Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Traductorado en Inglés
Espacio Curricular
Año 2023
Docente: Zanek, Emilia
Instituto de Ciencias Empresariales
Nivel Superior
PROGRAMA
Fundamentación:
Objetivos Generales:
Contenidos:
Bibliografía Obligatoria:
Sitios Web:
Lingüística Estudio científico del lenguaje. El desarrollo de este ámbito como disciplina
académica ha sido reciente y rápido y se ha empezado a dar a conocer y a enseñar de manera
general a partir de los sesenta. Esto es un reflejo en parte del interés cada vez mayor de la
gente y de los especialistas por el estudio del lenguaje y de la comunicación en relación con
las creencias y las conductas humanas (p. ej. en la teología, la filosofía, la teoría de la
información, la crítica literaria) y del reconocimiento de la necesidad de una disciplina
independiente que pueda dar cuenta de manera adecuada de la gama y de la complejidad de
los fenómenos lingüísticos. También es reflejo en parte del impacto del propio desarrollo de
la disciplina en esta época, motivada en gran medida por el trabajo del lingüista americano
Noam Chomsky y de sus seguidores, cuyas técnicas de análisis más sofisticadas y supuestos
teóricos más potentes dieron a la lingüística un alcance y una aplicabilidad sin precedentes.
The correct translation for this term to Spanish is lengua which is not to be confused
with the Spanish word lenguaje.
Discourse a general term for examples of language use, i.e. language which has been produced
as the result of an act of communication. Whereas grammar refers to the rules a language
uses to form grammatical units such as clause, phrase, and sentence, discourse normally refers
to larger units of language such as paragraphs, conversations, and interviews.
Discurso Término utilizado en Lingüística para hacer referencia a una porción de lengua
(principalmente hablada) mayor que una oración; pero, dentro de esta noción tan amplia,
podemos encontrar diferentes aplicaciones. En su sentido más general, un discurso es un
conjunto de enunciados que constituyen cualquier evento de habla conocido, p. ej. una
conversación, una broma, un sermón, una entrevista.
Phonetics n The science which studies the characteristics of human sound-making, especially
those sounds used in speech, and provides methods for their description, classification, and
transcription. Three branches of the subject are generally recognized: (a) articulatory
phonetics is the study of the way speech sounds are made (‘articulated’) by the vocal organs;
(b) acoustic phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sound, as transmitted
between mouth and ear; (c) auditory phonetics studies the perceptual response to speech
sounds, as mediated by ear, auditory nerve, and brain.
Fonética ciencia que estudia las características de los sonidos humanos, especialmente
aquellos sonidos que se utilizan en el habla y que proporciona métodos para su descripción,
clasificación y transcripción. En general, se establecen tres ramas: (a) la fonética articulatoria,
que estudia la manera en que los sonidos del habla son producidos ('articula dos) por los
órganos vocales: (b) la fonética acústica, que estudia las propiedades físicas de los sonidos del
habla en su transmisión entre la boca y el oído: (c) la fonética perceptiva, que estudia la
respuesta perceptiva a los sonidos del habla en su transmisión por el oído y el nervio auditivo
hasta el cerebro.
Phonology n A branch of linguistics that studies the sound systems of languages. Out of the
very wide range of sounds the human vocal apparatus can produce, and which are studied by
phonetics, only a relatively small number are used distinctively in any one language. The
sounds are organized into a system of contrasts, which are analyzed in terms of phonemes,
distinctive features or other phonological units, according to the theory used. The aim of
phonology is to demonstrate the patterns of distinctive sounds found in a language and to
make as general statements as possible about the nature of sound systems in the languages
of the world. Putting this another way, phonology is concerned with the range and function
of sounds in specific languages, and with the rules which can be written to show the types of
phonetic relationships that relate and contrast words and other linguistic units.
Phonology is also concerned with the study of word-to-word relations in sentences; that is,
how sound patterns are affected by the combination of words. For example, /giv/ give and
/him/ him may combine to /givim/ give him.
Fonología rama de la lingüística que estudia los sistemas de sonidos de las lenguas. De entre
la amplísima gama de sonidos que puede producir el aparato vocal humano, de los cuales se
ocupa la fonética, tan sólo un número relativamente pequeño se usa de manera distintiva en
cada una de las lenguas. Los sonidos se organizan en un sistema de contrastes, los cuales se
analizan como fonemas, rasgos distintivos u otras unidades fonológicas equivalentes, según
la teoría que se use. La fonología se preocupa de la gama y de la función de los sonidos en las
lenguas concretas y también de las reglas que se pueden formular para mostrar los tipos de
relaciones fonéticas que relacionan y contrastan las palabras y otras unidades lingüísticas.
● Crystal, David (2008) A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics sixth edition. Blackwell
Publishing
● Crystal, David (2008) Diccionario de linguística y fonética (Traducción y adaptación de Javier
Villalba). España: Octaedro
Material de estudio - Clase 02
Cada uno de estos sonidos en su estado puro se conoce como Fonema o Phoneme.
Un fonema es una unidad sonora que puede distinguir una palabra de otra en un lenguaje
dado. Es decir, es la articulación mínima de un sonido vocálico o consonántico. Por ejemplo:
casa vs masa (los sonidos /k/ y /m/ establecen una diferencia de significado), mouse vs house
(los sonidos /m/ y /h/ también establecen una diferencia de significado).
The smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words. For example:
a) in English, the words pan and ban differ only in their initial sound:
pan begins with /p/ and ban with /b/
b) ban and bin differ only in their vowels: /æ/ and /i/.
Therefore, /p/, /b/, /æ/, and /i/ are phonemes of English. The number of
phonemes varies from one language to another. English is often considered to have 44
phonemes: 24 consonants and 20 vowels.
Now, let’s go on to learn more about the speech chain and the speech organs
El proceso de comunicación:
Como verán, la cadena del habla tiene varias etapas, cinco para ser más precisos, en las que
se pueden apreciar los tres tipos de fonéticas que vimos en clase:
La fonética que nos interesa estudiar durante este cuatrimestre es la fonética articulatoria,
que es la que se encarga de estudiar como los sonidos son producidos por los órganos
fonadores.
The syllable:
The syllable is a very important unit. Most people seem to believe that, even if they cannot
define what a syllable is, they can count how many syllables there are in a given word or
sentence. If they are asked to do this they often tap their finger as they count, which illustrates
the syllable's importance in the rhythm of speech. Let’s see and compare some examples in
English and Spanish.
‘eight’ - has one syllable ‘some-thing’ - has two syllables ‘en-er-gy’ -has three syllables
‘ma-má’ – has two syllables
‘sí-la-ba’ – has three syllables
‘tran-si-ti-vo’ – has four syllables
According to the Oxford Dictionary of English ‘a syllable is any of the units into which a word is
divided, containing a vowel sound and usually one or more consonants.’ Syllables are part of the
spoken aspect of language, so they are a phonological unit. There are as many syllables as vowel
sounds, because vowel sounds are the NUCLEOUS of the syllable, e.g: ‘cal-cu-la-tor’ - has four
syllables; ‘que’ – has one syllable.
Syllables can be:
Closed: (C)V(C) or V(C)
What /wɒt/
It /ɪt/
Open: V or (C)V
I /aɪ/
Do /dʊ/
The simplest syllable structure in both English and Spanish is V (i.e. one vowel by itself), but
whereas the English syllable may take up to three consonants before the vowel, and up to four
after it, Spanish can only take two consonants before, and one (exceptionally two) after. This can
be expressed as follows:
English syllable:
(CCC)V(CCCC) - e.g. spray /spreɪ/, texts /teksts/
Spanish syllable:
Ahora que sabemos que es una sílaba en inglés, como está formada y cuántos tipos puede haber
vamos a abordar otros dos conceptos importantes: las vocales.
Vowels are speech sounds produced without significant obstruction or closure of the air flowing
from the lungs through the mouth, so the air is released freely. In English there are 12 vowel
sounds:
4- Length: Short or Long. Short vowel sounds are /ɪ/ /ʊ/ /e/ /ɒ/ /æ/ /ʌ/ /ɑ/ /ə/. Long vowel sounds
are /ɑ:/ /ɜ:/ /i:/ /ɔ:/ /u:/.
Fijense que las vocales largas tienen un símbolo extra ‘:’ que se llama lenght mark y que
nos señala la duración extendida del sonido vocálico.
/ɪ/ Front, between close and half close, neutral, short. E.g ‘ship’
/i:/ Front, close, spread, long. E.g ‘tree’
/ʊ/ Back centralized, half close, rounded, short. E.g ‘book’
/u:/ Back, close, fully rounded, long. E.g ‘food’
/e/ Front, between have close and half open, slightly spread, short. E.g ‘bed’
/ɜ:/ Central, between half open and half close, slightly spread, long. E.g ‘girl’
/ɒ/ Back, open, rounded, short. E.g ‘what’, ‘was’
/ɔ:/ Back, between half open and half close, fully rounded, long. E.g ‘daughter’
/æ/ Front, open, spread slightly, long. E.g ‘cat’
/ʌ/ Central, between open and half open, neutral, short. E.g ‘love’
/ɑ:/ Back, open, slightly rounded, long. E.g ‘heart’
/ə/ Central, between half open and half close, neutral, short. E.g ‘famous’
● Crystal, David (2008) A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics sixth edition. Blackwell Publishing
● D. Finch and Ortiz Lira. (1982) A course in English phonetics for Spanish speakers. Bristol:
Heinemann Educational Books.
● Roach, Peter (2009) English Phonetics and Phonology, a practical course 4°edition. Cambridge: CUP
Material de estudio - Clase 04
En nuestra case anterior empezamos a estudiar los sonidos vocálicos o vowel sounds del
inglés. En la clase de esta semana vamos a continuar con su estudio centrándonos en su
pronunciación y en su ortografía o spelling. Vamos a ver que el spelling de los sonidos vocálicos
del inglés no siempre condice con el sonido producido, como sucede con el español. Por lo
tanto, es necesario tener en cuenta su ortografía para poder anticipar su pronunciación en
palabras que no conocemos. Vamos a ver de qué se trata:
You already know this diagram, which represents the inside of the oral cavity. Please, take into
account that for the feature of height there are four different characteristics: close, half-close,
half-open and open.
Half-close
Half-open
How to make the /i:/ sound:
Deben extender sus labios, como para sonreír. Su lengua debe tocar los lados de sus dientes.
Sus labios deben estar un poco más cerrados que para producir /i:/. Su lengua se debería
ubicar un poco más atrás, tocando las muelas.
/ɪ/ Front, between close and half close, neutral, short. E.g ‘ship’
Usually spelled:
‘i’ rich sit bit
Sus labios deben formar una especie de túnel. Su lengua debe estar retraída hacia la parte
trasera de la cavidad oral.
Sus labios se mantienen casi en la misma posición que para la producción de /u:/, pero su
lengua va a estar un poco más adelante
Para producir este sonido la parte central de su lengua debe estar baja y deben relajar su
mandíbula.
/ʌ/ Central, between open and half open, neutral, short. E.g ‘love’
Usually spelled:
‘u’ cut luck number
‘o’ London month Monday done
‘ou’ country trouble
Deben redondear sus labios un poco y colocar la punta de su lengua detrás de los dientes
inferiores.
/ɒ/ Back, open, rounded, short. E.g ‘what’, ‘was’
Usually spelled:
‘a’ was what watch
‘o’ + final consonant or ‘t’ dog dot
‘o’ + ‘ck’ dock block
‘o’ + CC doll sorry
Deben redondear sus labios, bajar un poco su mandibular y la punta de su lengua debe estar
un poco más abajo que para la producción de /ɒ/, no debe estar en contacto con los dientes
inferiores.
/ɔ:/ Back, between half open and half close, fully rounded, long. E.g ‘daughter’
Usually spelled:
‘a’ all ball water talk
‘au’ daughter caught taught
‘aw’ awesome saw
‘or’ born sort horse
‘oor’ door floor
‘oar’ board
Para producir este sonido deben extender sus labios un poco y relajar su lengua.
/e/ Front, between have close and half open, slightly spread, short. E.g ‘bed’
Usually spelled:
‘e’ bed Fedex fest check
‘ea’ bread head
‘a’ any many Thames
Deben abrir la boca y relajar su lengua para que la parte trasera baje un poco.
/ɜ:/ Central, between half open and half close, slightly spread, long. E.g ‘girl’
Usually spelled:
‘ir’ bird circle thirty
‘er’ service Germany verb
‘or’ world worse work
‘ur’ turn church Thursday
‘our’ journey
‘ear’ early learn earth
The /ə/ sound or Schwa
/ə/ Central, between half open and half close, neutral, short. E.g ‘famous’
The /ə/ is a neutral vowel sound and, since it is different from other vowel sounds we are
going to study it in detail.
This vowel is the most frequently occurring in English and is not articulated with a lot of effort
and energy. It generally occurs in weak or non-stressed syllables. But, in order to know where
to produce this sound, we should look at spelling.
Usually spelled:
‘a’ attend arrive
‘ar’ monarchy
‘ate’ desperate intimate
‘o’ tomorrow carrot
‘or’ forget for
‘e’ prominent violet
‘er’ perhaps permission
‘u’ support autumn
‘ough’ thorough
‘ous’ famous nervous
‘ness’ happiness darkness
Roach, Peter (2009) English Phonetics and Phonology, a practical course 4°edition.
Cambridge: CUP
Marks, Jonathan (2007) English Pronunciation in Use, Elementary. Cambridge: CUP
Material de estudio - Clase 04
Diphthongs
“A diphthong is a vowel sound in which there is a change in quality during a single syllable, as
in the English words boy, buy, bow. Diphthongs can be analyzed as a sequence of two vowels
or as vowel + glide.”
In English there are 8 diphthong sounds and they are classified as follows:
1 2
2.a 2.b
1. Centring Diphthongs:
/ɪə/
The glide begins in the position for /ɪ/, moving down and back
towards / ə/.
The lips are neutral, but with a small movement from spread to
open.
Some common spellings for this diphthong are:
‘ea’ Real
‘ere’ Here
‘eer’ Beer
‘ear’ Near
/ʊə/
The glide begins in the position for /ʊ/, moving forwards and down towards /ə/. The lips are
loosely rounded, becoming neutrally spread.
This is becoming a rare diphthong, but there are people who still produce it in their
speech. Now it is starting to be replaced by /ɔ:/.
/eə/
The glide begins in the position for /e/, moving back towards / ə/.
The lips remain neutrally open.
2. Closing Diphthongs:
Son llamados ‘closing’ porque el ‘glide’ que realiza la lengua tiende hacia el área de la cavidad
oral que corresponde al área de articulación de los sonidos cerrados. Generalmente el
movimiento de la lengua no llega a alcanzar la posición de las vocales cerradas. Sin embargo,
lo importante es que se produce un ‘glide’ que tiende hacia ese lugar de articulación.
Aquí hay dos clases de diptongos: los que tienden hacia /ɪ/ y los que tienden hacia /ʊ/.
/aɪ/
The glide begins in an open position, between front and centre,
moving up, slightly forward towards /ɪ/.
The lips move from neutral to loosely spread.
/ɔɪ/
The glide begins in the position for /ɔ/, moving up and forward
towards /ɪ/.
The lips start open and rounded and change to neutral.
/əʊ/ /aʊ/
/əʊ/
The glide begins in the position for /ə/ moving up and
back towards /ʊ/. The lips are neutral but change to loosely
rounded.
/aʊ/
The glide begins in a position quite similar to /ɑː/ moving
up towards /ʊ/. The lips start neutral, with a movement to loosely
rounded.
Roach, Peter (2009) English Phonetics and Phonology, a practical course 4°edition.
Cambridge: CUP
Marks, Jonathan (2007) English Pronunciation in Use, Elementary. Cambridge: CUP
Material de estudio – Clase 05
Fonética y Fonología Inglesa I
Profesora: Zanek, Emilia
In English there are structural or grammatical words that help us build the sentences but they
have little meaning, compared to content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs):
articles, prepositions, conjunctions, determiners, pronouns and auxiliaries are some of these
words. Since they do not carry the main meaning and content of the language they are,
therefore, normally unstressed.
When these types of words have no stress they are weakened. That weakened form is called
weak form as opposed to strong form, which is the full form of the word pronounced with
stress, mainly when we pronounce the words alone, or when we emphasize them.
Weak forms are very often pronounced with a schwa, so they are very weak and sometimes a
bit difficult to hear properly. In general, weak forms do not tend to occur in sentence initial
position, sentence final position or in contrastive / emphatic use.
¿Por qué es importante aprender cómo se usan las formas débiles de algunas
palabras en inglés?
Hay dos razones principales: primero, porque la mayoría de los hablantes nativos del inglés
encuentran que un discurso que contiene formas fuertes suena poco natural. Esto es algo que
la mayoría de los estudiantes de una lengua extranjera deberían evitar. Segundo, y el más
importante, porque los hablantes que no están familiarizados con las formas débiles son más
propensos a tener dificultades al tratar de entender a los hablantes que sí usan formas débiles,
y ya que prácticamente todos los hablantes nativos del inglés usan formas débiles, los
estudiantes necesitan aprender acerca de estas para poder entender lo que están
escuchando.
The following tables show you the most important and frequent words that can be classified
as having a weak form and, a less frequent, strong form:
ARTICLES
PREPOSITIONS
PRONOUNS
PRIMARY AUXILIARIES
VERB TO BE
NEGATIVE CONTRACTED AUXILIARIES
Material de estudio – Clase 06
Fonética y Fonología Inglesa I
Profesora: Zanek, Emilia
VOWELS:
Aprender sobre las características de las vocales y como se pronuncian correctamente puede ser
muy confuso. Es por eso que sugiero mirar los siguientes videos, en los que se explica de manera
sencilla y con ejemplos la pronunciación de las 12 vocales del inglés.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TjZ2HI4hoAI&list=PLtdv1ldivvsyzkyIwsTK_XLQPksLX
QowD
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jORgKrANiMw&list=PLLmk_1x96FKCW2b99ihkAsTyi
hTKuxrNz&index=1&ab_channel=PronunciationwithEmma
Este sonido vocálico es el más común en la lengua inglesa y el que suele presentar más
dificultades a la hora de estudiar la fonética.
En ingles, como en español, hay silabas o palabras que no llevan ningún tipo de acento, es ahí
donde, generalmente, vamos a encontrar este sonido vocálico. Los siguientes videos están
dedicados enteramente a analizar los contextos en los que se pronuncia esta vocal.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubAeYNeQUiA&ab_channel=PronunciationwithEm
ma
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XOQqOw9839c&ab_channel=Flagfai
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-
LH9BYFgtFw&list=PLtdv1ldivvsyzkyIwsTK_XLQPksLXQowD&index=15&ab_channel=Ingl%C3%
A9sKikeRodr%C3%ADguez
DIPHTONGS:
En ingles existen ocho diptongos diferentes. Aprender su correcta pronunciación nos ayudará a
poder entender y hacernos entender mucho mejor. Los siguientes videos desarrollan uno a uno
cada diptongo.
/ɪə/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vC0h4S0YPJc&list=PLD6B222E02447DC07&index=
20
/ʊə/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHSqluHrD-
U&list=PLD6B222E02447DC07&index=26
/eə/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0J7-5maJJIk&list=PLD6B222E02447DC07&index=24
/eɪ/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5FMPlqlFt9g&list=PLD6B222E02447DC07&index=18
/aɪ/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hb8COxAtl14&list=PLD6B222E02447DC07&index=2
5
/ɔɪ/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFRrEI85IcM&list=PLD6B222E02447DC07&index=32
/əʊ/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1BRCG0P9C8&list=PLD6B222E02447DC07&index
=23
/aʊ/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9WDnVMQIaTs&list=PLD6B222E02447DC07&index=23
Sé que algunos de ustedes tienen inconvenientes con los sonidos vocálicos así que les dejo algunas
worksheets online para que puedan practicar y de paso adquieran un poco más de vocabulario.
En la siguiente página van a encontrar muchas worksheets que les pueden ayudar:
https://agendaweb.org/phonetic.html
https://agendaweb.org/phonetic-exercises.html
Cada worksheet tiene sus respuestas. Lo que pueden hacer si se equivocan es volver a repasar el
material de estudio para tratar de encontrar cual fue su error.
Material de estudio - Clase 08
Consonants are speech sounds that are characterized by an articulation with a closure or
narrowing of the vocal tract so that some kind of constriction or blockage of the air stream is
produced as it comes through the vocal tract and then escapes through the mouth or the nose.
In the English alphabet there are 26 consonants, but phonetically there are 24 consonant
sounds.
the presence or absence of voicing (whether the vocal chords vibrate or not during
the production of the sounds).
place of articulation (the location of the closure made in the vocal tract, such as
dental, bilabial, or velar)
the manner of articulation (the way in which the obstruction of the airflow is
accomplished)
VOICING:
Speech sounds are made by modifying the airstream. There are many points at which that
stream of air can be modified, and several ways in which it can be modified. The first point at
which the flow of air can be modified, as it passes from the lungs, is in the larynx (you
can feel the front of this, the Adam’s apple, protruding slightly at the front of your throat, in
which are located the vocal folds). The vocal folds may lie open, in which case the airstream
passes through them unimpeded,
Viewed from above, the vocal folds, when they lie open, look like this:
Or the vocal folds may be brought together so that they are closed, and little or no air may
flow through them from the lungs:
Para identificar si un sonido es voiced o voiceless pueden tocar la parte del tracto vocal donde
están ubicadas las cuerdas vocales y producir los sonidos, si sienten una vibración (que puede
ser leve o más fuerte) entonces el sonido será voiced, si no sienten vibración se trata de un
sonido voiceless.
PLACE OF ARTICULATION:
This feature of the articulation of consonants refers to the place and therefore the
articulators involved in the production of the sounds. Next we're going to study them in
detail.
1- Bilabial sounds:
They are articulated when the upper and lower lips come into
contact to form an obstruction of the air flow.
Bilabial consonants:
/p/ pin
/b/ bake
/m/ main
/w/ wait
2- Labio-dental sounds:
They are formed when there is a constriction between the lower lip
and the upper teeth.
Labio-dental consonants:
/f/ friend
/v/ voice
3- Dental sounds:
They are produced when the tip of the tongue comes between the
upper teeth and the lower teeth. The tip of the tongue is in contact
with the upper teeth.
Dental sounds:
/θ/ thing
/ð/ these
4- Alveolar sounds:
Sounds in which there is a constriction between the blade or tip of the tongue and the
alveolar ridge are called alveolar sounds.
Alveolar consonants:
/s/ Sunday
/z/ size
/t/ TV
/d/ date
/n/ nose
/l/ look
5- Post-alveolar sounds:
They are articulated when the blade of the tongue comes closer to the palato-alveolar (or
post-alveolar) region pf the mouth. There is no contact between these two articulators.
Post-alveolar:
/ʃ/ show
/ʒ/ usually
/dʒ/ George
/tʃ/ watch
/r/ red
6- Palatal sounds:
These sounds are articulated when the front of the tongue comes
into contact with the hard palate.
Palatal consonant:
/j/ yesterday
7- Velar sounds:
Are produced when the back of the tongue touches the soft palate
or velum, and this creates a constriction of the airflow.
Velar consonants:
/k/ cake
/g/ garden
/ŋ/ long
8- Glottal sound:
This sound is produced in the place that is between the vocal folds, which is called Glottis. In
this place, the vowel sounds are articulated, that is where the following consonant sound is
also articulated
/h/ hospital
MANNER OF ARTICULATION:
This aspect is related to the way in which the air flows through the oral cavity and the type of
closures made by the articulators.
1- Plosive
Plosives are consonant sounds produced when one articulator is moved against another so
that no air escapes from the vocal tract. Immediately after this constriction is released air,
still under pressure, is released in an explosive way producing noise, this noise is called
plosion.
/p/ Peter
/b/ building
/t/ taste
/d/ did
/k/ school
/g/ bigger
2- Fricative
Fricatives are consonants with the characteristic that air escapes through a narrow passage
and makes a hissing sound.
/f/ phone
/v/ travel
/θ/ month
/ð/ other
/s/ science
/z/ music
/ʃ/ fresh
/ʒ/ television
/h/ hello
3- Affricate
Affricates are rather complex consonants they begin as plosives and end as fricatives.
/dʒ/ jeans
/tʃ/ choose
4- Nasal
The basic characteristic of a nasal consonant is that the air escapes through the nose. For
this to happen, there is a complete closure in the mouth at some point.
/m/ summer
/n/ nothing
/ŋ/ nothing
5- Lateral
Lateral is a consonant in which the passage of air through the mouth does not go in the usual
way along the center of the tongue; instead, there is a complete closure between the center
of the tongue and the part of the hard palate where contact is to be made, so the only way
for the air to escape is along the sides of the tongue.
/l/ yellow
6- Approximant
Approximant this manner of articulation is brother difficult to describe. For the production of
this type of consonants the articulators approach each other but do not get sufficiently closed
to produce a complete plosive nasal or fricative sound.
/j/ Europe
/w/ one
/r/ sorry
In this chart you will find every english consonant sound and its classification
Roach, Peter (2009) English Phonetics and Phonology, a practical course 4°edition.
Cambridge: CUP
Marks, Jonathan (2007) English Pronunciation in Use, Elementary. Cambridge: CUP
Material de estudio - Clase 09
/p/ /b/
HOW TO MAKE THE SOUND /p/
Stop the air behind your lips. Open your lips to release the air.
If you hold a piece of paper in front of your mouth when you
open your lips, the paper moves.
‘pp’ happy
Stop the air behind your lips. Open your lips to release the
air. You should feel your vocal cords vibrate. If you hold a
piece of paper in front of your mouth when you open your
lips, the paper does not move.
‘b’ beach
‘bb’ bubble
Note: /b/ is silent at the end of a few words: climb, bomb, thumb, comb.
Stop the air with your tongue behind your teeth. Move
your tongue down to release the air. If you hold a piece of
paper in front of your mouth when you move your tongue
down, the paper should move.
‘tt’ better
Stop the air with your tongue behind your teeth. Move your
tongue down to release the air. You should feel your vocal
cords vibrating. If you try holding a piece of paper in front of
your mouth, the paper does not move.
Stop the air with the back of your tongue against the
soft palate. Move your tongue to release the air. If you
hold a piece of paper you front of your mouth when you
release the air, the paper moves.
‘c ’car clean
Stop the air with the back of your tongue against the soft
palate. Move your tongue to release the air. There is
voicing. If you hold a paper in front of your mouth when
articulating this sound, the paper does not move.
‘gg’ egg
/f/ /v/
HOW TO MAKE THE SOUND /f/
Press your upper teeth to your lower lip. If you put your
hand in front of your mouth you can feel the air coming
out.
‘f’ feel free
‘ff’ coffee
‘ph’ phone
‘gh’ laugh
HOW TO MAKE THE SOUND /v/
To produce this sound, you do the same as for /f/, only this
time you should feel your vocal cords vibrate.
/θ/ /ð/
HOW TO MAKE THE SOUND /θ/
B: These?
/s/ /z/
HOW TO MAKE THE SOUND /s/
This sound is articulated the same as the previous one. But it's
different from it because this time there is voicing.
/ʃ/ /ʒ/
HOW TO MAKE THE SOUND /ʃ/
But also:
‘c’ ocean
‘ch’ machine
‘ci’ special
‘s’ sugar
‘ss’ Russia
‘ti’ international
‘si’ television
‘u’ usually
/h/
HOW TO MAKE THE SOUND /h/
/tʃ/ /dʒ/
‘g’ general
‘ge’ age
‘dge’ fridge
‘mm’ summer
‘mb’ comb
‘mn’ autumn
When you say these sound the air comes through your
nose. You press your tongue against the alveolar ridge.
There is voicing.
‘nn’ dinner
But also:
/l/
HOW TO MAKE THE SOUND /l/
Note: in some words, this sound is silent: Half, talk, could, should, would.
‘o’ one
‘q + u’ question
‘rr’ ferry
Roach, Peter (2009) English Phonetics and Phonology, a practical course 4°edition.
Cambridge: CUP
Marks, Jonathan (2007) English Pronunciation in Use, Elementary. Cambridge: CUP
Material de estudio - Clase 10
Primero les voy a compartir algunos videos que, a mi criterio, les pueden ser de mucha ayuda
al aprender como pronunciar los sonidos consonánticos del inglés:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nI9BL4AB5Y0&list=PLLmk_1x96FKCW2b99ihkAsTyihTK
uxrNz&index=4&ab_channel=PronunciationwithEmma
Practica extra:
En la siguiente página van a encontrar muchas worksheets que les pueden ayudar:
https://agendaweb.org/phonetic-transcription-exercises.html
Material de estudio - Clase 11
Rules of Pronunciation:
English has rules of pronunciation for certain regularities, which are strongly influenced by the
voicing of the final sound of the base form. Esto quiere decir que la pronunciación de esas
regularidades va a cambiar de acuerdo al sonido final de la palabra base (si es voiced o
voiceless). Por lo tanto, es importante prestar atención a las siguientes reglas:
1) Pronouncing - s endings
Most English nouns form their plural by adding an –s or -es to their base form. e.g., “time –
times”. Verbs behave the same way in the third person singular. e.g. “watch – watches”, but
the spoken realization of “s” and “es” is pronounced in the following way:
a) If the final sound of a noun base form is a voiced sound, the plural is pronounced /z/.
b) When the final sound is a voiceless sound, the plural is pronounced with the voiceless /s/.
c) And when the final sound is a sibilant or fricative one, such as /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /ʧ/, /ʤ/
the plural is pronounced /ɪz/.
d) The same holds for verbs in the simple present tense, third person singular:
e) When we add –‘s to make the possessive or genitive case, the same occurs. For example,
“Paul’s, Bob’s, Pat’s, Claire’s”.
f) Sometimes plural, 3rd person or genitive endings are pronounced by adding another
syllable. For example, “fax” is one syllable but “faxes” is two syllables. Also:
Chris’s kisses Trish’s wishes Rose’s roses The witch’s watches George’s fridges
So, we use -s (or -es) endings in four different ways:
1. In plural nouns: why have you got free phones on your desk?
2. In verbs: she phones him every day.
3. In possessives: have you got Maria's phone number?
4. In the contractions of ‘is’ and ‘has’: the phone's ringing. The film's started.
When we add an -s or -es ending to a word, the number of syllables in the word sometimes
stays the same. But sometimes we add an extra syllable to the pronunciation.
To make the past tense and the participle tense of regular verbs, we need to add the ending
–ed to the verbs. Sometimes that ending is pronounced as a single sound, but it can also be
pronounced as an extra syllable.
Regular verbs take “-ed” to form the simple past tense and the past participle, but it is
pronounced in three different ways:
a) When the final sound of the infinitive form is a voiced sound, it is pronounced /d/
/reɪnd/ / riˈtɜːnd/
b) When the final sound of the infinitive form is a voiceless sound, it is pronounced /t/ as in
/ stɒpt/ /lʊkt/
c) finally, when the final sound are the alveolar sounds /t/ or /d/, it is pronounced /ɪd/, adding
another syllable:
/ˈkraʊdɪd/ /ˈstɑːtɪd/
Note: the same rule applies to participial adjectives: ashamed, depressed, excited
/b/ Rubbed /rʌbd/
/g/ Tugged /tʌgd/
/dʒ/ Managed /mænɪdʒd/
/d/ /l/ Filled /fɪld/
/m/ Dimmed /dɪmd/
/n/ Listened /lɪsnd/
V + /r/ Stirred /stɜ:d/
/v/ Loved /lʌvd/
/z/ Seized /si:zd/
/k/ Packed /pækt/
/s/ Passed /pɑ:st/
/t/ /tʃ/ Watched /wɒtʃt/
/ʃ/ Washed /wɒʃt/
/f/ Laughed /lɑ:ft/
/p/ Tipped /tɪpt/
Roach, Peter (2009) English Phonetics and Phonology, a practical course 4°edition.
Cambridge: CUP
Marks, Jonathan (2007) English Pronunciation in Use, Elementary. Cambridge: CU