Introduccin a la Lectura Comprensiva de Ingls Acadmico para Medicina Veterinaria

FICHA #12: CONJUNCIONES y CONECTORES LGICOS

Se pueden combinar dos o ms afirmaciones o clusulas dentro de un enunciado mayor a travs de conjunciones, o bien
combinar afirmaciones expresadas en diferentes enunciados o partes del texto a travs de conectores. Los conectores y
conjunciones lgicas cumplen la funcin de unir o combinar ideas dentro de un enunciado o afirmaciones de diferentes
enunciados o partes del texto, como prrafos. Es fundamental que te familiarices con ellos a fin de que comprendas las
relaciones lgicas entre las ideas del texto, a la vez que las jerarquizas. Segn el tipo de combinacin, reciben diferentes
nombres. El siguiente cuadro clasifica, explica y ejemplifica las conjunciones/conectores y sus usos:
ADICIN SIMPLE
EJEMPLOS

CONJUNCIN
CONECTOR
Also,

SIGNIFICADO

You can pay your fees by credit card. You can also Expresan una simple adicin.
write a check.

Tienen el mismo significado de

also y too (tambin, adems)

in addition

Ming has to register for classes today. In addition, he

has to pay his course fees.

furthermore

This plant requires sun all day. Furthermore, it needs

rich soil.

moreover

As your mayor, I promise to make this city safe for all.

Moreover, I will create more jobs.
ADICIN ENFTICA
EJEMPLOS

CONJUNCIN
CONECTOR

SIGNIFICADO

what is more

We have succeeded in cleaning up the river. What is Presentan

una

idea

que

(ms an, y lo que

more, we have made it the cleanest in the entire enfatiza algn aspecto de lo

ms)

province.

que se ha dicho anteriormente.

Su significado es similar a: No

as well
(incluso)
besides (this)
(adems de esto)

CONJUNCIN
CONECTOR
in fact

Ricardo won the award for athletic achievement. He solo eso (lo que acabo de
received academic honors as well.
mencionar) sino tambin esto
(lo que voy a decir a
My brother goes to school full time. Besides this, he continuacin) Not only ... but
manages to work twenty hours a week.
also
ADICIN INTENSIFICADORA
EJEMPLOS

SIGNIFICADO

Spokane has a lot of rain lately. In fact, it has been Muestran

raining all week.

que

la

continuacin
fuertemente

idea

apoyar
la

as a matter of fact

You can take the rest of the pie with you. As a matter mencionada anteriormente.
of fact, I wish you would since I am on a diet.
(de hecho)

actually

Gretchen has never cared for the color magenta.

idea

Conjunciones y Conectores Lgicos

Actually, its one of her least favorite colors.

DE EJEMPLIFICACIN
EJEMPLOS

CONJUNCIN
CONECTOR
for example

Reactions to bee stings can be severe. For example, a Presentan ejemplos de lo que
person could experience breathing difficulty.

for instance

se

ha

mencionado

Some sports involve considerable body contact. Take, Presentan

for instance, rugby.

especially

SIGNIFICADO

un

miembro

instancia tpica de un grupo.

Violence in movies seems to be increasing. Action films Presentan

especially appear to be getting more violent.

antes.

un

miembro

instancia importante de un
grupo.

in particular

Learning the use for article use in English can be

difficult. In particular, the use of articles with generic
nouns may be confusing.

to illustrate

The steps to save your computer files are quite simple. Presentan ejemplos extensos
To illustrate, we will save the file you have just que consisten en una narracin
created.

as an example

o un proceso.

Many great composers have had their share of misery.

As an example, consider the life of Mozart.

CONJUNCIN
CONECTOR

DE IDENTIFICACIN
EJEMPLOS

SIGNIFICADO

namely

There is a very important issue before us; namely, we Identifican algo, sea que se

(es decir)

need to decide how to reduce the budget by one fourth.

haya mencionado o implicado

anteriormente. Presentan una

specifically

I have a question about connectors; specifically, when elaboracin ms especfica

(para ser especfico)

do you use in fact?

CONJUNCIN
CONECTOR

o detallada.

DE ACLARACIN
EJEMPLOS

SIGNIFICADO

that is

The garlic should be minced; that is, you should chop it Sealan que algo va a ser

(es decir)

into very small pieces.

expresado nuevamente de otra

manera

in other words

You cant go on with this hectic life style. In other aclarado.

(en otras palabras)

words, you need to learn to relax.

que

va

ser

Introduccin a la Lectura Comprensiva de Ingls Acadmico para Medicina Veterinaria

DE SIMILITUD
EJEMPLOS

CONJUNCIN
CONECTOR

SIGNIFICADO

similarly

The lungs of vertebrates absorb oxygen from the air. Sealan que dos o ms ideas o

(similarmente)

Similarly, gills, the respiratory organs of many aquatic situaciones son similares.
animals, take in oxygen from water.

likewise

If you study, you will probably do well in the exam.

(del mismo modo)

Likewise, if you write in a journal every day, you will

probably become a better writer.
Learning to play a musical instrument well requires

in the same way

practice. In the same way, learning to speak a

(del mismo modo)

second language fluently cannot be accomplished

without practice.
DE CONTRASTE
EJEMPLOS

CONJUNCIN
CONECTOR

SIGNIFICADO

however

In some creation myths, the sun exists before people Muestran que dos ideas se

(sin embargo)

do. In other, however, people create the sun.

in contrast

contraponen,

segunda

no

idea

que

la

es

la

The characters in legends may be based on people who esperada en relacin con lo
actually lived. In contrast, the characters in fables, expresado en la primera.

(en contraste)

often animals, are fictional.

Otras conjunciones:
on the other hand
(por otro lado)

although, (si bien, aunque)

The proposed new hotel complex will benefit our city. even though, (si bien,
On the other hand, it will create serious problems aunque),
whereas
with increased traffic.

though

This lake is not very good for fishing. Its great for

(sin embargo)

swimming and water skiing, though.

(mientras que)

no confundir con:
through:

travs

(preposicin),
thought
pensamiento,

(pens,
pensado)

de think

in fact

Early civilizations thought the Herat was the center of Sealan

(de hecho)

the Universe. In fact, the Earth revolves around the continuacin es contraria a algo
sun.

que

que
se

anteriormente.
however

Some people think that whales are fish. However,

(sin embargo)

these animals are actually mammals.

la

idea

mencion

Conjunciones y Conectores Lgicos

DE CONCESIN
EJEMPLOS

CONJUNCIN
CONECTOR

SIGNIFICADO

even so

New York has many urban problems. Even so, it still a Sealan una reserva acerca de

(an as)

great city.

algo. La primera idea es cierta,

pero

however

la

segunda

(sin embargo)

Most of my meal was excellent. The vegetables, tambin verdad

however, were slightly overcooked.
considerarse.

nevertheless

Native Americans have often had difficulties preserving

idea
o

es

debera

(no obstante, con todo, their traditions. Nevertheless, they had been able to
sin embargo)

pass down old stories about their cultures to the new

generations.

nonetheless

I know mountain climbing can be dangerous. I would

(no obstante, con todo,

like to try it, nonetheless.

sin embargo)

Chifumi has to get up at five to get to school on time.

despite this

Despite this, she has never missed a class.

(a pesar de sto)
in spite of

The day was cold and rainy. In spite of the inclement

(a pesar de )

weather, we decided to take a hike.

on the other hand

Learning a new language can be fun. On the other

(por otro lado)

hand, it can be frustrating.

CONJUNCIN
CONECTOR
accordingly
(as

pues,

consiguiente)

DE RESULTADO O EFECTO
EJEMPLOS

SIGNIFICADO

Rain is an important theme in many African religions. Sealan que una idea es in
por Accordingly, their rituals often focus on rain-making efecto o resultado de algo. Se
and rain stopping.

diferencian

entre

principalmente por sus grados

as a result
(como resultado)

English spelling rules can be confusing. As a result, de formalidad.

some have proposed simplified spelling.

as a result of (this)

Some people suffer from acrophobia. As a result of

this phobia, they avoid heights.

because of (this),
(debido a (sto))

Canvas is strong material. Because of its strength, it

is used for tents.

Introduccin a la Lectura Comprensiva de Ingls Acadmico para Medicina Veterinaria

due to (this)

A megaphone is a hollow cone. Due to its shape, it

(debido a (sto))

can amplify sound.

consequently

John couldnt get to the library. Consequently, he

(en consecuencia)

wasnt able to finish his research.

therefore

The plot of this book is not very original. The ending,

(por lo tanto)

therefore, is easy to predict.

thus

Spring water is filtered through permeable rock. Thus,

(as, de este modo)

it is usually fairly clean.

hence

Fluorocarbons

(de aqu que)

hence they are inert and heat resistant.

have

stable

carbon-fluorine bonds;

The ending of this book is easy to predict because the

plot is not very original.
DE PROPSITO
EJEMPLOS

CONJUNCIN
CONECTOR

SIGNIFICADO

in order to (do this) We will test your cholesterol levels tomorrow. In order Presentan el propsito de la
(para sto)

to check it, we must ask you not to eat anything for idea a continuacin. Tambin
four hours.

expresan relacin causal.

with this in mind

Catherine needed to go to the market after work. With Otras conjunciones: so as to,

(con sto en mente)

this in mind, she took her grocery list with her.

(de manera tal que), in

order that (para que)

for this purpose

The candidate for mayor needed to increase her

(con este propsito)

campaign funds. For this purpose, her manager

scheduled several fund-raising dinners.

Fuente: FRODESEN, J, EYRING, J: Grammar Dimensions 4, Heinle&Heinle, 2000, pg. 203-220. (adaptado, mi traduccin).

Conjunciones y Conectores Lgicos