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Historia del artículo: La mayoría de los materiales utilizados actualmente para envasar alimentos no son degradables, lo que
Recibido el 3 de enero de genera problemas medioambientales. Se han explotado varios biopolímeros para desarrollar materiales de
2009
envasado ecológico de alimentos. Sin embargo, el uso de biopolímeros se ha visto limitado por sus
Aceptado el 30 de marzo
de 2009 escasas propiedades mecánicas y de barrera, que pueden mejorarse añadiendo compuestos de refuerzo
(rellenos), formando compuestos. La mayoría de los materiales reforzados presentan interacciones
deficientes entre la matriz y el relleno, que tienden a mejorar con la disminución de las dimensiones del
Palabras clave relleno. El uso de rellenos con al menos una dimensión a nanoescala (nanopartículas) produce nanocom-
Nanotecnología Polímeros puestos. Las nanopartículas tienen una superficie proporcionalmente mayor que sus homólogas a
biodegradables Bigotes microescala, lo que favorece las interacciones relleno-matriz y el rendimiento del material resultante.
Nanofillers Además de los nanorein- forzamientos, las nanopartículas pueden tener otras funciones cuando se añaden
a un polímero, como actividad antimicrobiana, inmovilización de enzimas, biosensores, etc. Se describen
los principales tipos de nanopartículas que se han estudiado para su uso en sistemas de envasado de
alimentos, así como sus efectos y aplicaciones.
2009 Elsevier Ltd. Todos los derechos
reservados.
Contenido
1. Introducción .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1241
2. Nanorefuerzos .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1241
2.1. Arcillas y silicatos ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1241
2.1.1. Estructura, propiedades y tipos de materiales compuestos ........................................................................................................................................1241
2.1.2. Mejora de la compatibilidad de las arcillas con los polímeros.................................................................................................................................1242
2.1.3. Aplicaciones de los nanocompuestos de arcilla...............................................................................................................................................................1242
2.1.4. Ensamblaje capa por capa (LbL) con arcillas ...................................................................................................................................................................1243
2.2. Nanorefuerzos a base de celulosa ......................................................................................................................................................................................................1243
2.2.1. Estructura y obtención........................................................................................................................................................................................................1243
2.2.2. Factores que afectan al rendimiento de los nanorefuerzos de celulosa ..................................................................................................................1244
2.2.3. Aplicaciones y efectos en matrices de polímeros .........................................................................................................................................................1245
2.2.4. Mejora de la compatibilidad entre nanofibras de celulosa y matrices hidrófobas..............................................................................................1246
2.3. Nanotubos de carbono ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................1246
2.4. Sílice (SiO )2 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1246
2.5. Nanocristales de almidón .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................1246
2.6. Nanopartículas de quitina/quitosán...................................................................................................................................................................................................1247
3. Nanocompuestos antimicrobianos ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................1247
4. Láminas captadoras de oxígeno.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................1248
4.1. Nanosensores...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1248
4.2. Detección de gases producidos por el deterioro de los alimentos. ..........................................................................................................................................1248
4.3. O2 indicadores........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1249
5. Sistemas de inmovilización de enzimas a nanoescala ..............................................................................................................................................................................1249
6. Consideraciones finales........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1249
Referencias............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1250
* Tel: +55 85 32991850; fax: +55 85 32991833.
Dirección de correo electrónico: ette@cnpat.embrapa.br
0963-9969/$ - see front matter © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. Todos los derechos reservados.
doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2009.03.019
Henriette M.C. de Azeredo / Food Research International 42 (2009) 1240-1253 1241
2. Nanorefuerzos
ha centrado su atención principalmente en los sólidos inorgánicos Fig. 2. Tipos de compuestos derivados de la interacción entre arcillas y polímeros:
estratificados, como las arcillas y los silicatos, debido a su (a) microcompuesto con separación de fases; (b) nanocompuesto intercalado y (c)
disponibilidad, bajo coste, mejoras significativas y procesabilidad nanocompuesto exfoliado. (Alexandre & Dubois, 2000).
Fig. 3. Estructura interna de una microfibrilla de celulosa: (A) una cadena de celulosa; (B) una fibrilla elemental que contiene haces de cadenas de celulosa; (C) fibrillas
elementales paralelas; (D) cuatro microfibrillas unidas por hemicelulosa y lignina. (Adaptado de Ramos, 2003).
3. Nanocompuestos antimicrobianos
4.1. Nanosensores
4.3. O2 indicadores
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