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el calcio y el magnesio
Resumen
La presión arterial (PA) elevada es uno de los principales facto-
res de riesgo de la enfermedad, cardiaca, cerebrovascular y re-
nal. Su aumento se debe entre otros a factores dietéticos, genéti-
cos y a sus interacciones, entre otros. Un respaldo amplio de evi-
dencia científica, apoya fuertemente el concepto de que los facto-
res dietarios afectan la PA. Las modificaciones dietarias y de es-
tilo de vida que disminuyen la PA son: la reducción del consumo
de sal, deficiencia en calorías que induce a pérdida de peso, acti-
vidad física regular, moderación en la ingesta de alcohol, au-
mento en la ingesta de potasio y consumo de una dieta total
saludable, como la dieta DASH (Dietary Approaches to Prevent
and Treat Hypertension). Específicamente las personas de raza
negra son más sensibles a la disminución de la PA, cuando se les
reduce la ingesta de sal, se aumenta la de potasio y se les ofrece
la dieta estilo DASH. Las personas de mayor edad, con alto ries-
go de sufrir enfermedades secundarias a la PA elevada, de tipo
cardíaco, cerebrovascular y renal, pueden mejorar sus cifras ten-
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases inclu-
ding stroke, coronary heart disease, cardiac failure, and end stage renal di-
sease. Elevated blood pressure results from interactions between environmen-
tal, nutritional and genetic factors. A wide scientific evidence strongly su-
pports the concept, that nutritional components can affect the blood pressure.
There are some comprehensive lifestyle and dietary modifications that can
substantially lower blood pressure and improve blood pressure control. Afri-
can-Americans particularly are more sensible to reduce blood pressure when
they decrease salt consumption, reduced intake of alcohol, increase potassium
intake and follow the DASH Diet. Elderly people, with high blood pressure
are at risk for chronic disease and they can also get beneficial effects of heal-
thful lifestyle modifications in the prevention and management of hyperten-
sion. Some epidemiologic and clinical trials with animal models have assessed
the relationship between increased dietary calcium intake and its protective
role for the control of hypertension, therefore scientific studies to prove these
facts are still going on and more scientific evidence is necessary.
Tomado de The Seven Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection,
Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure 2003; 1-40.
Conclusiones
1. La HTA es una entidad patológica que tiene una etiología muy am-
plia, cuyo tratamiento debe estar enfocado hacia la modificación de
estilos de vida como pieza clave en la promoción y prevención de
esta enfermedad.
2. Entre las modificaciones de la dieta que disminuyen la PA están: la
reducción del peso y del consumo de sal, moderación en el consumo
de alcohol, aumento en el consumo de potasio y la adopción de un
patrón de dieta saludable, como lo es la dieta DASH, que está basa-
da en frutas, verduras, lácteos descremados y granos.
3. La relación entre ingesta de sodio y la PA es directa y progresiva, sin
un umbral aparente. Es importante fomentar un consumo de sodio
adecuado que trate de acercarse a los valores de ingestas dietética
recomendados para la población en general con el fin de prevenir y
tratar la HTA.
4. En cuanto a la asociación del calcio y magnesio con la PA es débil y
se debe continuar investigando.
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