Lecture 11: Guerra Fría, 1947-1990:

Dos bloques en tensión: URSS – EEUU

- Enfrentamiento diplomático, económico, cultural (valores)
- Amenaza de guerra total, Tercera Guerra Mundial
- Los nacional-populismos (Perón)

Anticomunismo:
- Una larga historia (desde 1917 y antes)
- ¿temor exagerado? ¿encubre resistencia a las reformas?
- Situación internacional: China (1949), Corea (1950-53), descolonización
- Uruguay – liberal, tolerante, no pensaba el modifica de este
- Antisoviet sentimiento – muy crítica de URSS

Radicalización política:
- Cuestionamientos a Frente Popular y Alianza Democrática (incumplimiento del
programa, excesiva moderación)

En AL = intento de crear otros soluciones entre URSS y EEUU.

Critica de la democracia liberal y intervención = elites, conservativas, nacionalistas, fascistas
Tercera vía es posible entre URSS y EEUU – particularmente Perón.

¿Clima hostil?
En Chile – gobierne de Duchalde – provisional president twice in 1946 – due to Rios’ failing
health

Masacre de Plaza Bulnes:

- El 28 de enero se reunieron en la plaza Bulnes tras una marcha de varios sindicatos
desde la Plaza Artesanos, donde se movilizaron miles de obreros, entre estos
también se reunieron trabajadores de empresas. Sin embargo, en Santiago la
mayoría de las comisarías se acuartelaron y un insólito despliegue de Carabineros
llegó a la plaza, bajo las órdenes de un oficial apellidado Rebolledo, produciéndose
balaceras que mataron a seis personas y dejaron heridas a varias otras.
- Tras esto, el Partido Comunista de Chile se alejó del gobierno (habían votado por
Ríos) y el ministro Eduardo Frei Montalva, que había asumido la cartera de Obras
Públicas en la presidencia anterior, renunció a su cargo en repudio a la situación.
Otros ministros renunciaron igualmente, ocasionándose una crisis en el gabinete que
finalmente Alfredo Duhalde pudo controlar.

E. Browder:
- American communist
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Browder

- Communist minister in the cabinet?

- Huelga – terminan como consecuencia de la influencia de la PS que no quiso
envolverse.
 - Tensión – conflicto entre los comunistas y socialistas – acusaciones de traición.

Programa de la Alianza Democrática (1946) candidatura de Gabriel Gonzalez Videla:

Defensa y perfeccionamiento del régimen democrático
- Reforma constitucional (régimen parlamentario y democracia económica, que incluya
derechos políticos, sociales y culturales)
- Derechos civiles y políticos a la mujer
- Ley de elecciones que garantice pureza del sufragio
- Derogación leyes represivas (Seguridad Interior del Estado y Abusos de Publicidad)
- Reconocimiento de partidos políticos
Acción internacional:
- Mantenimiento de la paz mundial y fortalecimiento ONU
- Reconocimiento de Política de Buena Vecindad (Roosevelt) como norma
internacional
- Solidaridad con pueblo español para que logre su liberación
Política económica:
- Creación de Consejo de Economía Nacional (capital, trabajo, Estado)
- Fomento de la producción y frenso a monopolios
- Contra la especulación y a favor control de artículos de primera necesidad
- Creación del Banco del Estado

1. Defense and Improvement of the Democratic Regime:

 Constitutional Reform: The alliance aimed to implement a constitutional

reform that would establish a parliamentary system and promote economic
democracy. This would include ensuring political, social, and cultural rights for
citizens. A parliamentary system typically means that the executive branch (the
government) is directly accountable to the legislature (parliament).
 Civil and Political Rights for Women: The program advocated for granting
equal civil and political rights to women, which would include granting them
the right to vote.
 Electoral Law Ensuring Purity of Suffrage: The alliance sought to enact an
electoral law that would guarantee the fairness and integrity of elections,
preventing fraudulent practices.
 Repeal of Repressive Laws: The program called for the repeal of repressive
laws such as the Law of Internal State Security and laws that restricted
freedom of expression, such as the Law of Abuses of Publicity.
 Recognition of Political Parties: The program aimed to recognize and
legalize political parties, fostering a more pluralistic and democratic political
system.

2. International Action:
  Maintenance of World Peace and Strengthening the UN: The Alianza
Democrática pledged to work towards maintaining world peace and
strengthening the role of the United Nations (UN) in resolving international
conflicts. This likely meant supporting diplomatic efforts and international
cooperation.
 Recognition of Roosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy: The program advocated
for recognizing the Good Neighbor Policy, an initiative led by U.S. President
Franklin D. Roosevelt, as an international norm. This policy aimed to improve
relations and cooperation between the United States and Latin American
countries.
 Solidarity with the Spanish People: The program expressed solidarity with
the Spanish people in their struggle for liberation. This may have referred to
opposition to the dictatorship of Francisco Franco in Spain.

3. Economic Policy:

 Creation of the National Economic Council: The program proposed the

establishment of a National Economic Council that would include
representatives from the capital, labor, and the state. This council would likely
be responsible for addressing important economic issues and promoting
cooperation between these sectors.
 Promotion of Production and Opposition to Monopolies: The program
called for the promotion of production and measures to curb the power of
monopolies. This likely aimed to stimulate economic growth and ensure fair
competition.
 Combating Speculation and Supporting Price Controls on Essential
Goods: The program sought to combat economic speculation and advocated
for price controls on essential goods to ensure affordability for the general
population.
 Creation of the State Bank: The proposal included the establishment of a
State Bank, possibly with the goal of having a public financial institution that
could contribute to economic development and government control over
economic matters.
Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States, made an historic visit
to Chile in December 1938. This visit was part of a broader tour of South America
aimed at strengthening ties between the United States and Latin American countries,
as well as promoting goodwill and economic cooperation. Here's a description of
Roosevelt's visit to Chile:

1. Background and Purpose:

 Roosevelt's visit to Chile was part of his "Good Neighbor Policy," which aimed
to improve relations between the United States and its Latin American
neighbors by promoting non-intervention and mutual respect.
 The trip to Chile was also motivated by economic interests, as the United
States sought to expand trade and economic cooperation with Chile and other
Latin American countries.

2. The Arrival in Valparaíso:

 President Roosevelt arrived in Valparaíso, Chile, on the USS Houston on

December 11, 1938. Valparaíso was an important port city on Chile's Pacific
coast.
 He was received with great enthusiasm and a warm welcome by Chilean
officials and the general public.

3. Ceremonial Events:

 Roosevelt's visit was marked by various ceremonial events, including a state

banquet hosted by Chilean President Arturo Alessandri Palma and a military
parade in Santiago, the capital.

4. Bilateral Talks:

 Roosevelt engaged in talks with President Alessandri and other Chilean

officials. These discussions covered a range of topics, including economic
cooperation, trade, and regional security.

5. Cultural and Social Interactions:

 As part of the visit, Roosevelt also had the opportunity to experience Chilean
culture and society. He attended cultural events, dined with local leaders, and
interacted with ordinary citizens.

6. Legacy and Impact:

  Roosevelt's visit to Chile helped to strengthen diplomatic ties between the two
countries and fostered goodwill in the region.
 It marked a significant moment in the history of U.S.-Chile relations and
contributed to the broader goals of the Good Neighbor Policy in Latin
America.

Overall, Roosevelt's visit to Chile in 1938 was a diplomatic and symbolic success,
contributing to improved relations between the United States and Chile, as well as
demonstrating the United States' commitment to peaceful and cooperative
engagement with its neighbors in the Western Hemisphere.

While the Alianza Democrática's program from 1946, as previously described,

focused on a range of political, economic, and international issues, it did not delve
into specific consumer policies in great detail. However, based on the program's
emphasis on economic democracy, social rights, and control over essential goods, it
can be inferred that the alliance may have had certain consumer-oriented policies in
mind. Here are some potential elements of their consumer policy:

1. Price Controls and Anti-Monopoly Measures: The program called for

measures against monopolies and speculation. This suggests that the alliance
was concerned about price manipulation and likely would have supported
policies to prevent unjustified price hikes on essential consumer goods. This
could include price controls or regulations on certain products to ensure
affordability for consumers.
2. Protection of Consumer Rights: The alliance's commitment to democratic
and social rights may have extended to the protection of consumer rights.
This might include advocating for consumer protection laws, product quality
standards, and mechanisms for addressing consumer complaints and
grievances.
3. Access to Basic Necessities: Given the program's focus on the control of
articles of first necessity, the Alianza Democrática may have prioritized policies
that aimed to ensure all citizens had access to essential goods like food,
housing, and healthcare. This could involve government intervention to
guarantee affordability and availability of these necessities.
4. Promotion of Fair Trade Practices: To foster a fair and equitable economic
environment, the alliance may have supported policies that encouraged fair
trade practices and discouraged unfair competition, which could benefit
consumers by ensuring they had access to high-quality products at reasonable
prices.
5. Consumer Education: The program might have included provisions for
consumer education and awareness campaigns to empower citizens to make
informed choices and protect their interests in the marketplace.
 6. Consumer Advocacy: The alliance may have encouraged the establishment of
consumer advocacy groups or agencies to represent the interests of
consumers and hold businesses accountable for any unethical or exploitative
practices.

It's important to note that while these points align with the principles of consumer
protection and rights, the specific policies and measures pursued by the Alianza
Democrática, if they had come into power, would have depended on the political and
economic context of Chile at the time and the extent to which they could implement
their agenda.

1. Federico Errázuriz Echaurren (1901-1906): Errázuriz was the president of

Chile during this period.
2. Pedro Montt Montt (1906-1910): Montt succeeded Errázuriz as president.
3. Eliodoro Yáñez Ponce de León (1910): Yáñez served as provisional president
for a brief period after Montt's death.
4. Emiliano Figueroa Larraín (1910-1915): Figueroa was elected president and
served a full term.
5. Arturo Alessandri Palma (1920-1924): Alessandri was the president during
this period. His first term was marked by significant political and social
reforms.
6. Luis Altamirano Talavera (1924): Altamirano led a military coup that briefly
interrupted Alessandri's presidency.
7. Arturo Alessandri Palma (1924-1925): Alessandri returned to power after
the coup and completed his first term.
8. Emiliano Figueroa Larraín (1925-1927): Figueroa served as president for a
second non-consecutive term.
9. Carlos Ibáñez del Campo (1927-1931): Ibáñez took power in a coup and
served as both President and later as Dictator.
10. Juan Esteban Montero Rodríguez (1931): Montero briefly served as
provisional president following Ibáñez's resignation.
11. Arturo Alessandri Palma (1932-1938): Alessandri returned for a third non-
consecutive term.
12. Pedro Aguirre Cerda (1938-1941): Aguirre Cerda was elected as the
president of Chile and was known for his progressive policies.
13. Jerónimo Méndez Arancibia (1941): Méndez served as provisional president
for a brief period after the death of Aguirre Cerda.
14. Juan Antonio Ríos Morales (1942-1946): Ríos succeeded Méndez and was
president during World War II.
 15. Gabriel González Videla (1946-1952): González Videla won the presidential
election as the candidate of the Alianza Democrática.
16. Carlos Ibáñez del Campo (1952-1958): Ibáñez returned to the presidency
through democratic elections.
17. Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez (1958-1964): Alessandri, the son of Arturo
Alessandri Palma, served as president during this period.
18. Eduardo Frei Montalva (1964-1970): Frei Montalva, representing the
Christian Democratic Party, was elected president.
19. Salvador Allende Gossens (1970-1973): Allende, a Socialist, became Chile's
first Marxist president.
20. Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1973-1990): Pinochet took power in a military
coup on September 11, 1973, and ruled as a dictator until 1990.
21. Patricio Aylwin Azócar (1990-1994): Aylwin was elected as Chile's president
in the first democratic elections after Pinochet's rule.
22. Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle (1994-2000): Frei Ruiz-Tagle, the son of Eduardo
Frei Montalva, served as president during this period.
23. Ricardo Lagos Escobar (2000-2006): Lagos was elected as president and
continued the country's transition to democracy.
24. Michelle Bachelet Jeria (2006-2010): Bachelet was Chile's first female
president.
25. Sebastián Piñera Echenique (2010-2014): Piñera served as president during
this period.
26. Michelle Bachelet Jeria (2014-2018): Bachelet was re-elected and served a
second non-consecutive term.
27. Sebastián Piñera Echenique (2018-2022): Piñera returned to the presidency
for a second non-consecutive term.
28. Gabriel Boric Font (2022-present): Gabriel Boric was elected as the
President of Chile in 2021, making him the most recent president as of the
latest update.

Gobierno de Gabriel Gonzales 1946-52:

Gabriel González Videla was initially associated with left-wing politics when he was
elected as the President of Chile in 1946. He was a member of the Radical Party and
was supported by a coalition known as the "Alianza Democrática," which included
left-leaning parties such as the Radical Party and the Communist Party of Chile.
During his campaign, he promised progressive reforms and social policies.

However, after assuming the presidency, González Videla took a more centrist and
moderate stance. In a significant shift, he adopted policies that were seen as less
aligned with the left and more aligned with centrist and conservative elements. One
of the notable actions during his presidency was the suppression of the Communist
Party, which was initially one of his allies. This led to a split within his own coalition.

Ultimately, Gabriel González Videla's presidency evolved from a left-leaning start to a

more centrist and conservative position, causing divisions within the political
spectrum and his own party. His presidency is often remembered for this shift and
the suppression of the Communist Party, which had been a key part of his electoral
coalition.

- 1946 nov-abril 1947: PC en el gabinete (3 ministros)

- 1947 abril-agosto: PC en el Gobierno (intendentes), fuera del Gabinete
- 1947 agosto-enero 1948: agitación social (PC)
- 1948 abril-sept: debate LDD
- 1949: eliminación del registro electoral / elección parlamentaria
- 1948 oct: Complot “Patitas de Chancho”
- 1949-feb.1950: agitación social (agosto: Revuelta de la Chaucha)
- 1950 feb- : Sensibilidad Social (PR + oposición)
- 1950-52: clima electoral

Gabriel González Videla served as the President of Chile from 1946 to 1952. During
his presidency, there were notable labor strikes, including one of the most significant
workers' strikes in Chilean history, known as the "Tranque Minero."

The Tranque Minero strike occurred in 1950 and was primarily led by copper miners
in the northern region of Chile. The copper industry was of immense economic
importance to Chile, and the strike had a significant impact on both the country's
economy and politics. Here are some key details about the Tranque Minero strike
during Gabriel González Videla's presidency:

Causes:

 The main cause of the Tranque Minero strike was workers' demands for
improved labor conditions and higher wages in the copper mines.
 Workers were particularly concerned about the low wages, poor working
conditions, and lack of job security in the mines.

Key Events:

 The strike began on June 21, 1950, when thousands of copper miners walked
off the job.
 Striking miners erected barricades, or "tranques," hence the name "Tranque
Minero," to block access to the mines.
  The strike quickly spread to various mining regions in Chile, affecting copper
production significantly.

Government Response:

 President Gabriel González Videla's government initially responded to the

strike with force, deploying the military to suppress the striking miners.
 However, as the strike persisted and gained widespread support from other
sectors of society, the government shifted its approach.

Resolution:

 The strike ultimately ended on July 20, 1950, after a negotiated settlement was
reached. This settlement included some concessions to the workers' demands,
including wage increases and improvements in working conditions.
 The strike's resolution also led to political changes in Chile. The Communist
Party, which had supported the strike, gained political prominence during this
period.

The Tranque Minero strike had a lasting impact on Chilean labor movements and
politics. It contributed to the growth of workers' organizations and the rise of left-
wing political parties. The strike demonstrated the power of collective labor action
and the importance of addressing workers' grievances in Chilean society.