^d`_\_`n* C\t \g
bpi\ h\i`m\ _` \_\ko\m `g kmdi^dkdj podgdo\mdno\ f\iod\ij k\m\
\kgd^\mgj \ g\n g`t`n; Kjm `e`hkgj( ^jind_`m` t `q\g` ^mod^\h`io`
gj ndbpd`io` lp` n` ]\n\ `i g\ o`ndn _` lp` idibpi\ g`t _`]`m\ km`n
^md]dm lp` ^p\glpd`m k`mnji\ j bmpkj _` k`mnji\n _`]\ n`m om\o\_j
^jhj pi ndhkg` h`_dj( _` hj_j lp` g\ km`n^mdk^di ]nd^\ `n lp`
g\n g`t`n( t _` c`^cj gjn ndno`h\n _` g`t`n( _`]`i n`m epnojn6
Pi\ g`t $j ndno`h\ _` g`t`n% `n hjm\gh`io`epnoj nd t ngj nd $\% gj
lp` km`n^md]` `nepnoj k\m\ oj_\n g\n k`mnji\n t bmpkjn \ gjn lp`

:?:G8>8>DH

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n` \kgd^\( t $]% `n pi\ m`bg\ $j ndno`h\ _` m`bg\n% podgdo\mdno\ lp`

`n ^jin`^p`io` ^ji g\ ^ji_d^di $\%*
>jind_`m` `no\ j]e`^di \ g\ ijmh\ podgdo\mdno\ f\i\i\6
Pi\ ijmh\ od^\ lp` ij kp`_` n`m pn\_\ ^ji `a`^odqd_\_ ^\m`^`
_` q\gjm t _`]` n`m m`^c\u\_\* A^dgh`io` n` q` lp` g\ m`bg\ pod
gdo\mdno\ f\iod\i\ ^\m`^` _` q\gjm kjmlp` `n o\i ^jhkg`e\ lp` \g
dio`io\m pn\mg\ _` c`^cj k\m\ _`^d_dm lp c\^`m( pij lp`_\
\om\k\_j `i pi ^g^pgj diadidoj* ?` h\i`m\ lp` _`]`hjn m`
^c\u\m `no\ ijmh\*
@n no\ pi\ ^mod^\ m\uji\]g` \ g\ ijmh\ podgdo\mdno\ f\iod\i\; ?`
ad`i_\ np m`nkp`no\*

=D=GDJBM<A <&
8 6 E xI J A D

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t Mji B* Rdggd\hn( E[\_bfbc[\VT_ 6aT_lf\f $Ip`q\ Tjmf6 M\i_jh Cjpn`(
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`_* $Ip`q\ Tjmf6 H\^hdgg\i Kp]gdncdib >j*( Di^*( -534%$(88%* @sdno`i
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mdj lp` nji6 Dmqdib H* >jkd tE\h`n <* Bjpg_( GXTW\aZf ba AbZ\V $Ip`q\
Tjmf6 H\^hdgg\i Kp]gdncdib >j*( Di^*( -53.%7 Mj]`mo Ng`dbc( CXVXffTel
Iehg[ $@ibg`rjj_ >gdaan( I*E*6 Km`iod^`)C\gg( Di^*( -53,%$8x%7 t <_md`ii` t
F`doc G`cm`m( I[Xbel bYBXTa\aZ $@ibg`rjj_ >gdaan( I *E*6 Km`iod^`)C\gg(
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& G\n j]m\n n`\g\_\n ^ji n` `i^p`iom\i `i g\ =d]gdjo`^\ y?m* @_p\m_j

B\m^\ Hti`u _`g Dinodopoj _` Diq`nodb\_ji`n Adgjnad^\n _` g\ PI<H `i np
-_djh\ jmdbdi\g* G\n n`\g\_\n ^ji &Rx n` `i^p`iom\i `i g\ hdnh\ =d]gdjo`^\ `i
Y\_p^^di `nk\jg\ t g\n di_d^\_\n ^ji &R&`i om\_p^^di dibg`n\*

.,1

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7>7A>D<G6;x6

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-52-%8y(8(%* @i `no` godhj gd]mj Lpdi` kg\io`\ \gbpijn kmj]g`h\n \^`m^\
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gd]mjn lp` _dn^po`i g\ kjnd^di _` >\mi\k nji6 Md^c\m_ =pomd^f( Em*( 8Tex
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ap`io`n ^jio`hkjmi`\n nji6 C`m]`mo A`dbg t Rdgamd_ N`gg\mn( GXTW\aZf \a
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dio`m n t ij o ^id^j `n K* A* Nom\rnji( >agebWhVg\ba gb AbZ\VT_ I[Xbel $Gji
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_`g ^ji^`koj _` q`m_\_ i`^`n\md\( q \n` <mocpm K\k( HX`Tag\Vf TaW CXVXfx
fTel Iehg[ $I`r C\q`i6 T\g` Pidq`mndot Km`nn( -514%8g(%r* Q \n` o\h]d i
<g\i K\n^c( :kcXe\XaVX TaW g[X 6aT_lg\V $>cd^\bj6 Pidq`mndot ja >cd^\bj
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Tjmf6 H\^hdgg\i Kp]gdncdib >j*( Di^*( -53,% ^jiod`i` pi\ `s^`g`io`
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Jomjn gd]mjn t \mo^pgjn dhkjmo\io`n nji G* Eji\oc\i >jc`i( I[X >`c_\VTx
g\baf bY >aWhVg\ba $Gji_m`n6 H`ocp`i " >j*( -53,+ &7 R`ng`t >* N\ghji(
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dib >jhk\it( -524%7 E* M* Gp^\n( I[X 8baVXcg bY EebUTU\_\gl $Jsajm_6 >g\

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g\ kmj]\]dgd_\_* M`^d`io`h`io` c\ `skp`noj _` ip`q\ ^p`io\ `no\n d_`\n
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A P @I O @N >G

8 6 E xI J A D

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.-+

7>7A>D<G6;x6

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G* >jr\i( y?`gd]`m\odji \i_ ?`o`mhdidnhz(6`Xe\VTa E[\_bfbc[\VT_ FhTex

.-1

7>7A>D<G6;x6

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86ExIJAD IG:H

.-2

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..)

A P @I O @N C DNO M D> < N

7>7A>D<G6;x6

> < K O P G J >P<OMJ

>( DUeTf be\Z\aT_Xf

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A P @I O @N M @> D@I O@N T >JI O@H KJM

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86ExIJAD 8J6IGD

..*

$Gji_m`n6 Mjpog`_b` " F`b\i K\pg( -52.%8$(:7 =* Mpnn`gg( I[X 6aT_lf\f

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..+

7>7A>D<G6;x6

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86ExIJAD 8J6IGD

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m`^o\h`io` m`g`q\io`n k\m\ gjn kmj]g`h\n _dn^pod_jn `i `no` ^\kopgj6

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..-

7>7A>D<G6;x6

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86ExIJAD 8J6IGD

...

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..1

7>7A>D<G6;x6

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fX_`#f 9\fVbiXel $G\ N\gg`( ---*6 Jk`i >jpmo Kp]gdncdib >jhk\it( -521%(

86ExIJAD 8>C8D

./*

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^dji\i _dm`^o\h`io` ^ji gjn kmj]g`h\n _dn^pod_jn `i `no` ^\kopgj6 CXj
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<* Ag`r t <* H\^giotm`88x%7 GX_\Z\bhf :kcXe\XaVX TaW Iehg[ $Ip`q\ Tjmf6
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o\_j kjm ?* H* Cdbc6 ;T\g[ TaW E[\_bfbc[l $Bm\i_ M\kd_n6 R* =* @`m_
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7X_\XY \a <bW $@ibg`rjj_ >gdaan( I* E*6 Km`iod^`)C\gg( Di^*( -53,%( `_d
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gg\i Kp]gdncdib >j*( Di^*( -523%( `_do\_j kjm E* Cd^f t <* >* H^Bdgg7 I[X
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o\_j kjm K* @_r\m_n( ^jiod`i` o\h]d i hp^cjn \mo^pgjn `s^`g`io`n nj
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$`_*%( GTg\baT_\gl TaW GX_\Z\bhf 7X_\XY $Ijom` ?\h`6 Pidq`mndot ja Ijom`

./+

7>7A>D<G6;x6

?\h` Km`nn( -535%* >\_\ pij _` `nojn qjgh`i`n ^jiod`i` dhkjmo\io`n

`in\tjn jmdbdi\g`n nj]m` ]p`i ih `mj _` kmj]g`h\n _dn^pod_jn `i `no`
^\kopgj*
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86ExIJAD 8>C8D

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Bj_xn I`^`nn\mt @sdno`i^`z( >agXeaTg\baT_ E[\_bfbc[\VT_ FhTegXe_l $-53,%7 t

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ja K`ma`^odjiz( I[X Bba\fg $-52/%7 >* C\moncjmi`( yOc` Gjbd^ ja oc` J i
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I`^`nn\mdgtz7 M* <gg`i( yOc` Jiojgjbd^\g <mbph`ioz7 K C`ig`( yPn`n ja
oc` Jiojgjbd^\g <mbph`ioz7 O* K`i`gcph( yJi oc` N`^ji_ Jiojgjbd^\g
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bd^\ggt I`^`nn\mt @sdno`iod\g No\o`h`ionz(?bheaT_ bY E[\_bfbc[l $-52-%*

./-

7>7A>D<G6;x6

Hn m`^d`io`h`io`( \gbpijn \mo^pgjn nj]m` `g \mbph`ioj jiojgbd^j

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86ExIJAD 8>C8D

./.

\mo^pgjn _dj gpb\m \ m`nkp`no\n kjm k\mo` _` G* M`nid^f( y@qd_`i^`( Pod

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.//

7>7A>D<G6;x6

ojmij \g \mbph`ioj _` E* Cd^f `i a\qjm _` g\ _`a`in\ _` g\ yij)`qd_`i^d\z

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86ExIJAD 8>C8D

./0

gbe\V $-524%7 M* H* >cdncjgh( yOc` ?`a`\o ja Bjj_ \i_ @qdgz( EebVXXW\aZf

bY g[X 6`Xe\VTa E[\_bfbc[\VT_ 6ffbV\Tg\ba $-524)-525%* @g \mo^pgj _` B*
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./1

7>7A>D<G6;x6

86ExIJAD H:>H

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m`g\odqdnh di @ocd^nz( >adh\el $-52.%7 >* No`q`inji( yM`g\odqdnh \i_ Iji
m`g\odqdnhz( EebVXXW\aZf TaW 6WWeXffXf b Y g[X 6`Xe\VTa E[\_bfbc[\VT_ 6ffbV(
$-52-)-52.%7 K* O\tgjm( yNj^d\g N^d`i^` \i_ @ocd^\g M`g\odqdnhz(?bheaT_
bYE[\_bfbc[l& 5 $-514%7 >* R`ggh\i( y@ocd^\g Dhkgd^\odjin ja >pgopm\g M`
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\i_ Hjm\gdotz( E[\_bfbc[l& Qjg* 04 $-53/%*
<gbpijn \pojm`n lp` c\i `n^mdoj m`^d`io`h`io` nj]m` `g eX_Tg\i\f`b
g\Vb nji6 O* H^>gdi^oj^f( yOc` ?`adidodji ja @ocd^\g M`g\odqdnhz( EXe'
fbaT_\fg $-525%( yOc` =\nd^ Q\md`od`n ja @ocd^\g Nf`kod^dnhz( BXgTc[\_bfbx
c[l $-53-% t yNf`kod^dnh <]jpo =\nd^ Hjm\g Kmdi^dkg`nz( BXgTc[\_bfbc[l
$-53-%7 K* C* Ijr`gg)Nhdoc( y>pgopm\g M`g\odqdnhz( E[\_bfbc[l bY g[X Hbx
V\T_ HV\XaVXf $-53-%7 t Q* <* Cjr\m_( y?j <iocmjkjgjbdnon =`^jh` Hjm\g
M`g\odqdnon ]t)Hdno\f`;z( >adh\el $-524%* Q\mdjn \mo^pgjn c\i nd_j m`pid
_jn `i `g gd]mj :g[\VT_ GX_Tg\i\f` $=`ghjio( >\gda*6 R\_nrjmoc Kp]gdncdib
>j*( -53/%( `_do\_j kjm E* G\__*
Jom\n _dn^pndji`n dhkjmo\io`n nj]m` `g eX_Tg\i\f`b g\Vb di^gpt`i6 B*
C\mh\i( yHjm\g M`g\odqdnh ?`a`i_`_z( E[\_bfbc[\VT_ GXi\Xj& Qjg* 40
$-531%7 `no` \mo^pgj c\ jmdbdi\_j g\n m kgd^\n _` M* >j]pmi( yM`g\odqdnh
\i_ oc` =\ndn ja Hjm\gdotz( \U\W( $-534%7 C* E`in`i( yBdg]`mo C\mh\ixn
?`a`in` ja Hjm\g M`g\odqdnhz( E[\_bfbc[\VT_ HghW\Xf& Qjg* /, $-532%7 t =*
Kjnojr( yHjm\g M`g\odqdnh <qjd_`_z( EXefbaT_\fg& Qjg* 2, $-535%* O\h]d i
dhkjmo\io`n nji gjn \mo^pgjn _` ?* Gtjin( y@ocd^\g M`g\odqdnh \i_ oc`
Kmj]g`h ja Di^jc`m`i^`z( :g[\Vf& Qjg* 42 $-532%7 M* <ooad`g_( yCjr Ijo
oj ]` \ Hjm\g M`g\odqdno;z( I[X Bba\fg& Qjg* 3. $-535% t E* F`gg`i]`mb`m(
y@ocd^\g M`g\odqdnhz(?bheaT_ bY KT_hX >adh\el& Qjg* -/ $-535%*
<gbpijn \mo^pgjn nj]m` `g o`h\ _`g XZb f`b cf\Vb_ Z\Vb l g\Vb nji6 M)
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_bfbc[l $-50-%7 C* H^>gjnf`t( yOjr\m_ \i J]e`^odq` @ocd^z( :g[\Vf $-52.|
2/%7 E* H\mbjgdn( y@bjdnh \i_ oc` >jiadmh\odji ja H`o\hjm\g Oc`jmd`nz(

86ExIJAD H:>H

.0,

6`Xe\VTa E[\_bfbc[\VT_ FhTegXe_l $-53,%7 O* H^>gdioj^f( yOc` @bjdnoxn Knt

^cjgjbd^\g <mbph`ioz( 6`Xe\VTa E[\_bfbc[\VT_ FhTegXe_l $-53-%7 C* N* Ndg)
q`mno`di( yPidq`mn\gdu\]dgdot \i_ @bjdnhz( 6hfgeT_Tf\Ta?bheaT_ bYE[\_bfbx
c[l $-524%7 R* Bg\nbjr( yOc` >jiom\_d^odji di @ocd^\g @bjdnhz( E[\_bfbx
c[\VT_ HghW\Xf $-524%7 @* H\^f( yCjr oj ?`mdq` @ocd^\g @bjdnhz( EXefbaTx
_\fg $-53-%*
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@ocd^\g Ntno`hz(?bheaT_ bY E[\_bfbc[l& Qjg* 3- $-530%7 ?* B\pocd`m( yOc`
Dhkjnnd]dgdot ja M\odji\g @bjdnhz( \U\W(2 B* >\mgnji( y@ocd^\g @bjdnh M`
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yOrj <mbph`ion <b\dino @ocd^\g @bjdnhz( E[\_bfbc[\T& Qjg* 0 $-530%7 O
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N`ga \i_ Joc`mnz( EXefbaT_\fg& Qjg* 15 $-534%7 I* =mjri( yKnt^cjgjbd^\g
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8TaTW\Ta ?bheaT_ bY E[\_bfbc[l& 5 $-535%7 @* M`bdn( y@ocd^\g @bjdnh \i_
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O* H\^c\i( yM`^`io Rjmf di @ocd^\g @bjdnhz( \U\W( @no` pgodhj \mo^pgj
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:_ hg\_\gTe\f`b WX TVgbfl X_ hg\_\gTe\f`b WX eXZ_Tf b eXfge\aZ\Wb c\i nd_j \h
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o\md\idnh \i_ oc` ?`n`mo)Dng\i_ Kmj]g`hz( 6aT_lf\f $-520)21%7 =* ?dbbn(
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.0-

7>7A>D<G6;x6

Kmdi^dkg`n jaEpnod^`z( E[\_bfbc[\VT_ HghW\Xf $-524%7 ?* R* =mj^f( y>jiom\^)

op\gdnh( Podgdo\md\idnh \i_ Nj^d\g Di`lp\gdod`nz( HbV\T_ I[Xbel \a EeTVg\VX
$-53-%*
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nji6 H* H\i_`g]\ph( yJi Dio`mkm`odib Hdggxn Podgdo\md\idnhz( ?bheaT_
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m\gdot ja Podgdo\md\idnh \i_ oc` @n^\kdnh ja Mpg`)Podgdo\md\idnhz( E[\_bx
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]mj ^ji `g hdnhj oopgj _` ?* Gtjin &( K* Ijr`gg)Nhdoc( yPodgdo\md\idnh
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md\idnh \i_ M`omd]podq` Kpidnch`ioz(?bheaT_ bYE[\_bfbc[l $-523%7 M* B*
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\i_ Apopm` Hdno\f`nz( Cbhf& Qjg* -, $-532%7 E* I\mq`nji( yPodgdo\md\idnh(
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g\ ha\iXefT_\mTU\_\WTW _` gjn kmdi^dkdjn hjm\g`n* <gbpijn _` gjn \mo^pgjn
nj]m` `nojn o`h\n nji gjn _`6 >* >\oi( yDi Rc\o N`in` \i_ Rct Jpbco)

86ExIJAD H:>H

.0.

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m\gdnod^ A\gg\^tx oj oc` D_`\g J]n`mq`m Oc`jmtz( E[\_bfbc[l TaW E[Xab`Xx
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?jn \mo^pgjn m`^d`io`n( yCjr oj ?`mdq` wJpbcoxamjh wDnxz _`E* N`\mg`(
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.0/

7>7A>D<G6;x6

@nojn \mo^pgjn c\i _\_j gpb\m \ hp^c\n m`nkp`no\n( `iom` g\n ^p\g`n n`
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6aT_lf\f $-520)21%7 E* t E* Ocjhnji( yCjr Ijo oj ?`mdq` wJpbcox amjh
wDnxz( E[\_bfbc[\VT_ GXi\Xj $-520%7 M* @_b`g`t( yCph`xn G\rz( EebVXXW\aZf
bYg[X 6e\fgbgX_\Ta HbV\Xgl& npkg`h`ioj 00 $-53-% t B* <gg`i( yO c` Dn)Jpbco
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e\VTa E[\_bfbc[\VT_ FhTegXe_l $-520% c\ _`adid_j `no` ^ji^`koj t jomjn m`
g\^dji\_jn ^ji g* Jomjn \mo^pgjn m`^d`io`n nj]m` `no` o`h\ nji gjn _` =*
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dio`ioj kjm `n^g\m`^`m hp^cjn ^ji^`kojn od^jn( di^gpt`i_j `g _` _`]`m
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a\Y\VTWbfl hfbf WX _bf g e`\abf `beT_Xf( Gjn o`h\n ^`iom\g`n \lp nji j ]d`i
nd gjn o mhdijn hjm\g`n `skm`n\i h`m\h`io` `hj^dji`n t( kjm gj o\ioj(
od`i`i pi ndbidad^\_j h`m\h`io` `hjodqj( j ]d`i nd nji o\h]d i ^jb
ijn^dodq\h`io` ndbidad^\odqjn7 nd g\ \kgd^\]dgd_\_ _` gjn o mhdijn hjm\g`n
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gjn oopgjn _` gjn ndbpd`io`n \mo^pgjn( `n `g kmdi^dk\g `skji`io` _`g km`n)
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yPidq`mn\gdu\]dgdot \i_ oc` <_q\io\b`n ja Iji_`n^mdkodqdnhz(?bheaT_ bY
E[\_bfbc[l $-524%( \mo^pgj \g lp` ?* Bm``ig`` ^jio`no `i yJg_`ilpdno ji
Hjm\g Ep_bh `ion \i_ Hjm\g Kmdi^dkg`nz(?bheaT_ bY KT_hX >adh\el $-525%7
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gXe_l $-53,%7 @* A* R\go`m( y@hkdmd^dnh \i_ @ocd^\g M`\njidibz( 6`Xe\VTa
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86ExIJAD H:>H

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t Mpa `i yNdgq`mno`dixn ?`a`in` ja >jmih\iz( t kjm Ndgq`mno`di `i yM`kgt
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I?D>@ ?@ <POJM@N
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.1)

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.1*

xC9>8: 9: 6JIDG:H

xC9>8: 9: 6JIDG:H

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.1+

>C9>8: >w: 6JIDG:H

@dino`di( <*( -/@hkdmd^j( N*( 1/5]

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.1,

xC9>8: 9: 6JIDG:H

Bpno\anji( ?*( 103]

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E`in`i( C*( 13.]
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Eji`n( C*( 130]

.1-

xC9>8: 9: 6JIDG:H

Eji`n( K*( 132]

Ejm_\i( E*( 103]
Ejq`( @*( 132]

F
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F``i`( B*( 12.]
F``oji( H*( .2,
F`f`n( E*( 10,]
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F`gndf( I*( 100]
F`ii`m( G*( 102]
F`iit( < ( 12-]
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Fdib)A\mgjr( E*( 120]( 122]
Fdo`gt( H*( 120]
Fg`didb( E*( 12-]
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Fjq^nd( E*( 13,]
Fm`nn( E*( 10/]
Fm`ouh\ii( I*( 12/]

xC9>8: 9: 6JIDG:H

Fmdkf`( N*( 110]( 111]

Fpkk`mh\i( E*( 13,]
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G\ajgg`oo`( C*( 123]
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G`hhji( @*( 1/3]
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G`qdinji( E*( -,
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G`rdn( ?*( /-2i( 110]( 113]
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H\mm\n( <*( 101]
Hp^^djgj( G*( 110]( 111]
H\modi( >*( 12,]
Hpidou( H*( 110]
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H\o`n( =*( 1/3]
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.1/

xC9>8: 9: 6JIDG:H

xC9>8: 9: 6JIDG:H

Id`oun^c`( A*( 124]

Ijm`i( N*( 110]
Ijmoji( ?*( 13,]
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J_`b\m_( ?*( 114]
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.10

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.11

xC9>8: 9: 6JIDG:H

Nhdoc( >*( 105]

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