Booklet Ingles 2 Tec Sonido 2019

Universidad Nacional de La Matanza
Depto. De Ingeniería e Inv. Tecnológicas
Tecnicatura en Electrónica con orientación en

Sonido y Grabación
Inglés Técnico 2
1169
Cátedra: Mg. Gabriela D’Anunzio

Mg. Myriam Suchecki
Coord: Mg. Ana Claudia Saraceni
2019
UNLaM – Depto. De Ingeniería e Inv. Tecnológicas Tecnicatura en Sonido y Grabación-Inglés Técnico 2
Unidad 1
Cohesión gramatical
La cohesión consiste en los recursos que utiliza el emisor para unir las distintas partes del
texto, y mediante ellos, establecer una red de conexiones explícitas que permite que sus
elementos sean interpretados en relación a los demás por parte del destinatario. La cohesión
gramatical, en particular, se refiere a los mecanismos gramaticales utilizados en el texto que
ayudan a que los textos sean cohesivos. A continuación, se detallan dos de ellos.
Sustitución
Como su nombre lo indica, la sustitución es un mecanismo con el cual, para evitar la repetición
innecesaria de palabras, se sustituye una de ellas por otra palabra que la reemplaza y no altera
el significado. Analizaremos dos tipos de sustituciones:
 Nominal: Es la sustitución que reemplaza a los sustantivos. Las palabras usadas para
substituirlos son los pronombres definidos( she, he, they , it, his, her/s, myself, etc.),
pronombres indefinidos ( one/s, some, either, several, etc.) y algunos adverbios (here,
there, then, thus, etc.)
The latest microphones released by DK70 are completely different from the old ones.
 Verbal: Es la sustitución que reemplaza a los verbos. La palabra utilizada para

reemplazar a los verbos es el auxiliar Do y sus variaciones (does, did, done) y otros
verbos auxiliares como Be y Have cuando aparecen solos y no como parte de una
frase verbal.
On the other hand, this software is not very stable and may cause your computer to
shut down. In fact, it does this regularly.
Lea el texto a continuación

¿De qué trata el texto?
Identifique al menos un caso de sustitución nominal y verbal e indique qué reemplazan
estas palabras.
2
Analog vs digital audio
Every sound you hear in real life that doesn't come out of a speaker is analog. Analog audio is,
simply put, an analogous record of sound, and an LP's groove is a literal imprint of the music's
sound waves.
Digital audio recording converts the original sound into a sequence of numbers; sampled to
convert the analog signal to a digital representation. Sampling is the division of the signal into
discrete intervals (CD's sample rate is 44.1 thousands of samples per second). CDs have a 16-bit
resolution and DVD-Audio discs can be encoded with a maximum of 24-bit resolution. DVD-
A's have greater bit depth results in finer gradations of sound compared with CDs and MP3s,
and they are subjectively on par with analog recordings.
If digital audio sounds a lot more complicated than analog, that's because it is. But digital
recording offers very significant advantages over analog recording; it has inherently lower
noise, perfect duplication capabilities, and superior speed accuracy .
The same can be said about analog: the best LPs, played back on a good turntable sound more
like real, live music played by human beings than digital recordings ever do. That's my
subjective opinion. On a more objective basis I'd say digital eliminates, or lowers analog-type
distortions (noise, speed variations, and so on), but it suffers from far from perfect analog-to-
digital and digital-to-analog conversion processes. To many, but not all, audiophiles and
recording engineers, the best digital still sounds sterile, cold, and lacks natural warmth.
At this point, I have to concede digital wins on mass popularity; most new music is digitally
recorded and listened to over digital devices. The reasons for digital's "victory" have little to do
with sound quality; digital is cheaper (or free), and it's more convenient to use than analog.
But the LP's resurgence grows stronger every year. In New York City retailers pay sky-high
rents and I see more and more vinyl on display here. They aren't stocking vinyl because it's
groovy, they're devoting more and more shelf space to LPs because they sell.
Analog and digital audio formats are both imperfect; the best of both types still fall short in
creating truly life-like sound. So for the time being we should enjoy analog and digital for what
they do well.
Elipsis
La elipsis es la ausencia u omisión de elementos oracionales que, aunque no aparezcan

realizados sintácticamente en la estructura superficial de la oración, son necesarios sin
embargo para su interpretación semántica. Ocurre a menudo luego de una mención más
específica cuando se necesita repetir la frase y suelen ocurrir luego de conjunciones
coordinantes.
The Side microphone must be a figure-8 and should be placed as close as possible to the same
point in space as the Mid microphone.
(en este caso, luego de “and”, the side microphone es omitido o elidido)
3
The drivers of the speakers are light and elegant.

(aquí, The drivers of the speakers are fue omitido de la segunda parte, es decir, el sujeto y
verbo de la oración)
 Lea el siguiente texto e identifique casos de elipsis y qué es lo que fue elidido en
cada caso
Analog Tape
Analog Tape uses the concept of Magnetic Recording, it was only developed commercially for
Recording Studio's after WWII thanks to progress by German engineers during the war. Earlier
steel tape machines were used in the BBC and other radio stations in the 30's but were fragile
and not widespread.
Analog Tape is a Magnet made from a polyester base strip "sprinkled" with ferric oxide, which is
then "glazed". Tape speed is held constant by the Capstan. Most tape machines have 3 heads.
La frase verbal : Tiempo y aspecto
Tiempo:
Una de las funciones más importantes del verbo es indicar el tiempo en el que una acción
ocurre (time). Los tiempos verbales se refieren a la forma en que el verbo cambia su
terminación para expresar este significado. En inglés, existen sólo dos tiempos de verbos
(tenses) : Presente y Pasado. No existe una terminación para expresar el tiempo futuro, de
modo que éste se expresa mediante el uso de will, el presente de Be + going to, y el presente
progresivo.
Present tense se utiliza para expresar:

Verdades permanentes Oil floats on water.
Presente habitual I attend English classes twice a week.
Presente histórico I hear you ´ve bought new equipment.
Past tense se refiere a acciones o estados que han tenido lugar en el pasado, en un momento
definido, con un intervalo entre su finalización y el momento presente. Se pueden expresar:
Eventos específicos I arrived yesterday.
Acciones habituales I attended school in the morning.
Estados They were upset.
Aspecto: progresivo y perfectivo
4
El aspecto es una propiedad formal de un lenguaje. En la lingüística, el aspecto gramatical de

un verbo describe el flujo temporal (o la falta de este) en un evento o estado descripto. Hay
dos aspectos gramaticalmente marcados en inglés:
-ing)
-ed)
El aspecto progresivo se utiliza para hablar de acciones que están ocurriendo al momento en
cuestión. La implicancia usual es que la acción está ocurriendo en un período limitado de
tiempo y no necesariamente está completa. Por contraste, el aspecto simple tiende a
remarcar la unidad de la actividad.
He is applying some filters to the track. ( as a temporary measure)
I apply many filters to my recordings (regularly)
I live in San Justo ( permanently)
I’m living in San Justo ( because I’m studying but my parents live in Córdoba)
El aspecto perfectivo denota una acción completa y finalizada.

He has applied some filters to the track (acción finalizada)
Present perfect
Se utiliza para una acción que se relaciona con, o continua en el presente. El sentido de
relevancia actual del present perfect contrasta con el sentido del pasado simple.
I’ve studied at UNLaM for six months. ( I still do)
She studied at UM for six months. ( She no longer does.)
Have you been to the Technology Expo? ( It’s still on)

Did you go to the Technology Expo? ( when it was on)
Past perfect
También se refiere a “un tiempo anterior” pero en relación con el tiempo pasado.
I was sorry that I had not bought that sophisticated EQ.
El present y el past perfect se utilizan para:

Eventos específicos He has / had created a new product.
Estados The shop has / had been empty for years.
Acciones Habituales We’ve / ‘d done it often.
Distintos adverbios se relacionan con el simple past: yesterday, a ( week) ago, last week /
month/ etc., on ( Monday) y con el present perfect: since ( Monday), for ( a year)
5
Cuadro de conjugación verbal
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
 Complete el siguiente cuadro resumen modificando el ejemplo para los distintos

tiempos y aspectos.
Tense Aspect Example

Presente Present simple He performs his new song.
Present continuous
Present perfect
Present perfect continuous
Pasado Past simple
Past continuous
Past perfecto
Past perfect continuous He had been performing his new song.
 Relea los textos anteriores y busque ejemplos de diferentes tiempos y aspectos

verbales
 Complete los espacios con el verbo entre paréntesis en el tiempo verbal y aspecto
correspondiente
Past and present of sound engineering

By Rebecca Mileham
Published Tuesday, October 20, 2009
E&T talks to Richard Ranft, head of the British Library Sound Archive.
It's not often that history is rewritten quite as definitively as in the case of audio recording. Until
last year, the answer to the question "Who was the first person to record sound?"___ (BE)
"Thomas Edison". Scientific canon _______(SAY) that, while he __________ (TRY) to
develop a recorder for telegraph signals in 1877, Edison ______ (NOTICE) that paper indented
with the signals would make a sound when pulled under a needle. He ______ (USE)the
principle to make a machine with a diaphragm that vibrated in response to the sound of his
voice, causing a needle to leave a pattern on a rotating sheet of tinfoil - and ________ (SHOW)
that it would play back the sound when the needle ___________ (retrace) its journey.
But although Edison_______ (CREATE) the machine he called a phonograph, he was not the
first to record sound. A French printer named Edouard Leon Scott de Martinville_________
(INVENT ) a machine called a phonautograph 20 years earlier. Moreover, he ______________
( PATENT) it.
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In 2008, however, scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California

__________(ANALYSE) a rediscovered cylinder and managed to play back a ten-second
recording of a song, Au Clair de la Lune, made in the 1860s
Oral history
“Sound is relatively simple physics, small fluctuations in air pressure over time,”
__________(SAY) Richard Ranft, head of the British Library Sound Archive. “Yet the way
humans __________(INTERPRET) sound ___________ (BE) overwhelmingly complex and
significant. A sound pattern can bring tears to our eyes.”
Ranft and his team of curators and engineers_____________ (OVERSEE) a 3.5 million-strong
national collection of sound recordings, which spans the full range of human experience from
music and speech to sounds of nature. “While someone __________ (SPEAK) you are hearing
their soul,” says Ranft. “The voice________ (CARRY) their personality, with its defects, its
emotions and its power.” The collection also ____________(INCLUDE) recordings that capture
British dialects, public debates, a large collection of oral history interviews, and many artistic
performances from the worlds of theatre and poetry.
A majority of the archive’s recordings are music, however, and they ______(REACH) back
almost as far as sound recording itself. Among the earliest are documentary recordings that were
made in the 1890s in Torres Strait, Tasmania, of songs sung in a culture with no written
tradition. “The ethnomusicologists who analysed those recordings __________(REALISE) that
sound recording_______( BE) a way to freeze a performance in time,” says Ranft. In the past,
zoologists, too, _______________(BENEFIT) from sound recording in their efforts to
document birdsong. Their previous attempts using a type of musical notation ___________(BE)
“brave, but hopeless”, according to Ranft, who ___________(BE) also a wildlife recording
expert.
Adapted from : http://eandt.theiet.org/magazine/2009/18/sound-engineering.cfm
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 Complete los espacios con el verbo entre paréntesis en el tiempo verbal y aspecto
correspondiente.
In the beginning of commercial recorded sound (1890), we _______(ACHIEVE) a systemic

dynamic range of around 15 dB (3 bits equivalent). By the 1930s, vacuum tubes, condenser
mics, and electric cutter heads _______________(already IMPROVE) dynamic range to around
35 dB (6 bits). Magnetic tape ______ ( GIVE) us a 60-70 dB range and more, especially once
technologies like Dolby SR were available (12 bits). With the advent of commercial digital
recording in the 1970s and '80s, early systems _______ (BE) capable of 90 dB dynamic range
(15 bits).
Today, we ______________ (ACHIEVE) a best-case unweighted systemic dynamic range of
around 110-115 dB (19 bits) — from concert halls to home playback; but only under controlled,
pristine lab-like conditions (a high-quality home system playing better-than-average program
material __________________ (now possibly DELIVER )around 16 bits).
Looking at technology growth in a narrow time frame obscures the long-term trend. For
instance, from 1885 through 1925, acoustic dynamic range _________ (IMPROVE)much — it
________ (TAKE) the breakthrough innovation of electric recording to improve dynamic range
significantly. When we "average" (or "smooth") 120 years of dynamic range, we see that its
growth slope is predictable.
Also, economic incentive ___________ (DRIVE) innovation and improvement. Generally,
those technologies with the greatest economic incentives ________(IMPROVE) the fastest.
Thus, we can confidently expect the trend to continue into the future.
Let's now turn our attention to the next 40 years. It's important to recognize that the professional
audio market___________ ( not BE) the primary driver of our future tools. The economic
engines driving key changes in pro audio ___________(INCLUDE )gaming, film, and
television, as well as military — combined global revenue of over $500 billion. Pro
audio_____________ (BENEFIT) from this massive change.
Adapted from : http://tapeop.com/tutorials/100/the-future/
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SONG
I will survive
At first I ______ ____________

I ______ ____________
I kept thinking I could never live
without you by my side
But then I ________so many nights
just thinking how you____________me wrong
I ___________ strong
I _________ how to get along
and so you're back
from outer space
I just _________ in to find you here
with that sad look upon your face
I should ______ __________ my stupid lock
I would have made you leave your key
If I ______ __________for just one second
you'd be back to bother me
Go on now go walk out the door
just ___________ around now
you're not welcome anymore
weren't you the one who ______to break me with desire
did you think I'd crumble
did you ____________I'd lay down and die
Oh no, not I
I will survive
as long as I __________how to love
I know I_______ _______ alive
I've got all my life to live
I've got all my love to give
I will survive, I will survive
It ___________ all the strength I _____
just not to fall apart
I'm trying hard to mend
the pieces of my broken heart
and I ____________ oh so many nights
just feeling sorry for myself
I used to cry
Now I _______ my head up high
and you ________ me
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with somebody new

I'm not that stupid little person
still in love with you
and so you ________ you'd just walk by
and just expect me to be free
now I'____ _________ all my loving
for someone who's loving me
 Complete the chart with examples of verbs from the song
Simple present
Simple past
Past perfect
Present continuous
Simple future
 Explain in your own words
so you're back from outer space
you think I'd crumble
I'm not that stupid little person
I'm trying hard to mend the pieces of my broken heart
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Unidad 1 PRÁCTICA EXTRA
Cohesión gramatical
Sustitución nominal
he
21
Sustitución verbal : Verbos auxiliares Be , have, do
22
Elipsis
23
La frase verbal . Tiempo y aspecto
Aspecto progresivo
24
Aspecto Perfectivo
25
Unidad 2
Funciones del lenguaje y sus relaciones:
Descripción
 Lea la siguiente descripción.
The microphone capsule of the U 67 microphone is a pressure-gradient device. It is

composed of two identical cardioid systems arranged back to back. By switching of the
polarizing voltage these two cardioid patterns can also be combined so as to produce
the three directional characteristics: cardioid, omni-directional, and figure-8. Selection
of these patterns is accomplished by a switch located at the front of the microphone
directly beneath the wire cage. The symbol of the characteristic selected appears in a
window directly above the switch. Two additional switches are located at the rear of the
microphone. One switch provides for a sensitivity reduction of approximately 10 dB
beyond the amplifier section permitting transmission of the highest sound pressure
levels without danger of overloading the amplifier. The purpose of the second switchis
to permit compensation of the normally occurring low frequency rise when a pressure -
gradient microphone is addressed at close range.
Adapted from: http://axefxwiki.guitarlogic.org/index.php?title=Description_of_Mic_Models
 Establezca cual es el tema descripto en el fragmento anterior.
 Utilice las tablas a continuación para identificar las palabras y/o frases
descriptivas. Luego traduzca el texto.
 Utilice las tablas a continuación para describir un elemento de un estudio de

grabación.
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Language dull
Position
Composition
A is adjacent to B X is made of metal.
at the front of steel.
beyond composed of alluminium.
facing (diagonally) an alloy of A and B.
parallel to cloth.
beneath silk.
opposite china.
in the middle of wood.
on the right / left of plastic.
near glass.
behind
at the rear of Size and weight
in front of X is 6 cm long
under high
on top of wide
above
below X is 6 cm in length
level with height
diagonally above width
vertically below diameter
between B and C. 6 Kg weight
equidistant from
The length of X is 6 cm
Structure height
X is nailed to Y by Z width
screwed diameter
fixed weight 6 Kg.
fastened
linked X has a length of 6 cm.
welded width
tied height
connected diameter
attached weight 6 Kg.
consists of Y and Z
contains X weighs 10 Kg
includes
is held in place by Y
secured
supported
suspended
joined to
mounted on
placed
pivoted
Colour
X is dark green.
light blue.
pale red.
bright yellow.
27
Shape X is cubical in shape

cylindrical
X is square in shape pyramidal
round spherical
rectangular tubular
triangular spiral
semicircular hemispherical
conical conical
spherical
hexagonal X is bulbous in shape.
octagonal concave
oval convex
cardioid diamond-shaped .
irregular kidney-shaped
U-shaped
X is is shaped like a square star-shaped
circle bell-shaped
rectangle dome-shaped
triangle mushroom-shaped
semicircle X-shaped
hexagon egg-shaped
octagon pear-shaped
Y-shaped
Function
The function of the thermometer is to measure the temperature.

purpose tripod hold the microphon.
aim
objective
The thermometer is used for measuring the temperature.

tripod holding the microphone
Properties
X is Light / tough / soft / elastic / malleable

Flexible / soluble / a good conductor of electricity/heat
corrosion resistant / combustible / transparent
smooth heavy / hard / plastic / ductile
rigid / insoluble / a bad conductor of electricity/heat
not corrosion resistant / non-combustible
opaque / rough
 Ejercicio A Describing objects página 43
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Instrucciones
Las instrucciones se pueden impartir de varias maneras. Una lista numerada con la
forma imperativa del verbo es una forma común. Otra forma es el texto continuado
que utiliza verbos modales como should, can, may be able to. También es posible
encontrar ejemplos de uso de los adverbios de frecuencia como always, usually,
sometimes, never, etc. Las palabras y / o expresiones que indican secuencia,
manera y propósito son esenciales para dar instrucciones.
 En el siguiente ejemplo, observe las distintas formas para dar instrucciones.
Creating a new Web page
You don't need any special tools to create a Web page. You can use any word
processor, even WordPad or SimpleText, which are included with the basic Windows
and Macintosh system software.
To create a new Web page:

To begin with, open a text editor or word processor.
Secondly, choose File > New so as to create a new, blank document.
Create the HTML content as explained in the previous section.
Next, choose File > Save As.
In the dialog box that appears, choose Text Only (or ASCII) in order to get the right
format. Then give the document the .htm or html extension.
In the following stage, choose the folder in which to save the Web page
Finally, click Save.
Language
Sequence
La Secuencia u orden es importante para dar instrucciones. La tabla muestra algunas

de las expresiones más comunes.
29
Firstly, The first step is

First of all, The first stage is
To begin with, begins with
Initially commences with
Beforehand, Before this,
Previously, Prior to this,
At the same time, During
Simultaneously, When this happens
While
Secondly, Thirdly etc After this,
Next, The next step is
Then, In the next stage,
Subsequently, In the following stage,
Later, Following this,
Eventually, until
Lastly finishes with
Finally, concludes with
Manner: cómo se hace algo Purpose : para qué se hace algo
in such a way that... so as to

slowly, carefully, etc
so as not to
with care/precision
so that
in a careful way/manner
in order to
in order not to
 Identifique el lenguaje para dar instrucciones utilizado en el texto a
continuación .
How to avoid accidental plagiarism: some strategies
Acknowledge everything you've got from a source. The things that don't need
referencing are your own ideas and common or uncontroversial knowledge ( for
example: ”English is a Germanic Language”). Too many references in a text break up
the flow of your writing. First, in order to avoid too much repetition, you may be able to
say at the beginning of a section or paragraph: “The following is a summary of
information given in Smith (1994).” Note, however, that it is not sufficient to give one
vague reference to your source somewhere, and then draw directly from it for page
after page.
Secondly, rather than just summarizing what you are reading, make notes relevant to
the task in hand so as to identify the major points. Make the notes under headings;
30
then, you can write out your own version based on those points in a careful way. When
making notes, use your own words wherever possible. Never copy anything out without
putting it in inverted commas and putting a page reference next to it. Always keep the
full reference details for any source you draw on so as to use them later. These details
should be integral to your notes, so that you can easily see where an idea or quote has
come from.
If your source text gives examples of a phenomenon under discussion, try to think of
some examples of your own. This is a good way of ensuring that you understand what
you are writing about. However, if you are in doubt about whether your example is
valid, quote the ones you have been given and acknowledge them with precision. If
there is any terminology you don't understand, look it up, don't just copy it out.
From Projects in linguistics by Alison Wray, Kate Trotter and Aileen Bloomer, Arnold 1998, p. 242
 Give instructions for the following:

 How to become a student at UNLaM
 How to make a cup of coffee
 How to save a .doc file in a pendrive
 How to get tickets for a concert
Comparación y contraste
Para comparar y contrastar se utilizan diversos conectores y adjetivos. En particular,

se utilizan adjetivos en su grado comparativo y superlativo.
Price Processor Speed Screen Size Hard Disk RAM
Evesham Axis 1.33 SK £1,174 1.33 GHz 17" 40 GB 256 MB
Armani R850 P4. £2,467 1.7 GHz 19" 40 GB 256 MB
Mesh Elite 1.7GT Pro £1,938 1.7 GHz 19" 57 GB 256 MB
Elonex WebRider Pro £1,174 1.2 GHz 17" 38.1 GB 128 MB
Three personal computers, the Evesham Axis 1.33 SK, the Armani R850 P4 and the Mesh Elite
1.7 GT Pro, were compared with respect to the following factors: price, processor speed and
size of hard disk. The Evesham Axis, which costs £1,174, is by far the cheapest of the three,
31
the Armani and the Mesh Elite costing £2,467 and £1,938 respectively. The Evesham Axis has
the same hard disk size as the Armani, 40 MB, whereas the Mesh Elite is the largest at 57 GB.
Regarding the processor speed, the Armani and the Mesh Elite are similar - the processor
speed, at 1.7 GHz, being 0.37 GHz faster than the Evesham Axis.
Language
Comparison
Both the X and the Y cost... The X is like the Y

with respect to price.
The X is as expensive as the Y. The X and the Y are similar
as regards price.
The X is similar to the Y
The X costs the same as the Y. in terms of price.
The X is the same as the Y
in price.
The X resembles the Y
Comparative adjectives
The W is more expensive than the X

The X is cheaper than the W.
The X is not as expensive as the W.
The W costs more than the X.
Adding information
Besides, it has a high capacity hard disk.

What’s more, it has a high capacity hard disk.
The Z has a large screen.
Moreover, it has a high capacity hard disk.
It also has a high capacity hard disk.
Contrast
The X differs from the W

with respect to price.
The X is unlike the W
as regards price.
The X and the W differ
in terms of price.
The X is different from the W
in price.
The X contrasts with the W
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The X costs ... whereas the W costs....

The X costs ... while the W costs ...
The X costs ... but the W costs ...
On the other hand, it is very fast and has a large screen.

The W is expensive to buy. In contrast, it is very fast and has a large screen..
However, it is very fast and has a large screen.
Although the W is expensive to buy,

it is very fast and has a large screen.
Despite the high price of the W,
 Observe el siguiente cuadro:

 ¿Qué es lo que se compara a continuación?
 ¿En qué puntos se basa la comparación?
 ¿Cuál de los programas es gratis sólo para uso personal?
 Escriba oraciones comparando características de los productos comparados.
33
Ten audio editors were compared as regards the following factors: the operating systems in
which they can be run and whether they are freeware or not. As regards price, Ardour, Audacity,
ACFE and Audiolab are similar, since they are all freeware; unlike the rest of the audio editors
for which you have to pay in advance to use them. As regards the operating systems, most of
them can only be run on Windows. Audacity is different from the rest in this sense because this
is the only editor that can be run on all the operating systems available at the moment.
 Escriba la forma comparativa o superlativa según corresponda de los
siguientes adjetivos en las oraciones.
• Audition is ________________________ (expensive) of all audio editors compared.
• As regards files, Audition is ______________________ (good) Soundforge since it can edit

more formats.
• Audacity is __________________________________ (integrated) because it can be run on

any operating system available.
• Acoustica’s user interface is ________________________________ (bad). It has very limited

options and is not user-friendly.
• Audio Cleaning Lab is _____________________________ (cheap) of the non-shareware

options. Its professional version only costs u$s 20.
• Audiobook Cutter is _________________ (simple) Audition because of its interface, and it is

recommended for beginners.
34
Unidad 3
Funciones del lenguaje y sus relaciones
Grados de certeza
Para expresar el grado de certeza que se tiene con respecto a algo, se utilizan los
verbos modales. Para expresar certeza absoluta utilizamos un verbo común en lugar
de un verbo modal. Los verbos modales van acompañados de un verbo infinitivo.
Affirmative : Subject + Modal verb + infinitive verb
Question: Modal verb + Subject + infinitive verb ?
Negative: Subject + Modal verb + NOT + infinitive verb ( notice: cannot)
Otros usos básicos de los verbos modales:
Habilidad/ Posibilidad : can / could/ I can use home recording equipment.

may / might
Permiso: may / might / can Can I use your guitar?
Predicción : Will / would It will rain soon.
Sugerencia/ Consejo: should / ought to You should consider all variables when
calculating the acoustic insulation of a room.
Obligación absoluta: must A good acoustician must work in contact with
the architect in charge of the project.
 Lea el siguiente texto y realice las siguientes actividades:
• ¿Cuál es el tema principal del artículo?

• ¿Cuáles son las recomendaciones del autor?
• Identifique los verbos modales y qué es lo que expresan en el texto
When purchasing your audio interface you must first ask yourself these questions:
• How many concurrent audio sources do you need to record at the same time?
This is dependent on how many tracks must be captured at the same time. Recording drums
usually will use the most concurrent channels depending on how you mic them. A typical 5
piece drum set will usually require anywhere from 4 to 10 channels of audio .
• Do you have an external pre-amp or do you expect the capture device to have one built in?
35
This depends on your own personal preference and the quality of the pre-amps that are built in.
In my opinion, you should use external pre-amps so you can change them out for different ones
as needed. Pre-amps all offer something different and can vary in price drastically. A high
quality pre-amp will greatly improve your overall recording quality, a built in pre-amp will lock
you into that pre-amp.
• What audio routing will you need?
Again this depends on your personal preference. I am a firm believer in flexibility in this area.
Each channel or track should have an input and an output. Some devices will have an additional
monitor output plus the outputs for each track. If you plan on only using effects that are PC
based you will not need this, but it is still nice to have for monitor mixes and external effects
loops.
• Do you have microphones or other devices that require phantom power?
Again, if you want to keep your setup simple, you must get it built in with the pre-amps.
Language
Verbs Degree of certainty

certain(ly)
is (not)
definite(ly)
complete
clear(ly)
must (not)
undoubtedly
can/cannot probably (is)
strong
should (not) presumably
partial could (not) likely/unlikely
may (not) possibly (not)
less strong
might (not) perhaps (not)
It is said that ...
It appears that ...
impersonal (i.e. no commitment)
A reports that ...
There is evidence to suggest that. (etc.)
Complete los siguientes textos con el verbo modal apropiado en cada caso.
Luego busque ejemplos de comparación en los dos textos.
Basic Mixing Concepts

Levels
During the mix, you _______________ set the levels (volume) of each instrument in relation to
the entire mix. You ___________ control dynamics manually by adjusting faders, or you
__________ set automation in the DAW. Also the dynamic range and level of the signal can be
adjusted by compression, and gating.
Effects
Though you __________ record instruments with effects, it's often preferred to add effects
during mixdown. This way, you________ alter the effect to suit the mix rather than being stuck
with the effect as it was recorded. The most common effects you __________ use are EQ
(equalization), reverb and delay.
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Microphone Techniques
Basic Techniques
To achieve a perfect sound and do a good job when recording microphones, you ____________
take into account the following tips:
Use a microphone with a frequency response that is suited to the frequency range of the sound,
if possible. If you __________ get one, you ______ filter out frequencies above and/or below
the highest and lowest frequencies of the sound to obtain a good frequency response. Since it is
very common, you _________ surely encounter poor room acoustics, or pickup of unwanted
sounds. In these cases, you _________ try to isolate the instrument. The desired sound
___________ often be achieved more quickly by understanding basic microphone
characteristics.
Causa y efecto
Language
La relación causa –efecto se puede expresar de varias maneras. Se utilizan varias

conjunciones y verbos modales.
1. De manera simple
Enfatizando la causa.
because
owing to the fact that people are overusing
Social isolation is increasing
technology.
due to the fact that
Enfatizando el efecto.
As
Because people are overusing technology, social isolation is increasing.
Since
Therefore,
So,
Thus,
People are overusing Consequently,
technology. Because of this, social isolation, obesity, depression
For this reason, and poor sleeping habits are
As a consequence,
As a result, increasing.
as a result of which
People are overusing
as a consequence of which
technology,
with the result that
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2.Con algunos cambios.
Enfatizando la causa.
The
is that people are overusing
reason/ the increase in social isolation
could be that technology
cause of
Enfatizando el efecto.
obesity, depression and stress are

effect of people is that
One increasing.
result of overusing
The increase obesity, depression and
consequence of technology is to
stress
(so)
People overuse there an increase in obesity, depression and
technology, . is stress
Therefore,
If people continue overusing technology, social isolation will increase.
Lea el siguiente texto y marque las relaciones de causa y efecto correctas.
A pulse laser is basically a device for storing energy and then releasing it all at once to
give a very intense beam of light. The heart of the laser is a crystal or tube of gas or
liquid into which energy is pumped. This is usually done by surrounding it with a device
to produce a powerful flash of light or an intense beam of radio waves or electrons.
Because/ Consequently, more and more of the atoms inside take up energy and are
excited to high energy states. Suddenly a particle of light (a photon) is given out thus/
owing to the fact that an atom spontaneously returns to its first energy state. This
photon strikes another excited atom, as a result of which,/, one effect of, another
photon is produced. Very rapidly, a cascade of photons develops. The crystal or tube is
closed at both ends by mirrors and the photons bounce to and fro between them, thus
/ therefore building up the cascade. A proportion of this light is able to escape through
one of the mirrors, which is half-silvered. Therefore/ As, an intense flash of light
emerges from the laser.
38
Elabore oraciones que expresen relaciones de causa y efecto con la

información que figura a continuación en el orden que desee.
1. watching funny cat videos on YouTube spending less time being active or exercising
2. meet face-to-face much less frequently lose the ability to read body language and social
cues in other people
3. the ambient glow from screens can affect the release of melatonin, the sleep chemical
poor sleeping habits
4. phishing, viruses and hacking helps to find any information easily no sense of privacy
online
5. constantly looking down at devices the neck can lose its natural curve
6. eyestrain headaches, blurred vision and migraines
39
La conjunción
Una conjunción es, básicamente, una o más palabras que unen dos palabras, frases o
proposiciones. Hay tres tipos de conjunciones: conjunciones coordinantes,
conjunciones correlativas y conjunciones subordinantes.
 Las conjunciones coordinantes unen dos palabras únicas o grupos de

palabras similares; por ejemplo: sustantivo más sustantivo, verbo más verbo,
frase verbal más frase verbal, oración más oración, etc. Las conjunciones
coordinantes son las siguientes:
• for • and • nor • but • or • yet • so
E.g. This is very similar to the one-mic technique but gives you a second mic for a
stereo image.
 Al igual que las conjunciones coordinantes, las conjunciones correlativas

conectan elementos de la oración del mismo tipo. Sin embargo, a diferencia de
aquellas, estas siempre son usadas en pares. Las conjunciones correlativas son
las siguientes:
•both...and •not only...but also •either...or •neither...nor •whether...or
E.g. You can either use the control dynamics manually or set the volume automation in
the DAW.
 Las conjunciones subordinantes, subordinan una cláusula dependiente (que

carece de sentido completo) a otra principal (que sí tiene sentido pleno por sí
misma). Algunas de las conjunciones subordinantes son:
•after •as •because •before •in order that •if •even if •provided that •although
•even though •though •when •whenever •where •wherever •once •since •so
•so that •unless •until •while
E.g. Converters are a critically important part of digital recording since they can have a great
impact on your overall sound.
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 Además de las conjunciones coordinantes, correlativas y subordinantes, hay otro

tipo de nexos que ayudan a establecer conexiones claras entre ideas en función
de facilitar la lectura. Algunos de ellos son los siguientes:
•additionally
•afterward
•as a result
•besides
•finally
•for instance
•however
•in addition
•in other words
•in the same way
•likewise
•meanwhile
•moreover
•on the other hand
•otherwise
•similarly
•then
•therefore
•first
•second
•third
41
E.g. Micing the drums in this manner gives you a great deal of flexibility at mix time. However,
it can introduce some phase problems.
 Una las siguientes oraciones usando el tipo de conjunción indicado en cada
caso.
Conjunciones coordinantes:
1) The world of studio recording is much different from that of live sound reinforcement.
The fundamental characteristics of the microphones and sound are the same.
2) You should walk around the room. You should find out where the drums sound the
best.
3) Compression is highly dependent on source material. There is no preset amount of
compression that will work for any given material.
Conjunciones subordinantes
4) Some compressors are better for beginners. They do have presets for certain parts
of audio.
5) Soundforge is an excellent audio editor. It is not useful for multitrack recordings.
6) You compress too much. The audio will sound unnatural.
Conjunciones correlativas
7) You can adjust dynamics manually. You can use automation in the DAW.
8) You are raising the instrument. You are raising the noise floor.
Nexos conectores
9) Dynamic range compression is one of the most common effects used during mixing.
It is one of the most difficult for beginners to understand.
10) Talking about disadvantages, condenser microphones are delicate and expensive.
They are not useful for live sound applications
11) Ribbon microphones are generally too expensive for home studios. They are
commonly seen in professional studios.
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43
Unidad 4
Organización textual
El adverbio
Se trata de cualquier palabra que modifica cualquier parte del lenguaje que no sea un
sustantivo (los modificadores de los sustantivos son principalmente los adjetivos y los
determinantes). Los adverbios pueden modificar verbos, adjetivos, proposiciones, frases y otros
adverbios. Los adverbios suelen responder a preguntas tales como: ¿cómo?, ¿de qué
manera?, ¿cuándo?, ¿dónde? y ¿en qué medida? Esta función se llama función adverbial y se
realiza no sólo por palabras individuales (es decir, adverbios) sino por frases adverbiales y
cláusulas adverbiales.
En inglés, los adverbios de modo (los que responden a la pregunta “¿cómo?” se forman a
menudo agregándole el sufijo –ly a los adjetivos. Por ejemplo, el adjetivo easy se transforma
en easily, slow se convierte en slowly. Existen, por supuesto, algunas excepciones como
Lovely y friendly , que son adjetivos.
En otros casos, los adverbios no experimentan ningún cambio entre su forma adjetiva y
adverbial; por ejemplo: hard, fast. Por otro lado, la excepción más importante es el caso del
adjetivo good, cuya forma adverbial es well.
Los adverbios pueden modificar a:
 Un verbo o frase verbal: The software loaded slowly, so we couldn´t start quickly with
the job. It had to be planned carefully
 Un adjetivo: The fading out is a very good option to finish the recordings.
 Otro adverbio: He picked sounds and mixed them quite patiently to fulfill the client’s
expectations.
 Preposiciones: The nail went right trhough the studio wall.
Si un grupo de palabras que contiene un sujeto y verbo actúa como un adverbio, estamos
hablando de una proposición adverbial. Por ejemplo: When the recording is over, we're going to
start with the edition of the movies.
 Lea los siguientes textos e identifique los adverbios que contiene y a qué modifican.
44
Cardioid
A "Cardioid" microphone is more sensitive to sounds which are directly in front of it than to
sounds 90 degrees off to either side. A mic with a cardioid pattern is even less sensitive to
sounds right behind it — in fact, cardioid mics practically cancel pickup of sounds emanating
from directly behind the mic. This makes cardioid mics very useful for sound reinforcement and
live recording use, as well as the most popular choice for use in the imperfect recording
environment of most home studios. To use a cardioid mic, simply aim the mic at the instrument
you want to record, and the rest of the stage sound will be at least somewhat quieter than the
desired instrument's sound.
Small diaphragm dynamic microphones
These are the most commonly used mics for stage sound use. Dynamic microphones are
typically very rugged and don't require a voltage source to work properly. Cardioid pattern, small
diaphragm dynamic mics are most often used as handheld vocal mics (like the very common
Shure SM-58) or as instrument mics (like the equally common Shure SM-57). There are many
other similar dynamic mics from companies like Audix, Electro-Voice, Sennheiser and others.
Voz Pasiva
La voz pasiva es una construcción gramatical en la que se transforma el objeto de una acción
en el sujeto de una oración o una proposición. Esto puede ocurrir cuando el ejecutor de la
acción, es decir, quien la lleva a cabo, no es conocido por el emisor o no es relevante. Otro uso
que se le da es cuando la acción que fue llevada a cabo es más importante que el ejecutor, por
lo cual éste no necesita ser nombrado (aunque la omisión es opcional). La estructura usada
para la voz pasiva es la siguiente:
 Sujeto pasivo + verbo to be + participio pasado

The task was carried out successfully.
is
has been
must be
 Cuando es importante o queremos nombrar el agente ejecutor, podemos agregarlo al

final precedido por la preposición “by”:
The task was carried out successfully by the engineer in charge.
45
 A menudo, la voz pasiva se usa para hablar de verdades o creencias generales:

 It is believed / said / supposed that the newer version will include many advantages
 Transforme las siguientes oraciones en voz activa a su correspondiente voz pasiva.

Indique en qué ejemplos se debería incluir el agente y por qué.
1. He created the mix using Acid pro Studio.

2. The engineers edited the disk in a professional studio.
3. You will often achieve the desired sound more quickly by understanding its basis.
4. People prefer to add the effects at later steps of the edition.
5. You must capture many tracks at the same time.
6. You should filter the frequencies from above and below the desired limits.
7. The creator of the telephone prototype created the first electric synthesizer in 1876.
8. You can say the same about analog sound.
9. The capacitor maintains a nearly constant charge.
10. The BBC and other radio stations used the first steel tape machines.
11. In 1877, Thomas Edison created a machine with two needles: one for recording
and one for playback.
12. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the
1880s.
13. In the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the transition from phonograph cylinders to flat
discs with a spiral groove running from the periphery to near the center.
14. Berliner coined the term gramophone for disc record players.
15. Nowadays people use the term gramophone for disc record players in many
languages.
46

Adverbios - Voz pasiva
47
48
49
Unidad 5
Organización textual
La Preposición
Las preposiciones son palabras abstractas que no tienen un significado concreto, sino
que sólo muestran las relaciones entre palabras o grupos de palabras. Las
preposiciones describen relaciones de lugar, tiempo, y dirección principalmente
(aunque pueden tener otras funciones). Las frases que comienzan con una
preposición son llamadas frases preposicionales y los sustantivos que vienen luego de
la preposición o terminan la frase preposicional son llamados objeto de la preposición.
En inglés, las preposiciones más comunes son a menudo palabras simples de
aproximadamente 5 letras o menos (aunque existen preposiciones aún más largas y
otras que son grupos de palabras). Se debe prestar especial atención al reconocer una
posible preposición ya que en muchos casos, pueden llegar a ser conjunciones (como
por ejemplo but o since) o inclusive un adjetivo o sustantivo (por ejemplo: past). A
continuación se encuentra una lista de las preposiciones más comunes en inglés.
Prepositional phrases / adverbials of time
AT clock times at eight o’clock

Religious festivals at Easter
at Christmas
Mealtimes at breakfast
Specific periods at night/ the weekend/
half term
IN seasons in summer
in the spring
50
Years / centuries / In 1905

months in the nineteenth century
in September
Parts of the day In the morning / evening

ON days on Tuesday morning
Special days on my birthday
on his anniversary
dates on the 20th of July
on May 1st
for How long sth continues for a long time
to happen for ages
since When sth started to since he was born
happen
 Complete los siguientes fragmentos con la preposición apropiada.
Audio CDs have been commercially available ________ October 1982. In 2010, they
have been largely replaced __________ other forms of digital storage, with audio CD
sales dropping nearly 50% _________ their peak ____ 2000.
______ September 1978 they demonstrated an optical digital audio disc ________ a
150 minute playing time, and ________ specifications of 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-
bit linear resolution, cross-interleaved error correction code, that were similar to those
of the Compact Disc introduced ________ 1982. Technical details of Sony's digital
audio disc were presented ___________ the 62nd AES Convention, held ________
March 13–16, 1979, ________ Brussels. _____ March 8, 1979 Philips publicly
demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc ______ a press conference
called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc" _______ Eindhoven, Netherlands.
Adapted from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc
51
Verbos compuestos
Un verbo compuesto o frasal ( phrasal verb) es una combinación de las siguientes:
verbo + preposición
verbo + adverbio
verbo + preposición + adverbio
A la preposición o adverbio se les llama partícula adverbial

Cuando una de estas combinaciones ocurre, el significado original del verbo
usualmente cambia. Este tipo de verbos causa muchas dificultades ya que pueden
tener varios significados y patrones sintácticos, más allá de que el significado que
adquieren puede no estar relacionado al significado original del verbo. Este tipo de
construcciones son muy comunes en lenguaje informal. Tienen distintos patrones, por
ejemplo:
 El verbo y la partícula que le sigue son inseparables: Searching the web, I

came across this page about recording stuff. (la partícula no puede ser
separada del verbo).
 El verbo es seguido del objeto y luego la partícula: I have to look this word up
in a bilingual dictionary.
 El verbo es seguido por dos partículas: I really look up to her as a
professional. (“look up to” significa admirar)
A continuación se encuentra una lista de los verbos frasales más comunes. Nótese
que las construcciones marcadas con un asterisco* son inseparables, es decir, la
partícula debe seguir inmediatamente al verbo.
Bring about= cause Check into*= investigate

Bring up= mention or introduce a topic Check out= investigate
Call back= Return a telephone call Come across*= Find by chance
Catch up (with)*= Reach the same Do over= repeat
position or level as someone Drop off= Leave something/someone
Cool off= calm down after a state of somewhere
agitation
52
Fall behind= fail to keep up with the Think over= Consider

rest (especially in a competition) Throw away - Throw out= Discard; get
Figure out= Find the answer by logic rid of
Find out= Discover information Turn down= Decrease volume
Get over*= Recover from an illness Turn off= Stop a machine, equipment,
Get through*= finish light etc.
Get up*= Arise from bed, a chair etc. Turn on= Start a machine, equipment,
Give back= Return something to light etc.
someone Turn up= Increase volume or intensity
Give up/ in= Stop doing something Wait up= stay awake, not to go to bed
Go over*= Review or check until something happens
Grow up= become an adult Watch out= be careful, pay attention to

imminent danger
Hand in= Submit an assignment
Keep up (with)*= Stay at the same
position or level
Look after*= Take care of
Look into*= Investigate
Look out (for)*= Be careful
Look up= Look for information in a
reference book
Make up= invent
Put away= Remove to an appropriate
place
Put back= Return to original position
Put off= Postpone
Put up with*= Tolerate
Run out (of)= Finish a supply of
something
Shut off= Stop a machine, equipment,
light etc.
Speak up= speak more loudly
Take out= remove
Take over= Take control
53
Utilice los verbos frasales del recuadro para completar las oraciones a
continuación. Luego traduzca las oraciones.
Catch up cool off fall behind give in grow up

Keep up speak up wait up watch out
1. He still behaves like a child. I wish he’ d _________________________

2. I won’t be back until late. Will you ___________________ for me?
3. He was exhausted but he still kept going. He just wouldn’t _________
4. Please don’t go so fast. I just can’t ____________________________
5. Could you ____________ a bit? I can hardly hear you.
6. ____________________! Oh dear. Didn’t you see that car coming?
7. You look hot and sticky! Come and sit in the shade and ____________
8. You go ahead and I’ll _________________
9. Wait for me. I don’t want to ______________________________
 Complete las siguientes oraciones con los verbos frasales apropiados del
recuadro. Utilice la voz pasiva en caso de ser necesario.
1. Remember that the assignments must ____________________ before the

deadline. No late assignments will be accepted.
2. We will have to ___________________ the edition of the songs. The band is
going to include two more songs before editing the others.
3. Please, _____________________ the sound. The walls are not properly isolated
and if the sound is too loud, the recording is going to sound awful.
4. Try to _______________________ what the problem of the mix is. If you look
carefully at the problem, you will find the answer easily.
5. You should always _______________________ unwanted sounds in your
editions, especially if the sound was recorded in mono.
6. If the fading out doesn´t sound well, it should ____________________. You can
do it from the menu bar.
7. We have finally finished. Now you can _______________________ all the
equipment and go home.
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Preposiciones y expresiones de tiempo
55
Unidad 6
Mecanismos de prominencia
Oraciones condicionales
Las oraciones condicionales son aquellas que tratan sobre situaciones posibles o
meramente hipotéticas y sus consecuencias. Las oraciones condicionales completas
poseen dos proposiciones: la condición y la consecuencia. Sintácticamente, la condición
es la proposición subordinada y la consecuencia es la proposición independiente o
principal. En inglés, las oraciones condicionales se dividen principalmente en 3 tipos.
Primer condicional
El primer condicional se utiliza para expresar condiciones probables cuyo resultado

ocurrirá con seguridad si se da la condición. La estructura base es:
If + simple present +, + simple future.
If you check the input in each channel box, your multichannel audio recording will
be successful.
El orden de la condición y el resultado es intercambiable, pero si el resultado se
encuentra al comienzo, se omite la coma entre las dos proposiciones.
Simple future + if + simple present
Your multichannel audio recording will be successful if you check the input in
each channel box. (La coma no se escribe en este caso)
Cuando expresamos de forma negativa una condición, solemos utilizar unless en vez de
usar el not en la condición.
Unless you want to use crossfades, you will have to uncheck this option in the menu bar.
A pesar de ser ésta la estructura más común, se pueden utilizar algunas variantes:
 If + Presente + imperativo:
 If + Presente + presente
 If + Presente + verbo modal
56
Segundo condicional
El segundo condicional se utiliza para nombrar situaciones hipotéticas que pueden ocurrir
pero que es poco probable que lo hagan. Si bien las acciones son acerca del presente, el
tiempo verbal utilizado para la condición es el pasado simple. La estructura es la
siguiente:
If + simple past, + conditional (would + infinitive verb
If the song became a best seller, you would become millionaire.
En caso de que el verbo to be se encuentre en la condición, suele utilizarse la forma

were con todos los pronombres. Cuando estamos dando un consejo, siempre debemos
usar were cuando el pronombre es I.
If I were you, I wouldn’t do that.
Tercer condicional
El tercer condicional se utiliza para referirse a acciones del pasado, y el tiempo verbal
utilizado en la condición es el pasado perfecto. Al referirse la condición al pasado, es
imposible que ésta ocurra, y por lo tanto el resultado no puede tener lugar. Suele
utilizarse para expresar arrepentimiento y contar lo que uno hubiese hecho en una
situación del pasado. La estructura utilizada es la siguiente:
If + past perfect, + conditional perfect (would have + past participle).
If I had displayed the phase scope of the song, I would have seen that the right
levels of the channel were too low.
Si bien esta estructura es la más común, hay dos variaciones posibles: una que incluye
could + have + past participle y la otra might + have + past participle en la oración
que expresa el resultado (NO la condición)
If he had displayed the phase scope, he could have seen the problems of the right
channel
First conditional Future probable
Second conditional Present imaginary
Third conditional Past impossible
57
 Lea el siguiente texto. Explique brevemente de qué trata.
When the Keyboard Breaks: Live in Chicago

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
When the Keyboard Breaks is a live album by

progressive metal group Liquid Trio Experiment 2. The
album was recorded during a live show of Liquid Tension
Experiment in Chicago, IL. The album came about when,
during the track "Universal Mind", Jordan Rudess' Roland
Fantom-G8 keyboard started playing half-step higher
notes on every fourth key. Following the song, he went off
stage to see if his technical crew could fix the keyboard. In
the meantime, the other three musicians decided to improvise until Jordan was ready to
come back. Jordan was on the phone with Roland in Japan for at least 20 minutes trying
to figure out what was wrong. The other three just continued to jam with drummer Mike
Portnoy giving updates every now and then (the determining point for the track splices). In
the end, Rudess took John Petrucci's guitar and started jamming, then Petrucci took Tony
Levin's bass, and Levin played Chapman Stick. When that jam was over, Portnoy ended
up taking Levin's bass and Charlie Benante ended up playing drums. Never could they fix
the keyboard that night.
The production of the album was not official, as it was taken from a live stereo recording
from the mix off stage. Thus there was no way for it to be properly mixed so everything is
how the audience heard it.
Not only has the album been a hit but also its name is a pun on the Liquid Tension
Experiment track When the Water Breaks from Liquid Tension Experiment 2.
 Escriba oraciones condicionales usando los fragmentos dados. Use el

condicional adecuado en cada caso y substitución de ser necesario.
1. Rudess’ keyboard / not break - the band / not have to improvise during an hour.
2. The production of the album / be official - the album / be properly mixed.
3. / the keyboard / break again - In a concert - the band / have to start jamming.
4. Technical crew / fix the keyboard - the show / continue normally.
5. Jordan / not be on the phone with Roland in Japan - Jordan /ready to come
back
6. The phone / not work - Jordan / not try to figure out what was wrong for at least
20 minutes.
58
SONG
If I fell
Lennon & McCartney
If I ______ ____ ______ with you,

_______ you _________ to be true?
And _______ me understand,
Cause I______ ________ in love before
And I ________ that love was more
Than just holding hands…
If I _______ my heart to you
I ______ ______ ____from the very start
That you _________ ________ me more than her
If I ________ in you, oh please,
Don’t _________ _______ ___________
If I _________ you too, oh please,
Don’t ________ ____ ________ like her
Cause I ___________ _________the pain

And I _______ _______ sad if our new
Love ________ in vain
So I ________ you see
That I ________ ________ to love you
And that she ______ ____ when she _______
We _________ two
If I fell in love with you
 After you listen to the song, fill in the blanks

 Find examples of conditional sentences. Translate them into Spanish.
 What is the song about? How many people are involved?
59
Inversión
La inversión es un mecanismo en el cual se invierte el orden normal del sujeto y el verbo

a su forma de pregunta. Su uso para formular preguntas es el más común de los
utilizados. Sin embargo, hay otros usos para este mecanismo que trataremos en esta
unidad. Cabe aclarar que aunque el orden sintáctico sea el de una pregunta, esta NO lo
es. La inversión puede ocurrir por alguno de los siguientes motivos:
 Luego de un adverbio negativo (o de significado negativo) para enfatizar una

característica negativa
Not only – but also, no sooner - than, under no circumstances, seldom,
rarely, never, not once, only then, etc.
• Under no circumstances should you use the Samson CO1 without checking that
the phantom supply is on.
• Not only do unidirectional microphones improve separation of instruments but
also control for live sound reinforcement.
 En las oraciones condicionales, para enfatizarlas o hacerlas sonar más formales.

En estos casos, el “if” utilizado en los condicionales se omite y la parte invertida
pasa a tomar su lugar. El único fragmento que se invierte en los condicionales es
la condición, no el resultado.
• Had they had an extra instrument off stage, they could have followed with the
show.
• Were you to work with the team, what would you do first?
• Should your unit ever require servicing, a Return Authorization number (RA) must
be obtained before shipping your unit to Samson.
 Luego de nor, so o neither; cuando usamos estas palabras para expresar

acuerdo o desacuerdo en algún tema en particular.
• I solved the problem by using the automation and high pass filter in the track. - -
Really? So did I.
• I don’t understand the problem. – Neither do I.
 Cuando comenzamos una oración con now o here.
60
• Now is the best time to release the records
 Cuando comenzamos la oración con un adverbio de lugar; con los verbos come y
go (uso informal) y con live y stand (uso formal)
• Opposite the street stands the most famous recording studio.
 Busque ejemplos de inversion en el texto “When the keyboard breaks…” de la

pág. 58.
 Reescriba las siguientes oraciones utilizando inversión
1. He plays not only the guitar but he also plays the bass and the drums.
Not only_________________________________________________
2. You should never use the noise gate unless you want to remove noise from
silent breaks in a sound file
Never ___________________________________________________
3. You should not cancel a concert under any circumstances.
Under no _________________________________________________
4. The company did not offer us a refund for malfunctioning equipment.
Not once _________________________________________________
5. If I had checked the vibrato option, I would have applied periodic pitch
modulation to a selection.
Had I ____________________________________________________
6. If he had used the delay, he could have started the song more softly.
Had he ___________________________________________________
7. If he had chosen the preset manager, he could have corrected the mistakes he
did in the configuration
Had he __________________________________________________
8. The option to apply the hammer is here.
Here ____________________________________________________
61
Unidad 6 Práctica Extra

Oraciones condicionales
62
63
EXTENSIVE READING
BOOK EXTRACT FROM:
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Universidad Nacional de La Matanza

Depto. De Ingeniería e Inv. Tecnológicas

Tecnicatura en Electrónica con orientación en

Cátedra: Mg. Gabriela D’Anunzio

 Verbal: Es la sustitución que reemplaza a los verbos. La palabra utilizada para

Lea el texto a continuación

Analog vs digital audio

La elipsis es la ausencia u omisión de elementos oracionales que, aunque no aparezcan

The drivers of the speakers are light and elegant.

La frase verbal : Tiempo y aspecto

Present tense se utiliza para expresar:

Aspecto: progresivo y perfectivo

El aspecto es una propiedad formal de un lenguaje. En la lingüística, el aspecto gramatical de

El aspecto perfectivo denota una acción completa y finalizada.

Have you been to the Technology Expo? ( It’s still on)

El present y el past perfect se utilizan para:

Cuadro de conjugación verbal

 Complete el siguiente cuadro resumen modificando el ejemplo para los distintos

Tense Aspect Example

 Relea los textos anteriores y busque ejemplos de diferentes tiempos y aspectos

Past and present of sound engineering

In 2008, however, scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California

In the beginning of commercial recorded sound (1890), we _______(ACHIEVE) a systemic

Adapted from : http://tapeop.com/tutorials/100/the-future/

At first I ______ ____________

with somebody new

 Complete the chart with examples of verbs from the song

 Explain in your own words

so you're back from outer space

you think I'd crumble

I'm not that stupid little person

I'm trying hard to mend the pieces of my broken heart

Unidad 1 PRÁCTICA EXTRA

Sustitución verbal : Verbos auxiliares Be , have, do

La frase verbal . Tiempo y aspecto

Funciones del lenguaje y sus relaciones:

 Lea la siguiente descripción.

The microphone capsule of the U 67 microphone is a pressure-gradient device. It is

Adapted from: http://axefxwiki.guitarlogic.org/index.php?title=Description_of_Mic_Models

 Establezca cual es el tema descripto en el fragmento anterior.

descriptivas. Luego traduzca el texto.

 Utilice las tablas a continuación para describir un elemento de un estudio de

Shape X is cubical in shape

The function of the thermometer is to measure the temperature.

The thermometer is used for measuring the temperature.

X is Light / tough / soft / elastic / malleable

 Ejercicio A Describing objects página 43

 En el siguiente ejemplo, observe las distintas formas para dar instrucciones.

Creating a new Web page

To create a new Web page:

La Secuencia u orden es importante para dar instrucciones. La tabla muestra algunas

Firstly, The first step is

Manner: cómo se hace algo Purpose : para qué se hace algo

in such a way that... so as to

 Identifique el lenguaje para dar instrucciones utilizado en el texto a

How to avoid accidental plagiarism: some strategies

 Give instructions for the following:

Para comparar y contrastar se utilizan diversos conectores y adjetivos. En particular,

Price Processor Speed Screen Size Hard Disk RAM

Evesham Axis 1.33 SK £1,174 1.33 GHz 17" 40 GB 256 MB

Armani R850 P4. £2,467 1.7 GHz 19" 40 GB 256 MB

Mesh Elite 1.7GT Pro £1,938 1.7 GHz 19" 57 GB 256 MB

Elonex WebRider Pro £1,174 1.2 GHz 17" 38.1 GB 128 MB

At first I ______