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Director:
Escudero Contreras, Alejandro
Autor de la tesis
Izquierdo Fernández, Alberto
https://www.uco.es/ucopress/index.php/es/
ucopress@uco.es
Agradecimientos:
A mis padres, que por distintos motivos nunca llegarán a leer estas
líneas. Papá, eres ejemplo de trabajo y constancia. Gracias por
permitirme ser lo que he querido. Mamá, tú fuiste quien me motivó a
hacer la tesis. Ya está hecha, como te prometí.
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Resumen:
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prótesis es menos dependiente de la reducción y unión de las
tuberosidades. Se ha demostrado que los pacientes movilizan
precozmente, requieren menos tiempo en el hospital y tienen un
mejor resultado funcional a los 6 meses en comparación con los
pacientes que se han sometido a otras formas de tratamiento.
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(n=35). La cohorte fue analizada a los 12 meses del postoperatorio
y nuevamente a los 7 años.
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abordaje Deltopectoral (DP) presentaron un Constant medio de
65,09 (± 15,98) y un HSS medio de 60,07 (± 11,94). Con T Student
para datos apareados (p < 0,05) no hubo diferencias
estadísticamente significativas entre ambos abordajes en cuanto a
Constant y HSS.
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desplazadas en mala posición (3). El Constant medio del grupo N
fue de 70,07 (± 17,08) y el HSS medio de 62,91 (± 15,64). En el
grupo R el Constant medio fue de 67,85 (± 9) y un HSS de 67,85 (±
7,9). Por último el Constant medio del grupo D fue de 71 (± 19,31) y
un HSS de 63,66 (± 6,65). No hubo diferencias significativas (p >
0.05) con respecto a los resultados funcionales y el estado de las
tuberosidades.
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3.- Conclusión:
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estudiada. Esta serie que presentamos, es la que tiene un mayor
tiempo de seguimiento hasta la fecha y en ella hemos constatado
que la funcionalidad de los pacientes se mantiene con el paso del
tiempo.
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Índice:
1.- Introducción................................................................................12
1.1.- Epidemiología...................................................................12
1.3.- Clasificación.....................................................................15
1.5.- Tratamiento......................................................................18
1.6.- Obesidad..........................................................................34
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5.2.1.- Resumen de los métodos y resultados...................61
7.- Bibliografía..................................................................................69
8.- Anexos........................................................................................78
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1.- Introducción:
1.1.- Epidemiología:
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1.3.- Clasificación:
A saber:
- Cabeza humeral.
- Diáfisis.
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1.5.- Tratamiento:
- Fracturas no desplazadas:
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- Abordaje Anterosuperior: 37
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- Abordaje Deltopectoral: 38
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1.6.- Obesidad:
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Male 1 1 4 0 0 6
Female 2 7 6 6 2 23
CTA 1 6 4 1 2 14
Fractura 2 2 6 5 0 15
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En nuestro estudio sólo hubo una complicación mayor que pudo ser
seguida (luxación en paciente con abordaje DP). Es una incidencia
baja comparada con la tasa de luxaciones reflejada en la literatura
62-64. Esta incidencia tan baja en nuestro estudio puede ser atribuida
a que la curva de aprendizaje ya había sido sobrepasada cuando se
inició el estudio.
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Notching 1 6 3 3 1
Radiolucencias 3 2 8 2 1
El tiempo medio de ingreso del grupo 1 fue de 5.18 días con una
desviación estándar de 1.25 mientras que en el grupo 2 fue de 5.83
con una desviación estándar de 1.42. Con estos datos se realizó la
prueba de T de Student para muestras independientes no
encontrándose diferencias entre ambos grupos (p=0,2223).
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El tiempo medio de ingreso del grupo 1 fue de 5.43 días con una
desviación estándar de 1.25 mientras que en el grupo 2 fue de 6.00
con una desviación estándar de 1,69. Con estos datos se realizó la
prueba de T de Student para muestras independientes no
encontrándose diferencias entre ambos grupos (p=0,3265).
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7.- Bibliografía:
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humeral fractures in adults. J Hand Ther. 2017 Apr-Jun;30(2):158-166. doi:
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15.- Neer CS 2nd. Displaced proximal humeral fractures. II. Treatment of three-
part and four-part displacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1970 Sep;52(6):
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18.- Robinson CM, Page RS, Hill RM, Sanders DL, Court-Brown CM, Wakefield
AE. Primary hemiarthroplasty for treatment of proximal humeral fractures. J
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of proximal humerus fractures: 14-year trends in the United States. Phys
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21.- Boyle MJ, Youn SM, Frampton CM, Ball CM. Functional outcomes of
reverse shoulder arthroplasty compared with hemiarthroplasty for acute
proximal humeral fractures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2013 Jan;22(1):32-7. doi:
10.1016/j.jse.2012.03.006. Epub 2012 May 29. PMID: 22652065.
25.- Laas N, Engelsma Y, Hagemans FJA, Hoelen MA, van Deurzen DFP,
Burger BJ. Reverse or Hemi Shoulder Arthroplasty in Proximal Humerus
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26.- Schairer WW, Nwachukwu BU, Lyman S, Craig EV, Gulotta LV. Reverse
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27.- Ferrel JR, Trinh TQ, Fischer RA. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty versus
hemiarthroplasty for proximal humeral fractures: a systematic review. J Orthop
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80(11):789-93. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2010.05342.x. PMID: 20969685.
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Abrams GD, Nicholson GP. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty in patients of
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50.- Boileau P, Krishnan SG, Tinsi L, Walch G, Coste JS, Molé D. Tuberosity
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7.- Anexos
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Sevilla, 05 de marzo de 2021
CERTIFICAMOS QUE:
Abstract
Background: There is still little information about the long-term results of clinical and radiological evolution in
patients older than 65 years with complex proximal humerus fractures (CPHF) treated acutely with reverse shoulder
arthroplasty (RSA). The aim of this paper was to evaluate function and results 7 years after surgery.
Material and methods: A prospective cross-sectional cohort study was designed for this purpose. Patients who
underwent RSA surgery during 2012 because of a CPHF were included. The surgical approach was randomized (del-
topectoral vs anterosuperior). Functional activity, evolution of tuberosities and evidence of scapular notching 7 years
after surgery were analyzed.
Results: After evaluating 32 patients, the Constant score improved from 64.83 in the first year to 69.54 at 7 years
postoperative. Results were independent of the approach used. Functional outcomes were poorer in patients with
scapular notching and when tuberosities were resorbed or displaced.
Conclusions: At 7 years, function in patients undergoing RSA after CPHF demonstrated improvement in all patients
except those who developed scapular notching or when tuberosities did not consolidate in an anatomical position.
These results are completely independent of the approach used.
Level of evidence: III Controlled cohort study.
Keywords: Reverse shoulder arthroplasty, Proximal humerus fracture, Elderly patient, Outcomes, Scapular notching
© The Author(s) 2021. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which
permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the
original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or
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Izquierdo-Fernández et al. J Orthop Traumatol (2021) 22:38 Page 2 of 7
approaches used, the final state of the tuberosities and Table 2 We can see how the function (measured according to
the development of scapular notching. Constant and HSS) improved in the 7-year assessment in both
approaches, although there were no statistically significant
differences between the results of both approaches (p < 0.05)
Material and methods
Anterosuperior approach Deltopectoral
A prospective cross-sectional cohort study was designed (n = 19) approach (n = 13)
to include patients who were treated at our hospital dur-
ing 2012 for a complex proximal humerus fracture and Function 1 year 7 years 1 year 7 years
treated by reverse shoulder replacement. The cohort for Constant 67.69 73.31 61.45 65.09
this study was analyzed on two occasions: (1) 12 months HSS 62.85 68.15 58.27 60.09
postoperatively, and (2) after 7 years, to determine
whether or not functional activity decreases with time.
The inclusion and exclusion criteria are shown in resorption (R) when the tuberosities were absent, and
Table 1. displaced (D) when the tuberosities consolidated in a
The surgery was always performed by the same sur- poor non-anatomical position [10, 11].
geon and the implant used was the stem-cemented Delta SPSS software (IBM Inc, Armonk, NY, USA) was used
XTEND reverse prosthesis system from DepuySynthes for the statistical analysis. A descriptive analysis of the
(DePuy Orthopaedics, Warsaw, IN, USA). variables studied was performed and Student’s t-test was
The choice of which approach to use was randomized used for independent samples (p < 0.05) to determine
according to the history number of the patient. If the whether there were any improvements in terms of func-
number was even, a deltopectoral approach was used, tionality (Constant and HSS scores). Pearson’s chi-square
and if the number was odd, an anterosuperior approach test was used to determine whether differences in func-
was used. All patients were assessed by the rehabilitation tionality depended on the type of surgical approach. An
department following surgery. analysis of variance test (ANOVA) was performed to
Functional activity and quality of life were evaluated determine whether the functional results depended on
through the Constant score and the Hospital for Special the state of the tuberosities or the appearance of scapular
Surgery (HSS) score, 1 and 7 years after surgery [7, 8]. All notching. This study was approved by the ethics commit-
of these measures are expressed as mean ± SD (standard tee of our hospital, reference number 279-3954 (Proto-
deviation). colo COTINV: ver 3.1).
Radiographic controls were performed by protocol at 3,
6, and 12 months and annually afterwards (true AP, axial Results
and scapular plane projections). For this study, 12-month In 2012, a total of 43 patients underwent reverse shoul-
and 7-year X-rays were used to evaluate scapular notch- der replacement for a complex fracture of the proximal
ing, the loosening of the prosthetic components, and the humerus. Of them, 40 patients met the inclusion cri-
condition of the tuberosities. The existence of notching teria (35 patients with 3- or 4-part fractures and 5 with
was classified according to the classification of Nérot fracture-dislocation). During the follow-up period, eight
and Sirveaux [9] as grade 1: limited to the external pil- patients were excluded, four due to death and four who
lar; grade 2: in contact with the inferior screw; grade 3: were lost to follow-up; therefore, 32 patients remained in
extension beyond the inferior screw; and grade 4: exten- the study cohort (3 men and 29 women). The mean age
sion beyond the baseplate of the prosthesis. The condi- was 74.14 years (range 65–87). A deltopectoral approach
tion of the tuberosities was also determined by X-ray and was used in 13 patients (40.6%) and an anterosuperior
divided into three groups: normal (N) when the tuber- approach was used in 19 patients (59.3%). The primary
osities consolidated in the normal anatomical location, data can be seen in Tables 2 and 3.
Fig. 4 These images show X-rays of the same patient, with a complex dislocated fracture of the proximal humerus (A) and his follow-up after
7 years (B)
Izquierdo-Fernández et al. J Orthop Traumatol (2021) 22:38 Page 5 of 7
more complex situations, many shoulder surgerons uti- of shoulder conditions including complex proximal
lized the deltopectoral (DP) approach in an effort to gain humerus fractures [34, 41–43]. The authors believe
better access to the proximal humerus [25, 26]. While that the use of RSA instead of osteosynthesis may be an
some surgeons feel that the AS approach affords better advantage in some patients, and that selected patients
and less invasive exposure to the glenoid surface, a con- should include those with complex proximal humerus
troversy remains as to which is the best approach and fractures over 65 years of age, with more than 3–4 dis-
which one to choose depending on the situation [25, 27]. placed fragments, in which the tuberosities are highly
Many authors have compared both approaches for rota- comminuted or the osteosynthesis does not guarantee
tor cuff arthropathy [25, 27–29]. All of them determined a good position for them. In such cases, the authors
that both approaches have similar results. However, there believe that results are more predictable and even bet-
are two complications that have been described with ter with RSA.
greater frequency in the AS approach: scapular notching
and glenoid loosening [5, 6, 28, 30, 31]. In our study, we
found no differences between scapular notching and the Conclusions
approach used and no glenoid loosening was reported, Patients over 65 years old with a complex fracture of
similar to other studies [32–34]. However, the number of the proximal humerus who were treated with reverse
patients is smaller than in rotator cuff arthropathy stud- shoulder arthroplasty, obtained very good results
ies, so, in our opinion, it is not possible to draw conclu- (constant and HSS scores) at 7 years of follow-up,
sions based on the incidence of notch and the type of demonstrating its effectiveness in the medium term.
approach. Moreover, those patients who did not develop scapular
When relating functional outcomes and both the notching improved their function with respect to the
approaches used, results were similar, as reported pre- first postoperative year. Neither the approach used for
viously in the literature [32–34]. Analyzing more care- RSA implantation (deltopectoral or anterosuperior),
fully, although no statistically significant differences were nor the state of the tuberosities (normal, absent, or dis-
found between the two approaches, there did seem to be placed) influenced the final functional outcomes.
a tendency for better clinical results with AS; future stud-
Acknowledgements
ies with a larger sample may clarify these results. The authors would like to thank Maite Urbano Luque, Juan Carlos Díaz Alcaide,
One of the greatest difficulties when implanting an and María de los Ángeles Miñarro del Moral for their continous help and sup-
RSA after a fracture involves fixation of the tuberosities. port. Life is better thanks to them.
In fact, their proper consolidation has been described as Authors’contributions
one of the main prognostic factors for functional recov- AIF: surgeon. MGR: patient data recording. MUL: statistical analysis. MGC:
ery [35]. Many studies show better functional outcomes patient data recording. RQR: patient data recording. JCM: surgeon and major
contributor to writing the paper. All authors read and approved the final
after correct healing [10, 36–38]. In our study, 22 out manuscript.
of 32 patients (68.75%) had normal consolidation of the
tuberosities, but this finding was not reflected in a differ- Funding
The authors, their immediate family, and any research foundation with which
ence of function compared with the rest of the patients they are affiliated did not receive any financial payments or other benefits
(resorption and displaced tuberosities), as has already from any commercial entity related to the subject of this article.
been described by other authors [6, 36].
Availability of data and materials
Various authors argue that function in patients with The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from
an RSA decreases in time due to the micro-loosening the corresponding author on reasonable request.
of the components and depletion of the deltoid mus-
cle [5, 10, 39]. However, as our study demonstrates, Declarations
along with others [36, 37], functional results are not
Ethics approval and consent to participate
only maintained, but even improved over time (meas- During the study, national and international guidelines for biomedical
ured according to Constant and HSS scores). Moreover, research in human beings was followed (code of ethics, declaration of
scapular notching is a factor that is usually related to Helsinki). The study complied with legal regulations about confidentiality of
patient data, the Spanish Personal Data Protection Act (Organic law 15/1999
a significant decrease in function [32, 33, 40]. How- of 13 December) according to the legislation compliance control body of the
ever, in our study, those patients who did not develop Spanish Data Protection Agency (AEPD). Institutional Review Board approval
notching did improve their function over time, and was obtained for this study (COTINV.ver3.1). All patients signed an informed
consent form prior to their inclusion in the study
patients with notching maintained their function at
7 years. The RSA has been shown to be an effective Consent for publication
short- and medium-term treatment for a wide variety Not applicable
Izquierdo-Fernández et al. J Orthop Traumatol (2021) 22:38 Page 6 of 7
Competing interests 19. Young SW, Segal BS, Turner PC, Poon PC (2010) Comparison of functional
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. outcomes of reverse shoulder arthroplasty versus hemiarthroplasty in
the primary treatment of acute proximal humerus fracture. ANZ J Surg
Author details 80:789–793. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.2010.05342.x
1
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Received: 6 July 2020 Accepted: 1 September 2021 plasty for the management of proximal humerus fractures. J Am Acad
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Arch Orthop Trauma Surg
DOI 10.1007/s00402-017-2816-6
ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY
Abstract Introduction
Introduction Obesity is an epidemic nowadays and this fact
conditions results in orthopaedic surgery. Very few stud- Morbid obesity is becoming an epidemic in developed coun-
ies evaluates if obesity is a risk factor for reverse shoulder tries and this fact is conditioning the procedures that are car-
arthroplasty. The aim of this study is to confirm if there are ried out in orthopaedic surgery [1, 2]. Reverse arthroplasty
differences with regard to the outcomes in patients under- has proven to be an effective implant for improving function-
going reverse shoulder arthroplasty according to their body ality and pain in patients with cuff-tear arthropathy (CTA)
mass index (BMI). and in complex fractures in elderly patients [3]. However,
Materials and methods A total of 35 patients were enrolled the results of this implant in the obese population have not
in the study. Then divided into subpopulations according been sufficiently established in the literature to date.
to their BMI and analyzed twice. First analysis set a divi- Multiple complications have been reported with reverse
sion 30 of BMI and second set it in 35. ASES score, major arthroplasty [4]. Some series show an increase in the compli-
complications, length of the hospital stay, radiolucent lines cations of this procedure in the morbidly obese population,
in components as well as scapular notching were assessed. such as dislocations, infections and early loosening [5, 6].
Results No major complications were described in our On the other hand, there are very few studies that evaluate
patients. No differences were found related to hospital stay, whether obesity is a risk factor for having a poorer clinical
radiolucent lines or scapular notching. However, in the sec- outcome with this implant in the medium-term.
ond analysis (BMI < 35 and ≥ 35) statistical differences The aim of this study is to confirm if there are differ-
were found regarding ASES score. Poorer functional out- ences with regard to the clinical and radiological outcomes
comes were described in the type-II obese and morbidly in patients undergoing reverse shoulder arthroplasty accord-
obese population. ing to their body mass index (BMI), as well as monitoring
Conclusion Functional outcomes of reverse shoulder the presence of complications.
arthroplasty are worse in patients with a BMI over 35.
13
Vol.:(0123456789)
Arch Orthop Trauma Surg
Table 1 This table shows the Normal Overweight Type-1 obesity Type-2 obesity Morbid obesity Total
main demographic information
about the 29 patients N* 3 8 10 6 2 29
Age 80 74.5 77.6 82.2 80 78.10
Male 1 1 4 0 0 6
Female 2 7 6 6 2 23
Weight 58.3 65.5 81.9 84.17 98.5 76.55
Height 156 156 158 149 154 155
BMI 23.74 26.91 32.81 37.91 41.53 31.85
CTA 1 6 4 1 2 14
Fracture 2 2 6 5 0 15
13
Arch Orthop Trauma Surg
Table 2 This table shows the Normal Overweight Type-1 obesity Type-2 obesity Morbid obesity Total
main results obtained
N* 3 8 10 6 2 29
ASES 64 75 78.8 63 64.5
Stay 6.33 4.75 5.7 6.12 5.5
Notching 1 6 3 3 1
Radiolucencies 3 2 8 2 1
13
Arch Orthop Trauma Surg
stay in the morbidly obese population having undergone that obesity contraindicates this intervention, although the
shoulder prosthesis surgery [14]. Similar results have also poorer functionality and increased risk of presenting major
been reported in other arthroplasties in the lower limbs [15]. complications should be evaluated when making decisions
In our series, we have observed that patients with a BMI regarding surgical treatment.
greater than or equal to 35 have a slightly longer post-surgi-
cal stay, although the result was not statistically significant. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Orthopedic reg-
istrars from the University Hospital Reina Sofía of Córdoba for being
Similar results have been reported in other series [5]. one of the best group of colleagues ever. Especially thanks to senior 5th
In our series, we found no major complications in the year registrars 2017 prom, to whom we wish the best for their future.
patients studied. It has been confirmed that major complica-
tions, such as dislocation or early loosening, depend largely Compliance with ethical standards
on the learning curve [16]. This implant started to be used
at our hospital prior to 2012, and therefore, the surgeons Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict
of interest.
involved in this study already had sufficient experience.
On the other hand, the obese population has a higher risk Funding There is no funding source.
of suffering from infectious complications. This is due to
immunological changes and the fact that they have adipose Ethical approval This article does not contain any studies with
tissue with relatively poorer vascularisation, as well as a human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
longer duration of the intervention. In any case, the shoulder
is a well-vascularised area and the risk of prosthetic infection
is lower than in other joints. As such, even in large series, it
is difficult to find a significant casuistry of infections which References
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Arch Orthop Trauma Surg
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