â\d Aph© r Ñ : âs f000

hu.r_.k„.2538, rh.k.2068, îphZ hv$ 2

_¡ iy¾$hpf sp.03-08-2012 `|Äe bl¡_îu
Q„`pb¡__u 99du S>ÞdÄe„su
© g¡ M L$_¡ Ap^u_
A_y ¾ $ d rZL$ p
klep¡ N d| ë e :—ê$p.f0/-
ê$p.f0/- v âL$pi__y „ r_h¡ v $_ ..................... 3

âprá õ\p_ : v g¡ M L$_y „ r_h¡ v $_ ........................ 4

hp„ L $p_¡ f qv$N„ b f S>¥ _ k„ O bpfcph_p rhje âh¡ i ......................... 5
âsp` fp¡X$, v¡$_pb¢L$_u bpSy>dp„,
hp„L$p_¡f -363621 (kp¥fpô²$) cph_p : 01. Ar_Ðecph_p .................... 25
ap¡_ : 02828-223596 cph_p : 02. AifZcph_p ..................... 45
Email : subhash.sheth@yahoo.co.in
cph_p : 03. k„ k pfcph_p ....................... 61
( `p¡õV$\u `yõsL$ d¡mhhp D`fp¡Ls õ\m¡ `|fp kf_pdp
kp\¡ gMu S>Zphhy.„ Ap A_¡ ApNpdu âL$pi_p¡_p„ h¡QpZ cph_p : 04. A¡ L $Ðhcph_p .................... 075
A_¡ rhsfZ ìehõ\pdp klep¡N Ap`u iL$¡ s¡hu ìeqLs
L$¡ k„õ\pA¡ D`fp¡Ls k„õ\p_p¡ k„`L®$ L$fhp rh_„rs R>¡.) cph_p : 05. AÞeÐhcph_p .................. 091

kp¡ _ NY$dp„ `y õ sL$ d¡ m hhp_y õ\p_ : cph_p : 06. Aiy r Qcph_p .................... 107
L$lp_ ApV$}L$g ApV® $ k, krdrs kpd¡ cph_p : 07. Apöhcph_p .................... 123
kp¡ _ NY k„ ` L® $ : A„rsd S>¥_ dp¡.9276869992 cph_p : 08. k„ h fcph_p ...................... 143
rls¡iLy$dpf dl¡sp dp¡.9427945248 cph_p : 09. r_S>® f pcph_p .................... 159
V$pB` k¡ V $]N : cph_p : 10. gp¡ L $cph_p ....................... 187
‘q¾$A¡Vuh’ cph_p : 11. bp¡ r ^vy $ g® c cph_p .............. 207
219,fpóV²$v$u` L$p¡ç`g¡n,
fpóV²$ue ipmp kpd¡, fpS>L$p¡V$. cph_p : 12. ^d® c ph_p ........................ 229
dp¡ . 9427213072 `qfriô : 01. bpfcph_p_p L$pìep¡ ............... 250
`qfriô$ : 02. l¡ s y g nu âñp¡ _ p S>hpb ......... 262
S>¡ L ¡ $ V$ A_¡ X$uTpB_ :
X$p¡ V $ A¡ X
234, fpS> Q¡çbk®, dpgrhep `¡V²$p¡g `„` kpd¡,
Np¢X$g fp¡X$, fpS>L$p¡V$-1. ap¡_ : 6626073

rQÓL$pf :
_gu_ ky Q L$ : dp¡ . 9427252204

dy Ö L$ :
L$lp_ dy Ö Zpge
kp¡_NY$ (kp¥fpóV²$)
ap¡_ : 02846-244081
dy M `© ô $: k„ k pfcph_p_u L$\p_y „ rQÓ
 & âL$ p iL$ _ y „ r_h¡ v $ _ &
bpfcph_p A¡ op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S> _rl, `f„sy dydynysp_u `Z S>__u R>¡. s¡\u dydyny
kdpS>dp„ s¡ kyârkqÙ A_¡ kyrhqv$s R>¡. sp¡`Z bpfcph_p `¥L$u S>¡ s¡ cph_p_y„ õhê$`, s¡_u
tQsh_ âq¾$ep, tQsh_ dpV¡$_y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ, s¡ L$B fus¡ hõsyõhê$`_u kdS>Z L$fph_pf
R>¡, L$B fus¡ hõsyõhê$`_u kdS>Z`|hL® $_p A\p®s¹ op_`|hL® $_p h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ R>¡, s¡_„y âep¡S>_ krls_y„
rhi¡j am hN¡f¡ S>¡hu bpbsp¡ AârkÙ A_¡ AÅZ R>¡. bpfcph_p k„b„^u Aphu b^ue¡ bpbsp¡_¡
kp„L$mu g¡su kh®N°plu L©$rs_u AphíeL$sp lsu S>¡ Ap âL$pi_\u `|fu \i¡ s¡hu A`¡np R>¡.
bpfcph_p k„b„^u Ap `yõsL$dp„ v$f¡L$ cph_p_p A„s¡ S>¡ s¡ cph_p_¡ A_yê$` krQÓ â¡fL$
L$ \ p `Z Ap`hpdp„ Aphu R>¡ . âÐe¡ L $ L$ \ pdp„ S>¡ s¡ cph_p_p¡ kpf kdpe¡ g p¡ R>¡ , S>¡ Ap
`yõsL$_u Mpk rhi¡jsp R>¡.
g¡ M L$ _ y „ ‘ ly „ `fdpÐdp Ry > „ ’ qkÙp„s _¡ ùv$ e Ns L$ f hp_u L$ m p _pd_y „ `y õ sL$ âQ„ X $ ârskpv$
`pd¡ g R>¡ . g¡ M L$ _ u rhriô$ A_¡ h¥ o pr_L$ g¡ M _ `Ùrs A¡ L $ v $ d kfm A_¡ ky N d R>¡ . s¡ _ u
âhplu A_¡ fp¡QL i¥gu_p L$pfZ¡ s¡ kph _hp r_iprmep_¡ `Z gp¡L$cp¡Áe lp¡e R>¡. kyõ`ô$,
Ak„qv$Á^, spqL®$L$ A_¡ dyØpkf_p gMpZ_p L$pfZ¡ s¡ kp¥_¡ klS>`Z¡ A\®bp¡^ L$fph¡ R>¡.
Ap `yõsL$ www.kahanguru.org s¡d S www.atma-darshan.org D`f D`gå^
R>¡ A_¡ s¡ äu X$pD_gp¡X$ L$fu iL$pe R>¡. `pW$ipmp_p bpmL$p¡ s¡d S> rinZ rirbfdp„ Ap
rhje_p rinZ dpV¡$_u `phf `p¡BÞV$ â¡TÞV¡$i__u ku.X$u. dp„NZu L$fhp\u dmu iL¡$ R>¡.
hY$ h pZ_p rhÜp_ b° û Qpfu îu hSy > cpB ipl¡ Ap `y õ sL$ _ y „ kdN° gMpZ s`pku Ap`u
D`ep¡Nu dpN®v$i®_ `|{„ `pX¡$g R>¡. kp¡_NY$dp„ fl¡sp gp¡L$cpfsu kZp¡kfp_p r_h©Ñ âuÞku`pg
îu ^uê$ c pB v¡ $ k pBA¡ cpjpiy q Ù L$ f u Ap`¡ g R>¡ . fpS>L$ p ¡ V $ _ p Asy g cpB ^uepA¡ ây a k„ i p¡ ^ _
\u âL$ p i_ ky ^ u_p kOmp„ L$ p ep£ d p„ klep¡ N Ap`¡ g R>¡ . s¡ d S> fpS>L$ p ¡ V $ _ p frkL$ c pB ipl,
k¥g¡jcpB Np„^u, qL$fZb¡_ Np„^u hN¡f¡ dydynyAp¡A¡ `Z âya k„ip¡^_dp„ dv$v$ L$fu R>¡. dp¡fbu_p
luf¡_ i¡W¡$ `phf`p¡BÞV$ â¡TÞV¡$i_ s¥epf L$fu Ap`¡g R>¡. kycpjcpC_p„ rinL$ rdÓ _gu_ k|QL¡$
ky „ v $ f rQÓp¡ s¥ e pf L$ f u Ap`¡ g R>¡ . fpS>L$ p ¡ V $ _ p ¾$ u A¡ V $ u h¡ V$ p B` k¡ V $ ] N A_¡ X$ p ¡ V $ A¡ X ¡ $ ap¡ f
L$ g f S>¡ L $ ¡ V $ A_¡ X$ u TpB_ s\p kp¡ _ NY_p$ L$ l p_ dy Ö Zpge¡ âuÞV$ ] N-bpBÞX$ ] N_y „ L$ p d L$ f u
Ap`¡g R>¡ s¡ kh¡®_p¡ lpqv®$L$ Apcpf dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
Ap `y õ sL$ _ p Aæepk Üpfp kp¥ bpfcph_p_y „ lpv® $ A_¡ s¡ _ y „ am âpá L$ f ¡ s¡ h u `rhÓ cph_p.

304, Tall Oak Trail, lkdy M d. ipl

Tarapon spring, Fl 34688 USA âdy M îu
Web:www.atma-darshan.org S>¥_ õhpÂepe d„qv$f kp¡_NY$, USA
Email : Hasmukh33@yahoo.com
Ph.:001-727-934-3255,
Mob.:001-727-534-5168
Dt.: 03/08/2012
 @ g¡ M L$ _ y „ r_h¡ v $ _ ?
`| Ä e Ny { v¡ $ h îu L$ p _Æõhpdu
_ÆõhpduA¡ bpf cph_p rhj¡ rhiv$ R>ZphV$ L$ f u_¡ s¡ _ ¡ op_`| h ® L $ _ p h¥ f pÁe_u
S>__u sfuL¡$ rbfv$ph¡g R>¡. s¡ Ap^pf¡ Ap `yõsL$_y„ _pd `k„v$ L$fpe¡gy„ R>¡.
`| Ä e bl¡ _ îu Q„ ` pb¡ _ ¡ _p_u Jdfdp„ gM¡ g r_b„ ^ ‘ lz „ ¼ep dpN£ ’ dp„ Ap S>Nsdp„ dpÓ
b¡ S> dpN® v$ip®ìep R>¡ •• A¡L$ k„kpf_p¡ A_¡ buÅ¡ dp¡n_p¡. A_pqv$ k„kpf_p dpN®\u `pR>p hmu
dp¡n_p dpN®dp„ âh¡ihp dpV¡$ k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe S> L$pe®L$pfu R>¡. `f„sy Ap h¥fpÁe op_`|h®L$_p¡ lp¡hp¡
S>ê$ f u R>¡ . bl¡ _ îu op_ rh_p_p h¥ f pÁe_¡ h¥ f pÁe S> L$ l ¡ s p _\u `Z ê„ $ ^ pe¡ g p¡ L$ j pe L$ l ¡ R>¡ . s¡ \ u
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_y„ S> dlÐh R>¡ A_¡ s¡ dpV¡$_y„ A¡L$ dpÓ kp^_ bpf cph_p S> R>¡.
bpf cph_p k„ b „ ^ u QQp® gNcN v$ f ¡ L $ ipõÓdp„ L$ p ¡ B _¡ L$ p ¡ B âL$ p f¡ Å¡ h p dm¡ R>¡ . s¡ kh£ _ y „
v$ p ¡ l _ L$ f u_¡ Al] bpf¡ e cph_pAp¡ _ y „ dy Ø pkf, spqL® $ L $ A_¡ h¥ o pr_L$ `Ùrs\u rhh¡ Q _ L$ f hp_p¡ rh_d°
âepk R>¡. S>¥_ ipõÓp¡_y„ L$\_ _p[õs\u (Negative) lp¡e sp¡`Z s¡_y„ âep¡S>_ A[õs_¡ (Positive) S> v$ip®hhp_y„
lp¡e R>¡. hpõshdp„ A[õs_y„ S> dlÐh Ar^L$ lp¡e R>¡. Ap bpbs_¡ gndp„ gB_¡ Ar_Ðecph_pdp„ Ar_Ðe_u
rh{Ù r_Ðe iy„ R>¡, AifZ cph_pdp„ AifZ_u kpd¡ ifZ iy„ R>¡, hN¡f¡ âL$pf¡ rhi¡j R>ZphV$ L$fhpdp„
Aphu R>¡. s¡\u bpf cph_p_y„ flõe A_¡ s¡_p tQsh__u ep¡Áe `Ùrs kpfu fus¡ kdÆ iL$pe R>¡.
bpf cph_p
cph_p_p¡ rhje âp\rdL$ dy d y n y A p¡ dpV¡ $ AÐe„ s dlÐh_p¡ A_¡ d| m c| s R>¡ . s¡ _ p sgõ`i}
Aæepk\u S> hõsyõhê$`_u kpQu kdS>Z Aph¡ R>¡. Aphu kdS>Z\u S> k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ klS> h¥fpÁe
Aph¡ R>¡ . A_¡ k„ k pf âÐe¡ _ p klS> h¥ f pÁe rh_p `pfdpr\® L $ `„ \ dp„ âh¡ i `Z `pdu iL$ p sp¡ _\u.
Ap fus¡ bpf cph_p_p rhje_u Ar_hpe® AphíeL$sp R>¡. `fsy Ap dpV¡$ bpf cph_p k„b„^u k„`|Z®
A_¡ khp¯ N uZ rhh¡ Q _ A¡ L $ S> õ\m¡ lp¡ e sp¡ s¡ D`ep¡ N u b_¡ . bpf cph_p_p rhje dpV¡ $ _ u Ap
âL$pf_u AphíeL$sp `|fu `pX$hpdp„ Ap `yõsL$ knd \i¡ A¡hu Apip R>¡.
bpf cph_p
cph_p_p¡ rhje kph®rÓL$ A_¡ kph®S>r_L$ R>¡. hmu s¡ kfm, kyNd A_¡ kh®rhqv$s dp_hdp„
Aph¡ R>¡. sp¡`Z s¡_p¡ Aæepk Ars Nl_ A_¡ N„cuf R>¡. s¡\u r_S>cph_p A\£ Ap bpf cph_p_u
fQ_p R>¡ . A_¡ kp\¡ kp\¡ AÞe rS>opky Æhp¡ `Z s¡ _ p¡ gpc d¡ m h¡ A¡ h u cph_p R>¡ . Al] bpf
cph_p k„b„^u kh®N°plu Aæepk L$fphhp_p¡ âepk lp¡hp R>sp„ dpfu d„v$byqÙ_p L$pfZ¡ s¡ k„chsy„ _\u.
s¡\u kyo hp„QL$p¡_¡ Ap dpV¡$ S>¡ L$p„B `|s®sp L$fhp_u S>ê$f S>ZpB s¡ L$fhp A_¡ d_¡ `Z S>Zphhp
rh_„ r s R¡ . dpfu Aë`osp A_¡ Aop_sp_p L$ p fZ¡ Ap rhje_p r_ê$ ` Zdp„ L$ p ¡ B v$ p ¡ j , nrs L¡ $ L$ Q pi
lp¡e iL¡$ R>¡, S>¡ L$p¡B_p Âep_dp„ Aph¡ s¡ r_:k„L$p¡Q S>Zphhp rh_„rs R>¡. Ap rhje_¡ A_yê$` L$p¡B
kgpl, k|Q_p L¡$ dpN®vi®_ lp¡e sp¡ s¡ `Z S>Zphhp Mpk rh_„rs R>¡. _hu Aph©rsdp„ s¡_p¡ kdyrQs
D`ep¡N L$fhpdp„ Aphi¡.
bpf cph_p
cph_p_p e\p\® Aæepk`| h ® L $ _ p tQsh_ hX¡ $ kp¥ `p¡ s p_p Æh_dp„ op_`| h ® L $ _ p¡ h¥ f pÁe âpàs
L$f¡ A¡hu cph_p kl.
ky c pj S>e„ s ugpg i¡ W $
qv$hp_`fp, hp„L$p_¡f - 363621 (kp¥fpóV²$)
Email : subhash.sheth@yahoo.co.in
Ph.: 02828 - 220968 (ky c pj i¡ W $)
Dt.: 03/08/2012
6 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 rhje `°h¡i
d„NgpQfZ
(v$p¡lp)
±‹Îê Ÿ¢è ¥Úãæ¼ÐÎ, ±è¼Ú¢x¢ 籿¢¢Ý J
±Ú‡¢êæ Ï¢¢Úã-|¢¢±Ý¢, …x¢…è±Ý-çã¼ …¢Ý JJ
cphp\® : îu Aqfl„s cNhp_ A_¡ s¡d_p Üpfp
`°êr`s husfpN rhop__¡ h„v$_ L$fu_¡ S>Ns_p cìe
Æhp¡_p rls_y„ L$pfZ A¡hu bpf cph_p_y„ hZ®_ L$fhpdp„ cph_p_y„ tQsh_ L$fsp lp¡e R>.¡ s¡dp„e fpÓ¡ k|su hMs¡
Aph¡ R>¡. (d„NsfpeL©s bpflcph_p_p¡ d„NgpQfZ_p¡ R>„v$ : 1) bpf cph_p_y„ tQsh_ Ahíe L$f¡ R>.¡ bpf cph_p_p
S>Ns_p„ cìe Æhp¡_y„ rls dp¡ndpN®dp„ R>¡. Ap
dp¡ndpN®_u `°prá dpV¡$ op_ A_¡ h¥fpÁe L$pe®L$pfu R>¡.
dp¡ndpN®_u iêAps\u gB_¡ dp¡n ky^u_p `pfdpr\®L$
`„\dp„ op_`|hL® $_p¡ h¥fpÁe S>êfu lp¡e R>.¡ op_`|hL® $_p
h¥fpÁe_y„ A¡L$dpÓ L$pfZ bpf cph_p R>.¡ s¡\u Ap bpf
cph_p_y„ hZ®_ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
rhje`° h ¡ i
kpdpÞe`Z¡ h¥fpÁe_p âk„Np¡ fp¡S>¡fp¡S> Å¡hp dm¡
R>.¡ `f„sy Aphp¡ h¥fpÁe op_ rh_p_p¡ lp¡hp\u ApÐdrls
dpV¡$ D`ep¡Nu b_u iL$sp¡ _\u. hõsyõhê`_u kpQu
kdS>Z rh_p_p¡ Aphp¡ h¥fpÁe v|^_p `p¡gp Ecfp
S>h ¡ p¡ nrZL$ `Z lp¡e R>.¡ ApÐdrls dpV¡$ L$pe®L$pfu A_¡
L$pedu lp¡e s¡hp¡ h¥fpÁe op_`|h®L$_p¡ lp¡e s¡ S>êfu
R>¡. op_`|h®L$_p¡ h¥fpÁe bpf cph_p_p tQsh_\u
S> âpá \pe R>¡.
L$\p_yep¡N_p ipõÓp¡dp„ su\¯L$f, QL°$hsu® S>¡hp
dlp`y{jp¡_p Æh_ Üpfp k„kpf_u Ar_Ðesp, AifZsp,
Akpfsp hN¡f¡ v$ip®hu k„kpf `°Ðe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe DÐ`ß
L$fphhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap L$pfZ¡ L$\p_yep¡N_p ipõÓp¡_„y
L¡$ÞÖtbvy$ S> bpf cph_p lp¡e R>¡. bpf cph_p k„b„^u
õhs„Ó N°\ „ `Z S>ph ¡ p dm¡ R>.¡ s¡dp„ ApQpe®îu Ly$„ v$L$„y v$Ls
©
bpfk AZyh¡L¹$Mp A_¡ dyr_hf îu L$prs® L¡$eõhpduL©$s
L$prs®L$¡ ep_y`n
°¡ p dy¿e R>.¡ gNcN v$fL¡ $ S>_¥ L$rhA¡ bpf
cph_p_y„ L$pìe fQ¡g S>Zpe R>¡. Aphp A¡L$kp¡ S>¡V$gp„
L$pìep¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
su\¯L$f cNhp_ N©lõ\v$ipdp„ lp¡e Ðepf¡ `Z bpf
tQsh_\u DÐ`ß \e¡g âbm h¥fpÁe_p `qfZpd¡
su\¯L$f cNhp_ N©lõ\v$ip_p¡ ÐepN L$fu_¡ dyr_v$ip
A„NuL$pf L$f¡ R>.¡ Ap kde¡ s¡d_p h¥fpÁe_u A_ydp¡v$_p
L$fhp gp¥L$p„rsL$ v¡$hp¡ Aph¡ R>¡. A_¡ gp¥L$p„rsL$ v¡$hp¡ s¡
A_ydp¡v$_p `Z bpf cph_p cphu_¡ S> L$f¡ R>¡.
Ap`Zp dp¡V$p cpN_p dydynyAp¡ L$p¡B _¡ L$p¡B bpf
cph_p_p¡ `pW$ r_erds L$fsp„ lp¡e R>¡. L¡$V$gp„L$
7
dydynyAp¡_¡ L$p¡B _¡ L$p¡B bpf cph_p_y„ L$pìe L„$W$õ\
`Z lp¡e R>¡.
Ap cph_p A¡V$g¡ iy„? s¡ Ap`Z¡ kp¥ `°\d ÅZuA¡.
cph_p A¡V$g¡ iy„ ?
ApÐdrls k„b„^u `pfdpr\®L$
bpbs_u hpf„hpf rhQpfZp
L$fhu s¡_¡ cph_p L$l¡ R>¡.
Ap cph_pdp„ ApÐdrls_u
Arcgpjp, L$pd_p L¡ gpNZu`|h®L
S>¡ s¡ bpbs_u hpf„hpf a¡fhZu,
A_yiug_ L¡$ tQsh_ lp¡hp\u s¡_¡
A_yâ¡np `Z L$l¡ R>¡.
A_yâ¡np L¡$ cph_p A¡ tQsh_
õhê` lp¡hp\u s¡ op_pÐdL$ R>¡ A_¡ Ýep_pÐdL$ _\u.
sp¡`Z s¡ Ýep__y„ âpf„rcL$ õhê` R>.¡ S>¡ rhje_u {rQ,
âep¡S>_, rS>opkp, S>êfueps, gN_u L¡$ BÃR>p lp¡e
s¡_y„ hpf„hpf tQsh_ \ep L$f¡ R>¡. S>¡V$gu BÃR>p âbm
lp¡e s¡V$gy„ tQsh_ `Z —KXy$ lp¡e R>¡. Ap tQsh_
`p¡sp_u CqÃRs bpbs_¡ Ap¡mMu_¡ s¡dp„ qõ\f flu
iL¡ Ðepf¡ s¡ Ýep_ b_u Åe R>¡. Ap fus¡ ^d®Ýep__p¡
Ap^pf `Z Ap `°L$pf_u tQsh_ê` cph_p S> R>¡.
Û¢¢‡¢¢ï±Ú}¢ïç± }¢é‡¢è 燢ә}¢ç‡¢Ó™¢§|¢¢±‡¢¢ÐÚ}}¢¢ï J
Al] ApÐdrls k„b„^u `pfdpr\®L$ bpbs_y„ ã¢ï§ „é|¢¢ç±²ç™œ¢¢ï, {}}¢ÁÛ¢¢‡¢ï‡¢ …¢ï Ðé燱æ JJ
tQsh_ S> cph_p L¡$ A_yân ¡ p kdS>hu. k„kpf k„b^„ u
gp¥qL$L$ bpbs_y„ tQsh_ A¡ L$p¡B cph_p _\u `Z
A¡L$ `°L$pf_u tQsp S> R>¡. L$p¡B h¡`pfu `¥kp L$dphp_y„
`°ep¡S>_ fpMu s¡_p¡ S> D`pe rhQpep® L$f¡ R>¡. L$p¡B
M¡gpX$u fdsdp„ Æs d¡mhhp_y„ gn fpMu s¡dp„ S> âh©Ñ
fl¡ R>.¡ L$pB¡ rhÛp\} `funpdp„ â\d _„bf¡ `pk \hp_u
8 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
Aqcgpjp ^fphu cZhpdp„ S> fÃep¡ `Ãep¡ fl¡ R>¡.
L$p¡B fp¡Nu fp¡N_¡ dV$pX$hp_u BÃR>p fpMu s¡_p dpV¡$_p¡
S> D`pe rhQpep® L$f¡ R>¡. Ap b^u A¡L$ `°L$pf_u tQsp
R>¡, cph_p _\u.
bpf cph_p_p tQsh__p„ L$pfZ¡ ifufpqv$
k„ep¡Np¡_„y Ar_Ðe`Ï„ , AifZ`Ï„ , Akpf`Ï„ hN¡f¡
ÅZu_¡ s¡_p âÐe¡ ^©Zp, _afs, rsfõL$pf L¡$ Ü¡j \hp¡
s¡ `Z cph_p _\u. L¡$d L¡$, kpQu
cph_p fpN L¡$ Ü¡jê` lp¡su _\u.
ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Np¡_¡ `p¡sp_p\u AÐe„s
rcß ÅZu s¡d S> s¡_p L$pfZ¡ `p¡sp_y„
cgy„-b|{„ _\u s¡d dp_u s¡d_p
âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe A¡ S cph_p R>¡.
kpQu cph_p ApÐdp_¡
L$ëepZL$pfu lp¡ e R>¡ . ApÐdp_¡
L$ëepZL$pfu _ lp¡e s¡ L$p¡B cph_p _\u `Z tQsp S>
R>¡. tQsp_¡ rQsp kdp_ L$lu R>¡. rQsp sp¡ r_Æ®h
dX$v$p_¡ bpm¡ R>¡. `Z tQsp sp¡ kÆh ApÐdp_¡ S>
bpm¡ R>¡. L$üy„ `Z R>¡ ••
癋¼¢ ™ï¼Ý ÜU¢ï Îãï, 發¢ Îãï çÝ…è ü± J
cph_p A_¡ tQsp_p¡ saphs
cphp\® : l¡ cìe ! Å¡ spf¡ ^d®Âep_ ^pfZ L$fhy„ lp¡e
sp¡ kp„kpqfL$ bpbsp¡_„y kp^pfZ tQsh_ê` tQsp R>p¡X$u
rQÑ_¡ õhp^u_ b_ph_pfu Ar_Ðepqv$ iy c
cph_pAp¡_y„ kss tQsh_ L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡.
(kdZkysd¹ :30. A_yâ¡npk|Ó : Np\p 1)
 cph_p A_¡ tQsp A¡ bß¡ rhQpfZp
L¡$ tQsh__p¡ S> âL$pf R>¡. sp¡`Z bß¡dp„
d|mc|s saphs R>¡. cph_p A¡ rQÑ_¡
õhp^u_ b_ph_pf iyc tQsh_ R>¡ A_¡
tQsp A¡ rQÑ_¡ `fp^u_ fpM_pf Aiyc
tQsh_ R>.¡ d_yóe L$pB¡ _¡ L$pB¡ bpbs_y„
tQsh_ L$ped dpV¡$ L$fsp¡ S> lp¡e R>¡.
`f„sy s¡ tQsh_ dp¡V$p cpN¡ tQsp S> lp¡e
R>,¡ `Z Ap`Zu rhjec|s cph_p lp¡su
_\u. tQsp R>p¡X$u cph_p cphhp dpV¡$
cph_p A_¡ tQsp hÃQ¡_p¡ saphs ÅZhp¡ S>êfu R>¡.
cph_p A_¡ tQsp_p¡ dy¿e saphs _uQ¡ dyS>b R>¡.
1. ApÐdrls k„b„^u `pfdpr\®L$ tQsh_ S>
cph_p R>¡. s¡ rkhpe_y„ k„kpf k„b„^u gp¥qL$L$ tQsh_
A¡ tQsp R>¡.
f. cph_p Ar_Ðepqv$ bpf âL$pf_u R>¡. tQsp
rhje-L$jpe, h¡`pf-^„^p hN¡f¡_¡ gNsu A_¡L$
âL$pf_u R>¡.
3. cph_p_u tQsh_âq¾$epdp„ k„ k pf_u
Ar_Ðesp, AifZsp, Akpfsp A_¡ s¡_p\u rh{Ù
iyÙpÐdõhê`_u r_Ðesp, ifZsp A_¡ kpfc|ssp
lp¡e R>¡. `p¡sp_p¡ ApÐdp S>Þd-dfZ, kyM-vy$:M hN¡f¡
v$f¡L$ âk„Ndp„ L$p¡B_p `Z kp\ L¡$ klpe rh_p_p¡
lp¡hp\u A¡L$gp¡ S> lp¡e R>¡. ApÐdp_y„ A¡L$Ðhõhê`
ifufpqv$ _p¡L$d,® op_phfZuepqv$ ÖìeL$d® A_¡ fpNpqv$
cphL$d®\u rcß L¡$ AÞe lp¡e R>¡. ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Np¡
A_¡ fpNpqv$ k„ep¡Nucph AÐe„s AiyrQ R>¡ A_¡ s¡dp„
rbfpS>dp_ iyÙpÐdp `fd iyrQ R>¡. rdÕepÐh, L$jpe
S>¡hp Apöhcph l¡e R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p\u rh{Ù k„hf-
r_S>®fpcph D`pv¡$e R>¡. `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdõhê`u
r_S>gp¡L$_u Ap¡mMpZ_p Acph¡ Ap Æh Qp¥v$
b°ûp„X$ê` `fgp¡L$dp„ `qfc°dZ L$fsp¡ fl¡ R>.¡ `fgp¡L$_p
rhje`° h ¡ i
bv$g¡ r_S>gp¡L$dp„ r_hpk `pd¡ sp¡ gp¡L$_p
AN°cpNdp„ ipïhs kyM_u rkÙv$ip_¡
âpá \pe R>¡. Ap S>Nsdp„ d_yóeÆh_
A_¡ s¡dp„e ApÐdrls_¡ kp_yL|$m k„ep¡Np¡
dmhp vy$g®c R>¡. sp¡`Z s¡ A_¡L$hpf âpá
L$fu Q|¼ep¡ R>.¡ `f„sy Aphp vy$gc
® k„ep¡Np¡_p¡
kvy$`ep¡N L$fu_¡ kçeL$й hê`u bp¡r^ A¡L$¡ e
hpf âpá L$fu _ lp¡hp\u s¡ vy$g®cdp„ `Z
vy$gc
® R>.¡ kçeL$й hê`u bp¡r^_¡ L$pfZ¡ âpá
\sp¡ ^d® A_¡ s¡_u Apfp^_p\u hNf
dp„Áe¡ kOmp„ âL$pf_p kyM_u Ap`d¡m¡ âprá \pe R>¡.
bpf¡e âL$pf_u cph_p Ap ^d®_¡ dpV¡$ S> lp¡e R>¡.
bpfcph_p_y„ Ap âL$pf_y„ tQsh_ rQÑ_¡ õhp^u_
b_ph_pê„ lp¡hp\u iyc R>¡.
tQsp_u tQsh_âq¾$epdp„ k„kpf k„b„^u Apr^-
ìepr^-D`pr^ dy ¿ e`Z¡ lp¡ e R>¡ , s¡ \ u s¡
bpfcph_p_p tQsh_\u rh{ÙâL$pf_y„ R>.¡ s¡ rQÑ_¡
`fp^u_ fpM_pê„ lp¡hp\u Aiyc R>¡.
4. cph_p k„b„^u tQsh_\u hõsyõhê`_u
kpQu kdS>Z \pe R>>,¡ s¡\u s¡ ApÐdp_p op__y„ L$pfZ
R>¡. tQsp k„b„^u tQsh_ hõsyõhê`_u AZ-
kdS>Z_p L$pfZ¡ lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p\u AZkdS>Z
h^y ×Y$ \pe R>¡. s¡\u s¡ ApÐdp_p Aop__y„ L$pfZ R>¡.
`. bpfcph_p_y„ tQsh_ hõsy õhê$`_u kpQu
kdS>Z`|hL® $ k„kpf âÐe¡_p h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ R>.¡ tQsp
k„kpf_p `qfc°dZ_y„ L$pfZ R>¡.
6. bpf cph_p k„ b „ ^ u tQsh_ k„ k pf_p
Acph_p L$pfZê` ^d®-iy¼gÂep__y„ kp^_ R>.¡ tQsp
k„b„^u tQsh_ k„kpf_u h©qÙ_p L$pfZê` Aps®-
fp¥ÖÂep__y„ kp^_ R>¡.
7. cph_p_p L$pfZ¡ Æh_¡ ip„rs A_¡ kdpr^
lp¡e R>¡. tQsp_p L$pfZ¡ Æh_¡ Aip„rs A_¡ D`pr^
lp¡e R>¡.
9
 8. cph_p_y„ am dp¡n A_¡ s¡_„y kyM R>.¡ tQsp_y„ bpf cph_p_p _pd
am k„kpf A_¡ s¡_p„ vy$:Mp¡ R>¡.
A_¡ s¡_p
9. D`fp¡¼s L$pfZp¡kf cph_p k„b„^u tQsh_ tQsh__p ¾$d_y„ spqL®$L$`Ï„
D`pv¡$e A¡V$g¡ L¡$ N°pü R>¡ A_¡ tQsp k„b„^u tQsh_
l¡e A¡V$g¡ L¡$ ÐepÄe R>¡. (A_yôy$`)
cph_p A_¡ tQsp k„b„^u D`fp¡¼s saphs_¡ ¥{íé±¢à¢Ú‡¢ï ™ñ±, |¢± ¥ïÜUy±}¢ñ±™ J
k„n¡`dp„ _uQ¡_p L$p¡W$p A_ykpf v$ip®hu iL$pe R>¡. ¥‹²œ±}¢à¢éç™y±æ ™, ¼ƒñ±¢d±„æ±Ú¢ñ JJ
çÝ…üÚ¢ ™ ¼ƒ¢ H¢ïÜU¢ï, Ï¢¢ïç{ÎéH|ü ¢{}¢ü¼¢ J
m¢Îà¢ñ¼¢ ¥ÝéÐíïÿ¢¢, |¢¢ç¯¼¢ï ç…ÝÐéæx¢±ï: JJ
cphp\® : 1. A° ^ y ° h , 2. AifZ
AifZ, 3. k„ k pf pf, 4.
A¡ L $Ðh
$Ðh, 5. AÞeÐh
AÞeÐh, 6. Aiy r QÐh s¡hu S> fus¡
7. Apöh 8. k„ h ff, 9. r_S>® f pp, 10. gp¡ L $$, 11.
bp¡ r ^vy $ g® c A_¡ 12. ^d® A¡ bpf A_y â ¡ n pAp¡
rS>_¡ÞÖ$ cNhp_ Üpfp L$l¡hpdp„ Aphu R>¡.
cph_p tQsp (`Ú_„v$u`„Qthirs : AÝepe 6, ïgp¡L$ 43, 44)
1. ApÐdrls 1. k„kpf k„b„^u gp¥qL$L$ rS>_¡ÞÖ$ cNhp_ Üpfp âêr`s D`fp¡¼s bpf
k„b„^u `pfdpr\®L$ rhQpfZp R>¡. cph_pAp¡_y„ tQsh_ ^d®Ýep_ A\£ L$s®ìe R>¡.
rhQpfZp R>¡.
2. bpf âL$pf_u R>¡.
su\¯L$fp¡ Üpfp `Z cphhpdp„ Aphsu Ap bpf
2. A_¡L$ âL$pf_u R>¡.
3. rQÑ_¡ õhp^u_ cph_pAp¡ cìe Æhp¡ dpV¡$ op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u
3. rQÑ_¡ `fp^u_
b_ph_pf iyc R>¡. fpM_pf Aiyc R>¡. DÐ`pv$L$ R>¡. s¡dp„ â\d R> cph_pAp¡ dy¿e`Z¡
4. ApÐdp_p op__y„ L$pfZ 4. ApÐdp_p Aop__y „ h¥fpÁep¡Ð`pv$L$ R>¡ A_¡ Np¥Z`Z¡ sÒhop_`fL$ R>.¡ A_¡
R>¡. L$pfZ R>¡. bpL$u_u R> cph_pAp¡ dy¿e`Z¡ sÒhop_`fL$ A_¡
5. k„kpfâÐe¡ op_`|hL® $_p 5. k„ k pf_p `qfc° d Z_y „ Np¥Z`Z¡ h¥fpÁep¡Ð`pv$L$ R>¡.
h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ R>¡. L$pfZ R>¡.
6. k„ k pf_p Acph_p 6. k„ k pf_u h© q Ù_p
S>¡d k|L$u S>du_dp„ buS> hhpsy„ _\u. A_¡
L$pfZê$` ^d® - iy L $g L$pfZê$` Aps® - fp¥ Ö hphhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ s¡ amsy„ _\u A_¡ r_óam _uhX¡$
Âep__y„ kp^_ R>¡. Âep__y„ kp^_ R>¡. R>¡. s¡d h¥fpÁe hX¡$ c]Åe¡gp ùv$e hNf sÒhop__p¡
7. Æh_u ip„ r s A_¡ 7. Æh_u Aip„ r s A_¡ L$p¡B rkÙp„s kdÆ iL$psp¡ _\u A_¡ kdS>hp_p¡
kdpr^_y„ L$pfZ R>¡. D`pr^_y„ L$pfZ R>¡.
âeÐ_ r_óam S> _uhX¡ $ R>¡ . s¡ \ u kp¥ â\d
8. am dp¡n A_¡ s¡_y„ kyM 8. am k„kpf A_¡ s¡_p„
R>¡. vy$:Mp¡ R>¡.
h¥ f pÁep¡ Ð `pv$L$ R> cph_pAp¡ `R>u bpL$u_u R>
9. D`fp¡¼s v$f¡L$ L$pfZp¡- 9. D`fp¡¼s v$f¡L$ L$pfZp¡- sÒhop_`fL$ cph_pAp¡ g¡hpdp„ Aphu R>¡.
kf D`pv¡$e R>¡. kf l¡e R>¡.
10 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 Æh_¡ op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_p L$pfZc|s S>¡ L$p¡B
bpbsp¡ R>¡ s¡ Ap bpf cph_pAp¡dp„ Aphu Åe R>¡. Ap
bpf cph_p D`fp„s buÆ L$p¡B A¡hu bpbs _\u L¡$
S>¡ op_ krls_p h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ lp¡e. s¡\u rS>_¡ÞÖ$
cNhp_¡ L$l¡gu Ap cph_pAp¡ bpf S> ÅZhu.
DÑd ndpqv$ ^d®_p v$i gnZp¡dp„ s¡_p ¾$d_y„
spqL®$L$`Zy„ L¡$ dlÒh _\u, `f„sy bpf cph_pdp„ s¡_p
¾$d_y„ spqL®$L$`Zy„ A_¡ dlÒh R>¡, s¡ Ap âL$pf¡ R>¡••
1. k„kpfu Æh ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Nu `v$p\p£_¡ r_Ðe
dp_u s¡_u `pR>m Myhpf \pe R>¡. s¡\u Ap
`v$p\p£_„y Ar_Ðe`Ï„ v$ip®hu k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe
DÐ`ß L$fhp dpV¡ $ kp¥ â\d Ar_Ðecph_p
L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
2. S>¡ Ar_Ðe lp¡e s¡ `p¡s¡ S> AifZ lp¡B buÅ
L$p¡B_¡ ifZc|s \B iL¡$ _rl. s¡\u AifZc|s
k„ep¡Nu `v$p\p£dp„ `p¡sp_y„ ifZ ip¡^hy„ ìe\® R>¡ s¡
kdÅh_pfu buÆ AifZcph_p R>¡.
3. k„kpf A_¡ kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡ Ar_Ðe A_¡
AifZ lp¡hp R>sp„ Aop_u Æh s¡_¡ kpfc|s kdÆ
s¡dp„ `p¡sp_y„ kyM ip¡^hp_u d\pdZ L$f¡ R>¡. kOmp¡
k„kpf Akpf A_¡ vy$:Mde R>¡ s¡d v$ip®hsu ÓuÆ
k„kpfcph_p k„kpf âÐe¡_p h¥fpÁe_y„ kbm L$pfZ
b_u fl¡ R>¡.
4. S>¡ Ar_Ðe, AifZ A_¡ Akpf lp¡e s¡ `p¡sp_p„
L$pB¡ kp\u L¡$ klpeL$ b_u iL¡$ _rl. s¡\u k„kpfdp„ `p¡s¡
A¡L$gp¡ S> R¡ s¡ v$ip®hsu Qp¡\u A¡L$Ðhcph_p R>¡.
`. ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Nu `v$p\p£_u hÃQ¡ `p¡s¡ A¡L$gp¡
S> lp¡hp\u s¡_p\u AÐe„s rcß R>¡ s¡ v$ip®hsu `p„Qdu
AÞeÐhcph_p R>¡ . A¡ L $Ðh\u rh{Ù AÞeÐh
rhje`° h ¡ i
cph_p_p Ap^pf¡ S> `p¡s¡ `f\u `pR>p¡ hmu õh sfa
Aphu iL¡$ R>¡.
6. k„kpf_p Ar_Ðepqv$ kOmp„ k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡
k„ep¡Nucphp¡_„y d|m L$pfZ ifuf âÐe¡_„y gn R>.¡ k„kpfu
Æh ifufdp„ S> A¡L$Ðh-ddÐh ^fphu ifuf_u k„cpm
A_¡ s¡_p i©„Npfdp„ `p¡sp_y„ Æh_ ìe\® Nydph¡ R>¡.
`Z S>Nsdp„ Ap ifuf S>¡hp¡ A`rhÓ `v$p\® buÅ¡
L$p¡B _\u s¡d v$ip®hsu R>Ì$u AiyqQcph_p R>¡.
Ap R> cph_pAp¡ ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Nu `v$p\p£_y„ Ar_Ðe`Ï„,
AifZ`Ï„, Akpf`Ï„, A¡L$gp`Ï„, rcß`Ï„ A_¡ AiyrQ`Ï„
bsphu s¡_p âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe DÐ`ß L$fph_pfu R>¡. dy¿eÐh¡ Ap
h¥fpÁep¡Ð`pv$L$ R> cph_pAp¡ `R>u sÐhop_`fL$ buÆ R>
cph_pAp¡ R>¡.
7. sÒhop_`fL cph_pAp¡dp„ kp¥ â\d A_¡
kpsdp ¾$d_u Apk°hcph_p R>¡. Æh_p Aop_de
dp¡l-fpN-Ü¡jê` `qfZpd_¡ L$pfZ¡ `p¥v$¹ NrgL L$dp¡ _
® „y
Aphhy„ b_¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p L$pfZ¡ k„kpf A_¡ s¡_p
vy$:Mp¡ lp¡e R>¡ s¡ bsph_pfu Apk°hcph_p R>¡.
8. Apöh_p¡ rhfp¡^u k„hf R>¡. Æh_p husfpNu
cph_p L$pfZ¡ L$dp£_y„ Aphhy„ AV$L¡$ s¡ k„hf R>¡, s¡
v$ip®hsu ApW$du k„hfcph_p R>¡.
9. ApÐdp_p husfpNu cph_u h©qÙ \B L$dp£_y„
TX$hy„ b_¡ s¡ r_S>®fp R>¡. ApÐdp_p DÛd`|h®L$ \su
Arh`pL$ r_S>®fp\u dp¡ndpN®dp„ ApNm h^pe R>¡ s¡
kdÅhsu _hdu r_S>®fpcph_p R>¡.
10. sÒhp¡_u e\p\® Ap¡mMpZ hNf k„kpfu Æh
gp¡L$dp„ c°dZ `pdu A_¡L$ âL$pf_p vy$:Mp¡ cp¡Nh¡ R>¡
`Z hõsyõhê`_u kpQu kdS>Z L$f¡ sp¡ Ap `qfc°dZ
11
AV$L$u gp¡L$pN°¡ r_hpk `pd¡ R>¡ A¡d v$ip®hsu v$idu
gp¡Lcph_p R>¡.
11. Ap S>Nsdp„ A¡L$ kçeL$¹Ðhõhê` bp¡r^ rh_p
buÆ b^u bpbsp¡ A_¡L$ hpf âpá \B R>¡. s¡\u s¡
kygc R>.¡ vy$gc
® NZpsp d_yóeÆh__u kpQu vy$gc ® sp
s¡dp„ vy$g®c A¡hu bp¡r^_u âpqá_u ep¡Áesp_p L$pfZ¡
R>¡ s¡\u Aphu bp¡r^ dpV¡$_p¡ S> `y{jp\® L$fhp¡ s¡hu
â¡fZp Ap`su AqNepfdu bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p R>¡.
12. kçeL¹$Ðhõhê` bp¡r^ âv$p_ L$f_pfp¡ A¡L$ dpÓ
husfpNu S>_
¥ ^d® R>.¡ s¡\u Ap ^d®_¡ S> A„NuL$pf L$fhp¡
A_¡ s¡ S> kOmp âL$pf¡ ApÐdp_y„ rls L$f_pf R>¡ s¡d
v$ip®h_pfu bpfdu A_¡ A„rsd ^d®cph_p R>¡.
D`fp¡¼s fus¡ Ar_Ðe\u dp„X$u_¡ ^d® ky^u_u
cph_pAp¡_y„ ¾$rdL$ tQsh__y„ spqL®$L$`Ï„ kdÅe
s¡hy„ R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S>__u Ap bpf cph_p
cph_p_¡ dp_hpdp„ Aph¡
R>¡. Ap`Z¡ h¥fpÁe A_¡ s¡_u Aphíe¼sp rhj¡ rhQpfuA¡.
h¥fpÁe A¡V$g¡ iy„ ?
k„kpf A_¡ kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡ âÐe¡_u D`¡np
L¡$ Dv$pku_sp_¡ h¥fpÁe L$l¡ R>¡.
k„kpf_p kp_yL$| m k„ep¡Np¡dp„ `Z kyM _ cpk¡ Ðepf¡
s¡_p âÐe¡_u D`¡np L¡$ Dv$pku_sp Aph¡ S>¡_¡ k„kpf
âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe L$l¡ R>¡. k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe lp¡e s¡_¡
kOmp¡ k„kpf vy$:M_p¡ S> v$qfep¡ cpk¡ R>¡. s¡\u
k„kpf_p¡ Mf¡Mfp¡ Ópk A_¡ \pL$ cpk¡ R>¡. Ap Akpf
k„kpf\u bk \pAp¡, Ap k„kpf _ S> M`¡ s¡hu cph_p
f$üp L$f¡ R>¡. k„kpf âÐe¡_p Aphp h¥fpÁe rh_p
12
dp¡ndpN®_p `pfdpr\®L$ `„\dp„ âh¡i `pdu iL$psp¡ _\u.
hpõshdp„ h¥fpÁe rh_p ApÐdrls_y„ L$p¡B kp^_ S>
k„chsy„ _\u. `f„sy Ap h¥fpÁe op_`|h®L$_p¡ lp¡e sp¡
S> s¡ L$pe®L$pfu b_¡ R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p¡ h¥fpÁe DÐ`ß \hp¡ s¡ A¡L$ dlp_
D`g[å^ R>¡. S>¡ h¥fpÁe op_`|h®L$_p¡ _ lp¡e s¡ blz^p
vy$:M`|h®L$_p¡ L¡$ dp¡l`|h®L$_p¡ lp¡e R>¡. kp„kpqfL$
ârsL|$mspS>Þe vy$:M_p L$pfZ¡ DÐ`ß \sp¡ k„kpf
âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe A¡ vy$:M`|h®L$_p¡ h¥fpÁe R>¡. fpS>Ly$dpf
rkÙp\® _NfQep® dpV¡$ _uL$þep Ðepf¡ s¡dZ¡ fp¡N,
v$qfÖsp, h©Ùphõ\p A_¡ d©Ðey A¡ Qpf bpbsp¡ Å¡B_¡
A¡L$v$d h¥fpÁe Apìep¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡ byÙv¡$h bÞep. s¡
`Z A¡L$ vy$:M`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_p¡ S> âL$pf R>¡.
kp„kpqfL$ kp^_-k„`ß rirns eyhp_ `Z ¼epf¡L$
h¥fpÁe `pdu dyr_v$unp A„NuL$pf L$f¡ R>.¡ ApÐdop_\u
AÅZ eyhp__p¡ Aphp¡ h¥fpÁe dp¡l`|h®L$_p¡ lp¡e R>¡.
s¡ kde¡ s¡_¡ v$unp g¡hp\u Sy>v$p„-Sy>v$p„ Npddp„ afhp_y„
\i¡. kpfp„ kpfp„ cp¡S>_ dmi¡. kdpS>_p¡ kÐL$pf
kp„`X$i¡. `|Äe`Ï„ âpá \i¡. _fL$pqv$ vy$N®rs\u bQu
iL$pi¡ A_¡ A¡L„$v$f¡ ApÐdp_y„ L$ëepZ \i¡. cg¡, \p¡X$p„
L$ô$ kl¡hp„ `X$i¡ `Z s¡_p¡ gpc dp¡V$p¡ \i¡. Aphp
âL$pf_p¡ Arcâpe lp¡e A_¡ hõsyõhê`_u kpQu
kdS>Z _ lp¡e sp¡ s¡hp¡ h¥fpÁe dp¡l`|h®L$_p¡ S>
L$lh¡ pe. `p¡sp_p iyÙ õhê`_u kdS>Z rh_p blpf_p
h¡j L¡$ q¾$ep\u S> `p¡sp_¡ gpc dp_hp¡ s¡ dp¡l S> R>¡.
OZp„ gp¡L$p¡ `f„`fpNs `e®yjZ_p âk„N¡ ârs¾$dZpqv$
q¾$ep L$f¡ R>¡. `Z s¡_p\u `p¡sp_y„ iy„ L$ëepZ R>¡ ? s¡_u
kdS>Z _ lp¡e A_¡ êqY$Ns h¥fpÁe ApZu q¾$ep L$f¡
sp¡ s¡ `Z dp¡l`|h®L$_p¡ S> h¥fpÁe R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p¡ h¥fpÁe A¡ S> kpQp¡ h¥fpÁe R>¡. s¡ S>
ipðs kyM_y„ kp¥ â\d kp¡`p_ R>.¡ s¡S> chpV$hudp„\u
blpf L$pY$_pf cp¡rdep¡ R>¡. Aphp¡ h¥fpÁe S> Ace R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
s¡ rkhpe_p kp„kpqfL$ kh® õ\p_p¡ cephl R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p„ h¥fpÁe_y„ Ace`Ï„ v$ip®hsp cs©lqf
L$l¡ R>¡ ••
(ipv|®$grhq¾$X$us)
|¢¢ïx¢ï Ú¢ïx¢|¢²æ ÜUéHï Ó²éç¼|¢²æ, 籜¢ï ÝëТH¢Îì|¢²æ J
}¢¢Ýï Îñ‹²|¢²æ Ï¢Hï çÚÐé}¢²æ, LÐï ¼L‡²¢ |¢²æ JJ
ࢢ›ï ±¢Î|¢²æ x¢é‡¢ï ¶H|¢²æ, ÜU¢²ï ÜU뼢漢Îì|¢²æ J
„±ïü ±S¼é }¢²¢ç‹±¼æ |¢éç±, Ý뇢¢æ ±ñÚ¢x²}¢ï±¢|¢²æ JJ
cphp\® : cp¡Ndp„ fp¡N_p¡ ce R>¡; Ly$m_¡ `X$hp_p¡ ce
R>¡; gÿdudp„ fpÅ_p¡ ce R>¡; dp_dp„ v$u_sp_p¡ ce
R>¡ ; bmdp„ iÓy _ p¡ ce R>¡ ; ê`dp„ õÓu_¡ ce R>¡ ;
ipõÓdp„ hpv$_p¡ ce R>¡; NyZdp„ Mm_p¡ ce R>¡; L$pep
D`f L$pm_p¡ ce R>¡; A¡d kh® hõsy cehpmu R>¡.
dpÓ A¡L$ h¥fpÁe S> Ace R>¡.
(cs©lqfL©$s _ursisL$dp„\u)
op_`|h®L$_p¡ h¥fpÁe A¡V$g¡ iy„ ?
kpQu kdS>Z_p L$pfZ¡ DÐ`ß \sp h¥fpÁe_¡
op_`|h®L$_p¡ h¥fpÁe L$l¡ R>¡. op_`|hL® $_p¡ h¥fpÁe
õ\peu A_¡ ØY$ lp¡e R>¡.
ce„L$f AL$õdpsp¡, Lyv$fsu Ap`qÑAp¡ S>¡hp
L¡$V$gp„e âk„Np¡ OZu hpf b_¡ R>¡ L¡$ Äepf¡ L$W$p¡f
ùv$e_p `y{j_y„ `Z L$pmSy> L„$`u EW¡$ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_¡ k„kpf
âÐe¡ _ p¡ h¥ f pÁe Aph¡ R>¡ . õhS>__p ApL$[õdL$
Ahkp_\u `Z h¥ f pÁe Aph¡ R>¡ . Aphp¡ h¥ f pÁe
kdS>Z rh_p_p¡ lp¡e Ðepf¡ s¡ Aõ\peu A_¡ L$dÅ¡f
lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u s¡ ApÐdrlsdp„ D`ep¡Nu \B iL$sp¡
_\u. kdS>Z`|h®L$_p¡ h¥fpÁe S> õ\peu A_¡
dS>b|s lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u s¡ ApÐdrlsdp„ D`ep¡Nu \B
rhje`° h ¡ i
iL¡ $ R>¡ . kdS>Z`| h ® L $_p¡ Aphp¡ h¥ f pÁe s¡ S>
op_`|h®L$_p¡ h¥fpÁe R>¡.
kpdpÞe`Z¡ k„kpfdp„ h¥fpÁe_p âk„Np¡ Ahpf-
_hpf b_sp„ lp¡e R>¡. V$u.hu. L¡$ hs®dp_`Óp¡dp„ `Z
h¥fpÁe_p kdpQpfp¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. `p¡sp_p râe
õhS>__p¡ rhep¡N `Z h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ lp¡e R>¡. Aphp
b^p„ h¥fpÁe_p âk„Np¡ kdS>Z rh_p_p lp¡e Ðepf¡
v|^_p Ecfp S>¡hp `p¡gp A_¡ nrZL$ lp¡e R>¡. Aphp
âL$pf_p¡ õdip_ h¥fpÁe ApÐdrls dpV¡$ D`ep¡Nu \B
iL$sp¡ _\u. ApÐdrls dpV¡$ D`ep¡Nu lp¡e s¡hp dS>bs
|
A_¡ õ\peu h¥ f pÁe dpV¡ $ e\p\® ApÐdop__u
Aphíe¼sp lp¡e R>¡. op_ krls_y„ Æh_ r_ed\u
h¥fpÁede S> lp¡e R>¡. e\p\® op_ lp¡e Ðep„ h¥fpÁe
klS>`Z¡ lp¡e R>¡. op_ hNf_p¡ h¥fpÁe s¡ Mf¡Mf
h¥fpÁe S> _\u `Z A¡L$ âL$pf_p¡ ê„^pe¡gp¡ L$jpe R>¡.
`f„sy e\p\® op_ _ lp¡hp_p L$pfZ¡ Æh `p¡sp_p
L$jpe_¡ Ap¡mMu iL$sp¡ _\u A_¡ ê„$^pe¡gp L$jpe_¡
S> h¥fpÁe dp_u ëe¡ R>¡.
op_ krls_p¡ h¥fpÁe lp¡e Ðepf¡ op_ ApÐdrls_p
dp¡ndpN®_¡ Ap¡mMu s¡dp„ Æh_¡ âh¡i L$fphu
ApNm h^pf¡ R>¡. Aphp kde¡ h¥fpÁe A¡ op__¡
ApÐdrls_p dpN®dp„ ApNm h^hp dpV¡$_y„ bm `|{„
`pX¡$ R>¡ A_¡ op__¡ buS>¡ ¼ep„e akphp v¡$sp¡ _\u.
s¡\u Aphp¡ op_`|h®L$_p¡ h¥fpÁe S> ApÐdrls dpV¡$
AphíeL$ lp¡e R>¡.
ApÐdrls_p `pfdpr\®L$ `„\dp„ op_`|h®L$_p
h¥fpÁe rh_p A¡L$ X$Ngy„e ApNm h^u iL$psy„ _\u.
`pfdpr\®L$ dp¡n_p¡ dpN® A¡ k„kpf_p b„^ dpN®\u sØ_
rh`fus A_¡ rhfp¡^u R>.¡ s¡\u Äep„ ky^u k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡
h¥fpÁe _ Aph¡ Ðep„ ky^u dp¡n_p `pfdpr\®L$ `„\dp„
rbgLy$g âh¡i _\u. `pfdpr\®L$ `„\_p âpf„c\u
13
`|Z®sp ky^u op_`|h®L$_p¡ h¥fpÁe S> L$pe®L$pfu R>¡. Ap
op_`|h®L$_p¡ h¥fpÁe S> ApÐdrls dpV¡$_u ep¡Áesp L¡$
`pÓsp b_¡ R>.¡ s¡_p L$pfZ¡ S> ApÐdp\}`Ï„, kçeL$й h,
dyr_v$ip hN¡f¡ lp¡e R>¡. ApÐdp_p dp¡ndpN®_p¡ fnL$
A_¡ cp¡rdep¡ Aphp¡ op_`|h®L$_p¡ h¥fpÁe S> lp¡e R>¡.
s¡\u ApÐdrls dpV¡$ Ap op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u
Aphíe¼sp Ar_hpe® R>¡ . Aphp op_`| h ® L $_p
h¥fpÁe_u S>__u bpf âL$pf_u cph_p R>¡.
bpf cph_p A¡ op_`|h®L$_p
h¥fpÁe_u S>__u L$B fus¡ ?
S__u A¡V$g¡ L¡ dpsp. dpsp S>¡d bpmL$_¡
S>Þd Ap`¡ R>¡, s¡_y„ `pg_`p¡jZ L$f¡ R>¡, s¡d
bpf cph_p `Z op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_¡ DÐ`ß
L$fu s¡_y„ fnZ A_¡ h©qÙ L$f¡ R>¡. s¡\u bpf
cph_p_¡ op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u
S__u dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
Ap Æh_¡ k„kpf âÐe¡_u Apk[¼s
A_pqv$\u R>.¡ k„kpf âÐe¡_u Apk[¼s_p
Acph_¡ k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe L$l¡ R>¡.
k„kpf âÐe¡_u Apk[¼s_y„ A¡L$ dpÓ
L$pfZ Ar_Ðepqv$ bpf cph_p k„b„^u
bpf bpbsp¡_u AZkdS>Z R>¡ A_¡
s¡_u kpQu kdS>Z\u S> k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ kpQp¡ h¥fpÁe
lp¡e R>¡. `pfdpr\®L$ dp¡ndpN® L¡$ sÒhop_ k„b„^u
hõsyõhê$`_u kOmu kdS>Z Ap Ar_Ðepv$u bpf
bpbsp¡dp„ kdph¡i `pd¡ R>¡. hmu Ap Ar_Ðepqv$
bpf bpbsp¡_y„ kpQu kdS>Z`|h®L$_y„ tQsh_ S>
A_yâ¡np L¡$ cph_p L$l¡hpe R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ k„kpf âÐe¡_p
op_`|hL® $_p h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ lp¡e R>.¡ Ap Ar_Ðepqv$
bpf `pfdpr\®L$ bpbsp¡ rkhpe_u bpL$u_u kp„kpqfL$
bpbsp¡_y„ tQsh_ k„kpf k„b„^u tQsp_p¡ S> âL$pf
14
lp¡hp\u s¡ k„kpf âÐe¡_u Apk[¼s L¡$ k„kpf_y„ b„^_
h^pf_pfp¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe dpV¡$
Ar_Ðepqv$ bpf bpbsp¡_u kpQu kdS>Z S> L$pe®L$pfu
R>¡. Ar_Ðepqv$ bpf bpbsp¡_u kpQu kdS>Z bpf
cph_p_p„ e\p\® Aæepk\u S> Aph¡ R>¡. Ap bpf
cph_p_p„ e\p\® Aæepk`|h®L$_p tQsh_\u S>
k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ hpõsqhL$ A_¡ L$pedu h¥fpÁe DÐ`Þ_
\pe R>¡ , S>¡ _ ¡ op_`| h ® L $_p¡ h¥ f pÁe L$l¡ R>¡ .
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe dpV¡$ Ap rkhpe AÞe L$p¡B
D`pe _\u. s¡\u bpf cph_p S> op_`|h®L$_p
h¥fpÁe_u S>__u R>¡.
S>Nsdp„ h¥fpÁe_¡ DÐ`ß L$fph_pfu bpbsp¡ OZu
lp¡e R>.¡ X$Ng¡ _¡ `Ng¡ h¥fpÁe_p L$pfZc|s âk„Np¡_p¡
`_pfp¡ `X¡ $ R>¡ . `Z s¡ d p„ L$p¡ B op_ A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $
hõsyõhê`_u kpQu kdS>Z k„L$mpe¡gu lp¡su _\u.
hõsyõhê`_u kpQu kdS>Z L$fph_pfp op_`|hL® $_p
h¥fpÁe_u DÐ`pv$L$ Ap bpf cph_p S> R>¡.
S>¡ s¡ cph_p_p hZ®_ kde¡ s¡ L$B fus¡
sÒhop__u A¡V$g¡ L¡$ hõsy_p âep¡S>_c|s
õhê`_u kdS>Z Ap`_pf R>¡ ? A_¡ L$B
fus h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ R>¡ ? s¡_u QQp® L$fhpdp„
Aphi¡ . s¡ \ u s¡ _ u QQp® Al] L$fhpdp„
Aphsu _\u.
op_krls_p h¥fpÁe sfa Æh__¡ hpmsu A_¡ DÐ`ß
\e¡gp h¥fpÁe_¡ V$L$phu_¡ h^pfsu bpf cph_pAp¡_y„ ¾$di:
hZ®_ L$fhpdp„ Aphi¡. s¡ ANpD bpfcph_p_p Aæepk_y„ kpdpÞe
am S>Zphhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
bpf cph_p_p Aæepk_y„
kpdpÞe am
(Apep®)
ôÜU ÐíHçмïÝ Ï¢ãéÝ¢, ²ï ç„h¢ ÝÚ±Ú¢ x¢¼ï ÜU¢Hï J
„ïyS²ç‹¼ ²ïÑçÐ |¢ç±ÜU¢:, ¼Á…¢Ýèçã ¼S² }¢¢ã¢y}²}¢ì JJ
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
cphp\® : rhi¡j rhõspf\u iy„ gpc ? L$pfZc|s ApW¡$e âL$pf_p„
c|sL$pmdp„ S>¡ dlp`y{jp¡ rkÙ \ep R>¡ L$dp£ _ p¡ _pi L$fu ApW$ dlpNy Z p¡
A_¡ S>¡ cìe `y{jp¡ crhóedp„ rkÙ \i¡ ^fphsu rkÙv$ip_¡ âpá L$f¡ R>¡ .
s¡ b^y„e Ap bpf cph_p_y„ S> dplpÐçe s¡ \ u Al] A_¡ L $ âL$pf_p„ am
ÅZhy„. `¥ L $u ApW$ âL$pf_p„ ANÐe_p„
(Ly„$v$Ly$„v$pQpe®L©s bpfk AÏh¡L$Mp : Np\p 90) am_u S> QQp® L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ .
dp¡ n dpN® _ p `pfdpr\® L $ `„ \ dp„ bpf cph_p_p Aæepk_p ApW$
`° h ¡ i \u dp„ X $u_¡ `| Z ® s p ky ^ u_y „ âL$pf_p _d| _ pê` sÐL$pm am
kOmy „ e am bpf cph_p_p Aæepk Ap âdpZ¡ R>¡ ••
A_¡ tQsh_\u `° p á \pe R>¡ . s¡ \ u
S>¡ L$p¡ B Æhp¡ ANpD rkÙ \ep R>¡ , AÐepf¡ \pe 1. ApÐdrls_u â¡fZp A_¡ `y{jp\® `|fp¡
`pX¡$ R>¡.
R>¡ A_¡ lh¡ `R>u \i¡ s¡ Ap bpfcph_p_p¡ S>
2. ârsL|$m âk„N¡ kdp^p_ L$fph¡ R>¡.
drldp ÅZhp¡ .
3. rQÑ_¡ qõ\f L$fph¡ R>¡.
bpf cph_p `¥L$u S>¡ s¡ cph_p_y„ rhi¡j am S>¡ s¡
4. dp¡l_¡ d„v$ L$f¡ R>¡.
cph_p_p hZ®_dp„ Ap`Z¡ Å¡Biy„. Atlep bpf¡e
cph_p_p kp^pfZ L¡$ kpdpÞe am_p¡ rhQpf L$fhpdp„ 5. rhje-L$jpe_p T¡f_¡ Dspf¡ R>¡.
Aph¡ R>¡. 6. rh`qÑdp„ ^¥e® A_¡ k„`rsdp„ _d°sp âv$p_
L$fph¡ R>¡.
bpf cph_p_p¡ kçeL$¹ âL$pf¡ Aæepk L$fu_¡ s¡_p
7. d©Ðey_p ce_¡ v|$f cNph¡ R>¡.
cph_¡ kdÆ_¡ ùv$eNs L$fhp_y„ am Agp¥qL$L$ A_¡
AtQÐe R>¡. kçeÁv$i®_\u dp„X$u_¡ rkÙv$ip ky^u_u 8. `yÎe_u âpqá L$fph¡ R>¡.$
âpqá s¡_p\u lp¡e R>¡. Å¡ L¡$, Ap am gp„bp Npm¡
dmsy„ lp¡hp\u v|$fp¡Npdu R>¡. v|$fp¡Npdu D`fp„s bpf + , ,
1. ApÐdrls_u , `°,
¡fZp ,
`y{jp\® `|fp¡ `pX¡$ R>¡.
A_¡.
cph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$fsp„_u kp\¡ syfs S> dmsy„
sÐL$pm am `Z A_¡L$ âL$pf_y„ A_¡ dlp_ R>¡. bpf
cph_p_p Aæepk_p L$pfZ¡ DÐ`ß \sp op_
)*****-
`p¡sp_p ApÐdp_p L$ëepZ dpV¡$ iyÙpÐdõhê$`_u
kpQu kdS>Z Üpfp iyÙpÐdp_u âprá dpV¡$_y„
krls_p h¥fpÁe_p L$pfZ¡ Ap sÐL$pm am lp¡e R>¡.
âp¡Ðkpl_ `|ê$„ `pX¡$ s¡_¡ ApÐdrls_u â¡fZp L$l¡
S>¡V$gp A„i¡ A_¡ S>¡ âL$pf¡ op_krls_p¡ h¥fpÁe
R>¡.ApÐdrls_u â¡fZp kp\¡ k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe
âNV¡$ s¡V$gp A„i¡ A_¡ s¡ âL$pf¡ Ap am lp¡e R>¡. Ap
lp¡e sp¡ `p¡sp_p¡ âeÐ_ ApÐdrls kp^hp dpV¡$
amdp„ ApÐdrls_u â¡fZp A_¡ `y{jp\® dy¿e R>¡.
bpf cph_p_p Aæepk_p Aphp am\u âhs£ s¡ s¡_p¡ `y{jp\® R>¡. bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk
ApÐdrlsdp„ ApNm h^¡ g p¡ Æh k„ k pfv$ip_p ApÐdrls_u â¡fZp A_¡ `y{jp\® `|fp¡ `pX¡$ R>¡.
rhje`° h ¡ i 15
 i©ÙpÐdp_u âpqáê$` ApÐdrls_y„ L$pe® `p¡sp_p ApÐdrls_u cph_p ^fph_pf cìe Æh¡ bpf
`y{jp\®\u \sy„ lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡_p dpV¡$_u â¡fZp_u cph_pAp¡_p¡ Aæepk A_¡ tQsh_ hpf„hpf L$fhy„
Aphíe¼sp lp¡ e R>¡ . ApÐdrls_u â¡ f Zp dpV¡ $ Å¡BA¡.bpf cph_p_y„ tQsh_ S> k„kpf âÐe¡ h¥fpÁe
iyÙpÐdõhê$`_u kpQu kdS>Z Üpfp iyÙpÐdp_u âpqá gphu dp¡ n dpN® _ u {rQ L$fph¡ R>¡ . Ap fus¡ s¡
dpV¡_y„ âp¡Ðkpl_ S>ê$fu R>¡.bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk ApÐdrls_p dp¡ndpN®_p `pfdpr\®L$ `„\ dpV¡$ â¡fZp
iyÙpÐdõhê$`_u kpQu kdS>Z `|fu `pX$u iyÙpÐdp_u A_¡ `y{jp\® `|fp¡ `pX$u ApÐdrls_p dp¡ndpN®dp„
âp[á dpV¡ $ ApÐdrls_u â¡ f Zp Ap`_pfp¡ ApNm h^pfu k„kpf_p L$pfZc|s `p¥v¹$NrgL$L$dp£_p¡
R>.¡ ApÐdrls_p `y{jp\® dpV¡$ ApÐdrls_u â¡fZp`|hL® $ ne L$fph¡ R>¡. ApQpe®îu `Ú_„v$u_p iåv$p¡dp„ ••
k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe S>ê$fu R>,¡ S>¡ `Z bpf cph_p_p¡ (A_yôy$`)
Aæepk `|fp¡ `pX¡$ R>¡.$
m¢ÎࢢçÐ „΢ 癋y²¢, ¥ÝéÐíïÿ¢¢ }¢ã¢y}¢ç}¢: J
bpf cph_p_p Aæepk\u ApÐdp_y„ op_ A_¡ ¼Îì|¢¢±Ý¢ |¢±y²ï±, ÜU}¢ü‡¢: ÿ¢²ÜU¢Ú‡¢}¢ì JJ
k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe A¡ bß¡_u âprá R>¡.
cphp\® : dlp`y{jp¡A¡ r_f„sf bpf cph_p_y„ tQsh_
bpf cph_p_p Aæepk\u v¡$lpqv$ k„ep¡Nu kp„kpqfL$ L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡. Ap tQsh_ S> ApÐdrls_u â¡fZp A_¡
`v$p\p£_u Ar_Ðesp, AifZsp, Akpfsp hN¡f¡ `y{jp\® Üpfp dp¡ndpN®dp„ ApNm h^pfu L$d®_p ne_y„
kdÅe R>.¡ A_¡ s¡\u k„kpf `°Ðe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe DÐ`ß \pe L$pfZ \pe R>¡. (`Ú_„v$u`„Qqh„irs : AÝepe 6, ïgp¡L$ 42)

R>¡.A_¡ s¡_u kpd¡ Ak„ep¡Nu iyÙpÐdp_u r_Ðesp,
ifZsp, kpfc|ssp hN¡f¡ `Z kdÅe R>¡. A_¡ s¡\u
iyÙpÐdp_u âprá dpV¡$_u {rQ DÐ`ß \pe R>¡. Ap
fus¡ bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk iyÙpÐdp_p õhê$`_u
kpQu kdS>Z L$fphu iyÙpÐdp_u âpqá dpV¡$_p
ApÐdrls dpV¡$ âp¡Ðkprls L$fu ApÐdrls_u â¡fZp
Ap`¡ R>¡. s¡d S> s¡ â¡fZp kp\¡ k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe
L$fphu iy Ù pÐdp_u âprá dpV¡ $ _p dp¡ n dpN® _ u
ApÐdrls_u {rQ DÐ`ß L$fphu, {rQ A_ykpf_p¡
`y{jp\® `Z âhsp®h¡ R>¡. Ap âL$pf¡ bpf cph_p_p¡
Aæepk L$f_pfp¡ Æh k„kpf A_¡ kp„kpqfL$ `°h©qÑ\u
`pR>p¡ hmu iyÙpÐdp_u `°pqá L$fphsu dp¡ndpN® A_¡
dp¡n_u ApÐdrls_u `pfdpr\®L$ âh©qÑ sfa hm¡ R>¡.
s¡\u bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk ApÐdrls_u â¡fZp A_¡
`y{jp\® `|fp¡ `pX$_pfp¡ R>¡.
16
+
2. `°,
rsL|$, , ,,.
m âk„ N¡ kdp^p_
)*****-
L$fph¡ R>¡.
ârsL|$m k„ep¡N_¡ L$p¡B rhfp¡^ L¡$ fp¡j rh_p
õhuL$pfu_¡ kl_ L$fu g¡hp_p hgZ_¡ kdp^p_
L$l¡ R>¡. bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk âqsL|$m
k„ep¡Np¡_p âk„N¡ kdp^p_ L$fph¡ R>¡.
Bô$ rhep¡N, Ar_ô$ k„ep¡N, r_óamsp S>¡hp
ârsL|$m k„ep¡Np¡_p âk„N¡ lsâc A_¡ r_fpi b_u
vy$:Mu \B S>hpe R>¡. bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk Aphp
k„ep¡Np¡_¡ õhuL$pfu_¡ s¡_¡ klu g¡hp_y„ hgZ iuMh¡
R>¡. s¡\u s¡ ârsL|$m k„ep¡Np¡_p âk„N¡ kdp^p_
L$fph_pf R>¡.
bpf cph_p_p Aæepk\u `p¡sp_p `fd `rhÓ
kpfc|s iyÙpÐdp_u kdS>Z \pe R>.¡ `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙpÐdp
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
ipðs A_¡ ifZc|s R>.¡ s¡ A_„sNyZp¡\u A¡L$Ðh A_¡
`fk„ep¡Np¡\u AÞeÐh ^fph_pfp¡ R>¡. s¡\u `p¡sp_p¡
iyÙpÐdp Ap `fk„ep¡Np¡\u sØ$_ rcß R>¡. Ap k„ep¡Np¡
`p¡sp_¡ kyM-vy:$M_y„ L$pfZ _\u `Z k„ep¡Np¡_p gn¡
\sp¡ ApÐdp_p¡ fpNpqv$ k„ep¡Nucph S> kyM-vy$:Mê$`¡
A_ychpe R>¡. ârsL|$m k„ep¡Np¡ `p`L$d®_p„ Dv$e_p
`qf`pL$ê$`¡ âpá \pe R>¡. A_¡ s¡ ApÐdp_¡ Ap^u_
_\u. hmu s¡ nrZL$ A_¡ rh_piu lp¡e R>.¡ s¡\u `°rsL|m
k„ep¡Np¡_¡ v|$f L$fhp_p¡ D`pe L$fhp_¡ bv$g¡ Ak„ep¡Nu
iyÙpÐdp_p Apîe¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡ S> DÐ`ß _ \pe
s¡hp¡ D`pe L$fhp¡ S>ê$fu R>¡. `p¡sp_p `y{jp\®_u
L$Qpi_p L$pfZ¡ Aphp¡ D`pe _ \sp¡ lp¡e Ðep„ ky^u
Aphp k„ep¡Np¡_¡ õhuL$pfu_¡ s¡_¡ kl_ L$fu g¡hpdp„ S>
`p¡sp_u kˆ>_sp R>¡. bpf cph_p_p Aæepk\u \su
Aphp âL$pf_u kdS>Z ârsL|$m k„ep¡Np¡_p âk„N¡
kdp^p_ L$fph¡ R>¡.
Ap S>Nsdp„ `p¡sp_u c|g_p¡ cp¡NhV$p¡ `p¡s¡ S>
L$fhp_p¡ lp¡e R>¡. `|h£ `p¡s¡ S> `p` L$ep® lsp A_¡ s¡_p
amê$`¡ ârsL|$m k„ep¡Np¡_u âpqá \pe sp¡ s¡ cp¡Nhu
g¡hpdp„ S> `p¡sp_y„ cgy„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap Æh `p` L$fsu
hMs¡ `pR>p¡ hmu_¡ Å¡sp¡ _\u A_¡ `R>u s¡ S> `p`_p„
Dv$e kde¡ vy$:Mu \pe R>¡. Ap fus¡ vy$:Mu \hp\u \sp
Aps®Âep__p„ Aiyc `qfZpd\u _hy„ `p`L$d® b„^pe
R>¡. A_¡ s¡_y„ am `Z crhóedp„ vy:Mê` S> Aph¡ R>¡.
`f„sy Å¡$ bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk A_¡ rQ„sh_ lp¡e
sp¡ Aphp `°rsL|$m âk„N\u \sp vy$:M A_¡ s¡_p L$pfZ¡
\sp _hp `p`L$d®\u bQu iL$pe R>¡. dpV¡ `p`_p
Dv$e_p kde¡ kdp^p_ fpMu _hy„ `p` L$fsu kde¡
kph^p_ fl¡hy„ S>ê$fu lp¡e R>¡. L$üy„ `Z R>¡ ••
b„^ kde Æh Q¡rse¡,
Dv$e kde ip DQpV$ ?
rhje`° h ¡ i
cphp\® : `p` L$d® bp„^su hMs¡ kph^p_u _ fpMhpdp„
A_¡ s¡_p Dv$e kde¡ DQpV$ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ s¡ iy„
L$pd_y„? s¡_p bv$g¡ _hp `p` L$d® bp„^su hMs¡
kph^p_u fpMhu Å¡BA¡ A_¡ L$p¡B S|>_p `p` L$d®_y„
am Aph¡ sp¡ s¡ kde¡ kdp^p_ fpMu s¡_¡ klu g¡hy„
Å¡BA¡. bpf cph_p_p Aæepk\u Aphu kph^p_u
A_¡ kdp^p_h©rs Aph¡ R>¡.
(bl¡_îu_p hQ_pd©s : _„. f8 _p Ap^pf¡ )
+,,,,,,.
3. rQÑ_¡ [õ\f L$fph¡ R>¡.
)******-
d__p k„N¡ \sp ApÐd `qfZpdp¡_u AÐe„s
A[õ\fsp_¡ rQÑ_u Q„Qmsp L$l¡ R>¡. bpf
cph_p_p¡ Aæepk rQÑ_u Q„Qmsp dV$pX$u
s¡_¡ [õ\f L$fph¡ R>¡.
ApÐdp_p `rfZpd kss`Z¡ A¡L$ kfMp âL$pf¡ L¡$
Sy>v$p Sy>v$p âL$pf¡ bv$gpep L$f¡ R>.¡ ApÐdp_p `qfZpdp¡_u
Sy>v$p Sy>v$p âL$pf¡ M|b S> TX$`u `qfhs®_ `pdhp_u
âq¾$ep_¡ s¡ _ u A[õ\fsp L$l¡ R>¡ . d_y ó edp„
ApÐd`qfZpdp¡_u Aphu A[õ\fsp d__p k„N¡ \su
lp¡hp\u s¡_¡ d__u A[õ\fsp L¡$ rQÑ_u Q„Qmsp L$l¡
R>.¡ bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk rQÑ_u Q„Qmsp dV$pX$u_¡
s¡_¡ [õ\f L$fhpdp„ klpeL$ R>¡.
d_yóe_y„ d_ A¡L$ kde dpV¡$ `Z _hê„$ lp¡sy„ _\u.
`f rhjep¡dp„ âhs®sp Ap d__¡ L$p¡B ifZ L¡$ Ap^pf
_rl lp¡hp\u s¡ l„d¡ip„ A[õ\f S> fl¡ R>¡. `frhjep¡\u
`pRy>„ hmu S>¡ d_ `p¡sp_p õhê$`_p„ rQ„sh_dp„
fp¡L$pe R>¡ s¡ [õ\f b_¡ R>¡. bpf cph_p_p„ Aæepk\u
op_`|h®L$_p¡ h¥fpÁe DÐ`ß \pe R>¡. h¥fpÁe_p
L$pfZ¡ `frhjep¡ âÐe¡ D`¡np A_¡ Dv$pku_sp Aph¡
R>.¡ A_¡ op__p„ L$pfZ¡ `p¡sp_p õhê$`_p¡ drldp Aph¡
17
R>¡. s¡\u s¡ d_ `frhjep¡\u `pRy>„ hmu `p¡sp_p A_¡ k„kpf_y„ `qfc°dZ lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u kOmp„ k„kpf_y„
õhê$`_p„ tQsh_dp„ fp¡L$pe R>¡. s¡_p L$pfZ¡ d__u d|m L$pfZ dp¡l S> R>.¡ bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp\u
[õ\fsp \pe R>¡. dp¡l d„v$ `X¡$ R>¡.
kp„kpqfL$ âh©rÑ\u `frhjep¡_y„ âhs®_ lp¡e R>¡. bpf cph_p_p Aæepk\u ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Nu `v$p\p£_u
s¡\u d_ õhp^u_ _rl fl¡hp\u A[õ\f b_¡ R>¡. bpf Ar_Ðesp, AifZsp, Akpfsp, Aklpesp,
cph_p_p Aæepk\u `frhjep¡_y„ ApL$j®Z V$m¡ R>¡ AÞeÐhsp, AiyrQsp kdÅe R>.¡ `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_y„
A_¡ `frhjep¡_u âh©qÑ dV¡$ R>.¡ ApÐdrls_p„ k„õL$pfp¡ A_„sNyZp¡ kp\¡_y„ A¡L$Ðh A_¡ `f\u AÞeÐh`Ï„
L¡$mhpe R>.¡ s¡\u d_ `frhjep¡_u kp„kpqfL$ âh©rÑ\u ârscpk¡ R>.¡ `fk„ep¡Np¡_¡ gu^¡ DÐ`ß \sp fpNpqv$
`pRy>„ hmu ApÐdõhê$`_p„ tQsh__u `pfdpr\®L$ Apöhp¡_u rh`fussp A_¡ õhcph_p Apîe¡ DÐ`ß
âh©rÑdp„ âhs£ R>.¡ s¡_p L$pfZ¡ d__u Aqõ\fsp dV$u_¡ \sp k„hf-r_S>f® p_u kd\®sp kdÅe R>.¡ dp¡l_p L$pfZ¡
[õ\f \pe R>.¡ Ap fus¡ bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk rQÑ_u Æh k„`Z | ® gp¡L$dp„ fMX¡$ R>¡ A_¡ dp¡l_¡ dV$pX$u s¡ gp¡L$pN°¡
Q„Qmsp V$pmu s¡_¡ qõ\f L$fph¡ R>¡. ApQpe® îu r_hpk L$f¡ R>.¡ ApÐdõhê$`_u kpQu kdS>Zê$` bp¡r^
`|Äe`pv$_p iåv$p¡dp„ ••• S> S>Nsdp„ vy$g®c R>¡. Aphu bp¡r^\u S ApÐdp_p¡ ^d®
(A_yôy$`) \pe R>.¡ Ap âL$pf¡ bpf cph_p_p Aæepk_p `qfZpd¡
¥ç±l¢|²¢„ „æSÜU¢Úñ:, ¥±à¢æ çÿ¢Œ²¼ï }¢Ý: J `fdp„ `p¡sp`Zp_u dpÞespê$` dp¡l_y„ L$pB¡ L$pfZ fl¡s„y
¼Îñ± ¿¢¢Ý„æSÜU¢Úñ:, S±S¼œ±ï ¥±ç¼D¼ï JJ _\u A_¡ s¡\u s¡ Ahíe d„v$ `X¡$ R>¡.
cphp\® : gp¥qL$L$ ArhÛp_p Aæepk\u DÐ`ß \e¡gp dp¡l_p L$pfZ¡ \su `p¡sp_p cphp¡_u drg_sp
rhjepk[¼s_p k„õL$pfp¡_p L$pfZ¡ d_ Ahi \hp\u dV$pX$hp dpV¡$ bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp_p¡ D`v¡$i
A¡V$g¡ L¡$ õhp^u_ _rl fl¡hp\u s¡ rhqná A¡V$g¡ L¡$ Ap`sp ApQpe®îu iycQ„Ö> L$l¡ R>¡ ••
(A_yôy$`)
A[õ\f \pe R>¡. A_¡ s¡ S> d_ bpf cph_p_p
Aæepk\u DÐ`ß \e¡g ApÐdop__p k„õL$pfp¡_p L$pfZ¡ ç™Ýé 癜¢ï |¢ëà¢æ |¢Ã², |¢¢±Ý¢ |¢¢±à¢éh²ï J
`p¡sp_u Ås¡ S> õhhi A¡V$g¡ L¡$ õhp^u_ \hp\u s¡ [õ\f ²¢: ç„h¢æ¼}¢ã¢¼‹~¢ï, Îï±Îï±ñ: Ðíç¼çD¼¢: JJ
\pe R>¡. (kdpr^s„Ó : Np\p 37)
cphp\® : l¡ cìe ! v¡$hpr^v¡$h îu su\¯L$f cNhp_
+,,,,,,.
4. dp¡l_¡ d„v$ L$f¡ R>¡.
Üpfp âê$r`s rkÙp„sp¡_p âb„^dp„ ârs[óW$s \e¡gu
)******- Ap bpf cph_p R>¡. s¡\u dp¡l\u drg_ \e¡gp„ spfp
`f kp\¡_p A¡L$Ðh L¡$ ddÐh_¡ dp¡l L$l¡ R>¡. cphp¡_u iyqÙ dpV¡$ spfp rQÑdp„ Ap bpf cph_p_y„
kOmp„ k„kpf_y„ d|m L$pfZ Ap dp¡l S> R>¡. tQsh_ L$f. (op_pZ®h : kN® : f, ïgp¡L$ 1` )

bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk dp¡l_¡ d„v$ L$f¡ R>¡. +,,,,,,.

ifufpqv$ `f`v$p\p£ ¡ _ ¡ `p¡ s p`Z¡ dp_hp_u
Aop_sp, c°dZp L¡$ d|Y$sp s¡ dp¡l R>¡. dp¡l_p L$pfZ¡
fpNÜ¡jpqv$ qhL$pfu cphp¡ \pe R>¡. s¡_p\u L$d®b„^_
18
5. rhje-L$jpe_p T¡f_¡ Dspf¡ R>¡.
)******-
k„kpfu Æh_¡ õ`ip®qv$ C[ÞÖep¡_p rhje_u
Apk[¼s A_¡ L$°p¡^pqv$ L$jpep¡_u âNV$sp lp¡e
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
R>¡. Ap rhje-L$jpe Æh_p iyÙõhê$`_p¡ Ops DW¡$ R>¡. s¡\u Aphp¡ Aæepk L$f_pf `y{j_p ùv$edp„
L$fphu s¡_¡ ApÐdrls\u AmNp¡ fMph_pf L$jpeê$`u Ar‚ b|TpB Åe R>¡. `frhjep¡ âÐe¡_p¡
lp¡hp\u s¡ T¡fê$` R>¡. bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk fpNcph V$mu Åe R>¡.
Aphp rhje-L$jpe_p T¡f_¡ Dspf_pfp¡ R>¡. (op_pZ®h : kN® 2 : Üpv$ip_yâ¡np_p¡ D`k„lpf : ïgp¡L$ 2 )

k„kpfu Æh_¡ õ`ip®qv$ C[ÞÖep¡_p rhjep¡dp„

kyMbyqÙ lp¡hp\u s¡_¡ s¡_u Apk[¼s lp¡e R>¡. Ap
+ ,,
6. rh`rÑdp„ ^¥,
e® A_¡,
k„`, rsdp„.
D`fp„s `f`v$p\p£ âÐe¡_p dp¡l_p L$pfZ¡ ¾$p¡^pqv$
L$jpep¡_u âNV$sp `Z lp¡e R>¡. Ap rhje- L$jpe
)*****-
_d°sp âv$p_ L$fph¡ R>¡.

Nd¡ s¡hp ârsL|$m âk„N_p kde¡ `Z ip„rs

ApÐdõhcph_p¡ Ops L$f_pf lp¡hp\u s¡ A¡L$ âL$pf_y„
A_¡ ^ufS> fpMhu s¡_¡ rh`rÑdp„
T¡f R>¡. rhje-L$jpe_p T¡f_¡ Dspfhp
^¥e® A_¡ kp_yL|$m kdedp„ `Z
dpV¡ $ bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk
L$pe®L$pfu R>¡.
kpgksp A_¡ rh_e_¡ h^pfhp¡
bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp\u
s¡_¡ k„`rÑdp„ _d°sp L$l¡ R>¡. bpf
B[ÞÖerhjep¡dp„ ApÐdp_y„ kyM _\u cph_p_p¡ Aæepk rh`rÑdp„ ^¥e®
s¡hu kdS>Z`|h®L$_p¡ h¥fpÁe DÐ`ß A_¡ k„`rÑdp„ _d°sp âv$p_
\pe R>¡. s¡\u rhjepk[¼s V$m¡ R>¡. Ap L$fph_pfp¡ R>¡.
bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk dp¡l_¡ d„v$ `p`_p Dv$e\u DÐ`ß \e¡g
`pX$_pfp¡ R>.¡ dp¡l_u d„v$sp \sp„ L$jpep¡ dy í L¡ $ g `qf[õ\rs, A`dp_,
d„v$ `X¡$ R>¡. Ap fus¡ bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk rhje- AhNZ_p, r_óamsp S>h ¡ p ârsL|$m k„ep¡N_p âk„N
L$jpe_¡ d„v$ L$f_pfp¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ s¡_y„ T¡f Dspf_pfp¡ R>¡. kde¡ `Z ip„ r s A_¡ ^ufS> Åmhu fpMhp s¡
bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp\u `frhjep¡dp„ rh`rÑdp„ ^¥e® R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u rh{Ù `yÎe_p Dv$e\u
kyMbyqÙ A_¡ `f`v$p\p£_p dp¡lê$` Aop_ V$mu Åe âpá AY$mL$ ^_-v$pg ¥ s, dp_-kÞdp_ S>h ¡ p kp_yL$| m
R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u `frhjep¡ âÐe¡_p¡ A_yfpN dV$u Åe R>¡ k„ep¡N_p âk„N kde¡ `Z cgpB fpMhu, kpgksp
A_¡ L$jpeê$`u Ar‚ ip„s \pe R>¡. s¡\u kp„kpqfL$ v$pMhhu, rh_e_¡ h^pfhp¡ s¡ k„`rÑdp„ _d°sp R>¡.
rhje-L$jpe_p T¡f_¡ Dspfhp dpV¡$ bpf cph_p_p¡ bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk rh`rÑdp„ ^¥e® A_¡ k„`rÑdp„
Aæepk r_f„sf L$fhp¡ Å¡BA¡ s¡d afdphsp ApQpe®îu _d°sp âv$p_ L$fph_pfp¡ R>¡.
iycQ„Ö L$l¡ R>¡ ••• ANpD Å¡B Nep s¡ dyS>b bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk
(Apep®) ârsL|$m âk„N¡ kdp^p_ L$fph_pfp¡ R>¡, S>¡ rh`rÑdp„
籊²¢ç¼ ÜU¯¢²¢çxÝ: ç±x¢Hç¼ Ú¢x¢¢ï ç±Hè²¼ï Š±¢‹¼}¢ì J ^¥e®_y„ L$pfZ b_¡ R>¡. s¡d S> s¡ k„kpf_p rhje-
©ç‹}¢¯ç¼ Ï¢¢ï{ÎèТï NçÎ Ðéæ„¢æ |¢¢±Ý¢|²¢„¢¼ì JJ L$jpe_p T¡f_¡ Dspf_pfp¡ R>,¡ S>¡ k„`rÑdp„ _d°sp_y„ L$pfZ
b_¡ R>¡ . bpf cph_p_p Aæepk\u k„ k pf_u
cphp\® : Ap bpf cph_pAp¡_p¡ r_f„sf Aæepk L$fhp\u nZc„Nyfsp, AifZsp, Akpfsp kdÅe R>¡. `p`-
Aop_ê$`u A„^L$pf rhge `pdu op_ê$`u âL$pi Mugu `yÎe_p Dv$e\u âpá ârsL|$m-A_yL|$m k„ep¡Np¡ A¡
rhje`° h ¡ i 19
ApÐdp_u QuS> _\u. A_¡ ApÐdp_¡ Ap^u_ `Z _\u.
Aphp k„ep¡Np¡ ApÐdp_p vy$:M L¡ kyM_y„ L$pfZ _\u `Z
s¡ k„ep¡Np¡_¡ gn¡ \sp¡ k„ep¡Nucphê$` dp¡l S> ApÐdp_p
vy $ :M L¡ $ ky M _y „ L$pfZ lp¡ e R>¡ . bpf cph_p_p
Aæepk\u Ap dp¡l d„v$ `X¡$ R>¡. s¡\u ârsL|$m âk„N¡
ip„rs A_¡ ^ufS> Åmhu iL$pe R>¡ A_¡ A_yL|$m
k„ep¡Np¡\u Arcdp_ \sy„ _\u. s¡ L$pfZ¡ rh`rÑdp„
^¥e® A_¡ k„`rÑdp„ _d°sp Aph¡ R¡.
bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk Ap`Z_¡ A¡ iuMh¡ R>¡ L¡$
`yÎep¡v$e\u âpá kp_yL|m k„ep¡Np¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ ApÐdp_p
NyZp¡ h^u S>sp _\u s¡\u k„`rÑdp„ Arcdp_ L$fhp_y„
L$p¡B L$pfZ _\u `Z _d° \hy„ s¡dp„ S> `p¡sp_u ip¡cp
R>¡. Ap„bp_y„ h©n dp¡Vy„$ \sy„ Åe s¡d _uQ¡ _dsy„ Åe R>¡
A_¡ Ap h©n_p d|m\u Np¡V$gp„ ky^u_u v$f¡L$ QuS>
D`ep¡Nu lp¡e R>¡. s¡d bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$f_pf
Æh `yÎep¡v$e\u âpá kp_yL|©m k„ep¡Np¡ h^¡ s¡d s¡_u
rh_d°sp h^pfsp¡ Åe R>¡ A_¡ Aphp Æh_y„ kdN°
Æh_ õh-`f_¡ rlsL$pfu lp¡e R>¡. `Z MS|>f_y„ h©n
S>¡d S>¡d KQy \sy„ Åe s¡d s¡d h^y _¡ h^y A½$X$
b_sy„ Åe R>¡. s¡ dykpaf_¡ R>p„ep¡ Ap`u iL$sy„ _\u
A_¡ s¡_p am `Z M|b v|$f lp¡hp\u dykpaf_u c|M
cp„Nu iL$sp _\u. s¡d bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk _
L$f_pf Æh `yÎep¡v$e\u âpá kÑp A_¡ k„`rÑ h^¡
s¡d h^y _¡ h^y Arcdp_u \sp¡ Åe R>¡ A_¡ s¡_„y Æh_
õh-`f_¡ rlsL$pfu lp¡sy„ _\u. L$üy„ `Z R>¡••
©æ™¢ ãꥢ ¼¢ï v²¢ ãꥢ ? ©æ™¢ ÐïÇ ¶…êÚ J
Ðæƒè À¢²¢ Ý Ð¢§ü²ï, ÈUH Hx¢ï ¥ç¼ ÎêÚ JJ
(L$buf_p¡ v$p¡lfp¡)
+,,,,,,.
7. d©Ðey_p ce_¡ v|$f cNph¡ R>¡.
)******-
hs®dp_ d_yóe Ahõ\p_u Apey `|Z® \sp Æh_y„
ifuf\u Sy>v$p `X$hp_u âq¾$ep_¡ dfZ L$l¡
R>¡. dfZ_¡ V$pmu iL$psy„ _\u A_¡ `p¡s¡ nZ¡
nZ¡ dfZ_p dyMdp„ lp¡dpB füp¡ R>¡. ifuf
20
kp\¡ A¡L$Ðh byqÙ ^fphsp Aop_u_¡ ifuf_p
rhep¡Nê$` dfZ `p¡jpsy„ _\u. s¡\u s¡_¡
dfZ_p¡ ce kss kspìep L$f¡ R>¡. bpf
cph_p_p¡ Aæepk Aphp dfZ_p ce_¡
v|$f cNph¡ R>¡.
hs®dp_ d_yóe`ep®e_p ifuf_u [õ\rs Apeyóe
L$d_
® p Dv$e A_ykpf lp¡e R>.¡ Ap Apeyóe L$d® `|hc
® hdp„
b„^pe¡g lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ s¡ r_es lp¡e R>¡. ApeyóeL$d®_p¡
Dv$e `|fp¡ \sp Æh Ahíe d©Ðey_¡ `pd¡ R>¡. A_¡ s¡
kde¡ s¡_¡ L$p¡B ifZ lp¡sy„ _\u. fp¡S>¡ fp¡S> d©Ðey_p
kdpQpf kp„cmu_¡ A_¡ `p¡s¡ `Z nZ¡ nZ¡ d©Ðey_u
kdu` Aphu füp¡ R>¡ s¡ ÅZu_¡ Aop_u d_yóe d©Ðey_p
ce\u Óõs fl¡ R>¡. bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk Ap
d©Ðey_p ce_¡ v|$f cNph_pfp¡ R>¡.
bpf cph_p_p Aæepk\u A¡hu kdS>Z \pe R>¡
L¡$ `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙpÐdp S> [_Ðe R>¡ A_¡ ifufpqv k„ep¡Np¡
Ar_Ðe R>¡. `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙpÐdp S> ifZc|s R>¡ A_¡
ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Np¡ ifZc|s _\u. `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙpÐdp S>
kpfc|s R>¡ A_¡ k„kpfdp„ AÞe L$p¡B kpfc|s _\u.
`p¡sp_¡ `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdp\u S> A¡L$Ðh R>¡ A_¡ ifufpqv$
k„ep¡Np¡\u AÞeÐh R>¡. `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙpÐdp S> `fd
`rhÓ R>¡ A_¡ ifuf AÐe„s AiyrQ R>¡. iyÙpÐdp_p
Apîe¡ S> k„hf-r_S®fp R>¡ A_¡ ifufpqv$ bpü k„ep¡Np¡_p„
Apîe¡ `yÎe-`p`ê$` Apöh R>.¡ iyÙpÐdp_p Ýep_\u
gp¡L$pN°¡ [õ\f r_hpk R>¡ A_¡ ifufpqv_p$ gn¡ gp¡L$dp„
QpfNrs_y„ c°dZ R>¡. S>Nsdp„ iyÙpÐdp_p kpQp
õhê$`_u kdS>Zê$` bp¡r^ S> vy$g®c R>¡ A_¡ ^_pqv$$
k„ep¡Np¡ kygc R>.¡ iyÙpÐdp_u âprá\u \su husfpNsp
A¡ S> ^d® R>¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_p„ iyÙpÐdp_p iyÙ õhê$`\u
Ãe|s \B_¡ ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Np¡_p„ gn¡ \sp¡ dp¡l-fpN-
Ü¡jpqv$ rhL$pfu cph S> A^d® R>¡. bpf cph_p_p
Aæepk\u Aphp âL$pf_u kdS>Z \hp\u ifufpqv$
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
k„ep¡Np¡ kp\¡_y„ A¡L$Ðh L¡$ ddÐh dV$u Åe R>¡. s¡\u
ifufpqv$ k„ep¡N_p„ rhep¡Nê$` \sp¡ dfZ_p¡ ce V$mu
Åe R>¡.
Ap D`fp„s bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk Ar_Ðe A_¡
AifZc|s ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Np¡\u `p¡sp_p¡ Ak„ep¡Nu
ApÐdp sØ_ rcß R>¡ s¡d v$ip®h¡ R>¡. S>¡_p¡ k„ep¡N lp¡e
s¡_p¡ rhep¡N lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Np¡_p¡ rhep¡N
`Z Ahíe„cphu R>¡. A_¡ s¡_p¡ rhep¡N \hp R>sp„
`p¡sp_p Ak„ep¡Nu ApÐdp_¡ L$pB¡ _y¼kp_ _\u. nrZL$
A_¡ rh_piu ifufpqv$_y„ gn R>p¡X$u ipðs A_¡
ifZc|s iyÙpÐdp_y„ gn L$fhp\u dfZ_p¡ ce fl¡sp¡
_\u. Ap `°L$pf_p¡ bpfcph_p_p¡ Aæepk d©Ðey_p„
ce_¡ v|$f cNph_pfp¡ R>¡.
bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$f_pf_¡ `p¡sp_p¡ ApÐdp
S>Þd-dfZ\u frls Arh_piu A_¡ A_pqv$-A_„s
cpk¡ R>.¡ ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Np¡ `p¡sp_p\u sØ_ rcß cpk¡
R>¡. ifuf kp\¡_y„ A¡L$Ðh L¡$ ddÐh V$mu Åe R>¡. dfZ
kde¡ ifuf Üpfp Æh_p¡ ÐepN \pe
s¡ `l¡gp„ S> s¡ `p¡sp_p Arcâpedp„
ifuf\u R|>V$p¡ `X$u Åe R>¡. s¡\u
dfZ_p¡ ce fl¡sp¡ _\u. dfZ kde¡
ip„rs A_¡ kdsp`|h®L ifuf\u R|>V$p
`X$hp\u õhN®_u `f„`fp Üpfp dp¡n_u
âprá \pe R>¡. d©Ðey A¡ ÆZ®-iuZ®
ifuf A_¡ ârsL|$m k„ep¡Np¡\u R>p¡X$ph_pf ApÐdp_p¡
D`L$pfu R>¡ s¡\u bpf cph_p_p Aæepk L$f_pf dpV¡
d©Ðey A¡L$ dlp¡Ðkh kdp_ R>¡. L$rh îu k|fQ„v$_p
iåv$pd¡ p„••
(_f¡ÞÖ R>„v$)$
ã¢ï² çÝ:à¢Ë² ¼…¢ï „Ï¢ Îéç±{¢, ¥¢¼}¢Ú¢}¢ „銲¢±¢ï J
…Ï¢ ÐÚx¢ç¼ ÜU¢ï ÜUÚãé в¢Ý¢ïæ, ÐÚ}¢¼œ± ©Ú H¢±¢ï JJ
rhje`° h ¡ i
}¢¢ïã-…¢H ÜU¢ï ÜU¢Å çв¢Úï, ¥ÐÝ¢ï ÚéÐ ç±™¢Ú¢ï J
}¢ëy²é ç}¢~¢ ©ÐÜU¢Úè ¼ïÚ¢ï, ²¢ïæ ©Ú çÝp² {¢Ú¢ï JJ
cphp\® : bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp\u ifuf
kp\¡_p A¡L$Ðh_y„ iëe V$mu S>hp\u b^p„ âL$pf_u
v$y$rh^p L¡$ X$pdpX$p¡m`Ï„ dV$u Åe R>¡. s¡\u `p¡sp_p
iyÙpÐdp_y„ Ýep_ k„ch¡ R>¡. bpf cph_p_p Aæepk_p
bm¡ dfZ_p¡ kde Aph¡ A_¡ `fNrs sfa âepZ_p¡
âk„N b_¡ Ðepf¡ `p¡sp_p iyÙ õhê$`_¡ rhQpfu s¡ `fd
sÒh_y„ tQsh_ L$fu ifuf âÐe¡_p¡ dp¡l dV$pX$u d©Ðey
A¡ `p¡sp_p¡ `fd rdÓ R>¡ A¡ r_òe_¡ ùv$edp„ ^pfZ L$fp¡.
(kdpr^dfZ `pW$ : L$X$u _„. 53)
+,,,,,,.
8. `yÎe_u âprá L$fph¡ R>¡.
)******-
d„v$ L$jpe\u \su `qfZpdp¡_u rhiyqÙ L¡$
iyccph_p L$pfZ¡ \sp `yÎeL$d®_p b„^_¡
`yÎe_u âpqá L$l¡ R>¡. bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk
`yÎe_u âprá L$fph¡ R>¡.
Æh_p d„ v $ L$jpe\u \su
`qfZpdp¡_u rhiyqÙ L¡$ iyccph_p
L$pfZ¡ iy c _pd, iy c Apey ,
iy c Np¡ Ó , ipsph¡ v $_ue S>¡ h p
`yÎeL$d®_y„ b„^_ \pe R>¡. iyc-
cph_p r_rdÑ¡ `|h_£ p `p`L$d® `Z
`yÎedp„ a¡fhpB Åe R>¡. sp¡ L$p¡Bhpf
`yÎe lp¡e s¡_p¡ fk L¡$ A_ycpN h^u `Z Åe R>¡. s¡
b^u `yÎe_u âprá R>¡. bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk
`yÎe_u âprá L$fph_pfp¡ R>¡.
bpf cph_p_p Aæepk_p `qfZpd¡ k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡
h¥fpÁe A_¡ sÒhop__u kdS>Z \pe R>¡. s¡\u
`p¡sp_p `qfZpdp¡_u rhiyqÙ A_¡ s¡\u \su `yÎe_u
21
âpqá lp¡e R>.¡ bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$f_pf_¡ `yÎe_y„
L$p¡B âep¡S>_ cpksy„ _\u, sp¡`Z ‘dpN¡ s¡\u cpN¡ D`k„lpf
A_¡ _ dpN¡ s¡_u ApN ApN¡¡’ A¡ D[¼s A_ykpf `yÎe_u
ApÐdrls k„b„^u `pfdpr\®L$ bpbs_u hpf„hpf
dp„NZu L$f_pf_¡ `yÎe_u âprá \su _\u `Z `yÎe_y„
rhQpfZp \hu s¡ cph_p L¡ $
L$p¡B âep¡S>_ _ fpM_pf_¡ s¡_u âprá
A_yâ¡np R>¡.
klS>`Z¡ \pe R>¡ . bpf cph_p_p¡
Aæepk `p¡s¡ S> `qfZpdp¡_u rhiyqÙ R>.¡ `pfdpr\® L $ rhQpfZp_p
s¡\u d„v$ L$jpe\u rQÑ_u DS>S>hmsp Ap^pfc| s Ar_Ðepqv$ Ly $ g bpf
lp¡e R>.¡ KQp âL$pf_p iyccphp¡_p L$pfZ¡ bpbsp¡ lp¡hp\u cph_p `Z bpf S>
`yÎe_u âprá \pe R>¡. Ap`Z¡ ANpD R>¡. bpf cph_p rkhpe_u k„kpf
Å¡ B Nep s¡ dy S >b bpf cph_p_p¡ k„b„^u S>¡ L$p¡B rhQpfZp L¡$ tQsh_
Aæepk rQÑ_¡ [õ\f L$fph¡ R>¡, dp¡l_¡
lp¡e s¡ tQsp R>¡, `Z cph_p _\u.
d„v$ L$f¡ R>¡, kp„kpqfL$ rhje-L$jpe_p
tQsp k„kpf A_¡ s¡_p„ vy$:Mp¡_y„ L$pfZ
T¡f_¡ Espf¡ R>¡. Ap b^u bpbsp¡ `Z
lp¡hp\u l¡e R>¡. `f„sy cph_p dp¡n
`yÎep¡`pS>®__y„ S> L$pfZ R>¡. Ap fus¡ bpf
cph_p_p¡ Aæepk `yÎe_u âprá L$fph_pfp¡ R>¡. A_¡ s¡_p kyM_y„ L$pfZ lp¡hp\u D`pv¡$e R>¡.

bpf cph_p_p Aæepk\u AmNp fl¡ _ pfp `pfdpr\® L $ `„ \ _p âpf„ c \u `| Z ® s p ky ^ u

Aop_u Æhp¡ `yÎe_y„ âep¡S>_ ^fphu s¡_p dpV¡$_p h¥fpÁe_u AphíeL$sp lp¡e R>¡. `f„sy Ap h¥fpÁe
D`pep¡ L$ep® L$f¡ R>¡. sp¡`Z s¡d_¡ `yÎe_u âprá \su op_ krls_p¡ lp¡e sp¡ S> L$pe®L$pfu b_¡ R>¡.
_\u. bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$f_pf ApÐdp\} kˆ>_ S>Nsdp„ h¥fpÁe_p âk„Np¡ Ahpf_hpf Å¡hp dm¡
`y{j `yÎe_y„ âep¡S>_ rbgLy$g ^fphsp¡ _\u. sp¡`Z R>¡. `Z Ap h¥fpÁe hõsyõhê`_u kpQu kdS>Z
s¡_¡ DÐL©$ô$ `yÎe_u âprá \pe R>¡. Ap bpbs rh_p_p¡ lp¡hp\u s¡ ApÐdrls_u ep¡Áesp L¡$ kp^_
ApQpe®îu `Ú_„v$u _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡dp„ L$l¡ R>¡ • b_u iL$sp¡ _\u. hpõshdp„ op_ hNf_p¡ h¥fpÁe
A¡ h¥fpÁe S> _\u `Z A¡L$ âL$pf_p¡ ê„^pe¡gp¡
(A_yôy$`)
L$jpe S> R>¡. op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u DÐ`rÑ_y„
¥Ýé Ð í ï ÿ ¢¢ §ü } ¢¢: „çÎì | ¢: :, „±ü Î ¢ Nβï {ë ¼ ¢: J
L$pfZ A¡L$ dpÓ bpf cph_p S> R>¡.
ÜUé ± ü ¼ ï ¼yÐÚæ Ðé ‡ ²æ , ãï ¼ é : ²¼ì S±x¢ü }¢¢ï ÿ ¢²¢ï : JJ
bpf cph_p_p Aæepk`|hL® $ s¡_„y tQsh_ L$fhp_y„
cphp\® : k>ˆ>_p¡ Üpfp kv$p ùv$edp„ ^pfZ L$fhpdp„
am Agp¥qL$L$ A_¡ AtQÐe R>¡. s¡\u dydykyAp¡A¡ Ap
Aphsu Ap bpf A_yân ¡ pAp¡_p¡ Aæepk DÐL© ô$ `yÎe_¡
bpf cph_p_y„ tQsh_ r_f„sf L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡. bpf
âpá L$fph¡ R>¡. S¡ õhN®_u `f„`fp Üpfp dp¡n ky^u
cph_p_y„ tQsh_ L$f_pf_¡ Ahíe r_hp®Z_u âprá
`lp¢QpX¡$ R>¡.
(`Ú_„v$u`„Qqh„irs : AÝepe 6 : ïgp¡L$ 58)
\pe R>¡, s¡d v$ip®hsp `„. by^S>_ L$l¡ R>¡••

22 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

 (v$p¡lp)
¥çƒÚ¢à¢Ú‡¢ „æ„¢Ú ãñ, ¥ïÜUy± ¥‹²y±çã …¢Ý J
¥à¢é ç ™ ¥¢d± „æ ± Ú¢, çÝ…ü Ú H¢ï Ü U Ï¢¶¢Ý JJ
Ï¢¢ï ç {-Îé H ü | ¢ {}¢ü ²ï , Ï¢¢Úã |¢¢±Ý …¢Ý J
§ÝÜU¢ï |¢¢±ñ …¢ï „΢, v²¢ï Ý Hãñ çݱ¢ü Ý J
cphp\® : 1. Ar_Ðe f. AifZ 3. k„kpf 4.A¡L$Ðh
`. AÞeÐh 6. AiyrQ 7. Apöh 8. k„hf 9. r_S>®fp
10. gp¡L$ 11. bp¡r^vy$gc® A_¡ 1f. ^d® A¡ bpf cph_p
R>¡. S>¡ d_yóe Ap bpf cph_p_y„ l„d¡ip„ tQsh_ L$f¡
R>¡ s¡_¡ r_hp®Z_u âprá L¡$d _ \pe ? A¡V$g¡ L¡$ Qp¡½$k
\pe S>. (`„. by^S>_L©$s R>Y$pmp : Y$pm 1, Np\p 13,14)

k„v$c® N°„\p¡
· 1. bpfk AÏh¡ L $Mp : Np\p 2, 87\u 90; · 2. õhpduL$prs® L ¡ $ ep_y â ¡ n p : Np\p 2, 3, 490; · 3. cNhsu
Apfp^_p : Np\p 1710; · 4. op_pZ®h : kN®f : ïgp¡L$ 4\u 7, 194\u 768; · 5. d|gpQpf : DÑfp^® : Np\p 694,
765\u 768; · 6. sÒhp\®kpf : AÂepe 6 : Np\p 29, 30, 43; · 7. sÒhp\®k|Ó : AÂepe 9 : k|Ó 7; · 8. sÒhp\®fpS>hprs®L$
: 9—/25, 3/624; · 9. kdZkyÑd¹ : âL$fZ 30 : A_yâ¡npk|Ó : Np\p 1, 2, 25, 26; · 10. khp®\®rkqÙ : 9/4, 409;
9/25/443; · 11. ^hg : 9/4, 1, 55/263/1; · 12. `Ú_„v$u`„Qthirs : AÂepe 6, ïgp¡L$ 42, 43, 44; · 13.
A_Npf^dp®d©s : AÂepe 6, Np\p 57, 82; · 14. b©lv$Öìe k„N°l : Np\p 35_u V$uL$p; · 15. cph`plzX$ : Np\p 96;
· 16. `plzX$ v$p¡lp : ïgp¡L$ 212; · 17. kdekpf_pV$L$ : AÂepe 7, v$p¡lfp¡ 41, 42; · 18. îudv$¹ fpS>Q„Ö : `Óp„L$ 10,
`p_y 15\u 22; · 19. dlp`yfpZ : 21/142/490; · 20. bl¡_îu_p„ hQ_pd©s : _„.4, 405; · 21. S>¥.rk.L$p¡i: cpN
1 : A_y`°¡np : 1/1, `p_y 71; 1/2, `p_y 72.

l¡ s y g nu âï_p¡

ep¡Áe qhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fu bpSy>_p Qp¡fkdp„ v$ip®hp¡. 06. cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$epdp„ L$B bpbs_p¡ kdph¡i _\u? 06.
01. dp¡ndpN®_u iêAps\u `|Z®sp ky^u iy„ S>êfu 01. A:: k„kpf_u AifZsp B:: k„kpf_u Akpfsp
lp¡e R>¡ ? C:: k„kpf_u vy$rh^p D:: k„kpf_u kyrh^p
A:: op_`|h®L$_p¡ h¥fpÁe B:: husfpNu v$h¡ -Ny{ 07. L¡$hp¡ h¥fpÁe ApÐdrls dpV¡$ D`L$pfu R>¡ ? 07.
C:: bpf cph_p_p¡ `pW$ D:: d_yóe `ep®e A:: nrZL$ `Z ×Y B:: vy$:M`|hL® $_p¡ C:: dp¡l`|hL® $_p¡ D:: op_`|hL® $_p¡
0f. L$\p_yep¡N_p ipõÓp¡_y„ L¡$ÞÖtbvy$ iy„ R>¡? 02. 08. S>Nsdp„ Ace L$p¡Z lp¡e R>¡ ? 08.
A:: dlp`y{jp¡_„y Æh_QqfÓ B:: `yÎe-`p`_y„ am A:: ipõÓop_u B:: h¥fpÁeh„s C:: gÿdu`rs D:: bmhp_
C:: bpf cph_p$ D:: husfpNsp 09. ârsL|$msp kde¡ i¡dp„ kˆ>_sp R>¡ ? 09.
03. gNcN v$fL¡ $ S>¥_ L$rhA¡ i¡_u fQ_p L$fg ¡ lp¡e R>¡? 03. A:: ârsL|$msp_p¡ ârsL$pf L$fhpdp„ B:: ârsL|$msp_¡ hi \hpdp„
A:: rS>_¡ÞÖ `|Å B:: bpf cph_p C:: rS>_hpZu õsyrs D:: Ny{ c[¼s C:: kdp^p_ fpMhpdp„ D:: iyÙpÐdp_p Âep_dp„
04. bpf cph_p hX¡$ su\®L$„ f dyr__p h¥fpÁe_u A_ydp¡v$_p 04. 10. `„. by^S>__p L$\_ A_ykpf bpfcph_p_y„ 10.
L$p¡Z L$f¡ R>¡ ? q_f„sf tQsh_ L$f_pf_¡ i¡_u âprá \pe R>¡?
A:: âÅS>_p¡ B:: L$d®c|rd_p fpÅAp¡ A:: r_hp®Z B:: kçeÁv$i_® C:: õhN® D:: kp_yL$|msp
C:: kp¥^d® BÞÖ D:: gp¡L$pr„ sL$ v¡$hp¡
0`. kpQu cph_p L¡$hu lp¡su _\u ? 5.
A:: `pfdpr\®L$ bpbs_u rhQpfZpê` B:: h¥fpÁeê`
C:: ApÐdrls_u Arcgpjpê` D:: fpN-Ü¡jê`

rhje`° h ¡ i 23
 k¥ Ù p„ r sL$ âï_p¡
_uQ¡_p âï_p¡_p A¡L$ b¡ hp¼edp„ V|$„L$p S>hpb Ap`p¡. L$f¡ R>¡ ?
01.`pfdpr\® L $ `„ \ dp„ `l¡ g ¡ \ u R>¡ ë g¡ ky ^ u ff. rQÑ_u Q„ Q msp A¡ V g¡ iy „ ?
i¡ _ u S>êf lp¡ e R>¡ ? f3. dp¡ l A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ?
0f. ApQpe® frQs bpf cph_p_p õhs„Ó N°\ „ _p f4. kOmp„ k„ k pf_y „ d| m L$pfZ iy „ R>¡ ?
_pd Ap`p¡ ?
f`. ip dpV¡ $ rhje-L$jpe A¡ L $ âL$pf_y „
03. bpf cph_p k„b„^u L¡$V$gp L$pìep¡ Å¡hp T¡ f R>¡ ?
dm¡ R>¡ ?
04. cph_p A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ? _uQ¡ _ p âï_p¡ _ p rhõs© s DÑf Ap`p¡
0`. cph_p_y „ buSy > _pd iy „ R>¡ ? L$B fus¡ ? 01.cph_p A_¡ tQsp hÃQ¡_p¡ saphs kdÅhp¡.
06.cph_pdp„ \ u Âep_ L$B fus¡ \pe ? 0f. bpf cph_p_y „ k„ r ná õhê` S>Zphp¡ .
07.^d® Â ep__p¡ Ap^pf iy „ R>¡ ? 03.ApÐdrls â¡fZp A_¡ `y{jp\® A¡V$g¡ iy„?
08.kp„ k pqfL$ bpbsp¡ _ y „ tQsh_ iy „ R>¡ ? bpf cph_p_p Aæepk\u s¡ L$B fus¡ âpá
09.tQsp R>p¡X$u cph_p cphhp dpV¡$ iy„ ÅZhy„ \pe R>¡ ?
S>êfu R>¡? 04.bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk ârsL|$m âk„N¡ kdp^p_
10. tQsp_u tQsh_ âq¾$epdp„ dy¿e`Z¡ iy„ L$B fus¡ L$fph¡ R>¡ ?
lp¡ e R>¡ ? 0`.bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk rQÑ_u [õ\fsp_y„
11.cph_p A_¡ tQsp hÃQ¡_p saphs_p L$p¡B`Z L$pfZ L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
b¡ dy Ø p Ap`p¡ . 06.bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$B fus¡ dp¡l_¡ d„v$
1f. bpf cph_p_p _pd Ap`p¡ L$fph¡ R>¡ ?
13. bpf cph_p `¥L$u â\d R> cph_p L¡$hu R>¡ ? 07.bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$B fus¡ rhje-
14. bpf cph_p `¥L$u A„rsd R> cph_p L¡$hu R>¡ ? L$jpe_p T¡ f _¡ Dspf¡ R>¡ ?
15.h¥ f pÁe A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ? 08.bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$B fus¡ rh`rÑdp„
^¥e® A_¡ k„`rÑ _d°sp âv$p_ L$f_pfp¡ R>¡?
16.h¥ f pÁe L¡ $ V$gp âL$pf_p lp¡ e R>¡ ?
09.bpf cph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$B fus¡ dfZ_p
17.vy $ :M`| h ® L $_p¡ h¥ f pÁe A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ? ce_¡ dV$pX$_pfp¡ R>¡ ?
18.dp¡ l `| h ® L $_p¡ h¥ f pÁe A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ? 10.bpf cph_p_p Aæepk\u L$B fus¡ `yÎe_u
19.op_`| h ® L $_p¡ h¥ f pÁe A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ? âpqá R>¡ ?
f0. bpf cph_p_p Aæepk\u sÐL$pg dmsp„ _uQ¡_p_p¡ saphs Ap`p¡.
am `¥ L $u L$p¡ B b¡ _ p„ _pd Ap`p¡ ? 01. cph_p A_¡ tQsp
f1. Ap S>Nsdp„ `p¡s¡ L$p¡_u c|g_p¡ cp¡NhV$p¡
24 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
1. Ar_Ðecph_p 25
26 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 Ar_Ðecph_p
cph_p
1.
S>¡ nrZL L¡$$ rh_piu lp¡e s¡_¡ Ar_Ðe L$l¡
R>¡. ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Nu `v$p\p£ A_¡ fpNpqv$ rhL$pfu
cphp¡ nrZL$ L¡$ rh_piu R>¡, A_¡ `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙpÐdp
S> ipðs A_¡ Arh_piu R>¡. Ap âL$pf_u hpf„hpf
rhQpfZp L$fhu s¡ Ar_Ðecph_p R>¡.
d_yóe_y„ ifuf, k„`rÑ, dp_-kÞdp_ hN¡f¡
k„ e p¡ N p¡ A_¡ by q Ù, L$p¥ i ëe hN¡ f ¡ k„ e p¡ N u
cphp¡ nrZL$ L¡$ rh_piu R>¡. s¡ b^p_p¡ L$p¡B
_¡ L$p¡B L$pm¡ _pi \hp_p¡ S> R>¡. _pih„s
hõsydp„ dp¡l fpMhp\u vy$:Mu S> \hpe R>¡.
A_¡ Arh_piu iyÙpÐdp_y„ Ýep_ ^fhp\u `fd
kyM_u âprá \pe R>¡. Ap âL$pf_u rhQpfZp
s¡ Ar_Ðecph_p R>¡.
A_¡L$ps
„ de hõsy_„y õhê$` r_Ðe-Ar_ÐepÐdL$
lp¡ e R>¡ . Ak„ e p¡ N u ApÐdp r_Ðe R>¡ A_¡
s¡ _ u kp\¡ k„ L $mpe¡ g p kOmp„ k„ e p¡ N p¡ A_¡
k„ep¡Nucphp¡ Ar_Ðe R>.¡ Æh `p¡sp_p Ak„ep¡Nu
^y°h iyÙpÐdp_¡ c|gu_¡ A^°yh ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Np¡
A_¡ nrZL$ rhL$pfu k„ep¡Nu cphp¡dp„ `p¡sp_y„
A¡L$Ðh-ddÐh L$f¡ R>.¡ `f„sy Ap S>Nsdp„ S>_ ¡ p¡
k„ep¡N lp¡e R>¡ s¡_p¡ rhep¡N `Z lp¡e R>¡,
S>Þd lp¡ e s¡ _ y „ dfZ lp¡ e R>¡ , Apqv$ lp¡ e
s¡ _ p¡ A„ s `Z Aph¡ R>¡ , S>¡ D`S>¡ R>¡ s¡
rhZk¡ `Z R>¡, S>¡_y„
_pd lp¡e s¡_p¡ _pi
`Z lp¡e R>.¡ s¡\u Ap
ifuf-d_-hpZu, õÓu-
`y Ó -`qfhpf, dp_-
kÞdp_, kÑp-k„ ` qÑ
1. Ar_Ðecph_p
hN¡f¡ rh_priL$ R>.¡ `p¡sp_y„ Apeyóe `Z Aë`
R>¡ . `qfhs® _ iug k„ k pfdp„ L$p¡ B `Z QuS>
L$pedu _\u. L$pedu `p¡ s p_p¡ iy Ù pÐdp S>
R>¡. Ap âL$pf¡ ApÐdrlsL$pfu Aq_Ðecph_p_p
õhê`_¡ kdÆ s¡_u hpf„hpf rhQpfZp L$fhu
s¡ Ar_Ðecph_p R>¡.
L$B fus¡ Ar_Ðesp R>¡?
k„kpf Ahõ\p`Z¡ ApÐdp_u Ar_Ðesp R>¡.
v$f¡L$ Öìe_y„ õhê` A_¡L$p„s R>¡. A_¡L$p„s-
õhê`u Öìe `p¡sp_p õhcphê$`¡ L$ped V$L$u_¡
`p¡sp_u `ep®eê$`¡ L$ped `gV$s„y fl¡ R>.¡ AiyÙ
`ep®e_y„ `gV$hy„ Sy>v$p„ Sy>v$p„ âL$pf¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡
rhk×i`Z¡ lp¡hp\u s¡ rh_pqiL$ L$l¡hpe R>¡.
ApÐdp_u k„kpf Ahõ\p s¡_u AiyÙ `ep®e
lp¡hp\u s¡ rh_priL$ R>.¡ iyÙ `ep®e_y„ `gV$h„y
A¡ L $ S> âL$pf¡ A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $ k×i`Z¡ lp¡ h p\u
s¡ rh_priL$ L$l¡hpsy„ _\u. rkÙ Ahõ\p
ApÐdp_u iyÙ `ep®e lp¡hp\u s¡ rh_priL$ _\u.
ifufpqv$ `fk„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ s¡ k„ep¡Np¡_p gn¡
\sp¡ ApÐdp_p¡ k„ep¡Nucph s¡ ApÐdp_p¡ k„kpf
R>¡. Ap k„kpf AiyÙ Ahõ\pê$` lp¡hp\u s¡
r_f„sf rhk×i`Z¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ Sy>v$p Sy>v$p âL$pf¡
bv$gpep L$f¡ R>¡. s¡\u
s¡ rh_priL$ A¡V$g¡ L¡$
Ar_Ðe R>¡ . Ap fus¡
k„ k pf_y „ õhê` S>
Ar_Ðe R¡.
27

Ar_Ðesp_u Aphíe¼sp
Ar_Ðesp A¡ k„kpf_y„ õhê` _ lp¡e sp¡
A_¡ L $ Ap`rÑAp¡ Aphu `X¡ $ R>¡ . s¡ \ u
Ar_Ðesp_u AphíeL$sp Ar_hpe® R>¡.
Å¡ ApÐdp_u Aiy Ù Ahõ\pê$` k„ k pf
rh_priL L¡$ Ar_Ðe _ lp¡e sp¡ s¡ k„kpf
L$ped fl¡ A_¡ s¡ k„kpf `gV$u_¡ dp¡n _
\pe. vy$:Mu ApÐdp L$ped dpV¡$ vy$:Mu S> fl¡
A_¡ kyMu _ \pe. Aop_u l„d¡ip„ Aop_u
S> fl¡ A_¡ ¼epf¡ e op_u _ \pe. s¡ S>
fus¡ ifufpqv$ `fk„ e p¡ N p¡ `Z rh_priL$ L¡ $
Ar_Ðe _ lp¡e sp¡ S>¡ ifuf_p¡ S>Þd \pe
s¡_„y dfZ _ \pe. bpmL$ L$ped dpV¡$ bpmL$
S> fl¡ A_¡ h© Ù _ \pe. fp¡ N u lp¡ e s¡
fp¡Nu S> fl¡ A_¡ r_fp¡Nu L$v$u `Z _ b_¡.
`f„sy Aphy„ ¼epf¡e b_sy„ _\u. k„kpf_y„ õhê$`
S> `qfhs®_iug R>¡. kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡
k„ep¡Nucph `qfhs®_ `pd¡ s¡ A¡L$ k_ps_
kÐe R>¡ . kÐe_¡ kÐe sfuL¡ $ õhuL$pfhpdp„
S> ip„ r s, kyM A_¡ kÞdpN® R>¡.
k„kpf_y„ õhê$` S> Ar_Ðe R>.¡ s¡\u k„kpfdp„
S>¡ _ p¡ k„ e p¡ N lp¡ e s¡ _ p¡ rhep¡ N `Z \pe
S> R>¡ . S>Þd lp¡ e s¡ _ y „ dfZ `Z lp¡ e S>
R>¡ . õhN® _ p v¡ $ hp¡ Adf L$l¡ h pe R>¡ `Z
hpõshdp„ s¡ _ y „ `Z dfZ sp¡ \pe S> R>¡ .
S>Nsdp„ L$pB¡ Of A¡h„y _ lp¡e L¡$ Äep„ ¼epf¡e
L$p¡ B _y „ dfZ _ \ey „ lp¡ e . S>Nsdp„ S>Þd
lp¡ e `Z dfZ _ lp¡ e sp¡ iy „ \pe ?
d_yóe_u hõsu L|$v$L¡$ _¡ c|kL¡$ b¡kydpf`Z¡
h^su S> fl¡ A_¡ `N d|L$hp_u `Z S>Áep
28
_ fl¡. Mphp`uhp_p„ `Z kp„kp \pe. s¡\u
Aphp Adf d_yóe_y„ Æh_ S> k„ch¡ _rl.
S>¡ _ p¡ k„ e p¡ N lp¡ e s¡ _ p¡ rhep¡ N _ \pe
sp¡ _hp L$`X$p„ Aph¡ `Z S| > _p L$`X$p„ _ p¡
r_L$pg _ \pe. s¡\u Ofdp„ S> DL$fX$p¡ Ecp¡
\pe. `¥kp Aph¡ `Z MQp®e _rl s¡p `¥kp_y„
L$p¡B âep¡S>_ S> _ fl¡. Ap âL$pf¡ rhep¡N
rh_p_p¡ k„ep¡N kp\®L$ \B iL¡$ _rl. s¡\u
Ar_Ðesp_u AphíeL$sp Ar_hpe® R>¡.
Ar_Ðe_p õhuL$pfdp„ ip„rs
…Ý}¢ {Úï ¥L Ý¢ }¢Úï, ã饢 Ý »ï„¢ ã¢ï² J
…x¢¼ ±S¼é ¥çƒÚ „|¢è, Ï¢è…Hè±¼ì ÿ¢² ã¢ï² JJ
cphp\® : S>Ns_u b^u bpbsp¡ A[õ\f lp¡hp\u
huS>mu_u S>¡d _pi `pd¡ R>¡. s¡\u S>Þd ^pfZ L$f¡
A_¡ dfZ _ `pd¡ A¡h„y ¼epf¡e \ey„ _\u A_¡ \i¡ `Z
_rl. (bpfcph_p isL$ : L$rhc|fpdgL©$s Ar_Ðecph_p)
EN¡ R>¡ s¡ Ap\d¡ R>¡, Mug¡ R>¡ s¡ L$fdpe
R>¡ , S>¡ S>Þd¡ R>¡ s¡ df¡ `Z R>¡ . k„ k pfu
Æh_y„ kdN° Æh_ A_¡ s¡_u kp\¡ k„b„r^s
kOmp„ k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡ Ar_Ðe R>¡.
Ar_Ðe_¡ Ar_Ðe dp_hpdp„ kdS>v$pfu R>¡ ,
ip„ r s R>¡ A_¡ Ar_Ðe_¡ r_Ðe fpMhp_u
d|Mp®dudp„ Aip„rs R>¡.
Aip„rs A¡ Ap^yr_L$ eyN_u dlp_ kdõep
R>.¡ Aip„rs_y„ L$pfZ Ar_Ðe `pR>m_u Ap„^mu
v$p¡ X $^pd R>¡ . Ar_Ðe_¡ Ar_Ðe sfuL¡ $
õhuL$pfhp\u Ap v$p¡ X $^pd A_¡ s¡ \ u \su
Aip„rs V$m¡ R>¡ A_¡ ip„rs âNV¡$ R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 `p¡spdp„ S>¡ ¾$p^
¡ pqv$ L$jpep¡, rhjepqv$ rhL$pfp¡,
DÜ¡N A_¡ ApLy$msp R>,¡ s¡ b^p_y„ d|m L$pfZ
Ar_Ðe_¡ r_Ðe fpMhp_u O¡gR>p R>¡. Aphu
v$f¡L$ kdõep_y„ kdp^p_ Ar_Ðe_¡ Ar_Ðe
sfuL¡$ õhuL$pfhpdp„ R>¡, S>¡ Ar_Ðecph_p_p
tQsh_ Üpfp k„ch¡ R>¡.
kpdpÞe fus¡ `p¡sp_¡ kOmp„ k„ep¡Np¡ Ar_Ðe
R>¡ A¡hu kdS> R>¡ `Z õhuL$pf _\u. L$v$pQ
õhuL$pf R>¡ sp¡`Z s¡ A_ykpf_y„ hs®_ _\u.
s¡_y„ L$pfZ Ar_Ðecph_p_p Aæepk`|h®L$_y„
tQsh_ _\u. s¡\u Ar_Ðesp_u bpbs byqÙdp„
R>¡ `Z ùv$edp„ _\u. S>¡ bpbs ùv$eNs
_ lp¡ e s¡ _ y „ ApQfZ Aphsy „ _\u. kÑp-
k„`rÑ Åmhhp_u T„TV,$ `¥kp `pR>m_u Ap„^mu
v$p¡V$ A_¡ ifuf_y„ õhpõÕe kpQhhp dpV¡$_u
v$p¡ X $^pd S>¡ h u bpbsp¡ v$ip® h ¡ R>¡ L¡ $ `p¡ s ¡
Ar_Ðe k„ep¡Np¡_¡ S> kpQhu fpMhp_u d\pdZ
L$fu füp¡ R>¡. `p¡s¡ Ar_Ðe k„ep¡Np¡_u `pR>m
Myhpf \sp¡ Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ s¡ S> bsph¡
R>¡ L¡$ `p¡sp_¡ Ar_Ðesp_u bpbs ùv$eNs
_\u.
`p¡ s p_u Qpf¡ b pSy > Ar_Ðesp Å¡ B iL$pe
R>¡ , `Z `p¡ s ¡ `p¡ s p_¡ sp¡ r_Ðe S> dp_¡
R>¡ . buÅ_¡ dfsp Sy > A¡ R>¡ `Z `p¡ s ¡ sp¡
ÅZ¡ Adf S> R>¡ ! buÅ¡ L$p¡B L$fp¡X$`rsdp„\u
fp¡X$`rs \sp¡ Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ `Z `p¡sp_u
sp¡ L$ped QY$su 1v¡$ZNu S> dp_hpdp„ Aph¡
R>¡ ! Aphu b^u c° p „ r s_p L$pfZ¡ `p¡ s ¡
hpõsqhL$sp\u v| $ f fl¡ R>¡ . s¡ \ u Ar_Ðe_¡
r_Ðe fpMhp_u d\pdZdp„ ApLy $ msp A_¡
DÜ¡Nê` Aip„rs A_ych¡ R>¡. `p¡sp_u âÐe¡L$
kdõep_p d|mdp„ Ar_Ðesp_u hpõsrhL$sp_p¡
1. Ar_Ðecph_p
AõhuL$pf S> lp¡e R>¡, A_¡ Ar_Ðecph_p_p
tQsh_\u S> s¡_y„ kdp^p_ lp¡e R>¡.
kpdpÞe fus¡ d_y ó e_¡ kp¥ \ u dp¡ V $p¡ ce
dfZ_p¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ar_Ðecph_p_p tQsh_\u
`p¡s¡ `p¡sp_p dfZ_¡ kdS>¡ A_¡ õhuL$pf¡ sp¡
s¡_¡ dfZ_p¡ ce fl¡sp¡ _\u. A¡V$gy„ S> _rl
`Z ¾$p¡ ^ pqv$ L$jpep¡ , rhje rhL$pfp¡ hN¡ f ¡
`Z rhfd¡ R>¡ . ApLy $ msp A_¡ DÜ¡ N ê`
Aip„rs_p¡ A„s Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡ ip„rs_p¡ A_ych
\pe R>¡ . Ap bpbs_¡ h^y kdS>hp dpV¡ $
Alu„ kÐe b_¡gu OV$_p AdyL$ a¡fapf L$fu_¡
L$p¡ B _y „ _pd Apàep rh_p_u A¡ L $ ×ô$p„ s -
L$\pê$`¡ Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
v v v
A¡L$ i¡W$ lsp. s¡d_¡ dp¡V$p¡ h¡`pf, OZp¡
L$pfp¡bpf, AY$mL$ k„`rÑ, blp¡mp¡ `qfhpf A_¡
kOmp„ âL$pf_u kyrh^pAp¡ lsu. L$p¡B QuS>_u
L$du _lp¡su. `Z i¡W$_¡ k„sp¡j _lp¡sp¡. k„`rÑ
kpQhhp A_¡ h^pfhp dpV¡$ s¡Ap¡ l„di ¡ p„ tQrss
fl¡sp. gp¡c A_¡ gpgQ_p L$pfZ¡ s©óZp\u
sX$`sp. A`¡ r ns L$pe® _ \hp\u s¡ d _p¡
¾$p¡ ^ pr‚ cc| L $u EW$sp¡ . QuqXep„ õhcph_p
L$pfZ¡ `qfhpf_p kæep¡ `Z s¡ d _p\u v| $ f
fl¡sp. i¡W$_u kd©qÙ L$fsp„e s¡d_u Aip„rs
Ar^L$ lsu.
s¡ h p kde¡ A¡ L $ k„ s il¡ f dp„ `^pep® .
i¡ W $pZu_p ApN° l \u i¡ W $ `Z k„ s _p v$i® _
L$fhp Nep. ip„s A_¡ kp¥çe k„s_p v$i®_\u
i¡W$ âcprhs \ep A_¡ L$pB„ L$ ip„rs A_ychu.
s¡\u s¡dZ¡ `p¡sp_u Aip„rs_u kdõep fS|> L$fu:
29
 ˆˆdpfu `pk¡ A`pf h¥ c h A_¡ kOmu
kyrh^pAp¡ R>¡ `Z ip„rs _\u sp¡ iy„ L$fhy„ ?ˆˆ
k„s¡ ip„rs\u i¡W$_„y r_funZ L$ey® „ A_¡ L$ü:„y
ˆˆi¡W$ ! ip„rs_p¡ D`pe OZp¡ vy$óL$f lp¡e R>¡. Ap
S>Þddp„ ip„rs_u kp^_p sdpfp\u \B iL$i¡ _rl.
ApS>¡ frhhpf R>¡ A_¡ Aphsp frhhpf¡ d_¡ sdpfp
Æh__p¡ A„s S>ZpB füp¡ R>¡. dfZ\u L$p¡B bQu
i¼ey„ _\u. dpV¡$ sd¡ Æh_cf S>¡ d¡mìey„ R>¡ s¡_¡
d_ cfu_¡ dpZu ëep¡. A¡ S> sdpfu ip„rs R>¡. Ad¡
`Z Aphsp frhhpf¡ khpf¡ buS>¡
S>hp âõ\p_ L$fuiy.„ s¡ kde¡ sd_¡
sdpfp O¡f dmuiy„ A_¡ dp„NrgL$
L$l¡iy„. s¡ dygpL$ps A_¡ dp„NrgL$
A„rsd li¡.ˆˆ
k„s_p hQ_p¡ rdÕep lp¡sp
_\u A¡h„y kdS>sp i¡W$_¡ k„s_u
hpsdp„ Arhïhpk Apìep¡ _rl.
AW$hpqX$ep `R>u_y„ dp¡s ApS>¡
S> _S>f kpd¡ _pQhp gpÁey„.
Nd¡ s¡d L$fu_¡ s¡Ap¡ O¡f `lp¢Ãep `Z Ofdp„
`p¡sp`Ï„ füy„ _rl. edv|$s Ap„NZpdp„ S> Ec¡gp
S>Zpep„. ^_-v$p¥gs_u sp¡ L$p¡B k|^-b|^ S>
_p flu. L¡$hm A¡L$ S> bpbs _S>f¡ sfhfsu
lsu A_¡ s¡ dp¡s. i¡W$_p rhQpf A_¡ ìehlpf
A¡L$v$d bv$gpB Nep. s¡d_p hs®_dp„ Apd|g
`rfhs® _ Apìey „ . Ny õ kp¡ Npeb \B Nep¡ .
¾$p¡^_¡ bv$g¡ ndpepQ_p \hp gpNu. A¡L$v$d
A½$X$ i¡W$ _fd O¢k S>¡hp \B Nep. L„$S|>k
NZpsp i¡W$ R|>V$p lp\¡ v$p_ v¡$hp dp„X$ép.
h¡`pf-^„^pdp„ S> fÃep-`Ãep fl¡_pfp i¡W$_¡
dfhp_u `Z azfkv$ _lp¡su sp¡ cNhp__p
v$i® _ -`| S >__p¡ kde ¼ep„ \ u lp¡ e ? `Z
30
lh¡ dp¡s kpd¡ v¡$Mpsp S> sÒhtQs__p¡ `Z
kde dþep¡ . sÒhtQs__p âsp`¡ s¡ A p¡
Ar_Ðecph_p kdÄep. Ar_Ðecph_p_p
tQsh_\u A„ s d® y M b_u W$fu Nep. ip„ s ,
ip„ s \B Nep. i¡ W $Æ_y „ kdN° Æh_ S>
bv$gpB Ney.„ A_¡ frhhpf `Z Aphu `lp¢Ãep¡.
i¡W$Æ rS>_¡ÞÖ cNhp__p Arcj¡L$-`|S>_ L$fu
O¡f Aphu k„s_u fpl Å¡sp Ar_Ðecph_p_y„
tQsh_ L$fu füp lsp. s¡ S> kde¡ k„ s
`^pep®. i¡W$Æ k„s_p QfZp¡dp„
T|L$u `X$ép. i¡W$_¡ hpÐkëe\u
Ecp L$fsp k„s¡ L$üy„ :
ˆˆi¡W$Æ ! sd¡ sp¡ A¡L$v$d ip„s
S>Zph R>p,¡ Of_y„ hpsphfZ `Z
ip„s R>¡. sdpfp\u X$fsp gp¡L$p¡
sd_¡ O¡fu_¡ b¡W¡$gp„ R>¡. sdpfp¡
¾$p¡^ A_¡ QuqX$ep¡ õhcph ¼ep„
Nep¡ ? Ap ip¡ QdÐL$pf R>¡ !ˆˆ
i¡W¡$ L$üy„ :
ˆˆdlpfpS> ! Äepf\u lz„ sdpfu `pk¡\u `pR>p¡ aep£
Ry>„ Ðepf\u d_¡ dp¡s rkhpe buSy>„ L$p„B v¡$Mpsy„ _\u.
¾$p¡^ L$fhp¡ sp¡ L$p¡_p D`f L$fhp¡ A_¡ ip dpV¡$ L$fhp¡ ?
b^y„ S> R>p¡X$u_¡ S>hp_y„ R>¡ sp¡ `R>u ddsp i¡_u ?
sdpfp¡ dlp_ D`L$pf L¡$ d_¡ kdekf Q¡sìep¡ A_¡
dpfu A„rsd OX$u ky^pfu.ˆˆ
k„s¡ i¡W$_p dõsL$ D`f hpÐkëe\u lp\
a¡fìep¡ A_¡ Apïhpk_ Ap`sp L$üy„ :
ˆˆi¡W$ ! A„rsd OX$u sp¡ r_qòs S> R>¡. `Z s¡
¼epf¡ R>¡ s¡ L$p¡B _ L$lu iL¡$. kh®o rkhpe L$p¡B s¡
ÅZu _ iL¡$. Ad¡ sp¡ dpÓ sdpfu Aip„rs_p¡
Acph L$fhp S> Ap âep¡N L$ep£ lsp¡ A_¡ Ap
âep¡N kam \ep¡ S>Zpe R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 Aip„rs_y„ A¡L$ dpÓ L$pfZ Ar_Ðe_¡ r_Ðe
fpMhp_u d\pdZ lp¡e R>¡. Æh_-dfZ, iÓy-
rdÓ, kÑp-kÞdp_, Ly$Vy„$b-`qfhpf hN¡f¡ kOmp„
k„ep¡Np¡ Ar_Ðe R>¡ A_¡ kss bv$gpsp„ fl¡ R>¡.
`qfhs®_iug Ar_Ðe k„ep¡Np¡_¡ r_Ðe fpMhp_p¡
âeÐ_ L$fhpdp„ S> Aip„rs R>¡. Å¡ dp¡s kpd¡ S>Zpe
A_¡ Æh__u nZc„Nyfsp kdÅe sp¡ Æh_ kp\¡
k„b„r^s buÅ b^p„ k„ep¡Np¡ Ap`d¡m¡ Ar_Ðe S>
cpk¡ R>.¡ Ar_Ðesp_u hpõsrhL$sp_p¡ õhuL$pf \sp„
â\d c°d cp„Nu Åe R>¡. Ar_Ðe k„ep¡Np¡_¡
d¡mhhp_u, kpQhhp_u L¡$ h^pfhp_u T„Tpm R|>V$u
Åe R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u A_y`d ip„rs âNV$ \pe R>¡.
hmu A¡L$ hps A¡ `Z R>¡ L¡$ Ad¡ sd_¡ S>¡ L$üy„ s¡
A¡L$v$d AkÐe `Z _\u. AW$hpqX$ep_p kps
qv$hkdp„\u L$p¡B _¡ L$p¡B qv$hk¡ dfhp_y„ r_qòs S>
R>.¡ s¡\u âÐe¡L$ qv$hk_¡ `p¡sp_p¡ A„rsd qv$hk dp_u
Æhsp„ iuMp¡. Ar_Ðecph_p_y„ tQsh_ L$fu
ApÐdrls_y„ kp^_ L$fp¡. A¡d L$fhp\u Aip„rs_p¡
DÐ`ps V$mu S>i¡ A_¡ ip„rs_y„ kpd°pÄe âNV$i¡.ˆˆ
ip„sd|rs® k„s¡ buÅ Npd sfa âepZ Apv$e.„y®
k„s_p âep¡N\u ip„s \e¡gp i¡W$ÆA¡ `fd
ip„rs âNV$ L$fhp Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡ Apie
kdS>hp_p¡ Aæepk Apv$ep£ .
v v v d\pdZ L$f_pf d|M® S> d_pe.
Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡ Apie
ãñ …‹}¢ „ï }¢Ú‡¢ |¢è ±ã …‹}¢ Hï¼¢;
±¢{üv² |¢è „¼¼ ²¢ñ±Ý „¢ƒ Hï¼¢ J
Hÿ}¢è ¥¼è± ™ÐH¢ ç±ç{ ãè Ï¢Ýè ãñ;
„æ„¢Ú ãè ¼ÚH ãñ çSƒÚ ãè Ýçã ãñ JJ
cphp\®® : l¡ cìe ! S>¡ S>Þd ^pfZ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ dfZ
krls S> ^pfZ L$f¡ R>¡. eyhp_u `Z h©Ùphõ\p_¡ kp\¡
1. Ar_Ðecph_p
gB_¡ S> Aph¡ R>¡. gÿdu sp¡ `p¡sp_p õhcph\u S>
Ars Q„Qm R>¡. k„kpf_y„ õhê` S> A[õ\f R>¡ A_¡
S>fpe [õ\f _\u. A[õ\f k„kpfdp„ fl¡gp kv$pe [õ\f
iy Ù pÐdp_¡ Ap¡ m Mu_¡ s¡ _ p¡ Apîe L$fhp¡ s¡ S>
Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡ Apie R>¡.
(õhpduL$prs®L¡$ep_y„â¡np : 1 A^°yhA_yâ¡np: Np\p ` _p¡ rlÞv$u `Ûp_yhpv$)
Ar_Ðe_¡ Ar_Ðe S> dp_hy„ Å¡BA¡ A_¡
S>¡ õhcph\u S> Ar_Ðe R>¡ s¡ _ ¡ r_Ðe
fpMhp_p¡ h©\p D`pe _ L$fhp¡ Å¡BA¡. `f„sy
s¡_p bv$g¡ Ar_Ðesp_p Ap^pf¡ S> r_Ðe_u
Ap¡ m MpZ L$fu s¡ _ p¡ Apîe L$fhp¡ Å¡ B A¡ .
S>¡\u Ar_Ðeõhê`u k„kpf_p¡ S> Acph \B
r_Ðeõhê`u dp¡ n _u âprá \pe. S>¡
Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡ Apie R>¡.
S>Þd_u kp\¡ S> dfZ k„L$mpe¡g„y R>.¡ eyhp_u
`Z kss h©Ùphõ\p sfa ApNm h^¡ R>¡.
gÿdu sp¡ õhcph\u S> huS>mu S>¡hu Q„Qm
R>¡. kOmp„ k„kpf_y„ õhê` S> Aphy„ Ar_Ðe
R>.¡ sp¡ Ar_Ðe_¡ r_Ðe fpMhp_p¡ D`pe L$fhp¡
d| M p® B S> L$l¡ h pe. f¡ s udp„ \ u s¡ g `ug_pf
L¡$ ApL$pidp„ awg DNpX$_pf_¡ d|M® dp_hpdp„
Aph¡ R>¡ . s¡ d Ar_Ðe_¡ r_Ðe fpMhp_u
S>Þd_u kp\¡ dfZ k„L$mpe¡gy„ R>¡ sp¡`Z
dfZ\u bQhp_p¡ D`pe r_f„sf L$fhpdp„ Aph¡
R>¡ . ey h p_u kss h© Ù phõ\p sfa ApNm
h^su Åe R>¡ sp¡ ` Z ey h p_u_¡ AL$b„ ^
fpMhp_p AMsfp L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>.¡ õhcph\u
S> Q„Qm gÿdu_¡ kpQhu iL$psu _\u sp¡`Z
s¡ _ ¡ kpQhhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ .
`f„ s y Ap ifufpqv$ kOmp„ k„ e p¡ N p¡ _ u kpf-
k„ c pm_p¡ âeÐ_ ìe\® S> R>¡ .
31
âï_ : ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Np¡_u kpf-k„cpm_p¡ _\u. s¡\u Aphp ifufpqv$ Ar_Ðe k„ep¡Np¡_u
âeÐ_ ip dpV¡$ ìe\® R>¡ ? kpfk„cpm ìe\® S> R>¡.
DÑf : ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Np¡ `f`v$p\p£ R>¡ A_¡ âï_ : ifufpqv$ Ar_Ðe k„ep¡Np¡_u kpf-k„cpm
`p¡sp_p ApÐdp\u AÐe„s rcß R>¡. Aop_u ìe\® R>¡. sp¡ `R>u ifufpqv$_u k„cpm fpMhu
Æh dp¡l_p L$pfZ¡ s¡dp„ ddÐh L$f¡ R>¡. s¡\u L¡$ R>p¡X$u v¡$hu ?
s¡_u kpfk„cpmdp„ ìeõs fl¡ R>¡. `f„sy `f_y„
DÑf : ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Np¡_u k„cpm A¡L$v$d
`qfZd_ `f_p„ L$pfZ¡ R>¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_p L$pfZ¡
sp¡ _rl R>p¡X$u iL$pe. hmu `p¡sp_p¡ ApÐdp
_\u. s¡\u s¡Ap¡ kpQìep„ kpQhu iL$psp„ _\u.
Ak„ e p¡ N u `v$p\® lp¡ h p R>sp„ s¡ _ u hs® d p_
s¡\u s¡Ap¡_u kpfk„cpm_p¡ âeÐ_ ìe\® R>¡.
`qfZrs k„ e p¡ N u R>¡ . s¡ \ u hs® d p_ k„ e p¡ N p¡
S>Ns_p¡ vf¡ L $ `v$p\® A_¡ L $p„ s õhê`u R>¡ . A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡ hX¡$ S> Ak„ep¡Nu ApÐdsÒh_¡
A_¡ L $p„ s õhê`u `v$p\® L$ped V$L$u_¡ L$ped Ap¡ m Mhp_y „ R>¡ . s¡ \ u s¡ fus¡ ifufpqv$_u
`qfZdsp¡ fl¡ R>¡. L$ped `qfZdsp `v$p\®_y„ D`ep¡rNsp lp¡hp\u s¡_u k„cpm k„ch¡ R>¡.
`qfZd_ AiyÙ lp¡e sp¡ s¡ Sy>v$p-Sy>v$p âL$pf¡
bv$gsy„ fl¡ R>¡. s¡\u s¡ nZc„Nyf lp¡e R>¡. `p¡sp_y„ hs®dp_ drs-îysop_ ApÐdp Üpfp
k„kpf A_¡ s¡_p„ k„ep¡Np¡ AiyÙ Ahõ\pê` ku^y„ âhs®sy„ lp¡e s¡hy„ âÐen L¡$ Asu[ÞÖe
lp¡ h p\u nZc„ N y f S> lp¡ e R>¡ . nZc„ N y f _\u. `f„sy d_ A_¡ B[ÞÖep¡ Üpfp âhs®sy„
Ahõ\p_u `gV$hp_u âq¾$ep kss Qpgsu lp¡e s¡hy„ `fp¡n L¡$ B[ÞÖe R>¡. `fp¡n A¡hp
S> fl¡ R>.¡ ¼epf¡L$ s¡ ^udu lp¡e R>¡ sp¡ L$epf¡L$ B[ÞÖeop_ hX¡$ S> Asu[ÞÖe ApÐdp_p¡ âÐen
TX$`u. f¡ s udp„ gM¡ g y „ _pd c| „ k pB Åe R>¡ A_y c h L$fhp_p¡ R>¡ . s¡ \ u s¡ dpV¡ $ `Z
s¡d `Õ\fdp„ gM¡gy„ _pd `Z c|„kpB Åe ifufpqv$_u k„cpm S>êfu R>¡.
R>¡. `f„sy Ap c|„kphp_u âq¾$ep ^udu lp¡e hpõshdp„ ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Np¡ s¡_p L$pm¡ A_¡
R>.¡ v$fL¡ $ k„ep¡Np¡ s¡_p ¾$dbÙ `qfZd_ A_ykpf L$pfZ¡ lp¡ e R>¡ . s¡ \ u s¡ _ u k„ c pm_u Mpk
r_qòs L$pm¡ Ahíe `gV$pB S> Åe R>¡ . L$p¡ B AphíeL$sp lp¡ s u _\u. sp¡ ` Z ifuf
s¡ \ u s¡ A p¡ _ ¡ [õ\f fpMhp dpV¡ $ _u Q¡ ó V$pdp„ hX¡ $ k„ e d A_¡ kv$pQfZ_y „ kp^_ L$fhy „ ,
QsyfpB _\u. kp[ÒhL$ A_¡ r_v$pj £ Aplpf g¡hp¡ S>h ¡ u bpbs
hmu Ap kOmp„ k„ep¡Np¡ `p¥v¹$NrgL$L$d®_p„ S> s¡_u kpQu k„cpm R>¡.
Dv$e_¡ Ap^u_ R>¡ A_¡ `p¡ s p_p âeÐ__¡ `p¡sp_p¡ ApÐdp ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Np¡_p¡ Ar^óW$psp
Ap^u_ _\u. L$d_ ® p¡ Dv$e `gV$pB S>sp„ k„ep¡Np¡ R>¡ , dprgL$ R>¡ A_¡ ifufpqv$ k„ e p¡ N p¡ s¡ _ p
`Z `gV$pB Åe R>¡. `p¡sp_p õhp_ych\u k¡hL$ R>¡, _p¡L$f R>¡. _p¡L$f_u _p¡L$f sfuL¡$
`p¡s¡ Å¡B iL¡$ R>¡ L¡$ Nd¡ s¡V$gp D`pe L$fhp k„ c pm fpMp¡ `Z s¡ _ ¡ `p¡ s p_p¡ dprgL$ _
R>sp„ dfZ\u L$pB¡ bQu iL$s„y _\u. eyhp_u_¡ b_php¡ . ifuf_u B[ÞÖep¡ A_¡ d__¡ hi
Åmhu iL$psu _\u L¡$ `¥kp_¡ kpQhu iL$psp
32 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
\B s¡_p Nygpd _ b_p¡. `Z s¡_u `pk¡\u `qfrQs lp¡hp\u cph_p_y„ _pd Ar_Ðecph_p
`p¡sp_p ApÐdrls_y„ L$pd L$fphp¡. i¡W$ _p¡L$f_¡ bfpbf R>¡. `Z s¡_p¡ Apie Ar_Ðe Üpfp
`Npf Ap`¡ `Z s¡_u `pk¡\u `p¡sp_y„ L$pd r_Ðe_u Ap¡mMpZ L$fphhp_p¡ R>¡.
`Z L$fph¡ R>.¡ `p¡s¡ ifufpqv$ Ar_Ðe k„ep¡Np¡_u
Ar_Ðe Üpfp
e[ÐL„$rQs¹ k„cpm fpM¡ `Z s¡_p Üpfp r_Ðe
Ak„ep¡Nu ApÐdp_u Ap¡mMpZ L$fhp_y„ _ Q|L¡$. r_Ðe_u Ap¡ m MpZ_p¡ D`pe
„æ²¢ïx¢ ÿ¢‡¢|¢æx¢éÚ „|¢è ÐÚ ¥¢¼}¢¢ {í±é {¢}¢ãñ J
Ar_Ðe k„ e p¡ N p¡ A_¡ k„ e p¡ N ucphp¡ Üpfp
в¢ü² H²{}¢¢ü ÐÚ‹¼é Îíò ࢢE¼ {¢}¢ ãñ JJ
r_Ðe Ak„ep¡Nu ApÐdsÒh_u Ap¡mMpZ L$fhu
A¡ S> Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡ Apie R>¡. §„ „y² ÜU¢ï Ðç㙢ÝÝ¢ ãè |¢¢±Ý¢ ÜU¢ „¢Ú ãñ J
âï_ : Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡ Apie r_Ðe_u {í±
é {¢}¢ ÜUè ¥¢Ú¢{Ý¢ ¥¢Ú¢{Ý¢ ÜU¢ „¢Ú ãñ JJ
Ap¡mMpZ L$fphhp_p¡ lp¡e sp¡ s¡_„y _pd r_Ðe-
cphp\® : ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Np¡ nZc„Nyf R>¡ `Z s¡_u
cph_p fpMhy„ lsy,„ Ar_Ðecph_p L¡$d ?
A„ v $f R| > `pe¡ g ApÐdp ^° y h ^pd R>¡ . fpNpqv$
DÑf : S>¥_v$i®_dp„ A[õs-_p[õs`|h®L$_u k„ e p¡ N ucphê` `ep® e _pihp_ R>¡ `f„ s y s¡ _ p
kdS| > su lp¡ e R>¡ . _p[õs\u S>¡ Ar_Ðe R>¡ Ap^pfc|s Öìe ipïhs R>¡. Ar_Ðe k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡
s¡ S> A[õs\u r_Ðe `Z R>.¡ `p¡sp_p¡ ApÐdp k„ep¡Nucph Üpfp Ak„ep¡Nu r_Ðe ApÐdpê` kÐe_u
_p[õs\u ifufpqv$ k„ e p¡ N p¡ A_¡ fpNpqv$ Ap¡mMpZ L$fhu A¡ S> Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡ Apie R>¡.
k„ep¡Nucphp¡ê` `ep®e`Z¡ R>¡, S>¡ Ar_Ðe R>¡. r_Ðe Ak„ep¡Nu ^°yh^pdê` ApÐdp_u Apfp^_p A¡
A_¡ s¡ S> ApÐdp s¡ S> kde¡ A[õs\u S> kpQu Apfp^_p R>¡. s¡ S> Apfp^_p_p¡ kpf R>¡.
qÓL$pm A¡L$ê` Ak„ep¡Nucphê` Öìe`Z¡ R>¡, (X$p¡. lzL$dQ„v$ cpqfëgL©$s Ar_Ðecph_p)
S>¡ r_Ðe R>.¡ A[õs-_p[õsdp„ A[õs S> ANÐe_p¡
Ar_Ðe k„ e p¡ N p¡ A_¡ k„ e p¡ N ucphp¡ Üpfp
A_¡ D`pv¡$e lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u _p[õsê` Ar_Ðe
r_Ðe Ak„ e p¡ N u ApÐdp_u Ap¡ m MpZ L$fhu
k„ep¡Np¡ L¡$ k„ep¡Nucphp¡ Üpfp A[õsê` r_Ðe
A¡ S> Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡ Apie R>¡ . Al]
Ak„ep¡Nu ApÐdp_u Ap¡mMpZ L$fhu A¡ S> Ar_Ðe ÅZusy„ R>¡ A_¡ r_Ðe AÅÎey„ R>¡.
Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡ Apie R>¡. s¡\u ÅZusp Ar_Ðe k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ k„ep¡Nucph
Ar_Ðe k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡ âNV$, Üpfp AÅÎep r_Ðe Ak„ e p¡ N u ApÐdp_u
âÐen s¡ d S> h¡ v $_c| s lp¡ h p\u `qfrQs Ap¡mMpZ \B iL¡$ R>¡.
R>.¡ s¡_u A„v$f fl¡gp¡ Ak„ep¡Nu ApÐdp AâNV$,
ApÐdp L$ped V$L$sp A¡L$ê` iyÙ õhcphê`
AâÐen s¡ d S> h¡ v $_c| s _ lp¡ h p\u
lp¡hp\u s¡ r_Ðe R>¡. r_Ðe ApÐdp ifufpqv$
A`qfrQs R>.¡ `qfrQs k„ep¡Np¡ Üpfp A`qfrQs
k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ s¡_p gn¡ \sp k„ep¡Nucphp¡\u
Ak„ e p¡ N u ApÐdsÒh_p¡ `qfQe L$fphhp_p¡
rcß lp¡ h p\u Ak„ e p¡ N u R>¡ . Aphp¡ r_Ðe
Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡ Apie R>.¡ Al] Ar_Ðe bpbs
Ak„ep¡Nu ApÐdp AâNV$ A_¡ AâÐen R>¡.
1. Ar_Ðecph_p 33
hmu s¡ h¡ v $_c| s `Z _\u. s¡ \ u s¡ _ u
Ap¡mMpZ âNV$, âÐen A_¡ h¡v$_c|s A¡hu
Ar_Ðe `ep®ep¡ Üpfp \B iL¡$ R>.¡ Ar_Ðe k„ep¡Nu
`ep®ep¡ Üpfp r_Ðe Ak„ep¡Nu ApÐdÖìe_u
Ap¡ m MpZ dpV¡ $ _uQ¡ S>¡ h p D`pe lp¡ e R>¡ .
1. hõsy_y„ A_¡L$p„sõhê`
f. rhfp¡^u_y„ A[õsÐh
1. hõsy_y„ A_¡L$p„sõhê`
hõsydp„ hõsy`Zy„ _u`Åh_pfu `fõ`f
rhfp¡^u A_¡ kp`¡n A¡hp b¡ A„ip¡ •• AÞhe
A_¡ ìersf¡L$ •• lp¡e R>¡. s¡_¡ hõsy_„ y A_¡L$ps„ õhê` Ar_Ðecph_p_p Aæepk_p Ap^pf¡ ÅZusu
L$l¡ R>¡.
ApÐdp krls_u âÐe¡L$ hõsy A_¡L$ps „ õhê`u
lp¡ e R>¡ . A_¡ L $p„ s õhê`u ApÐdp s¡ _ p
AÞheuA„i`Z¡ L$ped V$L$sp Öìeõhcph¡ A_¡
ìersf¡L$uA„i`Z¡ L$ped `gV$su `ep®eõhcph¡
lp¡e R>.¡ Ap fus¡ A_¡L$ps„ õhê`u ApÐdp AÞhe-
ìersf¡L$pÐdL$ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ Öìe-`ep®epÐdL$ lp¡e
R>¡ . `ep® e p¡ âNV$ A_¡ âÐen R>¡ `Z
Öìeõhcph AâNV$ A_¡ AâÐen R>¡. `ep®ep¡
h¡v$_c|s lp¡hp\u A_ychNp¡Qf R>.¡ Öìeõhcph
h¡v$_c|s _ lp¡hp\u A_ychNp¡Qf _\u. s¡\u
`gV$su `ep® e p¡ `qfrQs R>¡ `Z V$L$sp¡
Öìeõhcph `qfrQs _\u. Ap L$pfZ¡ Aop_u
Æh `p¡sp_u A_¡ `f_u `ep®ep¡_¡ S> ÅZ¡
R>¡ `Z `ep®ep¡_u `pR>m R|>`pe¡gp Öìeõhcph_¡
ÅZsp¡ _\u. s¡ `ep®e_¡ ÅZsp¡ lp¡hp\u A_¡
Öìeõhcph_¡ ÅZsp¡ _ lp¡hp\u s¡_¡ `ep®e×rô$
R>¡ A_¡ Öìe×rô$ _\u. Al] ApÐdp_u
Ap¡mMpZ, õhuL$pf L¡$ Apîe_u A`¡np A¡
×qóV$ R>¡.
34
A¡L$ S> hõsy Öìe-`ep®epÐdL$ lp¡hp\u s¡d
S> Öìe L¡$ `ep®e A¡ kp`¡n ^dp£ lp¡hp\u
s¡_u ×rô$ Öìe L¡$ `ep®e A¡ b¡ `¥L$u L$p¡B
`Z A¡L$ fus¡ S> k„ch¡ R>¡. Aop_u Æh_¡
A_pqv$\u `ep®e×rô$ lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ Öìe×rô$
lp¡su _\u. Öìe×rô$\u ApÐdp A¡L$ê` ^°yh
iyÙ õhcph¡ R>.¡ Ap iyÙ õhcph S> ApÐdp_y„
kpQy„ õhê` R>.¡ s¡\u ApÐdp_u kpQu Ap¡mMpZ
L¡$ d|ëep„L$_ s¡_u Öìe×rô$\u R>.¡ s¡\u Öìe×rô$
S> e\p\® R>¡, kçeL$¹ R>¡.
hõsy _ p„ A_¡ L $p„ s õhê`_u kdS>Z A_¡
Ar_Ðe k„ep¡Nu `ep®ep¡ Üpfp AÅÎep r_Ðe
Ak„ e p¡ N u ApÐdÖìe_u Ap¡ m MpZ \B iL¡ $
R>¡. Ap`Zp¡ ApÐdp bpmL$dp„\u eyhp_ A_¡
eyhp_dp„\u h©Ù \ep¡. d_yóedp„\u v¡$h \ep¡.
Ap fus¡ ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Np¡ bv$gpB S>sp lp¡hp
R>sp„ ApÐdp sp¡ A¡ L $ _¡ A¡ L $ S> fl¡ R>¡ .
s¡ fus¡ fpNpqv$ k„ep¡Nucphp¡ `Z kss `gV$pB
S>sp lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡_p Ap^pfc|s Arh_piu
Ak„ e p¡ N u ApÐdp A¡ _ p¡ A¡ S> fl¡ R>¡ . Ap
fus¡ Ar_Ðe k„ep¡Np¡ Üpfp r_Ðe Ak„ep¡Nu
ApÐdp_u Ap¡mMpZ \B iL¡$ R>¡.
f. rhfp¡^u_y„ A[õsÐh
âÐe¡L$ bpbs_p¡ ârs`n lp¡e R>¡ s¡_¡
rhfp¡^u_y„ A[õsÐh L$l¡ R>¡.
rhfp¡^u_y„ A[õsÐh lp¡hy„ A¡ A¡L$ k_ps_
âpL©$rsL$ rkÙp„s R>¡. s¡\u S>Nsdp„ L$p¡B `Z
bpbs_p¡ rhfp¡^u `Z lp¡e R>¡. iåv$L$p¡idp„
`Z âÐe¡L$ iåv$_p¡ ârs`nu lp¡e A¡hp¡ rhfp¡^u
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
iåv$ dmu Aph¡ R>¡. s¡\u S>Nsdp„ Ar_Ðe
bpbs R>¡ sp¡ r_Ðe bpbs `Z lp¡hu S> Å¡BA¡.
s¡\u k„ep¡Nu Ar_Ðe `ep®ep¡_p Ap^pf¡ Ak„ep¡Nu
r_Ðe ApÐdÖìe_u Ap¡mMpZ \B iL¡$ R>¡.
hmu hõsy_y„ õhê` A_¡L$p„s lp¡hp\u s¡
`fõ`f rhfp¡^u b¡ ^dp£\u fQpe¡gy„ R>¡. Ap
b¡ ^dp£ Öìe A_¡ `ep®e R>¡. k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡
k„ep¡Nucphp¡ âNV$ `ep®eê` R>¡ A_¡ ÅZusp
R>¡ `Z Ap `ep®e s¡_p Ap^pfc|s Öìeõhcph
rh_p lp¡B iL¡$ _rl. s¡\u Ar_Ðe `ep®eê`
k„ e p¡ N p¡ _ p Ap^pf¡ r_Ðe Öìeê` Ak„ e p¡ N u
ApÐdp_u Ap¡mMpZ \B iL¡$ R>¡.
D`f dyS>b_y„ A_¡L$p„sõhê` L¡$ rhfp¡^u_p„
A[õsÐh_u kdS>Z`| h ® L $ Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡
Aæepk L$fhp\u ÅZusu Ar_Ðe k„ e p¡ N u
`ep® e p¡ Üpfp AÅÎep r_Ðe Ak„ e p¡ N u
ApÐdÖìe_u Ap¡mMpZ \pe R>¡.
Ar_Ðecph_p_u
rQ„sh_ âq¾$ep
ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Nu `v$p\p£ A_¡ s¡_p gn¡ \sp
fpNpqv$ k„ep¡Nucphp¡ Ar_Ðe A_¡ _pih„s R>¡.
s¡d S> `p¡sp_p¡ Ak„ep¡Nu iyÙpÐdp r_Ðe A_¡
Arh_piu R>¡. A¡d kdÆ Ar_Ðe A¡hp k„ep¡Np¡
A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡_y„ gn R>p¡X$u r_Ðe A¡hp
Ak„ep¡Nu iyÙpÐdp_y„ gn A_¡ Apîe L$fhp_p¡
D`pe qhQpfhp¡ s¡ Ar_Ðecph_p_u tQsh_
âq¾$ep R>¡.
Ar_Ðecph_p_u rQ„sh_ âq¾$ep v$fçep_
¾$rdL$ ÓZ sb½pAp¡dp„\u `kpf \hp_y„ lp¡e
R>¡. S>¡ _uQ¡ dyS>b R>¡ •••
1. Ar_Ðecph_p
1. k„ep¡Np¡_u nZc„Nyfsp
2. lL$pfpÐdL$ ArcNd
3. e\p\®×[ô
1. k„ep¡Np¡_u nZc„Nyfsp
k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ s¡_p gn¡ \sp k„ep¡Nucphp¡
`qfhs®_iug, _pih„s A_¡ nrZL$ lp¡hp\u
nZc„Nyf R>¡. s¡_¡ k„ep¡Np¡_u nZc„Nyfsp
L$l¡ R>¡.
kdõs k„ep¡Nu QuÅ¡ nZc„Nyf lp¡e R>¡.
_hy„ dL$p_ QZphp_u kp\¡ S> s¡ S|>_y„ \sy„
Åe R>¡. _hp hõÓ `l¡fhp_u kp\¡ S> nuZ
\sp Åe R>.¡ _v$u_p `pZudp„ A¡L$ `N bp¡muA¡
`R>u buÅ¡ `N s¡ d p„ bp¡ m u iL$psp¡ _\u.
L¡$d L¡$, buÅ¡ `N bp¡muA¡ s¡ `l¡gp„ s¡ õ\m_y„
`pZu OZ¡ v|$f Qpëey„ Ney„ lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ s¡_u
S>ÁepA¡ _hy„ `pZu Aphu Ney lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u
S> A„ N ° Æ dp„ L$l¡ h s R>¡ L¡ $ ‘A man
can not step twice in a river.’
A¡V$g¡ L¡$ dpZk L$p¡B _v$udp„ `p¡sp_p¡ `N
buÆ hpf d|L$u iL$sp¡ _\u. S>¡ k„ep¡Np¡_y„
nZc„Nyf`Ï„ v$ip®h¡ R>¡.
k„ep¡Np¡_p gn¡ \sp„ fpNpqv$ k„ep¡Nucphp¡
`Z nZc„ N y f S> lp¡ e R>¡ . kss `gV$psp
`qfZpd_¡ S> k„ k pf L$l¡ R>¡ . A_¡ Ap
k„ep¡Nucph S> ApÐdp_p¡ k„kpf lp¡hp\u s¡
kss `gVp$sp S> lp¡e R>¡. Ap`Zp `p¡sp_p
`qfZpd Ap`Z¡ `p¡ s ¡ S> kss bv$gpsp
A_y c huA¡ R>uA¡ . S>¡ k„ e p¡ N ucphp¡ _ y „
nZc„Nyf`Ï„ bsph¡ R>¡.
35
 k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡ nZc„Nyf lp¡hp\u
s¡dp„ A¡L$Ðh L¡$ ddÐhê$` dp¡l L$fhp¡ rdÕep
R>¡. dp¡l_¡ hi nrZL$ k„ep¡Np¡_¡ V$L$phhp_p¡
D`pe L$fhp¡ ìe\® R>.¡ s¡\u nZc„Nfy k„ep¡Np¡_„y
gn Rp¡ X $u ipïhs Ak„ e p¡ N u ApÐdp_y „ gn
A_¡ Apîe L$fhp_p¡ S> D`pe L$fhp¡ Å¡BA¡.
Ap âL$pf_u rhQpfZp s¡ Ar_Ðecph_p_u
tQsh_ `°q¾$ep_y„ â\d `Nr\ey„ R>¡.
2. lL$pfpÐdL$ ArcNd
k„ep¡Np¡_¡ kp_yL|$m`Z¡ d|ghhp_u fus_¡
lL$pfpÐdL$ ArcNd (Positive Attitude) Ar_Ðecph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$epdp„ k„ep¡Np¡_¡
L$l¡ R>¡. nZc„Nyf dpÞep `R>u s¡_p 5°Ðe¡ lL$pfpÐdL$
k„ep¡N âÐe¡_p Ap`Zp ×rô$L$p¡Z L¡$ s¡_¡
d|ghhp_u fus_¡ ArcNd L$l¡ R>¡. ArcNd
A_ykpf `p¡sp_u âL©$rs, d_p¡hq© Ñ A_¡ gpNZu
lp¡e R>¡. Ap ArcNd b¡ 5°L$pf¡ k„ch¡ R>¡.
_L$pfpÐdL$ A_¡ lL$pfpÐdL$. `pZu\u AX$^p
cf¡g àepgp_¡ Af¡ ! ˆAp sp¡ AX$^p¡ Mpgu
R>!¡ ˆ A¡ âL$pf¡ _p[õs\u Å¡BA¡ sp¡ s¡ _L$pfpÐdL$
ArcNd R>.¡ A_¡ ˆAlp¡ cpÁe! Ap sp¡ AX$^p¡
cf¡g R>¡ !ˆ A¡ âL$pf¡ A[õs\u Å¡BA¡ sp¡ s¡
lL$pfpÐdL$ ArcNd R>.¡ `pZu_p àepgpê$` k„ep¡N
_L$pfpÐdL$ ArcNd\u ârsL|m S>Zpe R>¡.
`Z s¡ S> k„ep¡N lL$pfpÐdL$ ArcNd\u kp_yL$|m
S>Zpe R>.¡ s¡\u k„ep¡Np¡dp„ A_yL$| m-ârsL|$m`Ï„
lp¡sy„ _\u `Z s¡_p âÐe¡_p ArcNddp„ S>
s¡ lp¡e R>¡. lL$pfpÐdL$ ArcNd ^fphhp\u
ârsL|$m k„ep¡Np¡ `Z A_yL|$m S>Zpe R>¡.
lL$pfpÐdL$ ArcNd L¡$ kL$pfpÐdL$ hgZ
^fphsu ìeq¼s dp_rkL$ spZ, gp¡ l u_y „
v$bpZ, ùv$efp¡N S>¡hp A_¡L$ fp¡Np¡\u bQu
36
iL¡$ R>¡. h¥opr_L$ k„ip¡^_ A_ykpf lL$pfpÐdL$
ArcNd A¡ Apfp¡Áe_u AZdp¡g S>X$ubyË$u R>¡.
lL$pfpÐdL$ ArcNd\u S> Æh_dp„ ip„rs,
kd© q Ù A_¡ [õ\fsp Aph¡ R>¡ . gp¥ q L$L$dp„
lL$pfpÐdL$ ArcNd dpV¡$_p rinZhN® Qpgsp
lp¡ e R>¡ . s¡ d p„ KQu au hk| g u lL$pfpÐdL$
ArcNd_y„ dlÒh kdÅhpe R>.¡ `Z lL$pfpÐdL$
ArcNd_p¡ D`pe sp¡ Ar_Ðecph_pdp„ R>¡.
Ar_Ðecph_p_p Aæepk`|h®L$ s¡_y„ tQsh_
L$fhpdp„ lL$pfpÐdL$ ArcNd Ap`d¡m¡ Aph¡ R>.¡
ArcNd fpMhp_p¡ lp¡ e R>¡ .
k„ep¡Np¡ nZc„Nyf lp¡hp\u s¡_p 5°Ðe¡ L$p¡B
gn L¡$ âep¡S>_ fpMhy„ ep¡Áé _\u. sp¡`Z
Aop_u Æh kp_yL|$m k„ep¡Np¡_¡ kyMê$` dp_u
s¡_¡ V$L$phhp_p¡ D`pe L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ ârsL|m
k„ep¡Np¡_¡ vy$:Mê$` dp_u s¡_¡ v|$f L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_
L$f¡ R>¡. `f„sy Ap k„ep¡Np¡ `f`v$p\® lp¡hp\u
s¡dp„ `p¡sp_y„ L$pB¡ L$sì® e _\u. hmu Ap k„ep¡Np¡
`p¡s¡ kyM-vy$:M_y„ L$pfZ _\u `Z s¡_p âÐe¡_p¡
ArcNd S> kyM-vy$:M_y„ L$pfZ R>¡.
bpmL$_p¡ azÁNp¡ a|gu_¡ Nbpfp¡ KQ¡ QY¡$
s¡dp„ s¡ Ap_„v$ dp_¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡ Nbpfp¡ M|b
KQ¡ QY$u a| V $¡ s¡ d p„ `Z s¡ Ap_„ v $ dp_¡
R>¡. Al] bpmL$_u r_v$p£jsp A_¡ lL$pfpÐdL$
ArcNd Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. `f„sy Ap`Zp¡ Nbpfp¡
KQ¡ QY¡$ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ `yÎep¡v$e\u QY$su \pe
A_¡ kp_yL|$m k„ep¡Np¡_p Y$N MX$L$pe Ðepf¡
lj® dp_uA¡ R>uA¡. A_¡ Ðepf`R>u s¡ Nbpfp¡
a|V$u Åe A¡V$g¡ L¡$ `p`p¡v$e\u `X$su \pe
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
A_¡ kp_yL|$m k„ep¡Np¡ rhZku Åe Ðepf¡ M¡v$
A_ychuA¡ R>uA¡. Ap lj® L¡$ M¡v$ k„ep¡Np¡dp„
_\u `Z k„ e p¡ N p¡ âÐe¡ _ p ArcNddp„ R>¡ .
Ar_Ðecph_p A_ykpf k„ep¡Np¡ `gVp$sp fl¡
R>¡ . `y Î e_p Dv$e `R>u `p`_p¡ Dv$e `Z
Aph¡ R>¡. QY$su \pe s¡_u `X$su `Z \pe
R>¡. lksp„ lksp„ bp„^¡gy„ `p` fX$sp„ fX$sp„
cp¡Nhhp_¡ bv$g¡ kdcph\u cp¡Nhhp\u L$d_ ® u
r_S>® f p R>¡ . Ap Æh `y Î e_p Dv$e âk„ N ¡
S>¡ kdÆ iL$sp¡ _\u s¡ `p`_p Dv$e âk„N¡
S>ê$f kdÆ iL$¡ R>¡ . `p`_p¡ Dv$e A_¡
ârsL|msp Ar_Ðecph_p_p tQsh__y„ kp^_
b_u ApÐdrls_y„ L$pfZ `Z \pe R>¡. Aphp
lL$pfpÐdL$ ArcNd\u `p`_p¡ Dv$e L¡$ ârsL|$m
k„ep¡Np¡ M¡v$ê$` \sp _\u.
Ap âL$pf¡ v$f¡ L $ k„ e p¡ N p¡ _ ¡ kp_y L | $ m`Z¡
d|ghhp_p„ lL$pfpÐdL$ ArcNd\u v$f¡L$ âk„N¡
kdp^p_ fl¡ R>¡. õhS>__y„ dfZ \sp„ ip¡L$
d_phuA¡ R>uA¡. ip¡L$_y„ L$pfZ õhS>_ âÐe¡_p¡
õ_¡ l A_¡ R>ÓR>pep R>u_hpB S>hp_y „ lp¡ e
R>¡ . `f„ s y Ap S> bpbs_¡ `p¡ s p_p bv$g¡
õhS>__p k„v$c®dp„ Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ ApÐdp_y„
L$p¡ B dfZ _\u. hmu s¡ d Z¡ ÆZ® - iuZ®
ìepr^N°õs v¡$l_p¡ ÐepN L$fu _hu_ FqÙhpmp¡
qv$ìe v¡$l âpá L$ep£ R>.¡ Al]_u Ap`v$pAp¡dp„\u
R|>V$u õhN®_u k„`v$pAp¡ âpàs L$fu R>¡. Al]_p
`qfhpfS>_p¡ cg¡ ip¡L$ d_ph¡ `Z õhN®gp¡L$dp„
Ðep„_p `qfhpfS>_p¡ s¡ S> kde¡ _hp S>Þd_u
h^pB d_phsp lp¡e R>.¡ Ap âL$pf_p lL$pfpÐdL$
ArcNd\u kdp^p_ fl¡ R>¡.
k„ e p¡ N p¡ âÐe¡ lL$ p fpÐdL$ ArcNd v$ p Mìep `R>u
Ar_Ðecph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ e p `| Z ® L$ f u s¡ _ y „ am âpá
L$ f hp dpV¡ $ e\p\® × rô$ _ u AphíeL$ s p lp¡ e R>¡ .
1. Ar_Ðecph_p
3. e\p\®×rô$
Ar_Ðe k„ep¡Np¡ Üpfp s¡_u `pR>m R|>`pe¡g
r_Ðe Ak„ep¡Nu ApÐdp_¡ Ap¡mMhp¡ s¡
e\p\®×rô$ R>¡.
`p¡sp_p ApÐdp_u Ap¡mMpZ, õhuL$pf L¡$
Apîe_u A`¡np_¡ ×rô$ L$l¡ R>.¡ A_¡L$ps „ õhê$`u
ApÐdp Öìe-`ep®epÐdL$ lp¡hp\u s¡_u ×rô$
b¡ âL$pf¡ R>•¡ - Öìe×rô$ A_¡ `ep®e×rô$. ApÐdp_u
kpQu Ap¡mMpZ r_Ðe Ak„ep¡Nu Öìeõhcph`Z¡
lp¡hp\u Öìe×rô$ S> e\p\®×rô$ R>¡.
Ar_Ðe k„ep¡Np¡_¡ lL$pfpÐdL$ ArcNd\u
Å¡hp s¡ e\p\®×rô$ _\u. `f„sy Ar_Ðe k„ep¡Np¡
Üpfp S> s¡_u `pR>m R|>`pe¡g r_Ðe Ak„ep¡Nu
ApÐdp_¡ Ap¡mMhp¡ s¡ e\p\®×rô$ R>¡. Ar_Ðe
k„ep¡Np¡_¡ ApNpduL$pm\u Å¡sp s¡ DÐ`pv$ê$`¡
A_¡ s¡ S> k„ep¡Np¡_¡ s¡ S> kde¡ AsusL$pm_u
A`¡npA¡ Å¡sp s¡ ìeeê$`¡ S>Zpe R>.¡ DÐ`pv$-
ìeeê$` kss `gV$psp„ k„ep¡Np¡_¡ kp_yL|$m`Z¡
d| g hhp s¡ lL$pfpÐdL$ ArcNd R>¡ . `Z
Ap Ar_Ðe k„ep¡Np¡_p DÐ`pv$-ìee_¡ Np¥Z
L$fhp\u s¡_p Ap^pfc|s A¡L$ê$``Ï„ S>Zpe
R>¡ . Ap A¡ L $ê$`sp_¡ ÅZ_pf ApÐdp `Z
A¡L$ê$` S> lp¡e R>¡. L¡$d L¡$, k„ep¡Np¡ `gV$pB
S>hp R>sp„ k„ep¡Np¡_¡ Å¡_pf ApÐdp `gV$pB
S>sp¡ _\u A_¡ A¡ L $ê$` S> fl¡ R>¡ . hmu
k„ e p¡ N p¡ _ p gn¡ \sp ApÐdp_u fpNpqv$
k„ep¡Nucphp¡ `Z Ar_Ðe lp¡hp\u DÐ`pv$-
ìeeê$` R>.¡ Ap DÐ`pv$-ìeeê$` k„ep¡Nucphp¡_p
Ap^pfc|s Ak„ep¡Nu ApÐdp A¡L$ê$` fl¡ R>¡.
ApÐdp_u Ap¡mMpZ Ap A¡L$ê$``Z¡ L$fhu s¡
e\p\®×rô$ R>¡.
37
 âÐe¡ L $ `v$p\® DÐ`pv$-ìee-
^° p ¥ ì edeu A[õsÐh\u fQpe¡ g R>¡ .
DÐ`pv$-ìee-^°p¥ìe A¡ kp`¡n ^dp£
lp¡hp\u `v$p\®_¡ DÐ`pv$ê$`¡, ìeeê$`¡
L¡$ ^°pì¥ eê$`¡ A¡d ÓZ `¥L$u L$pB¡ `Z
âL$pf¡ Å¡B iL$pe R>.¡ `Z s¡dp„ ^°pì¥ eê$`¡
S> `v$p\®_u kpQu Ap¡mMpZ lp¡hp\u `v$p\®_¡
^°p¥ìeê$`¡ Å¡_pfu ×rô$ S> e\p\®×rô$ R>¡.
A¡L$ h©n_¡ A„Ly$f`Z¡ Å¡hp\u s¡ DÐ`pvê$`¡,
buS>`Z¡ Å¡hp\u s¡ ìeeê$`¡ A_¡ buS>-A„L$y fdp„
A¡L$ê$` fl¡g h©nÐh`Z¡ Å¡hp\u s¡ ^°p¥ìeê$`¡
S>Zpe R>¡. Al] ^°p¥ìeê$` h©nÐh S> h©n_u
kpQu Ap¡mMpZ Ap`_pf e\p\®×rô$ R>¡. s¡d
A¡L$ ApÐdp_¡ k„ep¡Np¡ L¡$ k„ep¡Nucph`Z¡ Å¡hp\u
s¡ DÐ`pv$-ìeeê$`¡ A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡dp„ A¡L$ê$`
fl¡g Ak„ep¡Nu`Z¡ Å¡hp\u s¡ ^°p¥ìeê$`¡ S>Zpe
R>¡. Al] ^°p¥ìeê$` Ak„ep¡Nu`Zy„ S> ApÐdp_u
Ap¡mMpZ Ap`_pf e\p\®×rô$ R>¡.
Ar_Ðe k„ep¡Np¡ Üpfp r_Ðe Ak„ep¡Nu ApÐdp_¡
Ap¡mMhp¡ s¡ S> Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡ Apie R>¡.
s¡\u r_Ðe Ak„ep¡Nu ApÐdp_¡ Ap¡mMph_pfu
e\p\®×rô$dp„ Ar_Ðecph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep_u
`|Z®sp R>¡.
Ar_Ðecph_p_y„
kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ
Ar_Ðecph_p_p tQsh_ dpV¡ $ _y „ kp^_
L¡$ L$pfZ Ap`Zp fp¡Æ„v$p Æh_ A_¡ s¡dp„
b_su OV$_pAp¡dp„\u S> dmu fl¡ R>¡.
bpmL$_p¡ S>Þd \pe A_¡ s¡ dpsp_u Np¡v$dp„
Aph¡ s¡ `l¡ g p„ S> s¡ Ar_Ðesp_u Np¡ v $dp„
Aphu Åe R>¡. spX$_p„ h©ndp„\u s|V¡$gy„ am
38
_uQ¡ S>du_ D`f `X$sp„ `l¡ g p„
AÙf ApL$pidp„ blz Aë` kde
fl¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡ `Z Ar_es lp¡e
R>¡ . s¡ d S>Þd `pdsp„ d_y ó e_y „
Æh_ `Z blz Aë` A_¡ Ar_es
lp¡e R>¡. Nd¡ Ðepf¡ Nd¡ s¡_y„ dfZ
Aphu `X¡$ R>¡. khpf¡ S>¡_p¡ fpÄeprcj¡L$ \sp¡
lp¡ e , kp„ S >¡ s¡ _ u S> rQsp kmNsu Å¡ h p
dm¡ R>.¡ cep_L$ eyÙdp„ A_¡ ce„L$f lp¡_pfsp¡dp„
A¡L$ kp\¡ A_¡L$ gp¡L$p¡ dp¡s_¡ c¡V$sp Å¡hp
dm¡ R>¡. c|sL$pm_p su\¯L$fp¡, Q¾$hs}Ap¡ A_¡
buÅ dlp`y{jp¡ Ap`Zu hÃQ¡ _\u. kp¡_p_p
NY$ A_¡ A_¡ fÐ_p¡_p L$p„Nfp\u ip¡csu v¥$hu
ÜpqfL$p`y f u bmu_¡ MpL$ \B Ne¡ g R>¡ .
c| s L$pm_p cìe dlpgep¡ A_¡ A_y ` d
Apòe®L$pfu AÅebuAp¡ `Z L$pm_u
Nsp®dp„ Npeb \B Ne¡g R>.¡ c|sL$pm_p¡ dp¡V$p¡
dlpfpÅ ApS>¡ cuM dp„Nsp¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
A¡L$ hMs_p¡ L$fp¡X$`rs fpsp¡fps fp¡X$`rs \B
S>sp¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>.¡ cep_L$ ^fsuL„$`, rh_priL
hphpTp¡ X $p, A_fp^pf hfkpv$ hN¡ f ¡ \ u Qpf¡
bpSy> spfpÆ \su Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.dp¡V$p dp¡V$p
AL$õdpsp¡ A_¡ Ap`rÑAp¡_p kdpQpf fp¡S>¡fp¡S>
kp„cmhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. fp¡Æ„v$p Æh_dp„ Å¡hp
dmsu Aphu kp„ k pqfL$ Ar_Ðe bpbsp¡ S>
`p¡ s p_¡ Ar_Ðecph_p_p tQsh__y „ kp^_
L¡$ L$pfZ b_u fl¡ R>¡.$
L$B fus¡ hõsyõhê$`_u
kdS>Z L$fph_pf R>¡ ?
Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp\u k„kpf_p
kOmp„ k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡ õhà_ kdp_
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
AkÐe A_¡ Aõ\peu dpg|d `X¡$ R>¡. Aphp
S|>W$p A_¡ _pih„s k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ ddÐhê$` dp¡l
vy$:M_y„ S> L$pfZ lp¡e s¡ kdÆ iL$pe R>.¡
S>Nsdp„ Ap`Z_¡ Ar_Ðe_u Ap¡mMpZ A_¡
A_ych R>.¡ Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡ Aæepk Ar_Ðe
k„kpf_u `pR>m R|>`pe¡gp¡ Ap`Z¡p ApÐdp s¡_p
rÓL$pm ^°yhõhcph\u r_Ðe R>¡ s¡d kdÅh¡
R>¡. r_Ðeõhcph rh_p Ar_Ðe Ahõ\p lp¡e
iL¡ $ _rl. r_Ðeõhcph_p Apîe¡ k„ k pf_u
Ar_Ðe, AiyÙ Ahõ\p_p¡ A„s Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡
r_Ðe iy Ù A¡ h u rkÙ Ahõ\p_p¡ Dv¹ $ ch
\pe R>¡ . Ap âL$pf_u hõsyõhê$`_u kdS>Z
L$fphhpdp„ Ar_Ðecph_p_y„ A_¡ê$„ ep¡Nv$p_ R>.¡
L$B fus¡
h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ R>¡ ?
Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp\u k„kpf_u
Ar_Ðesp, nZc„Nfy sp L¡$ rh_priL$sp kdÅe
R>¡. kp„kpqfL$ kOmp„ k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡
nrZL$ A_¡ rh_piu R>.¡ `p¡sp_p¡ ApÐdp ipïhs
A_¡ Arh_piu R>¡. s¡\u nrZL$ A_¡ rh_piu
QuS> `p¡sp_u lp¡C iL¡$ _rl. s¡\u s¡_p âÐe¡
A¡L$Ðh L¡$ ddÐh fpMhp_y„ L$p¡B L$pfZ _\u.
s¡ \ u Aphp Ar_Ðe k„ k pf âÐe¡ klS>
Dv$pku_sp L¡$ D`¡nph©rs Aph¡ R>.¡ S>_
¡ ¡ k„kpf_p¡
h¥fpÁe L$l¡ R>.¡ Ap fus¡ Ar_Ðecph_p_y„ tQsh_
k„kpf âÐe¡_p h¥fpÁe_y„ A¡L$ âbm L$pfZ R>¡.
âep¡S>_`|h®L$_y„ rhi¡j am
Ar_Ðecph_p_p Aæepk_y „ âep¡ S >_
hõsyõhê$`_u kpQu kdS>Z krls_p¡ h¥fpÁe
1. Ar_Ðecph_p
R>¡ . Ap âep¡ S >_`| h ® L $_y „ âÐe¡ L $ cph_p_¡
kdp_`Z¡ gpNy `X$sy„ kpdpÞe am rQÑ_u
[õ\fsp$, dp¡ l _u d„ v $sp, dfZ_p¡ ce dV¡ $
S>¡ h p A_¡ L $ âL$pf¡ R>¡ . sp¡ ` Z Mpk L$fu_¡
Ar_Ðe cph_p kp\¡ S> k„b„r^s lp¡e s¡hp
rhi¡j âL$pf_p b¡ dy¿e am Ap âdpZ¡ R>•¡ •
1. _pd_p_u cph_p V$m¡
2. dp__¡ dV$pX¡$
1. _pd_p_u cph_p V$m¡
dfZ `R>u `Z `p¡sp_u ârkqÙ, ¿eprs
L¡$ L$urs® S>mhpB fl¡ s¡hp âL$pf_u CÃR>p_¡
_pd_p_u cph_p L$l¡ R>¡. Ar_Ðecph_p_p
Aæepk\u _pd_p_u cph_p V$m¡ R>¡.
Aop_u Æh_¡ Ar_Ðe k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ k„ep¡Nu
cphp¡ p dp„ `p¡ s p`Ï„ lp¡ e R>¡ . s¡ \ u hs® d p_
ch_u Ap¡mMpZ Ap`sp _pd_u kp\¡ `Z
sÞde`Ï„ lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u `p¡s¡ cg¡ dfu Åe
`Z `p¡ s p_y „ _pd Adf fl¡ s¡ h u cph_p
lp¡ e R>¡ . _pd_p_u Av$çe CÃR>p_p L$pfZ¡
s¡ _ p dpV¡ $ s¡ `p¡ s p_u Ås Oku _pM¡ R>¡ ,
`¥ k p MQ} _pM¡ R>¡ , Ad| ë e kde h¡ X $au
_pM¡ R>,¡ S>¡ L$pB„ L$fhy„ `X¡$ s¡ L$f¡ R>.¡ _pd_p
dpV¡$ dp¡V$p õV¡$Ãey dyL$ph¡ R>¡, L$urs®õs„c L$fph¡
R>¡, sL$sudp„ _pd L$p¡sfph¡ R>¡.
`f„ s y Ar_Ðecph_p A_y k pf S>¡ _ y „ _pd
lp¡e s¡_p¡ _pi `Z lp¡e S> R>¡. Ap S>Nsdp„
L$v$ue L$pB¡ _y„ _pd L$ped fl¡s„y _\u. c|sL$pmdp„
A_„s Qp¡huku_p su\¯L$fp¡ \B Nep `Z
s¡ d _p„ e _pd rhkfpB Nep R>¡ . rhÄep^®
`h®s_u rigp `f v„$X$fÐ_\u gMpe¡gp Q¾$hs}
39
S>¡hp dlp`y{jp¡_p _pd `Z c|„kpB Åe R>¡,
sp¡ Apfk_u s¼su D`f L$ps ¡ fpe¡gp syÃR>
`y { jp¡ _ p _pd ¼ep„ ky ^ u V$L¡ $ ? cfs
Q¾$hs}A¡ b_ph¡gp ÓZ Qp¡huku_p drZfÐ_p¡_p
rS>_tbbp¡ `Z L$pm_p¡ L$p¡ r mep¡ \B Åe
R>¡ sp¡ `pdf d_y ó ep¡ _ p `| s mp ¼ep„ ky ^ u
fl¡ ? âge L$pmdp„ dp¡V$p dp¡V$p `h®sp¡ `Z
S>du_v$põ¡ s \B Åe R>¡ sp¡ L$urs®õs„cp¡ Ýhõs
\B Åe s¡ d p„ iu _hpB ? Ap S>Nsdp„
S>Þçep `l¡ g p„ L$p¡ B _y „ _pd lp¡ s y „ _\u s¡ d
dep® `R>u `Z L$pB¡ _y„ _pd fl¡s„y _\u.
s¡\u S> L$l¡hpe R>¡ L¡ ,
S>Þçep `l¡gp A_pdu A_¡ dep® `R>u __pdu.
Ar_Ðecph_p_p Aæepk\u Ar_Ðe
Ahõ\pê$` `ep® e ×rô$ V$mu r_Ðe õhcphê$`
Öìe×rô$ âNV¡$ R>¡. s¡\u `p¡sp_u Akgu Ap¡mMpZ
_pdê$` Ar_Ðe Ahõ\p_¡ bv$g¡ A_pdu
ApÐdõhcph sfuL¡$ R>¡ s¡ bpbs kdÅe R>¡. s¡\u
_pd_p_u cph_p V$m¡ R>¡.
2. dp__¡ dV$pX¡$
`f k„ep¡Np¡ L¡$ k„ep¡Nucphp¡\u `p¡sp_u dlÑp
dp_hu s¡_¡ dp_ L$l¡ R>¡. Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡ S> `p¡sp_y„ Ly$m R>¡. Ap hprZep, b°pûZ,
Aæepk dp__¡ dV$pX$_pfp¡ R>¡.
1. DÑd Års
Års, 2. DÃQ L| m , 3.
ifuf_y„ bm
bm, 4. ky„v$f ê$` S>¡hp `fk„ep¡Np¡
s¡ d S> 5. ipõÓ_y „ op_
op_, 6. suÿZby q Ù
Ù,
7. bpf âL$pf_p s` A_¡ 8. b° û Qe®
S>¡hp k„ep¡Nucphp¡ A¡ ApW$ âL$pf_p Apîe¡
`p¡sp_u dlÑp L¡$ dp¡V$pB dp_hu s¡_¡ dv$
40
L¡$ dp_ L$l¡ R>¡. Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡ Aæepk
L$fhp\u dp_ dV¡$ R>¡.
dp__p L$pfZc|s `fk„ep¡Np¡ `p¥v$¹ NrgL$ `v$p\®
R>¡ A_¡ s¡ A p¡ ApÐdp\u AÐe„ s rcß R>¡ .
k„ e p¡ N ucphp¡ `Z `y v ¹ $ Ng_p gn¡ \sp
rQv¹$rhL$pfp¡ R>¡ A_¡ Ak„ep¡Nu iyÙpÐdõhcph\u
rcß R>¡ . Ap kOmp„ k„ e p¡ N p¡ _ p¡ rhep¡ N
`Z Ahíe lp¡e S> R>¡. s¡\u s¡Ap¡ nrZL$
A_¡ rh_piu R>¡. Ar_Ðecph_p A¡d S>Zph¡
R>¡ L¡$ dp__p L$pfZc|s Ap kOmp„ k„ep¡Np¡
ApÐdp\u AÐe„s rcß, nrZL$ A_¡ rh_piu
R>¡. s¡\u Aphp k„ep¡Np¡_p Ap^pf¡ `p¡sp_u
dlÑp dp_hu s¡ d|M®sp R>¡.
Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡ Aæepk ApW¡$e âL$pf_p
Apîe¡ \sp dp__¡ dV$pX$_pfp¡ R>.¡ s¡ Ap fus¡•••
1. Ar_Ðecph_p_p Aæepk\u A¡ d
kdÅe R>¡ L¡$ rÓL$pm ^°yh iyÙ Q¥sÞe ^psy
A¡ S> ApÐdp_u Års R>¡ . A_¡ Ap
d_yóe`Zp_u A^°yh Ape®Års A¡ L$p¡B dpfu
Års _\u. s¡\u DÑd Års Års_p Apîe¡ dp_
\sy„ _\u.
2. A_„sNyZp¡_p r_^p_ rÓL$pmu iyÙpÐdp
nrÓe, iyÖ A¡ L$pB¡ ApÐdp_y„ L|m _\u. s¡\u
DÃQ L|m_p L$pfZ¡ dv$ L$fhp_y„ L$p¡B L$pfZ
_\u.
3. Ak„ep¡Nu iyÙpÐdõhcphdp„ [õ\f fl¡h„y
A¡ S> ApÐdp_y„ bm R>¡. `Z ifuf_y„ kpdÕe®
A¡ L$p¡B ApÐdp_y„ bm _\u. s¡\u ifuf_p
bm
bm\u ApÐdp_y „ Np¥ f h \sy „ _\u.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 4. ipðs op_ A_¡ Ap_„v$õhcph A¡S>
ApÐdp_y„ ky„v$f õhê$` R>¡. Aipðs ifuf_y„
kp¦ v $e® A_¡ ê$` A¡ L$p¡ B ApÐdp_y „ õhê$`
S> _\u. s¡\u ifuf_p„ ky„v$f ê$` \u `p¡sp_u
ky„v$fsp cpksu _\u.
5. kh® o õhcphu iy Ù pÐdp_p Apîe\u
DÐ`ß \sy„ npqeL$op_ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ L¡$hmop_
A¡ S> ApÐdp_y„ kpQy„ op_ R>¡. `Z ipõÓ_p
Aæepk\u \sy„ npep¡`iqdL$op_ A¡V$g¡ L¡$
îysop_ A¡ L$p¡B ApÐdp_y„ kpQy„ op_ _\u.
Ar_Ðecph_p_p Aæepk\u Aphy „ kdÅsp
ipõÓ_p op_
op_\u `p¡sp_u dlÑp d_psu _\u.
6. Ar_Ðe k„ep¡Np¡\u `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_¡
Sy>v$p¡ ÅZ¡ s¡ S> ApÐdp_u kpQu byqÙ R>¡.
`Z lÅfp¡ ïgp¡L$p¡ L„$W$õ\ L$fu iL¡$ s¡hu suÿZ
byqÙ A¡ L$p¡B ApÐdp_u kpQu byqÙ _\u.
Aphy„ kdÅsp DÑd byqÙ Ù\u `p¡sp_u DÑdsp
cpksu _\u.
7. BÃR>p_p r_fp¡ ^ `| h ® L $ \sy „ `p¡ s p_p
r_õsf„ N iy Ù pÐdõhcph_y „ âs`_ A¡ S>
ApÐdp_y „ s` R>¡ . Ap sf„ N de iy c cphê$`
bpf âL$pf_p s` A¡ L$pB¡ ApÐdp_y„ s` _\u.
s¡\u bpf âL$pf_p s` s`_p L$pfZ¡ Arcdp_
\sy„ _\u.
8. b°û A¡V$g¡ ApÐdp A_¡ Qe® A¡V$g¡
fdZsp, s¡ \ u b° û Qe® A¡ `p¡ s p_p
iy Ù pÐdõhcphdp„ fdZsp L¡ $ gu_sp R>¡ .
s¡\u blpfdp„ õÓu_p k„b„^\u frls fl¡hy„
s¡ L$p¡ B kpQy „ b° û Qe® _\u. s¡ \ u
_hhpX$`|h®L$ õÓu_p k„b„^\u frls fl¡hpê$`
b° û Qe® \ u `p¡ s p_u dp¡ V $pB cpksu _\u.
1. Ar_Ðecph_p
D`fp¡ ¼ s âdpZ¡ Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡
Aæepk dp_ \hp_p ApW¡$e âL$pf_p L$pfZp¡_¡
dV$pX$_pfp¡ R>¡.
D`k„lpf
Bô$-Ar_ô$ k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ s¡_p D`Ähp-
rhZkhpdp„ lj®-M¡v$ _ dp_hp¡ A_¡ kdspcph
^pfZ L$fhp¡ s¡ S> Ar_Ðecph_p_y„ Ap^pftbvy$
R>¡ . Ap dpV¡ $ r_Ðe_p¡ Apîe L$fhp¡ S>ê$fu
lp¡e R>¡. S>Ns_p kOmp„ k„ep¡Np¡ Ar_Ðe R>¡
A_¡ `p¡ s p_p¡ ApÐdp S> r_Ðe R>¡ , s¡
Ar_Ðecph_p_p Ap^pf¡ _½$u \pe R>¡ .
S>Ns_p b^p„ `v$p\p£ `p¡sp_p rÓL$pm Öìe-
õhcph`Z¡ [õ\f-[_Ðe A_¡ s¡ S> `v$p\®
`gV$su `ep® e õhcph`Z¡ A[õ\f-Ar_Ðe
lp¡e R>.¡ r_Ðe Öìeõhcph`Z¡ `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_¡
dp_u s¡ _ p¡ Apîe L$fhp¡ s¡ dp¡ n dpN® R>¡ .
A_¡ Ar_Ðe `ep®eõhcph`Z¡ `p¡sp_¡ dp_u
s¡_y„ gn L$fhy„ s¡ k„kpfdpN® R>¡. s¡\u hõsy_¡
Ar_Ðe`Z¡ v$ip®hsu `ep®ev$[óV$ R>p¡X$u s¡_¡
r_Ðe`Z¡ v$ip® h su Öìev$rô$ L$fhu s¡ S>
k„kpfdpN®_¡ dV$pX$u dp¡ndpN®_¡ âNV$ L$fhp_p¡
D`pe R>¡ . A_¡ s¡ S> Ar_Ðe cph_p_p¡
Apie R>¡. `„qX$s S>eQ„v$Æ_p iåv$p¡dp„•••
ÎíòÚéÐ ÜUçÚ „±ü çƒÚ, ÐÚ…² çƒÚ ãñ ÜU¢ñÝ ?
ÎíòÎëçC ¥¢Ð¢ H¶¢ï, ÐÚ…² ݲ ÜUçÚ x¢¢ñÝ JJ
cphp\® : Öìeõhê$`¡ b^y „ r_Ðe lp¡ h p R>sp„
`ep® e õhê$`¡ r_Ðe L$p¡ B _\u. s¡ \ u `ep® e _u
Ar_Ðesp_¡ Np¥ Z L$fu `p¡ s p_p ApÐdp_¡ r_Ðe
Öìeõhcph`Z¡ Ap¡mMhp¡ s¡ S> Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡
Apie R>¡. (bpflcph_pdp„\u â\d Ar_Ðe cph_p_u L$X$u _„-1)
41
 M Ar_Ðecph_p_u L\p M
cNhp_ F>jcv¡$h_p¡ h¥fpÁe
cNhp_ F>jcv¡$h `p¡s¡ su\¯L$f_p¡ Ahspf
R>¡. S>Þd\u S> A_¡ S>Þd `l¡gp„\u `Z õhN®_p
v¡$hp¡ s¡d_u k¡hp L$f¡ R>¡. ApS>¡ s¡d_p¡ S>Þdqv$hk
Ap_„v$p¡‰pk\u DS>hpB füp¡ R>¡. v¡$iv¡$iphf_p
fpÅ-dlpfpÅAp¡ cNhp__p¡ S>Þdqv$hk
DS>hhp A¡L$W$p \ep R>¡. kp¥^d® BÞÖ `Z A¥fphs
lp\u D`f khpf \B_¡ A_¡L$ AàkfpAp¡ kp\¡
Aep¡Ýepdp„ Aphu `lp¢Ãep¡ R>¡. BÞÖ dlpfpÅA¡
cNhp__¡ âkß L$fhp AàkfpAp¡_p„ Av¹$cys
_©Ðe_y„ Apep¡S>_ L$ey¯ R>¡. d_p¡lf AàkfpAp¡
lphcph kp\¡ Agp¥r½$ _©Ðe fS|> L$fu flu R>¡.
bfpbf s¡ S> kde¡ _ugp„S>_p _pd_u A¡L$
Aàkfp_y„ Apeyóe `|{„ \B Åe R>¡.
huS>mu_p TbL$pfp_u S>¡d _ugp„S>_p_p¡
42
h¥q¾$reL $v¡$l A¡L$v$d rhge `pdu Qpf¡bpSy>
rhMfpB Åe R>¡. f„Ndp„ c„N _ `X¡$ s¡ dpV¡$
A¡L$ `m_p¡e rhg„b L$ep® rh_p BÞÖ buÆ
Aàkfp_¡ _ugp„S>_p_p õ\p_¡ Np¡W$hu _©Ðe
Qpgy fMph¡ R>¡. buÅ kcpS>_p¡ L$p„B ÅZsp
_\u `Z Ahr^op_^pfu cNhp_\u L$p„B
AÅÎey„ fl¡sy„ _\u. s¡Ap¡ Ar_Ðecph_p
cphsp E„X$p rhQpfdp„ kfu `X¡$ R>¡ :
“Af¡, Aàkfp_y„ Apeyóe `Z A¡L$v$d `|{„
\B Ney„ sp¡ d_yóe_p Apeyóe_u iu hps !
Af¡, dpfp 84 gpM `|h®_p Apeyóedp„\u
ApS>¡ 83 gpM `|h® sp¡ `mhpfdp„ `|fp„ \B Nep
R>.¡ A_¡ lz„ Ap fpS>`pV$ A_¡ cp¡Np¡`cp¡Np¡dp„
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 12All/01-ANITYA BHAVNA/FINAL/14082011

akpe¡gp¡ Ry>.„ fpS>`pV$ A_¡ cp¡Np¡`cp¡N cpfê$` s¡ r_Ðe R>¡, ^°yh R>¡. rÓL$pm ^°yh iyÙ ApÐdp_p
R>.¡ lz„ su\¯Lf$ _p¡ Ahspf Ry>„ A_¡ dpf¡ dpfp ApÐdp_u gn¡ dp¡n R>¡ A_¡ A^°h y k„ep¡Np¡_p gn¡ k„kpf
`|Zs ® p kp^u dp¡nv$ip `pdhp_u R>.¡ lh¡ bpL$u_p R>.¡ s¡\u lh¡ lz„ Ar_Ðe k„ep¡Np¡_p¡ k„N R>pX¡ u$ r_Ðe
Apeyóe_p¡ A¡L$ kde `Z Nydpìep rh_p dpf¡ iyÙpÐdp_u kp^_p dpV¡$ L$qV$bÙ \pJ Ry>.„ ”
ApÐdrls_u kp^_p L$fhp_u R>.¡ Ap âL$pf¡ Ar_Ðecph_p_p tQsh__p„
Apeyóe A¡ sp¡ `pZu_p dp¡Å„ S>¡hy„ R>¡. `qfZpd¡ cNhp_ F>jcv¡$h k„kpf\u AÐe„s
`pZu_y„ dp¡Sy>„ Apìey„ L¡$ Ney„ s¡d A¡L$ chdp„ rhf¼s \ep. Akpf k„kpf_p¡ ÐepN L$fu
füp _ füp„ L¡$ buÅ chdp„ Ahsfhy„ `X¡$ R>¡. õhe„v$urns \ep. cNhp__p S>Þdqv$hk_p¡
rhjecp¡Np¡ d¡O^_yj_p f„N S>¡hp R>¡. hjp® dlp¡Ðkh h¥fpÁedp„ a¡fhpB Nep¡. A_¡L$ fpÅ-
L$pmdp„ DÐ`ß \sp d¡O^_yj_p„ f„Np¡ k|fS>_p dlpfpÅAp¡A¡ `Z cNhp_ kp\¡ dyr_v$unp
Ap\dhp_u kp\¡ rhge `pdu Åe R>¡ s¡d A„NuL$pf L$fu. cNhp_ F>jcv¡$h¡ Ðepf `R>u
ep¥h_L$pm¡ DÐ`ß \sp rhjecp¡Np¡ L¡$hmop_ `pdu qv$ìeÝhr_ hX¡$ Ar_Ðe-
h©Ùphõ\p Aphsp„ rhge `pdu Åe R>¡. Ap cph_p_p¡ D`v¡$i Apàep¡.A_¡ L¥$gpi `h®s
`f\u dp¡nv$ip_¡ _dõL$pf.
S>Ns_p kOmp k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡
nrZL$ A_¡ rh_piu R>¡. s¡\u s¡Ap¡ Ar_Ðe Ar_Ðecph_p_p tQsh_ hX¡$ r_Ðe A¡hp
R>¡, A^°yh R>¡. A¡L$ dpÓ dpfp¡ `p¡sp_p¡ ApÐdp iyÙpÐdp_u rkqÙ kp^_pf cNhp_ F>jcv¡$h_¡
S> dpfp dpV¡$ ipðs A_¡ Arh_piu R>¡. s¡\u r_Ðe âZpd !

qV$à`Z
1. QY$su v¡ $ ZNu : A¡L$ D`f A¡L$ d|L$psp OX$p_u S>¡d DÑfp¡Ñf Dßrs, QY$sp v$lpX$p; Dv$eL$pm

k„vc®N°„\p¡
1. õhpduL$prs®L¡$ep_yâ¡np : Np\p 4 \u 22 A_¡ s¡_u V$uL$p.; · 2. bpfkAÏh¡L|$Mp : Np\p 3 \u 7.; ·3. d|gpQpf : DÑfp^®
: Np\p 695, 696.; · 4. cNhsu Apfp^_p : Np\p 1711 \u 1723.; ·5. op_pZ®h : kN® f : ïgp¡L$ 3, 8 \u 47.;
· 6. sÒhp\®kpf : AÂepe 6, Np\p 31.; ·7. sÒhp\®fpS>hpqÑ®L$ : 9/7, 1/600/7; 9/7,5/601/31.; · 8. khp®\®rkqÙ
: 9/7/414, 415.; ·9. `Ú_„qv$`„Qthirs : :AÂepe-6, Ar_Ðe`„Qpis, ïgp¡L$ 4`, `8.; ·10. kdZkyÑd¹ : Np\p
507, 508. · 11. A_Npf ^dp®d©s : AÂepe 6, Np\p `8, `9.; ·12. `fdpÐdâL$pi : AÂepe f: v$p¡lp 128 \u 132
A_¡ s¡_u V$uL$p · 13. Nyfyv¡$hîu_p hQ_pd©s : _„.23.; ·14. bl¡_îu_p„ hQ_pd©s : _„.`4, 99. · 15. S>¥.rk.L$p¡i : cpN-
1, A_yâ¡np : 1/1, `p_y.71; 1/2, `p_y 7f.
Ar_Ðecph_p_u L$\p ·1. Apqv$`y f pZ : cpN-1, `h® 17, ïgp¡ L $ 1 \u 45, `p_y 373 \u 376.
l¡ s y g nu âï_p¡
ep¡ Á e rhL$ë` `k„ v $ L$fu bpSy > _p Qp¡ f kdp v$ip® h p¡ . A:: r_Ðe L$ped fl¡ B:: dp¡ndpN® L$ped fl¡

01. _pih„s hõsydp„ dp¡l\u iy„ \pe ? 1. C:: dp¡n L$ped fl¡ D:: k„kpf L$ped fl¡

A:: kyM, B$$:: vy$:M C$$:: h¥fpÁe D:: ApÐdop_ 03. Ar_Ðesp_u bpbs ùv$eNs _\u A¡ vip®hsu bpbs L$B _\u? 3.
02. k„kpf_y„ õhê$` Ar_Ðe _ lp¡e sp¡ iu Ap`rÑ Aph¡ ? 2. A:: ifuf_y„ õhpõÕe kpQhhp_u v$p¡X$^pd

1. Ar_Ðecph_p 43
 B:: `¥kp `pR>m_u Ap„^mu v$p¡V$ 08. lL$pfpÐdL$ ArcNd_p¡ D`pe ip¡ ? 08.
C$:: Ar_Ðecph_p_y„ tQsh_ A:: s¡ rhje_y„ `yõsL$ hp„Qhy„

D$:: kÑp-k„`qÑ Åmhhp_u T„TV$ B:: s¡ dpV¡$_p rinZ hN®dp„ Å¡X$phy„

04. `p¡s¡ `p¡sp_p dfZ_¡ kdS>¡ A_¡ õhuL$pf¡ sp¡ iy„ \pe? 4. C:: Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp¡

A:: ip„rs B:: DÜ¡N C:: ce D:: dfZ D$:: ârsL|$m k„ep¡Np¡_¡ `Z kp_yL|$m dp_hp
05. ifuf hX¡$ iy„ lp¡hp\u ifuf_u e[ÐL„$rQs¹ k„cpm S>ê$fu R>¡ ? 5. 09. kyM-vy$:M_y„ L$pfZ iy„ lp¡e R>¡ ? 09.
A:: ApÐdp_u Ap¡mMpZ B:: ApÐdp_p¡ ^d® A:: lj®-ip¡L$_p `qfZpd B:: A_yL|$m-ârsL|$m k„ep¡N

C$:: ApÐdp_y„ kyM D:: ApÐdp_p¡ dp¡n C:: `yÎe-`p`_p¡ Dv$e D$:: lL$pfpÐdL$-_L$pfpÐdL$ ArcNd
06. ifuf_u k„cpm g¡hp_p¡ kpQp¡ D`pe ip¡ ? 6. 10. e\p\®×rô$ iy„ R>¡ ? 10.
A:: k„ed A_¡ kv$pQfZ B:: `p¥rô$L$ A_¡¡ kdsp¡g Aplpf A:: DÐ`pv$-ìee_p¡ Acph L$fhp¡

C$:: âpZpepd A_¡ ep¡Npk_ D:: r_erdssp A_¡ õhÃR>sp B:: DÐ`pv$-ìeedp„ A¡L$ê$`sp Å¡hu.

07. Ar_Ðe k„ep¡Np¡ L$p_¡ p rh_p _ lp¡B iL¡$ ? 7. C$:: DÐ`pv$-ìee_¡ kp_yL|$m`Z¡ d|ghhp
A:: ApÐdp B:: fpN C:: L$dp£v$e D$:: ifuf D:: DÐ`pv$-ìee-^°p¥ìe_¡ S>¡d R>¡ s¡d ÅZhp.

k¥ Ù p„ r sL$ âï_p¡
_uQ¡ _ p âï_p¡ _ p S>hpb A¡ L $ b¡ hp¼ep¡ d p„ Ap`p¡ .
0 1 . Ar_Ðe L$p¡ _ ¡ Ll¡ R>¡ ?
0 2 . L$B bpbsp¡ Ar_Ðe R>¡ ?
0 3 . Ar_Ðe_¡ r_Ðe fpMhp_p âeÐ_\u iy„ \pe R>¡ ?
0 4 . Ar_Ðesp_u bpbs ùv$eNs _ lp¡hp_y„ L$pfZ iy„?
0 5 . d_y ó e_¡ kp¥ \ u dp¡ V $p¡ ce L$p¡ _ p¡ lp¡ e R>¡ ?
0 6 . Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡ Apie iy „ R>¡ ?
0 7 . ifuf `pk¡ \ u ¼ey „ L$pd L$fphhp_y „ Q| L $hy „ _ Å¡ B A¡ ?
0 8 . ip dpV¡ $ ifufpqv$ k„ e p¡ N p¡ `qfrQs R>¡ A_¡ Ak„ e p¡ N u
ApÐdp A`qfrQs R>¡ ?
0 9 . ApÐdp r_Ðe A_¡ Ak„ e p¡ N u L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
1 0 . hõsy _ y „ A_¡ L $p„ s õhê$` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
1 1 . ×qô$ A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ?
1 2 . ×rô$ ¼ep„ âL$pf¡ k„ c h¡ R>¡ ? ip dpV¡ $ ?
1 3 . ip dpV¡ $ Öìe×rô$ e\p\® R>¡ ?
1 4 . rhfp¡ ^ u_y „ A[õsÐh L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
1 5 . k„ e p¡ N p¡ _ u nZc„ N y f sp iy „ R>¡ ?
1 6 . lL$pfpÐdL$ ArcNd iy „ R>¡ ?
1 7 . lL$pfpÐdL$ ArcNd\u ârsL|$m k„ep¡Np¡ L¡$hp S>Zpe R>¡?
1 8 . h¥ o pr_L$ k„ i p¡ ^ _ A_y k pf lL$pfpÐdL$ ArcNd
A¡ iy „ R>¡ ?
1 9 . lL$pfpÐdL$ ArcNd\u Æh_dp„ ip¡ gpc \pe R>¡ ?
2 0 . e\p\® × rô$ iy „ R>¡ .
2 1 . Ar_Ðecph_p_u tQsh_ âr¾$ep_u `|Z®sp L$B fus¡ R>¡?
2 2 . _pd_p_u cph_p A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ?
2 3 . dp_ A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ?
2 4 . ¼ep„ k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡_p Apîe¡ dp_ lp¡e R>¡.
_uQ¡ _ p âï_p¡ _ p rhõs© s S>hpb Ap`p¡ .
0 1 . Ar_Ðecph_p A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ?
0 2 . k„ k pf_y „ Ar_Ðe`Ï„ L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
0 3 . Ar_Ðesp_u AphíeL$sp kdÅhp¡ .
0 4 . Ar_Ðesp_p õhuL$pfdp„ ip„ r s lp¡ e R>¡ . s¡ bpbs
kdÅhp¡ .
0 5 . dp¡ s kpd¡ S>Zpe sp¡ A_y ` d ip„ r s âNV$ \pe R>¡
s¡ bpbs kdÅhp¡ .
0 6 . ifufpqv$ k„ e p¡ N p¡ _ ¡ kpQhhp_p¡ âeÐ_ ip dpV¡ $ ìe\®
R>¡ ?
0 7 . ifufpqv$_u e[ÐL„ $ rQs¹ k„ c pm ip dpV¡ $ k„ c h¡ R>¡ ?
0 8 . Ar_Ðe Üpfp r_Ðe_u Ap¡ m MpZ_p¡ D`pe kdÅhp¡ .
0 9 . Ar_Ðecph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ?
1 0 . _v$u_p ×ô$p„ s \u k„ e p¡ N p¡ _ y „ nZc„ N y f `Ï„ kdÅhp¡ .
1 1 . Nbpfp_p ×ô$p„ s \u lL$pfpÐdL$ ArcNd kdÅhp¡ .
1 2 . h© n _p ×ô$p„ s \u e\p\® × rô$ kdÅhp¡ .
1 3 . Ar_Ðecph_p_p tQsh__y „ kp^_ L¡ $ L$pfZ iy „ R>¡
? s¡ kdÅhp¡ .
1 4 . Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$B fus¡ h¥ f pÁe_y „ L$pfZ
R>¡ ? s¡ kdÅhp¡ .
1 5 . Ar_Ðecph_p_p Aæepk\u _pd_p_u cph_p L$B
fus¡ V$m¡ R>¡ ? s¡ kdÅhp¡ .
1 6 . Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡ Aæepk ApW¡ $ e âL$pf_p Apîe¡
\sp dp__¡ dV$pX$_pfp¡ R>¡ . s¡ bpbs kdÅhp¡ .

44 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

2. AifZcph_p 45
46 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 AifZcph_p
cph_p
2.
S>¡ Ap^pf Ap`¡, dv$v$$ L$f¡, V¡$L$pdp„ fl¡,
fnZ L$f¡ s¡_¡ ifZ L$l¡ R>¡. S>¡ r_Ðe lp¡e
s¡ ifZê$` A_¡ Ar_Ðe lp¡e s¡ AifZê$`
lp¡e R>¡. kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡
Ar_Ðe lp¡hp\u AifZ R>¡. `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙpÐdp
S> `p¡sp_p dpV¡$ r_Ðe lp¡hp\u r_òe\u ifZê$`
R>¡. A_¡ iyÙpÐdp_p ifZ_¡ kdÅh_pfp A_¡
Ðep„ ky^u `lp¢QpX$_pfp husfpNu v¡$h-Ny{-^d®
ìehlpf\u ifZ R>¡. Ap rkhpe Ap Æh_¡
L$p¡B ifZ _\u s¡hy„ tQsh_ L$fhy„ s¡
AifZcph_p R>¡.
kÑp-k„`rÑ-kÞdp_, dps-r`sp-`qfhpf, fp¡V$u-
L$`X$p-dL$p_, v$hp-v$hpMp_p-X$p¡L$V$f, drZ-d„Ó-
s„Ó S>h¡ p bpü kp„kpqfL k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ L$mp-L$pi¥ ëe-
L$pfuNfu, bm-byqÙ-QsyfpB, k„ed-kv$pQpf-
kv¹$cph, h°s-s`-r_ed, gp¥qL$L$ kyM-ip„rs-
krlóÏsp S>¡hp Ap„sqfL$ k„ep¡Nucphp¡ Ar_Ðe
lp¡hp\u AifZ R>¡. `p¡sp_p dpV¡$ `p¡sp_p¡ rÓL$pm ^°yh
ipðs iyÙpÐdp S r_Ðe lp¡hp\u r_òe\u ifZ
R>¡ . iy Ù pÐdp_p õhê$`_¡ kdÅhu iy Ù pÐdp_u
Ap¡mMpZ L$fph_pf, iyÙpÐdp_u âprá_p¡ dpN®
bsph_pf, iyÙpÐdp_u cph_p L$fph_pf A¡hp
iyÙpÐdõhê$`u husfpNu v¡$h-Ny{ ìehlpf\u ifZ
R>¡. iyÙpÐdp_p Apîe¡ DÐ`ß \sp¡ husfpNu ^d®
`Z iyÙpÐdp_u âprá L$fph_pf lp¡hp\u ìehlpf\u
ifZê$` R>¡. Ap rkhpe Ap S>Nsdp„ Ap Æh_¡
AÞe L$p¡B ifZ _\u. Ap âLpf_u hpf„hpf rhQpfZp
\hu s¡ AifZcph_p R>¡.
2. AifZcph_p
AifZcph_p_¡ Aklpecph_p `Z L$l¡ R>.¡ S>d ¡
L¡$hmop_ Aklpe R>¡, s¡d kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡
k„ep¡Nucphp¡ `Z Aklpe R>¡. gp¡L$pgp¡L$ S>¡hp o¡e_p
L$pfZ¡ L¡$hmop_ _\u. L¡$hmop_ dpV¡$ ifuf, d_,
B[ÞÖepqv$_u Aphíe¼sp _\u. s¡d k„kpfu Æh_p
S>Þd-Æh_-dfZ S>¡hp k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ kyM-vy$:M-
kdcph S>¡hp k„ep¡Nucphp¡dp„ AÞe L$p¡B_u klpe
lp¡su _\u. Ap fus¡ k„kpf_y„ Aklpe`Ï„ rhQpfhy„ s¡
`Z AifZcph_p lp¡hp\u s¡_¡ Aklpecph_p
`Z L$l¡ R>¡.
kooooooooool
r ifZ A_¡ AifZ p
nqqqqqqqqqqm
S>¡ Ap^pf Ap`¡, V¡$L$pdp„ fl¡, klpe L$f¡, fnZ `|{„
`pX¡$ s¡_¡ ifZ L$l¡hpe R>¡. ifZ Ap`_pf_¡ Ap^pf
A_¡ ifZ g¡_pf_¡ Ap^¡e L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Aphy„
Ap^pf-Ap^¡e`Ï„ A¡L$ S> Öìedp„ Arcß`Z¡ lp¡e
R>.¡ rÓL$pmu ^°h
y Öìeõhcph s¡ Ap^pf A_¡ A_¡ s¡_u
nZ¡nZ¡ `gV$su `ep®e s¡ Ap^¡e lp¡e R>¡. Ap fus¡
`p¡sp_p¡ rÓL$pm ^°h
y iyÙpÐdõhcph S> `p¡sp_¡ Ap^pf
L¡$ ifZê$` R>¡ A_¡ s¡ rkhpe_p AÞe L$pB¡ bpü k„ep¡Np¡
L¡$ k„ep¡Nucphp¡ `p¡sp_¡ ifZê$` _\u.
ifZ Ap`_pf r_Ðe A_¡ iyÙ lp¡e s¡ S>ê$fu R>¡.
S>¡ r_Ðe _ lp¡e s¡ Ar_Ðe lp¡e. Ar_Ðe lp¡e s¡
_pih„s lp¡e. _pih„s `p¡s¡ S> Afrns R>.¡ Afrns A¡V$g¡
L¡$ AifZ lp¡e s¡ buÅ_¡ kyfnp A¡V$g¡ L¡$ ifZ Ap`u iL¡$
_rl. s¡\u Äep„ r_Ðesp Ðep„ ifZsp A_¡ Ar_Ðesp Ðep„
AifZsp. `p¡sp_p dpV¡$ `p¡sp_p¡ ApÐdp S> r_Ðe R>.¡ s¡
rkhpe_p kOmp„ k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡ Ar_Ðe
47
R>¡. s¡\u `p¡sp_p dpV¡$ `p¡sp_p¡ ApÐdp S> ifZ R>¡
A_¡ ApÐdp rkhpe_y„ b^y„e AifZ R>¡.
s¡ S> fus¡ S>¡ iyÙ _ lp¡e s¡ AiyÙ lp¡e. AiyÙsp
buÅ_p k„b„^\u S> k„chsu lp¡hp\u `fkp`¡n lp¡e
R>¡. `fkp`¡n lp¡e s¡ rhcph S> lp¡e A_¡ õhcph _
lp¡e. hõsy `p¡sp_p õhcph\u S> AiyÙ lp¡e sp¡
AiyÙsp_p A_¡L$ âL$pf lp¡hp\u õhcph_p `Z A_¡L$
âL$p$f \pe. `f„sy õhcph sp¡ l„di ¡ p„ A¡L$ S> `°L$pf¡ lp¡e
R>¡. õhcph_u A¡L$ê$`sp iyÙspdp„ S> k„ch¡ R>¡. s¡\u
S>¡ õhcph lp¡e s¡ iyÙ S> lp¡e. hmu iyÙspdp„ A_yL$|msp
R>¡ A_¡ AiyÙspdp„ ârsL|$msp R>.¡ õhe„rkÙ hõsy_p¡
õhcph hõsy_¡ A_yL$|m _ lp¡e sp¡ hõsydp„ hõsy`Ï„ S>
k„ch¡ _rl. s¡\u `Z hõsy `p¡sp_p õhcph\u iyÙ
S> lp¡hu Å¡BA¡. Ap D`fp„s AiyÙsp Ndsu _\u,
AiyÙsp V$L$su _\u dpV¡$ `Z AiyÙsp hõsy_p¡ õhcph
_\u. S>¡ õhcph _ lp¡e s¡ rhcph lp¡e. rhcph l„di
`gV$su `ep®eê$` Ar_Ðe lp¡e R>.¡ Ar_Ðe lp¡e s¡ AifZ
lp¡e. s¡\u Äep„ iyÙsp Ðep„ ifZsp A_¡ AiyÙsp Ðep„
AifZsp. `p¡sp_p¡ qÓL$pmu ^°yh Öìe õhcph S>
iyÙ lp¡hp\u ifZê$` R>¡ A_¡ s¡ rkhpe_p kOmp„
k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡ A^°yh `gV$su `ep®eê$`
lp¡hp\u AifZ R>¡. ifZê$` iyÙpÐdp `p¡sp\u
ArcÞ_ lp¡ e R>¡ A_¡ AifZê$` k„ e p¡ N p¡ A_¡
k„ep¡Nucphp¡ `p¡sp\u rcÞ_ lp¡e R>¡.
ifZ A_¡ AifZ_u D`fp¡ ¼ s kdS| > su
A_ykpf_p¡ s¡d_p¡ c¡v$ _uQ¡_p L$p¡W$p A_ykpf V|$„L$dp„
v$ip®hu iL$pe R>¡.
ifZ AifZ
1. r_Ðe lp¡e 1. Ar_Ðe lp¡e
2. iyÙ lp¡e 2 AiyÙ lp¡e
3. rÓL$pmu Öìeê$` lp¡e 3. `gV$su `ep®eê$` lp¡e
4. `p¡sp\u Arcß lp¡e 4. `p¡sp\u rcß lp¡e
5. D`fp¡¼s L$pfZ¡ `p¡sp_p¡ 5. D`fp¡¼s L$pfZ¡ k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡
iyÙpÐdp ifZ S R>¡. k„ep¡Nu cphp¡ AifZ R>.¡
48
D`fp¡¼s âL$pf¡ `p¡sp_p dpV¡$ `p¡sp_p¡ rÓL$pm ^°yh
iyÙpÐdp S> ifZ R>¡ A_¡ s¡ rkhpe_p kOmp„ k„ep¡Np¡
A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡ AifZ R>¡.
kooooooooool
r iyÙpÐdp S> ifZ R>¡ p
nqqqqqqqqqqm
à¢éh¢¼}¢ ¥L Ðæ™ x¢éL, …x¢ }¢ïæ „ÚÝ¢ñ ΢ïï² J
}¢¢ï㠩β ç…² ÜUï ±ëƒ¢, ¥¢Ý ÜUËÐÝ¢ ã¢ï² JJ
cphp\® : r_òe\u `p¡ s p_p¡ iy Ù pÐdp A_¡
ìehlpf\u `„Q`fd¡r›$ A¡ b¡ S> `p¡sp_¡ ifZ R>¡. Ap
rkhpe AÞe L$p¡B_¡ ifZ dp_hy„ s¡ dp¡l_p Dv$e_¡
hi \su Aop_u_u S|>W$u L$ë`_p R>¡.
(`„.S>eQ„v$Æ R>pbX$pL©$s AifZcph_p)
S>¡ `p¡sp_¡ klpeL$, fnL$ L¡$ Apîev$psp lp¡e s¡_¡
ifZ L$l¡hpe R>¡. S>¡ ifZ lp¡e s¡ r_Ðe, iyÙ,
¡ p„
`p¡sp_p\u Arcß A_¡ rÓL$pmu Öìeê$` lp¡e R>.¡ Aphy„
õhê$` iyÙpÐdp_y„ R>¡. s¡\u `p¡sp_p dpV¡$ `p¡sp_p¡
iyÙpÐdp S> A¡L$ dpÓ ifZ R>¡. Ap iyÙpÐdp_p ârsL$
kdp `„Qd¡r›$ iyÙpÐdp_p õhê$`_¡ Ap¡mMph_pf
lp¡hp\u ìehlpf\u ifZ R>¡. Ap rkhpe AÞe L$p¡B
k„ep¡Np¡ L¡$ k„ep¡Nucph_¡ ifZ dp_hp s¡ Aop_u
Æh_u S|>W$u L$ë`_p R>¡.
Aop_u Æh_¡ v$v®$ kde¡ Xp¸¼V$f, dyíL¡$gu hMs¡
rdÓ, k„L$V$ kde¡ k„`rÑ A_¡ L$p¡B `Z kdõep V$pZ¡
kNphlpgp ifZ cpk¡ R>¡. `Z s¡ A¡L$ c°p„rs R>¡. L¡$d
L¡$, S>¡ `p¡s¡ S> _pih„s lp¡hp\u AifZ lp¡e s¡ buÅ_¡
ifZê$` \B iL¡$ _rl. A¡L$ Öìe buÅ Öìe_y„ Lsp®-
lsp® _ lp¡hp\u `Z L$p¡B L$p¡B_y„ ifZ _\u.
S>¡_¡ ifZ dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ s¡ k„ep¡Np¡_p gn¡
l„d¡ip„ k„ep¡Nucph A¡V$g¡ L¡$ fpN S> \pe R>¡. fpN
ApÐdp_p iyÙ õhcph_p¡ OpsL$ lp¡hp\u ApLy$msp_p¡
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
DÐ`pv$L$ R>¡. sp¡ Aphp ApLy$msp_p DÐ`pv$L$ k„ep¡N L¡$
k„ep¡Nucph ifZ L¡$d L$l¡hpe ? _ S> L$l¡hpe.
Nd¡ s¡ âL$pf_y„ v$v®$ lp¡e, dyíL¡$gu lp¡e, k„L$V$ lp¡e AifZcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep R>¡.
L¡$ kdõep lp¡e s¡ kde¡ `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙpÐdp S> `p¡sp_y„
ifZ R>¡. iyÙpÐdp_p gn¡ ârsL|$mspAp¡ hÃQ¡ `Z
ip„rs A_¡ kdpr^ fl¡ R>¡. iyÙpÐdp_p Apîe¡ L$pB¡
`Z Ap`rÑ_p¡ A„s lp¡e R>.¡ s¡\u iyÙpÐdp S> ifZ R>.¡
`p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdp_¡ Ap¡mMu s¡_y„ ifZ A„NuL$pf
L$f¡g R>¡ A¡hp dyr_fpS>_¡ ce„L$f D`kN® Aphu `X¡$
sp¡`Z s¡ s¡_¡ L$p¡B `uX$p D`Åhu iL$sy„ _\u. D`kN®
`Z s¡d_¡ rdÓ kdp_ S>Zpe R>¡. D`kN® kde¡
iyÙpÐdp_y„ DN° Ahg„b_ L$fu s¡Ap¡ L¡$hmop_ A_¡
dp¡n âNV$ph¡ R>¡. s¡\u `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙpÐdp S> `p¡sp_¡
r_òe\u ifZ R>¡.
S>¡ `p¡s¡ ifZ _\u sp¡`Z kpQp ifZ_p kp^_ L¡$
r_rdÑ lp¡e s¡_¡ D`Qpf\u A¡V$g¡ L¡$ ìehlpf\u ifZ
L$l¡hpe R>¡. v¡$h-Nyê$-^d® Ap fus¡ ìehlpf\u ifZ
R>¡. v¡$h-Nyê$-^d®_p ifZ¡ dfZ\u bQu iL$psy„ _\u
`Z dfZ_p ce\u S>ê$f bQu iL$pe R>.¡ vy$:Mv$v$® V$pmu
iL$psp _\u `Z vy$:Mv$v®$ kde¡ ip„rs, kdp^p_,
kl_iugsp L¡$mhhp_u rinp d¡mhu iL$pe R>.¡ `p¡sp_¡
`p¡sp_p kpQp ifZ A¡hp iyÙpÐdp_p¡ `qfQe lp¡sp¡
_\u. s¡_p¡ `qfQe A_¡ âprá v¡$h-Nyf-y ^d®_p r_rdÑ¡
\pe R>¡. s¡\u v¡$h-Nyfy-^d® ìehlpf\u ifZ R>¡.
Aqfl„s, rkÙ, kp^y A_¡ L¡$hmu âê$r`s ^d® A¡
Qpf ifZ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡ `Z ìehlpf\u ifZ
R>¡. r_òe\u ifZ A¡L$ S> lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ s¡ `p¡sp_p¡
iyÙpÐdp S> R>¡.
kooooooooool
rAifZcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾ep p Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡ cfu b„v$| L^pfu L$dpÞX$p_
nqqqqqqqqqqm
AifZ_¡ AifZ sfuL¡$ s¡d S> ifZ_¡
ifZ sfuL¡$ kpQu fus¡ kdÆ Ðepf`R>u
2. AifZcph_p
AifZ_y„ gn A_¡ Apîe R>p¡X$u ifZ_y„ gn
A_¡ Apîe d¡mhhp_p¡ D`pe rhQpfhp¡ s¡
Aop_u Æh Aop_hi A_¡ L$pB¡ hpf op_u Æh
A[õ\fspS>Þe fpNhi `p¡sp_¡ S>¡ Bô$ lp¡e s¡_u kyfnp
L$fhp A_¡ Ar_ô$ lp¡e s¡_p\u bQhp dpV¡$ âeÐ_
L$fsp¡ Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. `f„sy e\p kde¡ `gV$u S>_pf
Bô$ Ahõ\p_u kyfnp \B iL$su _\u L¡$ e\p L$pfZ¡
Aph_pf Ar_ô$ Ahõ\p\u bQu iL$psy„ _\u. hmu
s¡ Bô$ Ahõ\p_u kyfnp L¡$ Ar_ô$ Ahõ\p\u bQhp
dpV¡$ S>¡_p sfa _S>f v$p¡X$ph¡ R>¡ s¡ bpü k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡
k„ep¡Nucphp¡ AiyÙ A_¡ Ar_Ðe Ahõ\pê$` lp¡hp\u
`p¡s¡ S> Akyfrns A_¡ AifZ R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u s¡ AÞe_¡
kyfnp L¡$ ifZ Ap`u iL$sp _\u. r_òe\u r_Ðe
A_¡ iyÙ A¡hp¡ `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙpÐdõhcph S> `p¡sp_¡
ifZ R>¡ A_¡ ìehlpf\u s¡ iy Ù pÐdõhcph_¡
Ap¡mMph_pf A_¡ iyÙpÐdõhcph_u âprá_p¡ dpN®
bsph_pf husfpNu v¡$h-Ny{-^d® ifZ R>¡.
k„kpfu Æh_y„ kdN° Æh_ AifZ S> R>¡. sp¡`Z
AifZsp_¡ kpfu fus¡ kdS>hp dpV¡$ dfZ_y„ Dv$plfZ
g¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. L¡$d L¡$, k„kpfu Æh `p¡sp_p Cô$
A¡hp ifuf_u kyfnp A_¡ Ar_ô A¡hp ifuf_p
rhep¡Nê$` dfZ\u bQhp A\pL$ âeÐ_p¡ L$fsp¡
Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
ifuf_u kyfnp A_¡ dfZ\u bQhp dpV¡$ drZ-
d„Ó-s„Ó_u Apfp^_p L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>.¡ X$pe¡V$uiue_p¡
A_¡ X$p¡L$V$fp¡_u ap¡S> MX¡$ `N¡ lpS>f fpMhpdp„ Aph¡
R>¡. ifuf_u kyfnp dpV¡$ dp¡V$p dp¡V$p NY$ b_phhpdp„
¡ u ap¡S> fpMhpdp„
Aph¡ R>¡. `p¡sp_u kyfnp dpV¡$ L$p¡B sp¡ Ly$v¡$h_u `Z
D`pk_p L$f¡ R>¡. A_¡ c|hp-cfpX$u_¡ Ðep„ Ap„V$pa¡fp
49
gNph¡ R>.¡ dfZ kde¡ dfZ\u bQhp L$pB¡ `Z D`pe
bpL$u fpMhpdp„ Aphsp¡ _\u A_¡ buÅ¡ L$p¡B D`pe _
fl¡ Ðepf¡ d©Ðe„S>e_p Å` L$fphhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. sp¡`Z
L$pB¡ `p¡sp_p ifuf_u kyfnp L$fu iL$sp¡ _\u L¡$ dfZ\u
bQu iL$sp¡ _\u.$
S>Nsdp„ Adf L$l¡hpsp v¡$hp¡ `Z dfZ sp¡ `pd¡ S>
R>¡. õhN® S>¡_p¡ qL$‰p¡ R>¡, v¡$hp¡ S>¡_u k¡hp L$f¡ R>¡, hÇ>
S>¡_y„ lr\epf R>¡ A_¡ A¥fphs lp\u S>¡_y„ hpl_ R>¡ A¡hp¡
BÞÖ `Z dfZ_¡ `pd¡ R>.¡ _hr_^p_, Qp¥v$ fÐ_p¡ A_¡
Qsyf„N k¡_p ^fphsp Q¾$hs}_¡ `Z dfZ kde¡ L$p¡B
ifZ Ap`u iL$sy„ _\u. sp¡ sfZpsyëe syÃR> âpZu_¡
dfZ kde¡ L$p¡Z ifZ lp¡e ?
L¡$V$gp„L$ gp¡L$p¡ A¡d L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$ d_¡ dfZ\u bQph_pf
dpfp Æh_v$psp Ap X$p¡L$V$f R>¡. `Z hpõshdp„ L$p¡B
L$pB¡ _y„ Æh_v$psp _\u. v$fL¡ $ Æh `p¡sp_p Apeyóe_p
Dv$e A_ykpf Æh¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ bpü r_rdÑ sfuL¡$ s¡_u
kpfhpf L$f_pf X$p¡L$V$f lp¡e R>¡. `Z X$p¡L$V$f_¡ L$pfZp¡
s¡_„y Æh_ _\u. X$pL¡ $V$f `p¡s¡ S> `p¡sp_p dfZ\u bQu
iL$sp¡ _\u.
S>¡d dfZ kde¡ Æh_¡ L$p¡B ifZ _\u, s¡d
Æh__p v$f¡L$ sb½¡$, v$f¡L$ âk„N¡, v$f¡L$ kde¡ Ap
Æh_¡ AÞe L$p¡B ifZ lp¡sy„ _\u. r_Ðe A_¡ iyÙ
A¡hp¡ `p¡sp_p¡ rÓL$pmu ^°yh iyÙpÐdp S> `p¡sp_¡ ifZ
R>¡ A_¡ ìehlpf\u husfpNu v¡$h-Ny{-^d® ifZ R>¡.
s¡\u AÞe_y„ gn R>p¡X$u husfpNu v¡$h-Ny{-^d®_p
ifZ¡ `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdp_y„ ifZ ip¡^hy„ A¡ S> AifZ
cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep R>¡.
kooooooooool
r AifZcph_p_y„ L$pfZ L¡$ kp^_p
nqqqqqqqqqqm
d_yóe_p Æh__p L$p¡B`Z vy$:M, v$v®$ L¡ Ap`rÑ
kde¡ s¡ _ u fnp L$f_pf, bQph_pf L¡ $ klpe
`lp¢QpX$_pf L$p¡B lp¡sy„ _\u. d_yóeÆh__u âÐe¡L$
50
`m AifZ R>.¡ sp¡`Z s¡dp„ d©Ðey_p `m_u AifZsp
kfmsp\u kdÅe s¡ h u R>¡ . d© Ð ey _ p„ âk„ N _¡
AifZcph_p_y„ L$pfZ L¡$ kp^_ dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
hs®dp_`Ó hp„Qp¡ L¡$ V$u.hu._p Þe|T kp„cmp¡ sp¡
fp¡S>¡fp¡S> Lyv$fsu Ap`rÑAp¡, ce„L$f AL$õdpsp¡ A_¡
Aps„L$hpv$_p L$pfZ¡ \sp AL$pm d©Ðey_p kdpQpf
ÅZhp dm¡ R>¡. blpf_y„ L$pfZ Nd¡ s¡ lp¡e `Z
Apeyóe_p¡ Dv$e `|fp¡ \sp„ L$p¡B L$p¡B_¡ bQphu iL$sy„
_\u. Apeyóe `|{„ \sp„ kde¡ fnL$ `Z cnL$_u
c|rdL$p cS>h¡ R>.¡ cpfs_p c|s`|h® hX$pâ^p_ BÞv$ufp
Np„^u_¡ s¡d_u kyfnp dpV¡$ fMpe¡gp k¥r_L$p¡A¡ S>
Np¡muAp¡\u h]^u _p¿ep lsp.
Ap¡`f¡i_ \ue¡V$fdp„ buÅ klpeL$ X$p¡L$V$fp¡ kp\¡
v$v$}_p ùv$e_y„ Ap¡`f¡i_ L$fsp¡ X$p¡L$V$f `p¡s¡ S>
ùv$efp¡N_p lzdgp\u sÐL$pg dfZ `pd¡ R>.¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_u
`p¡sp_u X$p¡L$V$fu rh^p, AÞe klpeL$ X$p¡L$V$fp¡_u
kpfhpf, s¡_„y v$hpMp_y„ L¡$ v$hp L$pB¡ L$pd Aphsp _\u.
ÓZ M„ X $_p Ar^`rs L© $ óZ dlpfpÅ_u
ÜpqfL$p_Nfu kmNu_¡ cõduc|s \B NB A_¡ s¡_¡
L$p¡B bQphu i¼ey„ _ql. L©$óZdlpfpÅ `p¡s¡ \pL$-
sfk\u Ópku_¡ ApX$p `X$ép A_¡ `pfr^_p bpZ\u
s¡_p ifuf_p `p„Qe ¡ `Úp¡ h]^pB Nep A_¡ s¡Ap¡ dfZ
`pçep. Ap kde¡ s¡_u `pk¡ Q¾$fÐ_ S>h¡ „y fÐ_ A_¡ bmcÖ
S>h
¡ p¡ cpB lp¡hp R>sp„ `Z s¡Ap¡ s¡d_¡ bQphu _ i¼ep.
dfZ kde¡ õÓu-`yÓ-`qfhpf, kNp-k„b„^uAp¡-
rdÓp¡, X$pL¡ $V$f-v$hp-v$hpMp_p, kÑp-k„`rÑ-kÞdp_
hN¡f¡ lp¡e `Z L$pB¡ `p¡sp_y„ v$v$® Ap¡R>y „ L$fu iL$s„y _\u L¡
dfZ\u bQphu iL$sy„ _\u.
kpnps¹—su\¯L$f cNhp_ `Z `p¡sp_p Apeyóe_u
A¡L$ nZ h^pfu L¡$ OV$pX$u iL$sp _\u. sp¡ buÅ
kpdpÞeS>__u sp¡ iu rhkps !
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 dfZ_u S>d ¡ Æh__u L$pB¡ `Z Ap`rÑ L¡$ vy$:Mv$v$® k„ep¡Np¡\u bQph_pf L$p¡B lp¡sy„ _\u, A¡V$g¡ L¡$ Ap
âk„N¡ L$p¡B L$p¡B_u dv$v$ L$fu iL$sy„ _\u. AiycL$d®_p¡ k„ e p¡ N p¡ _ y „ Afrns A_¡ $ Aklpe`Ï„ R>¡ A¡ d
Dv$e Aph¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_p\u bQhp_p¡ A¡L$ `Z D`pe v$ip®hhp_p¡ R>¡.
L$pfNs _uhX$sp¡ _\u. s¡ kde¡ `p¡sp_p hlpgp lp¡e
Ar_Ðecph_p S>Þd `pd¡g d_yóe_p dfZ_u
s¡ `Z h¥fu \B Åe R>¡. Ad©s `Z rhjdp„ a¡fhpB
r_qòssp A_¡ Ar_hpe®sp bsph¡ R>¡. AifZ
Åe R>¡. ^_ ^|mdp„ dmu Åe R>¡. klpeL$pfu kp^_p¡
cph_p dfZ kde¡ dfZ\u bQph_pf L¡$ DNpf_pf
iõÓ \B `qfZd¡ R>.¡ `p¡sp_u `Ð_u `Z `p¡sp\u dp¡Y$„y
L$p¡B _\u, A¡V$g¡ L¡$ dfZ kde¡ `p¡s¡ Afrns L¡$
a¡fhu ëe¡ R>.¡ s¡\u Ap k„kpfdp„ L$pB¡ L$pB¡ _¡ ifZ _\u.
Aklpe lp¡e R>¡ s¡ bsph¡ R>¡.
r_òe\u `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_¡ `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdp_y„ S>
Ar_Ðe cph_p `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdp_u r_Ðesp
ifZ R>¡ A_¡ ìehlpf\u s¡ iyÙpÐdp_¡ Ap¡mMph_pfp
v$ip®h¡ R>¡ A_¡ AifZcph_p s¡ S> iyÙpÐdp_u
A_¡ iyÙpÐdp_u âpqá_p `„\¡ `lp¢QpX$_pf husfpNu
ifZsp v$ip®h¡ R>¡.
v¡$h-Ny{-^d® S> ifZ R>.¡ husfpNu v¡$h-Ny{-^d®_p
ifZ¡ iyÙpÐdp_y„ ifZ âpá L$fu iyÙpÐdp_u âprá Ar_Ðecph_p A_¡ AifZcph_p hÃQ¡_p
L$fu dp¡ndpN® A_¡ dp¡n_u `°prá L$f_pfp A_¡L$ D`fp¡¼s c¡v$_¡ k„—rnádp„ _uQ¡_p L$pW¡ $p A_ykpf v$ip®hu
dlp`y{jp¡_p Æh_ Ap`Zu kdn dp¡S|>v$ R>¡. s¡\u iL$pe R>.¡
buÅ L$pB¡ bpü ifZ_¡ _rl ip¡^sp A„v$fdp„ iyÙpÐdp_¡ Ar_Ðecph_p AifZcph_p
Ap¡mMu_¡ s¡_y„ S> ifZ âpá L$fhp_p¡ D`pe L$fhp¡ 1. k„ep¡Np¡_y„ nrZL$ A_¡ 1. k„ep¡Np¡_y„ Afrns A_¡
Å¡BA¡. rh_piu`Ï„ k|Qh¡ R>¡. Aklpe`Ï„ k|Qh¡ R>¡.
2. dfZ S>¡ h p âk„ N _u 2. dfZ S>¡hp âk„N¡ `p¡s¡
Ap âL$pf¡ k„kpf_u AifZsp A_¡ iyÙpÐdp_u Ar_hpe®sp bsph¡ R>¡. AifZ R>¡ s¡ bsph¡ R>¡.
ifZsp_u kdS>`|h®L$_u hpf„hpf rhQpfZp \hu s¡ 3. A r _ Ð e c p h _ p _ p 3. A i f Z c p h _ p _ p
AifZcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾ep R>.¡ A_¡ s¡_„y L$pfZ Aæepk\u iyÙpÐdp_u Aæepk\u iyÙpÐdp_u
L¡$ kp^_ dy¿eÐh¡ dfZ S>¡hp¡ âk„N lp¡e R>¡.$ r_Ðesp kdÅe R>¡. ifZsp kdÅe R>.¡
koooooooooooool
r
r Ar_Ðecph_p A_¡
p
p
kooooooooool
L$B fus¡ hõsyõhê$`_u
r p
AifZcph_p hÃQ¡_p¡ c¡v r p
r p
nqqqqqqqqqqqqqm kdS>Z L$fph_pf R>¡ ?
nqqqqqqqqqqm
Ar_Ðe lp¡e s¡ AifZ lp¡e S> R>,¡ sp¡ `R>u AifZ AifZcph_p_p Aæepk\u A¡d kdÅe R>¡ L¡$
cph_p AgN L$l¡hp_u AphíeL$sp iu R>¡ ? s¡hp¡ k„kpf_u Bô$ Ahõ\p_¡ Åmhu fpM_pf L¡$ Ar_ô$
âñ k„chu iL¡$ R>¡.sp¡ s¡_p¡ DÑf A¡hp¡ R>¡ L¡$, Ahõ\p\u bQph_pf AÞe L$p¡B bpü k„ep¡Np¡ lp¡sp
Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡ Apie k„ep¡Np¡_y„ nrZL$ A_¡ _\u. Ap bpü k„ e p¡ N p¡ Aiy Ù A_¡ Ar_Ðe
rh_priL$`Ï„ k|Qhhp_p¡ R>.¡ Äepf¡ AifZcph_p_p¡ Ahõ\pê$` lp¡hp\u `p¡s¡ S> AifZ R>¡ s¡\u s¡ AÞe
Apie Bô$ k„ep¡Np¡_u kyfnp L$f_pf L¡$ Ar_ô$ L$p¡B_¡ ifZ Ap`u iL¡$ _rl.
2. AifZcph_p 51
 `p¡sp_p dpV$¡ ifZc|s `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙ A_¡ r_Ðe
A¡hp¡ iyÙpÐdp S> R>.¡ iyÙpÐdp_y„ ifZ g¡hp\u âNV$su
`qfZrs `Z iyÙ A_¡ õ\peu fl¡ R>¡. s¡\u s¡
`qfZrs_u ârsL|$msp Ap`d¡m¡ V$mu Åe R>¡. s¡\u
Ap S>Nsdp„ q_òe\u ifZ A¡L$ dpÓ `p¡sp_p¡ rÓL$pm
^°yh iyÙpÐdp S> ÅZhp¡. Ap iyÙpÐdp_¡ bsph_pf
A_¡ iyÙpÐdp_u âprá_p¡ `„\ v$ip®h_pf husfpNu
v¡$h-Ny{-^d® lp¡hp\u s¡_¡ ìehlpf\u ifZ L$lu
iL$pe R>¡. s¡\u A„v$fdp„ `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdp_y„ A_¡
blpfdp„ husfpNu v¡$h-Ny{-^d®_y„ âep¡S>_ fpMhy„
A_¡ s¡ rkhpe AÞe L$p¡B kp„kpqfL$ bpü k„ep¡Np¡ L¡$
k„ep¡Nucph_y„ âep¡S>_ fpMhy„ _rl. Ap âL$pf_u
hõsyõhê$`_u kdS>Z AifZcph_p_p Aæepk\u
Aph¡ R>¡.
kooooooooool
r L$B fus¡ h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ R>¡ ? p
nqqqqqqqqqqm
AifZcph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp\u k„kpf_u
AifZsp kdÅe R>.¡ A_pqv$L$pm\u Ap Æh k„kpfdp„
S>¡ Bô$ S>Zpsu lp¡e s¡hu bpbs_¡ Åmhhp dpV¡$ A_¡
Ar_ô$ S>Zpsu lp¡e s¡hu bpbs\u bQhp dpV¡$
blpf_y„ ifZ ip¡^¡ R>¡. `yÓ-`qfhpf, kÑp-k„`rÑ,
Aplpf-A¥pjr^, drZ-d„Ó S>¡hp blpf_p kp„kpqfL$
k„ep¡Np¡ sfa _S>f v$p¡X$ph¡ R>¡.`Z Ap b^p„ kp„kpqfL$
k„ep¡Np¡ AiyÙ A_¡ Ar_Ðe Ahõ\pê$` lp¡hp\u `p¡s¡
S> AifZ R>¡. A_¡ s¡Ap¡ AÞe L$p¡B_¡ ifZ Ap`u
iL$sp _\u. s¡ S> fus¡ k„kpf_y„ õhê$` `Z ApÐdp_u
AiyÙ A_¡ Ar_Ðe Ahõ\pê$` lp¡hp\u AifZ R>¡.
A_¡ s¡_u L$pB¡ `Z Bô$ Ahõ\p_¡ Åmhhp L¡$ Ar_ô$
Ahõ\p\u bQhp dpV¡$ blpf_y„ L$p¡B ifZ \B iL$sy„
_\u. dfZ kde_u ApÐdp_u Ar_ô$ Ahõ\p\u s¡_¡
bQphhp s¡_¡ L$pB¡ klpe L$fu iL$s„y _\u L¡$ kyfnp `|fu
`pX$u iL$sy „ _\u. dfZ kde_u Ap `° L $pf_u
52
Aklpesp L¡$ AifZsp kdÆ iL$pe R>¡ A_¡ s¡
kp„kpqfL$ kOmu bpbsp¡_¡ gpNy `X¡$ R>¡. s¡\u S>¡_¡
L$p¡B ifZ _\u s¡hp k„kpf_y„ ifZ ip¡^hp_u A_¡ S>¡
ifZ \B iL$sp _\u s¡hp blpf_p kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡_¡
ifZ dpV¡$ d¡mhhp, kpQhhp L¡$ h^pfhp_u Q¡ô$p
ìe\® R>¡. AifZ k„kpfdp„ AÞe L$p¡B bpü k„ep¡Np¡
rbgLy$g ifZ _\u s¡d kdS>hp\u k„kpf A_¡
kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡_y„ L$p¡B `Z âep¡S>_ cpksy„ _\u,
s>¡\u s¡_p âÐe¡ D`¡np L¡$ Dv$pku_sp Aph¡ R>¡. S>¡_¡
k„kpf_p¡ h¥fpÁe L$l¡ R>¡. Ap âL$pf¡ AifZcph_p_p¡
Aæepk L$fu s¡_u kdS>Z`|h®L$_y„ tQsh_ L$fhp\u
s¡ k„kpf âÐe¡_p h¥fpÁe_y„ kbm L$pfZ b_¡ R>¡.
kooooooooool
r âep¡S>_ krls_y„ rhi¡j am p
nqqqqqqqqqqm
AifZcph_p_p Aæepk_y„ âep¡S>_ k„kpf_u
AifZsp v$ip®hu k„kpf âÐe¡ h¥fpÁe L$fphhp_u A_¡
`p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdõhcph_u ifZsp kdÅhu s¡_p
Üpfp hõsyõhê$`_u kpQu kdS>Z L$fphhp_y„ R>¡.
Aphp `°ep¡S>_ krls_y„ AifZcph_p_y„ am
A_¡L$ âL$pf_y„ A_¡ dlp_ R>¡. Ap `¥L$u Mpk L$fu_¡
AifZcph_p kp\¡ k„ b „ r ^s lp¡ e s¡ h y „ s¡ _ y „
Akp^pfZ dy¿e âL$pf_y„ am _uQ¡ dyS>b R>¡. AÞe
v$f¡L$ cph_p_u S>¡d Al] `Z _d|_pê$` dy¿e b¡
âL$pf_p Akp^pfZ am_y„ r_ê$`Z R>¡.
1. iyÙpÐdp_p ifZ_¡ bsph¡
2. õhcph-kÞdyMsp_p¡ `y{jp\® âh®sph¡
1. iyÙpÐdp_p ifZ_¡ bsph¡
S>¡ Ap^pf L¡$ Apîeê$` lp¡e s¡_¡ ifZ L$l¡
R>¡. Ap`Zp ApÐdp_¡ A_Þe ifZê$`
`p¡sp_p¡ rÓL$pm ^°yh iyÙõhcphê$` iyÙpÐdp
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
S> R>¡. AifZcph_p_p¡ Aæepk Aphp A¡L$ R>¡. Ap iyÙpÐdp_p Apîe¡ S> ApÐdp_u kpQu ip„rs
A_¡ dpÓ A¡L$ kpQp ifZê$` iyÙpÐdp_¡ A_¡ kyM lp¡e R>.¡ s¡\u s¡ S> `p¡sp_¡ klpeL$ L¡$ dv$vL$sp®
bsph_pfp¡ R>¡. lp¡e R>¡. A_¡ s¡\u s¡ S> ifZê$` R>¡.
ifZ A¡V$g¡ Ap^pf L¡$ Apîe. S>¡ Ap^pf L¡$ S>¡ Ar_Ðe A_¡ AiyÙ lp¡e s¡ AifZ R>.¡ kp„kpqfL$
Apîeê$` lp¡e s¡ S> klpeL$ L¡$ dv$v$L$sp® b_u iL¡$ R>¡. kOmp„ k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ Ak„ep¡Nucphp¡ Ar_Ðe A_¡
Ap S>Nsdp„ `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙpÐdp S> `p¡sp_¡ klpeL$ L¡$ AiyÙ lp¡hp\u AifZ R>¡. A_¡ s¡_p\u rh`fus
dv$v$L$sp® lp¡hp\u s¡ S> A¡L$ dpÓ ifZê$` R>¡. `p¡sp_p¡ rÓL$pm ^°yh ApÐdõhcph iyÙ A_¡ r_Ðe
AifZcph_p_p Aæepk\u `p¡sp_p kpQp ifZê$` lp¡hp\u ifZ R>¡. AifZcph_p_p¡ Aæepk k„ep¡Np¡
iyÙpÐdp_¡ kdÆ iL$pe R>¡ A_¡ [õ\fsp A_¡ ip„rs A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡_u AifZsp v$ip®hu s¡_u A„v$f
d¡mhu iL$pe R¡. S>d¡ L$pB¡ ANp^ kdyÖ_u Qpf¡ qv$ipdp„ R|>`pe¡g iyÙpÐdp_u ifZsp v$ip®_pfp¡ R>¡.
kaf L$fsp S>lpS>_p `nu_¡ S>lpS>_p Ly$hpõ\„c (Main
Aop_u Æh `p¡sp_y„ ifZ `p¡sp_u A„v$fdp„
Pillar) rkhpe AÞe L$p¡B ifZ _\u. Ap `nu_¡
ip¡^hp_¡ bv$g¡ blpfdp„ ip¡^¡ R>¡.
blpfdp„ L$p¡ B ifZ _ lp¡ h p\u
`p¡sp_¡ Bô$ S>Zpe A¡hp ifufpqv
rhrh^ âL$pf¡ kss DX$sy, fl¡hp\u
k„ep¡Np¡_u kyfnp dpV¡$ A_¡ Ar_ô$
A[õ\fsp A_¡ Aip„rs lp¡e R>¡. Ap
S>Zpe A¡hp dfZpqv$_p âk„Np¡\u
`nu ifZ d¡ m hhp_u k| T \u
bQhp dpV¡ $ Aplpf-Ap¥ j r^,
ifZc|s L|$hpõ\„c_¡ ip¡^u_¡ s¡_p
kÑp-k„`rÑ, kNp-k„b„^uAp¡
D`f b¡k¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_¡ [õ\fsp A_¡
S>h
¡ p bpü `v$p\p£_„y ifZ ip¡^¡ R>.¡
ip„ r s dm¡ R>¡ . s¡ d L$p¡ B ANp^
`Z Ap b^p„ `f`v$p\p£ Ar_Ðe
kdy Ö ê$`u A_prv$ k„ k pf_u Qpf
A_¡ AiyÙ Ahõ\pê$` lp¡hp\u
qv$ipê$` Qpf Nrsdp„ c°dZ L$fsp„ S>lpS>ê$` k„kpfu
`p¡s¡ S> AifZ R>¡. s¡\u s¡ AÞe_¡ ifZ Ap`u iL¡$
Æh_u `nuê$` `qfZrs_¡ S>lpS>_p L|$hpõ\„c kdp_>
_rl. `p¡sp_¡ ifZc|s `p¡sp_p¡ rÓL$pm iyÙ A_¡ r_Ðe
`p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdp rkhpe AÞe L$p¡B ifZ _\u. Ap
A¡hp¡ A¡L$dpÓ iyÙpÐdp S> R>¡. Ap Æh `f`v$p\®_p
`qfZrs_¡ blpfdp„ L$pB¡ ifZ _ lp¡hp\u rhrh^ âL$pf¡
ifZ_¡ R>p¡X$u_¡ `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdp_p ifZ_¡ A„NuL$pf
kss `gV$pep L$fhp\u A[õ\fsp A_¡ Aip„rs lp¡e
L$f¡ A¡ S> kdN° S>_
¥ pNd_p¡ kpf R>,¡ bpf A„N_p¡ Apie
R>¡ . Ap `qfZrs AifZcph_p_p Aæepk\u
R>¡. Ap fus¡ AifZcph_p_p Aæepk\u `p¡sp_p
ifZc|s iyÙpÐdp_¡ ip¡^u_¡ s¡_p D`f [õ\s \pe R>¡
iyÙpÐdp_p ifZ_¡ kdÆ iL$pe R>¡.
Ðepf¡ S> s¡_¡ [õ\fsp A_¡ ip„rs dm¡ R>¡.
A_¡L$ps
„ õhê$`u ApÐdp L$ped V$L$u_¡ L$ped `qfZd¡ 2. õhcph-kÞdyMsp_p¡
R>¡. ApÐdp_p Ap `qfZd__p¡ Ap^pf L¡$ Apîe s¡_p¡ `y{jp\® âhsp®h¡
L$ped V$L$sp¡ iyÙõhcph lp¡e R>.¡ Ap iyÙõhcphê$`
`p¡sp_p iyÙõhcph_u {rQ A_¡ drldp`|h®L$
iyÙpÐdp_p Apîe¡ ApÐdp_u Ahõ\p `Z iyÙ lp¡e
s¡_p sfa_p `y{jp\®_u qv$ip_¡ õhcph-
2. AifZcph_p 53
kÞdyMsp_p¡ `y{jp\® L$l¡ R>¡. AifZcph_p_p AifZcph_p_p A$æepk\u iyÙpÐdõhcph_u
Aæepk\u Aphp¡ õhcph-kÞdyMsp_p¡ `y{jp\® ifZsp, âep¡S>_, drldp A_¡ {rQ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡\u
âhs£ R>¡. A_pqv$L$pm\u `fk„ep¡N sfa âhs®sp¡ `p¡sp_p¡
`y{jp\® Ðep„\u `pR>p¡ hmu_¡ `p¡sp_p õhcph-kÞdyM
`p¡ s p_p rÓL$pm iy Ù õhcph_u A„ s f_p
hm¡ R>¡. Ap fus¡ õhcph-kÞdyMsp_p `y{jp\®_p
KX$pZ`|h®L$_u gN_u L¡$ MV$L$_¡ s¡_u {rQ L$l¡ R>¡.
âhs®_ dpV¡$ AifZcph_p_p¡ Aæepk AÐe„s
A_¡ s¡ S> õhcph_p ei L¡$ âsp`_u kdS>Z_¡ s¡_p¡
D`ep¡Nu R>¡.
drldp L$l¡ R>.¡ `p¡sp_p Ap[ÐdL$hue® L¡$ bm_¡ `y{jp\®
L$l¡ R>¡. `p¡sp_p rÓL$pm i©ÙpÐdõhcph_u {rQ A_¡ D`k„lpf
drldp lp¡e sp¡ s¡_„y âep¡S>_ cpk¡ R>.¡ iyÙpÐdõhcph_y„
âep¡S>_, drldp A_¡ {rQ \hp\u `y{jp\®_„y âhs®_ k„kpfu Æh_u L$p¡B`Z bpbs Akyfrns A_¡
s¡ sfa_y„ \pe R>.¡ AifZcph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp\u Aklpe lp¡e R>¡. ifuf, ^_pqv$ Bô$ `v$p\p£_¡ L$ped
Ap âL$pf¡ õhcph-kÞdyMsp_p¡ `y{jp\® âhs£ R>¡. dpV¡$ Åmhu fpMu iL$psp _\u L¡$ S>fp, dfZpqv$ Ar_ô$
bpbsp¡\u bQu iL$psy„ _\u. A_¡ s¡ dpV¡$ _f¡ÞÖ-
S>Ns_p gp¥qLL$ L$pe® dpV¡$ X$Ng¡ _¡ `Ng¡ `¥kp_u
^fZ¡ÞÖ-kyf¡ÞÖ S>¡hp `Z ifZ \B iL$sp _\u.
S>ê$f `X¡$ R>¡, s¡d ApÐdp_p `pfdpr\®L$ L$pe® dpV¡$ X$Ng¡
k„kpfu Æh_¡ A¡L$ dpÓ ifZ lp¡e sp¡ s¡ `p¡sp_p¡
_¡ `Ng¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ `ep®e¡ `ep®e¡ `y{jp\®_u S>ê$f `X¡$
iyÙpÐdp S> R>¡. A_¡ ìehlpf\u Ap iyÙpÐdp_p
R>¡. `y{jp\® hNf L$p¡B `Z `pfdpr\®L$ L$pe® `pf `pX$u
ifZ_¡ bsph_pf `„Q `fd¡óW$u R>¡. L$üy„ `Z R>¡ •
iL$psy„ _\u. Ap `y{jp\®_y„ âhs®_ S>¡_y„ âep¡S>_ lp¡e
s¡ sfa_y„ lp¡e R>¡. à¢Ú‡¢ Ý ç…² ÜU¢ï …x¢¼ }¢ï,æ „éÚ-ÝÚ-¶x¢Ðç¼ „¢Ú J
AifZcph_p_p Aæepk\u `fk„ e p¡ N p¡ _ u çÝp² à¢éh¢y}¢ à¢Ú‡¢, ÐÚ}¢ïDè ò±ã¢Ú JJ
AifZsp A_¡ `p¡sp_p rÓL$pm ^°h y iyÙpÐdõhcph_u cphp\® : Ap S>Nsdp„ Ap Æh_¡ r_òe\u `p¡sp_p¡
ifZsp kdÅe R>¡. S>¡_u ifZsp lp¡e s¡_y„ âep¡S>_ iyÙpÐdp A_¡ ìehlpf\u `„Q `fd¡óW$u ifZ R>¡. s¡
cpk¡ R>¡. S>¡_y„ âep¡S>_ cpk¡ s¡_p âÐe¡_u {rQ A_¡
rkhpe kyfÞ¡ Ö-^fZ¡ÞÖ-_f¡ÞÖ S>¡hp `Z L$pB¡ ifZ _\u.
drldp `Z Ahíe lp¡e S> R>¡. S>¡_y„ âep¡S>_, drldp (`„. v$u`Q„v$ÆL©s bpf cph_p : R>„v$ 2 )
A_¡ {rQ lp¡e s¡ sfa `p¡sp_p¡ `y{jp\® âhs®¡ R>¡.

k„v$c® N°„\p¡
· 1. bpfkAÏh¡L$Mp : Np\p 8 \u 13; · 2. õhpduL$prs®L¡$ep_yâ¡np : Np\p 23 \u31; · 3. cNhsu Apfp^_p : Np\p
1724 \u1741; · 4. d| g pQpf : DÑfp^® : Np\p, 697 \u 699; · 5.sÒhp\® f pS>hprs® L $ : 9/7, 2/600/11, 25;
· 6.khp®\®rkqÙ : 9/7/414; · 7. op_pZ®h : kN® 2 : ïgp¡L$ 48 \u 66; · 8. sÒhp\®kpf : AÂepe 6 : Np\p 32;
· 9. kdZkyÑd¹ : A_yâ¡np k|Ó : 509-10; · 10. `Ú_„v$u`„Qthirs : AÂepe 6 : ïgp¡L$ 46 · 11. A_Npf^dp®d©s
: AÂepe 6 : Np\p 60, 61; · 12. bl¡_îu_p„ hQ_pd©s : 5, 67, 349, 409, 412; · 13.S>¥.rk.L$p¡i: cpN-1 : 2/
5, `p_y 73; 4/5, `p_y 79
AifZcph_p_u L$\p : A_p\u dy r _. · 1. DÑfpÝe_k| Ó : AÂepe 20 : ïgp¡ L $ 3, 6, 11, 12;·2. îudv¹ $
fpSQ„Ö : dp¡ndpmp : rinp`pW$ 5, 6, 7; · 3. îudv¹$ Æh_rkqÙ : c|rdL$p : `p_y : 163.

54 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

 M AifZcph_p_u L\p M
A_p\u dyr_
dN^v¡$i_p¡ dlpfpÅ î¡rZL$ Að¾$uX$p
L$fsp¡ d„qX$Ly$n h_dp„\u `kpf \B füp¡ lsp¡.
amazg\u gQu `X¡$gp OV$pV$p¡` h©np¡, MmMm
hl¡sp S>m_p TfZpAp¡ A_¡ `nuAp¡_p d^yf
L$gfh\u s¡ h_ _„v$_h_ kdp_ ip¡csy„ lsy„.
h__u hÃQ¡ A¡L$ rhipm h©n _uQ¡ `Õ\f_u
rigp D`f dlpkdpr^h„s `Z kyLy$dpf A¡hp
A¡L$ dyr_ Ýep_d‚ b¡W¡$gp v¡$Mpep. k„ed_u
d|rs® kdp_ dyr_fpS> he\u _pv$p_ `Z
ApÐdop_\u âp¥Y$ S>Zpsp lsp. A¡L$v$d
_p_L$X$p A_¡ _dZp dyr_fpS>_y„ A_y`d ê$`
A_¡ Asyëe kp¦v$ e® L$p¡B L$pdv¡$h\u L$d _lp¡sy„.
sØ_ r_N°„\, r_dp£l, r_ó`rfN°lu A_¡
2. AifZcph_p
r_õ`©l S>Zpsp A¡L$pL$u dyr_fpS>_¡ Å¡B_¡
î¡rZL$_¡ kp_„v Apòe® \ey„. s¡ d_p¡d_
dyr_fpS>_u âi„kp L$fhp gpÁep¡ :
“Alp¡ ! Ap kyL$p¡dm kp^L$ kdõs ip„rs_y„
õ\p_ S>Zpe R>¡. s¡d_p Qp¡d¡f a¡gpe¡g s`_p
s¡S>_p âcph¡ k`® A_¡ _p¡rmep¡ S>¡hp
`°pZuAp¡ `p¡sp_y„ Årsh¡f c|gu_¡ s¡d_p
kprßÝe_u kyhpk dpZu füp R>¡. dyr_fpS>_u
d_p¡lf dyÖp, ky„v$f ê$` A_¡ Av¹$cys kp¥çesp_p
v$i®_ `Z dlp_ kp¥cpÁe R>¡.”
dyr_fpS>_p v$i®_\u `ygqL$s \e¡gp
dlpfpÅ s¡d_u kdu`¡ rh_e`|h®L$ b¡ lp\
Å¡X$u_¡ _sdõsL¡$ b¡W$p. dyr_fpS> Ýep_dp„\u
55
blpf Aphsp„ rh_hZu L$fsp„ L$üy„:
“l¡ cÖ¡ ! sd¡ âi„k_ue sê$Z he_p R>p¡.
AÐepf_u sdpfu he kp„kpqfL$ cp¡Np¡`cp¡N
cp¡Nhhp ep¡Áe R>¡. k„kpf_p A_¡L$ âL$pf_p
kyMp¡_¡ R>p¡X$u_¡ sd¡ ip dpV¡$ qv$N„bf v$ip
^pfZ L$fu R>¡ ? ”
fpÅ_p hQ_p¡ kp„cmu dyr_A¡ L$üy„ :
“l¡ fpS>_¹ ! lz„ A_p\ lsp¡. k„kpfdp„ d_¡
L$p¡B Ap^pf, ifZ L¡$ klpe Ap`_pê„$ _lp¡sy„.
s¡\u lz„ A_p\ lsp¡. A_p\ lp¡hp_p L$pfZ¡ d¢
Ap k„ed õhuL$pep£ R>¡.”
kp^y_p Aphp hQ_p¡ kp„cmu î¡rZL$
Apòe® kp\¡ M¡v$ `pdsp bp¡gu DW$ép¡ :
“Af¡ ! lz„ Ap dN^_p dlp_ kpd°pÄe_p¡
Ar^`rs Ry>„.dpfu âÅdp„ L$p¡B A_p\ lp¡e s¡
k„chu iL¡$ _rl. hmu sd¡ sp¡ dlp_ F>rÙh„s
A_¡ âsp`u `y{j S>Zph R>p¡. s¡\u sdpfp¡ L$p¡B
_p\ _ lp¡e s¡ sp¡ _hpB D`Åh_pê„$ R>¡. S>¡
lp¡e s¡. gp¡. ApS>\u lz„ S> sdpfp¡ _p\ Ry>„.
l¡ ifZp\} `yÓ ! sdpfu v$f¡L$ âL$pf_u
v¡$Mcpm_u S>hpbv$pfu dpf¡ rif R>¡. sdp¡
DÑd âL$pf_p cp¡Np¡_¡ cp¡Nhp¡. k„kpf_p
khp£Ñd kyM_¡ dpZp¡ A_¡ sdpfp ep¥h__¡
kam L$fp¡.”
A_p\u dyr_A¡ L$üy„ :
“Af¡, dN^ v¡$i_p„ dlpfpÅ ! Ap` `p¡s¡
S> A_p\ R>p¡.
r_^®__p Apîe¡ ^_hp_ L$B fus¡ \hpe ?
Ao_p Ap^pf¡ rhÜp_ L$B fus¡ b_pe ?
h„Ýep_p kdpNd\u k„sp__u âprá iu
56
fus¡ \pe ?
s¡d A_p\_p ifZ¡ k_p\ L¡d $ \hpe ?”
A_p\u_p AL$pfp A_¡ AmMpdZp„ hQ_p¡
kp„cmu î¡rZL$ sp¡ õså^ \B Nep¡, kˆ>X$
b_u Nep¡. L$p¡B qv$hk kp„cþep _ lp¡e s¡hp
hQ_p¡\u rh[õds A_¡ ApLy$rgs \e¡gp¡ fpÅ
R>¡X$pB Nep¡ :
“iy„ L$lp¡ R>p¡, Ly$dpf ? ! iy„ lz„ A_p\ Ry>„ ?
dlp_ kpd°pÄe_p¡ ^Zu A_p\ ? ApMp
dN^_p _p\_¡ Ap` A_p\ L$lp¡ R>p¡? Af¡,
cNhp_ iy„ Ap` dÅL$ L$fp¡ R>p¡ ?”
dyr_A¡ L$üy„ :
“Af¡, dN^ _f¡i ! dÅL$ L$fhu A¡ Adpê$„
L$pd _\u. `f„sy sy„ `p¡s¡ A_p\ R>p¡, A¡ A¡L$
lL$uL$s R>¡. `f„sy s¡ k„b„^u spfu Aosp R>¡.”
fpÅA¡ L$üy„ :
“l¡ kyo ! dpfu A¡ Aosp v|$f L$fp¡. A_¡ lz„
L$B fus¡ A_p\ Ry>„ s¡ kdÅhp¡.”
dyr_A¡ L$üy„ :
“l¡ cìe ! spê„$ A_p\`Ï„ L$B fus¡ R>¡ s¡
kdÅhy„ s¡ `l¡gp„ S> lz„ L$B fus¡ A_p\ lsp¡
A_¡ âhÄep A„NuL$pf L$fhp\u L$B fus¡ k_p\
\ep¡ s¡ kdÅhy„ Ry>„. s¡\u s_¡ spê„$ A_p\`Ï„
`Z klS>`Z¡ kdÅi¡.”
fpÅA¡ `|Rey„ :
“l¡ L©$`pr_^p_ ! Ap` A_p\ L$B fus¡ lsp ?”
A_p\uA¡ DÑf Apàep¡ :
“l¡ dN^ kd°pV$ ! lz„ Ap`_p fpÄe_u
L$p¥ip„bu _Nfu_p¡ fl¡hpku lsp¡. ^_k„Qe
_pd_p dpfp r`sp s¡_p _pd âdpZ¡ ^_\u
kd©Ù lsp. s¡ BgpL$p_p ApN¡hp_ h¡`pfu A_¡
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
AN°Zu _pNfuL NZpsp lsp. Adpê„$ Ly$Vy„$b
k¡hpcphu, kyiug A_¡ kv$pQpfu sfuL¡$
kyârkÙ lsy„.
`f„sy ep¥h__p Jbf¡ `N d|L$sp h¢s S> dpfu
Ap„Mp¡dp„ A¡L$pA¡L$ h¡v$_p DÐ`ß \B. Ap„M_p
r_óZps h¥Ûp¡A¡ dpfu kpfhpf L$fhpdp„ L$p¡B
L$kf _ fpMu `Z h¡v$_p sp¡ h^su S> Qpgu.
Ap„M_u Akü h¡v$_p\u dp\y„ `Z vy$:Mhp
gpÁey„. h¥fu_u `¡W¡$ h¡f hpmsu h¡v$_p hÇ>_p
âlpf_u `¡W¡$ dpfu Ap„Mp¡dp„ i|m Ecu L$fsu
lsu. `Z L$p¡B d_¡ dv$v$ L$fu iL$sy _\u.
Af¡ ! Ap dlpr_`yZ d_psp h¥v$fpÅ¡ dpfp¡
fp¡N dV$pX$u iL$sp _\u. drZ-d„Ó-s„Ó `Z
r_óam S> _uhX¡$ R>¡.
dpfu dpsp `yÓ_p vy$:M¡ vy$:Mu \B_¡ Ars
â¡d\u d_¡ `„`pm¡ R>¡. s¡_p â¡d\u dpê„$ l¥ey„
cfpe Aph¡ R>¡ `Z v$fv$ v|$f \sy„ _\u.
dpfp r`sp dpfu kpfhpf `pR>m `pZu_u
S>¡d `¥kp¡ hp`f¡ R>¡. `Z A¡L¡$e `¥kp¡ dpfu
sL$gua v|f L$fu iL$sp¡ _\u.
dpfu `rsh°sp `[Ð_ dpfp\u A¡L$ nZ `Z
AmNu \su _\u. dpfu kOmp âL$pf¡ k¡hp-
kyî|jp L$f¡ R>¡. `Z s¡\u dpfp¡ fp¡N S>fpe dQL$
Ap`sp¡ _\u.
dpfu crN_uAp¡\u dpê„$ vy$:M v¡$¿ey„ S>sy„
_\u. s¡Ap¡_u Ap„Mp¡dp„\u Ap„ky k|Lp$ sp _\u.
`Z s¡\u dpfu Ap„Mp¡_u h¡v_ $ p Ap¡R>u \su _\u.
dpfp cpBAp¡ fpsqv$__p DÅNfp L$fu L$p¡B
D`pe ip¡^hp ApL$pi`pspm A¡L$ L$f¡ R>¡. `Z
s¡d_p¡ `qfîd S>fpe kam \sp¡ _\u.
h¥Ûp¡_u kpfhpf, dpsp_p¡ â¡d, r`sp_p
2. AifZcph_p
`¥kp, `[Ð__u k¡hp, crN_uAp¡_p¡ rhgp`,
cpBAp¡_p¡ `qfîd L$p¡B L$pfNs _uhX$sp _\u.
A_¡ A¡ S> l¡ fpS>_ ! dpê„$ A_p\`Ï„ lsy„.
kOmp„ kp_yL|$m k„ep¡Np¡_u hÃQ¡ `Z lz„
Aklpe lsp¡. s¡\u S> lz„ AifZ lsp¡, A_p\
lsp¡.”
fpÅA¡ `|¹>R>ey„ :
"" l¡ Ape® ! Ap` A_p\dp„\u k_p\ iu
fus¡ \ep ? ''
A_p\u dyr_A¡ DÑf Apàep¡ :
"" l¡ fpS>âdyM ! qv$hk¡ qv$hk¡ h^su S>su
v$pê$Z h¡v$_p\u lz„ vy$:Mu lsp¡ `Z
¥¢y±ü ÝÚ¢: {}¢ü ÐÚ¢ |¢±ç‹¼ &
A\® : OÏ„ L$fu_¡ d_y ó e_y „ vy $ :M S> s¡ _ ¡ ^d®
(A\®
kÞdy M L$fph¡ R>¡ . )
A¡ ApNd_p hQ_ A_ykpf dpfp Ap vy$:M¡
S> d_¡ ApÐdrls_u rhQpfZp L$fhp_u â¡fZp
Ap`u. ApÐdrls dpV¡$ AifZcph_p_y„ KXy„$
tQsh_ L$fsp„ d_¡ kdÅey„ :
S>¡ `p¡sp_p ApÐdp\u Arcß rÓL$pm ^°yh
A_¡ iyÙ lp¡e s¡ S> `p¡sp_¡ klpeL$ lp¡e. S>¡
klpeL$ lp¡e s¡ S> ifZê$` L$l¡hpe. dps-
r`sp-`qfhpfpqv$ `p¡sp_p\u sØ_ rcß,
A^°yh A_¡ AiyÙ Ahõ\p ^fphsp k„ep¡Np¡
lp¡hp\u s¡ ApÐdp_¡ L$epf¡e qL„$rQs¹ `Z klpeL$
\B iL¡$ _rl. hmu Ap k„ep¡Np¡_p gn¡
`p¡sp_p ApÐdpdp„ fpNpqv$ k„ep¡Nucphp¡_u
S> DÐ`rÑ \pe R>¡, S>¡ ApÐdp_¡ AÐe„s
vy$:Mê$` lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u kOmp„ âL$pf_p kp_yL|$m
k„ep¡Np¡ hÃQ¡ `Z `p¡sp_p¡ ApÐdp A¡L$v$d
Aklpe S> lp¡e R>¡. Ap k„ep¡Np¡ Aklpe
lp¡hp\u AifZ S> R>¡.
57
 `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_¡ ifZê$` `p¡sp_p\u
Arcß, qÓL$pm ^°yh A_¡ iyÙ A¡hp¡ `p¡sp_p¡
iyÙpÐdõhcph S> R>¡. Ap i©ÙpÐdp_¡ gn¡ S>
husfpNu Ak„ep¡Nu iyÙcph_u DÐ`rÑ \pe
R>¡, S>¡ ApÐdp_¡ kyMê$` lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u Ap
iyÙpÐdõhcph S> `p¡sp_¡ klpeL$ R>¡, A_¡ s¡\u
s¡ S> r_òe\u ifZê$` R>¡. ìelpf\u ifZê$`
Aphp iyÙpÐdp_p ifZ_¡ bsph_pf A_¡ s¡
ifZ_¡ âpá L$fhp dpV¡$_p¡ `y{jp\® â¡f_pf
husfpNu v¡$h-Ny{-^d® R>¡.
s¡\u Ap AifZ k„kpfdp„ blpfdp„
husfpNu v¡$h-Ny{-^d®_p ifZ¡ A„v$fdp„
`p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdõhcph_p ifZ_¡ iuO°
kp^hp S>¡hy„ R>¡. Å¡ lz„ Ap dlprhX„$b_pde
h¡v$_p\u dy¼s \pJ sp¡ kp¥ â\d L$pe®
iyÙpÐdp_p ifZ_p kp^_c|s îdZ-
v$ip_¡ ^pfZ L$ê„$. Ap âL$pf_y„ tQsh_ L$fsp„
lz„ ie_ L$fu Nep¡.
Äepf¡ fprÓ `kpf \B A_¡ âcps_p â\d
`lp¡fdp„ S> dpfu Ap„M DOX$u Ðepf¡ ÅZ¡ A¡L$
QdÐL$pf S> \ep¡. AifZcph_p_p
tQsh_\u S> dpfp¡ Aipsp_p¡ Dv$e D`idu
Nep¡. dpê„$ v$v®$ v|$f \ey„, h¡v$_p rhge `pdu
A_¡ lz„ k„`|Z® õhõ\ S>Zpep¡. dpfp r_^p®f
A_ykpf õhS>_p¡_u qhv$pe gB r_N°¯\
dyr_v$unp A„NuL$pf L$fu. s¡\u l¡ fpÅr^fpS>!
lz„ A_p\dp„\u k_p\ \ep¡.”
AìeN° A_¡ A¡L$pN° rQÑ¡ A_p\u dyq__u
L$lpZu kp„cmu k„sp¡j `pd¡gp î¡rZL$ h^y
`|R>¡ R>¡ :
“l¡ k„esrifp¡drZ ! k„esvip A„NuL$pf
58
L$fhp_¡ L$pfZ¡ Ap` A_p\dp„\u k_p\ bÞep
L$B fus¡ L$l¡hpe ?”
îdZ L$l¡ R>¡ :
“l¡ î¡rZL$ ! S>¡_p L$pfZ¡ `p¡sp_y„ ifZ, kyM,
klpe, Ap^pf L¡$ dp¡ndpN® lp¡e s¡_p L$pfZ¡
S> `p¡s¡ k_p\ L$l¡hpe. k„esv$ip N°lZ
L$fhp_¡ L$pfZ¡ d_¡ dpfp ApÐdp_y„ kpQy„ 1.
ifZ, 2. kyM, 3. klpe, 4. Ap^pf A_¡
5. dp¡ndpN® `°pá \ep„ s¡\u lz„ A_p\dp„\u
k_p\ \ep¡. s¡ Ap fus¡ -
1. k„esv$ip A„NuL$pf L$fhp_¡ L$pfZ¡ d¢
AifZc| s kh® kp„ k pqfL $ k „ e p¡ N p¡ A_¡
k„ep¡Nucphp¡_¡ R>p¡X$u_¡ dpfp kpQp ifZc|s
rÓL$ p m ^y ° h iy Ù pÐdp_y „ ifZ N° l Z L$ e y ¯ .
kpQp ifZ _¡ N°lZ L$fhp\u l¡ kd°pV$ ! lz„
A_p\dp„ \ u k_p\ \ep¡ .
2. îdZ`Zp_p L$pfZ¡ vy$:Mv$peL$ kp„kpqfL$
Apr^-ìepr^-D`pr^dp„\u dy¼s \B
kyMv$peL$ kdpr^_¡ âpá \ep¡. kpQp ApqÐdL$
AsuqÞÖe kyM_¡ âpá \hp\u l¡ _f¡i ! lz„
A_p\dp„\u k_p\ \ep¡.
3. AZNpf`Zp_p A„NuL$pf_p L$pfZ¡
Aklpe dps-r`sp-`qfhpfpqv$ k„ep¡N-
dp„\u R|>V$p¡ `X$u `fd klpeL$ husfpNu v¡$h-
Ny{-^d®_p r_L$V$ kprßÝedp„ Apìep¡. kpQp
klpeL$_p kprßÝedp„ Aphhp\u l¡ cìe !
lz„ A_p\dp„\u k_p\ bÞep¡.
4. kp^yv$ip_p L$pfZ¡ r_fp^pf iycpiyc
Ahõ\pAp¡_p¡ Apîe R|>V$u_¡ kp^pf
iyÙpÐd-õhcph_p¡ Apîe Apìep¡. Ap
âL$pf¡ kpQp Ap^pf_p Apîe¡ Aphhp\u l¡
dlpfpÅ! lz„ A_p\dp„\u k_p\ \ep¡.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 5. r_ó`qfN°lu âhÄep N°lZ L$fhp_p
L$pfZ¡ b„^ A_¡ b„^dpN®_p L$pfZc|s kh®
`qfN°lp¡_p¡ `qfÐepN \B_¡ dp¡ndpN® A_¡
dp¡n_p L$pfZc|s qv$Nb „ f kp^L$v$ip âpá \B.
b„^dpN®_¡ R>p¡X$u dp¡ndpN®_¡ âpá \hp\u l¡
b„^y! lz„ A_p\dp„\u k_p\ \ep¡.”
A_p\u dyr_ `p¡s¡ k_p\ L$B fus¡ \ep s¡_„y
L$\_ kp„cmu_¡ î¡rZL$_¡ k„sp¡j \ep¡. sp¡`Z
`p¡sp_y„ A_p\`Ï„ L$B fus¡ L$lh ¡ pe s¡ rhi¡j
âL$pf¡ ÅZhp_u rS>opkp_p L$pfZ¡ s¡Z¡ `|R>e:„y
“l¡ cv$Þs ! sdpê„$ k_p\`Ï„ kdÅe R>¡.
`Z dpê„$ A_p\`Ï„ Ap` L$B fus¡ L$lp¡ R>p¡ ?”
A_p\dp„\u k_p\ \e¡gp kp^yA¡ S>hpb
Apàep¡ :
“l¡ c|`rs ! S>¡ kp^pf lp¡e, kyfrns lp¡e
A_¡ Aklpe lp¡e sp¡ s¡ S> kifZ L$l¡hpe.
A_¡ S>¡ ifZ krls_p¡ lp¡e s¡ S> k_p\ L$lh ¡ pe.
`Z S>¡ `p¡s¡ S> 1. r_fp^pf, 2. Afrns L¡$
3. Aklpe lp¡e sp¡ s¡ ifZ frls_p¡ lp¡hp\u
A_p\ S> L$l¡hpe.
l¡ fpS>hu ! sy„ `p¡s¡ S> 1. r_fp^pf 2.
Afrns A_¡ 3. Aklpe lp¡hp\u A_p\
R>¡ ! s¡ Ap fus¡ • ••
1. l¡ fpS>¡ðf ! S>¡ `p¡sp\u Arcß, r_Ðe
A_¡ Arh_piu lp¡e s¡ Ap^pfê$` L$l¡hpe.
spfp rhipm kpd°S>e _¡ sy„ spfp¡ Ap^pf dp_¡
R>¡ `Z Ap kpd°pS>e spfp\u AÐe„s rcß,
nrZL$ A_¡ rh_piu R>¡. s¡\u s¡ Ap^pfc|s
_\u. s¡\u Ap rhipm kpd°pS>e_u hÃQ¡ `Z
sy„ r_fp^pf S> R>p¡. s¡\u sy„ A_p\ R>p¡.
f. l¡ fpS>¡ÞÖ ! S>¡ õhp^u_ lp¡e s¡ kyfrns
2. AifZcph_p
L$l¡hpe. spfu Qsyf„Nu k¡_p\u sy„ s_¡ kyfrns
dp_¡ R>¡ `Z spfp lp\u-Op¡Xp$ -k¥Þe-k¡_p`rs
kOmp„ s¡_p Apeyóe_¡ Ap^u_ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_y„
Apr^`Ðe spfp `yÎe_¡ Ap^u_ R>¡. s¡\u s¡
õhp^u_ _\u. s¡\u Ap spfu AS>¡e k¡_p_u
hÃQ¡ `Z sy„ Afrns R>.¡ s¡\u sy„ A_p\ R>p.¡
3. l¡ fpS>fÐ_ ! S>¡ kyM Ap`_pf lp¡e s¡
klpeL$ L$l¡hpe. sy„ spfp `v$-ârs›$pqv$
AQ¡s_ k„ep¡Np¡ L¡$ `yÓ-`qfhpfpqv$ Q¡s_
k„ep¡Np¡_¡ kyM_y„ L$pfZ kdÆ klpeL$ dp_¡
R>¡. `Z Ap L$p¡B k„ep¡Np¡dp kyM S> _\u. hmu
Ap k„ep¡¡Np¡_¡ gn¡ vy$:M S> \pe R>¡. s¡\u Ap
kOmp„ kp_yL|m k„ep¡Np¡_u hÃQ¡ `Z sy„
Aklpe R>p¡, s¡\u sy„ A_p\ R>p¡.
l¡ _ursr_`yZ ! D`f S>Zpìep A_ykpf sy„
`p¡s¡ S> 1. r_fp^pf f. Afrns A_¡ 3.
AklpeL$ lp¡hp\u AifZ R>p¡, A_p\ R>p¡.''
dyr_fpS>_p kdp^p_\u î¡rZL$ fpÅ k„`|Z®
k„sp¡j `pçep. dyr_fpS>_u dpau Qplsp L$ü„y :
“l¡ õhpdu ! lz, dpfu Ås_¡ dN^_u âÅ_p¡
_p\ dp_sp¡ lsp¡ `Z lz„ `p¡s¡ S> A_p\ _uL$ýep¡.
sd¡ S> k_p\ R>p.¡ kh® A_p\p¡_p _p\ R>p.¡
l¡ ndpd|rs® ! d¡„, Aop_uA¡ kp„kpqfL$ cp¡N
cp¡Nhhp_u cgpdZ L$fu dp¡V$p¡ A`fp^ L$ep£
R>¡. s¡ dpV¡$ lz„ sd_¡ ndph„y Ry>„.
l¡ cNhp_ ! lz,„ d|Y$ Ry,„ r_fprîs Ry>,„ A_p\ Ry>,„ lh¡ lz„
sdpê„$ A_¡ sdpfp Od®_„y ifZ N°l„z Ry>.„ AifZcph_p_p
Aæepk A_¡ rQ„sh_\u iyÙpÐdp_p ifZ_¡ `°pá \pD„ A¡
S> dpfu Arcgpjp R>.¡ ”
AifZcph_p_p rQ„s_h__p bm¡
A_p\dp„\u k_p\ b__pf A_p\u dyr__¡ A_„s
âZpd !
59
 l¡ s y g nu âï_p¡

ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fu bpSy>_p Qp¡fkdp„ v$ip®hp¡. 06. k„kpfu Æh ¼epf¡ AifZ R>¡ ? 06.
01. ifZ Ap`_pf L¡$hp¡ _ lp¡e ? 01. A:: `p`_p¡ Dv$e Aph¡ Ðepf¡ B:: kdN° Æh__p v$f¡L$ âk„N¡
A:: r_Ðe B:: iyÙ C:: `ep®eê$` D:: Öìeê$` C:: `[Ð_ `p¡sp\u dp¡Yy„$ a¡fhu ëe¡ Ðepf¡ D:: dfZ kde¡
02. S>¡_¡ ifZ dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ s¡ k„ep¡Np¡_p gn¡ 02. 07. iyÙpÐdp_p ifZ dpV¡$ L$p¡_y„ ifZ R>¡ ? 07.
iy„ _ \pe ? A:: iyÙpÐdp B:: v¡$h-Nyfy-^d® C:: `yÎep¡v$e D:: iyccph
A:: kyM B:: vy$:M C:: fpN D:: k„ep¡Nucph 08. A„v$fdp„ `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_y„ A_¡ blpfdp„ L$p¡_y„ 08.
03. iyÙpÐdp_p gn¡ iy„ lp¡sy„ _\u ? 03. âep¡S>_ fpMhy„ ?
A:: L¡$hmop_ A_¡ dp¡n B:: ip„rs A_¡ kdpr^ A:: õÓu-`yÓ-`qfhpf B:: Öìe-NyZ-`ep®e
C:: Ap`rÑAp¡_p¡ A„s D:: õh-`f_y„ ifZ C:: kçeÁv$i®_-op_-QpqfÓ D:: v¡$h-Nyfy-^d®
04. iy„ L$fph_pf lp¡hp\u v¡$h-Nyfy-^d® ifZ R>¡? 04. 09. kpQp ifZ L¡$V$gp„ ? 09.
A:: ApÐdp_u fnp B:: ApÐdp_u Ap¡mMpZ A:: A¡L$ : iyÙpÐdp
C:: ApÐdp_p¡ dp¡n D:: ApÐdp_p¡ ^d® B:: b¡ : r_òe A_¡ ìehlpf
05. v¡$h-Nyfy-^d®_p ifZ¡ i¡_p\u bQu iL$pe R>¡ ? 05. C:: ÓZ : v¡$h, Nyfy A_¡ ^d®
A:: L$d®b„^_ B:: dfZ_p ce D:: Qpf : Aqfl„s, rkÙ, kp^y A_¡ L¡$mhu âê$r`s ^d®
C:: vy$:Mv$v®$ D:: k„kpf 10. ApÐdp_p `pfdpr\®L$ L$pe® dpV¡$ X$Ng¡ _¡ `Ng¡ 10.
i¡_u S>ê$f `X¡$ R>¡?
A:: `¥kp B:: v¡$h-Nyfy-ipõÓ C:: `y{$jp\® D:: AifZcph_p

k¥ Ù p„ r sL$ âï_p¡

_uQ¡_p âñp¡_p A¡L$ L¡$ b¡ hp¼ep¡dp„ V|„$L$p S>hpb Ap`p¡. _uQ¡ _ p âñp¡ _ p rhõs© s S>hpb Ap`p¡ .
01. ifZ L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 01. AifZcph_p A¡V$g¡ iy„ ? s¡_u kdS|>su Ap`p¡.
02. r_òe\u iy „ ifZ R>¡ ? 02. kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡ ip
03. ìehlpf\u iy „ ifZ R>¡ ? dpV¡ $ AifZ R>¡ ? s¡ kdÅhp¡ .
04. ip dpV¡ $ v¡ $ h-Ny f y - ^d® ifZ R>¡ ? 03. ifZ Ap`_pf L¡$hp lp¡hp Å¡BA¡? ip dpV¡$?
05. ip dpV¡$ dyr_fpS>_¡ D`kN® rdÓ kdp_ R>¡? 04. ip dpV¡$ iyÙpÐdp S> ifZ R>¡ ? s¡ kdÅhp¡.
06. AifZcph_p_p Aæepk\u L$B kdS>Z 05. v$¡h-Nyf-y ^d® L$B fus¡ ifZ R>¡ ? s¡ kdÅhp¡.
Aph¡ R>¡ ? 06. AifZcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep kdÅhp¡.
07. AifZcph_p_p rhi¡j âL$pf_p b¡ am_p 07. AifZcph_p_y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ kdÅhp¡.
_pd Ap`p¡ . 08. AifZcph_p L$B fus¡ h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ R>¡ ?
08. {rQ L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 09. AifZcph_p L$B fus¡ hõsy õ hê$`_u
09. `y { jp\® L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? kdS>Z L$fph_pf R>¡ ?
10. AifZcph_p_p Aæepk\u iy Ù pÐdp 10. AifZcph_p_u Aæepk\u iyÙpÐdp_y„
k„ b „ ^ u L$B bpbs Aph¡ R>¡ ? ifZ A_¡ õhcph-õhÞdyMsp_p¡ `y{jp\®
L$B fus¡ âhs£ R>¡ ? s¡ kdÅhp¡ .
60 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
3. k„kpfcph_p 61
62 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 cph_p
3. k„kpfcph_p
ApÐdp_u AiyÙ Ahõ\p s¡ k„kpf A_¡ 1. ^fuc°dZ A¡V$g¡ S>Þd-dfZê$` k„kpf
iyÙ Ahõ\p s¡ dp¡n R>¡. k„kpf A_¡ k„kpf_p¡ [Revolution]
dpN® vy:Mde lp¡hp\u Akpf R>¡. s¡_p\u f. L$nuec°dZ A¡V$g¡ QpfNrsê$` k„kpf
rh{Ù dp¡n A_¡ dp¡n_p¡ dpN® kyMde lp¡hp\u [Retention]
kpfc|s R>¡. s¡hp âL$pf_y„ rQ„sh_ L$fhy„ s¡
k„kpfcph_p R>¡. 3. `fphs®_ A¡V$g¡ `p„Q âL$pf_p„
`fphs®_ê$` k„kpf [Reflection]
Aop_u Æh kp„kpqfL$ kp_yL$| m k„ep¡Np¡dp„ kyM dp_¡ QRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQR
K L
R>¡. `Z k„kpf_y„ õhê$` S> vy$:Mê$` R>¡. k„kpf_u Qpf¡e
K k„ k pf_y „ vy $ :Mde õhê$` L
Nrs vy$:M cp¡Nhhp_y„ S> õ\p_ R>¡. õhN®_p v¡$hp¡ `Z TSTSTSTSTSTSTSTSTSTS
vy$:Mu S> R>¡. k„kpfdp„ L$ep„e kyM k„chsy„ _\u. s¡\u S>Þd-dfZ, QpfNrs A_¡ `p„Q `fphs®_ê$`
k„kpf Akpf R>¡. k„kpf\u rh{$Ù dp¡n A_¡ dp¡ndpN® ÓZ¡e âL$pf_p k„kpfQ¾$dp„ k„kpf_y„ õhê$`
kyMê$` R>¡. s¡\u kpfc|s R>¡. k„kpf_p `qfc°dZ\u vy$:Mde R>¡.
R|>V$u dp¡ndpN®_u âprá_p¡ D`pe iuO° L$fhp S>¡hp¡ R>¡.
Aphp âL$pf_u rhQpfZp \hu s¡ k„kpfcph_p R>¡. S>Þd-dfZê$` k„kpfdp„ Æh 84 gpM ep¡r_Ap¡dp„
QRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQR S>Þd-dfZ L$fsp¡ fl¡ R>¡. S>Þd_y„ vy$:M A_„s lp¡e R>¡
K L A_¡ dfZ_y„ vy$:M S>Þd\u `Z A_„sNÏ„ lp¡e R>¡.
K k„ k pf A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ? L
K A_¡ s¡_p âL$pf L Qpf Nrsê$` k„kpfdp„ k„kpf_u Qpf¡e Nrs `Z vy$:M
K L
TSTSTSTSTSTSTSTSTSTS cp¡Nhhp_y„ S> õ\p_ R>.¡ _fL$ Nrs_p cep_L$ vy$:Mp¡_„y
„æ„Ú‡¢ §ç¼ „æ„¢Ú: J A¡ k|Ó A_ykpf `p¡sp_p hZ®_ \B iL$sy„ _\u. rse¯Q Nrs_p R>¡v$_-c¡v$_
iyÙpÐdõhcph\u Ãe|s \B_¡ `fpîe¡ \su ApÐdp_u A_¡ h^-b„^_ S>h ¡ p vy$:Mp¡ `°Ðen`Z¡ v¡$Mu iL$pe R>.¡
AiyÙ `qfZrs `p¡s¡ S> [_òe\u k„kpf R>¡. `p¡sp_u d_yóe `p¡s¡ S> `p¡sp_p vy$:Mp¡_¡ A_ych¡ R>.¡ õhN®_p v¡$hp¡_¡
Ap AiyÙ `qfZrsdp„ õÓu, `yÓ, `qfhpf hN¡f¡ bpü kyMu dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>.¡ `Z s¡Ap¡_¡ `Z rhjep¡_u
r_rdÑ lp¡hp\u s¡_¡ `Z ìehlpf\u k„kpf L$l¡hpe âh©rs Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ S>¡ s¡d_p vy$:M_¡ S> v$ip®h¡ R>¡.
R>¡ . `p¡ s p_p iy Ù õhcphdp„ \ u R| > V¡ $ gu `p¡ s p_u s¡\u õhN®_p v¡$hp¡_¡ `Z vy$:Mu S> ÅZhp.
`qfZrs_¡ L$ep„e Apîe L¡$ rhkpdp¡ lp¡sp¡ _\u. s¡\u
s¡ kss cV$L$su S> fl¡ R>¡. kss cV$L$su `qfZrs `„Q `fphs®_ê$` k„kpf `¥L$u Öìe`fphs®_dp„
A¡L$ Q¾$ kdp_ R>¡. S>¡d L$p¡B A¡L$ Q¾_y„ c°dZ ÓZ r_f„sf `p¥v¹$NrgL$L$d®-_p¡L$d®_y„ N°lZ-ÐepN lp¡e R>¡.
âL$pf¡ lp¡e R>¡ s¡d k„kpfQ¾ `Z ÓZ âL$pf¡ R>¡ Ap N°lZ-ÐepN L$jpe krls_p ApÐdâv¡$i_p
`qfõ`„v$_ê$` ep¡N_p L$pfZ¡ lp¡hp\u s¡ AÐe„s vy$:Mê$`
3. k„kpfcph_p 63
R>.¡ n¡Ó`fphs®_dp„ õhn¡Ó A_¡ `fn¡Ódp„ kss c°dZ
\sy„ fl¡hp_p L$pfZ¡ s¡ `Z vy$:Mê$` R>.¡ L$pm`fphs®_dp„
k„kpfu Æh A_„sL$pm r_Np¡v$dp„ S> husph¡ R>¡.
r_Np¡v$_p vy$:Mp¡ cNhp_ S> ÅZ¡ A_¡ cp¡Nh_pfp¡ S>
cp¡Nh¡. ch`fphs®_dp„ k„kpf_p Qpf¡e âL$pf_p chp¡
A¡L$ `°L$pf_u S>¡g L¡$ b„^_ lp¡hp\u s¡ `Z vy$:Mê$` R>¡.
cph `fphs®_dp„ k„kpfu Æh A_¡L$ âL$pf_u AiyÙ
Ahõ\pAp¡ d p„ \ u `kpf \sp¡ Arõ\fsp A_¡
ApLy$msp_p L$pfZ¡ \sp vy$:Mp¡_¡ `pdsp¡ fl¡ R>¡.
k„kpf_u hpõsrhL$sp S> A¡hu R>¡ L¡$ s¡dp„ fl¡gp¡
L$p¡B Æh ¼epf¡e kyMu lp¡sp¡ S> _\u. k„kpfdp„ kyM _
lp¡hp k„b„^u Ap hpõsrhL$sp_¡ kdS>hp Ap`Z¡
Ap`Zp d_yóe kdpS>_¡ b¡ cpNdp„ rhcprS>s L$fu
iL$uA¡. A¡L$ cpNdp„ A¡hp gp¡L$p¡ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡d_u `pk¡
ApÆrhL$p_y„ L$pB¡ kp^_ _\u. kp„kpqfL$ kyM-kyrh^p
i|Þe R>¡. buÅ cpNdp„ A¡hp gp¡L$p¡ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡d_u `pk¡
ApÆrhL$p_y„ L$p¡B kp^_ R>¡. kp„kpqfL$ kyM-kyrh^p
`Z L$p„BL$ R>¡. hpõsrh¼sp\u rhQpfdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ Ap
bß¡ âL$pf_p gp¡L$p¡ vy$:Mu S> R>¡. S>¡d_u `pk¡ L$p„B _\u
s¡ `p¡sp_u v$u_sp_p L$pfZ¡ vy$:Mu R>¡ A_¡ L$pB„ L$ d¡mhhp
s_sp¡X$ âeÐ_ L$fu füp R>¡. A_¡ S>¡d_u `pk¡
ApÆrhL$p_y„ kp^_ R>.¡ L$pB„ L$ dL$p_-rdëL$s `Z R>.¡
s¡Ap¡_¡ s¡_p\u k„sp¡j _\u. s¡\u As©á Ap„L$pnpAp¡_¡
L$pfZ¡ s¡Ap¡ vy$:Mu R>¡. Ap L$pfZ¡ s¡d_u `pk¡ S>¡ R>¡ s¡_p¡
L$p¡B dsgb fl¡sp¡ _\u A_¡ h^y d¡mhhp dpV¡$ s¡Ap¡
`Z kss k„Oj® L$f¡ R>.¡ Ap âL$pf¡ bß¡ âL$pf_p d_yóep¡
vy$:Mu S> R>¡.
A¡L$ Nfub b°pûZ¡ kyMu \hp dpV¡$ s`õep L$fu
v¡$h_¡ âkß L$ep®. v¡$h¡ s¡_¡ L$p¡B kyMu dpZk_p L$`X$p„
`l¡fhp\u `p¡s¡ kyMu \i¡ A¡hy„ hfv$p_ Apàey„. b°pûZ
b^¡ afu hþep¡. `Z v$f¡L$ dpZk ipfuqfL$, Apr\®L$,
L$pV¥ r„y bL$, kpdpÆL$ S>h
¡ u L$pB¡ _¡ L$pB¡ kdõep\u `f¡ip_
64
lsp¡. v$fL¡ $ d_yóe Apr^-ìepr^-D`pr^\u Óõs lsp.
s¡\u L$p¡BA¡ A¡d _ L$üy„ L¡$ `p¡s¡ kyMu R>¡. R>¡hV¡$ L$p¡BA¡
s¡_¡ `pk¡_p h_dp„ rhQfsp kp^y kyMu R>¡ s¡d S>Zpìey.„
s¡\u s¡ kp^y `pk¡ Nep¡. `Z s¡Z¡ Å¡ey„ sp¡ r_N°„\
r_ó`fuN°lu kp^y `pk¡ L$p¡B hõÓ S> _lp¡sy„ ! Alu
L$l¡hp_y„ spÐ`e® A¡ R>¡ L¡$ k„kpfu k`qfN°lu Aop_u
Æh L$p¡B kyMu lp¡sp¡ S> _\u. A_¡ dp¡npdpN}
r_ó`qfN°lu dlpÐdp S> kyMu lp¡e R>¡.
k„kpf_u ârsL|$msp A_¡ ANhX$spAp¡ vy$:Mê$` R>¡
A_¡ b^p s¡_¡ vy$:M dp_¡ `Z R>¡. `f„sy Aop_u Æh
k„kpf_u kp_yL$| msp A_¡ kNhX$spAp¡_¡ kyM dp_¡ R>.¡
`Z hpõshdp„ s¡ `Z vy$:Mê$` R>¡. `yÎep¡v$e\u âpá
k„ep¡Np¡dp„ dp¡lS>Þe frscph A_¡ rdÕepÐh_p L$pfZ¡
vy$:M lp¡hp R>sp„ `Z kyM`Z¡ A_ychpe R>¡.
k„ k pfu Æh_p¡ D`ep¡ N A¡ L $ kde_¡ dpV¡ $ `Z
[õ\f lp¡ s p¡ _\u. D`ep¡ N _u A[õ\fsp A¡ S>
ApLy $ msp R>¡ A_¡ ApLy $ msp A¡ vy $ :M_y „ S> gnZ
R>¡ . s¡ \ u k„ k pfu Æh r_f„ s f vy $ :Mu S> ÅZhp¡ .
dp¡ndpN® A_¡ dp¡ndp„ S> D`ep¡N_u [õ\fsp lp¡e
R>¡ s¡ \ u ApÐdp_y „ r_fpLy $ mspde kpQy „ ky M s¡ d p„
S> R>¡ .
QRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQR
K L
K dp¡ n _y „ ky M de õhê$` L
TSTSTSTSTSTSTSTSTSTS
ApÐdp_u Aiy Ù `qfZrsê$` k„ k pf_p
Acph\u DÐ`Þ_ \su iy Ù `qfZrs_¡
dp¡ n L$l¡ R>¡ . dp¡ n dp„ `p¡ s p_u `qfZrs_u
iy Ù sp lp¡ h p\u dp¡ n _y „ õhê$` ky M de R>¡ .
vy $ :M_y „ gnZ ApLy $ msp A_¡ ky M _y „ gnZ
r_fpLy $ msp R>¡ . `p¡ s p_p ApÐdp_u `qfZrs_u
Aiy Ù sp_p L$pfZ¡ \su D`ep¡ N _u A[õ\fsp A¡
S> ApLy $ msp R>¡ A_¡ ApLy $ msp A¡ S> vy $ :M R>¡ .
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
k„ k pfu Aop_u Æh_u `qfZrs_u Aiy Ù sp
A_¡ D`ep¡N_u A[õ\fsp r_f„sf füp L$f¡ R>.¡ s¡\u s¡
L$ped vy$:Mu S> lp¡e R>¡. dp¡ndpN® A_¡ dp¡ndp„ S>
`qfZrs_u iyÙsp A_¡ D`ep¡N_u [õ\fsp lp¡e R>¡.
s¡\u `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_y„ kpQy kyM dp¡ndpN® A_¡ dp¡ndp„
S> lp¡e R>¡.
ApÐdp_u `fd r_b¯^, r_f`¡n A_¡ r_fphfZ
Ahõ\p A¡ dp¡n R>¡. ApÐdp_u Aphu Ahõ\p k„`|Z®
husfpNu lp¡hp\u k„`|Z® iyÙ lp¡e R>¡. k„`|Z® husfpNu
iyÙsp\u `qf`|Z® op__u âNV$sp lp¡e R>¡. `qf`|Z®
op__p L$pfZ¡ `fd s©rá lp¡e R>¡. `fd s©rá_p L$pfZ¡
D`ep¡N_u [õ\fsp lp¡e R>¡. D`ep¡N_u [õ\fsp A¡
S> A_pLy$msp R>¡ A_¡ A_pLy$msp A¡ S> kyM R>¡.
Ap fus¡ `p¡sp_y„ Ap[ÐdL$ Asu[ÞÖe A_pLy$m kyM
dp¡ n dp„ S> R>¡ s¡ \ u dp¡ n _y „ õhê$` ky M de R>¡ .
k„kpfcph_p_p¡ Aæepk k„kpfdp„ ¼ep„e kyM _\u
`Z dp¡ndp„ S> kyM R>¡ s¡ kdS>hp dpV¡$ R>¡. k„kpfdp„
¼ep„e kyM _\u s¡ _p[õs$_y„ L$\_ R>¡. A[õs\u
`p¡ s p_p ApÐdpdp„ S> A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $ ApÐdp_u iy Ù
Ahõ\pê$` dp¡ndp„ S> `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_y„ kpQy„ kyM R>¡.
hpõshdp„ _p[õs `Z A[õs_¡ b_ph_pê„$ lp¡e R>¡.
s¡\u _p[õs\u k„kpfdp„ ¼ep„e kyM _\u s¡ bpbs
kdÆ iL$pe R>¡ sp¡ s¡\u rh{Ù A[õs\u dp¡ndp„ S>
kyM R>¡ s¡ bpbs `Z kdÆ iL$pe R>¡.
S>Nsdp„ vy$:M R>¡ sp¡ kyM `Z lp¡hy„ Å¡BA¡ A_¡ S>¡
vy$:Mu lp¡e s¡ S> kyMu \B iL¡$ R>.¡ s¡\u Å¡ vy$:M ApÐdp_u
Ahõ\p R>¡ sp¡ kyM `Z ApÐdp_u S> Ahõ\p R>¡.
ApÐdp_u k„kpf Ahõ\p vy$:Mde R>¡ sp¡ s¡\u rh{Ù
ApÐdp_u dp¡n Ahõ\p kyMde R>¡.
op_ A_¡ kyM ArcÞ_ lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u S>¡dp„ op_
lp¡e s¡dp„ S> kyM lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ op_ _ lp¡e s¡dp„ kyM
lp¡s„y _\u. `f`v$p\p£ L¡$ `frhjep¡dp„ op_ _\u sp¡ kyM
`Z _\u. s¡\u s¡Ap¡ kyM L¡$ vy$:Mê$`¡ `qfZdsp `Z
3. k„kpfcph_p
_\u. ApÐdpdp„ op_NyZ R>¡ sp¡ kyMNyZ `Z R>.¡ `fpîe¡
DÐ`Þ_ \su ApÐdp_u AiyÙ Ahõ\pê$` k„kpfdp„
kyMNyZ_u rhcph v$ip A¡V$g¡ L¡$ vy$:M lp¡e R>¡. A_¡
õhpîe¡ DÐ`Þ_ \su ApÐdp_u iyÙ Ahõ\pê$`
dp¡ndp„ kyMNyZ_u õhcph v$ip A¡V$g¡ L¡$ kyM lp¡e R>.¡
D`fp¡L$s âL$pf¡ dp¡n_y„ kyMde õhê$` kdÆ
iL$pe R>¡.
QRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQR
K k„kpfcph_p_u L
K L
K rQ„ s h_ âq¾$ep L
TSTSTSTSTSTSTSTSTSTS
k:kpf_p„ vy$:Mde õh{` A_¡ dp¡n_p kyMde
õh{`_u kpQu kdS>Z L$fu_¡ k„kpf_p„ _pi_p¡
A_¡ dp¡n_u âpràs_p¡ D`pe rhQpfhp¡ s¡
k„kpfcph_p_u tQsh__u âq¾ep R>¡.
k„kpf_y„ õhê$` Ar_Ðe, AifZ A_¡ Akpf R>¡.
k„kpf A¡ ApÐdp_u AiyÙ Ahõ\p R>¡. Ap AiyÙ
Ahõ\p `fpîe¡ \su lp¡hp\u s¡_¡ L$pB¡ Ap^pf L¡$ ifZ
_\u. s¡\u s¡ kss`Z¡ `gV$su fl¡ R>¡. kss`Z¡
`gV$su Ahõ\p A¡L$ kde_¡ dpV¡$ `Z [õ\f lp¡su
_\u. Ahõ\p L¡$ D`ep¡N_u A[õ\fsp A¡ S> ApLy$msp
R>¡ A_¡ ApLy$msp `p¡s¡ S> vy$:M R>.¡ Ap fus¡ k„kpf `p¡sp_p
õhê$`\u S> vy$:Mde R>¡.
k„kpfu Æh S>ÞddfZ, Qpf Nrs A_¡ `p„Q
âL$pf_p `fphs®_ê$` k„kpfQ¾$dp„ r_f„sf `qfc°dZ
`pdsp¡ A_¡L$ âL$pf_p A_„s vy$:Mp¡ cp¡Nh¡ R>¡ A_¡
s¡_¡ L$ep„e qL$„tQs¹ `Z kyM âpá \sy„ _\u.
Aop_u Æh `p„Q C[ÞÖep¡_p rhjep¡, kÑp-k„`rÑ
S>¡hu kp„kpqfL$ bpü bpbsp¡dp„\u kyM d¡mhhp_u
c°dZp fpM¡ R>¡. `Z Ap b^p„ `p¥v$¹ NrgL$ `v$p\p£ R>¡
A_¡ s¡dp„ L$ep„e kyM _\u. hmu `f`v$p\®dp„ kyM lp¡e
sp¡e `p¡sp_¡ dmu iL¡$ _rl. s¡\u k„kpfdp„\u kyM
65
d¡mhhy„ A¡ f¡sudp„\u s¡g L$pY$hp S>¡hy„ R>¡. k„kpf_p
L$lh
¡ psp kyM_u ip¡^dp„ S> Ap Æh Ap[ÐdL$ Asu[ÞÖe
kyM_¡ Nydphu b¡k¡ R>¡.
k„kpf_u kp_yL$| mspAp¡dp„ kyM dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>.¡
`Z `yÎep¡v$e\u âpá Ap kyM dp¡lS>Þe frsL$jpe_p
`qfZpd lp¡hp\u `fdp\®¡ s¡ vy$:M S> R>.¡ k„kpf_y„ L$lh
¡ psy„
kyM `fp^u_, bp^phpmy„, M„qX$$s, M¡v$rMß, b„^
krls_y,„ rhjd, nyå^, nrZL$, kp¡`pr^L$ A_¡ kp`¡n
lp¡hp\u AÐe„s ApLy$m R>¡ s¡\u s¡ vy$:M S> R>¡. Ap
kp„kpqfL$ L$l¡hpsy„ kyM AÐe„s r_L©$ô$, r_:kpf A_¡
r_f\®L$ lp¡hp\u sØ_ l¡e R>¡. s¡\u rh{Ù dp¡n A_¡
dp¡ndpN®_y„ kyM õhp^u_, bp^p rh_p_y„, AM„qX$s,
AM¡v$rMß, b„^ frls_y„, A¡L$ kfMy„, Anyå^,
ipïhs, r_ê`pq^L$ A_¡ r_f`¡n lp¡hp\u AÐe„s
r_fpLy$m R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u s¡ S> kpQy„ kyM R>.¡ Ap `pfdpr\®L$
kpQy„ kyM AÐe„s DÐL©$ô$, kpfc|s A_¡ kp\®L$ lp¡hp\u
`fd D`pv¡$e R>¡.
Ap âL$pf¡ k„kpfvy$:M A_¡ dp¡nkyM_u kpQu
kdS>Z L$fu_¡ k„kpf_p _pi_p¡ A_¡ dp¡n_u âpqá_p¡
D`pe rhQpfhp¡ s¡ k„kpfcph_p_u rQµsh_ âq¾$ep R>.¡
QRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQR
K k„kpfcph_p_y„ L L$p¡B`Z d_yóe L$p¡B`Z vy$:M hNf_p¡ lp¡e s¡hy„ Å¡hp
K L
K kp^_ L¡ $ L$pfZ L
TSTSTSTSTSTSTSTSTSTS
k„kpf_p„ vy$:Mde õhê$`_p L$pfZ¡ k„kpf_u
r_f\®L$sp A_¡ dp¡n_p kyMde õhê$`_p L$pfZ¡
dp¡ndpN®_u kp\®L$sp kdS>hu A¡ S>
k„kpfcph_p tQsh__y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ R>¡.
Ap k„kpfdp„ X$Ng¡ _¡ `Ng¡ vy$:M, vy$:M _¡ vy$:M S>
Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. S>Þd_y„ vy$:M, dfZ_y„ vy$:M, h©Ùp-
hõ\p_y„ vy$:M, ipfurfL$ vy$:M, dp_rkL$ vy$:M,
66
L$dp£v$eS>Þe vy$:M, rhjeS>Þe vy$:M, L$jpeS>Þe vy$:M,
`p`p¡v$e_p vy$:M, `yÎep¡v$e_p vy$:M, A[õ\fsp_p vy$:M
S>¡hp A_¡L$ âL$pf_p vy$:Mp¡ `¥L$u L$p¡B_¡ L$p¡B vy$:Mp¡
L$ped dpV¡$ lp¡e S> R>¡.
Ap`Z¡ L$pB¡ _u `pk¡ vy$:M_p NpZp NpBA¡ s¡ `l¡gp„
S> s¡ `p¡sp_p fp¡v$Zp„ fp¡hp dp„X¡$ R>¡. L$p¡B_¡ Bô$_p
rhep¡N_y„ sp¡ L$p¡B_¡ Ar_ô$_p k„ep¡N_y„ vy$:M lp¡e R>¡.
L$pB¡ _¡ L$L$® ip õÓu_y„ vy$:M sp¡ L$pB¡ _¡ AÐepQpfu `y{j_y„
vy$:M, L$p¡B_¡ hp„Y$p fl¡hp_y„ vy$:M sp¡ L$p¡B_¡ `fZhp\u
\sy„ vy$:M, L$p¡B_¡ k^hp`Zp\u vy$:M sp¡ L$p¡B_¡
rh^hp`Zp_y„ vy$:M, L$p¡B_¡ hp„rTep fl¡hp_y„ vy$:M sp¡
L$p¡ B _¡ k„ s p_ lp¡ e sp¡ e vy $ :M, L$p¡ B _¡ `y Ó _p
L$`psf`Zp_y„ vy$:M sp¡ L$p¡B_¡ `yÓu_p Ly$ApQfZ\u
vy$:M, r_^®__¡ ^_ _ lp¡e s¡_y„ vy$:M sp¡ ^_hp__¡
h^su S>su s©óZp_y„ vy$:M, fp¡Nu_¡ h¡v$_p_y„ vy$:M sp¡
r_fp¡Nu_¡ fp¡N\u bQu ifuf_¡ kpQhhp_y„ vy$:M,
Mphp_y„ _ dm¡ Ðepf¡ c|M_y„ vy$:M A_¡ cphsp cp¡S>_
dm¡ Ðepf¡ X$p¡L$V$f s¡ Mphp_u d_pB afdph¡ s¡_y„ vy$:M,
L$p¡B_¡ vy$íd_\u \su v$MgNufu_y„ vy$:M sp¡ L$p¡B_¡
rdÓ\u \su rlsiÓysp_y„ vy$:M, L$pB¡ _¡ A`dp__y„ vy$:M
sp¡ L$p¡B_¡ kÞdp__u Ap¡R>$`_y„ vy$:M. Ap S>Nsdp„
dmsy„ _\u. d_yóeÆh_dp„ f¢V$_p Q¾$_u S>d ¡ A¡L$ vy$:M
dV¡$ Ðep„ buSy>„ vy$:M Aphu_¡ Ecy„ S> lp¡e R>¡.
Aop_u Æh `yÎep¡v$e\u âpá kp_yL$| m k„ep¡Np¡dp„
kyM dp_¡ R>¡. sp¡`Z s¡ L$p¡B kpQy„ kyM _\u. su\¯L$f
S>¡hp khp£ÐL©$ô$ `yÎe_p ^Zu kp„kpqfL$ kh® âL$pf_u
kp_yL|$m kpdN°uAp¡_p¡ ÐepN L$fu_¡ ApÐdp_u kp^_p
L$fhp dpV¡$ dyr_v$unp A„NuL$pf L$fu_¡ h_dp„ hk¡ R>¡, s¡
S> bsph¡ R>¡ L¡$ k„kpfdp„ ¼ep„e kyM lp¡sy„ _\u.
Aop_u_p Aop__p L$pfZ¡ S> S>¡dp„ kyM _\u s¡dp„
kyM cpk¡ R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 `p¡sp_y„ kpQy„ kyM dp¡ndpN®_u ApÐdrls_u
kp^_pdp„ S> R>¡. Ap âL$pf¡ k„kpf_u r_f\®L$sp A_¡
dp¡ndpN®_u kp\®L$sp kdS>hu s¡ S> k„kpfcph_p_p
tQsh__y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ b_¡ R>¡.
QRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQR
K L$B fus¡ hõsyõhê$`_u L
K L
K kdS>Z L$fph_pf R>¡ ? L
TSTSTSTSTSTSTSTSTSTS
Ap Æh_¡ S>¡dp„ kyM cpk¡ s¡ s¡_p¡ A\} lp¡e R>¡.
S>¡_¡ k„kpfdp„ kyM cpk¡ s¡ k„kpfp\} A_¡ dp¡ndp„ kyM
cpk¡ s¡ dp¡np\} R>.¡ k„kpf A_¡ dp¡n A¡L$buÅ\u sØ_
rh{$Ù A_¡ rh`fus R>¡. s¡\u S>¡ k„kpfp\} lp¡e s¡
dp¡np\} lp¡e iL¡$ _rl A_¡ S>¡ dp¡np\} lp¡e s¡
k„kpfp\} k„chu iL¡$ _rl.
A_pqv$ k„kpf_p¡ Acph L$fu dp¡n_u âprá L$fhp
dpV¡$ k„kpfp\}`Ï„ V$pmu dp¡np\}`Ï„ âNV$phhy„ AÐe„s
AphíeL$ R>¡ `Z Ap dpV¡$ k„kpfvy$:M A_¡ dp¡nkyM_u
kdS>Z S>ê$fu R>¡. S>¡ k„kpfcph_p_p Aæepk\u
Aph¡ R>¡.
k„kpfcph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp\u k„kpf A¡
ApÐdp_u AiyÙ A_¡ A[õ\f v$ip lp¡hp\u vy$:Mê$`
R>¡ A_¡ dp¡n A¡ ApÐdp_u iyÙ A_¡ [õ\f v$ip lp¡hp\u
kyMê$` R>,¡ s¡ bpbs kdÅe R>.¡ dp¡n_y„ kyM hpõsrhL$
A_¡ `pfdpr\®L$ lp¡hp\u s¡ S> kpQy„ kyM R>.¡ A_¡ k„kpf_y„
L$lh¡ psy„ kyM L$pë`r_L$ A_¡ R>s¡ fpdÏ„ lp¡hp\u s¡ kpQy„
kyM _\u, `Z kyMpcpk R>¡. S>¡d Tp„Thpdp„ S>m_p¡
Apcpk R>¡ s¡d k„kpfdp„ `Z kyM_p¡ Apcpk R>¡.
hpõshdp„ k„kpfdp„ L$ep„e kyM lp¡s„y S> _\u. kpQy kyM
B[ÞÖe A_¡ Asu[ÞÖe ¾¡$ gp¥qL$L$ A_¡ Agp¥qL$L$ A¡d
b¡ âL$pf_y„ lp¡s„y _\u. s¡\u k„kpfdp„ A_¡ dp¡ndp„ b¡edp„
kyM k„chsy„ _\u. dp¡ndp„ S> ApÐdp_y„ kpQy kyM R>¡.
3. k„kpfcph_p
A_¡ k„kpfdp„ rbgLy$g _\u. s¡hu kyM-vy$:M_p
õhê$`_u kdS>Z k„kpfcph_p_p Aæepk\u Aph¡
R>¡. s¡\u k„kpfcph_p_p¡ Aæepk hõsyõhê$`_u
kdS>Z L$fph_pf `Z R>¡.
QRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQR
K L
K L$B fus¡ h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ R>¡ ? L
TSTSTSTSTSTSTSTSTSTS
k„kpfcph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp\u k„kpfdp„\u
kyMbyqÙ V$mu Åe R>¡. k„kpfdp„ L$ep„e kyM _\u A_¡
s¡ vy$:M_p¡ S> v$qfep¡ R>¡ s¡ bpbs kdÅe R>¡. s¡\u
k„kpf_u Akpfsp A_¡ r_f\®L$sp cpk¡ R>.¡ s¡_p L$pfZ¡
k„kpf_y„ L$p¡B âep¡S>_ cpksy„ _\u. s¡\u k„kpf âÐe¡
D`¡np L¡$ Dv$pku_sp Aph¡ R>¡. S>¡_¡ k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡
h¥fpÁe L$l¡ R>¡.
Ap Æh_y„ A¡L$ dpÓ âep¡S>_ kyM âpá L$fhp_y„
lp¡e R>¡. Æh_u L$p¡B `Z âh©rs A_¡ s¡_p¡ `°eÐ_ kyM
d¡mhhp dpV¡$ S> lp¡e R>¡. S>¡dp„ kyMbyqÙ lp¡e s¡_y„
âep¡S>_ fl¡ R>¡. A_¡ S>¡_y„ âep¡S>_ lp¡e s¡_u A`¡np L¡$
cph_p lp¡e R>¡. S>¡dp„ kyMbyqÙ _ lp¡e s¡_y„ `°ep¡S>_
fl¡sy„ _\u. A_¡ S>¡_y„ `°ep¡S>_ _ lp¡e s¡_p âÐe¡ D`¡np
L¡$ Dv$pku_psp Aph¡ R>¡. k„kpfcph_p_p Aæepk\u
dp¡ndp„ S> kyM cpkhp\u dp¡ndpN®_u A`¡np L¡$
cph_p Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡ k„kpfdp„\u kyMby[Ù V$mu S>sp
k„kpf âÐe¡ D`¡np L¡$ Dv$pku_sp Aph¡ R>¡, S>¡_¡ k„kpf
âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
k„kpfcph_p_p¡ Aæepk k„kpfdp„\u kyMbyqÙ V$pmu
k„kpf_u Akpfsp A_¡ r_f\®L$sp kdÅh_pfp¡ lp¡hp\u s¡
k„kpf âÐe¡_p `°bm h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ b_u fl¡ R>.¡
67
QRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQR kp„kpqfL$ kyM dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ s¡ Mf¡Mf kyM
K âep¡S_`|h®L$_y„ rhi¡j am L _\u. sp¡`Z A`pfdpr\®L$ ê$qY$\u s¡_¡ kyM L$l¡hp_u
K L
TSTSTSTSTSTSTSTSTSTS `Ùrs R>¡.
buÆ v$f¡ L $ cph_p_u S>¡ d k„ k pfcph_p_p k„kpf_y„ L$l¡hpsy„ kyM AÐe„s ApLy$m A_¡ Akpf
Aæepk_y„ âep¡S>_ op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u DÐ`rÑ R>¡. s¡\u s¡ `fdp\£ vy$:M S> R>¡. s¡_p\u rh{Ù dp¡n_y„
L$fphhp_y„ R>¡. k„kpfcph_p_p Aæepk\u kyM- hpõsrhL$ kyM AÐe„s A_pLy$m A_¡ A_„s kpfhpmy„
vy$:M_p kpQp õhê$`_u kdS>Z \pe R>¡ A_¡ k„kpf R>¡. s¡\u s¡ S> `fdp\£ kyM R>¡.
`p¡sp_p õhê$`\u S> vy$:Mde R>¡ s¡ kdÅe R>.¡ vy$:Mde S>Ns_p L$l¡hpsp kp„kpqfL$ kyM\u sØ_ rh`fus
k„ k pf_u Akpfsp kdÅhp\u k„ k pf âÐe¡ _ p¡ A¡h„y dp¡n_y„ `pfdpr\®L$ kyM Agp¥qL$L$ A_¡ AtQÐe R>.¡
kdS>Z`|h®L$_p¡ h¥fpÁe DÐ`ß \pe R>¡. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ s¡ A_ychNp¡Qf R>¡ A_¡ hQ_Np¡Qf _\u. s¡\u s¡_y„
op_`|h®L$_p¡ h¥fpÁe DÐ`ß \pe R>¡. op_`|h®L$_p¡ L$pB¡ L$\_ L¡$ hZ®_ lp¡s„y _\u. sp¡ `Z k„kpfcph_p_p
h¥ f pÁe DÐ`ß \hp_u kp\¡ k„ k pfcph_p_p Aæepk\u k„kpf_p vy$:M_u S>¡d dp¡n_p kyM_u
Aæepk_p rhi¡j am `¥L$u _d|_pê$` dy¿e b¡ am kdS>Z dm¡ R>¡.
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Ap âdpZ¡ R>¡• • •
• 2. ApÐdp\}`Zp_u âNV$sp •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
1. k„kpfvy$:M A_¡ dp¡nkyM_u kdS>Z
A¡L$ dpÓ ApÐdrls_y„ S> âep¡S>_, gÿe A_¡
2. ApÐdp\}`Zp_u âNV$sp Âe¡e lp¡e s¡_¡ ApÐdp\}`Ï„ L$l¡ R>¡. ApÐdp_y„
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
rls dp¡ndpN® A_¡ dp¡ndp„ R>¡. s¡\u ApÐdp\}`Zp_¡
• 1. k„ k pfvy $ :M A_¡ dp¡ n ky M _u • dp¡np\}`Ï„ `Z L$l¡ R>¡. k„kpfdp„\u kyMbyqÙ
• kdS>Z • V$mu `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_p dp¡n A_¡ dp¡ndpN®dp„
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
k„kpfdp„ kyM L$l¡hpsu `yÎep¡v$e\u âpá kyMbyqÙ õ\`psp Aphy„ ApÐdp\}`Ï„ L¡$ dp¡np\}`Ï„
kp_yL$| mspAp¡ `Z vy$:Mê$` lp¡e R>¡ s¡hu kdS>Z_¡ âNV¡$ R>¡.
k„kpfvy$:M A_¡ A¡L$ dpÓ dp¡ndpN® A_¡ dp¡ndp„ ApÐdp_y„ rls ApÐdp_p kyMdp„ R>¡ A_¡ ApÐdp_y„
kpQy„ kyM ApÐdp_p dp¡n A_¡ dp¡ndpN®dp„ R>.¡ Ap Æh_¡
S> ApÐdp_y„ kpQy kyM lp¡e R>¡ s¡hu kdS>Z_¡
S>¡dp„ kyM S>Zpe s¡ s¡_p¡ A\} lp¡e R>¡. k„kpfdp„
dp¡nkyM L$l¡ R>¡. k„kpfvy$:M A_¡ dp¡nkyM_u Aphu kyMbyqÙ fpM_pfp¡ k„kpfp\} A_¡ dp¡ndp„ kyM
kdS>Z k„kpfcph_p_p Aæepk\u Aph¡ R>¡. dp__pfp¡ dp¡np\} L¡$ ApÐdp\} R>.¡ k„kpfdp„ L$ep„e `Z
k„kpf `p¡sp_p õhê$`\u S> vy$:Mde R>¡. s¡\u kyM _ cpk¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_y„ kyM `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_p
k„kpfdp„ ¼ep„e qL„rQs¹ `ZkyM lp¡sy„ _\u. kyM A¡ dp¡ndpN® A_¡ dp¡ndp„ S> cpk¡ s¡ ApÐdp\} R>¡.
ApÐdp_u õhpcprhL$ iyÙ Ahõ\p R>¡. iyÙsp l„d¡ip„
k„kpfu Æh A_¡L$ âL$pf_p¡ A\} A¡V$g¡ L¡$ âep¡S>_
A¡L$ S> âL$pf¡ lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p b¡ âL$pf lp¡sp _\u.
^fph_pfp¡ lp¡e R>¡. k„kpfu Æh_p A_¡L$ âL$pf_p
s¡\u kyM_p `Z kp„kpqfL$ A_¡ `pfdpr\®L$ A¡hp b¡
âep¡S>__¡ dy¿eÐh¡ Qpf âL$pfdp„ hl¢Qu iL$pe R>¡. 1.
âL$pf _\u. `yÎep¡v$e\u âpá kp_yL|$m k„ep¡Np¡dp„ ^d®, f. A\®, 3. L$pd A_¡ 4. dp¡n.

68 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

 ^d® A¡V$g¡ L¡$ `yÎe, A\® A¡V$g¡ L¡$ ^_,
L$pd A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $ rhjecp¡ N A_¡ dp¡ n A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $
k„kpf_p b„^_dp„\u dy[¼s R>¡.
Al] ^d®, A\®, A_¡ L$pd A¡ ÓZ¡e k„kpf kp\¡
k„b„r^s R>¡. kpdpÞe fus¡ A¡ ÓZ¡e A¡L$kp\¡ Å¡hp
dm¡ R>¡. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ A¡ ÓZ `¥L$u A¡L$_y„ âep¡S>_ lp¡e
s¡_¡ bpL$u_p b¡_y„ âep¡S>_ `Z lp¡e S> R>¡. s¡\u
^d®, A\® A_¡ L$pd A¡ ÓZ¡e_p kd|l_¡ qÓhN®
L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡ dp¡n A¡ qÓhN®\u A¡L$v$d
AgN A_¡ rh`fus lp¡hp\u s¡_¡ A`hN® L$l¡hpdp„
Aph¡ R>¡ . Al] S>¡ _ ¡ qÓhN® _ y „ âep¡ S >_ lp¡ e s¡
k„kpfp\} A_¡ A`hN®_y„ âep¡S>_ lp¡e s¡ dp¡np\}
R>¡. S>¡ Æh_¡ v$ep, v$p_, h°s, s`,c[¼s, `yÅqv$
iyccphdp„ kyMbyrÙ R>¡ s¡_¡ `yÎe_y„ âep¡S>_ R>¡
A¡V$g¡ L¡$ s¡ `yÎep\} R>¡. s¡ S> fus¡ kÑp, k„`[Ñ,
dp¡V$f, b„Ngp hN¡f¡dp„ kyMbyqÙ A_¡ s¡_y„ âep¡S>_
R>¡ s¡ ^_p\} R>¡. `p„Q B[ÞÖep¡_p rhjecp¡Ndp„ S>¡_¡
ky M S>Zpe R>¡ A_¡ s¡ \ u s¡ _ y „ âep¡ S >_ R>¡ s¡
rhjep\} R>¡. `yÎep\}, ^_p\} A_¡ rhjep\} A¡
ÓZ¡e âL$pf k„kpf kp\¡ k„b„r^s R>¡. s¡\u Ap ÓZ¡e
L¡$ s¡ `¥L$u L$p¡Bdp„ kyMbyqÙ A_¡ s¡_y„ âep¡S>_ lp¡e
s¡ Æh k„kpfp\} R>¡. A_¡ s¡_p\u rh{$Ù S>¡_¡
A¡L$ dpÓ k„kpf_p b„^_dp„\u dy[¼s A¡V$g¡ L¡$ dp¡ndp„
S> kyMbyqÙ A_¡ s¡\u s¡_y„ S> âep¡S>_ R>¡ s¡ Æh
dp¡np\} L¡$ ApÐdp\} R>¡.
ApÐdp\}`Ï„ A_¡ k„kpfp\}`Ï„ A¡L$buÅ\u
sØ_ rcß A_¡ rh`fus R>¡. s¡\u s¡Ap¡ A¡L$kp\¡
k„ c hu iL$sp _\u. S>¡ _ ¡ kp„ k pqfL$ k„ e p¡ N p¡ L¡ $
k„ep¡Nucphp¡dp„ qL„$rQs¹ `Z kyMbyqÙ R>¡ s¡ Æh
k„kpfp\} R>¡ A_¡ ApÐdp\} _\u A_¡ s¡\u EgVy$
S>¡_¡ ApÐdpdp„ A_¡ dp¡ndpN®dp„ kyM cpk¡ R>¡ s¡
ApÐdp\} R>¡ A_¡ k„kpfp\} _\u.
3. k„kpfcph_p
k„kpfcph_p_p Aæepk\u kyM-vy$:M_y„ kpQy„
õhê$` kdÅe R>.¡ k„kpf `p¡sp_p õhê$`\u S> v$:y Mde
R>¡ A_¡ s¡dp„ L$ep„e qL„rQs¹ `Z kyM k„chsy„ _\u.
k„kpfdp„ S>¡_¡ kyM dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡, s¡ `Z `fdp\£
vy$:M S> lp¡e R¡, s¡\u k„kpf Akpf A_¡ r_f\®L$ R>¡.
ApÐdp õhed¡h kyMõhcphu R>¡. s¡\u s¡_y„ kyM
dp¡ndpN® A_¡ dp¡ndp„ R>¡. Ap âL$pf_u kdS>Z\u
k„kpfdp„\u kyMbyqÙ Vm¡ R>¡ A_¡ dp¡ndp„ kyMbyqÙ
Aph¡ R>¡. S>¡dp„ kyMbyqÙ lp¡e s¡_y„ A\}`Ï„ lp¡e R>¡.
k„kpfdp„\u kyMbyqÙ V$msp„ A_pqv$\u Qpëey„ Aphsy„
k„kpfp\}`Ï„ V$m¡ R>¡ A_¡ dp¡ndp„ kyMbyqÙ \sp
dp¡np\} L¡$ ApÐdp\}`Ï„ âNV¡$ R>¡.
D`k„lpf
`p¡sp_p ApÐdp_p qÓL$pm ^°yh iyÙ õhê`_p
õhpîe_p bv$g¡ ifufpqv$_p `fpîe¡ r_f„sf `gV$su
ApÐdp_u AiyÙ Ahõ\p S> `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_p¡ kpQp¡
k„kpf R>¡. k„kpf_y„ õhê` Ar_Ðe, AifZ, A[õ\f
A_¡ ApLy$mspde lp¡hp\u AÐe„s vy$:Mê` R>¡.
k„kpfdp„ L$l¡hpsy„ kyM `Z ApLy$mspde lp¡hp\u
`fdp\£ vy$:M S> R>¡.
kOmp¡ k„kpf vy$:M_p¡ S> v$php_m R>.¡ s¡dp„ L$ep„e
qL„$tQs¹ `Z kyM L¡$ ip„rs _\u. s¡\u k„kpf A_¡
k„kpf_p¡ dpN® Akpf R>¡. A_¡ s¡_p\u rh{Ù dp¡ndp„
S> ApÐdp_u `fd ip„rs A_¡ kyM R>¡. s¡\u dp¡n A_¡
dp¡n_p¡ dpN® kpfc|s R>¡. Ap âL$pf_u rhQpfZp_¡
k„kpfcph_p L$l¡ R>¡.
k„kpfcph_p_p tQsh_ Üpfp k„kpfdp„\u R|>V$u
dp¡ n dpN® _ p¡ ApÐdrls_p¡ D`pe Ad| ë e
d_yóeÆh_dp„ k„ch¡ R>¡. s¡\u byqÙipmu rhh¡L$u
d_yóe¡ kp„kpqfL$ L$pep£dp„ fÃep`Ãep fl¡hp_¡ bv$g¡
ApÐdrls_p `pfdpr\®L$ L$pe® dpV¡$_p¡ `|fsp¡ kde
69
apmhhp¡ Å¡BA¡. sp¡`Z d|Y$ d_yóe `pfdpr\®L$ L$pe®dp„
âdpv$ k¡h¡ R>¡. Aphp d_yóe_¡ k„kpf_u Akpfsp
kdÅhu k„kpfcph_p Üpfp ApÐdrls kp^hp_u
â¡fZp L$fsp `„. c|^fv$pkÆ L$l¡ R>¡
ÜU¢ãê Í¢Ú Ðé~¢ …¢²¢ñ ÜU¢ãê ÜUï ç±²¢ïx¢ ¥¢²¢ñ,
ÜU¢ãê Ú¢x¢-Úæx¢ ÜU¢ãê ڢ異 Ú¢ï§ü ÜUÚè ãñ J
…㢠|¢¢Ý ©x¢¼ ©À¢ã x¢è¼ x¢¢Ý Îï¶ï,
„¢æÛ¢ „}¢ñ ¼¢ãè ƒ¢Ý 㢲 㢲 ÐÚè ãñ JJ
¥ï„è …x¢Úèç¼ ÜU¢ïÝ Îïç¶ |¢²|¢è¼ ã¢ï²,
㢠㢠ÝÚ }¢êÉ ! ¼ïÚè }¢ç¼ ÜU¢ñÝï ãÚè ãñ J
}¢¢Ý鯅Ý}¢ Т² „¢ï±¼ ç±ã¢² …¢²,
¶¢ï±¼ ÜUÚ¢ïÚÝ ÜUè ¥ïÜU-¥ïÜU Í¢Çè ãñ JJ
cphp\® : Alp¡ ! k„kpfdp„ L$p¡B_p Ofdp„ `yÓ_p¡ S>Þd
\pe R>¡ A_¡ L$p¡B_p Ofdp„ õhS>__y„ dfZ \pe R>¡.
s¡\u L$p¡B A¡L$ Ofdp„ `yÓS>Þd_u h^pB_p¡ f„N-fpNde
DÐkh lp¡e s¡ S> kde¡ L$p¡B AÞe Ofdp„ dfZ_p
ip¡L$_u fp¡L$L$m lp¡e R>¡. hmu S>¡ S>ÁepA¡ `°ps:L$pm¡
_©Ðe-Np_pqv$ hX¡$ DÐkh DS>hsp Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡ s¡
S> õ\m¡ k„Âep kde¡ lpe ! lpe ! _p¡ L$êZ rhgp`
k„cmpe R>¡. s¡\u kOmp¡ k„kpf OZp¡ rhrQÓ A_¡
vy$:Mde lp¡hp\u Akpf R>¡.
k„kpf_p Aphp õhê`_¡ Å¡B_¡ `Z l¡ dyY$ d_yóe ! sy„
k„kpf\u cecus \B_¡ k„kpf_p Acph_p¡ D`pe
L$fsp¡ _\u. k„kpfcph_p_p tQsh_ Üpfp k„kpf_p
Acph_p¡ D`pe d_yóeS>Þddp„ \B iL$sp¡ lp¡hp\u
d_yóeÆh__u A¡L$-A¡L$ OX$u L$fp¡X$p¡ kyhZ®dlp¡fp¡\u
`Z Ar^L$ d|ëehp_ R>¡. Aphp Ad|ëe d_yóe-
Æh_dp„ k„kpfcph_p_p tQsh_ Üpfp ApÐdrls
kp^hp_¡ bv$g¡ s¡ L$pe®dp„ âdpv$u flu_¡ ìe\® Nydphu
füp¡ R>¡. sp¡ spfu byqÙ L$p¡Z¡ lfu gu^u R>¡ ?
(S>¥_ isL$ : L$pìe _„. 1`, `p_y f6)

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k„kpfcph_p_p¡ rhiv$ A_¡ rhõs©s Aæepk L$fhp dpV¡$ g¡ML$_y„ `yõsL
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k„`|Z® kdS|>su Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡g R>¡. `yÎep¡v$eS>Þe âh©rsdp„ S>¡ kyM dp_hpdp„ Aph¡
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70 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

 M k„kpfcph_p_u L\p M
fpS>Q¾$u bÞep
ip„rs_p\ cNhp_ su\ƒL$f, Q¾$hs} A_¡
L$pdv¡$h A¡hu ÓZ `v$huAp¡_p ^pfL$ lsp.
Q¾$hs} sfuL¡$ s¡Ap¡ dlpfpS> ip„rsLy$dpf sfuL¡$
ârkÙ lsp. dlpfpÅ ip„rsLy$dpf cfsn¡Ó_p
kdõs R> M„X$_p Ar^`rs, v¡$hp¡`r_s
_hr_r^\u kyip¡rcs, Qp¥v$ fÐ_p¡_p ^pfL$,
R>ßy lÅf d_p¡lf fpZuAp¡_p õhpdu, R>pkW$$
lÅf fpS>Ly$dpfp¡_p r`sp lsp. kp¥^d® BÞÖ
Üpfp s¡d_u sl¡_psdp„ fMpe¡gp kp¡m lÅf
v¡$hp¡ s¡d_u k¡hp dpV¡$ l„d¡ip„ sÐ`f fl¡sp.
Aphp Q¾$hsu® dlpfpÅ ip„rsLy$dpf_p¡ 7`
lÅfdp¡ S>Þdqv$_ cpf¡ ^pd^yd A_¡
3. k„kpfcph_p
^d®Q¾$u
ljp£ëgpk\u DS>hpB füp¡ R>¡. Qpf¡L$p¡f d„Ng
hpÅ hpNu füp R>¡. W¡$f W¡$f ^Å-`spL$p A_¡
sp¡fZ ip¡cu füp R>¡. v¡$ip¡v¡$i\u DÑd c¡V$
gB_¡ A_¡L$ fpSpAp¡ Aphu `lp¢Ãep R>¡. kp¥^d®
BÞÖ `Z A¥fphs lp\u D`f khpf \B_¡
l[õs_p`yf `lp¢Qu Nep R>¡. Q¾$hs} dlpfpÅ
ip„rsLy$dpf `Z v¥$hu hõÓpcyjZ `l¡fu_¡
fpS>v$fbpfdp„ S>hp dpV¡$ s¥epf \sp v$`®Zdp„
dyM v¡$Mu füp R>¡. Ðep„ sp¡ •••
“Af¡
Af¡! Ap....iy„ ??” Q¾$hs} A¡L$v$d
Qd¼ep.... v$`®Z_p ârstbbdp„ S>¡ v¥$hu
hõÓpc|jZ krls_y„ ky„v$fê$` v¡$Mpey„ s¡ syfs
71
S> `gV$pB_¡ hõÓrhrl_ qv$N„bfv$ip`Z¡ kp„kpqfL$ kyM Mphp_u BÃR>p, `uhp_u BÃR>p,
S>Zpey„ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ Q¾$hs}`v$ A_¡ dyr_`v$ A¡ d¥\y__u BÃR>p, S>¡hu A_¡L$ âL$pf_u BÃR>p
bß¡_p õhê$` s¡dZ¡ hpfpafsu Å¡ep. A_¡ krls_y„ lp¡sy„ \Ly„$ bp^p krls`Zp_p L$pfZ¡
syfs S> s¡d_p op_v$`®Zdp„ `p¡sp_p `|h®_p kìepbp^ R>¡. dyr_v$ip_y„ r_rh®L$ë`
A_¡L$ chp¡_y„ õdfZ Apìey„: õhp_ycr| s\u DÐ`ß `pfdpr\®L$ kyM L$pB¡ `Z
“Af¡...! `|h£ lz„ rhv¡l$ n¡Ódp„ hÇ>pey^ _pd_p¡ âL$pf_u s©óZp_u âNV$ ìeL$ssp rh_p_y„ lp¡sy„
Q¾$hs} lsp¡. r`sp n¡d„L$f su\ƒL$f_p \Ly„$ bp^pfrls`Zp_p L$pfZ¡ Aìepbp^ R>¡.
kdhkfZdp„ S>B_¡ rS>_vu$np N°lZ L$f¡g. `yÎep¡v$e\u âpá Q¾$hs}_y„ L$dp®^u_
Af¡! Ap buÆhpf lz„ Q¾$hs} `v$_¡ `pçep¡ Ry>„. kp„kpqfL$ kyM `p`p¡v$e\u Ãe|s \B S>sy„
lp¡hp\u M„qX$s R>¡. iyÙp¡`ep¡N\u r_ó`ß
`|h£_y„ Q¾$hs}`v$ A_¡ dyr_v$ip A¡ bß¡_p
dyr_v$ip_y„ ApÐdp^u_ `pfdpr\®L$ kyM L$pB¡ _p
õhê$`_p¡ sp×íe rQspf dpfp r_d®m
hX¡$ R>u_hu _rl iL$psy„ lp¡hp\u AM„qX$s R>¡.
ÅrsõdfZop_dp„ âÐen sfhf¡ R>¡. s¡_p
Ap^pf¡ S>Zpe R>¡ L¡$, dyr_v$ipdp„ S>¡ ip„rs R>¡, Q¾$hs}_y„ B[ÞÖe kyM cp¡Np¡`cp¡N_u
ip¡cp R>¡, kyM R>¡ s¡ Q¾$hs}`v$dp„ _\u. âh©rÑ_p L$pfZ¡ R>¡. cp¡Np¡`cp¡N_p dpN®_¡
dyr_v$ip_y„ `pfdpr\®L$ Ap[ÐdL$ Asu[ÞÖe kyM hmN¡gu fpNpqv$ v$p¡jp¡_u k¡_p A_ykpf
A_¡ Q¾$hs}`v$_„y kp„kpqfL$ rhjeS>Þe B[ÞÖe crhóedp„ klu _ iL$pe s¡hp _fL$pqv$ vy$:M_p
kyM hÃQ¡ Apkdp_-S>du__y„ A„sf R>¡.” DÐ`pv$L$ L$d®fS>_p ^_`V$g_p¡ kb„^ \pe R>¡.
s¡\u s¡ b„^_y„ L$pfZ R>¡. dyr_v$ip_y„ Asu[ÞÖe
Q¾$hs}_p kp„kpqfL$ kyM A_¡ dyr_v$ip_p
kyM iyÙp¡`ep¡N_u âh©rÑ_p L$pfZ¡ R>¡.
`pfdpr\®L$ kyM hÃQ¡_p¡ c¡v$ rhQpfsp k„kpfcph>_p
cphsp ip„rsLy$dpf d_p¡d_> L$l¡hp gpÁep : iyÙp¡`ep¡N_p dpN®_¡ hmN¡gu husfpNu
`qfZrs A_ykpf crhóedp„ dp¡n_p kyM_p¡
“Af¡ ! Q¾$hs}`v$_y„ kp„kpqfL$ kyM DÐ`pv L$f_pfu$ L$d®_u r_S>®fp \pe R>¡. s¡\u s¡
Tp„Thp_p S>m S>¡hy„ S|>Wy„ A_¡ R>¡sfpdÏ„ R>¡. dp¡n_y„ L$pfZ R>¡.
dyr_v$ip_y„ `pfdpr\®L$ kyM S> kpQy„ A_¡
hpõsrhL$ R>¡. Q¾$hs}_y„ kyM L$d_ ® p Dv$e\u DÐ`ß \e¡g
L$dp®^u_ AiyÙ rhcph `qfZrs_p L$pfZ¡ R>¡.
Q¾$hs}_y„ rhjeS>Þe B[ÞÖekyM `p„Q L$d®_p¡ Dv$e Aip„s A_¡ Qgpedp_ lp¡hp\u
B[ÞÖep¡ A_¡ s¡_p rhjep¡_¡ Ahg„bu_¡ \sy„ s¡_¡ Ahg„b_pfu `qfZrs A[õ\f Q„Ö_u
lp¡hp\u `fp^u_ R>¡. dyr_v$ip_y„ AprÐdL$ L$mp_¡ Ahg„b_pfp kdyÖ_p S>m_u dpaL$
Asu[ÞÖe kyM `f_p kb„^ hNf iyÙpÐdp_¡ A[õ\f fl¡ R>¡. Q¾$hs}_y„ L$l¡hpsy„ kyM Aphu
Ahg„bu_¡ \sy„ lp¡hp\u õhp^u_ R>¡. L$dp®_yrhÛpqe_u A¡L$ kfMu _ fl¡su A[õ\f
Q¾$hs}_y„ krhL$ë` `fp_yc|rs\u DÐ`ß rhcph `qfZrs_¡ L$pfZ¡ lp¡hp\u rhjd R>¡.

72 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

dyr_v$ip_y„ kyM L$d®_p ne\u DÐ`ß \e¡g Q¾$hs}`v$_p¡ h¥ch ^|m_p Y¡$ap S>¡hp¡ R>¡.
ApÐdp^u_ iyÙõhcph `qfZrs_p L$pfZ¡ R>¡. dyr_v$ip_p h_S>„Ng_p dy¼s r_hpk `pk¡
ApÐdp_p¡ iyÙõhcph ip„s A_¡ r_òm kyhZ®r_rd®s fpS>dl¡g L$pfpN©l R>.¡ dyr_v$ip\u
lp¡hp\u s¡_¡ Ahg„h_pfu `qfZrs [õ\f âpá rihfdZu_u ip¡cp `pk¡ fpZuAp¡_p ê$`
õhê$`_¡ Ahg„b_pfp kfp¡hf_p„ S>m_u dpaL$ Ly$ê$` R>¡. dyr_v$ip_p Asu[ÞÖe Ap_„v$pd©s_p
[õ\f fl¡ R>¡. dyr_v$ip_y„ hpõsrhL$ kyM Aphu cp¡NhV$p `pk¡ QL$°hs}_p cp¡N T¡f S>¡hp R>¡.”
Q¥sÞep_yrh^pre_u A¡L$ kfMu fl¡su [õ\f Ap âL$pf¡ k„kpfcph_p cphsp dlpfpÅ
õhcph `qfZrs_¡ L$pfZ¡ lp¡hp\u kd R>¡. ip„rsLy$dpf k„kpf\u AÐe„s rhfL$s \ep. A_¡
Ap fus¡ Q¾$hs}`v$_„y L$lh
¡ psy„ kyM `fp^u_, Akpf k„kpf_p¡ Acph L$fhp dpV¡$ k„edv$ip
kìepbp^, M„qX$s, b„^_y„ L$pfZ A_¡ rhjd A„NuL$pf L$fhp L©$sr_òeu \ep. A_¡
R>¡. s¡\u s¡ AÐe„s lu_ A_¡ l¡e R>¡. dyr_v$ip_y„ õhS>_p¡_u qhv$pe gB õhe„v$urns \ep.
hpõsrhL$ kyM õhp^u_, Aìepbp^, AM„qX$s, lh¡, dlpfpÅ ip„rsLy$dpf dyr_fpS> \ep.
dp¡n_y„ L$pfZ A_¡ kd R>.¡ s¡\u s¡ `fd DÐL©$ô$ L¡$hmop_ âNV$phu su\„µL$f ip„rs_p\ \ep.
A_¡ D`pv¡$e R>.¡ s¡Ap¡ fpS>Q¾$u dV$u ^d®Q¾$u \ep.
Af¡ ! dpfp¡ Ahspf dyr_v$ip A„NuL$pf L$fu Qp¡\p¡ L$pm lp¡hp R>sp„ hs®dp_ lz„X$p
dp¡n d¡mhhp dpV¡$_p¡ R>¡. dpfp Æh__p 7` hkr`®Zu L$pm_p âcph¡ _hdp kyrhr^_p\
lÅf hjp£ sp¡ husu Nep. `p¡Zu Æ„v$Nu cNhp_\u kp¡mdp„ ip„rs_p\ cNhp_ ky^u_p
`gL$hpfdp„ `kpf \B NB. lh¡ Q¾$hs}_p A„sfpm kps Npmpdp„ kps hMs ^d®_p¡ rhÃR>v¡ $
fpÄe hluhV$dp„ fp¡L$phy„ dpfp dpV¡$ ep¡Áe _\u.
\e¡gp¡. `f„sy fpS>Q¾$udp„\u ^d®Q¾$u b_¡gp
dyr_v$ip_p fÐ_Óe `pk¡ Q¾$hs}_p Qp¥v$ ip„rs_p\ cNhp_¡ S>Nph¡gu ^d®_u Äep¡s
fÐ_p¡ syÃR> R>¡. dyr_v$ip\u âNV$sp `p„Qdp L$pm_p A„s ky^u AM„X$ fl¡hp_u R>.¡
A_„sNyZp¡_p r_^p_ `pk¡ _hr_^p_ fpS>Q¾$u dp„\u ^d®Q¾$u b_¡gp ip„rs_p\_¡
r_dp®ëe R>¡. dyr_v$ip_p Ap[ÐdL$ h¥ch `pk¡ is¹ is¹ âZpd !

k„v$c®N°„\p¡
· 1. Üpv$ip_yâ¡np : Np\p f4 \u 37; · 2. õhpdu L$pqs®L¡$ep_y`¡np : Np\p 32 \u 73; · 3. cNhsu Apfp^_p : Np\p
1763 \u 1790; · 4. op_pZ®h : kN®f : ïgp¡L$ 1, 2, 67 \u 83; · 5. d|gpQpf : DÑfp^® : Np\p 705 \u 712; ·
6. sÒhp\®kpf : Np\p 33; · 7. sÒhp\®fpS>hprs®L$ : 9/7, 3/600, 601; · 8. khp®\®rkqÙ : 9/7/415; · 9. kdZkyÑd¹
: A_yâ¡np k|Ó : Np\p 511 \u 514 · 10. `Ú_„v$u`„Qthirs : AÂepe 6, ïgp¡L$-47; · 11. A_Npf ^dp®d©s : AÂepe
6 : Np\p 6f, 63; · 12. b©lv$Öìek„N°l : Np\p 35 _u V$uL$p; · 13. bl¡_îu_p„ hQ_pd©s : _„.327, 416; · 14.
S>¥.rk.L$p¡i : cpN 1: A_y`¡np : 1/14, `p_y 77;
k„kpfcph_p_u L$\p : fpS>Q¾$u bÞep ^d®Q¾$u
· 1. DÑf`yfpZ : `h® : 63 : ïgp¡L$ 1\u 510; · 2. âhQ_kpf : Np\p 13, ff, 40\u 43, 52\u 59, 61 A_¡ s¡_u
V$uL$p; · 3. `„QpÝepeu : DÑfp^® : Np\p 238 \u 259, 277 \u 306 A_¡ s¡_u V$uL$p.

3. k„kpfcph_p 73
 l¡ s y g nu âï_p¡
ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fu bpSy>_p Qp¡fkdp„ v$ip®hp¡. C:: kp„kpqfL$ kyM d¡mhhp_p D`pe_u rhQpfZp

01. k„kpfcph_pdp„ k„kpf_p L$ep õhê$`_y„ tQsh_ R>¡? 1. D:: k„kpf_u rhrQÓsp

A:: Ar_Ðe B:: AifZ C:: Aklpe D:: Akpf 07. k„kpfcph_p_p tQsh__y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ iy„ R>¡? 7.
02. k„kpfQ¾$_y„ c°dZ L$ep âL$pf¡ lp¡sy„ _\u? 2. A:: k„kpf_y„ kyM B:: k„kpf_u Ar_Ðesp
A:: S>Þd-dfZ B:: kyM-vy$:M C:: `„Q`fphs®_ D:: QpfNrs C:: k„kpf_u r_f\®L$sp D:: k„kpf_u rhrQÓsp

03. r_Np¡v$_p vy$:Mp¡_¡ L$p¡Z ÅZ¡ ? 3. 08. dp¡n_y„ `pfdpr\®L$ kyM L¡$hy„ _\u? 8.
A:: cNhp_ B:: Ahr^op_u C:: r_Np¡v$_p¡ Æh`p¡s¡ D:: L$p¡B _ ÅZ¡ A:: hQ_Np¡Qf B:: Agp¥qL$L$ C:: A_ychNp¡Qf D:: AtQÐe

04. kyMu dpZk_p h÷ L$¡hp lp¡e ? 4. 09. A`hN® A¡V$g¡ iy„ ? 9.

A:: a¡i_¡bg B:: v¥$hu C:: hõÓ S> _ lp¡e D:: lp\¡ L$p„s¡g Mpv$u_p A:: rhjecp¡N B:: dp¡n C:: ^d® D:: ^_

05. k„kpfu Æh_p vy$:M_y„ L$pfZ iy„ ? 5. 10. Þepeê$`u _¡Ó L$B fus¡ Myg¡ R>¡ ? 10.
A:: A¡ âL$pf_p¡ ×rô$L$p¡Z B:: dp¡lS>Þe frscph A:: ÞepeL$p¡V®$_p r_Z®e\u

C:: D`ep¡N_u A[õ\fsp D:: `p`_p¡ Dv$e B:: _¡Ó_p¡ rhL$pf v|$f L$fhp\u

06. k„kpfcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$epdp„ i¡_p¡ kdph¡i _\u? 6. C:: _¡Ódp„ op_ê$`u Ap„S>Z Ap„S>hpZu

A:: k„kpf_y„ vy$:Mde õhê$` D:: k„kpfcph_p_p Aæepk\u

B:: k„kpfvy$:M A_¡ dp¡nkyM_u kpQu kdS>Z

k¥ Ù p„ r sL$ âï_p¡
_uQ¡_p âñp¡_p A¡L$ L¡$ b¡ hp¼ep¡dp„ V|„$L$p S>hpb Ap`p¡.
01. k„ k pf A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ?
02. dp¡ n A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ?
03. k„ k pf A_¡ s¡ _ p¡ dpN® ip dpV¡ $ Akpf R>¡ ?
04. ip dpV¡$ S>Þd-dfZê$` k„kpf vy$:Mde R>¡ ?
05. L$B bpbs õhN®_pv¡$hp¡_p vy$:M_¡ v$ip®h¡ R>¡ ?
06. L$pm`fphs®_dp„ k„kpfu Æh A_„sL$pm L$ep„ rhsph¡ R>¡?
07. S>¡d_u `pk¡ L$p„BL$ R>¡ s¡hp gp¡L$p¡ ip dpV¡$ vy$:Mu R>¡?
08. v¡ $ h¡ b° p ûZ_¡ iy „ hfv$p_ Apàey „ ?
09. kp_y L | $ m k„ e p¡ N p¡ d p„ ky M A_y c hpe R>¡ s¡ iy „ R>¡ ?
10. vy $ :M_y „ gnZ iy „ R>¡ ?
11. ip dpV¡$ dp¡n dpN® A_¡ dp¡ndp„ S> kpQy kyM R>¡ ?
12. k„kpf_y„ L$l¡hpsy„ kyM L¡$hy„ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡\u s¡ vy$:M S> R>¡?
13. k„ k pf_p L$p¡ B `Z ÓZ vy $ :M_p _pd Ap`p¡ .
14. su\¯L$f S>¡hp dlp`y{j k„kpf_p¡ ÐepN ip dpV¡$ L$f¡ R>¡?
15. ip dpV¡ $ k„ k pfp\} A_¡ dp¡ n p\}`Ï„ A¡ L $ kp\¡ k„ c hu
iL¡ $ _rl ?
16. k„ k pfcph_p_p b¡ âL$pf_p rhi¡ j am_p _pd Ap`p¡ .
17. ApÐdp\}`Ï„ L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
18. ApÐdp\}`Zp_¡ ip dpV¡$ dp¡np\}`Ï„ `Z L$l¡ R>¡ ?
19. k„ k pfu Æh_p Qpf âL$pf_p âep¡ S >__p _pd Ap`p¡ .
20. rÓhN® L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? ip dpV¡ $ ?
21. A`hN® _ y „ âep¡ S >_ ^fph_pfp¡ Æh L¡ $ hp¡ lp¡ e R>¡ ?
22. ApÐdp_y „ rls i¡ d p„ R>¡ ?
23. ApÐdrls_p¡ D`pe L$fhpdp„ Y$ug L$fhp S>¡hu _\u. ip dpV¡$ ?
_uQ¡_p âñp¡_p rhõs©s S>hpb Ap`p¡.
01. k„ k pfcph_p A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ? s¡ _ u kdS| > su Ap`p¡ .
02. ip dpV¡ $ k„ k pf A¡ L $ Q¾$ kdp_ R>¡ ? k„ k pfQ¾$_p âL$pf
S>Zphp¡ .
03. QpfNrsê$` k„ k pf_y „ vy $ :Mde õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
04. `„ Q `fphs® _ ê$` k„ k pf_y „ vy $ :Mde õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
05. k„ k pf_u hpõsrhL$sp S> vy $ :M R>¡ A¡ bpbs kdÅhp¡ .
06. dp¡ n _y „ ky M de õhê$` kdÅhp¡
07. k„ k pfcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep kdÅhp¡ .
08. k„ k pfcph_p_y „ kp^_ L¡ $ L$pfZ kdÅhp¡ .
09. k„kpfcph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$B fus¡ h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ R>¡?
10. k„ k pfcph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$B fus¡ hõsy õ hê$`_u kdS>Z
L$fph¡ R>¡ ?
11. k„ k pfcph_p Aæepk_y „ am k„ k pfvy $ :M A_¡ dp¡ n ky M
L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
12. k„kpfcph_p_p Aæepk_y„ am ApÐdp\}`Ï„ L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
13. k„kpfcph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$B fus¡ ApÐdrls_u â¡fZp A_¡
`y { jp\® `| f p¡ `pX¡ $ R>¡ ?
14. îudv¹ $ fpS>Q„ Ö Æ_p iåv$p¡ d p„ A_pqv$ Aop_u k„ k pfu
Æh_u rhrQÓsp iy „ R>¡ ?

74 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

4. A¡L$Ðhcph_p 75
76 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 cph_p
4. A¡L$Ðhcph_p
k„kpfuÆh__p v$f¡L$ âk„N L¡$ Ahõ\pdp„
`p¡sp_p¡ ApÐdp A_¡L$ `fk„ep¡Np¡_u hÃQ¡ lp¡e
sp¡e s¡_p¡ L$p¡B `Z kp\u L¡$ klpeL$ _ lp¡hp\u
s¡ fus¡ `p¡s¡ A¡L$gp¡ S> R>¡. A_¡ `p¡sp_p
iyÙpÐdõhcph_y„ A¡L$Ðh S> `p¡sp_y„ kpQy„ ifZ
L¡$ Ap^pf lp¡hp\u s¡ S> `p¡sp_p¡ kpQp¡ kp\u
L¡$ klpeL$ R>¡. Ap âL$pf_y„ tQsh_ L$fhy„ s¡_¡
A¡L$Ðhcph_p L$l¡ R>¡.
A¡ L $Ðhcph_p A_y k pf blpfdp„ `p¡ s p_p¡
L$pB¡ kp\u L¡$ klpeL$ _ lp¡hp\u `p¡s¡ A¡L$gp¡
S> R>¡. s¡ `p¡sp_y„ blpf\u A¡L$Ðh R>¡. A„v$fdp„
A_¡L$ âL$pf_u Ahõ\pAp¡ L¡$ c¡v$cphp¡_u hÃQ¡
`Z `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_y„ A¡L$ê$``Ï„ R>.¡ s¡ `p¡sp_y„
A„v$f\u A¡L$Ðh R>¡. blpf_y„ A¡L$Ðh `p¡sp_u
Aklpesp k|Qh¡ R>¡ `Z A„v$f_y„ A¡L$Ðh `p¡sp_u
klpesp k|Qh¡ R>¡. s¡\u Aklpec|s brldy®M
h©rÑ R>p¡X$u klpec|s A„sdy®M h©rÑ L$fhu s¡
S> A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p¡ A¡L$ dpÓ Apie R>¡.
k„ k pfu Æh_p S>Þd•dfZ, ky M -vy $ :M,
^d®-L$d®, b„^-dp¡n S>¡hp L$p¡B`Z `°k„N L$¡
Ahõ\pdp„ s¡_¡ AÞe L$p¡B Ap^pf L¡$ ifZ
_\u. õÓu-`yÓ-`qfhpfpqv$ A_¡L$ `fk„ep¡Np¡_u
hÃQ¡ lp¡e sp¡e s¡_p¡ L$p¡B kp\u L¡$ klpeL$
_\u. Æh `p¡s¡ A¡L$gp¡ S> `p¡sp_p L$dp®_k y pf_p
am_¡ cp¡Nhsp¡ S>Þddp„ âh¡i¡ R>,¡ Æh_ NyÅf¡
R>¡ A_¡ dfZ `pd¡ R>¡. A_¡ A_¡L$ âL$pf_p„
vy$:Mp¡ cp¡Nh¡ R>¡. `p¡sp_p vy$:Mdp„\u DNpf_pf,
bQph_pf L¡$ s¡dp„ cpN `X$ph_pf AÞe
Lp¡B lp¡sy„ _\u. s¡\u s¡ `p¡s¡ A¡L$gp¡ S> R>¡.
4. A¡L$Ðhcph_p
`p¡sp_p¡ A¡L$Ðhõhê$`u iyÙpÐdp S> `p¡sp_p¡
Ap^pf L¡$ ifZ R>¡. s¡_p Ap^pf¡ S> Ap[ÐdL$$
Asu[ÞÖe ky M _u âNV$sp lp¡ e R>¡ . s¡ S>
k„kpf A_¡ s¡_p vy$:Mp¡\u bQphu dp¡ndpN®
A_¡ dp¡ n _u âprá L$fph¡ R>¡ . s¡ \ u Ap
iy Ù pÐdõhcph_y „ A¡ L $Ðh S> `p¡ s p_p¡ kpQp¡
kp\u L¡$ klpeL$ R>¡. Ak„ep¡Nu iyÙpÐdõhcph
rkhpe AÞe L$p¡ B k„ e p¡ N L¡ $ k„ e p¡ N ucph
`p¡sp_p¡ kp\u L¡$ klpeL$ _\u. Ap âL$pf_u
hpf„hpf rhQpfZp \hu s¡ A¡L$Ðhcph_p R>¡.
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• •
• •
• A¡L$Ðhcph_p_y„ A¡L$Ðh iy„ R>¡ ? •
• •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
A_¡L$ âL$pf_p k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡_u
hÃQ¡ `Z `p¡ s p_¡ L$p¡ B kp\u L¡ $ klpeL$
lp¡ s p¡ _\u A_¡ `p¡ s ¡ A¡ L $gp¡ S> lp¡ e R>¡ .
s¡\u s¡Ap¡ L$pB¡ Ap^pf L¡$ ifZê` \sp _\u.
`f„sy Ap kde¡ `p¡sp_p AM„X$, Ac¡v$, A¡L$ê`,
qÓL$pmu ^°yh iyÙõhcphê` A¡L$Ðh S> A¡L$
dpÓ Ap^pf L¡$ ifZê` lp¡e R>.¡ s¡ âL$pf_u
kdS>Z`|hL® $_u rhQpfZp s¡ S> A¡L$Ðhcph_p_y„
A¡ L $Ðh R>¡ . A¡ L $Ðhcph_p_y „ Ap A¡ L $Ðh b¡
âL$pf¡ R>¡ :1. ìehlpf\u A_¡ f. r_òe\u
1. ìehlpf \u A_¡ L $ k„ e p¡ N p¡ _ u hÃQ¡
`Z S>¡ _ p¡ L$p¡ B kp\u L¡ $ klpeL$ _ lp¡ e
s¡_¡ A¡L$gp¡ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. k„kpfuÆh_p
õÓu-`yÓ-`qfhpfpqv$ A_¡L$ `fk„ep¡Np¡_u hÃQ¡
`Z s¡ _ p ky M -vy $ :Mpqv$_p âk„ N ¡ s¡ A¡ L $gp¡
lp¡ e R>¡ . s¡ bpbs_y „ tQsh_ A¡
A¡L$Ðhcph_p_y„ A¡L$Ðh ìehlpf\u R>¡.
77
 2. r_òe\u S>¡ Ac¡v$ A_¡ A¡L$ê$` lp¡e
s\p A_¡L$ âL$pf_p c¡v$cphp¡_p Ap^pfê$`
lp¡e s¡_¡ A¡L$Ðh L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. A_¡L$
âL$pf_u rhL$pfu L¡ $ ArhL$pfu Ahõ\pAp¡ ,
A_„sNyZp¡, A_¡L$ ^dp£, R> L$pfL$p¡ hN¡f¡_p
c¡ v $p¡ hÃQ¡ `Z ApÐdp_y „ `p¡ s p_p rÓL$pm
^° y h iy Ù õhcph\u Ac¡ v $ A_¡ A¡ L $ê$``Ï„
lp¡e R>¡. A_¡ s¡ `p¡sp_p iyÙõhcph S>¡hu
iy Ù Ahõ\p âNV$ L$fhp dpV¡ $ Ap^pfê$`
`Z R>¡ . s¡ bpbs_y „ tQsh_ A¡
A¡L$Ðhcph_p_y„ A¡L$Ðh r_òe\u R>¡.
• • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• •
•
• A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p A¡L$Ðh_p b¡ âL$pf ••
• •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • •
D`fp¡ ¼ s fus¡ A¡ L $Ðhcph_p_y „ tQsh_
ìehlpf\u A_¡ r_òe\u A¡d b¡ âL$pf¡ R>¡.
ìehlpf\u tQsh_ A¡ ìephlpqfL$ L¡$ gp¥qL$L$
âL$pf_y „ R>¡ . A_¡ r_òe\u tQsh_ A¡
ApÂep[ÐdL L¡ $ `pfdpr\® L $ âL$pf_y „ R>¡ . Ap
fus¡ A¡L$Ðhcph_p A¡L$Ðh_p tQsh__p b¡
âL$pf R>¡
1. A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p¡ gp¥qL$L$ âL$pf
f. A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p¡ `pfdpr\®L$ âL$pf
78
1. A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p¡ gp¥qL$L âL$pf
A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p gp¥qL$L$ `°L$pf A_ykpf
k„kpfu Æh `p¡sp_u âÐe¡L$ `qf[õ\rsdp„
A¡L$gp¡ S> lp¡e R>¡. kÑp-k„`rÑ-kNp-
kb„^uAp¡ S>¡hp k„ep¡Np¡ lp¡e sp¡`Z
s¡_¡ L$p¡B_p¡ kp\ L¡$ klL$pf k„chsp¡ _\u.
s¡ A¡ L $Ðhcph_p_p¡ gp¥ q L$L$ âL$pf R>¡ .
Ap S>Nsdp„ v$f¡L$ Öìe õhs„Ó R>¡. s¡\u
L$pB¡ L$pB¡ _p¡ L$sp®-lsp® _\u. s¡\u L$pB¡ L$pB¡ _p¡
• • • • • • • Ap^pf L¡$ ifZ _\u. s¡\u L$pB¡ _¡ L$pB¡ _p¡ klL$pf
L$>¡ klep¡N k„chsp¡ _\u. hõsy_y„ A_¡L$p„sde
õhê$` A_¡ s¡_p L$pfZ¡ s¡_u ìehõ\p S> A¡$hu
• • • • • • • R>¡ L¡$ L$p¡B L$p¡B_p¡ kp\u, klpeL$, dv$v$Npf,
DNpfL$ L¡$ spfZlpf lp¡sp¡ _\u. r_rdÑ-_¥rdqÑL$
kb„^_u ê$A¡ A_¡ `yÎep¡v$e_p âsp`¡ L$p¡B_¡
L$pB¡ klpe L$fsp¡ v¡$Mpe R>.¡ `Z hõsy_u hpõsrhL$
[õ\rs_p¡ rhQpf L$fsp„ s¡ kde¡ `Z L$p¡B_¡
L$pB¡ klpe L$fsy„ _\u A_¡ L$fu iL$s„y `Z _\u.
S>Þd-dfZ, kyM-vy$:M, õhN®-_fL$Nd_ S>h ¡ p
A_¡L$ `°k„Np¡A¡ `p¡s¡ A¡L$gp¡ S> lp¡e R>¡ A_¡
s¡ âk„ N ¡ `p¡ s p_p¡ L$p¡ B kp\u L¡ $ klpeL$
lp¡ s p¡ _\u s¡ bpbs A¡ L $v$d õ`ô$ A_¡
âÐen A_ychNçe R>¡.
Ap âL$pf¡ ApÐdp_y„ A¡L$Ðh _ lp¡e A_¡
s¡ _ p¡ L$p¡ B klpeL$ lp¡ e s¡ d dp_u g¡ h pdp„
Aph¡ sp¡ A_hõ\p _pd_p¡ v$p¡ j Aph¡ R>¡ .
A¡L$_u klpe buÅ¡ L$f¡ A_¡ buÅ_u klpe
ÓuÅ¡ L$f¡ . .. A¡ d Qpëep S> L$f¡ sp¡ dp¡ V $p¡
Np¡V$pmp¡, A„^p^|„^u L¡$ AfpS>L$sp Dcu \pe.
A_¡ s¡ S> A_hõ\p v$p¡j R>¡. s¡\u A_¡L$
âL$pf_p k„ep¡Np¡_u hÃQ¡ `Z Ak„ep¡Nu ApÐdp_y„
A¡ L $Ðh S> ÅZhy „ .
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 hpõshdp„ kÑp-k„`rÑ, õÓu-`yÓpqv$ S>¡hp
L$pB¡ `Z `fk„ep¡Np¡ ApÐdp_¡ rbgLy$g D`L$pfu
_\u `Z A`L$pfu S> R>¡ . L¡ $ d L¡ $ , Ap
k„ep¡Np¡_p gn¡ DÐ`ß \sp¡ fpNpqv$ k„ep¡Nucph
ApÐdp_¡ AÐe„s vy$:Mê$` R>¡. s¡\u ApÐdrls_y„
`pfdpr\®L$ kp^_ kp^hp dpV¡$ L$pB¡ `fk„ep¡Np¡_u
AphíeL$sp _\u. îudv¹ $ fpS>Q„ Ö ¡ kpQy „ S>
L$üy„ R>¡ ••
LyVy„$bê$`u L$pS>m_u L$p¡V$X$u_p k„ep¡N\u
k„kpf h^¡ R>¡. A¡L$p„shpk\u
S>¡V$gp¡ k„kpfne \hp_p¡ R>¡,
s¡_p¡ kp¡dp¡ rlõkp¡ `Z s¡
L$pS>mN©ldp„ fl¡hp\u \hp_p¡
_\u. L$jpe_y„ s¡ r_rdÑ R>¡.
dp¡l_¡ fl¡hp_p¡ A_pqv$L$pm_p¡
`h®s R>¡. (îudv¹$ fpS>Q„Ö : hj® f3dy„, `Óp„L$ 103, `p_y f10)
f. A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p¡ `pfdpr\®L âL$pf
A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p `pfdpr\®L$ âL$pf A_ykpf
ApÐdp_y„ d|m õhê$` A¡L$Ðh R>¡. NyZp¡_p, `ep®ep¡_p,
^dp£_p, L$pfL$p¡_p S>¡hp A_¡L$ âL$pf_p c¡v$-
cphp¡_u hÃQ¡ `Z ApÐdp Ac¡v$, AM„X$, A¡L$ê$`
fl¡ R>¡. s¡_¡ ApÐdp_y„ A¡L$Ðhõhê$` L$l¡ R>¡. s¡
A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p¡ `pfdpr\®L$ âL$pf R>¡.
A_¡L$p„sõhê$`u ApÐdp A¡L$-A_¡L$, c¡v$-
Ac¡v$, r_Ðe-Ar_Ðe, ^°h y -A^°h
y S>h
¡ p `fõ`f
rhfp¡^u A_¡ kp`¡n A¡hp b¡ A„ip¡\u fQpe¡g
R>¡. s¡dp„ A¡L$ê$`, Ac¡v$, r_Ðe, ^°yh A„i s¡
ApÐdp_y„ `pfdpr\®L$ âL$pf¡ A¡L$Ðhõhê$` R>¡.
ìehlpf\u S>¡ d ApÐdp_y „ õÓu-`y Ó pqv$
`fk„ep¡Np¡\u rcß A¡L$Ðh R>¡, s¡d r_òe\u
s¡_y„ `p¡sp_p NyZc¡v$, `ep®ec¡v$ hN¡f¡\u `Z
rcß A¡L$Ðh R>¡. r_òe\u A¡L$Ðh`Z¡ ApÐdp
4. A¡L$Ðhcph_p
^°yh, iyÙ A_¡ Ó¥L$prmL$ `qf`|Z® kpdÕe®\u
kcf lp¡ h p\u ApÐdp_y „ kpQy „ d| ë ep„ L $_ s¡
A¡L$Ðh`Z¡ R>.¡ kdekpf ipõÓdp„ Ap A¡L$Ðh_u
S> `pfpeZ R>¡. A¡L$Ðh_u Ap¡mMpZ, õhuL$pf
A_¡ Apîe\u S> kçeÁv$i_ ® \u dp„X$u_¡ rkÙv$ip
ky^u_u âprá lp¡e R>.¡ ApÐdp_p A_„s NyZp¡_u
âNV$sp s¡ d S> ip„ r s, kdpr^, ky M hN¡ f ¡
Ap A¡L$Ðh_p Ahg„b_¡ S> lp¡e R>¡. Ap`Zp
ApÐdp dpV¡$ A¡L$ dpÓ Ap^pf, ifZ, kp\u,
klpeL$, spfZlpf L¡$ D`L$pfL$ L$p¡B lp¡e sp¡
s¡ ApÐdp_y„ r_òe A¡L$Ðhõhê$` S> R>¡.
r_òe\u b^p„ ApÐdpAp¡ A¡ L $Ðhõhê$`
lp¡hp\u r_òe\u b^p„ ApÐdpAp¡ A¡L$ kdp_
R>¡ . A¡ L $ kdp_`Ï„ iy Ù sp A_¡ `| Z ® s pdp„
S> k„chsy„ lp¡hp\u b^p„ ApÐdpAp¡ r_òe
A`¡npA¡ rkÙ kdp_ iyÙ A_¡ `|Z® R>¡.
r_òe\u L¡$ `pfdpr\®L$`Z¡ ApÐdp_y„ A¡L$Ðh
_ lp¡e sp¡ S>¡V$gp ApÐdp lp¡e s¡V$gp Sy>v$u
Sy > v$u Ås_p Öìe \pe. A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $ Års
A`¡ n pAp¡ b^p„ ApÐdpAp¡ A¡ L $ S> Års_p
_ fl¡ s p„ `y v ¹ $ Ng, ^dp® [ õsL$pe, L$pm hN¡ f ¡
Sy>vu$-Sy>vu$ Års_p Öìep¡ R>¡, s¡d v$f¡L$ ApÐdp
`Z Års A`¡npA¡ Sy>v$p Sy>v$p Öìep¡ \pe.
r_òe\u ApÐdõhcph_y„ A¡L$Ðh _ lp¡e
sp¡ s¡ _ y „ A_¡ L $Ðh lp¡ e . s¡ \ u L$p¡ B
ApÐdõhcphdp„ op_ h^y lp¡e, L$p¡Bdp„ s¡
Ap¡Ry„ lp¡e, L$p¡Bdp„ kyM Ap¡Ry>„ lp¡e, L$p¡Bdp„
h^y lp¡ e . Ap fus¡ S>¡ V $gp ApÐdp s¡ V $gp
âL$pf_u rhrh^sp lp¡e. rhrh^spdp„ iyÙsp
L¡ $ k„ ` | Z ® s p L$v$pr` _ lp¡ e . iy Ù sp A_¡
k„ ` | Z ® s p l„ d ¡ i p„ A¡ L $`Z¡ S> lp¡ e . s¡ \ u
ApÐdõhcph_y„ A¡L$Ðh S> s¡_u iyÙsp A_¡
k„`|Z®sp v$ip®h¡ R>¡. Äep„ iyÙsp A_¡ k„`|Z®sp
lp¡e Ðep„ S> õhs„Ósp lp¡e. Ap fus¡ ApÐdp_y„
A¡ L $Ðh S> s¡ _ u õhs„ Ó sp_¡ rkÙ L$f¡ R>¡ .
Å¡ A¡L$Ðh _ lp¡e sp¡ õhs„Ósp _ lp¡e.
79
 ApÐdõhcph_u A¡L$Ðhdp„ S> s¡_u iyÙsp,
k„`|Z®sp A_¡ õhs„Ósp lp¡hp\u A¡L$Ðhdp„ S>
s¡ _ u ip¡ c p, ky „ v $fsp A_¡ ky k „ h pqv$sp R>¡ .
Ap`Zp ApÐdp_p A¡ L $Ðhõhê$`_¡ ÅZu,
õhuL$pfu_¡ s¡ _ p¡ Apîe L$fhp\u ApÐdp_u
Ahõ\p `Z õhcph S>¡hu iyÙ, k„`|Z® A_¡
õhs„ Ó \pe R>¡ . A_¡ AÞe âL$pf¡ Å¡ X $pZ
L¡ $ b„ ^ \u rhcph_u DÐ`rÑ \pe R>¡ .
rhcphv$ip AiyÙ, A`|Z® A_¡ `fp^u_ lp¡hp\u
s¡dp„ ApÐdp_u Aip¡cp, Aky „ v $fsp A_¡
rhk„hpqv$sp R>.¡ ApQpe®îu Ly$„ v$L$„y v$_p iåv$pd
¡ p„••
A¡L$Ðhr_òe-Ns kde kh®Ó ky„v$f gp¡L$dp„,
s¡ \ u b_¡ rhMhpqv$_u b„ ^ _L$\p A¡ L $Ðhdp„ .
cphp\® : r_òe\u iyÙpÐdõhcph_p A¡L$Ðhdp„ S>
s¡ _ u ip¡ c p L¡ $ ky „ v $fsp gp¡ L $dp„ kh® Ó R>¡ . s¡ \ u
`fk„ep¡Np¡_p r_rdÑ¡ DÐ`ß \sp k„ep¡Nucphp¡_p
b„^_u L$\p s¡$ A¡L$Ðh_u ip¡cp L¡$ ky„v$fspdp„ rhk„h$pv$
L¡$ rhfp¡^ L$f_pfu R>¡. (kdekpf : Np\p 3)
• • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• •
• A¡L$Ðhcph_p_u
• •
• tQsh_ âq¾$ep
• • • • • • • • • • • • • •
A_¡ L $ âL$pf_p kp_y L | $ m k„ e p¡ N p¡ _ u
hÃQ¡ lp¡ h p R>sp„ `Z L$p¡ B `p¡ s p_p
kyM-vy$:M_p¡ cpNuv$pf _\u, s¡\u `p¡sp_p¡
L$p„B kp\u L¡$ klpeL$ _ lp¡hp\u `p¡s¡
A¡L$gp¡ S> R>¡ `f„sy `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_p
A¡ L $Ðhõhê$`_p Apîe¡ S> `p¡ s p_y „
A_pqv$_y „ vy $ :M V$mu ipðs ky M _u
âprá lp¡ h p\u s¡ S> `p¡ s p_p¡ kpQp¡
kp\u L¡ $ klpeL$ R>¡ . Ap âL$pf_u
kdS>Z `| h ® L $_u hpf„ h pf_u rhQpfZp
s¡ A¡L$Ðhcph_p_u rQ„sh_ âq¾$ep R>¡.
80
k„kpfu Æh A¡L$ kpdpÆL$ âpZu R>¡ A_¡
s¡_¡ kNp-k„b^u-õ_¡lu-rdÓp¡ S>¡hp k„ep¡Np¡dp„
fl¡hy„ Nd¡ R>¡. A_¡ A¡L$gy„ fl¡hy„ Ndsy„ _\u.
A¡L$gy„ fl¡hy„ s¡_¡ S>¡g S>¡hy„ gpN¡ R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$
A¡L$gp„ gp¡L$p¡ A¡L$ghpey„ Æh_ AL$pê„$ gpNhp\u
h©Ùphõ\p lp¡e sp¡e Æh_kp\u_u ip¡^ L$f¡
R>¡ . L$p¡ B A¡ L $ghpey „ Æh_ V$pmhp L| $ sfp„ -
bugpX$p `pm¡ R>¡.
`yÎeipmu Æh dp¡V$pcpN¡ ¼epf¡e A¡L$gsp
A_y c hsp¡ S>Zpsp¡ _\u. ^_hp_ A_¡
Apbêv$pf dp¡V$p dpZk_u Ap`rÑ kde¡ kOmp¡
kdpS> s¡ _ u klpe L$fhp Apsy f lp¡ e R>¡ .
s¡ _ ¡ L$p¡ B dpN® AL$õdps_u vy $ O® V $_p Aphu
`X¡ $ sp¡ X$p¡ L $V$fp¡ _ u ap¡ S > MX¡ $ `N¡ kpfhpf
L$fhp Ecu flu Åe R>¡ . s¡ _ p rdÓp¡ A_¡
âk„jL$p¡ s¡_u s„v$y fõsu dpV¡$ tQsp A_¡ âp\®_p
L$f¡ R>¡. s¡\u blpf\u A¡hy„ gpN¡ L¡$ `p¡sp_p
vy$:M_p cpNuv$pf A_¡L$ R>¡ A_¡ `p¡s¡ A¡L$gp¡
• • • • • • •
_\u. `Z hpõsrhL$ fus¡ Å¡BA¡ sp¡ `p¡sp_p
iy Ù pÐdp rkhpe `p¡ s p_p¡ kp\u L¡ $ klpeL$
•
L$p¡B lp¡sy„ S> _\u A_¡ v$f¡L$ `qf[õ\rsdp„
•
`p¡s¡ A¡L$gp¡ S> lp¡e R>¡.
• • • • • • •
Ly„$Vy„bdp„ A¡L$ kp\¡ fl¡sp„ gp¡L$p¡ dp_¡ R>¡
L¡$ Ad¡ b^p„ A¡L$buÅ_p kyM-vy$:M_p cpNuv$pf
R>uA¡. `Z Ap S>Nsdp„ L$p¡B `p¡sp_p vy$:M
L¡$ kyM_u hl¢QZu L$fu iL$sp„ _\u. r_Np¡v$_p
A¡L$ S> ifufdp„ A_„s Æhp¡ A¡L$ kp\¡ S>
fl¡ R>¡ . A_¡ A_„ s vy $ :Mu lp¡ e R>¡ . sp¡ ` Z
b^p_y „ vy $ :M Sy > vy „ $ Sy > vy „ $ S> lp¡ e R¡ > . s¡ A p¡
A¡L$ kp\¡ S>Þd¡, A¡L$ kp\¡ Æh¡ A_¡ A¡L$kp\¡
df¡ R>¡. sp¡`Z s¡Ap¡_p S>Þd-Æh_-dfZ_p„
vy$:M A¡L$ kp\¡ lp¡sp„ _\u A_¡ Sy>v$p„-Sy>v$p„
S> lp¡e R>.¡ s¡Ap¡ vy$:Mdp„ cpN `X$phsp _\u.
vy$:M_u S>¡d kyM_u bpbs Å¡BA¡ sp¡ gp¡L$pN°¡
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
rkÙrigp D`f A¡ L $ n¡ Ó dp„ A_„ s rkÙ
cNh„sp¡ A¡L$ kp\¡ fl¡gp„ R>¡ A_¡ b^p„ A_„s
kyMu R>¡. `Z b^p„_y„ kyM Sy>vy„$-Sy>vy„$ S> lp¡e
R>¡ A_¡ L$p¡B `p¡sp_p„ kyM_u buÅ_u kp\¡
hl¢QZu L$fsy„ _\u. kyM-vy$:M_u S>¡d v$f¡L$
bpbsdp„ `p¡sp_p¡ Æh A¡L$gp¡ S> lp¡e R>¡.
Ap`Zp¡ Æh õÓu-`yÓ-`qfhpfpqv$L$ A_¡L$
k„ep¡Np¡_u hÃQ¡ lp¡e sp¡e s¡ A¡L$gp¡ S> R>¡.
L¡ $ d L¡ $ , Äepf¡ `Z L$p¡ B vy $ :M Aphu `X¡ $
Ðepf¡ Ap gp¡L$p¡ L$pB¡ dv$v$ L$fsp„ _\u
L¡$ L$fu iL$sp„ `Z _\u. S>Þd L¡$
dfZ âk„N¡ `p¡s¡ A_„s vy$:M\u `uX$psp¡
lp¡e Ðepf¡ Ly„$Vy„$buS>_p¡, X$p¡L$V$fp¡ hN¡f¡
lpS>f lp¡hp R>sp„ L$p¡B `p¡sp_y„ vy$:M
v|$f L$fu iL$sy„ _\u L¡$ s¡dp„ cpN
`X$phu iL$sy„ _\u. Ap b^p„ k„ep¡Np¡
R>¡ `Z vy$:Mdp„\u DNpfu iL¡$ s¡hp¡
kp\u L¡$ klpeL$ L$p¡B _\u. Ap`Zp
Æh_dp„ L$p¡B `Z Ap`rÑ Aph¡ `X¡$
Ðepf¡ s¡ Ap`Z¡ A¡L$gpA¡ S> cp¡Nhhu
`X¡$ R>¡ A_¡ s¡dp„ buÅ L$p¡B dv$v$
L$fu iL$sp _\u. hõsy_y„ õhê$` S> A¡hy„ R>¡
L¡$ L$p¡B L$p¡B_u qL$„rQs¹ `Z dv$v$ L$fu iL¡$
_rl. kpnps¹ rS>_¡ Þ Ö cNhp_ `Z s¡ _ p
c¼sp¡_u cuX$ cp„Nu iL$sp _\u sp¡ buÅ
`pdf d_yóep¡_u iu rhips!
hs®dp_`Ódp„ A¡hp kdpQpf OZuhpf ÅZhp
dm¡ R>¡ L¡$ ^dpQL$X$u A_¡ ^½$pdy½$udp„ OZp
gp¡L$p¡ d©Ðey `pd¡ R>.¡ Ap kde¡ Ly$„ V$„y buS>_p¡ A_¡
rdÓp¡ kp\¡ lp¡hp R>sp„ L$pB¡ L$pB¡ _p¡ cph `|R>sp„
_\u A_¡ b^p„ `p¡sp_p¡ Æh bQphhp _pkcpN
L$fu d| L ¡ $ R>¡ . A_¡ s¡ d p„ L$QX$pB_¡ L¡ $ V$gp„e
Ope$g \pe R>¡ A_¡ d©Ðey `Z `pd¡ R>¡. Ap
S> bsph¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap`Zp„ S> kNp L¡$ kb„^uAp¡
Ap`Zp„ kp\u L¡$ klpeL$ lp¡sp„ _\u.
4. A¡L$Ðhcph_p
L¡$V$gp„L$ _¡spAp¡ `p¡sp_p fnZ dpV¡$ `p¡sp_u
kp\¡ rk`pB fpM¡ R>¡. `Z vy$íd_p¡ dp¡V$u
k„¿epdp„ A_¡ Å¡fphf lp¡e A_¡ s¡_p¡ kpd_p¡
_ \B iL¡$ s¡d lp¡e Ðepf¡ rk`pB `p¡sp_y„
fnZ `l¡ g p„ rhQpf¡ R>¡ A_¡ `R>u _¡ s p_y „ .
âkyrs kde¡ X$p¡L$V$f dp L¡$ bpmL$ A¡ b¡dp„\u
A¡L$_u S> Æ„v$Nu bQu iL¡$ s¡d R>¡ s¡hy„
S>Zph¡ ¡ Ðepf¡ dp `p¡ s p_u Æ„ v $Nu `l¡ g p„
bQphhp_y„ S>Zph¡ R>¡ A_¡ `R>u bpmL$ bQu
iL¡ $ sp¡ bQphhp_y „ L$l¡ R>¡ . ârkÙ
L$\p A_ykpf `|f_p `pZudp„ akpe¡g
hp„v$fu `p¡sp_p bÃQp_¡ `pZudp„ X|$bu
S>sp„ bQphhp dp\p D`f fpM¡ R>¡
`Z `R>u `pZu dp\p ky^u h^u S>sp„
bÃQp_¡ `pZudp„ Xy $ bpX$u `p¡ s ¡ s¡ _ p
D`f Dcu flu S>B_¡ bÃQp_p cp¡N¡
`p¡sp_p¡ Æh bQphhp âeÐ_ L$f¡ R>¡.
dfZ `R>u kNp-kb„^uAp¡ õdip_
ky ^ u Aph¡ R>¡ `Z `p¡ s p_u `pR>m
L$p¡B dfsy„ _\u. dp¡l_p L$pfZ¡ õÓu-
`yÓ-`qfhpf \p¡X$p qv$hk fX¡$ R>.¡
`Z s¡ `p¡ s p_p fpN_¡ L$pfZ¡ fX¡ $ R>¡ A_¡
`p¡sp_u kNhX$sp R>u_hpB NB s¡_¡ fX¡$ R>¡.
`Z `p¡s¡ `qfhpf dpV¡$ `¥kp L$dphhp `p`
L$e®y A_¡ s¡\u dfu_¡ Y$p¡fdp„ Nep¡ s¡ dpV¡$
L$p¡B fX$sy„ _\u.
L$p¡B d¡mpdp„ L¡$ dykpafudp„ A_¡L$ dpZkp¡
Ap`Zp„ k„ N p\u lp¡ e R>¡ `Z s¡ d p„ kp\u
L$pB¡ lp¡s„y _\u. s¡d kÑp-k„`rÑ, kNp-kb„^u
S>¡ h p A_¡ L $ k„ e p¡ N p¡ lp¡ h p R>sp„ s¡ d p„ L$p¡ B
kp\u L¡ $ klpeL$ _\u. s¡ \ u `p¡ s ¡ A¡ L $gp¡
S> R>¡ . S>Þd-dfZ kde¡ A¡ L $gp¡ R>¡ s¡ d
Æh__p v$f¡ L $ âk„ N p¡ d p„ A_¡ L$p¡ B `Z
Ahõ\pdp„ `p¡s¡ A¡L$gp¡ S> lp¡e R>.¡ s¡ A¡L$Ðh
cph_p_u tQsh_p âq¾$ep R>¡.
81
 blpf_p A_¡L$ k„ep¡Np¡_u hÃQ¡ `Z L$p¡B
Ap^pf, ifZ L¡$ klpeê$` _ lp¡hp\u `p¡s¡
A¡L$gp¡ R>¡ `f„sy `p¡sp_¡ kpQp¡ Ap^pf, ifZ
L¡$ klpeê$` lp¡e sp¡ s¡ `p¡sp_p¡ A¡L$Ðhê$`
õhcph R>¡ . `p¡ s p_p ApÐdp_p A¡ L $Ðhê$`
rÓL$pmõhcph_p Apîe¡ S> ApÐdp_u kpQu
ip„rs-kyM lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u `p¡sp_p L$p¡B `Z
L$pe® L¡$ âep¡S>_ dpV¡$ blpf_p k„ep¡Np¡_p¡ kp\
ip¡^hp_¡ bv$g¡ `p¡sp_p A¡L$Ðhõhcph_¡ S>
Ap¡mMu_¡ s¡_p¡ Apîe L$fhp¡ s¡ S> A¡L$Ðh-
cph_p_u tQsh__u âq¾$ep_y„ Qfdtbvy$ R>¡.
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• •
• A¡L$Ðhcph_p_y„ • L¡$ klpeL$ lp¡sp¡ S> _\u A_¡ s¡\u `p¡s¡ A¡L$gp¡
• •
• kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
A_¡L$ âL$pf_p k„ep¡Np¡_u hÃQ¡ `Z `p¡s¡ AifZ
A_¡ Aklpe lp¡hp\u A¡L$gp¡ R>¡. A_¡ A¡L$Ðhõhê$`u
iyÙpÐdp S> ifZ A_¡ klpe lp¡hp\u `fk„ep¡Np¡\u
gn lW—phu iyÙpÐdp_y„ S> gn L$fhy.„ A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p
Aæepk\u Ap âL$pf_u e\p\® kdS>Z L¡$mhhu s¡
S> A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p rQ„sh__y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ R>¡.
k„kpfu Æh_p S>Þd-dfZ, kyM-vy$:M, ^fd-
L$fd, b„^-dp¡n, `yÎe-`p` A_¡ s¡_p„ am,
õhN® - _fL$Nd_ S>¡ h p L$p¡ B `Z âk„ N L¡ $
Ahõ\pdp„ Ap`Zp¡ ApÐdp A¡ L $gp¡ S> lp¡ e
R>¡. A_¡L$ kNp-k„b„^u-õ_¡luAp¡ A_¡ kÑp-
k„`rÑ-kÞdp_ S>¡hp k„ep¡Np¡ lp¡e sp¡`Z s¡Ap¡
Ap`Z_¡ Ap`rÑ kde¡ L¡$ buÆ L$pB¡ bpbsdp„
rbgLy $ g dv$v$ L$fsp _\u L¡ $ L$fu
iL$sp„ `Z _\u. Ap âL$pf_u kdS>Z
A¡L$Ðhcph_p_y„ L$pfZ L¡$ kp^_ b_¡ R>¡.
`p¡s¡ budpf lp¡e A_¡ h¡v$_p\u `uX$psp¡
lp¡e Ðepf¡ õÓu-`yÓ- `qfhpf, v$hp-v$hpMp_p-
X$p¡L$V$f hN¡f¡ `p¡sp_u k¡hp A_¡ kpfhpf dpV¡$
82
MX¡$ `N¡ lpS>f lp¡e sp¡`Z s¡Ap¡ L$pB¡ `p¡sp_y„
vy$:M v|$f L$fu iL$sp _\u L¡$ s¡dp„ qL$tQs¹ `Z
cpN `X$phu i¼sp _\u. `p¡sp_y„ v$v$® A_¡ vy$:M
`p¡s¡ A¡L$gpA¡ S> cp¡Nhhy„ `X¡$ R>.¡ Ap bpbs
v$f¡L$ `°k„N L¡$ OV$_pdp„ gpNy `X¡$ R>¡.
k„kpf_u L$lh¡ psu kyM-k„`rÑdp cpN `X$phhp
kp¥ L$p¡B v$p¡X$u Aph¡ R>¡ `Z vy$:M_p ârsL|$m
âk„N¡ L$p¡B Ecy„ fl¡sy„ _\u. _ÆL$_p kNp-
kb„^u `Z k„Np\ R>p¡X$u Åe R>¡. A_¡ S>¡
k„Np\ fpM¡ R>¡ s¡ `Z `p¡sp_¡ L$pB¡ klpe L$fu
iL$s„y _\u. s¡\u Ap S>Nsdp„ L$pB¡ L$pB¡ _p¡ kp\u
S> lp¡e R>¡ s¡ bpbs A¡L$v$d õ`ô$ R>¡.
`p¡s¡ L$fg¡ `yÎe-`p`_p L$da ® m_¡ cp¡Nhsp¡
k„kpfu Æh A¡L$gp¡ S> lp¡e R>¡. `yÎe_p¡ Dv$e
lp¡e Ðepf¡ `fk„ep¡Np¡ klpeL$ \sp cpk¡ R>¡.
sp¡`Z hpõhsdp„ s¡ kde¡ `Z L$p¡B klpeL$
lp¡s„y _\u. `p`_p Dv$e kde¡ s¡ S> `fk„ep¡Np¡
qL„$rQs¹ `Z klpeL$ \B iL$sp S>Zpsp _\u.
s¡\u Ap kOmp„ `fk„ep¡Np¡ hÃQ¡ `p¡s¡ A¡L$gp¡
S> R>¡ s¡ kdÆ iL$pe R>¡.
Ap S>Nsdp„ õÓu-`yÓ-rdÓpqv$L$ `fk„ep¡Np¡
ApÆrhL$p dpV¡ $ A¡ L $W$u \e¡ g u ^y s pfpAp¡ _ u
V$p¡ m u L¡ $ A¡ L $ cpNuv$pfu `¡ Y $u kdp_ R>¡ .
cpNuv$pfu `¡Y$u_p¡ L$p¡B cpNuv$pf L$pd _ L$fu
iL¡ $ sp¡ s¡ _ ¡ R| > V$p¡ L$fu v¡ $ hpdp„ Aph¡
R>¡.cpNuv$pfu `¡Y$u S>¡hp `qfhpfdp„ L$p¡B kæe
_L$pdp¡ S>Zpe sp¡ s¡ _ p¡ L$p¡ B cph `| R >sy „
_\u. ^yspfp_u V$p¡mu kdp_ `qfhpfdp„ b^p„
õhp\® _ p S> kNp lp¡ e R>¡ . Mukpdp„ `¥ k p
A_¡ ifufdp„ gp¡lu lp¡e Ðep„ ky^u S> `[Ð__¡
`rs àepfp¡ gpN¡ R>¡ A_¡ _ lp¡e sp¡ i¡fX$u_p
L| $ Qp S>¡ h p¡ r_fk S>Zpe R>¡ . h© Ù phõ\p_u
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
gp„bu rbdpfu, MQp® A_¡ kpfhpf\u L„$V$pmu
`qfhpf_p kæep¡ `Z Ap_u 1dpV$u V$pY$u \pe
s¡d A„v$fMp_¡ BÃR>¡ R>¡.
k„ k pfu Æh_¡ `fk„ e p¡ N p¡ _ u hÃQ¡ hkhy „
Nd¡ R>¡ A_¡ A¡ L $gy „ Ndsy „ _\u. `Z Ap
`fk„ep¡Np¡dp„ L$p¡B `p¡sp_p¡ kp\u L¡$ klpeL$
_ lp¡hp\u `p¡s¡ A¡L$gp¡ S> R>¡. s¡\u L$p¡B
`fk„ e p¡ N p¡ _ y „ âep¡ S >_ fpMhp S>¡ h y „ _\u.
Ap `fk„ep¡Np¡_p gn¡ DÐ`ß \sp¡ fpNpqv$
k„ep¡Nucph A¡ S> ApÐdp_p¡ k„kpf R>¡. s¡\u
k„kpf_p¡ Acph L$fhp¡ lp¡e s¡Z¡ k„ep¡Np¡
A_¡ k„ e p¡ N ucphp¡ _ y „ gn R>p¡ X $u `f\u
rhc¼s A_¡ `p¡sp_p A_„sNyZp¡\u A¡L$Ðh
^fphsp A¡ L $Ðh-rhcL$s A¡ h p iy Ù pÐd-
õhcph_y„ S> âep¡S>_ A_¡ gn fpMhp S>¡hy„
R>.¡ A¡L$Ðhõhê$`u iyÙpÐdõhcph S> `p¡sp_p¡
Ap^pf L¡$ ifZê$` lp¡hp\u s¡ S> `p¡sp_p¡
kpQp¡ kp\u L¡$ klpeL$ R>¡.
A_¡L$ `fk„ep¡Np¡_u hÃQ¡ `Z `p¡s¡ Aklpe
lp¡ h p\u A¡ L $gp¡ S> R>¡ . A_¡ `p¡ s p_p¡
A¡L$Ðhõhê$`u iyÙpÐdõhcph S> `p¡sp_¡ klpeL$
R>¡ s¡d kdÆ `fk„ep¡Np¡ âÐe¡_y„ gn lV$phu
`p¡ s p_u A„ v $f_p A¡ L $Ðhõhê$`_p Apîe¡
ApÐdrls kp^hp_u kdS>Z L¡$mhhu s¡ S>
bpbs A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p tQsh_ dpV¡$_y„ kp^_
L¡$ L$pfZ R>¡.
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
•
L$B fus¡ hõsyõhê$`_u
• •
• •
• kdS>Z L$fph_pf R>¡ ?
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk v$f¡L$ `°k„N L¡$
Ahõ\pdp„ ApÐdp_y„ A¡L$gp`Ï„ v$ip®h¡ R>¡.
A_¡L$ps
„ õhê$` ApÐdp `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdõhcph_y„
4. A¡L$Ðhcph_p
A¡ L $Ðh L$ped fpMu_¡ Sy > v$u-Sy > v$u A_¡ L $
Ahõ\pAp¡`Z¡ `qfZd¡ R>.¡ Ap Ahõ\p S>Þd-
dfZ, kyM-vy$:M, b„^-dp¡n S>¡hu L$p¡B `Z
lp¡e s¡_p¡ L$sp®-lsp® `p¡s¡ S> R>.¡ v$fL¡ $ Ahõ\p_y„
`qfZd_ `p¡sp_p Ahmp L¡$ khmp `y{jp\®_p
`qfZpd¡ lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ s¡dp„ AÞe L$pB¡ k„ep¡Np¡
klpeL$ L¡$ D`L$pfu lp¡sp _\u. s¡\u Aphp
k„ep¡Np¡_u hÃQ¡ `Z `p¡sp_y„ A¡L$gp`Ï„ A¡V$g¡
L¡$ A¡L$Ðh R>¡.
ìehlpf\u õÓu-`yÓpqv$ `fk„ep¡Np¡\u `p¡s¡ rcß
lp¡hp\u s¡Ap¡ `p¡sp_¡ L$pB¡ Ap^pf L¡$ ifZ Ap`u
iL$sp _\u. Ap^pf L¡$ ifZ Apàep rh_p s¡Ap¡
L$pB¡ klpe L$fu iL$sp _\u. s¡\u Ap k„ep¡Np¡_u
hÃQ¡ `Z ApÐdp_y„ A¡L$Ðh ìehlpf\u
L$lh ¡ pe R>.¡ r_òe\u A¡L$Ðhdp„ `p¡sp_u rcß-
rcß Ahõ\pAp¡, A_¡L$ NyZc¡v$p¡ hN¡f¡dp„
`Z `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdõhcph_y„ AM„X$, Ac¡v$,
A¡L$ê$``Ï„ R>.¡ iyÙpÐdõhcph_p r_òe A¡L$Ðh\u
`p¡s¡ Arcß lp¡hp\u s¡ `p¡sp_¡ Ap^pf L¡$ ifZê$`
R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u s¡ `p¡sp_¡ klpeê$` R>¡. r_òe
A¡L$Ðhõhê$`u iyÙpÐdõhcph_p Apîe¡ S>
kçeÁv$i®_\u dp„X$u_¡ rkÙv$ip ky^u_p kOmp„
`pfdpr\®L$ âep¡S>_p¡ rkÙ \pe R>¡.
Ap âL$pf_u hõsyõhê$`_u kpQu kdS>Z
A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p Aæepk\u Aph¡ R>¡.
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• •
• •
• L$B fus¡ h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ R>¡ ? •
•
• •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• A_pqv$ Aop_u Æh kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡_¡
`p¡sp_p klpeL$ dp_u s¡_¡ ip¡^hp, kpQhhp
A_¡ k„cpmhpdp„ `p¡sp_y„ Æh_ ìe\® h¡X$au
_pM¡ R>¡. `Z õÓu-`yÓ-`qfhpf S>¡hp Q¡s_
83
k„ep¡Np¡ L¡$ kÑp-k„`rÑ-kÞdp_ S>¡hp AQ¡s_
k„ep¡Np¡ `p¡sp_¡ S>fpe klpeL$pfu _\u. Ap
b^p„ k„ep¡Np¡_u hÃQ¡ `Z `p¡s¡ A¡L$v$d Aklpe$
S> lp¡e R>¡. `p¡sp_p S>Þd-dfZ, kyM-vy$:M,
õhN®-_fL$Nd_ S>¡hp âk„Np¡ L¡$ AÞe L$p¡B
`Z Ahõ\pdp„ Aphp k„ep¡Np¡ `p¡sp_¡ qL„$rQs¹
`Z L$pe®L$pfu lp¡sp _\u.
A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk Ap`Z_¡ kdÅh¡
R>¡ L¡$, dps-r`sp lp¡e R>¡ `Z s¡Ap¡ Ap`Zp
`pgL$ lp¡sp _\u. cpB-cpXy„$Ap¡ kd\® lp¡e
R>¡ `Z k„ L $V$ kde¡ Akd\® `y f hpf \pe
R>¡. `[Ð_ âbyÙ lp¡e R>¡ `Z Ap`rÑ Aph¡
Ðepf¡ Aby^ b_u Åe R>¡. `yÓp¡ kam A_¡
kbm L$l¡ h pe R>¡ `Z `p¡ s p_p vy $ :M-v$v® $
dV$pX$hpdp„ s¡Ap¡ r_óam A_¡ r_b®m S> _uhX¡$
R>¡ . `qfhpfS>_p¡ `fõ`f Ap^pf Ap`_pfp
L$l¡hpe R>¡ `Z `uX$p kde¡ s¡Ap¡ r_fp^pf
S> lp¡ e R>¡ . kdpS> dp¡ V $p¡ R>¡ `Z `p¡ s p_p
2 Ap¡mMpZ L$fph¡ R>¡.
`qfÓpZ dpV¡ $ `X$L$pfp¡ \pe Ðepf¡ _p_p¡
R>¡ . kNp OZp„ R>¡ `Z s¡ d p„ klpeL$ L$p¡ B
_\u. õ_¡lu-kb„^uAp¡ A_¡L$ R>¡ `Z D`ep¡Nu
A¡L$¡ e _\u. rdÓh©v„ $ rhipm R>¡ `Z dv$v$Npfdp„
d]Xy$„ R>¡. k¡hL$p¡ k¡hp L$f¡ R>¡ `Z s¡ L$p„B
amv$peu \su _\u. X$p¡L$V$fp¡ kpfhpf L$f¡ R>¡
`Z v$v®$ dV$pX$u iL$sp _\u. fnL$p¡ MX¡$ `N¡
Ecp R>¡ sp¡`Z fnp L$fu iL$sp _\u. `¥kp¡
`pfphpf R>¡ `Z L$p¡ B L$pd_p¡ _\u. kÑp
khp£`fu R>¡ sp¡e s¡ ifZê$` _\u. Ap fus¡
L$p¡B `Z âL$pf_p k„ep¡Np¡ L$p¡B `Z âL$pf¡
L$pe®L$pfu lp¡sp _\u.
s¡\u Aphp kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡ âÐe¡ D`¡np
A_¡ Dv$pku_psp Aph¡ R>.¡ S>_
¡ ¡ k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡
84
h¥fpÁe L$l¡ R>.¡ Ap âL$pf¡ A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk
k„kpf âÐe¡_p suh° h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ b_¡ R>¡.
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• •
• •
• âep¡S>_`|h®L$_y„ rhi¡j am •
• •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p Aæepk_y„ âep¡S>_ ApÐdp_y„
ìehlpf\u A_¡ r_òe\u A¡ L $Ðhõhê$`
Ap¡mMphu hõsyõhê$`_u kpQu kdS>Z`|hL® $
k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe DÐ`ß L$fphhp_y„ R>¡.
A¡ L $Ðhcph_p_p Aæepk_y „ Akp^pfZ A_¡
dy¿e a$m Ap âdpZ¡ R>¡••
1. A¡L$Ðhõhê$`u iyÙpÐdõhcph_u
Ap¡mMpZ L$fph¡ R>¡.
f. `fk„ep¡Np¡_u r_f\®L$sp A_¡ iyÙpÐd-
õhcph_u kp\®L$sp v$ip®h¡ R>¡.
1. A¡L$Ðhõhê$`u iyÙpÐdõhcph_u
A¡L$Ðhcph_pdp„ ApÐdp_p A¡L$Ðh_y„ tQsh_ R>¡,
S>¡ b¡ âL$pf¡ R>¡. A¡L$ gp¥qL$L$ âL$pf¡ L¡$ ìehlpf\u
A¡L$Ðh A_¡ buSy>„ `pfdpr\®L$ âL$pf¡ L¡$ r_ïee\u
A¡L$Ðh. A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk ApÐdp_p
ìehlpf A¡L$Ðh Üpfp r_òe A¡L$Ðhõhê$`u
iyÙpÐdp_u Ap¡mMpZ L$fph¡ R>¡.
ApÐdp_y„ ìehlpf\u A¡L$Ðh A¡V$g¡ kyM-
vy$:M S>¡hu v$f¡L$ Ahõ\pAp¡dp„ `fk„ep¡Np¡_u
hÃQ¡ Aklpe`Ï„ lp¡hp\u A¡L$gp`Ï„ s¡ A¡L$Ðh
A_¡ r_òe\u A¡L$Ðh A¡V$g¡ kyM-vy$:M S>¡hu
rcß-rcß A_¡ L $ Ahõ\pAp¡ d p„ ApÐdp_y „
A¡ L $ê$``Ï„ s¡ A¡ L $Ðh R>¡ . A_¡ L $p„ s õhê$`u
ApÐdp_u Ap¡mMpZ Ap b¡ âL$pf_p A¡L$Ðh
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
`¥L$u L$p¡B `Z A¡L$ âL$pf¡ i¼e R>¡.
ìehlpf\u A¡L$Ðh kyM-vy$:M S>¡hu A_¡L$
Ahõ\pAp¡ krls_p¡ ApÐdp R>¡ . ApÐdp_u
Ahõ\p nrZL$, `gV$su, A_¡L$ê$`, rhk×$i
A_¡ hs®dp_dp„ AiyÙ R>¡ s¡\u s¡ ApÐdp_u
kpQu Ap¡mMpZ _\u.
r_òe\u A¡L$Ðh`Z¡ Ap`Zp¡ ApÐdp A¡L$ê$`,
k×i, ipïhs A_¡ Ó¥ L $prmL$ `qf`| Z ®
kpdÕe®\u kcf R>.¡ Ap A¡L$Ðh`Z¡ ApÐdp
rÓL$pm iyÙ, k„`|Z® A_¡ õhs„Ó lp¡hp\u
s¡ ApÐdp_u kpQu ip¡cp, kyv„ $fsp A_¡ kykh„ pqv$sp
R>¡. s¡\u s¡ ApÐdp_u kpQu Ap¡mMpZ R>¡.
s¡_p Apîe¡ S> `pfdpr\®L$ ApÐdrls_u kp^_p
\pe R>¡ . A_¡ kçeÁv$i® _ \u dp„ X $u_¡
rkÙv$ip_u âprá \pe R>¡.
A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp\u kdÅe
R>¡ L¡$, kp¥ â\d Ap`Zp¡ ApÐdp s¡_u kyM-
vy$:M, iyc-Aiyc S>¡hu v$f¡L$ Ahõ\pdp„ õÓu-
`yÓ-`qfhpfpqv$, kÑp-k„`rÑ-kÞdp_pqv$ S>¡hp
`fk„ep¡Np¡\u AÐe„s rcß, r_fp^pf, AifZ R>.¡
s¡\u s¡ s¡_u hÃQ¡ `Z Aklpe R>.¡ s¡\u s¡
ìehlpf\u A¡L$gp¡ R>¡. Ap âL$pf¡ ìehlpf\u
A¡L$Ðh_¡ kdÄep `R>u s¡_p Ap^pf¡ kdÆ iL$pe
s¡hy„ ApÐdp_u kyM-vy$:M, iyc-Aiyc S>¡hu
Ahõ\pAp¡ _ ¡ Ap^pfc| s A„ v $fdp„ A¡ L $Ðhê`
kpdpÞe iy Ù pÐdõhcph lp¡ e R>¡ . Ap
iy Ù pÐdõhcph ApÐdp\u sØ_ sÞde,
Ap^pfc| s A_¡ kpQ„ y ifZ R>¡ . s¡ \ u s¡
ApÐdp_¡ klpec| s R>¡ . s¡ \ u s¡ ApÐdp_y „
4. A¡L$Ðhcph_p
r_òe\u A¡L$Ðh R>¡. Ap r_òe A¡L$Ðhê$`
iyÙpÐdõhcph S> kpQp¡ Ap^pf, ifZ A_¡
klpec|s lp¡hp\u s¡_p\u ApÐdp_u kpQu Ap¡mMpZ
R>.¡ Ap fus¡ A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk A¡L$Ðhõhê$`u
iyÙpÐdõhcph_u Ap¡mMpZ L$fph¡ R>¡.
f. `fk„ep¡Np¡_u r_f\®L$sp A_¡
iyÙpÐdõhcph_u kp\®L$sp v$ip®h¡ R>.¡
`p¡sp_u L$p¡B `Z bpbsdp„ S>¡ rbgLy$g
rb_D`ep¡Nu, rb_âep¡S>_c|s, AifZ L¡$
Aklpe lp¡e s¡_¡ r_f\®L$ L$l¡ R>¡. A_¡ s¡_p\u
rh{$Ù S>¡ sØ_ D`ep¡Nu, âep¡S>_c|s, ifZc|s
L¡$ klpeL$pfu lp¡e s¡_¡ kp\®L$ L$l¡ R>¡. A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p¡
Aæepk `fk„ep¡Np¡_u r_f\®L$sp A_¡ `p¡sp_p
iyÙpÐdõhcph_u kp\®L$sp v$ip®h¡ R>¡.
`|Äe Ny{$v$h
¡ îu L$p_Æõhpdu_p L$lh¡ p A_ykpf kOmp„
rkÙp„s_p¡ kpf `f\u Mk, õhdp„ hk, V|$„Ly„$ _¡
V$Q, ApV$gy„ L$f sp¡ bk R>¡. `f„sy `f\u Mku _¡
õhdp„ hkhp dpV¡$ `fk„ep¡Np¡_u r_f\®L$sp A_¡
iyÙpÐdõhcph_u kp\®L$sp kdS>hu S>ê$fu R>¡. S>¡
kdS>hp dpV¡$ A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$pe®L$pfu R>¡.
õÓu-`yÓ-`qfhpfpqv$ `fk„ep¡Np¡ lp¡e sp¡`Z
s¡ `p¡sp_p S>Þd-dfZ, kyM-vy$M, b„^-dp¡n
S>¡hp L$p¡B`Z âk„N L¡$ Ahõ\pdp„ rbgLy$g
L$pe®L$pfu _\u. `p¡s¡ A¡L$gp¡ S> L$d®_¡ bp„^¡
R>¡, A¡L$gp¡ S> L$d®_y„ am cp¡Nhhp S>Þd¡ R>¡,
Æh¡ R>¡ A_¡ df¡ R>.¡ õhe„ A¡L$gp¡ S> k„kpfdp„
fMX¡$ R>¡ A_¡ A¡L$gp¡ S> s¡ k„kpf_p b„^_dp„\u
dy ¼ s \B dp¡ n dpN® Üpfp dp¡ n _¡ `pd¡ R>¡ .
s¡\u b„^-dp¡n S>h ¡ u L$pB¡ `Z bpbsdp„ AÞe
L$pB¡ `fk„ep¡Np¡ S>fpe D`L$pfu _\u. hpõshdp„
`fk„ep¡Np¡ ApÐdp_¡ D`L$pfu b_hp_¡ bv$g¡
85
s¡_p gn¡ ApÐdpdp„ fpNÜ¡jpqv$ k„ep¡Nucphp¡
S> \pe R>¡ , S>¡ ApÐdp_¡ AÐe„ s vy $ :Mê$`
lp¡e R>.¡ Ap fus¡ `fk„ep¡Np¡_u r_f\®L$sp v$ip®hhpdp„
A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$pe®L$pfu R>¡.
hmu Ap A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p Aæepk\u Ap
ANpD Å¡ B Nep s¡ dy S >b A¡ L $Ðhõhê$`u
iy Ù pÐdõhcph_u Ap¡ m MpZ \pe R>¡ . Ap
iy Ù pÐdõhcph A_„ s Ny Z p¡ _ p¡ r_^p_ A_¡
`qf`| Z ® kpdÕe® \ u kcf lp¡ e R>¡ .
iyÙpÐdõhcph_p Apîe¡ õhcph S>¡hu iyÙ
A_¡ `qf`|Z® `ep®e âNV¡$ R>¡. A_pqv$L$pm_y„
vy$:M v|$f \B Ap[ÐdL$ Asu[ÞÖe kyM_u âprá
\pe R>¡. k„kpf_p¡ S> kd|mNp¡ Acph \B
dp¡ndpN® A_¡ dp¡nv$ip_p¡ kv$¹cph \pe R>¡.
Ap fus¡ `p¡ s p_p¡ iy Ù pÐdõhcph S> sØ_
D`ep¡Nu, âep¡S>_c|s, ifZc|s A_¡ klpeL$pfu
lp¡hp\u s¡_u kp\®L$sp R>¡. iyÙpÐdõhcph_u
Aphu kp\®L$sp kdS>hp dpV¡$ A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p¡
Aæepk D`ep¡Nu R>¡.
D`f dy S >b A¡ L $Ðh cph_p_p¡ Aæepk
`fk„ep¡Np¡_u r_f\®L$sp A_¡ iyÙpÐdõhcp_u
kp\®L$sp v$ip®h_pfp¡ R>¡.
D`k„lpf
L$p¡B `Z bpbsdp„ Ap`Zp ApÐdp_¡ AÞe
L$p¡B kp\u L¡$ klpeL$ _ lp¡hp\u s¡ A¡L$gp¡
S> R>.¡ s¡ A¡L$gp¡ S> `p¡sp_p L$dp®_k
y pf S>Þddp„
âh¡i¡ R>,¡ L$d_
® p am_¡ cp¡Nhsp¡ Æh_ rhsph¡
R>¡ A_¡ Apeyóe `|{„ \sp df¡ R>¡. s¡ kde¡
õÓu-`yÓ-`qfhpfpqv$ A_¡L$ `fk„ep¡Np¡ lp¡e sp¡`Z
s¡ L$p¡ B âL$pf¡ D`L$pfL$ \B iL$sp _\u.
hpõshdp„ õÓu-`yÓ-`qfhpfpqv$ `fk„ep¡N_p gn¡
ApÐdpdp„ fpNpqv$ k„ep¡Nucphp¡ S> \pe R>¡.
86
S>¡ ApÐdp_¡ ApLy$msp A_¡ vy$:M D`Åh_pfp
lp¡ e R>¡ . Ak„ e p¡ N u A¡ L $Ðhõhê`u
iy Ù pÐdõhcph_p gn¡ S> ApÐdp_u ky M -
ip„rs lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u `pfdpr\®L$ kyM-ip„rs
dpV¡$ A„v$fdp„ A¡L$Ðhõhê$`u iyÙpÐdp_y„ gn
A_¡ s¡ dpV¡$ blpfdp„ `fk„ep¡Np¡\u AmNp`Ï„
D`ep¡Nu R>¡. `pfdpr\®L$ L$pe® A¡L$p„sdp„ \pe
R>¡ s¡V$gy„ õÓu-`yÓ-`qfhpfpqv$_p k„ep¡Ndp„ \sy„
_\u. blpfdp„ A¡ L $p„ s hpkdp„ A_¡ A„ v $fdp„
A¡L$Ðhõhê$`_p gn¡ `p¡sp_u ky„v$fsp, ip¡cp,
iyÙsp A_¡ kyk„hpv$ R>¡. A_¡ `fk„ep¡Np¡_p
gn¡ Akyv„ $fsp, Aip¡cp, AiyÙsp A_¡ rhk„hpv$
R>¡. `p¡sp_p ìehlpf- r_òe A¡L$Ðhõhê$`_u
Ap¡mMpZ L$fu `fk„Np¡\u `©Õ\L$ \B `p¡sp_p
A¡ L $Ðhõhê$`u iy Ù pÐdõhcph_p Apîe¡
ApÐdrls kp^hy„ A¡ S> A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p¡ Apie
R>¡. ApQpe®îu ep¡NuÞvy$v¡$h_p iåv$p¡dp„•••
(v$p¡lfp)
S>Þd-dfZ A¡L$ S$ L$f¡, kyM-vy$M h¡v¡$ A¡L$;
_L®$Nd_ `Z A¡L$gp¡, dp¡n Åe Æh A¡L$
Æh sy„ R>¡ A¡L$gp¡, sp¡ sS> kp¥ `fcph;
ApÐdp Ýephp¡ op_de, iuO° dp¡n kyM \pe.
cphp\® : Æh s¡_p S>Þd-dfZ, kyM-vy$:M L¡$
_fL$ r_hp®ZNd_ S>¡hp v$fL¡ $ âk„Ndp„ l„di¡ p„ A¡L$gp¡
S> lp¡e R>¡.
l¡ Æh ! Å¡ sy„ v$f¡L$ Ahõ\pdp„ Mf¡Mf
A¡L$gp¡ S> R>p¡, sp¡ sy„ `f k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ s¡_p
gn¡ \sp `fcphp¡_¡ R>p¡X$ A_¡ opeL$ ApÐdp_p
A¡ L $Ðh_y „ S> Âep_ L$f, S>¡ \ u sy „ iuO° S>
dp¡nkyM_¡ `pdui. (ep¡Nkpf : v$p¡lfp¡ _„. 69,70)
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 M A¡L$Ðhcph_p_u L\p M

_rdfpS>_u A¡L$ÐhrkqÙ

rdr\gp_Nfu_p _f¡i \B. ApMy„ ifuf cX$L$¡

_rdfpS>_u qL$s} Qp¡d¡f bmsy„ lp¡e s¡hu suh°
a¡ g pe¡ g u lsu. A_¡ L $ bmsfp \hp gpNu.
Ny Z p¡ _ p r_L¡ $ s_ A_¡ fp¡ d ¡ f p¡ d lÅfp¡
L$pdv¡ $ h S>¡ h y „ kp¦ v $e® h]R>uAp¡_p„ X„$M S>¡hu
^fphsp _rdfpS> A_¡L$ h¡ v $_p ìep`u NB.
ep¥h_h„su kp¡lpdZu A_¡ A_¡L$ D`Qpf L$fhpdp„
kyiug fpZuAp¡_p õhpdu Apìep sp¡e fp¡N sp¡
lsp. dlp`y Î eipmu h^sp¡ S> Qpëep¡. s¡\u
A_¡ kçeÁ×róV$ ^dp®Ðdp r_`yZh¡Ûp¡`Z
lp¡hp R>sp„ rdr\gp_f¡i_¡ `|h® `p`L$d®_p _prk`pk \ep. dlpfpÅ `Z
Dv$e¡ ifufdp„ ce„L$f v$plShf_u DÐ`rÑ dlpìepr^\u Óprldpd `p¡L$pfu DW$ép.
4. A¡L$Ðhcph_p 87
 v¡$iv¡$iphfdp„ v$plS>hf dV$pX$u iL¡$ s¡hp_u S>Zpe R>.¡ bNX¡$ b¡. A¡Vg
$ ¡ L¡$ b¡`Zpdp„S>
ip¡^ L$fhp dpV¡$ Y„$Y$p¡fp¡ `uV$hpdp„ Apìep¡. bNpX$p¡ lp¡e R>.¡ Ap bpbs dpfp ApÐdp_¡
Ðepf¡ A¡L$ dlpLy$im h¥^ dmu Apìep. `Z gpNy `X¡$ R>¡.
s¡dZ¡ v$plS>hf_¡ dV$pX$hp dpV¡$ ApMp
dpfp¡ ApÐdp A¡LÐ$ hõhê$`u R>.¡ A¡LÐ$ h-
ifuf¡ dgepN{$ Q„v$__y„ rhg¡`_ L$fhp_y„
õhê$ ` u iy Ù pÐdp s¡ _ u iy c piy c
kp¥ â\d k|Q_ L$e®y.
Ahõ\pAp¡\u `Z rcß R>.¡ sp¡ Ap ifuf
d_p¡fdp fpZuAp¡ syfs S> Q„v$__¡ Okhp A_¡ s¡_p v$plS>hf\u sp¡ sØ$_ rcß R>¡.
gpNu NB. Q„v$_ Okhp\u lp\dp„ `l¡fg ¡ p„ dpfp¡ ApÐdp D_p¡ \B iL$sp¡ S> _\u
L„$L$Zp¡_p¡ MMX$pV$ \hp gpÁep¡. _rdfpS>_p A_¡ \sp¡ `Z _\u. dpÓ D_p`Zp_y„
A„Ndp„ A¡L$ v$plS>hf_u h¡v$_p sp¡ lsu op_ L¡$ s¡_p gn¡ \sp¡ fpN S> ApÐdpdp„
Ðep„ buÆ Ap L„$L$Zp¡_p L$L$mpV$\u DÐ`ß \pe R>¡. lz„ Ap v$plS>hf_p D_p`Zp_y„
\B. s¡\u s¡dZ¡ fpZuAp¡_¡ L$ü„y L¡$, sdpfp¡ op_ L$fhp_¡ bv$g¡ dpfp A¡L$Ðhõhcph_¡
Ap L„$L$Zp¡_p¡ L$pg
¡ plg dpfu h¡v$_pdp„ h^pfp¡ Q|Lu$ _¡ v$plS>hf_p k„ep¡Np¡_p gn¡ fpNÜ¡jpqv$$
L$f¡ R>¡. dpV¡$ sd¡ Ap L$pd _ L$fp¡. h¡v$_pê$` k„ep¡Nucph_¡ L$ê$„ Ry>„.
fpZuAp¡A¡ kp¥cpÁe_p ârsL$ `|fsy„ A¡L$
L$„L$Z lp\dp„ `l¡fu fpMu buÅ L„$L$Zp¡_¡ Af¡ Q¡s_ ! spfp A¡L$Ðhõhê$`dp„ S>
v|$f L$ep®. A¡V$g¡ L$p¡gplg ip„s \ep¡. spfu ip¡cp R>,¡ kyv„ f$ sp R>,¡ kyM R>,¡ ip„rs
_rdfpS>¡ fpZuAp¡_¡ `|R>ey„, sd¡ iy„ Q„v$_ R>¡. sy„ Ap Ak„ep¡Nu A¡L$Ðhõhcph_¡
Okhp_y„ b„^ L$e®y ? R>pX¡ u$ _¡ k„ep¡Nu ifuf_y„ gn L$fu_¡ h¡v_
$ pey¼s
k„ep¡Nucph_¡ ip dpV¡$ DÐ`ß L$f¡ R>¡ ?
fpZuAp¡ A ¡ S>Zpìey „ L¡ $ , _p; dpÓ
L$p¡gplg ip„s L$fhp dpV¡$ A¡L$ S> L„$L$Z Ap Ly$im h¥^, d_p¡lf fpZuAp¡ A_¡
`l¡fu A_¡ buÅ L„$L$Zp¡_¡ L$pY$u _pMu Q„v_ $ _p¡ g¡` dpfp ApÐdp\u AÐe„s rcß
Ad¡ Q„v$_ OkuA¡ R>uA¡. s¡\u AhpS> R>¡. A_¡ s¡Ap¡ L$p¡B Ap h¡v$_p v|$f L$fhp
\sp¡ _\u. dpV¡$ rbgLyg $ Aklpe R>.¡ s¡\u Ap b^p„_u
hÃQ¡ `Z lz„ A¡L$gp¡ S> Ry>„. ApÐdp_y„
fpZuAp¡_u Ap hps kp„cmu dlpfpÅ
A¡L$Ðhõhê$` S> klpeê$` R>¡. s¡_p gu^¡
KX$p d_p¡d„\_dp„ X|$bu Nep:
S> Ap h¡v$_p_p¡ Acph R>¡. ApÐdp_u
""Af¡ ! A¡L$ L„$L$Z\u AhpS> Aphsp¡ ip„rs A_¡ kyM R>.¡ Ap kpd°pÄe A_¡
_\u s¡ bpbs d_¡ S> ârsbp¡^hp dpV¡$ kd©qÙ ApÐdp_u Aip„rs A_¡ vy$:M_y„ S>

88 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

L$pfZ R>¡. s¡_p¡ ÐepN L$f A_¡ ApÐdp_p _rdfpS>_p Aphp âL$pf_p
A¡L$Ðh-õhê$`_y„ S> N°lZ L$f. ApÐdp_p A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p tQsh_\u S> `|h® L$d_ ® p¡
A¡Lg $ p`Zp_p¡ õhuL$pf L$fu_¡ s¡_p A¡LÐ$ h- Dv$e ip„s \ep¡. Q„v$__p rhg¡`_ hNf
õhê$`u iyÙpÐdõhcph_u S> rkqÙ L$f. S> s¡d_p ifufdp„ iusmsp ìep`u NB
A_¡ v$plS>hf v|$f \ep¡.
L$ „ L $ Z A_¡ L $ lsp Ðepf¡ Aip„ r s lsu
A_¡ A¡ L $ \sp ip„ r s \B. L„ $ L $ Z _u âcps \sp„ S> _rdfpS>¡ A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p
`¡W¡$ Äep„ ky^u sy„ `Z A¡L$gp¡ _rl \p tQsh__p L$pfZ¡ DÐ`ß \e¡g op_`|hL® $_p
A_¡ fpS>`pV$ L¡$ fpZuAp¡_p dp¡ldp„ `X$ép¡ h¥ f pÁe_p bm¡ A¡ L $Ðh_u rkqÙ dpV¡ $
flui Ðep„ ky ^ u chp¡ c h_p„ vy $ : Mp¡ k„kpf_p¡ ÐepN L$fu dyr_vu$np A„NuL$pf
cp¡ N hsp¡ flui. blpfdp„ fpS>`pV$ p qv$ L$fu.
frls A¡L$p„shpk A_¡ A„v$fdp„ A¡L$Ðh-
A¡L$Ðh_u rkqÙ kp^_pf _rdfpS> dyr_hf_¡
õhê$`_u kp^_p L$fu_¡ ApÐdp_u ip„rs
A_¡L$p_¡L$ _dõL$pf !
kp^u iL$ p e R>¡ . s¡ \ u l¡ cìe ! Ap
A¡ L $ Ð h_u rkqÙ dpV¡ $ L$ q V$ b Ù \p.''

qV$à`Z
1. dpV$u V$pY$u \pe ifuf W„ X y $ \pe, dfu Åe. · 2. `qfÓpZ k„ f nZ, bQph.

k„v$c® N°„\p¡
· 1. Öpv$ip_yâ¡np : Np\p 14 \u 20; · 2. õhpduL$prs®L¡$ep_y`¡np : Np\p 74 \u 79; · 3. cNhsu Apfp^_p : Np\p
174f \u 1748; · 4. op_pZ®h : kN® 2: ïgp¡L$ 84 \u 94; · 5. d|gpQpf : DÑfp^® : Np\p 700, 701; · 6. s Òhp\®kpf
: Np\p 34; · 7. sÒhp\®fpS>hprs®L$ : 9/7, 4/601; · 8. khp®\®rkqÙ : 9/7/415; · 9. kdZkyÑd : Np\p 515
\u 518; · 10. `Ú_„v$u`„Qthirs : A^epe 4, ïgp¡L$ 18 \u 24; AÂepe 6, ïgp¡L$ 48; · 11. A_Npf ^dp®d©s : AÂepe
6, Np\p 64, 6`; · 12. Nyfy v¡$hîu_p„ hQ_pd©s : _„.107; · 13. bl¡_îu_p„ hQ_pd©s : _„.3`7; · 14. kdekpf
: Np\p 3, 38, 73, 1—98, 199, 200; · 15. kdekpf : ApÐd¿eprs : ïgp¡L$ : 6, 7; · 16. r_edkpf : Np\p 101,
102; · 17. kdekpf _pV$L$: Æhlpf : R>„v$ 20, 33; · 18. dp¡n`ply$X$ : Np\p 81; · 19. lqfh„i`yfpZ : kN® `8, ïgp¡L$
12; · 20. ei[õsgL$Q„`|L$pìe : Ar^L$pf 2, ïgp¡L$ : 119; · 21. ep¡Nkpf : v$p¡lfp¡ 69, 70; · 22. S>¥.rk.L$p¡i : cpN
1 : A_yâ¡np : 1/8, `p_y 74; 4/8, `p_y-79.
A¡ L $Ðhcph_p_u L$\p : _rdfpS>_u A¡L$ÐhrkqÙ : 2.îudv¹$fpS>QÖ„ : hj® 17dy„ : cph_pbp¡^ : A¡L$Ðhcph_p : `p_y 40\u 43.

4. A¡L$Ðhcph_p 89
 l¡ s y g nu âï_p¡
ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fu bpSy>_p Qp¡fkdp„ v$ip®hp¡.
01. `p¡s¡ ¼epf¡ A¡L$gp¡ lp¡e R>¡ ? 1.
A:: âÐe¡L$ `m¡ B:: `p`_p¡ Dv$e lp¡e Ðepf¡
C:: õÓu-`yÓpqv$ _ lp¡e Ðepf¡ D:: Ap`rÑ Aph¡ Ðepf¡
02. ¼ep L$pfZ¡ L$p¡B_¡ L$p¡B_p¡ klL$pf L¡$ klep¡N 2.
kp„`X$sp¡ _\u ?
A:: kde_p¡ Acph B:: dp_hsp_p¡ Acph
C:: hõsy_y„ A_¡L$p„sõhê$` D:: dsgbu Æh_
03. ApÐdp_p¡ L$ep¡ A„i s¡_y„ `pfdpr\®L$ âL$pf¡ 3.
A¡L$Ðh R>¡ ?
A:: kdyÃQe Öìe B:: ^°yh Öìe
C:: klcphu NyZ D:: ¾$dcphu `ep®e
04. kdekpf ipõÓdp„ L$p¡_u `pfpeZ R>¡ ? 4.
A:: ApÐdp B:: _hsÒh C:: L$sp® D:: A¡L$Ðh
05. ApÐdõhcph_u A¡L$Ðh_p L$pfZ¡ iy„ lp¡sy„ _\u? 5.
A:: õhs„Ósp B:: iyÙsp C:: k„`|Z®sp D:: `fp^u_sp
06. i¡_p Acph¡ `p¡s¡ A¡L$gp¡ L$l¡hpe R>¡ ? 6.
A:: rdÓp¡ L$¡ âi„jL$p¡ B:: kÑp L¡$ k„`rÑ
C:: kNp L¡$ k„b„^u D:: kp\u L¡$ klpeL$
k¥ Ù p„ r sL$ âï_p¡
_uQ¡ _ p âñp¡ _ p A¡ L $ L¡ $ b¡ hpL$ep¡ d p„ S>hpb Ap`p¡ .
0 1 . k„ k pfu Æh A¡ L $gp¡ L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
0 2 . `p¡ s p_p¡ kpQp¡ kp\u L¡ $ klpeL$ L$p¡ Z R>¡ ?
0 3 . A¡ L $Ðhcph_p A_y k pf blpf_y „ A¡ L $Ðh iy „ R>¡ ?
0 4 . A¡ L $Ðhcph_p A_y k pf A„ v $f_y „ A¡ L $Ðh iy „ R>¡ ?
0 5 . A¡ L $Ðhcph_p_p¡ Apie iy „ R>¡ ?
0 6 . A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p A¡L$Ðh_p tQsh__p L$ep b¡ âL$pf¡ R¡?
0 7 . blpfdp„ ApÐdp_y, A¡L$Ðh _ dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ ip¡
v$p¡j Aph¡?
0 8 . ip dpV¡ $ kÑp-k„ ` rÑ, õÓu-`y Ó pqv$ S>¡ h p k„ e p¡ N p¡
ApÐdp_¡ D`L$pfu_¡ bv$g¡ A`L$pfu S> R>¡ ?
0 9 . ip dpV¡ $ Ly $ Vy „ $ bê$`u L$pS>m L$p¡ V $X$u_p k„ e p¡ N \u k„ k pf
h^¡ R>¡ ?
1 0 . A¡ L $Ðh_u Ap¡ m MpZ, õhuL$pf A_¡ Apîe\u i¡ _ u
âprá lp¡ e R>¡ ?
1 1 . ApÐdp_p¡ kp\u L¡ $ klpeL$ L$p¡ Z R>¡ ?
1 2 . r_òe\u L¡ $ `pfdpr\® L $ `Z¡ ApÐdp_y „ A¡ L $Ðh _ lp¡ e
sp¡ ip¡ v$p¡ j Aph¡ ?
1 3 . ApÐdp_u ip¡ c p L¡ $ ky „ v $fsp i¡ d p„ R>¡ ?
1 4 . A¡ L $Ðhcph_p_p tQsh__y „ Qfdtbvy $ iy „ R>¡ ?
1 5 . `[Ð__¡ `p¡ s p_p¡ 5rs ¼ep„ ky ^ u àepfp¡ gpN¡ R>¡ ?
90
07. `p¡sp_p dfZ `R>u `qfhpf_p kæep¡ ip dpV¡$ fX¡$ R>¡ ? 7.
A:: `p¡s¡ `p¡sp_y„ ApÐdrls Q|L$u N\p¡ s¡\u
B:: `qfhpf dpV¡$ `p` L$fu_¡ Y$p¡fdp„ Nep¡ s¡\u
C:: `p¡sp_u `pR>m gugu hpX$u d|L$u_¡ Nep¡ s¡\u
D:: `p¡sp_p âÐe¡_p fpN_p L$pfZ¡
08. õÓu-`yÓ-rdÓpqv$L$ iy„ _\u ? 8.
A:: õhp\®_p S> kNp B:: kyM-vy$:M_p cpNuv$pf
C:: ^yspfpAp¡_u V$p¡mu D:: ApÆrhL$p dpV¡$_u cpNuv$pfu `¡Y$u
09. r_òe\u A¡LÐh iy„ R>¡ ? 9.
A:: `fÖìe A_¡ `fcph\u `©Õ\L$`Ï„
B:: A_¡L$ k„ep¡Np¡_u hÃQ¡ A¡L$gp`Ï„
C:: A_¡L$ Ahõ\pAp¡dp„ A¡L$ê$``Ï„
D:: kyM-vy$:M_p âk„Np¡dp„ Aklpe`Ï„
10. `p¡sp_u ky„v$fsp A_¡ ip¡cp i¡dp„ R>¡ ? 10.
A:: blpfdp„ A¡L$ps„ hpk A_¡ A„v$fdp„ A¡L$Ðh_y„ gn
B:: blpfdp„ V$p`V$u` A_¡ A„v$fdp„ ky^X$sp
C:: blpfdp„ riô$pQpf A_¡ A„v$fdp„ kv$pQpf
D:: blpfdp„ lmhy„dmhy„ A_¡ A„v$fdp„ Argá fl¡hy„.
1 6 . ip dpV¡ $ `fk„ e p¡ N p¡ _ y „ âep¡ S >_ fpMhp S>¡ h y „ _\u ?
1 7 . `fk„ e p¡ N p¡ _ p gn¡ i¡ _ u DÐ`rÑ \pe R>¡ ?
1 8 . `| Ä e Ny { $v¡ $ hîu L$p_Æõhpdu_p L$\_ A_y k pf kOmp„
rkÙp„ s _p¡ kpf iy „ R>¡ ?
_uQ¡ _ p âñp¡ _ p rhõs© s S>hpb Ap`p¡ .
0 1 . A¡ L $Ðhcph_p_y „ A¡ L $Ðh iy „ R>¡ ?
0 2 . ìehlpf\u AL¡$Ðhcph_p_y„ A¡L$Ðh iy„ R>¡ ?
0 3 . r_òe\u A¡ L $Ðhcph_p_y „ A¡ L $Ðh iy „ R>¡ ?
0 4 . A¡ L $Ðhcph_p_p¡ gp¥ q L$L$ âL$pf iy „ R>¡ ?
0 5 . A¡ L $Ðhcph_p_p¡ `pfdpr\® L $ âL$pf iy „ R>¡ ? s¡ _ y „
tQsh_ L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
0 6 . A¡ L $Ðhcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep kdÅhp¡
0 7 . ¼ep„ âL$pf_u kdS>Z A¡ L $Ðhcph_p_p tQsh__y „
kp^_ L¡ $ L$pfZ b_¡ R>¡ ?
0 8 . A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$B fus¡ h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ R>¡?
0 9 . A¡ L $Ðhcph_p_p Aæepk\u L$B âL$pf_u hõsy õ hê$`_u
kdS>Z Aph¡ R>¡ ?
1 0 . A¡ L $Ðhcph_p_p Aæepk_y „ am A¡ L $Ðhõhê$`u
iy Ù pÐdõhcph_u Ap¡ m MpZ L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
1 1 . A¡ L $Ðhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk `fk„ e p¡ N p¡ _ u r_f\® L $sp
A_¡ iy Ù pÐdõhcph_u kp\® L $sp L$B fus¡ v$ip® h ¡ R>¡ ?
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
5. AÞeÐhcph_p 91
92 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 AÞeÐhcph_p
cph_p
5.
`p¡sp_p¡ qÓL$pmu iyÙpÐdõhcph S> `p¡sp_y„
õh R>¡. A_¡ s¡ rkhpe_p _p¡L$d®-ÖìeL$d®-
cphL$d®-c¡v$cphp¡ `p¡sp_p\u `f R>¡. s¡ âL$pf¡
õh-`f_p c¡v$op__u hpf„hpf rhQpfZp \hu
s¡ AÞeÐhcph_p R>¡.
`p¡sp_p¡ A¡L$ê` AM„X$ Ac¡v$ qÓL$pmu ^°yh
iyÙpÐdõhcph s¡ S> `p¡sp_y„ õh R>.¡ s¡ rkhpe_p
ifufpqv$ _p¡L$dp£ A_¡ op_phfZuepqv$ ÖìeL$dp£
S>¡hp k„ep¡Np¡ s\p Ap k„ep¡Np¡_p gn¡ \sp
fpNpqv$ rhL$pfucphp¡ê` cphL$dp£ S>¡hp k„ep¡Nu-
cphp¡ s¡d S> op_pqv$ NyZc¡v$ S>h ¡ p c¡v$cphp¡
`p¡sp_p\u `f R>¡ s¡ âL$pf¡ õh-`f_p c¡v$op__y„
tQsh_ s¡ AÞeÐhcph_p R>¡.
AÞeÐhcph_p_p AÞe _pd
AÞeÐhcph_p_¡ rcßcph_p L¡ $ c¡ v $-
op__u cph_p `Z L$l¡ R>¡ .
AÞeÐhcph_pdp„ _p¡L$d®-ÖìeL$d®-cphL$d®-
c¡v$cphp¡\u rcß `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdõhcph_y„
tQsh_ lp¡ h p\u s¡ _ ¡ rcßcph_p L$l¡ h pe
R>.¡ A_¡ Ap âL$pf_y„ tQsh_ õh-`f_y„ c¡v$op_
L$fph_pf lp¡ h p\u s¡ _ ¡ c¡ v $op__u cph_p
`Z L$l¡ R>¡.
5. AÞeÐhcph_p
AÞeÐhcph_p_y„ AÞeÐh iy„ R>¡ ?
A_¡ s¡_u kdS|>su
`p¡sp\u `f, rcß, Sy>v$p L¡$ AgN lp¡e
s¡ _ ¡ AÞe L$l¡ R>¡ . `p¡ s p_p¡ qÓL$pmu ^° y h
iyÙpÐdõhcph 1. _p¡L$d® f. ÖìeL$d® 3.
cphL$d® A_¡ 4. c¡v$cphp¡\u AÞe R>¡, s¡
AÞeÐhcph_p_y „ AÞeÐh R>¡ .
Ap Qpf¡e âL$pf_p AÞeÐh_u kdS|su
Ap âdpZ¡ R>¡ •••
1 . _p¡L$d® : `p¥v$¹ NrgL$ AOprsL$dp£_p L$pfZ¡
dmsp ifuf-d_-hpZu, õÓu-`yÓ-`qfhpf, kÑp-
k„`rÑ-kÞdp_ S>¡hp b°pü k„ep¡Np¡_¡ _p¡L$d®
L$l¡ R>¡
f . ÖìeL$d® : `p¥ v ¹ N rgL$ op_phfZue,
v$i® _ phfZue, dp¡ l _ue, A„ s fpe A¡ Qpf
OprsL$dp£ A_¡ _pd, Apey , Np¡ Ó , h¡ v $_ue
A¡ Qpf AOprsL$dp£ S>¡hp A„sf„N k„ep¡Np¡_¡
ÖìeL$d® L$l¡ R>¡.
3. cphL$d® : `p¥ v ¹ $ NrgL$ OprsL$dp£ _ p
L$pfZ¡ \sp Æh_p dp¡l-fpN-Ü¡jpqv$ k„ep¡Nu-
cphp¡_¡ cphL$d® L$l¡ R>¡.
4. c¡ v $cph : Ac¡ v $$ ApÐdp_¡ kdS>hp
\sp„ op_pqv$ NyZp¡_p c¡v$, rhL$pfu L¡$ ArhL$pfu
Ahõ\p_p c¡v$, r_Ðe-Ar_Ðepqv$ ^dp£_p c¡v,$
L$sp®-L$dp®qv$ L$pfL$p_
¡ p c¡v$ S>h
¡ p c¡v$_¡ c¡v$cphp¡
L$l¡ R>¡.
`p¡sp_p¡ AÞeÐhde ApÐdp D`fp¡L$s Qpf¡e
bpbsp¡\u AÞe R>,¡ s¡ AÞeÐhcph_p_y„ AÞeÐh
R>¡. `p¡ s p_p iy Ù pÐdõhcph_¡ Ap Qpf¡ e
bpbsp¡\u AÞe sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMhp dpV¡$ Qpf
âL$pf_p c¡v$op__u AphíeL$sp lp¡e R>¡.
93

iyÙpÐdõhcph_p AÞeÐh_u
Ap¡mMpZ dpV¡$ Qpf âL$pf¡
c¡v$op__u kdS|>su
_p¡L$d®-ÖìeL$d®-cphL$d®-c¡v$cphp¡\u rcß
`p¡sp_p AM„X$, Ac¡v$, A¡L$ê`, qÓL$pm ^°yh
iyÙpÐdõhcph_¡ Ap¡mMhp_p D`pe sfuL¡$
c¡v$op__u AphíeL$sp lp¡e R>¡. Qpf¡e
bpbs_p AÞeÐh kp\¡ k„b„r^s c¡v$op__p
`Z Qpf âL$pf R>¡.
âv¡ $ ic¡ v $ A_¡ Asv$¹ c ph$ A\hp
rhcL$sâv¡$i A_¡ ArhcL$sâv¡$i A¡d dy¿eÐh¡
b¡ âL$pf¡ rcßsp L¡$ c¡v$ lp¡e R>¡. s¡_p `Z
h^y båb¡ âL$pf AÞeÐh A_¡ A_ÞeÐh
L$fsp„ Ly$g Qpf âL$pf¡ rcßsp L¡$ c¡v$ lp¡e
R>¡ . S>¡ _ ¡ Qpf âL$pf¡ c¡ v $op_ L$l¡ R>¡ . S>¡
_uQ¡_p L$p¡ô$L$ A_ykpf R>¡.
c¡ v $ o p_
6 6
1 . rhcLsâv¡ i f . ArhcLsâv¡$i
6 6
1.1. AÞeÐh f.1. AÞeÐh
1.f. A_ÞeÐh f.f. A_ÞeÐh
1. rhcL$sâv$¡iê` c¡v$
b¡ rcß-rcß âL$pf_p Öìep¡ hÃQ¡_p c¡v$_¡ Al] Öìe-NyZ-`ep®ep¡_p Öìe-n¡Ó-L$pm-
rhcL$sâv¡$iê` c¡v$ L$l¡ R>¡. cph A¡L$ S> Öìeê` lp¡hp\u Arhc¼s`°v$¡ iê`
rhc¼sâv¡$iê` c¡v$dp„ A¡L$ Öìe A_¡ buÅ
Öìe hÃQ¡ _ p âv¡ $ ip¡ A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $ Öìe-n¡ Ó -
L$pm-cph sØ_ rcß lp¡e R>¡. S>¡d L¡, Æh
A_¡ `yv¹$Ng.
rhc¼sâv¡$iê` c¡v$ b¡ âL$pf¡ R>¡•••
94
1.1. rhc¼sâv¡$iê` AÞeÐh c¡v$
1.f. rhc¼sâv¡$iê` A_ÞeÐh c¡v$
1.1. rhc¼sâv¡$iê` AÞeÐh c¡v$
rhc¼sâv¡$iê` c¡v$dp„ S>¡ c¡v$ õ\|m L¡$
kfmsp\u Å¡B iL$pe s¡hp„ lp¡e s¡_¡
rhcL$sâv¡$iê` AÞeÐh c¡v$ L$l¡ R>¡.
Dv$plfZ sfuL¡$, S>¡d îuam_p¡ Np¡mp¡ s¡_p
R>ps
¡ fp\u Sy>v$p¡ lp¡e R>,¡ s¡d ApÐdp_p¡ qÓL$pmu
Q¥sÞeõhcph s¡_p ifufpqv$ _p¡L$d®\u Sy>v$p¡
lp¡e R>¡.
1.f. rhcL$sâv¡$iê` A_ÞeÐh c¡v$
rhcL$sâv¡$iê` c¡v$dp„ S>¡ c¡v$ k|ÿd L¡$
kfmsp\u Å¡B _ iL$pe s¡hp¡ lp¡e s¡_¡
rhc¼sâv¡$iê` A_ÞeÐh c¡v$ L$l¡ R>¡.
Dv$plfZ sfuL¡$, S>¡d îuam_p¡ Np¡mp¡ s¡_u
L$pQgu\u Sy > v$p¡ lp¡ e R>¡ , s¡ d ApÐdp_p¡
^°yhõhcph s¡_p op_phfZuepqv$ ÖìeL$d®\u
Sy > v$p¡ lp¡ e R>¡ .
f. ArhcL$sâv¡$iê` c¡v$
A¡L$ S> Öìedp„ Öìe-NyZ-`ep®e hÃQ¡_p c¡v$_¡
Arhc¼sâv¡$iê` c¡v$ L$l¡ R>¡.
R>¡. sp¡`Z s¡Ap¡_u k„op, k„¿ep, gnZ L¡$
âep¡S>_pqv$ Sy>v$p„ Sy>v$p„ lp¡hp\u s¡Ap¡ hÃQ¡
c¡v$ fl¡ R>.¡ Aphp c¡v$dp„ s¡-`Zp„_p¡ Acph
lp¡hp\u s¡_¡ Aspv¹cprhL$ c¡v$ `Z L$l¡ R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
Ap âL$pf_p¡ Dv$plfZ
c¡v$ hõsy_p sfuL¡ $ , S>¡ d
A_¡L$ps„ õhê`dp„ îuam_p¡ Np¡mp¡
S> k„ch¡ R>¡. s¡ _ p D`f_u
s¡\u Ap fps`\u Sy>v$p¡,
âL$pf_p c¡v$_u s¡d ApÐdp_p¡
hps hõsy _ p qÓL$pmu
õ h ê ` _ ¡ iyÙõhcph s¡_u
A_¡ L $p„ s `Z¡ `gV$su `ep®e\u
õhuL$pf_pf Sy>v$p¡ R>.¡
S>¥ _ v$i® _ dp„ 2.2. ArhcL$sâv¡$iê` A_ÞeÐh c¡v$
lp¡e R>¡ `Z hõsy_p õhê`_¡ A¡L$ps„ `Z¡ õhuL$pf_pf
ArhcL$sâv¡$iê` c¡v$dp„ S>¡ c¡v$ k|ÿd L¡$
AÞev$i®_p¡dp„ lp¡su _\u. S>¡d L¡$, Öìe A_¡
kl¡gpB\u kdÆ _ iL$pe s¡hp¡ lp¡e s¡_¡
s¡_u `ep®ep¡ L¡$ Öìe A_¡ s¡_p NyZp¡ Arhc¼sâv¡iê` A_ÞeÐh c¡v$ L$l¡ R>¡.
Arhc¼sâv¡$iê` c¡v$ `Z b¡ âL$pf¡ R>¡••• Dv$plfZ sfuL¡$, S>¡d îuam_p¡ Np¡mp¡ s¡_u
ka¡v$pB L¡$ duW$pi\u Sy>v$p¡ R>¡, s¡d ApÐdp_p¡
f.1. ArhcL$sâv¡$iê` AÞeÐh c¡v$ opeL$õhcph s¡ _ p op_Ny Z \u Sy > v$p¡ R>¡ .
f.f. ArhcLsâv¡$iê` A_ÞeÐh c¡v$. iyÙpÐdõhcph_u _p¡L$d®-ÖìeL$d®-cphL$d®-
c¡v$cph S>h¡ p Qpf âL$pf_p AÞeÐh_u Ap¡mMpZ
f.1. ArhcL$sâv¡$iê` AÞeÐh c¡v$
dpV¡$ D`ep¡Nu D`fp¡L$s Qpf âL$pf_p c¡v$op__¡
ArhcL$sâv¡$iê` c¡v$dp„ S>¡ c¡v$ õ\|m L¡$ _uQ¡_p L$p¡ô$L$ A_ykpf v$ip®hu iL$pe R>¡.
kl¡gpB\u kdÆ iL$pe s¡hp¡ lp¡e s¡_¡ s¡ d p„ îuam_p Öô$p„ s ¡ iy Ù pÐd-õhcph_p
Arhc¼sâv¡$iê` AÞeÐh c¡v$ L$l¡ R>¡. AÞeÐh_p¡ rkÙp„s v$ip®hhpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡.
¾$ d c¡ v $ o p__p¡ âL$ p f × ô$ p „ s rkÙp„ s
1. rhc¼sâv¡$iê` AÞeÐh c¡v$ îuam_p¡ Np¡ m p¡ ApÐdp_p¡ ^° y h õhcph
A_¡ s¡ _ p R>p¡ s fp A_¡ s¡ _ p _p¡ L $d®
f. rhc¼sâv¡ $ iê` A_ÞeÐh c¡ v $ îuam_p¡ Np¡ m p¡ ApÐdp_p¡ ^° y h õhcph
A_¡ s¡ _ u L$pQgu A_¡ s¡ _ p ÖìeL$d®
3. Arhc¼sâv¡$iê` AÞeÐh c¡v$ îuam_p¡ Np¡ m p¡ ApÐdp_p¡ ^° y h õhcph
A_¡ s¡ _ u fps` A_¡ s¡ _ p cphL$d®
4. Arhc¼sâv¡$iê` A_ÞeÐh c¡v$ îuam_p¡ Np¡ m p¡ ApÐdp_p¡ ^° y h õhcph
A_¡ s¡ _ u ka¡ v $pB A_¡ s¡ _ p¡ op_Ny Z
5. AÞeÐhcph_p 95
 A_¡ ÖìeL$d® hÃQ¡_p¡ c¡v$_p¡ R>¡. `f„sy iyÙpÐdp
AÞeÐhcph_p_p AÞeÐh dpV¡$ ky^u `lp¡„Qhp dpV¡$ Qp¡\p âL$pf_p¡ A_¡
õh-`f_p c¡v$op__u kdS>Z_u ÖìeL$d®_¡ Ap¡mMhp dpV¡$ `l¡gp A_¡ ÓuÅ
AphíeL$sp âL$pf_p c¡v$_p¡ D`ep¡N \sp¡ lp¡hp\u õh-
`f_p c¡v$op_ dpV¡$ Qpf¡e âL$pf_p¡ c¡v$
kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡_u Ar_Ðesp v$ip®h_pfu
kdS>hp¡ Sê$fu R>¡.
Ar_Ðecph_p, AifZsp bsph_pfu AifZ
cph_p, Akpfsp S>Zph_pfu k„ k pfcph_p `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdp_¡ _p¡L$d,® Ö$ìeL$d,® cphL$d®
A_¡ Ak„Nsp v¡$MpX$_pfu A¡L$Ðhcph_p Ap`Z¡ A_¡ op_NyZ\u AÞe ÅZhp¡ s¡ õh-`f_y
Å¡B Nep R>uA¡. Ap S> kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡_u c¡vop_ R>¡. õh-`f_p c¡v$op_ hX¡$ `p¡sp_p
rcßsp kdÅh_pfu AÞeÐhcph_p R>¡.
^°yhõhcph A¡V$g¡ L¡$ iyÙpÐdp_¡ AÞe kh®
AÞeÐhcph_dp„ kh® âL$pf_p k„ e p¡ N p¡ , cphp¡\u rcß ÅZhp¡ s¡ S> AÞeÐhcph_p_p¡
k„ep¡Nucphp¡ L¡$ c¡v$cphp¡\u `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdp_y„
L¡$ÞÖhs} rhQpf R>¡.
AÞeÐh Ap¡mMhp_y„ lpe R>¡. s¡ dpV¡$ `p¡sp_p
iyÙõhcph_¡ kh® âL$pf_p `fcphp¡\u `©Õ\L$ iyÙpÐdp_p ÖìeL$d® kp\¡_p b„^_p L$pfZ¡
`pX$hp_p¡ lp¡e R>¡. `f\u `©Õ\L$sp dpV¡$ õh- kOmp¡ k„ k pf lp¡ e R>¡ . õh-`f_p c¡ v $op_
`f_y„ c¡v$op_ Sêfu lp¡e R>.¡ õh-`f_y„ c¡v$op_
S> AÞeÐhcph_p_p AÞeÐh_y „ Ap^pftbvy $ hX¡ $ ÖìeL$d® \ u `p¡ s p_p iy Ù pÐdp_¡ Sy > v$p¡
R>.¡ õh-`f_p c¡v$op__u kdS>Z rh_p `p¡sp_p `pX$hp\u kOmp„ k„kpf_p¡ Acph \pe R>¡.
iyÙpÐdõhcph_¡ `fk„ep¡Np¡, k„ep¡Nucphp¡ L¡$ L¡$d L¡$, ÖìeL$dd ® p„ OprsL$dp£_p Dv$edp„ Å¡X$pZ_p
c¡v$cphp¡\u rcß Ap¡mMu iL$psp¡ _\u. s¡\u L$pfZ¡ fpNprv cphL$d® A_¡ AOprsL$dp£_p Dv$e_p
AÞeÐhcph_p_p AÞeÐh dpV¡ $ õh-`f_p L$pfZ¡ ifufpqv$ _p¡L$d® lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u `p¡sp_p
c¡v$op__u kdS>Z_u AphíeL$sp fl¡ R>¡. iyÙpÐdp_¡ õh-`f_p c¡v$op_ hX¡$ ÖìeL$d\ ® u
AÞeÐhcph_p_p¡ Apie `f\u `p¡sp_y„ AÞeÐh Sy>v$p¡ ÅZu ÖìeL$d®_p Dv$edp„ _ Å¡X$php\u
Ap¡mMhp_y„ R>.¡ `f\u `p¡sp_y„ AÞeÐh Ap¡mMhp fpNpqv$ cphL$dp£ DÐ`ß \sp„ _\u A_¡
dpV¡$ õh-`f_y„ c¡v$op_ kdS>hy„ AphíeL$ R>¡.
ÖìeL$d_ ® p kd|mNp Acph\u ifufpqv$ _p¡L$d_ ® p¡
õh-`f_p c¡v$op_ dpV¡$ c¡v$op__p¡ rhje
A_¡ s¡_u âprá_p¡ D`pe ÅZhp¡ S>ê$fu R>¡. `Z Acph \pe R>.¡ Ap fus¡ k„kpf_p Acph_p
L$pfZê` õh-`f_p c¡v$op_ dpV¡$ s¡_p¡ rhje
õh-`f_p c¡v$op__p¡ rhje buÅ âL$pf_y„ c¡v$op_ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ iyÙpÐdp A_¡
ÖìeL$d® hÃQ¡_y„ c¡v$op_ R>¡.
A_¡ s¡_u âprá_p¡ D`pe
õh-`f_p c¡v$op__p¡ rhje iyÙpÐdp A_¡
Qpf âL$pf_p c¡v$op_dp„ iyÙpÐdp_¡ ÖìeL$d® R>¡. `f„sy hs®dp_ drs-îysop_ hX¡$
rcß `pX$hp dpV¡$ c¡vop__p¡ d|mc|s rhje âÐen`Z¡ Ap b¡dp„\u A¡L¡$e ÅZu iL$psp
c¡v$op__p¡ buÅ¡ âL$pf A¡V$g¡ L¡$ iyÙpÐdp _\u. s¡\u s¡d_¡ s¡d_p gnZp¡ hX¡$ Ap¡mMu

96 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

`fp¡n`Z¡ ÅZu õh-`f_y„ c¡v$op_ L$fhpdp„
Aph¡ R>¡ .
ÖìeL$d® _ ¡ Ap¡ m Mhp dpV¡ $ ÖìeL$d® _ p b¡
âL$pf ÅZhp S>ê$fu R>¡. A¡L$ AOpqsL$dp¡® A_¡
buÅ OprsL$dp£. AOprsL$dp£_p L$pfZ¡ ifufpqv$
_p¡L$d® A_¡ OprsL$dp£_p L$pfZ¡ fpNpqv$ cphL$d®
lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u ifufpqv$ _p¡L$d® A_¡ fpNpqv$
cphL$dp£ hÃQ¡_p `l¡gp A_¡ ÓuÅ âL$pf_p
c¡v$op_ hX¡ ÖìeL$d®_¡ Ap¡mMu iL$pe R>¡.
Ap fus¡ _p¡L$d® A_¡ cphL$d®ê` gnZ hX¡$
ÖìeL$d®_¡ Ap¡m¿ep bpv$ iyÙpÐdp_¡ Ap¡mMhp
dpV¡$ s¡_y„ gnZ op_NyZ R>¡. s¡\u iyÙpÐdp
A_¡ op_NyZ hÃQ¡_p Qp¡\p âL$pf_p c¡v$op_
hX¡$ iyÙpÐdp_¡ Ap¡mMu iL$pe R>¡.
õh-`f_p c¡vop__p rhjec|s iyÙpÐdp
A_¡ ÖìeL$d®_p b„^_¡ AgN Ap¡mMhp dpV¡$
kp¥ â \d õhcph-rhcph L¡ $ op_-fpN_y „
c¡v$op_ Sê$fu R>.¡ `p¡sp_u hs®dp_ Ahõ\pdp„
v$f¡ L $ kde¡ A¡ L $ukp\¡ op_ A_¡ fpN bß¡
lp¡e R>¡. op_ gnZ hX¡$ iyÙpÐdp_¡ Ap¡mMu
iL$pe R>¡ A_¡ fpNgnZ hX¡$ ÖìeL$d_ ® p b„^_¡
Ap¡mMu iL$pe R>¡. fpNpqv$ cphL$dp£ D`fp„s
ifufpqv$ _p¡L$d®_p gnZ hX¡$ `Z ÖìeL$d®_p
b„^_¡ Ap¡mMu iL$pe R>¡. Ap fus¡ õh-`f_p
c¡ v $op_ hX¡ $ `p¡ s p_p iy Ù pÐdp_¡ AgN
Ap¡mMhp dpV¡$ _p¡L$d®, ÖìeL$d®, cphL$d® A_¡
op_NyZ A¡d Qpf¡e âL$pf¡ c¡v$op_ AphíeL$
lp¡ e R>¡ . `f„ s y op_ A_¡ fpN_p c¡ v $op_
dpV¡ $ D`ep¡ N _u A¡ L $v$d k| ÿ dsp Sêfu R>¡ .
D`ep¡ N _u k| ÿ dsp dpV¡ $ rdÕepÐh_u d„ v $sp
Sêfu lp¡ e R>¡ . rdÕepÐh_u d„ v $sp dpV¡ $
AÞeÐhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk D`ep¡ N u R>¡ .
5. AÞeÐhcph_p
AÞeÐhcph_p_p Aæepkdp„ õh-`f_p
c¡v$op__u kdS>Z kdpe¡gu lp¡e R>¡.
A¡L$Ðhcph_p A_¡
AÞeÐhcph_p_u syg_p
A¡L$Ðhcph_p A_¡ AÞeÐhcph_p_p¡ Apie
A¡ L $ S> lp¡ h p R>sp„ s¡ d p„ A[õs-_p[õs$ê`
L$\__p¡ c¡v$ R>¡. A¡L$Ðhcph_pdp„ A[õs\u
`p¡sp_p¡ A¡L$Ðhõhê`u iyÙpÐdp kOmp„ k„ep¡Np¡_u
hÃQ¡ `Z A¡ L $gp¡ S> R>¡ s¡ bpbs R>¡ .
AÞeÐhcph_pdp„ _p[õs\u s¡ S> iy Ù pÐdp
kOmp„ k„ep¡Np¡\u AÞe R>¡ s¡ bpbs R>¡.
A¡ L $Ðhcph_p A_y k pf A_¡ L $ âL$pf_p
k„ e p¡ N p¡ _ u hÃQ¡ `Z `p¡ s ¡ A¡ L $gp¡ S> R>¡ ,
A¡V$g¡ L¡$ `p¡sp_y„ L$p¡B kp\u L¡$ klpeL$ lp¡sy„
_\u. AÞeÐhcph_p A_ykpf kOmp„ âL$pf_p
k„ep¡Np¡\u `p¡s¡ AÞe S> R>¡. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ `p¡s¡
`p¡sp_u ApNhu Ap¡mM L¡$ rhi¡jsp Åmhu
fpM¡ R>¡.
A¡ L $Ðhcph_p_y „ A¡ L $Ðh A_¡ L $ âL$pf_p
k„ e p¡ N p¡ _ u hÃQ¡ `Z `p¡ s ¡ Aklpe R>¡ s¡
ìehlpf\u A¡L$Ðh R>¡. A_¡ A_¡L$ âL$pf_p
k„ep¡Nucphp¡_u hÃQ¡ `Z `p¡sp_y„ A¡L$ê$``Ï„
R>¡ s¡ r_òe\u A¡L$Ðh R>¡. AÞeÐhcph_p_y„
AÞeÐh `p¡s¡ _p¡L$d®, ÖìeL$d®, cphL$d® A_¡
c¡v$cphp¡\u rcß R>¡ s¡ ìehlpf\u AÞeÐh
R>¡ A_¡ `p¡s¡ kOmp„ `fk„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ `fcphp¡\u
`©Õ\L$ flu `p¡sp_u ApNhu Ap¡mM L¡$ rhi¡jsp
Åmhu fpM¡ R>¡ s¡ r_òe\u AÞeìe R>¡.
A¡L$Ðhcph_p A_¡ AÞeÐhcph_p_u D`fp¡¼s
syg_p _uQ¡_p L$p¡W$pdp„ V|„L$dp„ v$ip®hu R>¡.
97
 A¡L$Ðhcph_p AÞeÐhcph_p k„L$mpe¡gp ifufdp„ `l¡g¡\u S> `p¡sp`Ï„ lp¡e
1. A¡L$Ðh-rhc¼s 1. `fk„ e p¡ N p¡ A_¡ R>¡ . `Z S>¡ QuS> `p¡ s p`Z¡ lp¡ e s¡ L$ped
iyÙpÐdp_u `fcphp¡ \ u `© Õ \L$ `p¡sp_u kp\¡ A¡L$ê``Z¡ fl¡hu Å¡BA¡. `Z
A p ¡ m M p Z i y Ù p Ð d p _ u Ap ifuf_p `fdpÏAp¡ kss bv$gpsp fl¡
L$fphhp_p¡ Apie Ap¡ m MpZ L$fphhp_p¡ R>¡ . Qp¥ v $ hj® `l¡ g p_p¡ A¡ L $ `Z `fdpÏ
R>¡. Apie R>¡. AÐepf_p ifufdp„ lp¡sp¡ _\u. `p¡sp_u ——Kdf
Qp¥v$ hj®\u h^pf¡ R>¡ A_¡ Qp¥v$ hj® `l¡gp
2. A[õs\u `p¡s¡ 2. _p[õs\u `p¡ s ¡ `Z `p¡s¡ lsp¡ S>. s¡\u Ap ifuf `p¡sp`Z¡
kOmp„ k„ep¡Np¡_u kOmp„ k„ep¡Np¡\u AÞe lp¡e iL¡$ _rl.
hÃQ¡ `Z A¡L$gp¡ R>.¡ R>¡ .
dfZ \sp„ ifuf Al] `X$éy„ fl¡ R>¡ A_¡
3. L$p¡B `Z kde¡ 3. L$pB¡ `Z kde¡ `p¡s¡ ApÐdp AÞe Nrsdp„ Qpëep¡ Åe R>¡. ifuf
`p¡sp_y„ L$pB¡ kp\u L¡$ `p¡sp_u ApNhu Ap¡mM A¡L$ k„ep¡Nu QuS> R>¡ s¡\u s¡_p¡ rhep¡N `Z
klpeL$ lp¡sy„ _\u. L¡$ rhi¡jsp ^fph¡ R>¡. Ahíe \pe S> R>¡. k„ep¡Nu ifuf_p¡ rhep¡N
\sp„ `Z A„ v $f_p¡ Ak„ e p¡ N u ApÐdp L$ped
4. ìehlpf\u 4. ìehlpf\u `p¡ s ¡
dpV¡$ S>h
¡ p¡ _¡ s¡hp¡ fl¡ R>.¡ Ap bpbs ifuf\u
`p¡sp_y„ Aklpe`Ï„ `f\u rcß R>¡ s¡
ApÐdp_y„ rcß`Ï„ v$ip®h¡ R>¡.
s¡ A¡LÐh R>¡ A_¡ AÞeÐh R>¡ A_¡
r_òe\u `p¡sp_y„ r_òe\u `p¡ s p_u v¡$l A_¡ ApÐdp_p¡ k„ep¡N lp¡hp R>sp„ bß¡_p¡
A¡ L $ê$``Ï„ s¡ ApNhu Ap¡ m M Åmh¡ õhcph sØ_ rcß-rcß R>¡ . v¡ $ l `p„ Q
A¡L$Ðh R>¡. R>¡ s¡ AÞeÐh R>¡ . B[ÞÖep¡\u fQpe¡g `p¥v¹$NrgL$ `v$p\® R>¡ A_¡
ApÐdp Q¥sÞeõhcphu ÅZ_pf v¡$M_pf R>¡.
AÞeÐhcph_p_u tQsh_ âqLep BrÞÖe hX¡ $ S>¡ s¡ rhje_y „ op_ \pe R>¡
`Z s¡ ApÐdp_u leprs rh_p \sy „ _\u.
Ap fus¡ `p„Qe ¡ BrÞÖe Üpfp S>Zpsp `v$p\p£_„y
`p¡sp_p¡ iyÙpÐdõhcph S> `p¡sp_y„ õh R>¡ A_¡
op_ A¡ L $gp ApÐdp_¡ S> \pe R>¡ . ApÐdp
s¡ rkhpe 1. ifufpqv$ _p¡L$d® 2. fpNpqv$ rh_p_p dfZ `pd¡ g p v$¡ l _u Ap„ M DOpX$u
cphL$d® 3. op_phfZuepqv ÖìeL$d® A_¡ 4. lp¡e sp¡`Z s¡ L$p„B v¡$Msu _\u. Ap L$pfZ¡
op_pqv$ NyZc¡v$ `p¡sp_p\u `f R>¡ s¡ âL$pf¡ v¡$lv¡$hmdp„ rbfpS>dp_ lp¡hp R>sp„ ApÐdp v¡$l\u
õh-`f_p c¡vop__u cph_p cphhu s¡ S> sØ_ rcß R>¡ A¡d kdÆ iL$pe R>¡.
AÞeÐhcph_p_u tQsh_ âqL$ep R>¡.
`p¡sp_p¡ ApÐdp ifuf\u rcß R>¡ sp¡ ifuf
S>¡ Ap âL$pf¡ lp¡ e R>¡••• kp\¡ k„b„r^s ÷u-`yÓ-`qfhpfpqv$ dpfp L$B
1. AÞeÐhcph_p_p tQsh_ âqL$epdp„ fus¡ lp¡e ? _ S> lp¡e. s¡ sp¡ âNV$`Z¡
kp¥â\d ifufpqv$ _p¡L$d®\u `p¡sp_y„ rcß`Ï„ S> `p¡ s p_p\u rcß R>¡ . Ap fus¡ ifufpqv$
tQshhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. A¡Ln¡ÓphNpl`Z¡$ fl¡gp k„ e p¡ N p¡ ê ` _p¡ L $d® \ u `p¡ s p_y „ rcß`Ï„ cpk¡
A_¡ NpY$`Z¡ r_rdÑ-_¥ r drÑL$ k„ b „ ^ \u R>¡. Ap rcßsp rhc¼sâv¡$iê`AÞe`Z¡ R>¡.

98 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

 2. S>d
¡ ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Np¡ê` _p¡L$d® ApÐdp\u
rcß R>¡ s¡ d k„ e p¡ N p¡ _ p gn¡ \sp fpNpqv$
k„ep¡Nucphê` cphL$d® `Z ApÐdp\u rcß
R>¡ . fpNpqv$ cph nrZL$ A_¡ rh_piu R>¡ .
s¡\u L$p¡B `Z fpN L$ped VL$sp¡ _\u. hmu
s¡ ApÐdp_u rhL$pfu Ahõ\p lp¡hp\u ApÐdp_¡
AÐe„s vy$:Mê` R>¡. s¡\u s¡ ApÐdp_¡ ârsL|m
R>.¡ ApÐdp_¡ ârsL|m lp¡e s¡ ApÐdp_p¡ õhcph
lp¡e iL¡$ _rl. s¡\u `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙpÐdõhcph
Aphp nZ¡-nZ¡ `gV$sp A_¡L$ âL$pf_p fpNpqv$
k„ep¡Nucphê` cphL$d®\u rcß S> R>¡. Ap
rcßsp ArhcL$sâv¡$iê` AÞe`Z¡ R>¡.
3. ifufpqv$ _p¡L$d® A_¡ fpNpqv$ cphL$d\ ® u
Ap`Zp¡ ApÐdp rcß R>¡. sp¡ Ap _p¡L$d® A_¡
cphL$d® _ p L$pfZc| s ÖìeL$d® \ u `Z rcß
S> R>¡ . v$f¡ L $ kde¡ S| > _p ÖìeL$d® _ p¡ Dv$e
Aphu s¡_„y am _p¡L$d® A_¡ cphL$d` ® Z¡ Ap`u
s¡ Mfu Åe R>¡ . A_¡ Æh_p cphL$d® ê `
fpNpqv$cphp¡ _ p r_rdÑ¡ _hu_ L$d® _ y „ b„ ^ _
\sy„ fl¡ R>.¡ Ap fus¡ L$dp£_„y AphpNd_ q_f„sf
Qpgy fl¡ R>¡.
Ap fus¡ op_phfZuepqv$ ApW$ âL$pf_p
bv$gsp fl¡sp `p¥v¹$rgL$ ÖìeL$dp£_p k„ep¡Np¡_u
hÃQ¡ `Z Ak„ep¡Nu Q¥sÞede ApÐdp L$ped
S>¡ h p¡ _¡ s¡ h p¡ V$L$u fl¡ R>¡ . s¡ \ u
op_phfZueepqv$ ÖìeL$dp£ \ u `Z `p¡ s p_p¡
ApÐdp rcß S> R>¡ . Ap rcßsp
rhc¼sâv¡$iê` A_Þe`Z¡ R>¡.
4. `p¡sp_p¡ AM„X$, Ac¡v$, A¡L$ê` iyÙpÐdp
_p¡ L $d® , cphL$d® , ÖìeL$d® \ u rcß R>¡ s¡ d
op_pqv$ NyZc¡v$\u `Z rcß R>¡.
5. AÞeÐhcph_p
_p¡L$d®-cphL$d®-ÖìeL$d®_¡ `p¡sp_p\u rcß
ÅZhp_p kp^_c|s op_NyZ A¡ `Z opeL$
ApÐdp_y „ õhê` _\u. opeL$ ApÐdp sp¡
A_„sNyZp¡_p AM„X$, Ac¡v$, A¡L$ê`t`X$ R>¡.
s¡\u Ac¡v$ A¡L$ê` ApÐdp op_pqv$
A_¡ L $ Ny Z p¡ _ p c¡ v $\u `Z rcß R>¡ .
Ap rcßspdp„ âv¡ $ ic¡ v $ _\u `Z
Aspv¹$cprhL$ c¡v$ R>¡.
hõÓ `p„Qe¡ BrÞÖe_p¡ rhje R>.¡ A_¡ s¡_u
ka¡v$pB dpÓ QnyBqÞÖe_p¡ rhje R>¡. s¡\u
hõÓ A_¡ s¡_u ka¡v$pB hÃQ¡ Aspv¹$cpqhL$
c¡v$ R>¡. s¡d Ac¡v$ ApÐdp A_¡ op_pqv$
NyZc¡v$ hÃQ¡ `Z Aspv¹$cpqhL$ c¡v$ R>¡.
Ap c¡v$ Arhc¼sâv¡$iê` A_Þe`Z¡ R>¡.
D`fp¡¼s âL$pf¡ 1. ifufpqv$ _p¡L$d® 2. fpNpqv$
cphL$d® 3. op_phfZuepqv$ ÖìeL$d® 4. op_pqv$
Ny Z c¡ v $\u ¾$dp_y k pf `p¡ s p_p iy Ù pÐdp_¡
rcß`Z¡ ÅZu iL$pe R>.¡ Ap âL$pf¡ rcßsp_p¡
L¡ $ c¡ v $op__p¡ hpf„ h pf Aæepk L$fhp¡ s¡
AÞeÐhcph_p_u tQsh_ âqL$ep R>¡.
k„ep¡Np¡_u Ar_Ðesp, AifZsp, Akpfsp
A_¡ Aklpesp S> s¡_u `©Õ\L$sp_¡ bsph_pfu
R>¡. s¡\u `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙpÐdõhcph `fk„ep¡Np¡\u
AÐe„ s rcß R>¡ . sp¡ ` Z A_pqv$_u rdÕep
dpÞesp s¡dS> gp„bp kde_p klhpk A_¡
`qfQe_p L$pfZ¡ A¡d cpk¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap k„ep¡Np¡
dpfp„ R>.¡ s¡\u Ap Æh Ap k„ep¡Np¡_¡ `p¡sp_p\u
`©Õ\L$ dp_hp s¥epf lp¡sp¡ _\u. Å¡ L¡$, L$\_dp„
sp¡ b^p„ A¡ d S> L$l¡ R>¡ L¡ $ Ap k„ e p¡ N p¡
`p¡sp_p ApÐdp\u A¡L$v$d rcß R>.¡ `f„sy `p¡sp_y„
ApQfZ s¡ k„ep¡Np¡\u Arcß lp¡e s¡d S>
âhs£ R>¡ . s¡ _ y „ L$pfZ k„ e p¡ N p¡ \ u rcßsp_y „
A„v$f\u kpQy„ îÙp_ _\u. Aphy„ îÙp_ gphhp
dpV¡$ AÞeÐhcph_p_y„ tQsh_ AphíeL$ R>¡.
99

AÞeÐhcph_p_y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ
ifufpqv$ _p¡L$d®, fpNpqv$ cphL$d®, op_p-
hfZuepqv$ ÖìeL$d® A_¡ op_pqv$ Ny Z c¡ v \u
`p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdp_u rcßsp rhQpfhu s¡ AÞeÐh-
cph_p_u tQsh_ âqL$ep R>¡. AÞeÐhcph_p_u
tQsh_ âqL$ep dpV¡$_y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ A_¡L$
âL$pf¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
S>¡ d îuam s¡ _ p R>p¡ s fp, L$pQgu, fps`
A_¡ ka¡ v $pB\u rcß R>¡ s¡ d `p¡ s p_p¡
iyÙpÐdõhcph `Z _p¡L$d®, ÖìeL$d®, cphL$d®
A_¡ c¡ v $cphp¡ \ u rcß R>¡ .
S>¡ QuS> `p¡sp\u Sy>v$u `X$u Åe s¡ `p¡sp\u
AÞe S> lp¡ e R>¡ . ifufpqv$ _p¡ L $d® A_¡
op_phfZuepqv$ ÖìeL$d® s¡_u [õ\rs `|fu \sp„
`p¡ s p\u R| > V$u `X$u Åe R>¡ . s¡ \ u s¡ d _p\u
`p¡sp_p¡ ApÐdp rcß R>¡. Ap rcßsp âv¡$ic¡v$
L¡ $ rhcLsâv¡ $ i`Z¡ R>¡ .
S>¡ nrZL$ A_¡ rh_piu lp¡e s¡ `Z `p¡sp_u
QuS> _ lp¡ e . fpNpqv$ cphL$dp£ nrZL$ A_¡
rh_piu R>¡ s¡ \ u s¡ `Z `p¡ s p_p ^° y h A_¡
Arh_piu ApÐdp\u rcß R>¡ . s¡ S> fus¡
op_pqv$ NyZc¡v$ `Z Ac¡v$ ApÐdpdp„ kdph¡i
_ `pdsp lp¡hp\u s¡_p\u `Z `p¡sp_p¡ Ac¡v$
A¡L$ê` iyÙpÐdõhcph rcß R>¡. Ap âL$pf_u
rcßsp Asv¹$cph L¡$ Arhc¼sâv¡$i`Z¡ R>¡.
rS>_ârsdp `Z AÞeÐh cph_p_y „ A¡ L $
DÐL©$ô$ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ \B iL¡$ R>¡. rS>_¡ÞÖ
cNhp__y „ õhê` A¡ S> `p¡ s p_y „ õhê` R>¡ .
s¡ \ u rS>_¡ Þ Ö cNhp_dp„ S>¡ R>¡ s¡ `p¡ s pdp„
R>¡ A_¡ s¡d_pdp„ S>¡ _\u s¡ `p¡spdp„ _\u.
rS>_¡ÞÖ cNhp__y„ õhê` v$ip®hsu rS>_ârsdp
V„$L$pС L$uZ® R>¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ `Õ\f_¡ V$pL„ $Zp\u DÐL$uZ®
L$fu_¡ L„$X$pfhpdp„ Aph¡g R>¡. s¡\u S>¡ `Õ\f
Aky „ v $f, Aip¡ c _ue A_¡ A{rQê`¡ lsp¡ s¡
S> `Õ\f ârsdp`Z¡ ky „ v $f, ip¡ c _ue A_¡
100
ky{rQ`Z¡ âNV$ \pe R>.¡ S>¡ A`|Äe lsp¡ s¡ S>
lh¡ `|Äe b_¡ R>.¡ S>d¡ `Õ\f_¡ V$pL„ $Zp hX¡$ DÒL$uZ®
L$fu s¡dp„\u AÞe cpNp¡ v|$f L$fhp\u rS>_ârsdp
âNV¡$ R>,¡ s¡d `p¡sp_p ApÐdp kp\¡ k„L$mpe¡g k„ep¡Nê`
_p¡L$d® A_¡ ÖìeL$d,® k„ep¡Nucphê` cphL$d® A_¡
op_pqv$ NyZc¡v$ê` c¡v$cphp¡\u `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_¡
Sy>v$p¡ spfhhp\u A„v$f_p¡ V„$L$pС L$uZ® iyÙ Qp¥sÞeõhcph
âNV$ \pe R>.¡
D`fp¡L$s âL$pf¡ îuam A_¡ rS>_ârsdp S>h ¡ p
kp^_ hX¡$ s¡dS> ifufpqv$_u rcßsp cpkhp_p
L$pfZ hX¡$ AÞeÐhcph_p_y„ tQsh_ \B iL¡$ R>.¡
L$B fus¡ hõsyõhê`_u
kdS>Z L$fph_pf R>¡ ?
AÞeÐhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk õh-`f_y„ c¡v-
$op_ L$fph_pf R>.¡ hõsyõhê`_u kpQu kdS>Z
rh_p õh-`f_y„ c¡v$op_ k„chsy„ _\u.
AÞeÐhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk `p¡ s p_p
iyÙpÐdõhcphê` õh_u Ap¡mMpZ L$fph¡ R>¡.
A_¡ ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Np¡_¡ `p¡sp_p\u rcß v$ip®h¡
R>¡. Ap rcßsp v$ip®hhp dpV¡$ Qpf âL$pf_p
c¡ v $op__u kdS>Z L$fph¡ R>¡ . Ap âL$pf¡
AÞeÐhcph_p_¡ Aæepk hõsyõhê`_u kdS>Z
L$fph_pf R>¡.
L$B fus¡ h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ R>¡ ?
k„ k pfu Æh S>¡ _ ¡ `p¡ s p_p dp_¡ R>¡ s¡ S>
`pfLp _uL$m¡ R>¡. A_¡ Ap `pfL$p_u `mp¡S>Zdp„
S> `p¡ s p_y „ Æh_ ìe\® h¡ X $au _p„ M ¡ R>¡ .
AÞeÐhcph_p A¡d S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$ `p¡sp_p¡
qÓL$pmu iyÙpÐdõhcph S> `p¡sp_y„ õh R>¡ A_¡
s¡ rkhpe_y „ kOmy „ `f R>¡ . A¡ L $ bpSy > fpd
_¡ buÆ bpSy> Npd. s¡d A¡L$ bpSy> ApÐdfpd
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
A_¡ buÆ bpSy> kOmp„ kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡ R>¡.
ApÐdfpd_y„ S>¡ dlÐh A_¡ õ\p_ R>¡ s¡ buÅ
L$p¡B k„ep¡Np¡_y„ _\u. Ap âL$pf¡ õh_p¡ drldp
A_¡ `f_u syÃR>sp cpksp ifufpqv$ `fk„ep¡Np¡
âÐe¡_y„ âep¡S>_ A_¡ gn V$m¡ R>¡. s¡\u kOmp„
kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡ âÐe¡ D`¡np A_¡ Dv$pku_sp
Aph¡ R>¡. S>¡_¡ k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe L$l¡ R>¡.
Ap âL$pf¡ AÞeÐhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk k„ k pf
âÐe¡ _ p h¥ f pÁe_y „ L$pfZ R>¡ .
âep¡S>_`|h®L$_y„ rhi¡j am
A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk_y„ âep¡S>_ hõsy
õhê`_u kpQu kdS>Z`| h ® L $ k„ k pf âÐe¡ _ p
h¥ f pÁe_y „ R>¡ . Aphp âep¡ S >_`| h ® L $
A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p Aæepk_y„ ApNmy„ am Ap
âL$pf¡ R>¡•••
1. õh-`f_y„ c¡v$op_ L$fph¡
2. `fp^u_sp dV$pX¡$
1. õh-`f_y„ c¡v$op_ L$fph¡
`p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdõhcph_¡ AÞecphp¡\u rcß
ÅZhp¡ s¡_¡ õh-`f_y„ c¡v$op_ L$l¡ R>¡. AÞeÐh
cph_p_p¡ Aæepk õh-`f_y„ c¡v$op_
L$fph_pf R>¡.
`p¡sp_p¡ iyÙpÐdõhcph A¡ S> `p¡sp_y„ õh
R>.¡ Ap iyÙpÐdõhcph kp\¡ k„L$mpe¡g ifufpqv$
_p¡L$d,® op_phfZuepqv$ ÖìeL$d,® fpNpqv$ cphL$d®
A_¡ op_pqv$ NyZc¡v$ A¡ `p¡sp_p\u `f R>¡.
AÞeÐhcph_p `f_¡ `f sfuL¡ $ Ap¡ m Mphu
õh-`f_y„ c¡v$op_ L$fph¡ R>¡.
`p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdõhcph_¡ AÞe cphp¡\u
rcß ÅZhp¡ s¡ _ y „ S> _pd AÞeÐh R>¡ .
5. AÞeÐhcph_p
s¡ \ u AÞeÐhcph_p_¡ rcßcph_p L¡ $
c¡ v $op__u cph_p `Z L$l¡ h pe R>¡ . Ap
c¡ v $op_ Qpf âL$pf¡ R>¡ . S>¡ _ u kdS| > su
Ap ANpD A`pB Ne¡ g R>¡ .
õh-`f_p c¡v$op__p¡ drldp Agp¥qL$L$ A_¡
AtQÐe R>¡. `pfdpr\®L$ `„\dp„ `f\u `©Õ\L$sp
v$ip®h_pfp c¡v$op_ rh_p A¡L$ X$Ngy„e ApNm
h^u iL$psy „ _\u. S>Nsdp„ S>¡ L$p¡ B Æhp¡
k„kpf_p¡ Acph L$fu rkÙv$ip_¡ `pá \ep
R>¡, \pe R>¡ A_¡ lh¡ `R>u \i¡ s¡ b^p„e
õh-`f_p c¡v$op__p L$pfZ¡ S> \pe R>.¡ A_¡
S>¡ L$p¡B Æhp¡ k„kpfdp„ fMX¡$ R>¡ A_¡ A_„s
vy$:Mp¡ cp¡Nh¡ R>¡ s¡ c¡v$op_ _ lp¡hp_p L$pfZ¡
S> fMX¡ $ R>¡ .
c¡ v $op__u âprá dpV¡ $ `f\u `© Õ \L$sp
ÅZhu Sêfu R>¡. `f\u `©Õ\L$sp ÅZhp dpV¡$
AÞeÐhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk lp¡e R>¡. Ap fus¡
AÞeÐhcph_p_p Aæepk_y „ am õh-`f_y „
c¡ v $op_ ÅZhy „ .
2. `fp^u_sp dV$pX¡$
`fdp„ `p¡sp`Zp_u dpÞesp_p L$pfZ¡ \sy„ `f_y„
hgZ, `f_y„ âep¡S>_ L¡$ `f_p Apîe_¡
`fp^u_sp L$l¡ R>¡. AÞeÐhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk
Aphu `fp^u_sp dV$pX$_pfp¡ R>¡.
‘ `fp^u_spdp„ õhà_¡ e ky M _\u _\u’’
A¡ h u ârkÙ gp¡ L $p¡ [ ¼s R>¡ . Ap `fp^u_sp
V$pmhp dpV¡$ `f_¡ `f sfuL¡$ ÅZhy„ AÐe„s
AphíeL$ R>¡.
AÞeÐhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk `f_¡ `f sfuL¡$
S>Zph¡ R>.¡ Ap `fdp„ _p¡L$d-® ÖìeL$d-® cphL$d-®
c¡vcphp¡$_p¡ kdph¡i R>.¡ ifufpqv$ _p¡L$d® rhc¼s
âv¡ $ iê` AÞeÐh`Z¡ `p¡ s p\u `f R>¡ .
101
op_phfZuepqv$ ÖìeL$d® rhc¼sâv¡ $ iê` gnZ hX¡ $ ApÐdp_¡ A_¡ fpN gnZ hX¡ $
A_ÞeÐh`Z¡ `p¡sp\u `f R>.¡ fpNpqv$ cphL$d® b„^_¡ Ap¡mMu iL$pe R>¡. `p¡sp_u Ahõ\pdp„
Arhc¼sâv¡$iê` AÞeÐh`Z¡ `p¡sp\u `f R>¡. A¡L$ kp\¡ \sp„ op_ A_¡ fpN hÃQ¡_p¡ c¡v$
A_¡ op_pqv$ NyZp¡_p cphc¡v$ ArhcL$s- `pfMhp\u Æh A_¡ b„^ hÃQ¡_y„ c¡v$op_
âv¡$iê` A_ÞeÐh`Z¡ `p¡sp\u `f R>¡. \B iL¡$ R>¡. ÖìeL$d®_p b„^\u R|Vy„$ `X$sp„
s¡_p L$pfZ¡ \sp _p¡L$d® A_¡ cphL$d_ ® p¡ Acph
AÞeÐhcph_p_p Aæepk Öpfp Ap âL$pf¡
\pe R>¡. A_¡ _p¡L$d® A_¡ cphL$d®_p¡ Acph
`f\u rcßsp cpkhp\u `f_y„ L$p¡B hgZ,
\sp„ k„ k pf_p¡ `Z Acph \pe R>¡ . `f„ s y
âep¡ S >_ L¡ $ Apîe k„ c hsp¡ _\u. s¡ \ u
Ap dpV¡$ kp¥ â\d op_ A_¡ fpN_¡ rcß`Z¡
`fp^u_sp dV¡$ R>¡.
cpkhp Sêfu R>¡. op_ A_¡ fpN_u rcßsp
D`k„lpf dpV¡$ k|ÿd D`ep¡Nê$` âopR>uZu_u S>êf `X¡$
R>¡ . âopR>uZu_u âNV$sp dpV¡ $ AÞeÐh-
AÞeÐhcph_p A¡ õh-`f_p c¡v$op__u cph_p_p¡ Aæepk D`ey ¼ s R>¡ .
cph_p R>¡. õh-`f_p c¡v$op_dp„ õh A¡V$g¡ AÞeÐhcph_p_p Aæepk hX¡$ âNV$ \e¡g
`p¡sp_p¡ rsL$pmu ^yh iyÙpÐdõhcph R>¡ A_¡ op__p kyÿd D`ep¡Nê` âopR>uZu hX¡$ Æh
s¡ rkhpe_p _p¡L$d-® ÖìeL$d-® cphL$d® `p¡sp_p\u A_¡ b„^_¡ AÞe`Z¡ Ap¡mMu iL$pe R>¡ s¡d
`f R>¡. Ap D`fp„s op_pqv$ NyZc¡v$ S>¡hp v$ip®hsp ApQpe®îu Ly$„v$Ly„$v$ L$l¡ R¡---
c¡v$cphp¡ `Z `p¡sp_p Ac¡v$õhcphdp„ kdph¡i
`pdsp _ lp¡hp\u `f R>.¡ c¡vop__p¡ d|mc|s Æh b„ ^ bß¡ , r_es r_S> r_S> gnZ¡ R>¡ v $pe R>¡ ,
rhje ApÐdp A_¡ s¡_u kp\¡_p¡ `p¥v¹$NrgL$ âopR>uZu \L$u R>¡ v $sp„ bß¡ Sy > v$p `X$u Åe R>¡ .
ÖìeL$d®_p b„^_p¡ R>¡. cphp\® : Æh A_¡ b„^_¡ `p¡s`p¡sp_p r_[òs gnZp¡
ApÐdp A_¡ b„^ A¡ b¡dp„\u A¡L$¡ e_¡ ku^u hX¡$ Ap¡mMu_¡ Sy>v$p `pX$u iL$pe R>¡. AÞeÐhcph_p_p
fus¡ Ap¡mMu iL$psp _\u. `Z s¡d_p gnZ Aæepk\u DÐ`ß \e¡g k|ÿd D`ep¡Nê` âopR>uZu
hX¡$ s¡d_¡ Ap¡mMu iL$pe R>¡. ApÐdp_y„ gnZ hX¡$ s¡d_¡ R>¡v$sp„ s¡Ap¡ bß¡ Sy>v$p `X$u Åe R>¡.
op_ R>¡ A_¡ b„ ^ _y „ gnZ fpN R>¡ . op_ (kdekpf : Np\p f94)

k„v$c® N°„\p¡
· 1. Üpv$ip_yâ¡np : Np\p 21 \u 23; · 2. õhpduL$prs®L¡$ep_yâ¡np : Np\p 80 \u 82; ·3. cNhsu Apfp^_p : Np\p
1749 \u 1762; · 4. op_pZ® h : kN® f : Np\p 95 \u 106; · 5. d| g pQpf : DÑfp^® : Np\p 702 \u 704;
· 6. sÒhp\®kpf : AÂepe 6 : Np\p 35; · 7. sÒhp\®fpS>hprÑ®L$ : 9/7, 5/602/3; · 8. khp®\®rkqÙ : 9/7/416;
· 9. kdZksyd¹ : Np\p 519; :: · `Ú_„v$u `„Qthirs : AÂepe 6, ïgp¡L$ 49; · 11. A_Npf^dp®d©s : Np\p 66, 67;
· 12. b©lv$Öìek„N°l : Np\p 35 _u V$uL$p;· 13. Ny{v¡$hîu_p hQ_pd©s : _„.78; · 14. âhQ_kpf : Np\p 105,
106, 192, 233 A_¡ s¡_u V$uL$p; · 15. `„Q[õsL$pek„N°l : Np\p 45, 103 A_¡ s¡_u V$uL$p; · 16. kdekpf : Np\p
190-92, 294 A_¡ s¡_u V$uL$p; · 17. `„QpÂepeu DÑfp^® : Np\p 15; · 18. kdekpf_pV$L$ : AÂepe 6 : k„hfÜpf
: Np\p 8, 9; AÂepe 8, b„^Üpf : Np\p 57, 46; · 19. S>¥.rk.L$p¡i : cpN : 1 : A_yâ¡np : 1/4, `p_y 72; 4/4, `p_y 79.
AÞeÐhcph_p_u L$\p : sy j -dpj dy r _
· 1. cph`plzX$ : Np\p 53 A_¡ s¡_u V$uL$p; · 2. Apfp^_p- L$\pL$p¡j

102 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

 M AÞeÐhcph_p_u L\p M
syj-dpj dyr_
_Nf blpf_p DÛp_dp„ dyr_fpS> `^pfsp„
gp¡L$p¡_p V$p¡m¡V$p¡mp s¡d_p„ v$i®_ L$fhp dpV¡$
EdV$ép R>¡. rihc|rs `Z s¡ `¥L$u_p A¡L$ R>¡.
AÐe„s c]Åe¡g ùv$e ^fphsp rihc|rs_u
ApÐdrS>opkp A¡L$v$d suh° R>¡. ApÐdrls_u
Dv$pÑ cph_p A_¡ `fd`v$_u `°pqá_y„ Âe¡e
s¡_p„ Æh_ kp\¡ hZpe¡g R>¡. dyr_fpS>_p
v$i®_ L$fu AÐe„s Ap_„v$ `pd¡gp rihc|rs
L$p„BL$ ^dp£`v¡$i kp„cmhp_u cph_p ^fph¡
R>¡. rihc|rs_u DÐL$V$ ApÐdgN_u A_¡
h¥fpNu dyMdyÖp r_lpmu dyr_fpS>
AÞeÐhcph_p_p¡ D`v¡$i Ap`sp L$l¡ R>¡:
“l¡ hÐk ! `p¡sp_p¡ AM„X$, Ac¡v$, A¡L$ê`,
rÓL$pm^°yh iyÙpÐdõhcph A¡ S> `p¡sp_y„ õh R>¡
A_¡ s¡ rkhpe s¡_u kp\¡ k„L$mpe¡g _p¡L$d®-
ÖìeL$d®-cphL$d®-c¡v$cph A¡ kOmy„ `f R>¡.
õh-`f_u kpQu kdS>Z hX¡$ `f_y„ âep¡S>_ R>pX¡ u$
5. AÞeÐhcph_p
õh_y„ âep¡S>_ kp^hy„ A¡Vg
$ ¡ L¡$ `f$p\®`Ï„ dV$pX$u
õhp\®`Ï„ kp^hy„ A¡ S> kL$m rkÙp„s_p¡ kpf R>.¡
S>Nsdp„ õhp\} dpZk_¡ gyÃQp¡ dp_hpdp„
Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡ `fp\} dpZk_¡ `fdp\}
dp_hdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. `Z hpõshdp„ õhp\®dp„
S> `fdp\® kdpe¡gp¡ R> ¡. hmu õhp\® rh_p
`fp\® `Z \B iL$sp¡ _\u. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ S>¡ `p¡sp_y„
L$p„B cgy L$fu iL$sp¡ _\u s¡ buÅ_y„ `Z L$p„B
cgy„ L$fu iL$sp¡ _\u. S>¡ `p¡sp_u v$ep `pmu
iL$sp¡ _\u s¡ buÅ_u v$ep `Z `pmu iL$sp¡
_\u. s¡\u `f_y„ L$pd L$fhp dpV¡$ `Z `l¡gp„
õh_y„ L$pd L$fhy„ Sêfu lp¡e R>¡. hmu k„kpfu
Æhp¡õhcph\u S> õhp\} lp¡e R>¡. A_¡ Ap
õhp\®dp„ L$p„B Mp¡Vy„$ `Z _\u. Mp¡Vy„$ dpÓ A¡
R>¡ L¡$, Aop_u Æhp¡ `f_¡ S> `p¡sp_y„ õh dp_u
s¡ `f_u `mp¡S>Zdp„ Myhpf \B_¡ `p¡sp_y„
Æh_ ìe\® h¡X$au _p„M¡ R>¡.”
103
 rihc|rs A¡ L$üy„:
“l¡ õhpdu ! L$pB ¡ Dv$plfZ Ap`u õh-`f_u
kpQu kdS>Z Ap`p¡ A_¡ s¡_y„ am bsphp¡”
dyr_fpS>¡ bpSy>dp„ ENu _uL$m¡gp AX$v$_p
R>p¡X$_¡ bsphu_¡ L$üy„ :
“S>¡d AX$v$_u v$pm s¡_p D`f_p ap¡sfp\u
Sy>v$u R>¡ s¡d Ap`Zp¡ ApÐdp ifufpqv$ _p¡L$d®\u
Sy>vp$ ¡ R>.¡ Ap Sy>vp$ B rhcL$sâv¡i
$ ê` AÞe`Z¡ R>.¡
ap¡sfp L$pY$u _p„¿ep bpv$ s¡_u D`f_p
R>ps¡ fp\u `Z s¡ v$pm rcß R>.¡ s¡d ifufpqv$\u
_p¡L$d®\u rcß `X$ep bpv$ op_phfZuepqv$
`p¥v$N ¹ rgL$ ÖìeL$d\ ® u `Z ApÐdp rcß R>.¡ Ap
rcßsp rhc¼sâv¡$iê$` A_Þe`Z¡ R>¡.
ap¡sfp A_¡ R>p¡sfp L$pY$u _p„¿ep bpv$
R>p¡sfp_p L$pfZ¡ v$pm D`f v¡$Mpsu L$pm` A¡
`Z v$pm_p¡ cpN _\u. s¡ L$pm`\u `Z v$pm
AgN R>¡. s¡d ÖìeL$d®_p L$pfZ¡ \sp fpNpqv$
rhL$pfucphê` cphL$d®\u `Z Ap`Zp¡
ApÐdp AgN R>¡. Ap AgNsp
ArhcL$sâv¡$iê` AÞe`Z¡ R>¡.
L$pm` L$pY$u _p¿ep bpv$ R>¡hV¡$ S>¡ ka¡v$ v$pm
v¡$Mpe R>¡ s¡ s¡_u ka¡v$pB\u `Z rcß R>¡. s¡d
op_pqv$ NyZc¡v$ S>¡hp c¡v$cphp¡\u `Z Ac¡v$
ApÐdp rcß R>¡. Ap rcßsp Arhc¼sê`
A_Þe`Z¡ R>¡.
Ap âL$pf¡ AX$v$_u v$pm_p ×óV$ps „ ¡ ApÐdp_p
Q¥sÞeõhcph_u rcßsp_p¡ rkÙp„s kdÆ
iL$pe R>¡. Ap âdpZ¡ `f\u rcßsp
kdS>hp\u `fâÐe¡_y„ âep¡S>_, hgZ L¡$
Apîeê` `fp^u_sp V$m¡ R>¡. `fp^u_sp
V$mhp\u `fpîe¡ \sp„ fpN$-Ü¡j dV$hp\u
k„kpf A_¡ s¡_p vy$:Mp¡_p¡ Acph \pe R>.¡ A_¡
104
dp¡ndpN® A_¡ s¡_y„ kyM âNV¡$ R>¡. Ap âL$pf¡
õh-`f_u kpQu kdS>Z_y„ am kçeÁv$i_ ® \u
dp„X$u_¡ rkÙv$ip ky^u_y„ ÅZhy„.”
dyr_fpS>_p kvy$`v¡$i\u rihc|rs k„sy›$
\ep. sp¡`Z AÞeÐhcph_p_p A„Nê` õh-
`f_p c¡vop__¡ k„n¡`dp„ kdÆ iL$pe s¡hy„
L$p¡B k|Ó Ap`hp_u dp„NZu L$fu. rihc|rs_u
Æopkp ÅZu dyr_fpS>¡ L$üy„ :
`f\u Mk, õhdp„ hk,
V|„$L|$_¡ V$Q, ApV$gy„ L$f sp¡ bk.
Ap A¡L$ k|Ódp„ kh® rkÙp„sp¡_p¡ kpf
kdpe¡gp¡ R>¡. AÞeÐhcph_p_p Aæepk hX¡$
õh-`f_y„ c¡vop_ `pdu `f_¡ `f s¡d S>
õh_¡ õh sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMu `f\u `pRy>„ hmu
`p¡sp_p õh A¡hp iyÙpÐdõhcphdp„ [õ\s
fl¡hp\u õhpÐdp_yc|rs_u âprá \pe R>¡.
õhpÐdp_yc|rs_u âprá \sp fpN-Ü¡j A_¡
s¡_p L$pfZ¡ \sp kOmp k„kpf_p¡ Acph \pe
R>.¡ dpV¡$ l¡ b„^y ! Ap A¡L$ k|Ó_¡ epv$ fpMhp\u
kh® âep¡S>__u rkqÙ \i¡.”
dyr_fpS>_p ^dp£`v¡$i\u rihc|rs
âcprhs \ep.`Z ApÐd{rQdp„ DÐL©$ô$ R>sp„
s¡Ap¡ õdfZiqL$sdp„ _bmp lsp. s¡\u s¡d_¡
L$p¡B `Z bpbs L„$W$õ\ fpMhu L$rW$_ gpNsu.
dyr_fpS>¡ kdÅh¡g kpvy$ ku^y„ k|Ó `Z s¡Ap¡
epv$ fpMu iL$sp„ _ lsp. s¡\u s¡dZ¡
dyr_fpS>_¡ `p¡sp_¡ L$fhp S>¡hp L$pe® k„b^
„ u A_¡
kfmsp\u õdfZdp„ flu iL¡$ s¡hp¡ L$p¡B A¡L$
_p_L$X$p¡ L$ëepZL$pfu d„Ó S> Ap`hp_u
rh_„su L$fu.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 rihc|rs_u rS>opkp ÅZu_¡ dyr_fpS>¡ L$ü:„y L$pm` `Z ^p¡B_¡ v|$f L$fu A_¡ ka¡v$ v$pm Sy>v$u
“l¡ cìe ! Æh_p k„kpf_y„ L$pfZ fpN-
L$fu. rihc|rsA¡ Ap b^y„ Å¡B_¡ `|R>ey„ :
Ü¡j R>¡. fpN-Ü¡j_y„ L$pfZ `fp^u_sp R>¡. “bl¡_, sy„ Ap iy„ L$f¡ R>¡ ?”
`fp^u_sp_y„ L$pfZ `f kp\¡_„y A¡LÐ$ h L¡$ ddÐh
R>¡. `f kp\¡_p A¡L$Ðh L¡$ ddÐh_y„ L$pfZ
AÞeÐhcph_p_p¡ AZAæepk R>¡. Å¡ sy„
AÞeÐhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$fu s¡_y„ tQsh_
fpMui sp¡ õh-`f_y„ c¡v$op_ \i¡ A_¡
s¡\u `f kp\¡_y„ A¡L$Ðh L¡$ ddÐh dV$i¡. s¡\u
`fp^u_sp V$mi¡ A_¡ s¡\u `fprîs`Z¡ \sp¡
fpN-Ü¡j `Z _rl fl¡. s¡\u l¡ rdÓ ! fpN-
Ü¡j _ L$fhp. Ap\u sy„
}¢¢ ¼é ¯ ! }¢¢ L¯ !
(A\® : fpN _ L$f, Ü¡j _ L$f)
A¡V$ gp¡ S> _p_L$X$p¡ d„Ó epv$ fpMS>¡. A_¡
fpN-Ü¡j _ \pe s¡ dpV¡_ $ p c¡vo
$ p__p¡ Aæepk
A_¡ AÞeÐhcph_p_y„ tQsh_ L$f S>¡.
l¡ cìe ! spfy„ Arh_piu L$ëepZ \pAp¡”
dyr_fpS> `pk¡\u d„Ó d¡mhu A_¡ Apiuhp®v$
`pdu rihc|rs Ars Ap_„v$ `pçep A_¡
}¢¢ ¼é¯ ! }¢¢ L¯ ! A¡ d„Ó_y„ fV$Z L$fsp„ `p¡sp_p
õhcph_¡ `f\u `©Õ\L$ ÅZu_¡ fpN-Ü¡j_¡
v|$f L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fhp gpÁep. `f„sy
rihc|rs_u _bmu õdfZiqL$s_p L$pfZ¡ A¡
d„Ó `Z `|fp¡ epv$ _ füp¡. A_¡ dp syjdp„\u
dp iåv$ A_¡ dp {j dp„\u { iåv$ c|gu_¡
syj dpj syj dpj A¡d Np¡Mhp gpÁep.
A¡L$ hMs rihc|rs syj dpj dpj_y„ fV$Z
L$fsp„ S>B füp lsp Ðepf¡ s¡dZ¡ A¡L$ bpB_¡
Å¡B. bpBA¡ AX$v$_u i]Ndp„\u ap¡sfp L$pY$u
AX$v$ L$pY$ép. Ðepf `R>u R>p¡sfp Sy>v$p L$fu
A„v$f_u v$pm L$pY$u. Ðepfbpv$ v$pm_u D`f\u
5. AÞeÐhcph_p
bpBA¡ S>hpb Apàep¡ :
“syj (ap¡sfp) A_¡ dpj (v$pm) rcß L$fu
flu Ry>„”
Ap kp„cmu_¡ S> rihc|rs_¡ `p¡s¡ fV$Z
L$fsp„ s¡ syj-dpj d„Ó_p¡ cph kdÅep¡.
A_¡ s¡ —KX$p$ d_p¡d„\_dp„ X|$bu Nep :
“Af¡ dpfp Ny{A¡ d_¡ S>Zpìey„ lsy„ L¡$ S>¡d
Ap AX$v$_u v$pm s¡_p ap¡sfp, R>p¡sfp, L$pm`
A_¡ ka¡v$pB\u Sy>v$u R>¡ s¡d dpfp¡ iyÙpÐdp `Z
ap¡sfpê` ifufpqv$ _p¡L$d®, R>p¡sfpê`
op_phfZuepqv $ ÖìeL$d®, L$pm`ê` fpNpqv$
cphL$d® A_¡ ka¡vpBê` op_pqv$ NyZc¡v$\u
Sy>v$p¡ R>¡. Ap kOmp„ AÞecphp¡\u rcß
iyÙpÐdp_p¡ Apîe L$fhp\u `fpîe¡ \sp¡
fpN-Ü¡j V$m¡ R>.¡ fpN-Ü¡j V$mhp\u k„kpf_p¡
`Z Acph \pe R>¡. dpf¡ iu^° S> Ap
iyÙpÐdp_p¡ Apîe L$fhp_p¡ R>¡.”
Ap âL$pf¡ AÞeÐhcph_p_p KX$p
tQsh_\u rihc|rs õhpÐdp_yc|rsê`
kçeÁv$i®_ `pçep. Ðepf `R>u dyr_v$ip
A„NuL$pf L$fu L¡$hmop_ A_¡ dp¡n_¡ `pçep.
syj dpj_p fV$Z hX¡$ kçeÁv$i®_\u dp„X$u_¡
rkÙv$ip_u âprá L$ fhp\u s¡Ap¡ syj-dpj dyr_
sfuL¡$ `Z ârkÙ \ep.
syj-dpj_p fV$Z hX¡$ AÞeÐhcph_p_u
Apfp^_p L$fu rih_u c|rs A¡V$g¡ L¡$ dp¡n_u
gÿdu `pá L$fu `p¡sp_p rihc|rs _pd_¡ kp\®L$
L$f_pf syj-dpj dyr__¡ cphcep® _dõL$pf.
105
 l¡ s y g nu âï_p¡
ep¡ Á e rhL$ë` `k„ v $ L$fu bpSy > _p Qp¡ f kdp„ v$ip® h p¡ .
01. c¡v$ dy¿eÐh¡ L¡$V$gp âL$pf¡ lp¡e R>¡ ?
A:: A¡L$ : hõsyc¡v$
B:: b¡ : âv¡$ic¡v$ A_¡ Asv¹$cph
C:: ÓZ : _p¡L$d®, ÖìeL$d® A_¡ cphL$d®
D:: Qpf : rhc¼sâv¡$i AÞeÐh, rhc¼sâv¡$i A_ÞeÐh,
Arhc¼sâv¡$i AÞeÐh A_¡ Arhc¼s âv¡$i A_ÞeÐh.
02. AÞeÐhcph_pdp„ c¡v$op__p¡ rhje ip¡?
A:: ApÐdp A_¡ ifuf B:: ApÐdp A_¡ op_NyZ
C:: õhcph A_¡ rhcph D:: õh A_¡ `f
03. iyÙpÐdp_p L$p¡_u kp\¡_p b„^_p L$pfZ¡ kOmp¡ k„kpf
lp¡e R>¡ ?
A:: k„rQsL$d® B:: _p¡L$d® C:: ÖìeL$d® D:: cphL$d®
04. D`ep¡Nu k|ÿdsp dpV¡$ iy„ S>ê$fu R>¡ ?
A:: rdÕepÐh_u d„v$sp B:: rQÑ_u A¡L$pN°sp
C:: dNS>_u L$kfs D:: i„M`yó`u_y„ k¡h_
05. op_ A_¡ fpN_p c¡v$op_ dpV¡$ iy„ D`ep¡Nu R>¡ ?
A:: AÞeÐhcph_p B:: DÑdbyqÙ
k¥ Ù p„ r sL$ âï_p¡
_uQ¡_p âñp¡_p A¡L$ L¡$ b¡ hp¼edp„ V|„$L$p¡ S>hpb Ap`p¡.
01. õh-`f_p c¡vop_dp„ A_¡ õh`f iy„ R>¡ ?
02. AÞeÐhcph_p_p AÞe ¼ep„ _pd R>¡ ?
03. ip dpV¡$ AÞeÐhcph_p_¡ rcßcph_p `Z L$l¡hpe R>¡ ?
04. ip dpV¡$ AÞeÐhcph_p_¡ c¡v$op__u cph_p `Z L$l¡hpe R>¡?
05. AÞeÐhcph_p_y„ AÞeÐh iy„ R>¡ ?
06. _p¡L$d® L$p¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
07. ÖìeL$d® L$p¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
08. cphL$d® L$p¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
09. c¡v$cph L$p¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
10. rhc¼sâv¡$iê$` c¡v$ L$p¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
11. rhc¼sâv¡$iê$` AÞeÐh c¡v$ L$p¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
12. rhc¼sâv¡$iê$` A_ÞeÐh c¡v$ L$p¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
13. Arhc¼sâv¡$iê$` c¡v$ L$p¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
14. Arhc¼sâv¡$iê$` AÞeÐh c¡v$ L$p¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡?
15. Arhc¼sâv¡$iê$` A_ÞeÐh c¡v$ L$p¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
16. Qpf âL$pf_p c¡v$op_dp„ iyÙpÐdp_¡ rcß `pX$hp dpV¡$ c¡v$op__p¡
d|mc|s rhje iy„ R>¡ ?
17. ip dpV¡$ õh-`f_p c¡v$op_ dpV¡$ Qpf¡e âL$pf_p¡ c¡v$ kdS>hp¡
S>ê$fu R>¡ ?
18. AÞeÐhcph_p_p¡ L¡$ÞÖhs} rhQpf iy„ R>¡ ?
19. k„kpf_p Acph_p L$pfZê$` õh-`f_p c¡v$op_ dpV¡$ s¡_p¡
rhje iyÙpÐdp A_¡ ÖìeL$d® hÃQ¡_y„ c¡v$op_ ip dpV¡$ R>¡ ?
20. ÖìeL$d®_p L$ep b¡ âL$pf R>¡ ?
21. OprsL$dp£_p L$pfZ¡ iy„ lp¡e R>¡ ?
22. A^prsL$dp£_p L$pfZ¡ iy„ lp¡e R>¡ ?
23. iyÙpÐdp_¡ Ap¡mMhp dpV¡$ s¡_y„ gnZ iy„ R>¡ ?
106
C:: `yÎe_p¡ Dv$e D:: d_yóeÆh_
1. 06. AÞeÐhcph_p_p AÞeÐh_y„ Ap^pftbvy$ iy„ R>¡ ? 6.
A:: õh`f_y„ c¡v$op_ B:: `fk„ep¡Np¡\u `©Õ\L$`Ï„
C:: k„ep¡Nucphp¡\u AÞe`Ï„ D:: c¡v$cphp¡\u rcß`Ï„
07. `fk„ep¡Np¡\u `p¡s¡ `©Õ\L$ lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡d _ dp_hp_y„ 7.
L$pfZ iy„ _\u?
A:: k„ep¡Np¡\u Arcß ApQfZ B:: k„ep¡Np¡ kp\¡_p¡ klhpk
2. C:: k„ep¡Np¡_p¡ NpY$ `qfQe D:: A_pqv$_u rdÕep dpÞesp
08. cphL$d®\u `p¡sp_u rcßsp ¼ep„ âL$pf¡ R>¡? 8.
A:: rhc¼sâv¡$iê$` AÞe`Z¡ B:: rhc¼sâv¡$iê$` A_Þe`Z¡
3. C:: Arhc¼sâv¡$iê$` AÞe`Z¡ D:: Arhc¼sâv¡$iê$` A_Þe`Z¡
09. L$p¡_p Acph¡ Æh k„kpfdp„ fMX¡$ R>¡ A_¡ A_„s vy:Mp¡ 9.
cp¡Nh¡ R>¡?
4. A:: L¡$hmop_ B:: cZsf C:: `¥kp D:: c¡v$op_
10. `fp^u_sp V$pmhp dpV¡$ L$p¡_u AphíeL$sp R>¡ ? 10.
A:: `f_¡ `p¡sp`Z¡ dp_hp_u B:: `f_¡ `f sfuL¡$ ÅZhp_u
5. C:: `yÎe_p Dv$e_u D:: ifuf_p õhpõÕe_u
24. AÞeÐhcph_p_p¡ Apie iy„ R>¡ ? s¡_p dpV¡$ i¡_u AphíeL$sp
lp¡e R>¡ ?
25. A¡L$Ðhcph_p_p¡ A_¡ AÞeÐhcph_p_p¡ AL¡$ L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
26. AÞeÐhcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$epdp„ L$p¡ _ p\u rcßsp L¡ $
c¡v$op__u cph_p lp¡e R>¡ ?
_uQ¡_p_p rhõs©s S>hpb Ap`p¡.
01. AÞeÐhcph_p A¡V$g¡ iy„ ? s¡_u kdS|>su Ap`p¡.
02. îuam_p ×ô$p„s hX¡$ ApÐdp_p¡ rkÙp„s kdÅhsu Qpf âL$pf_p
c¡v$op__u kdS|>su A_¡ s¡_p¡ L$p¡W$p¡ Ap`p¡.
03. õh-`f_p c¡v$op__p¡ rhje A_¡ s¡_u âprá_p¡ D`pe kdÅhp¡.
04. AÞeÐhcph_p_p AÞeÐh dpV¡$ õh-`f_p c¡v$op__u
kdS>Z_u AphíeL$sp ip dpV¡$ R>¡ ?
05. A¡L$Ðhcph_p A_¡ AÞeÐhcph_p_u syg_p L$fp¡.
06. A¡L$Ðhcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$epdp„ ifufpqv$ _p¡L$d® kp\¡_y„
c¡v$op_ kdÅhp¡.
07. Ar_Ðecph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$epdp„ fpNpqv$ cphL$d® kp\¡_y„
c¡v$op_ kdÅhp¡.
08. Ar_Ðecph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$epdp„ op_pqv$ NyZc¡v$ kp\¡_y„
c¡v$op_ kdÅhp¡.
09. rS>_ârsdp AÞeÐhcph_p_y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ L$B fus¡ \B
iL¡$ s¡ kdÅhp¡.
10. AÞeÐhcph_p L$B fus¡ k„kpf âÐe¡_p h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ R>¡?
11. AÞeÐhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$B fus¡ hõsyõhê$`_u kdS>Z
L$fph_pf R>¡ ?
12. AÞeÐhcph_p Aæepk_y„ am õh-`f_y„ c¡v$op_ L$B fus¡ R>¡?
13. AÞeÐhcph_p_p Aæepk\u L$B fus¡ `fp^u_sp dV¡$ R>¡ ?
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
6-AiyrQcph_p 107
108 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 AiyrQcph_p
cph_p

6.
S>¡ iyÙ lp¡e s¡ iyrQ A_¡ S>¡ AiyÙ lp¡e s¡
AiyrQ L$l¡hpe. `p¡sp_p¡ rÓL$pmu ^°yh AiyrQcph_pdp„ AiyrQ_u
iyÙpÐdõhcph S> `fd iyrQ R>¡ A_¡ s¡ rhQpfZp dpV¡$ ifuf ip dpV¡$?
rkhpe_p ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ fpNpqv$
k„ep¡Nucphp¡ AiyrQ R>¡. kOmp„ k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_p rÓL$pmu ^°hy iyÙpÐdõhcph rkhpe
k„ep¡Nucphp¡_„y L¡$ÞÖõ\p_ ifuf R>¡. A_¡ ifuf kOmp„ k„ e p¡ N p¡ A_¡ k„ e p¡ N ucphp¡ Aiy Ù
dlp_ AiyrQ R>¡. Ap `°L$pf_u hpf„hpf rhQpfZp Ahõ\pê$` lp¡ h p\u Aiy r Q R>¡ . sp¡ ` Z
\hu s¡ AiyrQcph_p R>¡. Aiy r Qcph_pdp„ Aiy r Q_u rhQpfZp dpV¡ $
dy ¿ e`Z¡ ifuf_u S> Aiy r Q_u rhQpfZp
iyrQ A¡V$g¡ `rhÓ. S>¡ iyÙ lp¡e s¡ `rhÓ
L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ . L¡ $ d L¡ $ , kOmp„ k„ e p¡ N p¡
L¡$ iyrQ lp¡e R>.¡ `p¡sp_p¡ rÓL$pmu ^yh
° õhcph
A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡_„y d|m L$pfZ
AM„X$, A¡L$ê$`, Ac¡v$ A_¡
ifuf `° Ð e¡ _ y „ S> gn lp¡ e
sØ°_ r_c£m lp¡hp\u iyÙ R>¡
R>¡. ifuf_p gn¡ S> kOmp¡
A_¡ iyÙ lp¡hp\u s¡ iyrQ R>.¡
k„kpf lp¡e R>¡.
AiyrQ A¡V$g¡ A`rhÓ. S>¡
ifuf R>¡ sp¡ S> ifuf kp\¡
Aiy Ù lp¡ e s¡ A`rhÓ L¡ $
k„br„ ^s õÓu-`yÓ-`qfhpf A_¡
Aiy r Q lp¡ e R>¡ . ifufpqv$
ifuf_u kyrh^p dpV¡$ fp¡V$u-
k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ Ap k„ep¡Np¡_p
L$`X$p-dL$p_ S>h ¡ p k„ep¡Np¡ lp¡e
gn¡ \sp fpNpqv$ rhL$pfu
R>¡ . Ap ifufpqv$ k„ e p¡ N p¡ _ p
k„ e p¡ N ucphp¡ Aiy Ù
gn¡ S> fpNpqv$ k„ep¡Nucphp¡
Ahõ\pê$` lp¡hp\u AiyrQ R>.¡
lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u kOmp„ k„ep¡Np¡
`p¡sp_p `fd iyrQõhê$` A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡_„y L¡$ÞÖõ\p_
iyÙpÐdõhcph_p gn¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ õhpîe¡ `p¡sp_u L¡ $ d| m L$pfZ ifuf S> R>¡ . A_pqv$L$pm\u
Ahõ\p `Z iyÙ L¡$ iyrQê$`¡ lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ Ap Æh_¡ ifuf_u kp\¡ Or_ô$ A_¡ r_L$V$_p¡
iyÙpÐdõhcph rkhpe_p ifufpqv$_p gn¡ A¡V$g¡ _psp¡ R>¡. A_pqv$L$pm\u ifuf kp\¡_y„ A¡L$Ðh
L¡$ `fpîe¡ `p¡sp_u Ahõ\p AiyÙ L¡$ AiyrQê$`¡ A_¡ ddÐh R>¡. hmu Ap ifuf_y„ AiyrQ`Ï„
lp¡e R>¡. Ap `°L$pf¡ iyrQ-AiyrQ_u hpf„hpf kfmsp\u kdÅe s¡ h y „ R>¡ . s¡ \ u
rhQpfZp \hu s¡ AiyrQcph_p R>¡. AiyrQcph_pdp„ AiyrQ_u rhQpfZp_y„ Ap^pftbvy$
ifuf lp¡e R>¡.
6-AiyrQcph_p 109

ifuf_y„ AiyrQ`Ï„ L$B fus¡ ?
blpf\u ky„v$f v¡$Mpsy„ ifuf A„v$f\u fk,
{r^f, dp„ k , dˆ>p, lpX$, Qfbu A_¡ iy ¾ $$
S>¡hu kps Ly$^psyAp¡ A_¡ hps, r`Ñ, L$a,
rifp, õ_pey , QpdX$u A_¡ Dv$fp[Á_ S>¡ h u
kps Ly $ D`^psy A p¡ \ u b_¡ g R>¡ . S>¡ AÐe„ s
Ágpr_ D`Åh_pf, M¡v$v$peL$ A_¡ Sy>Nyàkp`°¡fL$
lp¡hp\u dlp_ AiyrQ R>.¡ Ap D`fp„s ifuf_p„
Üpfp¡ Üpfp r_f„ s f dm hl¡ R>¡ s¡ d S>
QpdX$u_p rR>Öp¡ Üpfp vy$N¯^u `fk¡hp¡ Tf¡ R>¡.
Ap ifuf A¡L$ A¡hp¡ k„Qp¡ R>¡ L¡$ S>_ ¡ p k„`L®$dp„
Aphsp L¡$kf A_¡ L$õsyfu S>¡hp kyN„^u A_¡
`rhÓ `v$p\p£ `Z vyN¯^u A_¡ A`rhÓ \B
Åe R>.¡ blpfdp„ r_fp¡Nu S>Zpsy„ ifuf A„v$fdp„
A_¡L$ fp¡Np¡_„y Of R>.¡ blpf\u QpdX$u\u dY$pe¡g„y
ifuf A„v$f\u AiyrQ_p¡ S> c„X$pf R>¡. ifuf_u
QpdX$u DsfX$u_¡ Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ s¡ AÐe„s
^©Zpõ`v$ S>Zpe R>¡. s¡\u Ap S>Nsdp„ Ap
ifuf\u QqY$epsp¡ AiyrQde `v$p\® buÅ¡ L$pZ ¡ Ly „ $ cey N g_u, `¡ V $ A_¡ r_s„ b _¡ L$p¡ d m
lp¡e iL¡$ ? L$p¡B S> _ lp¡e iL¡$.
õÓu_p ifuf_y„ AiyrQ`Ï„
d_yóe_y„ ifuf dlp_ AiyrQ R>.¡
sp¡`Z d_yóe_¡ `p¡sp_p v¡$l âÐe¡_p¡
dp¡l lp¡e R>.¡ A_¡ s¡_p L$pfZ¡ k„kpf
A_¡ s¡_p vy$:Mp¡ lp¡e R>¡. õhv¡$l
D`fp„s `fv¡$ldp„ õÓu_p ifuf âÐe¡_„y
ApL$j®Z lp¡e R>¡. ipõÓdp„ õÓu
âÐe¡ _ p gn_¡ k„ k pfQ¾$$_u ^fu
dp_hpdp„ Aphu R>¡. ÷u âÐe¡_p¡
hpk_pS>Þe A_y f pN S> `ê$j_p
ApÐdp_u dlp_ AiyrQ R>¡. s¡\u
õÓu âÐe¡ _ y „ gn lW$phhp dpV¡ $
110
AiyrQcph_pdp„ õÓu_p„ ifuf_p„ AiyrQ`Zp_¡
cpf`|h®L$ tQshhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
kyv„ $f ê`, _pSy>L$ _dZpi, d^yf cpjp, ApL$jL® $
v¡$Mph A_¡ rhrh^ lphcph hX¡$ õÓu `y{j_p
d__¡ lfu ëe¡ R>.¡ `Z hpõshdp„ Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡
sp¡ õÓu_y„ ifuf AÐe„s ^©Zpõ`v$ lp¡hp\u s¡
dlp_ AiyrQ S> R>.¡ `y{j_p ifufdp„ _h Üpfp¡
R>¡ `Z õÓu_p ifufdp„ bpf Üpfp¡ R>,¡ S>d ¡ p„\u
r_f„sf dm hl¡sp¡ fl¡ R>¡. h^y Öpfp¡_p„ L$pfZ¡
õÓu_p„ fp¡Np¡ `Z h^y lp¡e R>¡.
õÓu_u ip¡cp rhrh^ hõÓpcyjZp¡ hN¡f¡_¡
L$pfZ¡ lp¡e R>¡. `Z h¡ic|jp_p L$pfZ¡ S>¡_u
ip¡cp lp¡e s¡ d|mdp„ sp¡ Aip¡c_ue S> lp¡e.
blpfdp„ kp¦v$e® âkp^_p¡_p L$pfZ¡ S>¡ ky„v$f
S>Zpsu lp¡e s¡ A„v$fdp„ sp¡ Aky„v$f S> lp¡e.
kyN„^u õâ¡_p¡ R>„V$L$ph L$fhp¡ `X¡$ s¡ ifuf
`p¡ s ¡ sp¡ vy N ¯ ^ u S> lp¡ e . L¡ $ V$gp„ L $ L$l¡ h psp
Ly$L$rhAp¡ A_¡L$ Ly$eqy L$sAp¡ hX¡$ õÓu_p„ A„Np¡`p„N_u
fçesp bsphu s¡_p hpm_¡ f¡id_u, dyM_¡
Q„Ödp_u, _¡Óp¡_¡ _ugL$dm_u, õs_p¡_¡ Ad©sde
L$dm`Ó_u, `Np¡_¡ L$v$guõs„c_u hN¡f¡ S>¡hu
D`dpAp¡ Ap`u `yê$j_¡ ÷u âÐe¡ ApL$j®Z
L$fph¡ R>¡. `f„sy Mf¡Mf Å¡BA¡ sp¡ õÓu_p„ L¡$i
S| > Ap¡ _ y „ r_hpkõ\p_ R>¡ . dp¡ Y y „ $
QpdX$p\u dY¡$g„y R>.¡ _¡Ó A¡ b¡ rR>Öp¡
R>.¡ bß¡ õs_p¡ drg_ dp„k_p gp¡Qp
R>.¡ `¡V$ A¡ dmd|Ó_y„ N©l R>.¡ r_s„b
A¡ r_f„sf õshhphpmp dm_y„ õ\p_
R>¡ A_¡ `Np¡ A¡ dmN©l_p õ\„cp¡
R>.¡ Ap âL$pf¡ õÓu_y„ ifuf AiyrQde
ÅZhy„. õÓu_p AiyrQde ifuf_p¡
A_yfpN V$pmhp\u s¡_p gn¡ \su
`yê$j_p ApÐdp_u fpNê$` AiyrQ
V$pmu iL$pe R>.¡ s¡\u õÓu_p rhje
âÐe¡_p¡ A_yfpN L$fhp¡ _rl.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 õ_p_\u iyrQsp _\u
L¡ $ V$gp„ L $ gp¡ L $p¡ `rhÓ _v$u, kfp¡ h f L¡ $
kdyÖdp„ õ_p_ L$fhp\u ApÐdp A_¡ ifuf_u
`rhÓsp dp_¡ R>¡. `h®_p qv$hkp¡dp„ Aphy„
õ_p_ L$fhp_y„ h^y dlÐh dp_¡ R>¡. s¡\u
`h®_p âk„N¡ N„Np _v$u, `yóL$f kfp¡hf A_¡
rÓh¡Zu k„Nd S>¡hp õ\p_p¡dp„ õ_p_ L$fhp
dpV¡ $ gp¡ L $p¡ _ u cpf¡ cuX$ S>dp \pe R>¡ .
hpõshdp„ Aphp âL$pf_p õ_p_\u ApÐdp_u
sp¡ L$pB¡ `rhÓsp k„chsu _\u A_¡ ifuf_u
õhÃR>sp `Z \su _\u. A¡ L $ S> kde¡
A¡L$ kp\¡ A_¡L$ gp¡L$p¡_p õ_p_\u N„v$L$u
S> a¡gpe R>.¡ hmu S>d ¡ dm\u cf¡gp OX$p_¡
Nd¡ s¡ V $gp¡ ^p¡ h pdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ ` Z s¡ d p„ \ u
dm S> Tfsp¡ fl¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡ L$epf¡e õhÃR>
\sp¡ _\u. s¡d ifuf_p Öpfp¡ A_¡ rR>Öp¡dp„\u
r_f„sf dm Tfsy„ fl¡sy„ lp¡hp\u s¡_¡ Nd¡
s¡ V $gp `pZu\u ^p¡ h pdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ ` Z s¡
syfs S> d¡gy„ \B Åe R>¡. r_d®m _uf_p
õ_p_\u `Z õhcph\u S> AiyrQde ifuf
L$epf¡ e r_d® m \sy „ _\u. `Z ifuf_p
k„`L®$\u s¡ r_d®m _uf sp¡ Ahíe drg_
\pe S> R>¡. dpV¡$ AiyrQde ifuf_u iyrQsp
õ_p_\u _\u.
ifuf_u S>¡ d ApÐdp_u iy r Qsp `Z
õ_p_\u _\u. N„ N pqv$ su\® S >mdp„ fl¡ g p„
S>mQf Æhp¡ r_Ðe õ_p_ L$f¡ R>¡ . S>m
`p¡s¡ `Z õ\phf âL$pf_p¡ A¡L¡$[ÞÖe Æh
R>¡. `f„sy Ap Æhp¡_u Ahõ\p AiyrQ S>
R>¡ . dpV¡ $ ApÐdp_u `Z iy r Qsp õ_p_\u
_\u.
6-AiyrQcph_p
iyrQ dpV¡$_p¡ kpQp¡ D`pe
S>m_p õ_p_\u ApÐdp_u iyrQsp _\u.
dyr_fpS>_¡ Aõ_p_sp lp¡e R>¡ sp¡`Z ifuf_p
gn rh_p_p¡ s¡d_p¡ ApÐdp `fd `rhÓ R>¡.
Aop_u Æhp¡ hpf„hpf õ_p_ L$f¡ R>¡ sp¡`Z
ifuf_p gn_p L$pfZ¡ s¡d_p¡ ApÐdp AÐe„s
A`rhÓ R>¡. c¡v$op_ê`u S>m\u v¡$l kp\¡_u
A¡L$Ðhby[Ùê` rdÕep dpÞesp_¡ ^p¡B _pMu_¡
v¡$lv¡$hmdp„ rbfpS>dp_ `Z v¡$l\u rcß `fd
`rhÓ iy Ù pÐdõhcphê`u su\® d p„ X| $ bL$u
gNphu_¡ õ_p_ L$fhp\u A¡V$g¡ L¡$ `p¡sp_p¡
D`ep¡N iyÙpÐdõhcphdp„ S> [õ\s fpMhp\u
`ep® e _u drg_sp dV$u Åe R>¡ . A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $
hs® d p_ `gV$su `ep® e `Z `p¡ s p_p
iyÙpÐdõhcph S>¡hu S> `fd iyrQ`Z¡ âNV¡$
R>¡. ApÐdp `p¡sp_p õhcph\u S> iyrQ R>¡
A_¡ ifuf `p¡sp_p õhcph\u S> AiyrQ R>¡.
iyrQde ApÐdõhcph_y„ gn L$fhp\u ApÐdp_u
Ahõ\pdp„ `Z iyrQsp âNV¡$ R>¡ A_¡ AiyrQde
ifuf_y„ gn L$fhp\u ApÐdp_u Ahõ\pdp„ `Z
rhL$pfucphp¡ê` AiyrQ DÐ`ß \pe R>¡. s¡\u
ApÐdp_u iyrQsp dpV¡$ ifuf_y„ gn R>pX¡ $u `p¡sp_p
iyÙpÐdõhcph_y„ gn S>{fu R>¡. A_¡ s¡ dpV¡$
ApÐdp_u iy r Qsp A_¡ ifuf_u Aiy r Qsp
kdÅh_pfu AiyrQcph_p cphhu S>{fu R>¡.
S>¡ L$p¡B AiyÙsp, drg_sp L¡$ AiyrQsp
DÐ`ß \pe R>¡ s¡ `fgn¡ S> \pe R>.¡ S>Nsdp„
`Z L$l¡hpe R>¡ L¡$ “bNX¡$ b¡” A¡V$g¡ buÅ
kp\¡ k„b„^_p L$pfZ¡ \sp b¡`Zpdp„ bNpX$p¡
lp¡e R>¡. A_¡ A¡L$Ðhdp„ S> ApÐdp_u iyÙsp,
r_d® m sp L¡ $ iy r Qsp lp¡ e R>¡ . s¡ \ u õhgi¡
iyrQsp A_¡ `fgn¡ AiyrQsp ÅZhu. `fgndp„
111
kp¥\u â\d A_¡ r_L$V$_y„ `fgn ifuf S>
lp¡e R>¡. ifuf_p k„b„^¡ S> buÅ `f`v$p\p£
A_¡ s¡d_y„ gn lp¡e R>¡ s¡\u ifuf_y„ gn
R>p¡X$hp\u kOmp„ âL$pf_y„ `fgn R|>V$u Åe
R>¡. ifufpqv$_y„ `fgn R|>V$u iyÙpÐdp_y„ õhgn
\sp ApÐdp_u Ahõ\p_u Aiy r Qsp V$mu
iyrQsp âNV¡$ R>¡. Ap dpV¡$ AiyrQcph_p_p¡
Aæepk L$pe®L$pfu R>¡.
ApÐdp_p¡ iÓy : ifuf
k`®_¡ vy$^ `php R>sp„ s¡ T¡fdp„ S> `qfZd¡
R>¡. vy$S>®_ L¡$ vy$íd__p¡ D`L$pf L$fhp R>sp„
s¡ s¡_p¡ bv$gp¡ A`L$pf\u S> hpm¡ R>¡. s¡d
vy $ S>® _ õhcphu v¡ $ l_y „ `pg_`p¡ j Z L$fhp
R>sp„ s¡ v$p¡j A_¡ vy$:M_p¡ S> v$psp R>¡.
k„kpfu Æh ifuf_u k„cpm `pR>m ApMy„
ApeMy„ MQ} _p„M¡ R>.¡ dp¢Opd|g_p d¡hp duW$pB
MhX$phu s¡_„y `p¡jZ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>.¡ kyN^
kpby\u s¡_¡ _hX$phhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. rhrh^
âL$pf_u h¡ic|jp hX¡$ s¡_¡ kÅhhpdp„ Aph¡
R>¡. ifuf_u Qyõsu A_¡ õawrs® dpV¡$ Apk_
A_¡ âpZpepd L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Qp¡huk¡e
L$gpL$ ifufgnu âh©rÑ L$fhp R>sp„ ifufdp„
fp¡ N , `uX$p, h© Ù phõ\p hN¡ f ¡ Aph¡ S> R>¡ .
ifuf_p ê„ h pX¡ $ -ê„ h pX¡ $ `p¡ Z p b¡ _ p rlkpb¡
ApMp ifufdp„ `,68,99,`00 S>¡ V $gp fp¡ N p¡
kÑpdp„ lp¡e R>.¡ s¡dp„\u L$pB¡ `Z fp¡N L$epf¡e
`Z Dv$edp„ Aph¡ R>¡ . ifuf âÐe¡ A`pf
â¡ d A_¡ ddÐh lp¡ h p R>sp„ `Z s¡ ifuf
A¡L$ qv$hk v$Np¡ v$B_¡ ApÐdp\u AmNy„ \B
Åe R>¡. s¡ kde¡ S>Þd L$fsp„e A_„sNZu
112
`uX$p `lp¢QpX¡$ R>.¡ Ap âL$pf¡ ApÐdp ifuf âÐe¡
Nd¡ s¡V$gp¡ â¡d fpMu s¡_u k„cpm fp¿ep L$f¡
sp¡`Z ifuf ApÐdp_¡ `uX$p, h¡v$_p, vy$:M A_¡
v$p¡j A`phu_¡ A¡L$ iÓy S>¡hy„ S> L$pd L$f¡ R>¡.
d_yóev¡$l_u
dlÑp-vy$g®csp-kp\®L$sp
AiyrQde d_yóe_p¡ v¡$l ApÐdp_p iÓy sfuL¡$
S> cpN cS>hsp¡ lp¡hp R>sp„ Ap S> v¡$lhX¡$
ApÐdrls_y„ kp^_ `Z \B iL$sy„ lp¡hp\u
s¡_u dlÑp `Z dp_hpdp„ Aphu R>¡.
d_yóev¡$l hX¡$ ApÐdrls_u i{Aps\u dp„X$u_¡
`|Z®sp ky^u_y„ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ kçeÁv$i®_\u dp„X$u_¡
rkÙv$ip ky ^ u_y „ k„ ` | Z ® kp^_ k„ c h¡ R>¡ .
kçeÁv$i_ ® dpV¡$ kpQu kdS>Z A_¡ kv¹$rhh¡L$_u
AphíeL$sp lp¡ e R>¡ . d_y ó ev¡ $ ldp„ kpQu
kdS>Z_u khp£ÐL©$ô$sp A_¡ kv¹$rhh¡L$_u `|Zs ® p
„ u
lp¡e R>¡. S>¡_p¡ kvy$`ep¡N L$fu_¡ kçeÁv$i®__u
`pqá L$fu iL$pe R>.¡ kçeÁv$i_ ® _u `prá `R>u
`pfdpr\®L$ `„\dp„ ApNm h^hp dpV¡$ k„ed_u
S>{f lp¡e R>¡. kL$m k„ed_u k„cph_p A¡L$
dpÓ d_y ó ev¡ $ ldp„ S> k„ c h¡ R>¡ . d_y ó ev¡ $ l
hX¡$ k„ed_y„ kp^_ L$fu_¡ rkÙv$ip ky^u_u
`prá \B iL¡$ R>¡. Ap âL$pf¡¡ d_yóe_p A¡L$
S> v¡ $ l hX¡ $ A_pqv$L$pm\u Qpëep Aphsp„
A_„s v$¡lc°dZ_p¡ Acph \B iL¡$ R>¡ A_¡
s¡ S> d_yóev¡$l_u dlÑp R>¡.
Ap âL$pf_u dlÑp ^fph_pfp¡ d_yóev¡$l
dmhp¡ AÐe„ s dy í L¡ $ g lp¡ h p\u s¡ _ ¡ vy $ g® c
dp_hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>.¡ k„kpf_u Qpf¡e NrsAp¡dp„
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
d_yóeNrs dlpvy$g®c R>¡. d_yóe_p¡ A¡L$ ch
dm¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_u kpd¡ _fL$Nrs_p Ak„¿echp¡
L$fg¡ p lp¡e R>.¡ _fL$_p A¡L$ ch kpd¡ v¡$hNrs_p
Ak„ ¿ echp¡ A_¡ v¡ $ h_p A¡ L $ ch kpd¡
rse¯QNrs_p A_„schp¡ L$fhp `X¡$ R>¡. Ap
fus¡ buÆ Nrs_p Ak„ ¿ e A_¡ A_„ s chp¡
L$fuA¡ Ðepf¡ A¡L$pv$ d_yóe_p¡ ch `pá \pe
R>¡ . L$pm A`¡ n pA¡ Å¡ B A¡ sp¡ Ak„ ¿ eps
L$ë`L$pmdp„ dlpcpÁe¡ dlpL$ô$¡ A¡L$pv$ d_yóe_p¡
ch `pá \pe R>¡. d_yóe_p¡ ch `pá \ep
`R>u `Z s¡dp„ L$dc ® r| d, Ape®nÓ¡ , `p„Q B[ÞÖep¡
A_¡ d__u `|Z®sp, DÑdLy$m, `yÎe_p¡ Dv$e,
r_fp¡ N u`Ï„ , gp„ b y Apey ó e, DÑd by [ Ù,
husfpNu v¡ $ h-Ny { -ipõÓ_u D`g[å^ A_¡
op_u_u v¡$i_p S>¡hu ApÐdrls dpV¡$ A_yL|$m
bpbsp¡ DÑfp¡sf vy$g®c R>¡. Ap b^u bpbsp¡
Ap`Z_¡ `pá lp¡ h p\u Ap`Zp hs® d p_
d_yóev¡$l_u vy$g®csp R>¡.
vy$g®c d_yóev¡$l_p¡ kvy$`ep¡N ApÐdrls_p
kp^_ dpV¡ $ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ s¡ d p„ s¡ _ u
kp\®L$sp R>¡. d_yóev¡$ldp„ d__u DÐL©$ô$sp
A_¡ `p„Q B[ÞÖep¡_u `qf`L$h `|Z®sp lp¡e
R>¡. s¡\u s¡_p hX¡$ ipõÓõhpÂepe, kÐk„N,
kv$pQfZ, k„ed S>¡hp kp^_ hX¡$ ApÐdrls
kp^hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ s¡_u kp\®L$sp R>¡. `Z
s¡_p bv$g¡ h¡`pf-^„^p, rhje-L$jpe S>¡hu
kp„ k pqfL$ âh© r Ñ S> L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ s¡
s¡_u r_f\®L$sp `Z R>¡.
AiyrQcph_p_u tQsh_ âqL$ep
kOmp„ kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡
AiyÙ Ahõ\pê` lp¡hp\u AiyrQ S> R>.¡ sp¡`Z
Ap b^p„ _ p L¡ $ ÞÖõ\p_¡ ifuf S> lp¡ h p\u
AiyrQcph_pdp„ dy¿eÐh¡ ifuf_p„ AiyrQ`Zp_y„
6-AiyrQcph_p
tQsh_ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. A_¡ s¡_u kpd¡
iyÙpÐdp_p iyrQ`Zp_¡ `Z tQshhpdp„ Aph¡
R>¡. Ap tQsh_ âqL$ep _uQ¡ dyS>b R>¡.
kOmp„ k„kpf_y„ d|m L$pfZ dp¡l R>¡. dp¡l_y„
L$pfZ ifuf âÐe¡_y„ gn R>¡. s¡\u k„kpf_p¡
Acph L$fhp_¡ dpV¡$ dp¡l_¡ dV$pX$hp¡ S>{fu
R>¡. A_¡ s¡_p dpV¡$ ifuf_y„ gn V$pmhy„ S>{fu
R>¡. ifuf âÐe¡_p¡ dp¡l dV$pX$hp dpV¡$ ifuf_u
AiyrQsp tQshhu S>{fu R>.¡ ifuf_u AiyrQsp
tQshhp\u ifuf âÐe¡_p¡ dp¡l dV¡$ R>¡.
Ap Æh S>¡_¡ AiyrQ ÅZ¡ s¡_p `f _S>f
`Z _ _pM¡. s¡_y„ gn L¡$ dp¡l L$epf¡e _
L$f.¡ blpf\u kyv„ $f v¡$Mpsy„ ifuf A„v$f\u Å¡hpdp„
Aph¡ sp¡ s¡_p S>h ¡ u ^©Zpõ`v$ AiyrQ S>Nsdp„
buS>¡ L$ep„e Å¡hp _ dm¡. QpdX$u\u dY$¡gy„
kp¡ l pdÏ„ S>Zpsy „ ifuf A„ v $fdp„ cep_L$
lpX$`]S>fhpmy„ R>¡. blpf\u kyip¡rcs gpNsy„
ifuf A„v$fdp„ Ly$^psyAp¡ A_¡ dm-d|Ó\u cf¡g„y
R>¡. ifuf_p _h Üpfp¡dp„\u r_f„sf dm Tfsp¡
lp¡e R>¡. `yó` S>¡hu kyN„r^s QuÅ¡ ifuf_p
k„`L®$\u vy$N¯^u \B Åe R>¡. bv$pd-r`õsp
S>h
¡ p d|ëehp_ `v$p\p£ dp¡Y$pdp„ d|L$sp„ S> A¡W$hpX$
\B Åe R>.¡ N„Np_v$u_y„ r_d®m _uf ifuf_u
A„v$f `¡ksp S> `fk¡hp¡ A_¡ `¡kpbê`¡ `qfZdu
Åe R>¡ . L$p¡ B `Z `rhÓ `v$p\® ifuf_p
k„`L®$\u A`[hÓ \B Åe R>¡. sp¡ ifuf `p¡s¡
`rhÓ L¡$d lp¡e iL¡$ ? _ S> lp¡e iL¡$.
ifuf A`rhÓ L¡$ AiyrQ R>¡ sp¡ s¡_u kpd¡
S>Nsdp„ L$p¡B `rhÓ L¡$ iyrQ lp¡e s¡hu QuS>
lp¡hu Å¡BA¡. A_¡ s¡ `p¡sp_p¡ S> iyÙpÐdp
R>¡. `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙpÐdõhcph A¡L$ê`, AM„X$,
113
Ac¡ v $ A_¡ rÓL$pm ^° y h lp¡ h p\u iy Ù R>¡ .
A_¡ s¡ \ u s¡ `rhÓ L¡ $ iy r Q R>¡ . ifuf_y „
gn R>p¡X$u iyÙpÐdp_y„ gn L$fhp\u ApÐdp_u
Ahõ\pdp„ `Z iyrQsp Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡ S>
AiyrQcph_p_u tQsh_ âqL$ep R>¡.
AiyrQcph_p_y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ
blpf\u kyv„ $f S>Zpsp ifuf_p AiyrQ`Zp_p
tQsh_ dpV¡$ buÅ L$p¡B kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ_¡
_ ip¡^uA¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_p S> ifuf sfa Å¡hp\u
s¡_y„ AiyrQ`Ï„ õ`ô$ S>ZpB Aph¡ R>¡.
`p¡sp_y„ ifuf A¡L$ kyv„ $f `¡L$]Ndp„ `¡L$ L$fg ¡ p
DL$fX$p kdp_ R>¡ . ê`pmu A_¡ k„ y h pmu
QpdX$u\u dY$pe¡ g y „ ifuf A„ v $fdp„ Aiy r Q_p¡
c„X$pf R>.¡ ifuf_u \p¡X$uL$ `Z QpdX$u DsfX$u_¡
Å¡ h pdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ s¡ Qusfu QX¡ $ s¡ h y „ lp¡ e
R>.¡ ifuf_u A„v$fdp„ cep_L$ lpX$`]S>f, rbcÐk
Ly$^psyAp¡ A_¡ ^©Zpõ`v$ dm-d|Ó fl¡gp R>¡.
ifuf_p b¡ L$p__p Üpfp¡dp„\u ïg¡j, b¡ Ap„M_p
Üpfp¡ d p„ \ u Ap„ k y A_¡ Qu`X$p, _pL$_p b¡
Üpfp¡ d p„ \ u guL$, dp¡ Y $pdp„ \ u \| „ L $ A_¡ L$a,
d| Ó Üpfdp„ \ u d| Ó A_¡ hue® s¡ d S> dm
Üpfdp„ \ u dm A_¡ hpey A¡ âL$pf¡ _h¡ e
Üpfp¡dp„\u N„v$L$u hüp L$f¡ R>.¡ QpdX$u_p A_¡L$
rRÖp¡dp„\u vy$N¯^u `ku_p¡ `Z Tfsp¡ fl¡ R>¡.
S>Ns_p `rhÓ d_psp `v$p\p£ `Z `¡V$dp„
`X$sp„ S> A`rhÓ \B Åe R>¡ A_¡ hd_
\sp„ s¡ Å¡B iL$psp„ `Z _\u. `yó` S>¡hp
kyN„^u A_¡ ky„v$f `v$p\p£ ifuf_p k„`L®$dp„
Aphsp„ S> vy $ N¯ ^ u b_u QudmpB Åe R>¡ .
114
L$pB¡ lp¡õ`uV$gdp„ Ap„V$p¡ dpfu fp¡NuAp¡_p ifuf_¡
Å¡hp\u s¡_y„ AiyrQ`Ï„ õ`ô$ S>ZpB Aph¡
R>¡. L$p¡Y$uep_p ifufdp„\u gp¡lu-`{ hl¡ R>¡
A_¡ cpf¡ vy $ N¯ ^ a¡ g pe R>¡ . ifuf A„ v $fdp„
sp¡ L©$rd-L$uX$p\u cf¡gy„ lp¡e `Z L$p¡B fp¡Nu_¡
Æhsp„ ÆhX$p„ `X¡$ R>¡ A_¡ `X$My„ afsp„ S>
lÅfp¡ Bemp¡_p¡ Y$Ngp¡ \B Åe R>¡.
S>¡d lp\u_p blpf_p v¡$Mph_p v$p„s A_¡
A„ v $f_p Qphhp_p v$p„ s Sy > v$p lp¡ e R>¡ s¡ d
ifuf_y„ blpf_y„ A_¡ A„v$f_y„ õhê` Sy>vy„$ lp¡e
R>¡. blpf\u ky„v$f S>Zpsy„ ifuf A„v$f\u _fL$
S>¡ h u Aiy r Qhpmy „ R>¡ .
ifuf_y„ AiyrQ`Ï„ kdÅe sp¡ s¡_p âÐe¡_p¡
dp¡l dV$u Åe R>¡. ifuf_p¡ dp¡l dV$u S>sp„
ifuf âÐe¡_y„ gn V$mu Åe R>¡. ifuf_y„ gn
_ fl¡sp„ ifuf_p gn¡ \sp fpNpqv$ rhL$pfucphp¡
\sp„ _\u. fpNpqv$ rhL$pfucphp¡ _ \sp„
ApÐdp_u Ahõ\p s¡_p õhcph S>h ¡ u `rhÓ`Z¡
âNV¡ R>¡ .
AiyrQde ifuf_u A„v$f rbfpS>dp_ iyÙpÐdp
`fd `rhÓ R>¡. A`rhÓ ifufdp„ S> `rhÓ
`fdpÐdp_y„ fl¡W$pZ R>¡. d¡gpO¡gp ifufdp„ S>
r_d®m r_f„S>__p¡ r_hpk R>.¡ AiyrQde ifuf_p
kp^_ hX¡ $ S> `p¡ s p_p `fd iy r Qde
iy Ù pÐdõhcph_u Ap¡ m MpZ \pe R>¡ . A_¡
Ðepfbpv$ Aiy r Q cph_p_p Aæepk A_¡
tQsh_p_p bm¡ AiyrQde ifuf_y„ gn A_¡
Apîe R>p¡X$u iyrQde iyÙpÐdp_y„ gn A_¡
Apîe L$fhp\u `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_u AiyrQde
Ahõ\p V$mu iyrQde Ahõ\p âNV$¡ R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

L$B fus¡ hõsyõhê`_u kdS>Z
L$fph¡ R>¡ ?
AiyrQcph_p_p¡ Aæepk _p[õs\u ifufpqv$L$
k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ fpNpqv$L$ k„ep¡Nucphp¡_u AiyrQ
v$ip® h ¡ R>¡ A_¡ A[õs\u `p¡ s p_p
iyÙpÐdõhcph_u iyrQ v$ip®h¡ R>¡. S>¡ iyÙ
lp¡ e s¡ iy r Q A_¡ Aiy Ù lp¡ e s¡ Aiy r Q
R>.¡ AiyÙsp_y„ L$pfZ `fkp`¡nsp A_¡ iyÙsp_y„
L$pfZ `fr_f`¡nsp lp¡e R>¡. kOmp„ k„ep¡¡Np¡
A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡ `fkp`¡n AiyÙ Ahõ\pê`
lp¡ h p\u Aiy r Q R>¡ . `p¡ s p_p¡ rÓL$pmu ^° y h
iyÙpÐdõhcph `fr_f`¡n lp¡hp\u iyrQ R>¡.
AiyrQde ifufpqv$L$ k„ep¡Np¡ âÐe¡_„y gn R>pX¡ $u
`fd iyrQde iyÙpÐdõhcph_y„ gn L$fphu
`p¡sp_u Ahõ\pdp„ `Z iyrQ DÐ`ß L$fphhpdp„
AiyrQcph_p_p¡ Aæepk D`ep¡Nu R>¡.
Aiy r Q ifuf_p S> kvy $ `ep¡ N hX¡ $ `fd
iyrQ iyÙpÐdõhcph_u Ap¡mMpZ L$fu iL$pe
R>¡. Ap âL$pf¡ iyrQ-AiyrQ_y„ õhê` kdÅhu
AiyrQcph_p_p¡ Aæepk hõsyõhê`_u kpQu
kdS>Z L$fph_pf R>¡.
L$B fus¡ h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ R>¡?
kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡ âÐe¡ D`¡np L¡$ Dv$pku_sp_¡
k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe L$l¡ R>¡. Ap k„ep¡Np¡dp„
b^p„ k„ep¡Np¡_„y L¡$ÞÖhs} A_¡ r_L$V$hs} õ\p_
ifuf_y„ R>.¡ k„kpfu Æh_¡ A_pqv$L$pm\u `p¡sp_p
ifuf âÐe¡ A¡ L $Ðh L¡ $ ddÐhê` dp¡ l lp¡ e
R>¡. `pfL$p ifuf `¥L$u õÓu_p ifuf âÐe¡_y„
6-AiyrQcph_p
ApL$j®Z lp¡e R>¡. AiyrQcph_p_p Aæepk\u
Ap ifuf fp¡Np¡ A_¡ D`Öhp¡_„y Of R>,¡ vy$N^
¯ de,
^© Z põ`v$ `v$p\p£ \ u `qf`| Z ® R>¡ A_¡ s¡ \ u
s¡ dlp_ AiyrQ R>¡, s¡ bpbs kdÆ iL$pe
R>¡ . s¡ \ u ifuf âÐe¡ _ p¡ dp¡ l L¡ $ ApL$j® Z
Ap`d¡m¡ AV$L$u Åe R>¡. A_¡ s¡\u ifufpqv$L$
kOmp„ kp„ k pqfL$ k„ e p¡ N p¡ âÐe¡ D`¡ n p L¡ $
Dv$pku_sp Aph¡ R>,¡ S>_¡ ¡ k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe
L$l¡ R>¡ . Ap fus¡ Aiy r Qcph_p_p¡ Aæepk
k„kpf âÐe¡_p h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ R>¡.
âep¡S>_`|h®L$_y„ rhi¡j am
Aiy r Qcph_p_p Aæepk_y „ âep¡ S >_
iyÙpÐdõhcph_u iyrQ A_¡ ifuf_u AiyrQ
hX¡$ hõsyõhê`_u kpQu kdS>Z`|hL® $ ifufpqv$L$
k„ep¡Np¡ âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe R>.¡ Aphp âep¡S>_`|hL® $
AiyrQcph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$fhpdp„ Aphsp„ s¡_y„
Mpk âL$pf_y„ rhi¡j am _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ R>¡.
1. ifuf âÐe¡_p¡ dp¡l dV$pX¡$
f. iyÙpÐdõhcph_u iyrQ_¡ kdÅh¡
1. ifuf âÐe¡_p¡ dp¡l dV$pX¡$
ifuf âÐe¡_p â¡d A_¡ ApL$j®Z_p L$pfZ¡ ifuf
âÐe¡_p¡ dp¡l lp¡e R>¡. ifuf_u AiyrQ kdS>hp\u
s¡_p âÐe¡_p¡ â¡d A_¡ ApL$j®Z dV¡$ R>¡. A_¡
s¡\u \sp¡ dp¡l dV¡$ R>¡. AiyrQcph_p_p¡ Aæepk
ifuf_u AiyrQ kdÅhu ifuf âÐe¡_p¡ dp¡l
dV$pX¡$ R>¡.
kOmp„ k„kpf_y„ d|m L$pfZ ifuf âÐe¡_p
A¡L$Ðh L¡$ ddÐhê` dp¡l R>¡. dp¡l_y„ L$pfZ
115
ifuf âÐe¡_p¡ â¡d L¡$ ApL$jZ ® R>.¡ ifuf âÐe¡_p
â¡d L¡$ ApL$jZ ® _y„ L$pfZ ifuf_¡ kyv„ $f, kyX$pm
¡ ,
ip¡ c põ`v$ L¡ $ d_p¡ l f dp_hp_y „ R>¡ .
AiyrQcph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp\u ifuf Akyv„ $f,
b¡ X $p¡ m , Aip¡ c _ue A_¡ ^© Z põ`v$ S>Zpe
R>¡. s¡\u ifuf âÐe¡_p¡ â¡d L¡$ ApL$j®Z V$m¡
R>¡. s¡\u s¡_p âÐe¡_p¡ dp¡l `Z dV¡$ R>¡.
f. iyÙpÐdõhcph_u iyrQ_¡ kdÅh¡
S>¡ iyÙ lp¡e s¡_¡ iyrQ L$l¡hpe R>¡. `p¡sp_p¡
rÓL$pm ^°yh ApÐdõhcph iyÙ lp¡hp\u iyrQ
R>¡. AiyrQcph_p_p¡ Aæepk `p¡sp_p
iyÙpÐdõhcph_u iyrQ_¡ kdÅh¡ R>¡.
iy r Q A¡ V $g¡ `rhÓ. `rhÓ A¡ V $g¡ iy Ù .
s¡ \ u iy Ù A¡ V $g¡ iy r Q R>¡ . S>¡ Aiy Ù lp¡ e
s¡ AiyrQ A_¡ S>¡ iyÙ lp¡e s¡ iyrQ L$lh ¡ pe
R>.¡ AiyÙsp `fkp`¡nsp_p L$pfZ¡ A_¡ iyÙsp
`fr_f`¡ n sp_p L$pfZ¡ lp¡ e R>¡ . Aiy Ù spdp„
A_¡ L $ê``Ï„ L¡ $ M„ X $M„ X $`Ï„ Å¡ h p dm¡ R>¡ .
`Z iyÙspdp„ A¡L$ê``Ï„ L¡$ AM„X$`Ï„ lp¡e
R>¡ . `p¡ s p_p¡ rÓL$pmu ^° y h ApÐdõhcph
`fr_f`¡n, AM„X$ A_¡ A¡Lê` lp¡hp\u iyÙ
R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u s¡ iyrQ R>¡.
AiyrQcph_p_p¡ Aæepk ifuf_u AiyrQ_¡
kdÅh¡ R>.¡ s¡d iyÙpÐdõhcph_u iyrQ_¡ `Z
kdÅh¡ R>¡ . S>Nsdp„ Aiy r Q R>¡ sp¡ iy r Q
`Z R>¡ . Aphp¡ iy r Q `v$p\® `p¡ s p_p¡ S>
iyÙpÐdõhcph R>¡. AiyrQde ifufdp„ fl¡gp¡
lp¡ h p R>sp„ ifuf\u rcß A¡ h p¡ `p¡ s p_p¡
iyÙpÐdõhcph `fd iyrQ R>¡. iyÙpÐdõhcph
A_¡ s¡_u iyrQsp ku^u L¡$ âÐen ÅZu iL$psu
116
_\u. sp¡`Z AiyrQcph_p_p Aæepk Üpfp
ifuf_u AiyrQ A_¡ s¡ AiyrQ_y„ L$pfZ kdÆ
s¡ S> ifuf_p kp^_ hX¡$ iyÙpÐdõhcph_¡
A_¡ s¡ _ u iy r Qsp_¡ kdÆ iL$pe R>¡ . Ap
âL$pf¡ AiyrQcph_p_p Aæepk_y„ rhi¡j am
`p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdõhcph_u iyrQ_¡ kdÅh¡ s¡
`Z R>¡.
D`k„lpf
kOmp„ k„kpf_y„ d|m L$pfZ ifuf âÐe¡_p¡
dp¡l R>¡. AiyrQcph_p_p Aæepk\u ifuf_u
AiyrQ kdÅe R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u ifuf âÐe¡_p¡
dp¡ l dV¡ $ R>¡ . ifuf âÐe¡ _ p¡ dp¡ l dV$hp\u
ifuf âÐe¡ _ y „ gn V$m¡ R>¡ . hmu Ap S>
Aiy q Qcph_p_p¡ Aæepk `p¡ s p_p
iy Ù pÐdõhcph_u `fd iy r Qsp_¡ `Z
kdÅh_pf R>.¡ s¡\u ifuf_u AiyrQ_¡ ÅZu_¡
ifuf âÐe¡ _ p¡ dp¡ l A_¡ gn V$pmhp¡ A_¡
s¡_p\u rh{Ù `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdõhcph_u `fd
iyrQ_¡ kdÆ_¡ iyÙpÐdp_u cph_p A_¡ gn
L$fhp¡ . S>¡ \ u iuO° S> Ap k„ k pf_p¡ Acph
\pe. Ap S> bpbs ApQpe® î u ep¡ N uÞvy $ v¡ h
Ap âdpZ¡ L$l¡ R¡ --
_L®$hpk kd S>S>q® fs ÅZp¡ drg_ ifuf,
L$fu iy Ù pÐd cph_p, iuO° glp¡ chsuf.
cphp\® : l¡ Æh ! S>¡hu fus¡ _fL$õ\p_ vy$N¯^de
lp¡hp\u S>S>®qfs R>¡ s¡hu S> fus¡ drg_ ifuf `Z
dmd|Ó\u vy$N®^de lp¡hp\u S>S>®qfs R>¡. Aphp AiyrQ
ifuf_y„ gn R>p¡X$u `fd iyrQ iyÙpÐdp_u cph_p L$f
sp¡ sy„ iuO° S> k„kpf\u `pf `pdui. (Ap dpV¡$ AiyrQcph_p_p¡
Aæepk L$pe® L $pfu R>¡ . ) (ep¡ N kpf : v$p¡ l fp¡ - `1)
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 M AiyrQcph_p_u L$\p M

chfp¡N_u v$hp: AiyrQcph_p

kp¥^d® BÞÖ_u kcpdp„ _ÆL$_p crhóedp„ kçeÁ×rô$ ^dp®Ðdp lp¡e s¡hu ksu rkhpe_u
cfsn¡Ódp„ Ahsf_pfp kp¡mdp„ su\¯L$f kOmu õÓuAp¡ s¡_¡ BÃR>_pfu lp¡e R>¡.
ip„rs_p\ kb„^u QQp® Qpgsu lsu. ApNpdu
L$pdv¡$h\u `Z QqY$epsy„ ê` A_¡ kp¦v$e® lp¡e
su\¯L$f ip„rs_p\ A¡ su\¯L$f, Q¾$hsu® A_¡
sp¡ s¡ Q¾$hs}_y„ lp¡e R>¡. Q¾$hs}_¡
L$pdv¡$h A¡d ÓZ `v$huAp¡_p ^pfL$ li¡.
hÇ>Fjc_pfpQ _pd_p DÑd k„l___¡
L$pdv¡$h, Q¾$hs}, A_¡ su\¯L$f_p DÑfp¡sf
L$pfZ¡ s¡d_p lpX$L$p hÇ>> S>¡hp dS>b|s lp¡e R>¡.
QqY$epsp ê` A_¡ kp¦v$e® rhi¡ hps L$fsp„
kdQsyfö _pd_p DÑd k„õ\p__¡ L$pfZ¡
BÞÖ dlpfpÅA¡ L$üy„ :
s¡d_p ifuf_p A„Np¡`p„N kâdpZ A_¡ kyXp$ m ¡
“S>Nsdp„ S>¡ ê` A_¡ kp¦v$e®\u kcf lp¡e lp¡e R>¡. ky„v$f ApL©$rs ^fph_pf Q¾$hs}_y„ ê`
s¡hp `y{j_¡ L$pdv¡$h L$l¡ R>.¡ Qp¡huk su\¯L$fp¡_p A_¡ kp¦ve® AhZ®_ue lp¡e R>¡.
kdedp„ Qp¡huk L$pdv¡$h \pe R>¡. L$pdv¡$h_p
Q¾$hs}\u `Z QqY$epsy„ ê` A_¡ kp¦ve®
L$pdZNpfp ê` A_¡ kp¦v$e_ ® ¡ Q„Ö_u D`dp `Z
^fph_pf su\¯Lf$ cNhp__y„ ifuf R>.¡ su\¯Lf$ _y„
L¡$d A`pe ? Q„Ö_¡ sp¡ L$g„L$ lp¡e R>¡. r_óL$g„L$
`fd Ap¥v$pqfL$ ifuf õaqV$L$ S>¡hy„ r_d®m A_¡
A_¡ A_y`d ê`_p ^pfL$ L$pdv¡$h\u L$p¡B `Z
r_v$pj
£ lp¡e R>.¡ su\¯L$f_p ifufdp„ dm-d|Ó-
kpdpÞe õÓu dp¡rls \B Åe R>¡. S>Ns_u
`ku_p¡ \sp¡ _\u. s¡d_p ifufdp„ L$p¡B `Z
6-AiyrQcph_p 117
fp¡N \sp¡ _\u. s¡d_¡ L$epf¡e h©Ùphõ\p Üpfp Q¾$$hs}_¡ L$l¡hfpìey„ L¡$ õhN®gp¡L$_p¡ v¡$h
Aphsu _\u. s¡d_¡ dfZ_u `uX$p L¡$ h¡v$_p sdpê„ ê` r_lpmhp Apìep R>¡. Q¾$hs}_u
A_ychhu `Xsu _\u. su\¯L$f_p ifuf_y„ k„drs\u s¡ v¡$h fpÄekcpdp„ âh¡i `pçep.
ê` lÅfp¡ Q„Ö_u Qp„v$_u_¡ T„MhpÏ `pX$u v$e¡ v¥$hu hõÓpcyjZ `l¡fu_¡ fpS>tklpk_ D`f
s¡hy„ lp¡e R>¡. s¡d_p ifuf_y„ s¡S> lÅfp¡ k|e®_p rbfpS>sp k_s¹Ly$dpf fÐ_pQm_p riMf
s¡S>_¡ Y$p„L$u v¡$_p{„ lp¡e R>¡. s¡d_p ifuf_p kdp_ ip¡csp lsp. Q¾$hs}_y„ d_p¡lf dyM,
kp¦ve $ \
® u Apcpd„Xm $ _u v$ie¡ qv$ipAp¡ `ygqL$s L„$Q_hZ} L$pep, kp¡lpdÏ„ kp¦v$e®,
\B DW¡$ R>¡. s¡d_p v$i®_dpÓ\u b^p„ vy$:Mp¡ gphÎede ê`, Q„Ö\u QqY$epsu L$p„rs A_¡
v|f$ \pe R>¡ A_¡ Ap[ÐdL$ Ap_„v$ ìep`u Åe R>.¡ k|e® S>¡hy„ s¡S> Å¡B_¡ s¡ v¡$h sp¡ Apcp¡ S> b_u
Nep¡. s¡Z¡ d_p¡d_ rhQpey¯ :
ip„rs_p\ cNhp_ Aphp L$pdv¡$h, Q¾$hs}
A_¡ su\¯L$f A¡ ÓZ¡e `v$hu_¡ `pá \B “Af¡ ! su\¯L$f_¡e V$½$f ëe¡ s¡hy„ Ap_y„ ê`
S>Ns_p Adyëe ê` A_¡ kp¦v$e®_p ^pfL$ A_¡ kp¦v$e® R>¡. BÞÖ dlpfpS>¡ L$üy„ lsy„ s¡hy„ S>
b_i¡.” Ap ê` R>¡, A¡\u rhi¡j R>¡, `Z Ap¡Ry>„ _\u.”
ApNpdu su\¯L$f ip„rs_p\_p AtQÐe ê` Q¾$hs}_p ê`\u qv$Ád|Y$ b_u Ne¡gp¡ v¡$h
A_¡ kp¦v$e®_u hps kp„cmu v¡$hp¡ lj® `pçep. A¡L$v$d AhpL¹$ b_u_¡ k_s¹Ly$dpf_p„ kp¦v$e®_y„
s¡ kde¡ A¡L$ v$¡h¡ Æopkp\u `|R>ey„ L¡$, `p_ L$fsp¡ S> füp¡. Ðepf`R>u bly `ygqL$s
hs®dp_L$pmdp„ Aphy„ ê` A_¡ kp¦v$e® ^fph_pf A_¡ âcprhs$ \e¡gp v¡$h¡ Q¾$hs}_u gmu
L$p¡B R>¡ ? A¡hp¡ âí_ `|R>psp„ BÞÖ dlpfpÅA¡ gmu_¡ õsyrs L$fsp„ L$üy„ :
S>hpb Apàep¡ :
“Af¡ ! Å¡ sdpfp ifufdp„ h©Ùphõ\p, fp¡N,
“ip„rs_p\_p `yfp¡Npdu Q¾$$hs} M¡v$ L¡$ dfZ _ lp¡s sp¡ sd¡ sdpfp ê` A_¡ kp¦v$e®
k_s¹Ly$dpf lpg cfsn¡Ódp„ rhQfu füp R>¡. hX¡$ su\¯L$f_p ê` A_¡ kp¦v$e®_¡ Æs_pfp R>p¡.”
s¡Ap¡ Q¾$$hs} lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡d_y„ ê` A_¡ kp¦v$e®
õsyrs L$fu_¡ v¡$h sp¡ `p¡sp_p õ\p_¡ Qpëep¡ Nep¡
su\¯L$fsyëe R>.¡ s¡d_p ê`_p¡ Å¡Vp$ ¡ S>Xh
$ p¡ S>Nsdp„
`Z Ap bpSy> v¡$h_p L$\_\u k_s¹Ly$dpf
dyíL¡g
$ R>.¡ s¡d_p kp¦ve
$ _
® „y `p_ L$f_pf ^Þe b_u
ârsbp¡^ `pçep A_¡ KX$p rhQpfdp„ X|$bu
Åe R>.¡ ”
Nep. AiyrQcph_p cphsp„ s¡Ap¡ tQshhp
kp¥^d® BÞÖ `pk¡\u Q¾$hs} k_s¹L$y dpf_p ê` gpÁep :
A_¡ kp¦v$e®_u cf`|f âi„jp kp„cmu s¡ v¡$h_¡
“Af¡ ! AÐepf¡ ky„v$f v¡$Mpsp ifufdp„
s¡ kpnps¹ r_lpmhp_u BÃR>p \B. BÞÖ
h©Ùphõ\p Aphhp_u S> R>.¡ A_¡ Ðepf¡ s¡ A¡Lv$ d
$
dlpfpS>_u Apop gB_¡ s¡Ap¡ k_s¹Ly$dpf_u
rblpdÏ„ A_¡ rhfk b_u S>_pê„ R>.¡
fpS>kcp_p Üpf¡ Aphu_¡ Ecp füp. Üpf`pm
118 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 Af¡ ! AÐepf¡ õhõ\ v¡$Mpsy„ ifuf A„v$fdp„ D`f dyS>b AiyqQcph_p cphsp„ k_s¹L$y dpf
A_¡L$ fp¡Np¡_y„ r_hpkõ\p_ R>¡. s¡dp„\u L$p¡B k„ed g¡hp dpV¡$ DÛs \ep. k_s¹Ly$dpf_u
`Z fp¡N L$epf¡L$ sp¡ Dv$edp„ Aphhp_p¡ S> R>¡. k„ed_u hps kp„cmu Qpf¡bpSy> MmcmpV$
ìep`u Nep¡. R> M„X$_y„ Apr^`Ðe, _h
Af¡ ! AÐepf¡ rhjep¡_p„ cp¡N A_¡
r_^p_, Qp¥v$ fÐ_p¡, R>ßy lÅf fpZuAp¡ hN¡f¡
D`cp¡N\u lj® dp__pfp¡ Ap v¡l$ L$epf¡L$ fp¡N_u
kh£_p¡ ÐepN L$fu k_s¹Ly$dpf¡ Ny{ `pk¡
`uX$p A_¡ h¡v$_p\u M¡v$ `Z `pd_pfp¡ R>¡.
rS>_v$unp A„NuL$pf L$fu.
Af¡ ! S>¡_p¡ S>Þd R>¡ s¡_y„ dfZ `Z R>¡.
dlpfpÅ k_s¹Ly$dpf lh¡ dyr_fpS> k_s-
iy„ dpf¡ `Z Ap v¡$l_p rhep¡Nê` dfZ
Ly$dpf \ep R>¡. fÐ_p¡_p dl¡gdp„ hk_pfp lh¡
`pdhp_y„ R>¡ ?
h_S>„Ngdp„ hk¡ R>¡. v¥$hu hõÓpc|jZp¡
Af¡ ! vy$S>®_ õhcphu ifuf ApÐdp_p¡ iÓy `l¡f_pfp lh¡ qv$ipê`u A„bf_p Ap¡Y$_pfp
S> R>¡. AiyrQde ifuf L$B fus¡ Av¹$cys A_¡ \ep R>¡. kyhZ® tklpk_dp„ rbfpS>_pfp lh¡
Apòe®L$pfu L$l¡hpe ? dpf¡ lh¡ Ap ifuf_p¡ `Úpk_dp„ Âep_ ^f_pfp R>¡. k¡S>`g„Ndp„
dp¡l L¡$ gn fpMhy„ `pgh¡ _tl. d_¡ S>¡ Ap `p¡Y$_pfp lh¡ S>du_ `f ie_ L$f¡ R>¡. hfk_p
`yÎep¡v$e_p âsp`¡ DÑd k„l__ A_¡ DÑd 360 qv$hk_p Sy>v$p-Sy>v$p 360 fkp¡BepAp¡
k„õ\p_hpmy„ ifuf `pá \ey„ R>¡ s¡_p¡ D`ep¡N S>¡_p A¡L$ qv$hk_p cp¡S>_ dpV¡$ A¡L$ hfk
Q¾$$hs}_p cp¡Np¡`cp¡Ndp„ L$fhp_¡ bv$g¡ ANpD\u s¥epfu L$fsp lsp. S>¡_p cp¡S>__p¡
k„ed_p kp^_ hX¡$ iyÙpÐdp_u kp^_p A¡L$ L$p¡rmep¡ Q¾$hs}_y„ kdõs k¥Þe `Z
kp^hp dpV¡$ L$fhp_p¡ R>¡. ifufdp„ L$p¡B fp¡N L¡$ `Qphu _ iL¡$ s¡hp¡ kd©Ù Aplpf L$f_pfp lh¡
h©Ùphõ\p Aph¡ s¡ `l¡gp„ S> Ap ifuf_p D`hpku lp¡e R>¡. L$v$prQs¹ Aplpf N°lZ L$f¡
kp^_ hX¡$ Aifufu v$ip `pá L$fhp_y„ L$pe® sp¡`Z s¡ v$pspf\u dm¡g A¡L$ S> hpf Ecp
ApS>¡ S> iê L$fu v$¡hp_y„ R>¡. ^d®_p L$pe®dp„ L$p¡B Ecp N°lZ L$f¡ R>¡. Qpf qv$ipAp¡_p¡ rhS>e
Y$ug fpMhp_u _ lp¡e. L$f_pfp lp¡hp\u S>¡Ap¡ QsyfÞs fpS>Q¾u d_psp
lsp s¡ lh¡ Qpf NrsAp¡_p¡ A„s L$f_pfp \ep
Af¡ ! dpfp ÓZ gpM hj®_p Apeyóedp„
lp¡hp\u QsyfÞs ^d®Q¾u bÞep R>¡. Qsyf„Nu
_¡hy„ lÅf hj® sp¡ Apd_¡ Apd `kpf \B
k¥Þe_p _peL$ lh¡ dp¡ndpN®_u Qpf âL$pf_u
Nep. A_¡ dpf¡ dpfp ApÐdp_u kp^_p
Apfp^_p_p _peL$ bÞep R>¡. R> M„X$_p
L$fhp_u sp¡ bpL$u S> flu NB. L$v$pQ BÞÖ
kpd°pS>e_p ^pfL$ lh¡ dyr__p R> AphíeL$_p
dlpfpÅA¡ d_¡ ârsbp¡^hp dpV¡$ S> Ap v¡$h_¡
^pfL$ \ep R>¡. _hr_r^_¡ ÐeÆ_¡ s¡Ap¡ lh¡
dp¡L$ëep¡ R>¡. lz„ AÐepf¡ S> Ny{ `pk¡ âhÄep
_h npreL$g[å^_¡ d¡mhhp `°h©Ñ \ep R>¡.
A„NuL$pf L$fui.”
Q¾$hs}`Zp_p Qp¥v$ fÐ_p¡\u frls \B_¡ s¡Ap¡

6-AiyrQcph_p 119
lh¡ k„kpf_p Qp¥v$ NyZõ\p_p¡\u frls A¡hu S> dV$u S>i¡. dpV¡$ d_¡ s¡_p¡ D`Qpf L$fhp_u
dp¡nv$ip `pá L$fhp ApNm hÂep R>¡. 96 Apop Ap`p¡.”
lÅf fpZuAp¡_¡ R>p¡X$u_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ lh¡
dyr_fpS> k_s¹Ly$dpf¡ L$üy„ :
rihfdZu_¡ hfhp dpV¡$_u Å_ Å¡X$u R>.¡ Aphp
k_Ly$dpf_p ifuf_u ip¡cp QL$hs}`Zpdp„ “l¡ v¡$h ! Ap AiyrQde ifuf fp¡Np¡_y„ S>
lsu s¡_p L$fsp„e dyr_`Zpdp„ h^u NB R>¡. fl¡W$pZ R>¡. fp¡Nd|rs® ifuf_p A_¡L$ fp¡Np¡ `¥L$u
fpNdp„ S>¡ ip¡cp lp¡e s¡_p L$fsp„ husfpNspdp„ L$p¡B_¡ L$p¡B fp¡N Dv$edp„ Aph¡ S> R>¡. sp¡ sy„ L$ep
s¡ h^pf¡ S> lp¡e. dyr_fpS> k_s¹Ly$dpf¡ kOmp„ L$ep fp¡N_p¡ D`Qpf L$fui ? dpf¡ sp¡ Ap ch_p¡
D`kN® Æsu gu^p R>¡. kOmp„ `qfjl klu fp¡N dV$pX$hp¡ R>¡ s¡_p¡ L$p¡B D`Qpf L$fu iL$sp¡
gu^p R>¡. Op¡f s`òep® A_¡ ApÐdÂep__u lp¡e sp¡ L$f. ifuf_p fp¡N_¡ dV$pX$hp_y„ dp{„
DN°sp_p âsp`¡ s¡d_¡ A_¡L$ âL$pf_u F>[ÙAp¡ L$p¡B âep¡S>_ _\u. ifuf_p¡ fp¡N sp¡ Ap \yL„ \ $ u
âNV$u R>¡. s¡dp„ n¡gp¥jr^ _pd_u F>[Ù dy¿e `Z dV$u iL¡$ R>.¡ ”
R>¡. Ap F>[Ù_p L$pfZ¡ s¡d_p dp¡Y$p_u gpm
A¡d L$lu_¡ dyr_fpS `p¡sp_y„ S> \y„L$ ifuf `f
L¡$ \|„L$_p¡ õ`i® \sp„ S> L$p¡B `Z fp¡N syfs S>
gNpX¡$ R>¡ A_¡ sfs S> s¡d_p¡ fp¡N _pbyv$ \B
dV$u Åe.
s¡d_u L$pep L„$Q_hZ} \B Åe R>¡. ANpD_y„
õhê`[õ\s k_s¹Ly$dpf dyr_fpS> A_¡L$ ê` A_¡ kp¦v$e® afu r_Mfu DW¡$ R>¡. dyr_fpS>_u
âL$pf_p k„rQs L$dp£_p¡ _pi L$fu_¡ dp¡ndpN®dp„ fp¡N dV$pX$hp_u F>[Ù\u AQ„bp¡ `pdu Ne¡g
ApNm h^u füp R>¡. sp¡`Z `|h®_p L$p¡B v¡$h L$l¡ R>¡ :
r_L$prQs L$d®_p Dv$e¡ s¡Ap¡ L$p¡Y$_p fp¡N_p¡
“l¡ Ny{v¡$h ! Ap`_p ifuf_p¡ fp¡N
cp¡N b_¡ R>¡. s¡\u ifufdp„\u gp¡lu A_¡ `{
dV$pX$hp_u bprgi Q¡ô$p L$fhp bv$g dpfp¡
hl¡ R>¡ A_¡ ce„L$f vy$N¯^ a¡gpe R>¡. A_y`d
A`fp^ dpa L$fp¡. sd_¡ ifuf kp\¡_y„ L$p¡B
ê` A_¡ kp¦v$e® ^fph_pfp dyr_fpS> k_s¹L$y dpf
âep¡S>_ L¡$ gn _\u. fp¡rNô$ ifuf_u hÃQ¡
ce„L$f L$p¡Y$_p fp¡N_p L$pfZ¡ rbcÐk A_¡
`Z sd¡ fÐ_Óeê`u fkpeZ\u ch_p fp¡N_¡
rblpdZp cpk¡ R>¡.
dV$pX$hp dpV¡$ `°h©Ñ lsp. Ap` iuO° S> ch_p
Ap kde¡ afu\u s¡ S> v¡$h cqL$scph\u fp¡N_¡ dV$pX$p¡ A_¡ d_¡ `Z s¡_p¡ D`pe bsphp¡
k_s¹Ly$dpf `pk¡ Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ : A¡hu âp\®_p R>¡.”
“l¡ âcy ! lz„ sdpfp¡ cL$s v¡$h Ry„, ANpD v¡$h_u rS>opkp ÅZu dyr_fpS>¡ L$üy„ :
dpfp hQ_p¡\u h¥fpÁe `pdu_¡ Ap`¡ dyr_v$ip
“l¡ cìe ! AiyrQcph_p S> chfp¡N_¡
A„NuL$pf L$f¡g R>¡. dpfu `pk¡ A¡hu v¥$hu Ap¥jr^
dV$pX$hp_u Ap¥jr^ R>¡. blpf\u ky„v$f S>Zpsy„
R>¡ L¡$ S>¡_p\u Ap`_p ifuf_p¡ L$p¡Y$_p¡ fp¡N syfs
ifuf A„v$f\u lpX$-dp„k-gp¡lu S>¡hu
120 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
Ly$^psyAp¡\u b_¡g R>¡. s¡_p _h Üpfp¡dp„\u l¡ hÐk ! AiyrQcph_p hX¡$ Q¾$hs}_p
vy$N¯^de dm hl¡sy„ fl¡ R>¡. S>Nsdp„ S>¡ L$p¡B fpS>fp¡Ndp„\u R|>V$L$pfp¡ d¡mhu dyr_v$ip N°lZ
dlp_ M¡v$, Ágpr_, Sy>Nyàkp L¡$ ^©Zp ^fphsu L$fphhpdp„ spfu õsyrs r_rdÑ b_u lsu.
QuS> lp¡e sp¡ s¡ Ap ifuf S> R>¡. s¡\u s¡ dlp_ ApS>¡ afu AiyrQcph_p hX¡$ chfp¡N_¡
AiyrQ R>¡. dV$pX$hp_y„ r_rdÑ `Z sy„ b_u füp¡ R>¡. s¡\u
sy„ dpfp¡ iyc¡ÃR>L$ A_¡ D`L$pfu R>p¡. sy„ `Z
S>Nsdp„ S>d¡ AiyrQ lp¡e R>¡ s¡d iyrQ `Z lp¡e
d_yóe`Ï„ `pá L$fu AiyrQcph_p cphu_¡
R>.¡ S>¡ AM„X,$ Ac¡v,$ A¡Lê$ ` A_¡ iyÙ lp¡e s¡_¡
k„edv$ip A„NuL$pf L$fu_¡ chfp¡N_¡ iuO°
iyrQ L$l¡ R>¡. `p¡sp_p¡ rÓL$pmu ^°yh
dV$pX$i¡ A¡hu dpfu iycprij R>¡.”
iyÙpÐdõhcph Aphp¡ lp¡hp\u iyrQ R>¡.
Apd L$l¡sp S> dyr_fpS> k_s¹Ly$dpf
d_yóe_y„ ifuf dlp_ AiyrQ lp¡hp R>sp„
ifuf_u AiyrQ A_¡ ApÐdp_u iyrQ v$ip®hsu
s¡_p hX¡$ s¡_u A„v$f fl¡g `p¡sp_p `fd iyrQ
AiyrQcph_p cphsp„ `p¡sp_p
iyÙpÐdõhcph_u Ap¡mMpZ L$fu
iyÙpÐdõhê`dp„ k„`|Z® kdpe Nep A_¡
ApÐdrls_y„ kp^_ L$fu iL$pe R>.¡ ApÐdrls_p
Aârsd Ap[ÐdL$ `y{jp\® hX¡$ n`L$î¡Zu_y„
`pfdpr\®L$ `„\dp„ ApNm h^hp dpV¡$ k„ed_u
Apfp¡lZ L$fu_¡ L¡$mhop_ `pçep. k_s¹Ly$dpf
AphíeL$sp lp¡e R>¡. Aphu k„edv$ip dpÓ
L¡$hmu rkÙhfL|V$dp„\u dp¡n `pçep.
d_yóev¡$ldp„ S> k„ch¡ R>¡. s¡\u s¡_u dlÑp
dp_hpdp„ Aphu R>¡. Aphu dlÑp ^fph_pfp¡ AiyrQcph_p hX¡$ chfp¡N_¡ dV$pX$_pf
d_yóev¡$l dmhp¡ dyíL¡$g lp¡hp\u s¡_¡ vy$g®c
k_s¹Ly$dpf_¡ is¹ is¹ âZpd !
`Z dp_hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. vy$g®c d_yóev¡$l_p¡
kvy$`ep¡N ApÐdrls_p kp^_ dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ (Ap L$\p ApQpe®îu NyZcÖfrQs DÑf`yfpZ : kN® 61, ígp¡L$ 104
\u 130 _p Ap^pf¡ R>¡. AÞe ipõÓp¡ A_ykpf k_s¹Ly$dpf dp¡n_¡
Aph¡ sp¡ s¡_u kp\®L$sp R>¡.
bv$g¡ õhN®dp„ Nep R>¡ s¡hp¡ Dëg¡M `Z Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.)

k„vc®N°„\p¡
1. bpfkAÏh¡L¹$ep_yâ¡np : Np\p 43 \u 46; · 2. õhprdL$prs®L¡$ep_yâ¡np : Np\p 83 \u 87 A_¡ s¡_u V$uL$p; · 3. cNhsu
Apfp^_p : Np\p 1806 \u 1813 A_¡ s¡_u V$uL$p; · 4. op_Z®h : kN®f : ïgp¡L$ 107 \u 119; · 5. d|gpQpf : DÑfp^®
: Np\p 722 \u 728; · 6. sÒhp\® k pf : AÂepe 6$ : Np\p 36; · 7. kdZky Ñ „ : 30 A_y â ¡ n pk| Ó : Np\p `20; ·
8. khp®\®rkqÙ : 9/7/416; · 9. `Ú_„v$u `„Qthirs : AÂepe : 6, ïgp¡L$ 50; · 10. A_Npf ^dp®d©s : AÂepe 6,
Np\p 68, 69 A_¡ s¡_u V$uL$p; · 11. b©lv$Öìek„N°l : Np\p 3` _u V$uL$p; · 12. S>¥.rk.L$p¡i: cpN-1 : A_yâ¡np : 1/
6, `p_y-73; 4/6, `p_y-79

k„ h fcph_p_u L$\p : chfp¡ N _u v$hp · DÑf`y f pZ : kN® 61, ïgp¡ L $ 104 \u 130.

6-AiyrQcph_p 121
 l¡ s y g nu âï_p¡

ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fu bpS>y_p„ Qp¡fkdp„ v$ip®hp¡. 06. ifuf_p„ ê„$hpX¡$-ê„$hpX¡$ L¡$V$gp fp¡N lp¡e R>¡? 06.
01. iyrQ A¡V$g¡ iy„? 1. A:: A¡L¡$e _rl B:: `p¡Zp b¡
A:: r_c£m B:: AM„X C:: `rhÓ D:: `fdpÐdp C:: 5,68,99,500 D:: Ak„¿e
02. k„kpfQ¾$_u ^fu L$p¡Z R>¡? 2. 07. L$pm A`¡npA¡ L¡$V$gp L$pmdp„ d_yóe_p¡ A¡L$pv$ 07.
A:: õÓu âÐe_y„ gn B:: `fõÓuNd_ ch âpá \pe R>¡?
C:: `p¡sp_u `[Ð_ D:: L$p¡B `Z õÓu A:: A„sd|®lzs®dp„ B:: Ak„¿eps L$ë`L$pmdp„
03. iyrQsp dpV¡$ L$ep su\®dp„ õ_p_ L$fhy„? 3. C:: b¡ lÅf kpNfdp„ D:: L$p„B L$l¡hpe _rl
A:: N„Np _v$u B:: `yóL$f kfp¡hf 08. d_yóeÆh__u kp\®¼sp i¡dp„ R>¡? 08.
C:: rÓh¡Zu k„Nd D:: `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙpÐdp A:: `¥kp_u âprádp„ B:: rhje_p cp¡NhV$pdp„
04. AiyrQ L$B fus¡ \pe? 4. C:: kdpS>_u k¡hpdp„ D:: ApÐdp_p rlsdp„
A:: õhgn¡ B:: `fgn¡ 09. AiyrQcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep_p L¡$ÞÖõ\p_¡ 09.
C:: Aõ_p_sp\u D:: AõhÃR>sp\u iy„ R>¡?
0`. ifuf\u iy„ dm¡ R>¡? 5. A:: ifuf B:: ApÐdp
A:: `yÓ A_¡ `yÓu B:: v$p¡j A_¡ vy$:M C:: k„ep¡Np¡ D:: k„ep¡Nucphp¡
C:: kyM A_¡ ip„rs D:: ip¡cp A_¡ iy„v$fsp 10. k„kpf_y„ d|m L$pfZ iy„ R>¡? 10.
A:: ÷u B:: Aë`osp C:: dp¡l D:: ifuf

k¥ Ù p„ r sL$ âï_p¡
_uQ¡_p âï_p¡_p A¡L$ L¡$ b¡ hp¼edp„ S>hpb Ap`p¡. _uQ¡ _ p âï_p¡ _ p rhõs© s S>hpb Ap`p¡ .
01. Aiy r Qcph_pdp„ Aiy r Q iy „ R>¡ ? 01. AiyrQcph_p_u ìep¿ep A_¡ s¡_u kdS|>su Ap`p¡.
02. kdN° ifufdp„ L¡ $ V$gp fp¡ N p¡ kÑpdp„ lp¡ e R>¡ ? 02. AiyrQcph_pdp„ AiyrQ_u rhQpfZp_y„ Ap^pftbvy$
03. d_y ó e_p¡ ch i¡ _ p Acph dpV¡ $ lp¡ e R>¡ ? iy „ R>¡ ? ip dpV¡ $ ?
04. AÞe Nrs_p L¡ $ V$gp„ chp¡ `R>u d_y ó e_p¡ A¡ L $ 03. ifuf_y „ Aiy r Q`Ï„ L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
ch dm¡ R>¡ ? 04. Aiy r Qcph_pdp„ õÓu_p ifuf_p Aiy r Q`Zp_¡
05. d_y ó ev¡ $ l_u r_f\® L $sp L$B fus¡ R>¡ ? ip dpV¡ $ cpf`| h ® L $ tQshhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ ?
06. ifuf âÐe¡ _ p¡ dp¡ l dV$pX$hp iy „ L$fhy „ Å¡ B A¡ ? 05. ip dpV¡ $ ifuf_u iy r Qsp õ_p_\u _\u?
07. AiyrQcph_p_u rQ„sh_ âq¾$ep_y„ L$pfZ L¡$ kp^_ 06. ip dpV¡ $ ApÐdp_u iy r Qsp õ_p_\u _\u?
iy „ R>¡ ? 07. iy r Q dpV¡ $ _p¡ kpQp¡ D`pe iy „ R>¡ ?
08. Aiy r Qcph_p_u Aæepk\u ifuf_u L$B bpbs 08. ifuf ApÐdp_p¡ iÓy L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
kdÆ iL$pe R>¡ ? 09. d_y ó ev¡ $ l_u dlÑp L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
09. k„ k pfu Æh_¡ L$p¡ _ p âÐe¡ dp¡ l lp¡ e R>¡ ? 10. d_y ó ev¡ $ l_u vy $ g® c sp L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
10. iy Ù sp A_¡ Aiy Ù sp_y „ L$pfZ iy „ lp¡ e R>¡ ? 11. Aiy r Qcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep kdÅhp¡ .
11. ip dpV¡$ kOmp„ k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡ AiyrQ R>¡? 12. Aiy r Qcph_p_p kp^_ L¡ $ L$pfZ rhj¡ kdS| > su
12. ip dpV¡$ `p¡sp_p¡ rÓL$pmu ^°hy ApÐdõhcph iyrQ R>¡? Ap`p¡ .
13. AiyrQcph_p_p Aæepk_p b¡ rhi¡j am_p _pd 13. Aiy r Qcph_p L$B fus¡ h¥ f pÁe_y „ L$pfZ R>¡ ?
Ap`p¡. 14. AiyrQcph_p L$B fus¡ hõsyõhê$`_u kdS>Z L$fph¡
14. iy Ù pÐdp_u iy r Q_¡ L$B fus¡ ÅZu iL$pe R>¡ ? R>¡?
15. ip dpV¡ $ v¡ $ l S>S>® q fs lp¡ e R>¡ ? 15. AiyrQcph_p L$B fus¡ ifuf âÐe_p¡ dp¡l dV$pX¡$ R>¡?
16. Aiy r Qcph_p L$B fus¡ iy Ù pÐdõhcph_u iy r Q_¡
kdÅh¡ R>¡ ?

122 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

7. Apöhcph_p 123
124 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 Apöhcph_p
cph_p
7.
Apöh A¡V$g¡ Aphhy„ s¡. Æh_p S>¡ `qfZpd_p
L$pfZ¡ `p¥v$¹ NqgL$L$d®_„y Æh_p âv¡$ip¡dp„ Aphhp_y„
b_¡ s¡ fpNpqv$ rhL$pfu `qfZpd_¡ Apöh L$l¡
R>¡. Ap Apöhcphp¡ AÐe„s l¡e A¡V$g¡ L¡$ R>p¡X$hp
S>¡hp R>¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_p¡ r_fpöhu iyÙpÐdõhcph
`fd D`pv¡$e A¡V$g¡ L¡$ âpá L$fhp S>¡hp¡ R>¡ s¡
âL$pf_u Ahpf_hpf rhQpfZp \ep L$fhu s¡_¡
Apöhcph_p L$l¡ R>¡.
²ïÝ ÜU}¢ü ¥¢d±ç¼ ²Î¢ ¥¢d±‡¢ }¢¢~¢æ ±¢ „ ¥¢d± : J
A\® : S>¡_p\u L$dp£ Aph¡ s¡ A_¡ L$dp£_y„ Aphhy„ s¡
Apöh R>¡. (sÐhp\®fpS>hprs®L$ : 1/4/9/26)
Apöh_p¡ A\® ‘ Aphhy„’ \pe R>¡. ifufpqv$
k„ep¡Np¡_p gn¡ \sp„ Æh_p fpNpqv$ rhL$pfu
k„ep¡Nucphp¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ `p¥v¹$NrgL$L$d®_y„ Æh_p
âv¡$ip¡dp„ Aphh„y b_¡ R>¡ s¡ Apöh R>¡. Al]
Æh_p rhL$pfucph s¡ cphpöh A_¡
`p¥v¹$NrgL$L$d®_y„ Aphhy„ s¡ Öìepöh R>¡.
Ap Apöhp¡ Ar_Ðe, AifZ, Akpf,
Aklpe, ApÐdõhcph\u rcß, Aiy r Q,
ApLy$msp D`Åh_pfp, vy$:Mê$` A_¡ crhóedp„
vy $ :Mam v¡ $ _pf R>¡ . s¡ \ u s¡ A p¡ AÐe„ s l¡ e
R>¡, A¡V$g¡ L¡$ ÐepNhp ep¡Áe R>¡. A_¡ s¡_u
rh{Ù `p¡sp_p¡ r_fpöhu iyÙpÐdõhcph r_Ðe,
ifZc|s, kpfc|s, klpeê$`, ApÐdõhcph\u
Arcß, iyrQ, r_fpLy$msp D`Åh_pfp¡, kyMê$`
A_¡ kyM_y„ L$pfZ R>¡. s¡\u s¡ `fd D`pv¡$e
R>¡ . A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $ N° l Z L$fhp ep¡ Á e R>¡ . Ap
âL$pf¡ Apöhp¡ _ p l¡ e `Zp_y „ A_¡
iyÙpÐdõhcph_p D`pv¡$e`Zp_y„ tQsh_ \hy„
s¡ Apöhcph_p R>¡ .
7. Apöhcph_p
Apöh_p c¡v$ A_¡ s¡_y„ õhê$`
Æh_p âv¡$idp„ `p¥v¹$NrgL$L$d®_p Aphhp_y„
L$pfZ L¡$ s¡ L$d®_y„ Aphhy„ s¡ Apöh R>¡.
Apöh_p Sy>v$u Sy>v$u A`¡npA¡ Sy>v$p Sy>v$p âL$pf_p
c¡v$ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ Ap âL$pf¡•••
1. Æh_p A_¡ `p¥ v ¹ $ NrgL$L$d® _ p `qfZpd_u
A`¡npA¡ b¡ c¡v$ R>¡: 1. cphpöh A_¡ 2. Öìepöh
2. iyc A_¡ Aiyc_u A`¡npA¡ Apöh_p b¡ c¡v$
R>¡ : 1. `y Î epöh A_¡ 2. `p`pöh
3. Apöhcph_u rhrh^sp_u A`¡npA¡ s¡_p Qpf
c¡v$ R>¡: 1. rdÕepÐh 2. Arhfrs 3. L$jpe 4. ep¡N
4. Apöhcph_p D`fp¡¼s Qpf c¡v$_p `¡V$pc¡v$_u
A`¡npA¡ s¡_p ksph_ c¡v$ R>¡:
` rdÕepÐh+12 Arhfrs+2` L$jpe+1` ep¡N = 57
1. Æh_p A_¡ `p¥v¹$NrgL$L$d®_p
`qfZpd_u A`¡npA¡ Apöh_p
b¡ c¡v$ R>¡:
1. cphpöh A_¡¡ 2. Öìepöh
Q¥ s Þeõhê$`u Æh A_¡ S>Xõhê$`u
`p¥v¹$NrgL$¹L$d®_p `qfZpd_¡ `fõ`f r_rdÑ-
_¥ r drÑL$ âL$pf_p¡ Or_ô$ k„ b „ ^ lp¡ e R>¡ .
s¡ d p„ `p¥ v ¹ $ NrgL¹ $ L$d® _ p L$pfZ¡ \sp Æh_p
`qfZpd_¡ cph A_¡ Æh_p L$pfZ¡ \sp
`p¥ v ¹ $ NrgL$L$d® _ p `qfZpd_¡ Öìe `| h ® N $
gNpX$hp_u `Ùrs R>¡ . Ap L$pfZ¡ Æh_p
Apöh_¡ cphpöh A_¡ `p¥v$¹ NrgL¹L$d_ ® p Apöh_¡
Öìepöh L$l¡ h pdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ . s¡ \ u Æh_p
`qfZpd A_¡ `p¥ v ¹ $ NrgL¹ $ L$d® _ p `qfZpd_u
A`¡npA¡ Apöh_p b¡ c¡v$ R>¡:
125
 1. cphpöh 2. Öìepöh 1. `yÎepöh
1. cphpöh Apöhcph_p iyccph L¡$ iycâL©$rs_¡
`yÎepöh L$l¡ R>¡.
`p¥v¹$NrgL$¹L$d®-_p¡L$d®_p k„ep¡N¡ Æhdp„ \sp
`yÎepöh b¡ âL$pf¡ R>¡ : 1. cph`yÎepöh A_¡
fpNpqv$ rQv¹$rhL$pfp¡ê$` k„ep¡Nucph L¡$ S>¡_p
2. Öìe`yÎepöh
L$pfZ¡ _hu_ `p¥v¹$NrgL¹$L$d®_y„ Æh_p âv¡$ip¡dp„
Aphhp_y„ b_¡ s¡_¡ cphpöh L$l¡ R>¡. 1. cph`yÎepöh : cphpöh_u d„v$sphpmp
Æh_p iyc `qfZpd_¡ cph`yÎepöh L$l¡ R>¡.
rdÕepÐh, Arhfrs, âdpv$, L$jpe A_¡
ep¡ N ê$` Æh_p `qfZpdp¡ A¡ cphpöh R>¡ . Æh_p v$ep, v$p_, `yÅ, c[¼s, h°s, s`, k„edpqv$
cphpöh_p L$pfZ¡ Æh_p õhcph_p¡ Ops S>¡hp iyccphp¡_¡ cph`yÎepöh L$l¡ R¡.
\B ApLy$msp A_¡ AhNyZ_u DÐ`rÑ \pe 2. Öìe`yÎepöh : cph`yÎepöh_p r_rdÑ¡
R>.¡ hmu ApS> cphpöh `p¥v$¹NqgL¹$L$d_
® p Apöh- \sp Öìepöh_u iycâL©$rs_y„ Æh_p âv¡$ip¡dp„
b„^_y„ L$pfZ b_u ApNpdu vy$:Mam v¡$_pê„$ R>.¡ Aphhpê$` `qfZpd_¡ Öìe`yÎepöh L$l¡ R>¡.
`p¥v¹$NrgL$¹L$d®_p ipsph¡v$_ue, iycApey,
2. Öìepöh
iyc_pd A_¡ DÃQNp¡Ó S>h ¡ p iycL$dp£_„y Æh_p
cphpöh_p L$pfZ¡ ApL$j®Z `pdu âv¡$ip¡dp„ Aphhy„ s¡ Öìe`yÎepöh R>¡.
`p¥v$¹ NrgL¹$L$d®_„y Æh_p âv¡$ip¡dp„ Aphhp_y„ b_¡ op_u ^dp®Ðdp_p husfpNcph kp\¡ k„br„ ^s
s¡_¡ Öìepöh L$l¡ R>¡. c| r dL$p A_y k pf_p `y Î e_¡ ìehlpf\u ^d®
L$l¡hpsp¡ lp¡hp\u s¡_¡ iyc dp_hpdp„ Aph¡
op_phfZuepqv$ ApW$ âL$pf_p `p¥v$¹ NrgL¹$L$dp£ R>¡ . `p`_u A`¡ n pA¡ s¡ âi„ k _ue lp¡ h p\u
A¡ Öìepöh R>¡. S|>_p op_phfZuepqv$ s¡_¡ âiõs `Z L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. sp¡`Z
`p¥v$¹NrgL¹$L$dp£_p Dv$e_p r_rdÑ¡ Æh_p¡ cphpöh Ap `y Î e `Z Apöh L¡ $ b„ ^ _p¡ S> c¡ v $
lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ cphpöh_y„ am Öìepöh Aph¡ R>.¡ lp¡hp\u s¡ l¡e S> R>.¡ b„^__u A`¡npA¡ `yÎe
2. iyc L¡$ Aiyc_u A`¡npA¡ `Z `p`_u S>¡ d L$d® _ p b„ ^ __y „ S> L$pfZ
lp¡hp\u s¡ `p` kdp_ S> l¡e R>¡. `yÎe-
Apöh_p b¡ c¡v$ R>¡:
`p`\u rcß husfpNcph S> D`pv¡$e R>¡.
1.`yÎepöh A_¡ 2. `p`pöh
2. `p`pöh
Æh_p fpNpqv$ rhL$pfucphp¡ A¡ cphpöh Apöhcph_p Aiyccph L¡$ AiycâL©$rs_¡
R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p r_rdÑ¡ Æh_p âv¡$ip¡dp„ âh¡isp„ `p`pöh L$l¡ R>¡.
`p¥v¹$NrgL$¹L$d® A¡ Öìepöh R>¡. Ap cphpöh
`p`pöh b¡ âL$pf¡ R>¡:
L¡$ Öìepöh _p iyc L¡$ Aiyc_u A`¡npA¡
b¡ c¡v$ R>¡ : 1. cph`p`pöh A_¡ 2. Öìe`p`pöh
1. `yÎepöh A_¡ 2. `p`pöh 1. cph`p`pöh : cphpöh_u suh°sphpmp
Æh_p Aiyc `qfZpd_¡ cph`p`pöh L$l¡ R>¡.
126 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 Æh_p tlkp, S| > W$, Qp¡ f u, rhjehpk_p,
`rfN°l S>¡hp Aiyccphp¡ s¡ cph`p`pöh R>¡.
2. Öìe`p`pöh : cph`p`pöh_p r_rdÑ¡ \sp
Öìepöh_p AiycâL©$rs_p Æh_p âv¡$ip¡dp„
Aphhpê$` `qfZpd_¡ Öìe`yÎepöh L$l¡ R>¡.
`p¥v¹$NrgL¹$L$d®_p OprsL$dp£, Aipsph¡v$_ue,
AiycApey, Aiyc_pd A_¡ _uQNp¡Ó S>¡hp
Aiy c L$dp£ _ y „ Æh_p âv¡ $ ip¡ d p„ Aphhy „ s¡
Öìe`p`pöh R>¡.
3. Apöhcph_u rhrh^sp_u
A`¡npA¡ s¡_p Qpf c¡v$ R>¡ :
1. rdÕepÐh 2. Arhfrs 3.
L$jpe A_¡ 4. ep¡N
`p¥v$¹ NrgL$L$d_
® p Aphhp_p L$pfZc|s Æh_p
rhL$pfucph A_¡ `p¥v$¹ NrgL$L$d_
® „y Æh_p âv¡$ip¡dp„
Aphhy„ s¡ Apöhcph R>¡. L$d®_p ApöhZ_p
L$pfZc| s Æh_p rhL$pfucphp¡ rdÕepÐh,
Arhfrs, âdpv$, L$jpe A_¡ ep¡N A¡ `p„Q
âL$pf_p R>¡. Al] âdpv$_¡ L$jpedp„ A„sN®s
L$fhp\u Apöh_p rhrh^sp_u A`¡npA¡ dy¿e
Qpf c¡v$ \pe R>¡ :
1. rdÕepÐh, 2. Arhfrs,
3. L$jpe A_¡ 4. ep¡N.
1. rdÕepÐh
âep¡S>_c|s hõsy_p õhê$` k„b„^u Æh_p 4. ep¡N
rh`rfs Arcr_h¡i A¡V$g¡ L¡$ rdÕep dpÞesp_¡
d_, hQ_ L¡$ L$pep Üpfp \su âh©rÑ_p L$pfZ¡
rdÕepÐh L$l¡ R>¡.
ApÐdâv¡$ip¡_y„ S>¡ `qfõ`„v$_ L¡$ L„$`_ \pe R>¡
rdÕepÐh A¡ dy¿eÐh¡ Æh_p îÙp_NyZ_u s¡_¡ ep¡N L$l¡ R>¡.
rhL$pfu v$ip R>¡. s¡\u s¡ rdÕepîÙp_ A¡V$g¡
L¡$ rdÕepv$i®_ R>¡. s¡dp„ rdÕepv$i®_ D`fp„s
rdÕepop_-QpqfÓ_p¡ `Z kdph¡ i R>¡ .
7. Apöhcph_p
rdÕepÐh_p L$pfZ¡ S> Arhfrs Aprv$ AÞe
Apöhcphp¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u rdÕepÐh dV$ep
rh_p L$p¡B`Z âL$pf¡ Apöh_p¡ Acph \B
iL$sp¡ _\u. kOmp„ k„kpf A_¡ s¡_p„ vy$:Mp¡_y„
d|m L$pfZ rdÕepÐh S> R>¡.
2. Arhfrs
Ak„ed, Ah°spqv$ Æh_p `p`cphp¡_¡
Arhfrs L$l¡ ¡ R>¡ .
tlkp, S|>W$, Qp¡fu, rhjehpk_p, `qfN°l
S>¡ h p `p`cphp¡ _ p¡ Arhfrsdp„ kdph¡ i R>¡ .
Arhfrs A¡ A¡L$ âL$pf_p¡ tlkpqv$ L$jpe_p¡
S> cph R>.¡ s¡\u S>d ¡ âdpv$_¡ L$jpedp„ A„sN®s
L$fu iL$pe R>¡ s¡d Arhfrs_¡ `Z L$jpedp„
A„sN®s L$fu iL$pe R>¡. sp¡`Z ìehlpf_e_u
A`¡npA¡ s¡dp„ L$pfZ-L$pe®_p¡ c¡v$ R¡. L$jpe
A¡ L$pfZ R>¡ A_¡ Arhfrs A¡ s¡_„y L$pe® R>.¡ s¡\u
Apöhcphdp„ Arhfrs_¡ AgN g¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>.¡
3. L$jpe
`fpîe¡ \sp ApÐdp_u A„v$f_p L$gyrjs
rhL$pfucphp¡_p¡ L$jpe L$l¡ R>¡.
Ljpe=L$j+Ape
Al] L$j A¡V$g¡ k„kpf A_¡ Ape A¡V$g¡
gpc L¡$ âprá R>¡. S>¡_p L$pfZ¡ k„kpf_u âprá
\pe s¡hp k„kpf_p L$pfZc|s L$d®_y„ ApöhZ
L$fph_pfp¡ cph s¡ L$jpe R>¡.
ep¡ N _p L$pfZ¡ `p¥ v ¹ N rgL$ L$pdp® Z hN® Z p
ApL$j®Z `pdu Æh_p âv¡$ip¡dp„ L$d®`Z¡ âh¡i
127
`pd¡ R>¡. s¡\u ep¡N_p¡ Apöhdp„ kdph¡i R>¡.
k„kpfuÆh_¡ ApÐdâv¡$ip¡_p L„$`_ê$` ep¡N r_f„sf
lp¡ e R>¡ . s¡ \ u k„ k pfuÆh_¡ r_f„ s f _hu_
`p¥v¹$NrgL$L$dp£_p¡ Apöh \ep L$f¡ R>¡.
Apöh_p¡ Acph rdÕepÐh, Arhfrs, L$jpe dy¿eÐh¡ b¡ âL$pf_y„ lp¡e R>¡: 1. AN©rls
A_¡ ep¡ N A¡ ¾$dp_y k pf \pe R>¡ . ep¡ N _p¡ rdÕepÐh A_¡ 2. N©rls rdÕepÐh
Acph kp¥ \ u R>¡ ‰ ¡ Qp¥ v $dpNy Z õ\p_¡ \pe
R>¡ . Qp¥ v $dpNy Z õ\p_¡ Aep¡ N uv$ip A_¡
rkÙcNhp__¡ Aifufuv$ip lp¡ h p\u s¡ d _¡ Æh_¡ `fp`|h\
ep¡N_p¡ Acph R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u Apöh_p¡ `Z hõsy_p âep¡S>_c|s õhê$` k„b„^u rdÕep
Acph R>¡ .
4. Apöhcph_p D`fp¡¼s Qpf
4.Apöhcph_p
c¡v$_p `¡V$p c¡v$_u A`¡npA¡
s¡_p Ly$g kÑph_ c¡v$ R>¡:
` rdÕepÐh + 12 Arhfrs
+25 L$jpe + 15 ep¡N = 57
L$dp£_p Aphhp_p L$pfZc|s Æh_p A_¡
`yv$¹ Ng_p `qfZpd_¡ Apöh L$l¡ R>.¡ rdÕepÐh,
Arhfrs, L$jpe A_¡ ep¡N A¡ Qpf âL$pf_p
dy¿e Apöhp¡ R>¡. Ap Qpf_p h^y `¡V$p c¡v$
L$fsp„ rdÕepÐh_p 5, Arhfrs_p 12, L$jpe_p
25 A_¡ ep¡N_p 15 dmu_¡ Ly$g 57 âL$pf_p
c¡ v $ \pe R>¡ . Apöh_p AÞe âL$pf¡ \sp„
AgN âL$pf_p `Z c¡v$ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. `Z
Ap 57 âL$pf_p c¡v$ rhõs©s A_¡ âQrgs
lp¡ h p\u s¡ _ u QQp® L$fuA¡ R>uA¡ . Ap 57
âL$pf_p c¡v$ Ap âdpZ¡ R>¡:
rdÕepÐh_p ......... 5 c¡v$
Arhfrs_p .........12 c¡v
L$jpe_p ............25 c¡v
ep¡N_p ..............15 c¡v
Ly $ g .............. 57 c¡ v $
128
rdÕepÐh_p 5 c¡v
sÒhop_ k„b^ „ u Æh_p rh`fus Arcâpe_¡
rdÕepÐh L$l¡ R>.¡ rdÕepÐh A¡ Æh_p îÙp_NyZ
k„b^
„ u AiyÙ L¡$ rhL$pfu v$ip R>.¡ Æh_y„ rdÕepÐh
1. AN©rls rdÕepÐh
® u L¡$ A_pqv$L$pm\u Qpgu Aphsu
dpÞesp_¡ AN©rls rdÕepÐh L$l¡ R>¡.
AN©rls rdÕepÐh A¡ A_pqv$L$pm\u Qpëey
Aphsy„ kplrS>L$ L¡$ Ly$v$fsu rdÕepÐh lp¡hp\u
s¡_¡ r_kN®S> rdÕepÐh `Z L$l¡hpe R>¡. Ap
AN©rls rdÕepÐh A_¡L$ âL$pf¡ lp¡e R>¡. `Z
s¡_p dy¿e `p„Q âL$pfp¡ Ap dyS>b R>¡•••
1. `ep®ev$rô
2. `f`v$p\®_y„ L$s©®Ðh
3. `yÎedp„ D`pv¡$e`Ï„
4. v¡$lpqv$dp„ lz„`Ï„
5. sÒh_u Aârs`rÑ
1. `ep® e v$rô$
`p¡sp_p ApÐdp_¡ s¡_u `gV$su `ep®e`Z¡ `pdf
S> dp_hp¡ A_¡ s¡_p rÓL$pm V$L$sp iyÙ õhcph`Z¡
`fdpÐd _ dp_hp¡ s¡hu A¡L$p„s dpÞesp_¡
`ep®ev$rô$ _pd_y„ AN©rls rdÕepÐh L$l¡ R>¡.
Aop_u_¡ `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_p¡ A_ych A_¡
`qfQe s¡_u `gV$su `ep®e`Z¡ lp¡e R>¡ A_¡
rÓL$pm ^° y h õhcph`Z¡ lp¡ s p¡ _\u. hmu
s¡_¡ ApÐdp_p A_¡L$ps
„ õhê$`_u e\p\® Ap¡mMpZ
_\u. s¡\u s¡ `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_¡¡ A¡L$p„sõhê$`¡
`ep®e`Z¡ S> dp_¡ R>¡. Ap âL$pf_u A¡L$p„s
dpÞesp s¡ S> rdÕepÐh R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 2. `f`v$p\® _ y „ L$s© ® Ð h 4. v$¡ l pqv$dp„ lz „ ` Ï„
lz„ `f_p L$pep£ L$fu iLy$ Ry>„ L¡$ `f dpfp L$pep£ L$fu v¡$lpqv$ `fk„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ fpNpqv$ k„ep¡Nucphp¡
iL¡$ R>¡ A¡ âL$pf_u rdÕep dpÞesp_¡ `f`v$p\®_y„ `p¡sp\u `©Õ\L$ lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡_¡ `p¡sp`Z¡ dp_hp_u
L$s©®Ðh _pd_y„ AN©rls rdÕepÐh L$l¡ R>¡. rdÕep dpÞespê` Aop__¡ v¡$lprv$dp„ lz„`Ï„
hõsy_p A_¡L$p„sõhê$`_p Ap^pf¡ `qfZdsp¡
_pd_y„ AN©rls rdÕepÐh L$l¡ R>¡.
`v$p\® `p¡s¡ S> L$sp® lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p kde¡ v¡ $ lpqv$ `fk„ e p¡ N p¡ A_¡ s¡ _ p gn¡ \sp
kde¡ \sp `qfZpd s¡ S> s¡_y„ L$pe® L¡$ L$d® fpNpqv$ k„ep¡Nucphp¡ `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdõhcph\u
lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u A¡L$ Öìe L$p¡B buÅ Öìe_y„ rcß R>.¡ sp¡`Z Aop_u Æh `p¡sp_p Aop__p
L$sp®-lsp® L$epf¡e lp¡sy„ _\u. sp¡`Z Aop_u L$pfZ¡ s¡_¡ `p¡sp`Z¡ dp_¡ R>¡. Ap âL$pf_u
Æh_¡ `f`v$p\® _ y „ L$s© ® Ð h _pd_y „ AN© r ls Aop_ê` dpÞesp s¡ S> rdÕepÐh R>¡.
rdÕepÐh `l¡ g ¡ \ u S> lp¡ e R>¡ . `f`v$p\® _ p 5. sÒh_u Aârs`rÑ
L$s©®Ðh_u rdÕep dpÞesp_p L$pfZ¡ L$p¡Z L$p¡_y„
âep¡ S >_c| s hõsy _ p õhê$`_¡ sÒh
L$pd L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$ L$fu iL¡$ R>¡ ? s¡hp¡ k„ie
L$l¡ R>¡. Aop_u_¡ Ap sÒh_u kpQu
s¡_¡ L$ped dpV¡$ füp L$f¡ R>¡. Ap âL$pf_u kdS>Z L¡ $ âprá lp¡ s u _\u. s¡ _ p
k„ieey¼s dpÞesp s¡ S> rdÕepÐh R>¡. L$pfZ¡ s¡ v$f¡L$ ^d®ds âê$r`s sÒh_¡
kdp_ dp_u v$f¡L$ âÐe¡ kdp_`Z¡ rh_e
3. `y Î edp„ D`pv¡ $ e`Ï„ fpMhp_y„ dp_¡ R>¡. v$f¡L$ ^d®ds âê$r`s
`yÎe `p¡s¡ S> ^d® R>¡ L¡$ ^d®_y„ L$pfZ R>¡ s¡d sÒhp¡ âÐe¡ A¡L$ kfMp¡ rh_e fpMhp_u
kdÆ `yÎe ÐepÄe lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡_¡ N°pü rdÕep dpÞesp_¡ sÒh_u Aârs`rs
_pd_y „ AN© r ls rdÕepÐh L$l¡ R>¡ .
dp_hp_u rh`fus dpÞesp_¡ `yÎedp„
D`pv¡$e`Ï„ _pd_y„ AN©rls rdÕepÐh L$l¡ R>¡. S>¥_ v$i®_ A_ykpf Æhpqv$ _hsÒhp¡ R>¡.
Ap sÒh_u e\p\® Ap¡mMpZ\u kçeÁv$i®__u
Aop_u Æh_¡ `yÎe A_¡ `yÎe_p amdp„ âpqá \pe R>¡. Aop_u Æh_¡ sÒh_u e\p\®
duW$pi hs£ R>.¡ hmu op_u ^dp®Ðdp_p `yÎe_¡ Ap¡mMpZ lp¡su _\u. s¡_¡ sÒh_u Aârs`rÑ
ìehlpf\u ^d® L$l¡hpdp„ Aphsp¡ lp¡hp\u s¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ sÒh_u Aâprá L$l¡ R>¡. sÒh_u
`y Î e_¡ S> ^d® L¡ $ ^d® _ y „ L$pfZ dp_¡ R>¡ . Aârs`rÑ_p L$pfZ¡ Aop_u Æh kOmp„ ^d®dsp¡
`Z hpõshdp„ husfpNcph S ^d® R>¡ A_¡ âê$r`s sÒhp¡_¡ kdp_ NZu s¡_p âÐe¡ kdp_
`y Î e L$p¡ B ^d® _\u. õhcph-kÞdy M sp_p¡ rh_e fpM¡ R>¡ . v$f¡ L $ sÒhp¡ âÐe¡ kdp_
`y{jp\® S> ^d®_y„ L$pfZ R>¡ `Z `yÎe L$p¡B rh_eê$` rdÕep dpÞesp s¡ S> rdÕepÐh R>¡.
^d® _ y „ L$pfZ _\u. `y Î e `Z `p`_u S¡ d
2. N©rls rdÕepÐh
Apöh-b„^_p¡ S> âL$pf lp¡hp\u s¡ l¡e S>
R>¡. sp¡`Z Aop_u Æh `yÎe_¡ l¡e_¡ bv$g¡ Æh_p A_pqv$L$pm\u Qpëep Aphsp„ AN©rls
D`pv¡$e dp_hp_u rh`fus dpÞesp ^fphsp¡
rdÕepÐh_¡ dV$pX$hp_¡ bv$g¡ Ly$v¡$hpqv$_p k„N¡ s¡_„y
lp¡ e R>¡ . Ap âL$pf_u rh`fus dpÞesp s¡
S> rdÕepÐh R>¡.
h^y ×Y$uL$fZ \hy„ s¡_¡ N©rls [dÕepÐh L$l¡ R>¡.
7. Apöhcph_p 129
 N©rls rdÕepÐh A¡ ^d®_p _pd¡ A^d®_y„
k¡h_ R>¡. A_pqv$L$pm_p AN©rls rdÕepÐh_¡
V$pmhp_¡ bv$g¡ s¡_¡ Ly$v$¡ h, Ly$N{
y L¡$ Ly$ip÷_p
r_rds¡ h^y dS>bs| L$fhy„ s¡ N©rls qdÕepÐh R>.¡
Ap rdÕepÐh Ly$v$¡hpqv$_p L$pfZ¡ _hy„ N°lZ \e¡g
lp¡hp\u s¡_¡ bpü âpá rdÕepÐh `Z L$l¡ R>.¡
kp¥ â \d N© r ls rdÕepÐh V$m¡ sp¡ A_¡
sp¡ S> Ðepf `R>u AN© r ls rdÕepÐh V$mu
iL¡$ R>¡.
AN©rls rdÕepÐh_p `p„Q âL$pf Ly$v¡$hpqv$_p
k„ N ¡ h^y `p¡ j Z `pdsp \L$p \sp N© r ls
rdÕepÐh_p `p„Q âL$pf _uQ¡ dyS>b R>¡•-•
`yÎedp„ D`pv¡$e`Ï„ _pd_p AN©rls
1. A¡L$p„rsL$ rdÕepÐh 4. Aopr_L$ rdÕepÐh
rdÕepÐh_u rh`fus dpÞesp_y„ Ly$v¡$hpqv$_p
2. kp„ireL$ rdÕepÐh 5. h¥_reL$ rdÕepÐh
r_rdÑ¡ h^y `p¡jZ \hy„ s¡_¡ rh`fus _pd_y„
3. rh`fus rdÕepÐh N©rls rdÕepÐh L$l¡ R>¡.
1. A¡ L $p„ r sL$ rdÕepÐh
`ep®ev$rô$ _pd_p AN©rls rdÕepÐh_u A¡L$p„s
dpÞesp_y„ Ly$v¡$hpqv$_p k„N¡ h^y ×Y$uL$fZ \hy„
s¡_¡ A¡L$p„rsL$ _pd_y„ N©rls rdÕepÐh L$l¡ R>¡.
S>¥_ v$i®_ rkhpe_p AÞe v$i®_p¡ hõsy_p
õhê$`_¡ A¡L$p„s`Z¡ dp_¡ R>¡. Aop_u Æh_¡
ApÐdp_p A_¡ L $p„ s õhê$`_u Ap¡ m MpZ lp¡ s u
_\u. s¡ \ u s¡ ApÐdp_p Akgu õhê$`_¡
AhNZu_¡ `fgnu `ep®e_¡ S> `p¡sp_y„ õhê$`
dp_¡ R>¡ . Ly $ v¡ $ hpqv$_p L$pfZ¡ Ap âL$pf_u
`ep®e×q$ô_u A¡L$p„s dpÞesp_y„ h^y ×Y$uL$fZ
\pe R>¡. Aphu A¡L$p„s dpÞesp_y„ `p¡jZ \hy„
s¡ A¡L$p„rsL$ rdÕepÐh R>¡.
2. kp„ i reL$ rdÕepÐh
Aop_u Æh_¡ A_pqv$L$pm\u `f`v$p\®_„y L$s©Ð® h
_pd_y„ AN©rls rdÕepÐh lp¡e R>¡. s¡_p L$pfZ¡
s¡_¡ L$p¡Z L$p¡_y„ L$pd L$fsy„ li¡ s¡hp¡ k„ie füp
L$f¡ R>¡. Ly$v¡$hpqv$ `f`v$p\®_y„ L$s©®Ðh_y„ kd\®_
130
L$fu Ap k„ie_¡ Qpgy fMph¡ R>¡. s¡_¡ kp„ireL$
_pd_y„ N©rls rdÕepÐh L$l¡ R>¡.
„æࢲ¢y}¢¢ ç±Ýà²ç¼ J A¡ k|Ó A_ykpf k„ie fpM_pfp¡
Æh `s_ `pd¡ R>¡. s¡\u s¡ L$epf¡e dpN®_u âprá L$fu
iL$sp¡ _\u. `f`v$p\®_p L$s©®Ðh _pd_p AN©rls
rdÕepÐh_p L$pfZ¡ L$pZ ¡ L$p_
¡ „y L$pe® L$f¡ s¡hp¡ k„ie lp¡e
S> R>.¡ Ly$v$¡ hpqv$_p k„N¡ `f`v$p\®_p L$sЮ© h_y„ h^y `p¡jZ
\pe R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u k„ie `Z h^y dS>b|s b_¡ R>¡.
Aphu k„ieey¼s dpÞesp_y„ dS>b|s \hy„ s¡ kp„ireL$
rdÕepÐh R>¡.
3. rh`fus rdÕepÐh
`y Î e `Z `p`_u S>¡ d l¡ e lp¡ h p R>sp
s¡_¡ D`pv¡$e dp_hp_u rh`fus dpÞesp Aop_u
Æh_¡ lp¡e S> R>¡. A_¡ Ly$Ny{_p¡ D`v¡$i `Z
A¡hp¡ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ Ap L$pm¡ `yÎedp» ^d® L¡$
^d® _ y » L$pfZ lp¡ e R>¡ . s¡ \ u `y Î edp»
D`pv¡$e`Zp_u rh`fus dpÞesp_y» h^y ×Y$uL$fZ
\pe R>¡ s¡ rh`fus rdÕepÐh R>¡.
4. Aopr_L$ rdÕepÐh
v¡$lpqv$dp» lz» `Zy„ _pd_p AN©rls rdÕepÐhê$`
Aop_sp_y» Ly$v¡$hpqv$_p L$pfZ¡ h^y dS>b|s \hy»
s¡_¡ Aopr_L$ _pd_y» N©rls rdÕepÐh L$l¡ R>¡.
v¡$lpqv$ `fk»ep¡Np¡ `p¡sp_p\u sØ_ rcß
R>¡. sp¡`Z Aop_u_¡ `p¡sp_p Aop__p L$pfZ¡
v¡$lpqv$dp» lz»`Ï» cpk¡ R>¡. A_¡ Ly$v¡$h-Ny{-
ipõÓ Aphp Aop__y» h^y `p¡jZ L$fph¡ R>¡.
v¡$lpqv$dp„ lz»`Zpê` Aop__y» h^y `p¡jZ \hy»
s¡ Aopr_L$ rdÕepÐh R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 `. h¥ _ reL$ rdÕepÐh Arhfrs_p cphp¡ A_¡L$ âL$pf_p lp¡e R>¡. s¡dp„
sÒh_u Aârs`rÑ _pd_p AN©rls rdÕepÐh_p R> L$pe Æhp¡_u fnp dpV¡$_p¡ D`pe _ L$fhp¡,
L$pfZ¡ b^p„ ^d®dsp¡ A_¡ s¡_p Üpfp `yêr`s `p„Q B[ÞÖep¡ A_¡ d__p rhje_u ApkqL$s
sÒhp¡dp„ L$p¡B a¡f cpksp¡ _\u. s¡\u v$f¡L$ ^fphhu S>¡hp bpf âL$pf_p Arhfrs_p cphp¡
^d®dsp¡ A_¡ s¡_p âê`L$ v¡$hp¡_p¡ rh_e L$fhp_u dy¿e R>¡. S>¡ _uQ¡ dyS>b v$ip®hu iL$pe R¡•••
cph_p fl¡ R>¡. Ly$v¡$hpqv$_p L$pfZ¡ Aphp¡ rh_e
L$fhp_u cph_p_¡ h^y bm dm¡ R>¡. s¡_¡ h¥_reL$ 1. `© Õ huL$pe
_pd_y„ N©rls rdÕepÐh L$l¡ R>¡. f. `pZuL$pe `p„Q õ\phf A_¡ R>Wy„$ Ók
3. A[Á_L$pe dmu s¡ R> L$pe Æhp¡ _ u
rcß-rcß ^d® d sp¡ _ u rcßsp_y „ L$pfZ
4. hpeyL$pe fnp dpV¡ $ _p¡ eÐ_pQpf _
s¡d_p Üpfp âêr`s sÒh_y„ õhê` lp¡e R>¡.
S>¥_ v$i®_ A_ykpf Æhpqv$ _h sÒhp¡ R>¡. `. h_õ`rsL$pe ^fphhp¡.
AÞe v$i_ ® p¡ sÒhp¡_¡ AÞe`Z¡ dp_¡ R>.¡ sÒh_u 6. ÓkL$pe
Aârs`rÑ_¡ L$pfZ¡ b^p„ ^d®dsp¡ A_¡ s¡d_p„ 7. õ`i® ¡ [ ÞÖe
Üpfp âêr`s sÒhp¡_u e\p\® Ap¡mMpZ lp¡su 8. fk_¡ [ ÞÖe
_\u. s¡\u v$f¡L$ ^d®dsp¡ A_¡ s¡d_p„ Üpfp `p„Q B[ÞÖep¡_p rhje_u
9. ^° p Z¡ [ ÞÖe ApkqL$s A_¡ d__p k„N¡
âêr`s sÒhp¡dp„ _pd_p¡ a¡f R>¡. `Z Apie
10. Qny q f[ÞÖe \sp rhL$ë`p¡_u r_fLy„$isp
A¡ L $ S> R>¡ s¡ h u rdÕep dpÞesp_p L$pfZ¡
b^p„ ^d®dsp¡ A_¡ s¡d_p„ Üpfp âêr`s cphp¡ 11. îp¡ Ó ¡ [ ÞÖe
kdp_ cpk¡ R>¡ . s¡ \ u v$f¡ L $ ^d® d sp¡ A_¡ 1f. d_
s¡ d _p âê`L$ v¡ $ h âÐe¡ kdp_`Z¡ rh_e
fpMhp_p¡ Arcâpe fl¡ R>¡. Aphp rh_e_p L$jpe_p f` c¡v$
Arcâpe_y „ Ly $ v¡ $ hpqv$_p k„ N ¡ h^y ×Y$$uL$fZ ApÐdp_p fpNpqv$ L$gyrjs cphp¡_¡ L$jpe
\pe R>¡ s¡ h¥_reL$ rdÕepÐh R>¡.
L$l¡ R>.¡ L$jpe A¡ ApÐdp_p QpqfÓNyZ_u rhL$pfu
D`f dyS>b `p„Q `°L$pf_p AN©rls rdÕepÐh v$ip A¡V$g¡ L¡$ `fQpqfÓ R>.¡ `fQpqfÓ_p L$pfZ¡
kp\¡ k„b„r^s `p„Q âL$pf_p N©rls rdÕepÐh
`p¡ s p_p A„ s f„ N iy Ù õhcph_p¡ ^ps \B
_uQ¡ dyS>b v$ip®hu iL$pe R>¡.
s¡ _ u âNV$sp \su _\u. A„ s f„ N iy Ù
AkN© r ls rdÕepÐh ..... N© r ls rdÕepÐh õhcph_p¡ Ops L$fhp_u A`¡npA¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$
1. `ep®e×qô .................. 1. A¡L$p„rsL$ rdÕepÐh L$jpe_u iqL$s A`¡npA¡ s¡_p Qpf c¡v$ R>¡.
f. `f`v$p\®_y„ L$s©®Ðh ........ f. kp„ireL$ rdÕepÐh
3. `yÎedp„ D`pv¡$e`Ï„ ..... 3. rh`fus rdÕepÐh 1. A_„ s p_y b „ ^ u
4. v¡$lpqv$dp„ lz„`Ï„ ........... 4. Aopr_L$ rdÕepÐh f. Aâep¿ep_p_pfZue
`. sÒh_u Aârs`rs ..... `. h¥_reL$$ rdÕepÐh 3. âÐep¿ep_phfZue
4. k„ Ä S>hg_
Ahqfrs_p 1f c¡v$
D`fp¡ L $s v$f¡ L $ âL$pf_p Ljpe_u ìe[¼s
Ak„ed, Ah°s, tlkp, S|>W$, Qp¡fu, rhjehpk_p, L¡$ âNV$sp_u A`¡npA¡ L$jpe_p dy¿eÐh¡ Qpf
`qfN°l S>¡hp `p`cphp¡_¡ Arhfrs L$l¡ R>¡. c¡v$ R>¡.
7. Apöhcph_p 131
 1. ¾$p¡^ f. dp_ 1. kÐe d_p¡ e p¡ N
3. dpep 4. gp¡ c 2. d© j p d_p¡ e p¡ N
D`f dyS>b L$jpe_u Qpf âL$pf_u iqL$s 3. kÐed© j p d_p¡ e p¡ N
A_¡ s¡ v$f¡ L $_u Qpf-Qpf âL$pf_u ìeqL$s
4. AkÐed© j p d_p¡ e p¡ N L¡ $
dmu_¡ L$jpe_p Ly $ g 4#4=16 âL$pf \pe
R>¡.s¡dp„ 9 âL$pf_p _p¡L$jpe Dd¡fsp„ L$jpe_p A_y c e d_p¡ e p¡ N
Ly$g f` âL$pf _uQ¡ dyS>b R>¡. 5. kÐe hQ_ep¡ N
A_„sp_yb„^u ¾$p¡^-dp_-dpep-gp¡c ........................ 4 6. d© j p hQ_ep¡ N
AâÐep¿ep_phfZue ¾$p¡^-dp_-dpep-gp¡c .............. 4 7. kÐed© j p hQ_ep¡ N
âÐep¿ep_phfZue ¾$p¡^-dp_-dpep-gp¡c ................ 4 8. AkÐed© j p hQ_ep¡ N L¡ $
k„SS> >hg_ ¾$p¡^-dp_-dpep-gp¡c ........................... 4 A_y c e hQ_ep¡ N
_h _p¡L$jpe : 9. Ap¥ v $pqfL$ L$peep¡ N
1. lpõe, 2. frs, 3. Afrs, 4. ce, 10. Ap¥ v pqfL$rdî L$peep¡ N
5. ip¡L$, 6. Sy>Nyàkp, 7.õÓuh¡v$ 8. `y{jh¡v$, 11. h¥ q ¾reL$ L$peep¡ N
9. _`y„kL$h¡v$ ....................................................... 9 12. h¥ q ¾$reL$rdî L$peep¡ N
Ly $ g L$jpe_p âL$pf ..................... f ` 13. AplpfL$ L$peep¡ N

ep¡N_p 1` c¡v$ 14. AplpfL$rdî L$peep¡ N

15. L$pdp® Z L$peep¡ N
d_-hQ_-L$pe Üpfp \sy„ ApÐdâv$¡ip¡_y„
`qfõ`„v$_ L¡$ L„$`__¡ ep¡N L$l¡ R>¡. D`fp¡ L $s Apöh_p `7 `° L $pf_p c¡ v $_¡
_uQ¡ dyS>b v$ip®hu iL$pe R>¡.
Ap ep¡N_u âNV$sp `Z d_-hQ_-L$pe Üpfp
S>Zpsu lp¡hp\u ep¡N_p dy¿e ÓZ âL$pf R>¡. 05 rdÕepÐh
1. A¡ L $p„ r sL$ f. kp„ i reL$ 3. rh`fus
1.d_p¡ep¡N f.hQ_ep¡N A_¡ 3.L$peep¡N 4. Aopr_L$ `. h¥ _ qeL$
D`fp¡L$s ÓZ âL$pf_p ep¡Ndp„ d_p¡ep¡N_p 1 f Arhfrs
`¡V$pc¡v$ kÐe, d©jp, kÐed©jp A_¡ AkÐed©jp 6 L$pe+` `p„ Q C[ÞÖep¡ + 1 d_=12
L¡ $ A_y c e A¡ Qpf R>¡ . s¡ S> âL$pf¡
hQ_ep¡N_p `Z Qpf `¡V$p c¡v$ R>.¡ Ap D`fp„s
f 5 L$jpe
L$peep¡N_p kps c¡v$ dmu_¡ ep¡N_p Ly$g `„v$f A_„ s p_y b „ ^ uApqv$ 4 ¾$p¡ ^ pqv$ 4=16
c¡v$ _uQ¡ dyS>b R>¡. +9 _p¡ L $jpe = 25

132 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

 1 5 ep¡ N D`pv¡$e R>¡. Ap fus¡ ApöhsÐh l¡e R>¡ `f„sy
4 d_p¡ep¡N + 4 hQ_ep¡N + Apöhcph_p D`pv¡ $ e R>¡ .
7 L$peep¡ N =15
`7 Ly $ g Apöh Apöh D`fp„s k„hf A_¡ r_S>f® p `Z sÒh
s¡ d S> cph_p A¡ bÞ_¡ d p„ kdph¡ i `pd¡
_hsÒhp¡ `¥L$u_p Apöh A_¡ R>¡. ApöhsÒh A_¡Apöhcph_p_p D`fp¡¼s
saphs_p Ap^pf¡ sÒh A_¡ cph_p hÃQ¡_p¡
bpfcph_p dp„l¡_p Apöhdp„ k„rná saphs _uQ¡_p L$p¡W$p A_ykpf v$ip®hu
ip¡ a¡f R>¡ ? iL$pe R>¡.

hõs_p âep¡S>_c|s õhê`_¡ v$ip®h_pf sÒh

sÒh cph_p
lp¡ e R>¡ . Apöh `Z hõsy _ y „ âep¡ S >_c| s 1. sÒhA¡ 1. cph_p A¡
õhê` lp¡ h p\u Æhpqv$ _hsÒhp¡ d p„ s¡ _ p¡ âep¡ S >_c| s hõsy _ y „ `pfdpr\®L$ tQsh__u
kdph¡i R>¡. Apöh sÐh A¡ k„kpf_y„ L$pfZ õhê$` R>¡. bpbs R>¡.
lp¡hp\u l¡e R>¡. sp¡`Z ÅZusp Apöh Öpfp f. L$p¡ B `Z sÒh_y „ 2. v$f¡ L $cph_p_p
AÅÎep iyÙpÐdõhcph_¡ Ap¡mMu iL$pe R>¡. âep¡ S >_ ÅZusp tQsh__y„âep¡S>_
Ap iy Ù pÐdõhcph_u Ap¡ m MpZ_y „ am sÒh Üpfp AÅÎep hõsy_p kpQp õhê$`_u
kçeÁv$i®_ R>¡. iyÙpÐdõhcph_¡ kdS>Z krls_p¡
bpfcph_p A¡ A¡ L $ âL$pf_u tQsh__u Ap¡mMhp_y„ R>¡. h¥fpÁe R>¡.
bpbs R>.¡ bpfcph_pdp„ Apk°h sÐh_y„ l¡e`Ï„ 3. sÒh _h âL$pf¡ R>.¡ 3. cph_p bpf âL$pf¡ R>.¡
A_¡ iyÙpÐdõhcph_y„ D`pv¡$e`Ï„ tQshhpdp„
Aph¡ R>¡. S>¡ kdS>Z`|h®L$_p¡ h¥fpÁe DÐ`ß 4. _h sÒhp¡ `¥L$u 4. bpf¡ e cph_p
L$fph¡ R>¡. Æh, AÆh A¡ o¡e; ApÐdrls k„ b „ ^ u
Apöh, b„^, `yÎe, `pfdpr\® L $ rhQpfZp
_hsÒhp¡ A_¡ bpfcph_p_y„ Apöh A¡L$ `p` A¡ l¡e s¡d S> lp¡ h p\u bpf¡ e
S> lp¡ h p R>sp„ _hsÐhp¡ d p„ s¡ `° e p¡ S >_c| s k„hf, r_S>f® p, dp¡n A¡ cph_p D`pv¡ $ e R>¡ .
hõsy _ p õhê` sfuL¡ $ R>¡ A_¡ s¡ _ p Üpfp D`pv¡$e sÒh R>.¡
iy Ù pÐdõhcph_¡ Ap¡ m Mhp_y „ âep¡ S >_ R>¡ .
bpfcph_pdp„ Apöh_p l¡ e `Zp_u A_¡ Apöhcph_p_u S>¡d
iyÙpÐdõhcph_u D`pv¡$e`Zp_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep
R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p Üpfp hõsy_„y kpQy„ õhê` kdÆ b„^cph_p ip dpV¡$ _tl ?
k„kpf âÐe¡_p h¥fpÁe_y„ `°ep¡S>_ R>¡.
_hsÒhp¡ `¥L$u_y„ Apöh sÒh A¡ Apöh-
_h sÒhp¡ `¥L$u_y„ Æh, AÆh A¡ o¡e; cph_p`Z¡ R>¡ s¡d b„^sÒh A¡ b„^cph_p`Z¡
Apöh, b„ ^ , `y Î e, `p` A¡ l¡ e ; k„ h f, _\u. s¡_y„ L$pfZ Öìepöh A_¡ Öìeb„^dp„
r_S>f® p A_¡ dp¡n A¡ D`pv¡$e R>.¡ bpf¡e cph_p a¡f `X$sp¡ lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡_p L$pfZc|s cphpöh
ApÐdrls k„b„^u `pfdpr\®L$ rhQpfZp lp¡hp\u A_¡ cphb„^dp„ L$p¡B a¡f _\u. Æh_p S>¡
7. Apöhcph_p 133
rdÕepÐh, Aqhfrs, L$jpe A_¡ ep¡N_p `qfZpd
Öìepöh_y „ L$pfZ R>¡ s¡ S> âv¡ $ i-âL© $ rs-
[õ\rs-A_ycpN b„^ê` Öìeb„^_y„ `Z L$pfZ
R>¡ . Öìepöh_p L$pfZc| s A_¡ Öìeb„ ^ _p
L$pfZc| s rdÕepÐhpqv$cphp¡ A¡ L $ S> lp¡ h p
R>sp„ s¡dp„ âv¡$i-âL©$rs-[õ\rs-A_ycpN ê$`
b„^_u rhrh^sp_p L$pfZ`Z¡ k|ÿdc¡v$ lp¡e
R>¡. s¡\u ApöhsÒh A_¡ b„^sÒh Sy>v$p R>¡.
`Z bpfcph_pdp„ rQ„sh__u A`¡np lp¡hp\u
A_¡ l¡e`Z¡ Apöh A_¡ b„^ kdp_ lp¡hp\u
Sy>v$u b„^cph_p _\u. hmu Apöhcph_p_p
tQsh_dp„ b„^_y„ l¡e`Ï„ `Z Aphu S> Åe
R>¡. A¡ S> fus¡ `yÎe-`p`_p¡ kdph¡i `Z
Apöh-b„ O dp„ \B S>sp¡ lp¡ h p\u `y Î e L¡ $
`p`cph_p `Z Sy > v$u lp¡ s u _\u. A¡ S>
fus¡ k„kpfcph_pdp„ dp¡n_y„ D`pv¡$e`Ï„ Aphu
S>sy „ lp¡ h p\u dp¡ n cph_p `Z Sy > v$u lp¡ s u
_\u.
Apöhcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep
Æh_p rdÕepÐh, fpNpqv$ rhL$pfucphp¡_¡
Apöh L$l¡ R>¡. Apöhcph_p_u tQsh_
âq¾$epdp„ Apöhp¡ _ y „ l¡ e `Ï„ A_¡
iyÙpÐdõhcph_y„ D`pv¡$e`Ï„ tQshhpdp„
Aph¡ R>¡ .
Æh_p fpNpqv$ k„ep¡Nucphp¡ê` Apöh S>
Æh_p¡ k„ k pf R>¡ . s¡ S> L$d® b „ ^ __y „ A_¡
A_¡L$ âL$pf_p vy$:Mp¡_y„ L$pfZ R>¡. ifufpqv$
k„ e p¡ N p¡ _ u S>¡ d k„ e p¡ N ucphê` Apöh `Z
Ar_Ðe, AifZ, Akpf, Aklpe, Aiy r Q
A_¡ ApÐdp\u rcß R>¡ . hmu s¡ vy $ :Mê`
A_¡ vy$:M_y„ L$pfZ R>¡. s¡\u s¡ AÐe„s l¡e
R>¡. s¡_p\u rh{Ù$ `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙpÐdõhcph
r_Ðe, ifZê`, kpfc| s , klpeê`, iy r Q
134
A_¡ ApÐdp\u A¡L$d¡L$ R>¡. hmu s¡ kyMê`
A_¡ kyM_y„ L$pfZ R>¡. s¡\u s¡ `fd D`pv¡$e
R>¡. Ap âL$pf_u rhQpfZp s¡ Apöhcph_p_u
tQsh_ âq¾$ep R>¡. s¡ Ap fus¡••
01. A[_Ðe-r_Ðe
S>¡ nrZL$ A_¡ rh_piu lp¡e s¡ Ar_Ðe A_¡
s¡_p\u rh{Ù ipïhs A_¡ Arh_piu lp¡e
s¡ r_Ðe L$l¡hpe R>¡.
Apöhp¡ ApÐdp_u AiyÙ rhL$pfuv$ip R¡.
s¡Ap¡ A_¡L$ âL$pf_u rcß-rcß Ahõ\pAp¡ê`
R>¡ . Apöhp¡ hpB_p h¡ N _u dpaL$ h^sp-
OV$sp R>.¡ iusv$plS>hf_p Aph¡N_u S>d
¡ A_y¾$d¡
DÐ`ß \pe R>.¡ s¡\u s¡Ap¡ nrZL$ A_¡ rh_piu
R>.¡ Ap L$pfZ¡ s¡Ap¡ Ar_Ðe R>.¡ s¡\u l¡e R>.¡
s¡_p\u rh{Ù iyÙpÐdõhcph rhop_O_
Q¥sÞeõhê`u R>.¡ s¡ rÓL$pm ^°h
y , AM„X$, Ac¡v$
A_¡ A¡L$ê` R>.¡ s¡\u s¡ ipïhs A_¡ Arh_piu
R>¡. Ap L$pfZ s¡ r_Ðe R>¡. s¡\u D`pv¡$e R>¡.
f. AifZ-ifZ
S>¡ r_fp^pf L¡$ Afrns lp¡e s¡_¡ AifZ
A_¡ kp^pf L¡$ kyfrns lp¡e s¡_¡ ifZ
L$l¡hpe R>¡.
Apöhp¡ iyÙpÐdõhcph_¡ Q|L$u_¡ `fgn¡ \pe
R>¡ . s¡ \ u s¡ _ ¡ L$p¡ B Ap^pf _\u. hmu s¡
L$dp£ v $e A_y k pf lp¡ e R>¡ . S>¡ d L$pdk¡ h _dp„
hue® R|>V$u Åe s¡ nZ¡ S> v$pêZ L$pd_p¡ k„õL$pf
_pi `pdu Åe R>¡, L$p¡B\u fp¡L$u fpMu iL$psp¡
_\u. s¡d L$dp£v$e R|>V$u Åe s¡ nZ¡ S> Apöhp¡
_pi `pdu Åe R>¡, fp¡L$u fpMu iL$psp¡ _\u.
s¡\u s¡Ap¡ Afrns R>.¡ Ap fus¡ Apöhp¡ r_fp^pf
A_¡ Afrns R>.¡ s¡\u s¡Ap¡ AifZ R>.¡ AifZ
lp¡ h p\u l¡ e R>¡ .
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 s¡ _ p\u rh{Ù `p¡ s p_p¡ qÓL$pm ^° y h
iyÙpÐdõhcph AÞe L$p¡B_p Ap^pf rh_p
`p¡sp_p S> Ap^pf¡ lp¡hp\u kp^pf R>¡. hmu
s¡ A_pqv$-A_„s õhe„frns lp¡hp\u kyfrns
R>¡ . Ap fus¡ iy Ù pÐdõhcph kp^pf A_¡
kyfrns lp¡hp\u ifZê` R>¡. ifZê` lp¡hp\u
D`pv¡$e R>¡.
3. Akpf-kpfc|s
S>¡ r_:kÒh, r_f\®L$ L¡$ syÃR> lp¡e s¡_¡ Akpf `p¡sp\u rh{Ù õhcphhpmp¡ lp¡e s¡ `p¡sp\u
A_¡ S>¡ kÒhiug, kp\®L$ L¡$ kd©Ù lp¡e s¡_¡ rcß A_¡ `p¡sp\u Arh{Ù õhcphhpmp¡ lp¡e
kpfc|s L$l¡hpe R>¡. s¡ `p¡sp_u Arcß L$l¡hpe R>¡.
Apöhp¡ ApÐdp_u ApLy $ msp D`Åh_pfu
AiyÙ Ahõ\p R>¡. s¡\u s¡ r_:kÒh, r_f\®L$
A_¡ sy à R> R>¡ . s¡ \ u s¡ Akpf R>¡ . Akpf
lp¡hp\u l¡e R>¡.
iyÙpÐdõhcph `p¡sp_p¡ A_„sNyZp¡\u kcf
qÓL$pm iyÙ õhcph R>¡. s¡\u s¡ kÒhiug,
kp\®L$ A_¡ kd©Ù R>¡. s¡\u s¡ kpfc|s R>¡.
kpfc|s lp¡hp\u D`pv¡$e R>¡.
4. Aklpe- klpec|s
S>¡_¡ `p¡sp_p¡ L$p¡B dv$v$Npf, D`L$pfu, klpeL$
L¡$ kp\u _ lp¡e s¡_¡ Aklpe A_¡ S>¡ õhe„
`p¡s¡ `p¡sp_p¡ dv$v$Npf, D`L$pfu, klpeL$ L¡$
kp\u lp¡e s¡_¡ klpec|s L$l¡hpe R>¡.
Apöhp¡ kyM-vy$:M, `yÎe-`p` S>¡hu A_¡L$
Ahõ\pAp¡ ` Z¡ lp¡ e R>¡ . `p¡ s p_p ky M -vy : M
S>¡ h u L$p¡ B `Z Ahk\pdp„ s¡ A¡ L $gp¡ S>
lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p¡ L$p¡B dv$v$Npf, D`L$pfu,
klpeL$ L¡$ kp\u lp¡sp„ _\u. s¡\u Apöhp¡
Aklpe R>¡. s¡\u s¡ l¡e R>¡.
7. Apöhcph_p
iyÙpÐd õhcph A¡ A_„sNyZp¡_p r_^p_ê`
`p¡ s p_p¡ AM„ X $, A¡ L $ê`, ^° y h õhcph R>¡ .
s¡_¡ `p¡sp_y„ L$p¡B `Z L$pe® L$fhp dpV¡$ AÞe
L$p¡B_u AphíeL$sp lp¡su _\u. s¡\u s¡ õhe„
`p¡s¡ S> `p¡sp_p¡ dv$v$Npf, D`L$pfu, klpeL$
L¡$ kp\u R>¡. s¡\u iyÙpÐdõhcph klpec|s
R>¡. s¡\u s¡ D`pv¡$e R>¡.
`. rcß-Arcß
Apöhp¡ A¡ `p¡ s p_p iy Ù pÐdõhcph_¡
Q| L $u_¡ `fk„ e p¡ N ¡ \sp rhcphp¡ R>¡ . s¡ \ u
s¡ `p¡ s p_p qÓL$pm iy Ù õhcph\u rh{Ù
õhcphhpmp R>¡ .
h© n D`f gpM _pd_p¡ A¡ L $ fp¡ N \pe
R>¡. Ap fp¡N A¡ h©n_u `p¡sp_u S> Ahõ\p
R¡ . `Z Ap fp¡ N _p L$pfZ¡ h© n _pi `pd¡
R>.¡ Ap L$pfZ¡ h©n A_¡ gpM_¡ hÂe-OpsL$`Ï„
R>¡ . gpM OpsL$ R>¡ A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $ lZ_pf R>¡
A_¡ h©n hÂe R>¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ gpM Üpfp lZphp
ep¡Áe R>¡. gpM Üpfp `u`m S>¡hp h©n _pi
`pd¡ R>¡. s¡\u gpM_p¡ õhcph h©n\u rh{Ù
R>¡ . gpM h© n _u kp\¡ k„ b „ r ^s s¡ _ u S>
Ahõ\p lp¡hp R>sp„ h©n\u rh{Ù õhcph`Ï„
R>.¡ s¡\u gpM A¡ h©n\u rcß R>.¡ s¡d Apöhp¡
OpsL$ R>¡ A_¡ ApÐd hÝe R¡. ApÐdp_p¡ iyÙ
õhcph Apöhp¡ Öpfp _pi `pd¡ R>.¡ Ap âL$pf¡
Apöhp¡_„y ApÐdp\u rh{Ù õhcph`Ï„ lp¡hp\u
s¡ ApÐdp\u rcß R>¡. s¡\u s¡ l¡e R>¡.
`p¡sp_p¡ qÓL$pm ^°h
y Ak„ep¡Nu iyÙpÐdõhcph
`p¡sp\u Arh{Ù õhcphhpmp¡ lp¡hp\u `p¡sp\u
Arcß R>¡. s¡\u s¡ D`pv¡$e R>¡.
135
 6. AiyrQ-iyrQ
S>¡ AiyÙ lp¡e s¡_¡ AiyrQ A_¡ iyÙ
lp¡ e s¡ _ ¡ iy r Q L$l¡ R>¡ .
Apöhp¡ ApÐdp_u AiyÙ Ahõ\p R>.¡ S>mdp„
DÐ`ß \sp¡ i¡hpm s¡ dm R>¡. s¡\u AiyrQ
R>¡ . s¡ d i¡ h pm_u dpaL$ ApÐdpdp„ DÐ`ß
\sp„ k„ e p¡ N ucphê` Apöhp¡ `Z Aiy Ù
Ahõ\pê` lp¡ h p\u dm R>¡ , d¡ g R>¡ . s¡ \ u
s¡ AiyrQ R>¡. AiyrQ lp¡hp\u s¡ l¡e R>¡.
Apöhp¡\u rh{Ù `p¡sp_p¡ AM„X$, A¡L$ê`,
qÓL$pm ^° y h ApÐdõhcph iy Ù lp¡ h p\u
D`pv¡ $ e R>¡ .
7. vy$:M - kyM
S>ep„ ApLy $ msp lp¡ e Ðep„ vy $ :M A_¡ k„ k pfu Æh rdÕepÐh, Arhfrs, L$jpe
r_fpLy $ msp lp¡ e Ðep„ ky M lp¡ e R>¡ . A_¡ ep¡Nê$`$ Apöhcphp¡\u kv$pL$pm O¡fpe¡gp¡
Apöhp¡ `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdõhcph_¡ Q|L$u_¡
`fk„N¡ \su ApÐdp_u r_fp^pf Ahõ\p lp¡hp\u
s¡ AÐe„s A[õ\f R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u s¡ AÐe„s
ApLy$m R>¡. ApLy$msp_p L$pfZ¡ s¡ vy$:Mê` R>¡.
s¡\u s¡ l¡e R>¡.
`p¡ s p_p¡ qÓL$pm ^° y h iy Ù õhcph AÞe
L$p¡B_p Ap^pf rh_p `p¡s¡ S> `p¡sp_p Ap^pf¡
lp¡hp\u kp^pf R>¡.s¡\u s¡ AÐe„s [õ\f R>¡.
s¡ \ u s¡ AÐe„ s r_fpLy $ m R>¡ . r_fpLy $ msp_p
L$pfZ¡ s¡ kyMê` R>¡ s¡\u s¡ D`pv¡$e R>¡.
8. vy$:Mam - kyMam
L$d®_p b„^_y„ L$pfZ lp¡e s¡ ApNpdu
vy $ :Mam v¡ $ _pf A_¡ L$d® _ p Acph_y „
L$pfZ lp¡e s¡ ApNpdu kyMam Ap`_pf
L$l¡ h pe R>¡ .
136
‘vy $ :Mê` L© $ rs_y „ am vy $ :M A_¡ ky M ê`
L© $ rs_y „ am ky M ’ A¡ A¡ L $ kçeL¹ $ rkÙp„ s
R>.¡ Apöhp¡ `p¡s¡ S> vy$:Mê` lp¡hp\u A_¡ s¡_p
L$pfZ¡ ApNpdu vy$:M_y„ L$pfZ A¡hp L$d_ ® „y b„^_
lp¡hp\u s¡ vy:Mam v¡$_pf R>.¡ s¡\u s¡ l¡e R>.¡
`p¡ s p_p¡ iy Ù pÐdõhcph `p¡ s ¡ S> ky M ê`
R>¡. A_¡ s¡_p Apîe¡ L$d®_u r_S>®fp lp¡hp\u
s¡ ApNpdu ipïhs kyMam Ap`_pf R>.¡ s¡\u
s¡ D`pv¡$e R>¡.
D`f dy S >b Apöhp¡ _ y „ l¡ e `Ï„ A_¡
iy Ù pÐdõhcph_y „ D`pv¡ $ e`Ï„ tQshhy „ s¡
Apöhcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep R>¡.
Apöhcph_p_y„
kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ
lp¡ e R>¡ . s¡ `p¡ s ¡ S> `p¡ s p_p `qfZpdp¡ _ u
s`pk L$fu_¡ `p¡sp_p S> Apöhcphp¡_¡ `p¡sp_u
Apöhcph_p_y„ tQsh_ dpV¡$_„y kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ
b_phu iL¡$ R>¡. s¡ Ap fus¡ •••
rdÕepÐh A¡ ApÐdp_p kOmp„ v$p¡jp¡ A_¡
vy$:Mp¡_y„ õ\p_ R>¡. Arhfrs_p L$pfZ¡ rhjep¡_u
ApkqL$s A_¡ d__u A[õ\fsp füp L$f¡ R>¡.
L$jpe_p L$pfZ¡ `p¡sp_p iyÙ õhcph_p¡ Ops
\B ApLy$msp_u DÐ`rÑ \pe R>.¡ ep¡N_p L$pfZ¡
ApÐdâv¡$ip¡_y„ `qfõ`„v$_ lp¡e R>¡. Ap L$pfZ¡
rdÕepÐhpqv$ Apöhp¡ âÐen`Z¡ l¡eê$` kdÅe
R>¡ A_¡ `p¡ s p_p¡ r_fpöh õhcph S>
D`pv$¡e`Z¡ kdÆ iL$pe R>¡.
Apöhp¡ _ y „ Ar_Ðe`Zy „ , AifZ`Ï„ ,
Akpf`Ï„, Aklpe`Ï„, rcß`Ï„, AiyrQ`Ï„,
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
vy$:Mê``Ï„ A_¡ vy$:Mam`Ï„ `Z kdÆ iL$pe
s¡h„y R>.¡ rdÕepÐepqv$ Apöhp¡_p L$pfZ¡ Ap S>Nsdp„
A_¡L$ âL$pf_u kpdpÆL$, L$pV¥ $„yrbL$, fpS>L$ue A_¡
h¥[ïhL$ kdõepAp¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. kdpS>dp„ S>¡
L$p„B byfpBAp¡, b¡Bdp_u, c°ô$pQpf, Ópkhpv$
hN¡f¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡ s¡_„y L$pfZ Ap rdÕepÐhpqv$
S> lp¡e R>.¡ s¡\u Apöhp¡ l¡e R>.¡ A_¡ Apöhp¡_¡
AV$L$phhp dpV¡$ Apîec|s `p¡sp_p¡ r_fpöh
iyÙpÐdõhcph D`pv¡$e R>¡.
D`fp¡ L $s S>¡ h u bpbsp¡ Apöhcph_p_p
tQsh__y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ b_u iL¡$ R¡.
L$B fus¡ hõsyõhê`_u
kdS>Z L$fph_pf R>¡ ?
Apöhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk Apöhp¡_y„ l¡e`Ï„
A_¡ `p¡ s p_p iy Ù pÐdõhcph_y „ D`pv¡ $ e`Ï„
bsphu hõsõh{`_u e\p\® kdS>Z L$fph¡ R>.¡
Apöhcph ÅZusp¡ R>¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_p¡ qÓL$pm
iyÙpÐdõhcph AÅÎep¡ R¡. Apöhcph_p_p¡
Aæepk ÅZusp Apöhcph Üpfp AÅÎep
iyÙpÐdõhcph_u Ap¡mMpZ `Z L$fph¡ R>¡.
Apöhcph Ar_Ðe, AifZ, Akpf,
Aklpe, AiyrQ A_¡ vy$:M—ê` R>¡. `Z s¡dp„
R|>`pe¡gp¡ `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙpÐdõhcph r_Ðe, ifZ,
kpfc|s, klpeê`, iyrQ A_¡ kyMê` R>.¡ A_¡L$
âL$pf_p Apöhcphp¡_u hÃQ¡ AÞheê` `p¡sp_p¡
A¡L$ê`, AM„X$, qÓL$pm ^°yh iyÙpÐdõhcph
fl¡gp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap fus¡ ÅZusp Apöhcph
Üpfp AÅÎep iy Ù pÐdõhcph_¡ kdÆ
hõsyõhê`_u kpQu kdS>Z Apöhcph_p_p
Aæepk Üpfp \pe R>¡.
7. Apöhcph_p
L$B fus¡ h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ R>¡ ?
ifufpqv$ k„ep¡Np¡_¡ k„kpf L$l¡hpe R>¡. `Z
s¡ ìehlpf\u k„ k pf R>¡ . r_òe\u fpNpqv$
Apöhcph S> ApÐdp_p¡ kpQp¡ k„ k pf R>¡ .
Apöhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk A_¡ s¡_y„ rQ„sh_
Apöh_y„ l¡e`Ï„ v$ip®h¡ R>¡. Apöh_y„ l¡e`Ï„
s¡ k„kpf_y„ S> l¡e`Ï„ R>¡. Apöhcph_p_p
Ap^pf¡ k„kpf_y„ l¡e`Ï„ kdÅsp„ k„kpf âÐe¡
Dv$pku_sp L¡$ D`¡np Aph¡ R>¡, S>¡_¡ k„kpf
âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe L$l¡ R>.¡ Ap âL$pf¡ Apöhcph_p
h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ R>¡.
âep¡S>_`|h®L$_y„ rhi¡j am
buÆ b^u cph_p_u S>¡d Apöhcph_p_p„
Aæepk_y„ âep¡S>_ hõsyõhê`_u kpQu kdS>Z
L$fphu k„kpf âÐe¡ h¥fpÁe L$fphhp_y„ R>.¡ Aphp
âep¡S>_`|hL® $ Apöhcph_p_p Aæepk_y„ rhi¡j
am Ap âL$pf¡ R>¡•••
1. rdÕepÐh_¡ d„v$ L$fph¡
f. L$jpep¡ D`ip„s L$fph¡
1. rdÕepÐh_¡ d„v$ L$fph¡
$ âep¡ S >_c| s hõsy _ p õhê` A_¡
`p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdõhcph k„b„^u rdÕep
dpÞesp_¡ rdÕepÐh L$l¡ R>¡ .
Apöhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk Ap rdÕepÐh_¡
d„ v $ L$fph_pfp¡ R>¡ .
`p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdõhcph_u AZkdS>Z A_¡
s¡_p k„b„^u rdÕep dpÞesp s¡ S> rdÕepÐh
R>.¡ kOmp„ Apöhcphp¡dp„ rdÕepÐh S> d|mc|s
A_¡ dy¿e R>.¡ rdÕepÐh_p L$pfZ¡ S> Arhfrs,
137
L$jpe A¡_ ep¡Nê` AÞe Apöhcphp¡ lp¡e
R>¡ . Apöhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk rdÕepÐhpqv$
Apöhp¡_¡ l¡e`Z¡ kdÅh¡ R>.¡ Apöhp¡_¡ l¡e`Z¡
kdS>hp\u rdÕepÐh Ahíe d„v$ `X¡$ R>¡.
Apöhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk ÅZusp Apöh
Üpfp AÅÎep iyÙpÐdõhcph_¡ `Z Ap¡mMph¡
R>¡ . Apöhp¡ l¡ e R>¡ A_¡ A_¡ L $ âL$pf_p
Apöhp¡ _ u hÃQ¡ AÞhe`Z¡ fl¡ g `p¡ s p_p¡
qÓL$pm ^°yh iyÙpÐdõhcph `fd D`pv¡$e R>¡.
Apöhp¡ Ar_Ðe, AifZ, Akpf, Aklpe,
AiyrQ, vy$:Mê` A_¡ vy$:M_y„ S> L$pfZ R>¡.
s¡_p\u rh{Ù `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙpÐdõhcph r_Ðe,
ifZê`, kpfc| s , klpeê`, iy r Qde A_¡
ky M _y „ S> L$pfZ R>¡ . iy Ù pÐdõhê`_u Ap
âL$pf_u kpQu kdS>Z S> rdÕepÐh_¡ d„ v $
L$fph_pfu R>¡ . s¡ \ u `Z Apöhcph_p_p¡
Aæepk rdÕepÐh_¡ d„v$ L$fph_pfp¡ R>¡.
f. L$jpep¡ D`ip„s L$fph¡
S>¡ _ p\u k„ k pf_u âpqá \pe s¡ h p
¾$p¡ ^ , dp_, dpep, gp¡ c S>¡ h p
rhL$pfucphp¡ _ ¡ L$jpep¡ L$l¡ R>¡ .
Apöhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$jpep¡_¡ D`ip„s
L$fph_pfp¡ R>¡ .
Apöhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk Apöh_¡ l¡e`Z¡
v$ip®hu Apöhcphp¡_p¡ Acph L$fphhp dpV¡$
lp¡ e R>¡ . L$jpep¡ `Z Apöhcph S> R>¡ .
rdÕepÐhê` Apöh d„v$ `X$sp L$jpeê` Apöh
`Z Ahíe D`ip„s \pe R>¡.
138
L$jpep¡ iq¼s A_¡ ìe[¼s A¡d bß¡ âL$pf¡
lp¡e R>.¡ A_„sp_yb^ „ u Apqv$ Qpf `°L$pfp¡ L$jpep¡_u
A„sf„N i[¼s R>¡. Ap A_„spsyb„^u L$jpe_u
ìe[¼s L¡ $ âNV$sp ¾$p¡ ^ pqv$$`Z¡ lp¡ e R>¡ .
Apöhcph_p_p Aæepk\u rdÕepÐh d„v$ `X¡$
R>¡ . rdÕepÐh d„ v $ \sp„ S> rdÕepÐh kp\¡
k„b„r^s A_„sp_yb„^u L$jpe `Z d„v$ `X¡$
R>.¡ A_„sp_yb^ „ u L$jpe d„v$ `X$sp„ s¡_u `°NV$sp
¾$p¡^pqv$ L$jpep¡ê` S>¡ \pe R>¡ s¡ `Z Ahíe
D`ip„s \pe R>.¡ Ap fus¡ Apöhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk
¾$p¡^pqv$ L$jpep¡_¡ D`ip„s L$fph_pfp¡ R>¡.
D`k„lpf
Apöhcph_p_p¡ Aæepk A_¡ s¡_„y tQsh_
fpNpqv$ Apöhcphp¡_¡ AÐe„s l¡e A_¡ `p¡sp_p
iyÙpÐdõhcph_¡ `fd D`pv¡$e sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMph¡
R>¡ . k„ e p¡ N ucphp¡ ê ` Apöhp¡ A_¡ `p¡ s p_p¡
Ak„ e p¡ N u iy Ù pÐdõhcph A¡ bß¡ hÃQ¡ _ p¡
saphs A_¡ c¡ v $_¡ ÅZsp Apöhp¡ l¡ e ê`
A_¡ iy Ù pÐdõhcph D`pv¡ $ eê` S>Zpe R>¡ .
Ap âL$pf¡ Apöhp¡ A_¡ ApÐdp_p c¡v$ hX¡$
s¡_y„ l¡e-D`pv¡$e`Ï„ kdÅsp„ _hu_ Apöhp¡
\sp„ _\u. A_¡ Apöhp¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ \sp¡ _hu_
L$d_ ® p¡ b„^ `Z \sp¡ _\u. ApQpe®îu Ly$„ v$L$„yv$_p
iåv$p¡dp„ •••
(lqfNus)
Ap Æh Äepf¡ Apöhp¡_y„ s¡d r_S> ApÐdp sÏ„
ÅZ¡ rhi¡ j p„ s f, sv$p b„ ^ _ _l] s¡ _ ¡ \sy „
cphp\® : Äepf¡ Ap Æh `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdõhcph_¡
Apöhp¡\u rcß ÅZ¡ R>¡, Ðepf¡ s¡_¡ _hu_ L$d®_p¡ b„^
\sp¡ _\u. (kdekpf : Np\p 71)
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 M Apöhcph_p_u L\p M
dp¡n_u `pOX$u
hkyv¡$h-v¡$hL$u_p¡ îuL©$óZ `R>u_p¡ ApW$dp¡
A_¡ A„rsd `yÓ NS>Ly$dpf lsp¡. s¡ A_¡L$
âL$pf_p iyc gnZp¡\u ey¼s, dlph¥fpNu A_¡
`fp¾$du lsp¡. îuL©$óZ_¡ `Z `p¡sp_p¡ _p_p¡
cpB NS>Ly$dpf AÐe„s râe lsp¡. kyL$p¡dm
L$pep A_¡ d_p¡lf ê` ^fphsp NS>Ly$dpf¡
ep¥h__p Kbf¡ `N d|¼ep¡ Ðepf¡ îuL©$óZ¡ Ås¡
`k„v$ L$fu_¡ L¡$V$guL$ DÑdp¡Ñd fpS>L$ÞepAp¡
kp\¡ NS>Ly$dpf_p¡ rhhpl$ kb„^ _½$u L$fpìep¡.
s¡ D`fp„s kp¡didp® i¡W$ _pd_p b°pûZ_u
nqÓepZu õÓu\u DÐ`ß kp¡dp _pd_u
AÐe„s ky„v$f L$Þep_y„ L$l¡Z `Z õhuL$pfhpdp„
Apìey„.
7. Apöhcph_p
kp¡dp krls_u A_¡L$ L$ÞepAp¡ kp\¡
NS>Ly$dpf_p gÁ__y„ dylws® _½$u \sp„
epv$hLy$mdp„ Ap_„v$ ìep`u Nep¡ A_¡
^pd^|d\u gÁ_ L$fhp dpV¡$ s¡Ap¡ b^p„
ÜpqfL$p`yfudp„ Aphu `lp¢Ãep. s¡ kde¡
_¡rd_p\ cNhp_ A_¡L$ õ\mp¡A¡ rhlpf L$fu_¡
rNf_pf `h®s D`f kdhkfZ krls
rbfpS>dp_ \ep_p kdpQpf Aphsp„ epv$hp¡
kp¥ â\d cNhp__p v$i®_ L$fhp dpV¡$ _uL$mu
`X$ép. NS>Ly$dpf `Z _¡rd_p\ cNhp__p
v$i®_ dpV¡$ AÐe„s fp¡dp„rQs \B
ljp£ëgpk`|h®L$ kyhZ® f\`f khpf \B_¡
Aphu `lp¢Ãep. A_¡ kdhkfZ_u îud„X$`
139
c|rddp„ cNhp__¡ ÓZ âv$rnZp v$B tQsh_dp„ kfu `X$ép„
rh_e`|h®L$ d_yóe_u kcpdp„ b¡W$p. s¡ kde¡ “Alp¡ ! rhhpl kde¡ S> h¥fpÁe `pd_pfp
kh®S>_rlsL$pfu rS>_¡ÞÖ cNhp__p¡ dpfp dp¡V$pcpB (_¡rd_p\ cNhp_) d_¡
chpsp`_piL$ qv$ìeÂhr__p¡ ^dp£`v¡$i `Z ârsbp¡^hp dpV¡$ S> Apöhcph_p_p¡ D`v¡$i
iê \ep¡. cNhp__u qv$ìehpZudp„ afdphu füp lp¡e s¡d S>Zpe R>¡. s¡Ap¡ d_¡
Apöhcph_p_y„ õhê` kdÅhhpdp„ Apìey„: k„kpffdZu_¡ bv$g¡ rihfdZu hfphhp dpfp
“kOmp„ k„kpf_y„ d|m L$pfZ Æh_p rhhpl_p kde¡ S> `^pep® gpN¡ R>.¡ k„kpffdZu
rdÕepÐhpqv$ Apöhcphp¡ R>¡. Ap Apöhp¡ kp\¡ rhhpl L$fu_¡ õÓu âÐe¡_p fpNpqv$
ApÐdp_u AiyÙ Ahõ\p lp¡hp\u AÐe„s Apöhcphp¡dp„ akpB S>B dpf¡ dpfp¡ dlpd|gp¡
AiyrQ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ `p¥v¹$NrgL¹$L$d®_p Apîe¡ \sp„ d_yóe Ahspf A¡m¡ S>hp v¡$hp¡ _\u.
Q¥sÞe_p rhL$pf lp¡hp\u rh{Ù õhcphhpmp k„kpffdZu_¡ bv$g¡ rihfdZu_¡ hfhp dpV¡$_p¡
R>¡. s¡Ap¡ Æh_p op_-v$i®_-huep®ÐdL$ iyÙ dpfp¡ Ahspf R>¡. s¡\u dpf¡ iuO° S> ApÐdrls
õhcph_p¡ Ops L$fu ApLy$msp D`Åh_pfp kp^u g¡hp_y„ R>¡.”
lp¡hp\u hs®dp_L$pm¡ vy$:Mê` R>¡ A_¡ _hu_ NS>Ly$dpf¡ syfs S> dpsr`sp A_¡ hX$ugp¡_u
L$d®b„^__p L$pfZ lp¡hp\u ApNpduL$pm¡ `ZA_yop d¡mhu _¡rd_p\âcy_u kdu`¡
vy:$ Mam Ap`_pfp R>.¡ Ap fus¡ Apöhp¡ AÐe„s
rS>_v$unp A„NuL$pf L$fu. NS>Ly$dpf_u kp\¡
AiyrQ, rh{Ù õhcphhpmp, vy$:Mê` A_¡ buÅ A_¡L$ gp¡L$pA ¡ ¡ `Z dyr_v$ip ^pfZ L$fu.
vy$:Mam v¡$_pfp lp¡hp\u AÐe„s l¡e R>¡. NS>Ly$dpf_u kp\¡ rhhpl dpV¡$ _½$u L$fpe¡gu
Apöhp¡\u rh{Ù `p¡sp_p¡ qÓL$pmu ^°yh kp¡dp rkhpe_u âcphsu Apqv$ L$ÞepAp¡A¡
iyÙpÐdõcph `fd iyrQ, ArhL$pfu Arh{Ù `Z k„kpf\u rhfL$s \B_¡ Apre®L$pv$unp
õhcphhpmp¡, kyMê`, kyMam Ap`_pfp A„NuL$pf L$fu.
lp¡hp\u `fd D`pv¡$e R>¡. NS>Ly$ dpf dyr_A¡ ârsdpep¡N ^pfZp L$fu_¡
Ap âL$pf¡ Apöhp¡_y„ l¡e`Ï„ A_¡ `p¡sp_p DN° s`òep® Apv$fu. fpqÓ_p kde¡ õdip__u
iyÙpÐdõhcph_y„ D`pv¡$e`Ï„ ÅZu `fpîe¡ kdu`¡ A¡L$p„shpkdp„ ApÐdÂep_dp„ gu_
\sp„ Apöhp¡_¡ R>p¡X$u õhpîe¡ \su iyÙpÐd NS>Ly$dpf dyr_ `pk¡ kp¡dp_p r`sp kp¡didp®
õhcph_u D`g[å^ L$fhu A¡ S> Apöh- i¡W$ Aphu `lp¢Q¡ R>¡. NS>Ly$dpf_¡ Å¡sp„ S> ¾y$f
cph_p_p¡ DØ¡i R>¡.” `qfZpdu kp¡didp®_p¡ ¾$p¡^ âS>S>hgu DW¡$ R>¡.
husfpNfk Tfsu _¡rd_p\âcy_u “Af¡ ! Ap vy$ô¡$ S> dpfu qv$L$fu_¡ gÁ_ hNf
qv$ìehpZudp„ Apöhcph_p_y„ õhê` kp„cmu fMX$phu. dyr_ S> \hy„ lsy„ sp¡ kp¡dp_u kp\¡
NS>Ly$dpf_y„ ùv$e h¥fpÁe\u TZTZu DW$éy„. kNpB ip dpV¡$ L$fu ? kNpB `R>u kkfp sfuL¡$
Apöhcph_p cphsp„ NSLy$dpf KX$p dpf¡ Ap_¡ L$p¡B kf`ph L¡$ c¡V$ sfuL¡$ `pOX$u sp¡
140 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
`l¡fphhp_u S> lp¡e, sp¡ Ap S>¡_¡ gpeL$ R>¡ A¡hp k„kpffdZu hfphsu hMs¡ `l¡fphhpdp„
õdip__u Ar‚_u kNX$u b_phu_¡ S> `pX$Ou Aphsu L$`X$p„_u `pOX$u sp¡ L$ped V$L$su _\u,
sfuL¡$ `l¡fphy„.” apV$u Åe R>.¡ `Z Ap rihfdZu_¡ hfph_pfu
Apd rhQpfu s¡ vy$ô¡$ Âep_õ\ NS>Ly$dpf dp¡n_u `pOX$u sp¡ apV$su _\u A_¡ L$ped V$L¡$
dyr__p dp\pdp„ õdip__u QuL$Zu dpV$u_u R>¡. Ap `pOX$u `l¡fu_¡ lz„ rihfdZu_¡ hfhp
`pm L$fu kNX$u S>¡hy„ b_phu s¡dp„ õdip__p iuO° S> âepZ L$ê„ Ry>„.”
^N^Nsp A„Npfp d|L$u, g¡ Ap `pOX$u `l¡f! Ap âL$pf¡ Apöhcph_p cphsp„ dyr_fpS>
s¡d L$lu_¡ dyr__y„ dp\y kmNpìey„. NS>Ly$dpf `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdõhê`dp„ A¡hp gu_
NS>Ly$dpf dyr__y„ dõsL$ Ar‚_u âQ„X$ \B Nep L¡$ s¡d_p¡ D`ep¡N afu blpfdp„
S>hpmpAp¡\u A¡L$v$d kmNu DW$éy„. blpfdp„ Apìep¡ S> _rl. dlp`fp¾$du NS>Ly$dpf¡
Ar‚_p ce„L$f cX$L$pAp¡_u hÃQ¡ `Z blpf_p A[Á__p cX$L$p_p r_[dÑ¡ A„v$fdp„
dyr_fpS> A„v$fdp„ `fd iusmsp õhê` Âep_ê`u DN° ArÁ_ âNV$phu L$dp£_p¡ k„`|Z®
ip„sfkdp„ r_dÁ_ \B Apöhcph_p_p KX$p ne L$f_pfu n`L$î¡Zu_y„ Apfp¡lZ L$e®y.
tQsh_dp„ Dsfu Nep : blpf_p Aq‚_p cX$L$p hÃQ¡ A„v$fdp„ `fd
ip„sfkdp„ r_dÁ_ flu_¡ A„sdy®lws®dp„ S>
“Alp ! Ap ifuf A_¡ s¡_p gn¡ \sp¡
L¡$hmop_ A_¡ dp¡nv$ip_u âprá L$fu. Ap
Apöhcph A¡ dpê„ õhê` _\u. Ar‚\u _
âL$pf¡ s¡Ap¡ _¡rd_p\âcy_u kdu`dp„ A„sL©$s
kmNsp¡ A¡hp¡ qÓL$pm ^°yh iyÙpÐdp A¡S> dpê„
L¡$hmu b_u dp¡n `pd_pfp bÞep. s¡\u
õhê` R>¡. Ap D`kN® dpfp¡ L$kp¡V$u_p¡ L$pm
v¡$hp¡A¡ s¡d_p¡ L¡$hmop_ A_¡ dp¡n_p¡
R>¡. A[õ\sfspS>Þe Apöhcph_p¡ `Z
dlp¡Ðkh A¡L$ kp\¡ S> d_pìep¡.
Acph L$fu r_fpöhu iyÙpÐdõhê`dp„ k„`|Z®
[õ\fsp õ\p`u rkÙv$ip âNV$ L$fhp_p¡ Ap Apöhcph_p_u Apfp^_p hX¡$ dp\p D`f
Ad|ëe Ahkf d_¡ kp„`X$ép¡ R>¡. kkfpA¡ d|L$pe¡gu kmNsu kNX$u_u `pOX$u_¡ dp¡n_u
d_¡ km$Nsu kNX$u_u _rl `Z dlpd|gu `pOX$udp„ `gV$phu dy[¼s fdZu_¡ hf_pf A„sL©$s
dp¡n_u S> `pOX$u `lfphu R>¡. kkfp sfa\u L¡$hmu NS>Ly$dpf_¡ L$pqV$ L$p¡qV$ âZpd !
k„vc®N°„\p¡
· 1. bpfkAÏh¡L¹$Mp : Np\p 47 \u 60; · 2. õhprdL$prs®L¡$ep_yâ¡np : Np\p 88 \u 94; · 3. cNhsu Apfp^_p : Np\p
1814 \u 1827; · 4. op_Z®h : kN®f : ïgp¡L$ 1f0 \u 128; · 5. d|gpQpf : DÑfp^® : Np\p 729 \u 736; · 6.
sÒhp\®kpf : AÂepe 6$ : Np\p 37; · 7. sÒhp\® f pS>hprÑ® L $ : 9—/7, 6/60f/22; 9/7, 7/602/30; · 8.
khp®\®rkqÙ : 9/7/416, 417;· 9. kdZkyÑ„: 30 A_yâ¡npk|Ó : Np\p `21; · 10. `Ú_„v$u`„Qthirs : AÂepe :
6, ïgp¡L$ 51; · 11. A_Npf ^dp®d©s : Np\p 70, 71; · 12. b©lv$Öìek„N°l : Np\p 28, 31, 3` _u
V$uL$p; · 13. kdekpf : Np\p 72, 164, 165 A_¡ s¡_u V$uL$p; · 14. S>¥.rk.L$p¡i: cpN-1 : A_yâ¡np : 1/7,
`p_y-74; 4/7, `p_y-79; Apöh: `p_y 282, _eQ¾$b©lv$: Np\p 152, 153.
Apöhcph_p_u L$\p : dp¡ n _u `pOX$u · lqfh„ i `y f pZ : kN® 60, 61.

7. Apöhcph_p 141
 l¡ s y g nu âï_p¡
ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fu bpS>y_p„ Qp¡fkdp„ v$ip®hp¡.
01. Apöhcph_p_p tQsh_dp„ D`pv¡$e iy„ R>¡?
A:: Apöh B:: k„hf C:: r_S>®fp D:: iyÙpÐdõhcph
02. Arhfrs_y„ L$pfZ iy„?
A:: rdÕepÐh B:: L$jpe C:: âdpv$ D:: ep¡N
03. Apöh_p¡ Acph L$p¡_¡ lp¡sp¡ _\u?
A:: Aqfl„s cNhp_ B:: Aep¡Nu L¡$hmu
C:: iu^°Nrs\u gp¡L$pN°¡ S>sp dy¼spÐdp D:: rkÙ cNhp_
04. AN©rls rdÕepÐh_¡ iy„ L$lu iL$psy„ _\u?
A:: A_pqv$_u rdÕep dpÞesp B:: sÒh_u Aârs`rÑ
C:: ^d®_p _pd¡ A^d®_y„ k¡h_ D:: r_kN®S> rdÕepÐh
0`. N©rls rdÕepÐh_y„ L$pfZ iy„?
A:: Ly$op_-îÙp_-ApQfZ B:: Ly$d_-hQ_-L$pep
C:: Ly$v$¡h-Ny{-ipõÓ D:: Ly$õÓu-`yÓ-`qfhpf
k¥ Ù p„ r sL$ âï_p¡
_uQ¡_p âï_p¡_p A¡L$ L¡$ b¡ hp¼edp„ S>hpb Ap`p¡.
0 1 . Apöh A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ?
0 2 . cphpk° h A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ?
0 3 . Öìepöh A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ?
0 4 . ip dpV¡ $ Apöhp¡ l¡ e R>¡ ?
0 5 . ip dpV¡ $ iy Ù pÐdõhcph D`pv¡ $ e R>¡ ?
0 6 . Apöhcph_p A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ?
0 7 . Æh_p ¼ep `qfZpdp¡ cphpöh L$l¡hpe R>¡?
0 8 . `y v ¹ $ Ng_p ¼ep `qfZpdp¡ Öìepöh L$l¡ h pe R>¡ ?
0 9 . `y Î epöh L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
1 0 . cph`y Î epöh L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
1 1 . Öìe`y Î epöh L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
1 2 . rdÕepÐh L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
1 3 . Arhfrs L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
1 4 . L$jpe L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
1 5 . ep¡ N L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
1 6 . Apöh_p `7 c¡ v $ L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
1 7 . rdÕepÐh_p dy ¿ e b¡ c¡ v $_p _pd Ap`p¡ .
1 8 . AN© r ls rdÕepÐh L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
1 9 . AN© r ls rdÕepÐh_p dy ¿ e `p„ Q âL$pf_p _pd Ap`p¡ .
2 0 . N© r ls rdÕepÐh L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
2 1 . N© r ls rdÕepÐh_p dy ¿ e `p„ Q âL$pf_p _pd Ap`p¡ .
2 2 . `p„ Q ¡ e âL$pf_p AN° r ls rdÕepÐh kp\¡ k„ b „ r ^s
N© r ls rdÕepÐh_p _pd Ap`p¡ .
2 3 . Arhfrs_p 1f c¡ v $ L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
2 4 . L$jpe_p f` c¡ v $ L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
2 5 . d_p¡ e p¡ N _p Qpf c¡ v $_p _pd Ap`p¡ .
2 6 . hQ_ep¡ N _p Qpf c¡ v $_p _pd Ap`p¡ .
142
06. v$fL¡ $ ^d®dsp¡ A_¡ s¡d_p âê$`L$ v¡$h âÐe¡ kdp_`Z¡ 6.
1. rh_e fpMhp_p¡ Arcâpe iy„ L$l¡hpe?
A:: kh®^d®kdcph B:: kd×rô$ C:: rdÕepÐh D:: kçeL¹$Ðh
2. 07. _uQ¡ `¥L$u D`pv¡$e iy„ R>¡?
A:: Apöhcph B:: ApöhsÒh C:: Apöhcph_p D:: L$p¡B7. _rl.
3. 08. Apöhp¡_¡ `p¡sp\u rcß L$l¡hp_y„ L$pfZ iy„?
A:: rh{Ù õhcph B:: AiyÙ Ahõ\p 8.
C:: nrZL$ A_¡ rh_piu D:: r_:kÒh A_¡ r_f\®L$
4. 09. rdÕepÐh kp\¡ k„b„r^s L$jpe ¼ep¡ R>¡?.
A:: k„S>S>hg_ B:: A_„sp_yb„^u 9.
C:: AâÐep¿ep_hpfZue D:: âÐep¿ep_phfZue
5. 10. ¼ep âL$pf_p¡ c¡v$ ÅZhp\u _hu_ L$d®_p¡ b„^ V$m¡?
A:: k„ep¡N A_¡ k„ep¡Nucph B:: gp¡L$ A_¡ Agp¡L$ 10.
C:: L$d® A_¡ _p¡L$d® D:: ApÐdp A_¡ Apöh
2 7 . L$peep¡ N _p kps c¡ v $_p _pd Ap`p¡ .
2 8 . ip dpV¡ $ Apöh sÒh l¡ e R>¡ ?
2 9 . ip dpV¡ $ Apöhcph_p D`pv¡ $ e R>¡ ?
3 0 . Apöhp¡ L$B fus¡ Ar_Ðe R>¡ ?
3 1 . Apöhp¡ L$B fus¡ AifZ R>¡ ?
3 2 . Apöhp¡ L$B fus¡ Akpf R>¡ ?
3 3 . Apöhp¡ L$B fus¡ Aklpe R>¡ ?
3 4 . Apöhp¡ L$B fus¡ Aiy r Q R>¡ ?
3 5 . Apöhp¡ L$B fus¡ vy $ :Mê$` R>¡ ?
3 6 . Apöhp¡ L$B fus¡ vy $ :Mam v¡ $ _pf R>¡ ?
_uQ¡_p âï_p¡_p rhõs©s S>hpb Ap`p¡.
0 1 . Apöhp¡ _ p Sy > v$u Sy > v$u A`¡ n pA¡ Sy > v$p Sy > v$p âL$pf_p
c¡ v $_p dpÓ _pd Ap`p¡ .
0 2 . cphpöh_u kdS| > su Ap`p¡ .
0 3 . Öìepöh_u kdS| > su Ap`p¡ .
0 4 . `y Î epöh A_¡ `p`pöh_u kdS| > su Ap`p¡ .
0 5 . AN©rls rdÕepÐh_p dy¿e âL$pfp¡ A_¡ v$f¡L$_u kdS|>su Ap`p¡.
0 6 . N©rls rdÕepÐh_p dy¿e âL$pfp¡ A_¡ v$f¡L$_u kdS|su Ap`p¡.
0 7 . _hsÒh `¥ L $u_p Apöh A_¡ bpfcph_p dp„ l ¡ _ p
Apöhdp„ ip¡ a¡ f R>¡ ? s¡ _ u kdS| > su Ap`p¡ .
0 8 . Apöhcph_p_u S>¡ d b„ ^ cph_p ip dpV¡ $ _rl?
0 9 . Apöhcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep kdÅhp¡ .
1 0 . Apöhcph_p_y„ tQsh_ dpV¡$_y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ kdÅhp¡.
1 1 . Apöhcph_p L$B fus¡ hõsyõhê$`_u kdS>Z L$fph_pf R>¡?
1 2 . Apöhcph_p L$B fus¡ h¥ f pÁe_y „ L$pfZ R>¡ ?
1 3 . Apöhcph_p L$B fus¡ rdÕepÐh_¡ d„ v $ L$fph¡ R>¡ ?
1 4 . Apöhcph_p L$B fus¡ L$jpep¡ D`ip„ s L$fph¡ R>¡ ?
_uQ¡_p_p¡ saphs Ap`p¡.
01. sÒh A_¡ cph_p.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
8. k„kpfcph_p 143
144 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 cph_p

8. k„hfcph_p
k„hf A¡V$g¡ AV$L$hy„ s¡. Æh_p husfpNucph
A_¡ s¡_p L$pfZ¡ `p¥v¹NrgL$L$dp£_y„ Æh_p k„hf_p c¡v$ A_¡ s¡_y„ õhê`
âv¡$ip¡dp„ Aphhp_y„ AV$L$hy„ s¡ k„hf R>¡. k„hfv$ip Æh_p âv¡$ip¡dp„ `p¥v¹$NrgL$L$d®_¡ Aphsp„
A_¡ s¡_p Apîec|s iyÙpÐdõhcph D`pv¡$e AV$L$ph_pfp¡ Æh_p¡ ArhL$pfu iyÙ cph A_¡
R>¡. Ap âL$pf_u hpf„hpf rhQpfZp \hu s¡_¡ s¡ L$d®_y„ Aphhy„ AV$L$hy„ s¡ k„hf R>¡.
k„hfcph_p L$l¡ R>¡.
k„ h f_p Sy > v$u-Sy > v$u A`¡ n pA¡ Sy > v$p Sy > v$p
¥¢d± çÝÚ¢ï{: „æ±Ú J c¡v$ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ Ap âL$pf¡•••
A\® : Apöh_p¡ r_fp¡^ s¡ k„hf R>¡. 1. Æh A_¡ `p¥v$¹ NrgL$L$d_® p `qfZpd_u
(sÒhp\®k|Ó : AÂepe 9, k|Ó f) A`¡npA¡ k„hf b¡ âL$pf¡ R>¡:
k„hf A¡V$g¡ fp¡L$pB S>hy„, AV$L$u S>hy„ s¡. 1. cphk„ h f A_¡ f. Öìek„ h f
Æh_p ArhL$pfu iyÙ husfpNucph_p L$pfZ¡ 2. Ap¡mMpZ dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp L\__u
_hu_ L$d®_p Apöh_p¡ r_fp¡^ \pe R>¡ s¡
A`¡npA¡ k„hf_p b¡ c¡v$ R>¡ :
k„hf R>¡.
1. r_òek„hf A_¡ 2. ìehlpfk„hf
S>¡ d _phdp„ `X¡ $ gy „ rR>Ö by f pB S>hp\u
_phdp„ _hu_ `pZu âh¡i `pdsy„ _\u s¡d 3. ìehlpf k„hf_u rhrh^sp_u A`¡npA¡
Apöhp¡ _ p Acph\u _hu_ L$dp£ _ y „ Æh_p k„hf_p dy¿e R> A_¡ s¡_p `¡V$pc¡v$
âv¡$ip¡dp„ Aphhp_y„ AV$L$u Åe R>¡ s¡ k„hf krls_p Ly$g ksph_ c¡v$ R>¡:
R>¡ . rdÕepÐh, Arhfrs, L$jpe A_¡ ep¡ N ` dlph° s +5 krdrs +3
s¡ Apöh R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p¡ Acph \hp\u DÐ`ß Ny r á +ff `rfjl$ +10 ^d®
\sp kçe¼¹Ðh, rhjerhf[¼s, L$jper_N°l A_¡ +1f cph_p= 57 L y $ g
ep¡Nr_fp¡^ s¡ k„hf R>¡.
Apöh l¡ e R>¡ A_¡ s¡ _ p¡ rhfp¡ ^ u k„ h f 1. Æh A_¡ `p¥v$¹ NrgL$L$d®_p `qfZpd_u
D`pv¡$e R>¡. husfpNcphê` k„hf_u DÐ`rÑ A`¡npA¡ k„hf_p b¡ âL$pfp¡ R>¡•-•
`p¡sp_p qÓL$pmu iyÙpÐdõhcph_p
Apîe¡ \pe R>¡. s¡\u âNV$sp_u 1. cphk„ h f A_¡ 2.
A`¡npA¡ k„hfv$ip D`pv¡$e R>¡ A_¡ Öìek„hf
Apîe_u A`¡ n pA¡ `p¡ s p_p¡ Æh A_¡ `p¥ v ¹ $ NrgL$L$d® _ ¡
iyÙpÐdõhcph D`pv¡$e R>¡. Afk`fk A_y L | $ m-A_y ê ``Zp_p¡
D`f dyS>b k„hf_y„ õhê` A_¡ r_rdÑ-_¥rdrÑL$ âL$pf_p¡ k„b^
„ lp¡e
s¡_¡ âpá L$fhp_p D`pe_y„ hpf„hpf R>¡ . Aphp k„ b „ ^ kde¡ Æh_p
tQsh_ \hy„ s¡ k„hfcph_p R>¡. `qfZpd_¡ cph A_¡
8. k„kpfcph_p 145
`p¥v$¹ NrgL$L$d_
® p `qfZpd_¡ Öìe L$lh¡ p_u `Ùrs r_fp¡^ `pd¡ R>¡, s¡ Öìek„hf R>¡. cphk„hf_p
R>¡ . Ap L$pfZ¡ Æh_p iy Ù p¡ ` ep¡ N de L$pfZ¡ S> Öìek„hf lp¡e R>.¡ Öìek„hf_p LpfZ¡
husfpNcphê` k„hf_¡ cphk„ h f A_¡ s¡_p Öìeb„ ^ \sp¡ _\u. Öìeb„ ^ V$msp„ s¡ _ p
r_rdÑ¡ \sp _hu_ `p¥v¹$NrgL¹$L$d®_p Aphhp_p L$pfZ¡ \sp„ k„kpf_p¡ `Z Acph \pe R>¡.
AV$L$phhpê$` `p¥v¹$NrgLL$d®_p k„hf_¡ Öìek„hf
L$l¡ h pdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ . s¡ \ u Æh A_¡ 2. Ap¡mMpZ dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp L$\__u
`p¥v$¹ NrgL$L$d_® u A`¡npA¡ k„hf b¡ âL$pf¡ R>•¡ •• A`¡npA¡ k„hf_p b¡ c¡v$ R>¡••
1. cphk„hf A_¡ 2. Öìek„hf 1. r_òek„hf A_¡ 2. ìehlpfk„hf
Æh_p¡ ArhL$pfu iyÙcph A_¡ s¡_p r_rdÑ¡
1. cphk„hf
`p¥ v ¹ N rgL$L$dp£ _ y „ Aphhp_y „ AV$L$hy „ s¡ k„ h f
Æh_p âv$¡idp„ _hu_ `p¥v¹$NrgL$L$d®_p R>¡. s¡dp„ Æh_p `qfZpd s¡ cphk„hf A_¡
Aphhp_p AV$Lphhp_p L$pfZc|s Æh_p `yv$¹Ng_p `qfZpd s¡ Öìek„hf R>¡.
iyÙp¡`ep¡Nê` husfpNu `qfZpd_¡ cphk„hf Ap k„hf_u Ap¡mMpZ dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp
L$l¡ R>¡. L$\_, h¼sp_p¡ Arcâpe L¡$ îp¡sp_u kdS>Z
s¡ _e R>.¡ Ap Ap¡mMpZ L$fphhp dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„
Æh_p iy c piy c cphê` Aiy Ù p¡ ` ep¡ N \u Aphsy „ L$\_ ku^u fus_y „ lp¡ e sp¡ s¡ _ ¡
rh{Ù husfpNcphê` iyÙp¡`ep¡N_p `qfZpd r_òe_e A_¡ buÆ ÅZusu bpbs Üpfp
s¡ cphk„hf R>¡. Æh_p k„hf õhê` qÓL$pm ApX$L$sfu fus¡ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ s¡ _ ¡
^°yh iyÙpÐdõhcph_p Apîe¡ iyÙp¡`ep¡Nê$` ìehlpf_e L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. r_òe_e_u
cphk„ h f DÐ`ß \pe R¡ . iy Ù p¡ ` ep¡ N ê` `Ùrs\u k„hf_u Ap¡mMpZ_¡ r_òek„hf A_¡
cphk„hf_p L$pfZ¡ Æh_u iyÙ õhcph S>¡hu ìehlpf_e_u `Ùrs\u L$fhpdp„ Aphsu k„hf_¡
husfpNu ArhL$pfu iy Ù Ahõ\p lp¡ e R>¡ . Ap¡ m MpZ_¡ ìehlpfk„ h f L$l¡ R>¡ . Ap fus¡
Ap cphk„hf S> kpnps¹ dp¡ndpN® A_¡ dp¡n_y„ _e`Ùrs\u k„hf_y„ L$\_ b¡ âL$pf¡ R>¡•••
L$pfZ R>¡. s¡ S> Ap[ÐdL$ Asu[ÞÖe Ap_„v$_p¡
1. r_òek„hf A_¡ 2. ìehlpfk„hf
Apl¹gpv$ R>¡. s¡dp„ S> ApÐdp_p A_„sNyZp¡_u
e\pk„ch Ap„riL$ iyÙsp_u âNV$sp R>¡. s¡\u 1. r_òek„hf
âNV$ L$fhp_u A`¡npA¡ s¡ D`pv¡$e R>¡.
r_òe_e_u L$\_ `Ùrs A_ykpf ku^u fus_u
f. Öìek„hf
Ap¡mMpZ dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp k„hf_p
cphk„hf_p r_rdÑ¡ Æh_p âv¡$ip¡dp„ _hu_ L$\__p âL$pf_¡ r_òek„hf L$l¡ R>¡. `p¥v$¹ NrgL-
`p¥v¹$NrgL$L$d®_y„ Aphhp_y„ AV$L¡$ s¡hp $L$d®_¡ Æh_p âv¡$idp„ Aphsp AV$L$ph_pf
`yv¹Ng`qfZpd_¡ Öìek„hf L$l¡ R>¡. Æh_p husfpNucph A_¡ s¡_p L$pfZ¡ L$dp£_y„
k„ h f A¡ V $g¡ Apöh_p¡ r_fp¡ ^ . Apöh_p AV$L$hy„ s¡ r_òek„hf R>¡.
L$pfZ¡ op_phfZuepqv$ ApW$ âL$pf_p
r_òe_e s¡_p rhje_¡ ku^u fus¡ Ap¡mMph¡
`p¥v¹$NrgL$L$dp£ Æh_p âv¡$ip¡dp„ Aphsp lsp.
R>.¡ r_òe_e A_ykpf Æh_p husfpNu iyÙcph
s¡ S> L$dp£ Apöh_p rhfp¡^u k„hf_p L$pfZ¡
146 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
A_¡ s¡_p r_rdÑ¡ \sy„ `p¥v$N ¹ rgL$L$dp£_„y Æh_p
5°v¡$ip¡dp„ Aphhp_y„ AV$L$hy„ s¡ r_òek„hf R>¡.
r_òe_e_y„ L$\_ ku^u A_¡ kpQu fus¡
\sy„ lp¡hp\u s¡_p L$pB¡ âL$pf lp¡sp _\u. s¡\u
r_òek„hf_p `Z L$pB¡ âL$pf lp¡sp _\u. s¡d
R>sp„ k„hf_p Æh_p A_¡ `p¥v¹$NrgL$L$d®_p
`qfZpd_u A`¡npA¡ b¡ âL$pf R>¡: cphk„hf
A_¡ Öìek„hf. cphk„hf_¡ ku^u fus¡
Ap¡mMph_pf L$\__¡ r_òecphk„hf A_¡
Öìek„hf_¡ ku^u fus¡ Ap¡mMph_pf L$\__¡
r_òeÖìek„hf L$lh ¡ pe R>.¡ Æh_p iyÙp¡`ep¡Nê`
ArhL$pfu husfpNucph s¡ r_òecphk„hf A_¡
s¡_p r_rdÑ¡ `p¥v¹NrgL$L$dp£_y„ Æh_p âv¡$ip¡dp„
Aphhp_y„ kh®\p A_¡ k„`|Z®`Z¡ AV$L$hy„ s¡
r_òeÖìek„hf R>¡.
f. ìehlpfk„hf
ìehlpf_e_u `Ùrs A_ykpf ApX$L$sfu fus¡
L$fhpdp„ Aphsp„ k„hf_u Ap¡mMpZ dpV¡$_p
L$\__p âL$pf_¡ ìehlpfk„hf L$l¡ R>¡.
r_òek„hf kp\¡ k„br„ ^s Æh_p iycp¡`ep¡Nê`
`qfZpd A_¡ s¡_p L$pfZ¡ \sy„ L$dp£_„y Ap„riL$`Z¡
AV$L$hy„ s¡ ìehlpfk„hf R>¡.
ìehlpf_e _½$u L$fpe¡gp rhje_¡ buÆ
ÅZusu bpbs Üpfp ApX$L$sfu fus¡ Ap¡mMph¡ R>.¡
ìehlpf_e_u `Ùrs A_ykpf_u k„hf_u Ap¡mMpZ
dpV¡$_p L$\__u `Ùrs_¡ ìehlpfk„hf L$l¡ R>.¡
r_òe\u Æh_p husfpNucph s¡ cphk„hf
R>¡ . A_¡ `p¥ v ¹ $ NrgL$L$d® _ p Aphhp_p
AV$L$phhpê`_p `qfZpd s¡ Öìek„hf R>¡. Ap
cphk„hf L¡$ Öìek„hf ku^u fus¡ Å¡B iL$psp¡
_\u L¡ $ kdÆ iL$psp¡ _\u. s¡ \ u buÆ
ÅZusu bpbs Üpfp s¡_u Ap¡mMpZ L$fphhp
dpV¡$_u L$\_ `Ùrs s¡ ìehlpf_e R>¡.
ìehlpf_e r_qv® $ ô$ rhjec| s husfpNu
8. k„kpfcph_p
k„hf_¡ s¡_u kp\¡ k„b„r^s ÅZusp iyccph
Üpfp ApX$L$sfu fus¡ Ap¡mMph¡ R>.¡ ìehlpf_e
Üpfp husfpNcphê` r_òek„hf_¡ hpõsrhL$
Ap¡mMhp dpV¡$ \p¡X$p âeÐ__u S>êf fl¡ R>¡.
`f„sy ìehlpfk„hf_¡ S> r_òek„hf dp_u g¡hpdp„
Aph¡ sp¡ s¡ Ae\p\® L¡$ Ac|sp\® R>¡.
Æh_p husfpNcphê` cphk„hf_¡ bsphhp
dpV¡ $ s¡ _ u kp\¡ k„ b „ r ^s ÅZusp iy c cph
hX¡$ AÅÎep r_òecphk„hf_¡ Ap¡mMhp dpV¡$
L$fhpdp„ Aphsu L$\__u `Ùrs_¡
ìehlpfcphk„ h f L$l¡ R>¡ . A_¡ L$dp£ _ p
AV$L$hpê` r_òeÖìek„hf_¡ s¡_u kp\¡ k„br„ ^s
ÅZusu bpbs Üpfp s¡_u Ap¡mMpZ L$fphhp
dpV¡ $ L$fhpdp„ Aphsu L$\__u `Ùrs_¡
ìehlpfÖìek„ h f L$l¡ R>¡ .
r_òecphk„hf L¡$ r_òeÖìek„hf rh_p
L¡ $ s¡ _ u kp\¡ k„ b „ ^ rh_p_p iy c cph_¡
ìehlpf\u `Z cphk„hf L¡$ Öìek„hf L$lu
iL$psp _\u.
ìehlpf_e_y„ L$\_ buÆ k„b„r^s ÅZusu
bpbs Üpfp ApX$L$sfu fus¡ L$fhpdp„ Aphsy„
lp¡hp\u s¡_p A_¡L$ âL$pf R>.¡ s¡\u ìehlpfk„hf
A_¡L$ âL$pf¡ R>¡.
`p„ Q dlph° s , `p„ Q krdrs, ÓZ Ny q á,
DÑd ndpqv$ v$i ^dp£ , bphuk âL$pf_p
`rfjlp¡ A_¡ Ar_Ðepqv$ bpf âL$pf_u
cph_pAp¡ S>h ¡ p ÅZusp A_¡ r_òek„hf kp\¡
k„ b „ r ^s iy c p¡ ` ep¡ N _¡ ìehlpf\u cphk„ h f
L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
hpõshdp„ iycp¡`ep¡N `p¡s¡ k„hf _\u sp¡`Z
husfpNcphê` r_òek„hf kp\¡ s¡ k„b„r^s
lp¡hp\u Ap husfpN k„hf_u `l¡gp„ L¡$ `R>u
\sp dlph° s pqv$ iy c cphp¡ _ ¡ Apfp¡ ` \u L¡ $
D`Qpf\u k„ h f L$l¡ h pdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ s¡
ìehlpfk„hf R>.¡ Ap iycp¡`ep¡Nê$` ìehlpfk„hf
147
hX¡$ Æh_p iyÙp¡`ep¡Nê` husfpN cphk„hf_¡ 1. dlph° s `
Ap¡ m Mhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ s¡ ìehlpfcphk„ h f 2. krdrs `
R>¡ A_¡ s¡ S> iy c p¡ ` ep¡ N ê` ìehlpfk„ h f 3. Ny r á 3
hX¡$ L$dp£_p AV$L$hpê$` r_òeÖìek„hf_¡ 4. ^d® 10
Ap¡mMhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ s¡ ìehlpfÖìek„hf R>¡. 5. `qfjl ff
3. ìehlpfk„hf_u rhrh^sp_u A`¡npA¡ 6. cph_p 1f
s¡_p dy¿ec¡v$ R> A_¡ s¡_p `¡V$pc¡v$ Ly$g c¡v$ `7
krls_p Ly$g ksph_ c¡v$ R>¡.
1. dlph°s
1. `p„Q dlph°s, 2. `p„Q krdrs, 3. ÓZ
Nyqá, 4. bphuk `qfjl, 5. v$i ^d® A_¡ tlkpqv$ `p`p¡_u r_h©rÑ_¡ h°s L$l¡ R>¡. ApÆh_
6. bpf cph_p dmu_¡ Ly$g ksph_ c¡v$ R>¡.Aphp `p`p¡_u kh®\p A_¡ k„`|Z® r_h©rÑ_¡
Æh_p husfpNu iyÙcph A_¡ s¡_p r_rdÑ¡ dlph°s L$l¡ R>¡.
`p¥v$¹ NqgL$L$d_
® „y Æh_p âv¡$ip¡dp„ Aphhp_y„ AV$L$h„y tlkpv$u `p`p¡ _ u Ady L $ A„ i ¡ A_¡ Ady L $
s¡ k„hf R>¡. âL$pf¡ r_h© r Ñ lp¡ e s¡ _ ¡ AÏh° s L$l¡ R>¡ .
îphL_¡ Aphp AÏh°s lp¡e R>.¡ tlkpv$u `p`p¡_u
k„hf_u Ap¡mMpZ dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp
kh®âL$pf¡ kh®\p A_¡ k„`|Z® r_h©rs_¡ dlph°s
L$\__u A`¡ n pA¡ k„ h f b¡ âL$pf¡ R>¡ .
L$l¡ R>¡. dyr__u c|rdL$pdp„ Aphp dlph°s lp¡e
r_òek„ h f A_¡ ìehlpfk„ h f.
R>¡. dyr__p d|mNyZp¡dp„ s¡_p¡ kdph¡i R>¡.
r_òek„ h f Æh_p husfpNcph R>¡ .
r_òe\u `p¡sp_p õhê`dp„ h]V$pB fl¡hpê`
r_òe_e s¡ _ p rhje_y „ ku^u fus¡ L$\_
husfpNcph S> h°s R>.¡ Aphp husfpNcphê`
L$f_pfp¡ lp¡ h p\u r_òek„ h f_p L$p¡ B âL$pf
lp¡ s p _\u. `Z ìehlpfk„ h f A¡ h°s`|h®L$ dyr_v$ipdp„ tlkpv$u `p„Q `p`p¡_u
husfpNucphê` r_òek„ h f kp\¡ k„ b „ r ^s kh®\p r_h©rÑê` `p„Q dlph°s lp¡e R>.¡ Atlkp,
iyccphê` R>¡ A_¡ r_òek„hf_¡ ApX$L$sfu kÐe, AQp¥ e ® , A`qfN° l A_¡ b° û Qe® A¡
fus¡ bsph_pê„ R>¡ . iy c cph A¡ ApÐdp_u `p„Q dlph°s R>¡.
AiyÙ Ahõ\p R>.¡ A_¡ AiyÙsp A_¡L$ âL$pf¡ sÒhp\®k|Ó (AÂepe 9, k|Ó-18) A_ykpf kÑph_
k„ch¡ R>¡. ìehlpf_e L$p¡B ÅZusp iyccph âL$pf_p k„hfdp„ `p„Q âL$pf_p dlph°sp¡_¡ bv$g¡
Üpfp AÅÎep husfpNuk„ h f_u Ap¡ m MpZ `p„Q âL$pf_p QpqfÓ_p¡ kdph¡i R>¡. kpdpreL$,
ApX$L$sfu fus¡ L$fph¡ R>¡. s¡\u ìehlpfk„hf R>¡v$p¡`õ\p`_p, `qfl$pfrhiyqÙ, k|ÿdkp„`fpe A_¡
A_¡L$ âL$pf¡ k„ch¡ R>.¡ Ap k„hfv$ip_u dy¿esp e\p¿eps A¡ `p„Q âL$pf_p QpqfÓ R>¡.
dy r _v$ipdp„ lp¡ e R>¡ . dy r __u c| r dL$p_p
iyccphp¡_¡ dy¿eÐh¡ R> âL$pfdp„ v$ip®hu iL$pe f. krdrs
R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p `V$pc¡v$ L$fsp„ s¡ ksph_ âL$pf_p
bsphu iL$pe R>.¡ s¡\u ìehlpfk„hf_p dy¿ec¡v$ v$¥rlL$ q¾$ep hMs¡ Æh_u fnp \pe s¡ fus¡
R> A_¡ s¡_p `¡V$pc¡v$ dmu_¡ Ly$g kÑph_ eÐ_`|h®L$_u kçeL$¹$ âL$pf_u âh©rÑ L$fhu s¡_¡
c¡v$ _uQ¡ dyS>b L$lu iL$pe R>¡. krdrs L$l¡ R>¡.
148 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 Æh_u fnp L$fphsu kçeL¹$ âL$pf_u âh©rÑ_¡
krdrs L$l¡ R>¡. dyr__¡ Aplpf, rhlpf, cpjp,
hõsyAp¡_¡ g¡hp d|L$hp A_¡ dmd|Ó_p rhkS>_ ® L$l¡ R>¡ .
hMs¡ k|ÿd Æhp¡_u fnp \pe s¡ fus_u eÐ_`|hL® $_u
âh©rÑ lp¡e R>¡ s¡ `p„Q âL$pf_u krdrs R>.¡ dyr__p
d|mNyZp¡dp„ s¡_p¡ kdph¡i R>¡.
r_òe\u `p¡sp_p iyÙ õhê`dp„ `qfZrsê`
kçeL$ âL$pf_u âh© r Ñ S> krdrs R>¡ . S>¡
husfpNcphê` R>¡ . Aphp husfpNcph
kp\¡ k„ b „ r ^s dy r _v$ipdp„ `p„ Q âL$pf_u
eÐ_`|h®L$_u âh©rÑ lp¡e R>¡. S>¡ iycfpNê`
lp¡e R>¡ s¡ ìehlpf\u krdrs R>¡. S>¡ Bep®
krdrs, cpjp krdrs, A¡ j Zp krdrs,
Apv$p_r_n¡`Z krdrs A_¡ ârs›$p`_ krdrs
A¡ `p„Q âL$pf¡ L$l¡hpe R>¡.
3. Nyrá
d_, hQ_, L$pep Üpfp \su kphÛ
âh©rÑ_p¡ kçeL¹$ âL$pf¡ r_fp¡^ L$fhp¡ s¡
Nyrá L$l¡hpe R>¡.
d_, hQ_ L¡ $ L$pep Üpfp \su tlkp
krls_u âh© r Ñ_¡ AV$L$phhu s¡ Ny r á R>¡ .
Aphu âh©rs\u `p¡sp_p iyÙ õhê`_y„ Np¡`_
A¡V$g¡ L¡$ fnp \pe R>¡. dyr__p f8 âL$pf_p
d|mNyZp¡dp„ ÓZ âL$pf_u Nyrá_p¡ kdph¡i R>¡.
r_òe\u `p¡sp_p iyÙ õhê`dp„ Nyá fl¡hpê`
husfpNcph S> Nyrá R>.¡ Aphu r_òeNyrá`|hL® $
d_, hQ_ L¡$ L$pep Üpfp õhÃR>v„ $ A_¡ kphÛ
âh© r Ñ_p¡ r_fp¡ ^ L$fhp¡ s¡ ìehlpf\u Ny q á
R>¡ . d_, hQ_, L$pep Üpfp \su lp¡ h p_¡
L$pfZ¡ Nyrá_¡ d_p¡Nry á, hQ_Nyrá A_¡ L$peNyrá
A¡d ÓZ âL$pf¡ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
4. `qfjlS>e
W$„ X $u, Nfdu, c| M , sfk S>¡ h u
8. k„kpfcph_p
Ly $ v$fsu bp^pAp¡ _ ¡ `qfjv$ L$l¡ R>¡ .
Aphp `rfjlp¡_¡ Æshp s¡_¡ `qfjlS>e
ifuf k„ b „ ^ u Ly $ v$fsu bp^pAp¡ _ ¡ `qfjl
L$l¡ R>¡ . s¡ bphuk âL$pf¡ lp¡ e R>¡ . V$pY$,
sp` S>¡hu bp^pAp¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ `qfjl kde¡
`p¡sp_p õhê`_p Âep_dp„\u rhQrgs _ \hy„
L¡$ L$p¡B âL$pf¡ `p¡sp_p `qfZpdp¡dp„ L$gyrjssp
_ \hp v¡$hu s¡_¡ `rjlS>e L$l¡ R>¡. dyr__u
c|rdL$pdp„ Aphp¡ `qfjlS>e k„ch¡ R>¡.
dy r _fpS> ifuf k„ b „ ^ u Ly $ v$fsu bp^p L¡ $
Ap`rÑ kde¡ `p¡sp_p dp¡ndpN®\u rbgLy$g
Ãe|s \sp _\u s¡ S> s¡_p¡ `qfjlS>e R>¡.
r_òe\u `p¡ s p_p õhê`dp„ AQrgs
[õ\rsê` husfpNcph S> `qfjlS>e R>.¡ Aphp
r_òe `qfjlS>e`| h ® L $ V$pY$, sp` S>¡ h u
bp^pAp¡ ê ` `qfjl kde¡ `p¡ s p_p k„ e d_u
kp^_pdp„\u XNu _ S>h„y A_¡ s¡hu bp^pAp¡
âÐe¡ L$pB¡ Ü¡j _ L$fhpê` iyccph_¡ ìehlpf\u
`qfjlS>e L$l¡ R>.¡ s¡ bphuk âL$pf¡ lp¡e R>.¡
5. ^d®
k„hfv$ip ^pfZ L$fhp_p kpdÕe®_¡
V$L$phu fpM_pf s¡ ^d® R>¡ .
{íé {¢Ú²ç¼ §ç¼ {}¢ü: J
A¡ ^d®_u ìeyÐ`qÑ A_ykpf ^pfZ L$fhy„
s¡ ^d® R>¡ . Al] k„ h fcph_p_p `° L $fZ_¡
A_ygnu_¡ husfpNv$ipê` k„hf_¡ ^pfZ L$fhp
dpV¡$_p kp^_ê` DÑd ndpqv$ v$i âL$pf_p
iyccphp¡ s¡ ^d® R>¡. Ap v$i^dp£ dy¿eÐh¡
dyr_v$ipdp„ lp¡e R>¡.
r_òe\u `p¡ s p_p qÓL$pm iy Ù õhcph
S>¡ h u S> iy Ù `qfZrs âNV$ \hu s¡ ^d®
R>¡. iyÙ `qfZrs A¡V$g¡ L¡$ husfpNcph `p¡s¡
S> r_òe\u ^d® R>¡. Aphp r_òe ^d®_p
149
kp^_ê` L¡$ s¡_u kp\¡ k„b„r^s lp¡e s¡hp
iy c cph_¡ ìelpf\u ^d® L$l¡ R>¡ . ^d® _ u
DÑdsp kçeÁv$i_ ® _p L$pfZ¡ S> lp¡e R>.¡ s¡\u
r_òe L¡ $ ìehlpf L$p¡ B `Z ^d® l„ d ¡ i p„
kçeÁv$i_ ® `|hL® $ S> lp¡e R>.¡ s¡ k|Qhhp s¡_u kp\¡
DÑd iåv$ Å¡X$hpdp„ Aph¡ R>.¡ Aphp DÑd ^d®
v$i âL$pf¡ R>.¡ DÑd ndp, DÑd dpv®$h, DÑd
ApS>h® , DÑd kÐe, DÑd ip¥Q, DÑd k„ed,
DÑd s`, DÑd ÐepN, DÑd ApqL„$QÞe A_¡
DÑd b°ûQe® A¡ ^d®_p v$i âL$pf R>¡.
6. cph_p
op_krls_p h¥fpÁe_u DÒ`qÑ A_¡
h©[Ù dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aphsu rhQpfZp
L¡ $ tQsh__¡ cph_p L$l¡ R>¡ .
`pfdpr\®L$ dp¡n_p dpN® dpV¡$ `l¡g\
¡ u R>ë¡ g¡
ky^u op_ A_¡ h¥fpÁe_u AphíeL$sp lp¡e
R>.¡ op_`|hL® $_p h¥fpÁe_p L$pfZc|s bpbsp¡_u
hpf„ h pf rhQpfZp L¡ $ tQsh__¡ cph_p L¡ $
A_y â ¡ n p L$l¡ R>¡ . Ap cph_p op_`| h ® L $_p
h¥fpÁe_u S>__u dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
dp¡ndpN®_u âprá, ÅmhZu A_¡ ApNm
h^hp dpV¡ $ Ap cph_p D`ep¡ N u lp¡ e R>¡ .
dyr_v$ipdp„ Aphu cph_p dy¿e`Z¡ Å¡hpdp„
Aph¡ R>¡ .
r_òe\u husfpNu kdspcph A¡ S>
cph_p R>.¡ Aphu r_òe cph_p`|hL® $ k„kpf_p
Ar_Ðepqv$ õhê`_u rhQpfZpê` iyccph s¡
ìehlpf\u cph_p R>¡. ìehlpf cph_p bpf
âL$pf¡ R>.¡ bpf cph_p `¥L$u Ap k„hfcph_p_y„
âL$fZ R>¡ . k„ h fcph_p `p¡ s p_u k„ h fv$ip
âNV$hp_y„ L$pfZ L¡$ kp^_ R>¡.
D`f dyS>b `p„Q dlph°s, `p„Q krdrs, ÓZ Nyqá, v$k
^d®, bphuk `qfjl A_¡ bpf cph_p dmu_¡
ìehlpfk„hf_u rhrh^sp_u A`¡npA¡ s¡_p `7 c¡v$ R>¡.
150
k„hf_p¡ drldp
ApÐdp_u iycpiyccphrhfrls iyÙ
husfpNv$ip s¡ S> k„hf R>¡.
k„hf_p L$pfZ¡ _hu_ L$dp£_„y Aphhp_y„ AV$L$¡
R>¡. õh-`f_p c¡v$op__p bm¡ `p¡s¡ `f A¡hp
_p¡L$d-® ÖìeL$d-® cphL$d\
® u rcß `X$u õh A¡hp
`p¡sp_p iyÙpÐddp„ [õ\rs `pd¡ R>¡.
^d®_y„ d|m õhê` S> k„hf R>¡. k„hf S
kpnps¹ dp¡ndpN® R>.¡ dp¡ndpN®dp„ D`f QY$u dp¡n
ky^u `lp¢Qhp QY$hp dpV¡$_u s¡ r_kfZu R>¡.
s¡ S> Asu[ÞÖe Ap_„v$_u Adu^pfp R>¡.
kçeÁop__u N„Np R>.¡ ApÐdp_p A_„s NyZp¡_u
e\pk„ch Ap„riL$ âNV$sp_¡ âhs®_pf R>¡.
k„hf S> õh-`f_y„ c¡v$op_ L$fph_pf kybry Ùê`
suÿZ R>uZu R>¡.
D`f dyS>b k„hf_p¡ drldp Agp¥qL$L$ A_¡ AtQÐe R>¡.
k„hfsÒh A_¡ k„hfcph_pdp„
ip¡ a¡f ?
sÒh A¡ hõsy_y„ `°ep¡S>_c|s õhê` R>¡.
k„hfv$ip A¡ hõsy_„y âep¡S>_c|s õhê` lp¡hp\u
Æhpqv$ _h sÒhp¡ d p„ s¡ _ p¡ kdph¡ i R>¡ .
k„hfv$ipê` k„hfsÒh A¡ iyÙpÐdõhcph_p
Apîe¡ DÐ`ß \su husfpNv$ip R>¡ . s¡ \ u
s¡ D`pv¡$e R>¡. k„hfsÒh_y„ âep¡S>_ ÅZusp
A_¡ âNV$ A¡hp k„hfsÒh Üpfp s¡_p Apîe-
c| s A¡ h p AÅÎep A_¡ AâNV$ iy Ù pÐd-
õhcph_¡ Ap¡mMhp_y„ R>¡. iyÙpÐdõhcph_¡
Ap¡mMhpê` k„hfsÒh_u e\p\® îÙp__y„ am
kçeÁv$i®_ R>¡.
cph_p A¡ A¡ L $ tQsh_ âq¾$ep R>¡ .
bpf>cph_p `¥L$u_u k„hfcph_pdp„ k„hf_y„ õhê`
A_¡ s¡_y„ D`pv¡$e`Ï„ tQshhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
k„hf_y„ õhê` kdÆ_¡ k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe
DÐ`ß L$fphu k„hfv$ip_u âprá dpV¡$_p¡ `y{jp\®
â¡fhp¡ s¡ k„hfcph_p_y„ âep¡S>_ R>.¡ Ap âL$pf¡
k„hfcph_p_p tQsh__y„ am k„hfv$ip_u S>
âNV$sp L$fphhp_y„ R>.¡ k„hfv$ip A¡ S> k„hfsÒh
R>¡. s¡\u k„hfcph_p A¡ kp^_ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_y„
kpÂe A¡ k„hfsÒh R>¡.
k„ h fsÐh A_¡ k„ h fcph_p_p D`fp¡ L $s
c¡v$_¡ _uQ¡_p L$p¡W$p A_ykpf k„rnádp„ v$ip®hu
iL$pe R>¡.
k„hfsÒh k„hfcph_p
1. hõsy_„y õhê` R>¡ 1. tQsh_âq¾$ep R>¡
2. k„hf sÒh_y„ âep¡S>_ s¡_p 2. k„hfcph_p_y„ âep¡S>_ k„hf_y„
Üpfp AÅÎep iyÙpÐd- D`pv¡$e õhê` kdÆ k„kpf
õhcph_¡ Ap¡mMhp_y„ R>.¡ âÐe¡_p h¥fpÁe_y„ R>.¡
3. k„hfsÒh_p„ îÙp__y„ am 3. k„hfcph_p_p„ tQsh__y„ am
k„hfv$ip A¡V$g¡ L¡$
kçeÁv$i_® R>¡ k„hfsÒh_u âprá R>.¡
4. k„hfsÒh kpÂe R>.¡ 4. k„hfcph_p kp^_ R>.¡
k„hfcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep
Æh_p iyÙp¡`ep¡Nê` husfpNcph_¡ k„hf L$l¡
R>¡. k„hfv$ip_y„ D`pv¡$e`Ï„ A_¡ s¡_p Apîec|s
iyÙpÐdõhcph_y„ `fd D`pv¡$e`Ï„ rhQpfhy„
s¡ k„hfcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep R>¡. Ap[ÐdL$ A_pLy $ msp_¡ Asu[ÞÖe Ap_„ v $
L$l¡ R>¡ .
k„hfcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$epdp, Æh_p
ArhL$pfu husfpNcphê` k„hfv$ip_y„ D`pv¡$e`Ï„
A_¡ s¡ k„hfv$ip S>¡_p Apîe¡ âNV¡$ R>¡ s¡
Apîec|s iyÙpÐdõhcph_y„ `fd D`pv¡$e`Ï„
rQ„shhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Al] husfpNspê` k„hf
S> ApÐdrls_y „ kp^_ lp¡ h p\u D`pv¡ $ e R>¡
A_¡ k„ h f S>¡ _ p L$pfZ¡ DÐ`ß \pe R>¡ s¡
iy Ù pÐdõhcph S> A¡ L $ dpÓ Apîeõ\p_
lp¡hp\u s¡ `fd D`pv$¡e R>¡.
8. k„kpfcph_p
Al] 5°NV$ L$fhp_u A`¡npA¡ husfpNcphê`
k„hf_y„ D`pv¡$e`Ï„ _uQ¡_p â\d ÓZ âL$pf¡
lp¡e R>¡. A_¡ Qp¡\p âL$pf¡ Apîe_u A`¡npA¡
`p¡ s p_p rÓL$pmu iy Ù pÐdõhcph_y „ `fd
D`pv¡$e`Ï„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap âL$pf_u hpf„hpf_u
rhQpfZp s¡ S> k„hfcph_p_u rQ„sh_ âq¾$ep
R>¡. S>¡ Ap âL$pf¡ R>¡•••
1. k„hf_y„ kpnps¹ dp¡ndpN®`Ï„
2. k„hf_y„ Asu[ÞÖe Ap_„v$õhê`
3. k„hf_y„ L$d®_p k„hf_y„ L$pfZ`Ï„
4. k„hf_p¡ Apîec|s iyÙpÐdõhcph
1. k„ h f_y „ kpnps¹ dp¡ n dpN® ` Ï„
r_òe kçeÁv$i®_-op_-QpqfÓ_p A¡L$Ðh_¡
kpnps¹ dp¡ndpN® L$l¡ R>¡.
husfpNcphê` k„ h fv$ip A¡ `p¡ s ¡ S>
r_òe\u kçeL¹QpqfÓ R>.¡ r_òe kçeL$QpqfÓ
A¡ r_òe kçeÁv$i®_-op_`|h®L$ S> lp¡e R>¡.
s¡ \ u husfpNcphê` k„ h fv$ipdp„ r_òe
kçeÁv$i® _ -op_-QpqfÓ A¡ ÓZ¡ e kdph¡ i
`pd¡ R>¡. s¡\u husfpNcphê` k„hf `p¡s¡ S>
kpnps¹ dp¡ n dpN® R>¡ . dp¡ n dpN® lp¡ h p\u s¡
âNV$ L$fhp_u A`¡npA¡ D`pv¡$e R>¡.
f. k„hf_y„ Asu[ÞÖe Ap_„v$õhê`
Ap[ÐdL$ A_pLy$mspê` Asu[ÞÖe Ap_„v$_y„
L$pfZ õhcphârsOps_p¡ Acph R>¡ .
õhcphârsOps_p Acph_y„ L$pfZ õhQpqfÓ
R>¡ . õhQpqfÓ_y „ L$pfZ husfpNcph R>¡ .
husfpNcph A¡ S> k„ h f R>¡ . s¡ \ u
husfpNcphê` k„ h f `p¡ s ¡ S> Asu[ÞÖe
Ap_„v$õhê` R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u s¡ D`pv¡$e R>¡.
3. k„hf_y„ L$d®_p k„hf_y„ L$pfZ`Ï„
_hu_ `p¥ v ¹ $ NrgL$L$d® _ y „ Æh_pâv¡ $ ip¡ d p„
151
Aphhp_y „ AV$L$hy „ s¡ _ ¡ L$d® _ p¡ k„ h f L$l¡ k„hfcph_p_p khp£sd Apv$i® Dv$plfZê`¡ `Z
R>¡ . Æh_p¡ iy Ù p¡ ` ep¡ N ê` husfpNcph dyr_v$ip S> R>¡. Aphp dyr_ âÐe¡_p¡ `fd
L$d® _ p k„ h f_y „ L$pfZ R>¡ . Apv$f A_¡ dy r _v$ip âNV$ L$fhp_u A„ s f_u
k„hfv$ip s¡ iyÙp¡`ep¡Nê` husfpNcph R>¡.
s¡\u s¡ L$d_ ® p k„hf_y„ L$pfZ R>.¡ s¡\u k„hfv$ip
D`pv¡$e R>¡.
Al] ky^u âNV$ L$fhp_u A`¡npA¡ k„hf_y„ D`pv¡$e`Ï„
tQshhp_u âq¾$ep_u QQp® R>¡. lh¡ Apîe_u A`¡npA¡
A¡L$ dpÓ iyÙpÐdõhcph S> D`pv¡$e lp¡hp\u s¡ `fd
D`pv¡$e R>¡, s¡_u QQp® L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
4. k„hf_p¡ Apîec|s iyÙpÐdõhcph
`p¡sp_p qÓL$pm ^°yh iyÙ õhcph_¡
iyÙpÐdõhcph L$l¡ R>¡.
`p¡ s p_p¡ iy Ù pÐdõhcph r_Ðe, ifZc| s ,
kpfc| s , klpeL$pfu, `fdiy q Q A_¡ qÓL$prmL$
kpdÕe®\u kcf R>¡. s¡\u s¡ `p¡s¡ S> k„hfõhê`
R>¡ . k„ h fõhê`u iy Ù pÐdõhcph_p Apîe¡ S>
ApÐdp_u husfpNcphê` k„ h fv$ip âNV¡ $ R¡ .
iy Ù pÐdõhcph S> k„ h fv$ip_p A¡ L $ dpÓ
Apîec|s lp¡hp\u Apîe_u A`¡npA¡ s¡ `fd
D`pv¡ $ e R>¡ .
D`f dy S >b k„ h fv$ip_y „ D`pv¡ $ e`Ï„ A_¡
s¡_p Apîec|s iyÙpÐdõhcph_y„ `fd D`pv¡$e`Ï„
tQshhy„ s¡ k„hfcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep R>¡.
k„hfcph_p_y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ
k„ h f_y „ D`pv¡ $ e`Ï„ A_¡ s¡ _ p
Apîec| s iy Ù pÐdõhcp_y „ `fd
D`pv¡ $ e`Ï„ tQshhy „ s¡ k„ h fcph_p_u
tQsh_ âq¾$ep R>¡. k„hfcph_p_u Ap
`°L$pf_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep dpV$¡_y„ kp^_
L¡$ L$pfZ`Z¡ r_N°„\ dyr_v$ip âÐe¡_p¡
Apv$f A_¡ c¡ v $op__u cph_p R>¡ .
k„hf_u kpnps¹ d|rs® A_¡ k„hf_y„ khp£ÐL©$ô$
õhê` cphtgNu r_N° „ \ dy r _v$ip R>¡ .
152
KX$u cph_p s¡ S> k„hfcph_p_p tQsh__y„
kp^_ L¡ $ L$pfZ b_u iL¡ $ R>¡ .
k„ h iv$ip dpV¡ $ õhp_y c | r s_u AphíeL$sp
lp¡e R>¡. A_¡ õhp_yc|rs dpV¡$ õh-`f_p c¡v$-
op__u AphíeL$sp lp¡e R>.¡ Ap fus¡ c¡v$op__p
Ap^pf¡ k„ h fv$ip_u âNV$sp lp¡ e R>¡ . s¡ \ u
õh-`f_p c¡v$op__p¡ Aæepk L$fhp_u cph_p
`Z k„hfcph_p_p tQsh__y„ L$pfZ L¡$ kp^_
\pe R>¡ .
L$B fus¡ hõsyõhê`_u kdS>Z
L$fph_pf R>¡ ?
k„ h fv$ip_y „ D`pv¡ $ e`Ï„ A_¡ k„ h fv$ip_¡
Apîec|s iyÙpÐdõhcph_y„ `fd D`pv¡$e`Ï„
kdS>hp dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp„ Aæepk_¡ k„hf-
cph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$l¡ R>¡ . k„ h fcph_p_p
Aæepk\u hõsyõhê`_u kdS>Z \pe R>¡. s¡
Ap fus¡•••
k„hfv$ip âNV$ lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p Apîec|s
iyÙpÐdõhcph A`°NV$ lp¡e R>¡. k„hfcph_p_p
Aæepk Üpfp AÅÎep A_¡ AâNV$ A¡ h p
iy Ù pÐdõhcph_u Ap¡ m MpZ \pe R>¡ .
Ap D`fp„s dyr_v$ip, c¡v$op_ S>¡hu bpbsp¡
`Z k„hfcph_p_p Aæepk kp\¡ k„L$mpe¡gu
R>¡. Ap b^u bpbsp¡ âep¡S>_c|s ApÐdhõsy_p
õhê` k„b„^u R>¡. s¡\u k„hfcph_p_p¡ Aæepk
hõsy õ hê`_u kdS>Z L$fphhpdp„ AÐe„ s
D`L$pfu R>¡ .
L$B fus¡ h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ R>¡ ?
k„ h fcph_p_p¡ Aæepk k„ h fv$ip_y „
D`pv¡$e`Ï„ kdÅh_pfp¡ R>¡. k„hfv$ip `p¡s¡
S> kpnps¹ dp¡ndpN® A_¡ dp¡n_y„ ku^y„ L$pfZ
R>¡. s¡\u k„hfv$ip_y„ D`pv¡$e`Ï„ A¡ dp¡ndpN®
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
A_¡ dp¡ n _y „ S> D`pv¡ $ e`Ï„ R>¡ . dp¡ n A_¡
dp¡ndpN® D`pv¡$e R>¡ sp¡ s¡\u rh{Ù k„kpf
A_¡ s¡_p¡ dpN® l¡e R>¡ s¡ kdÆ iL$pe R¡.
k„ h fcph_p_p Aæepk\u k„ k pf A_¡ s¡ _ p
dpN® _ y „ l¡ e `Ï„ kdÅsp k„ k pf âÐe¡ klS>
h¥fpÁe DÐ`ß L$f_pf R>¡.
Ap fus¡ k„hfcph_p_p¡ Aæepk A_¡ s¡_y„
tQsh_ k„kpf âÐe¡_p h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ `Z ÅZhy.„
âep¡ S >_`| h ® L $_y „ rhi¡ j am
k„hfcph_p_p Aæepk_y„ âep¡S>_ op_-
`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_¡ DÐ`ß L$fphhp_y„ R>¡. Aphp
`°ep¡S>_`|h®L$ k„hfcph_p_p Aæepk\u `°pá
\sp„ b¡ dy¿e rhi¡j am Ap âL$pf¡ R¡•••
1. dp¡ndpN®_y„ õhê` kdÅh¡
2. dyr_v$ip_u cph_p L$fph¡
1. dp¡ndpN®_y„ õhê` kdÅh¡
kçeÁv$i®_-op_-QpqfÓê` fÐ_Óe_¡
dp¡ndpN® L$l¡ R>¡. k„hfcph_p_p¡ Aæepk
Aphp dp¡ndpN®_p õhê`_¡ kdÅh_pfp¡ R>¡.
k„ h f A¡ ApÐdp_u husfpNuv$ip R>¡ .
husfpNuv$ip kçeÁv$i_
® -op_-QpqfÓê` fÐ_Óe_p
`qfZpd¡ lp¡e R>¡. fÐ_Óe `p¡s¡ S> dp¡ndpN®
R>¡. s¡\u k„hf A¡ `p¡s¡ S> kpnps¹ dp¡ndpN®
R>¡. k„hfcph_p_p¡ Aæepk k„hf_p A¡V$g¡ L¡$
dp¡ndpN®_p õhê`_¡ kdÅh_pfp¡ R>¡.
2. dyq_v$ip_u cph_p L$fph¡
A„ v $fdp„ ÓZ L$jpe_p Acph`| h ® L $
iy Ù pÐd_y „ õhk„ h ¡ v $_ A_¡ blpfdp„
`„Qdlph°spqv$ iyccphp¡ s¡ dyr_v$ip R>¡.
k„hfcph_p_p¡ Aæepk dyr_-v$ip_p Aphp
õhê`_¡ kdÅh_pfp¡ A_¡ dy r _-v$ip
âpá L$fhp_u cph_p L$fph_pfp¡ R>¡.
k„hf_u dy¿esp dyr_v$ipdp„ lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u
k„hfv$ip_p Apv$i® Dv$plfZ sfuL¡$ dyr_v$ip
dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. iyÙpÐdp_p õhk„h¡v$_ê`
r_òe dy r _v$ip A¡ `p¡ s ¡ S> r_òe k„ h f
8. k„kpfcph_p
R>¡. A_¡ `„Qdlph°spqv$ iyccphp¡ê` ìehlpf
dyr_v$ip A¡ S> ìehlpf k„hf R>.¡ s¡\u k„hf_y„
õhê` A¡ S> dy r _v$ip_y „ õhê` R>¡ .
k„ h fcph_p_p¡ Aæepk k„ h f_p õhê`_¡
kdÅh_pfp¡ lp¡ e R>¡ . Ap k„ h f_p õhê`dp„
dy r _v$ip_y „ õhê` kdpe S>sy „ lp¡ h p\u s¡
dy r _v$ip_p õhê`_¡ `Z kdÅh_pfp¡ L$lu
iL$pe R>¡ . dy r _v$ip_p õhê`_u kpQu
kdS>Z`|hL® $ S> dyr_v$ip âpá L$fhp_u cph_p
k„ch¡ R>¡. `qf`|Z® k„hfv$ip âNV$ L$fhp dpV¡$
dy r _v$ip S>êfu R>¡ . k„ h fcph_p_p¡ Aæepk
dyr__y„ õhê` kdÅhu k„hfv$ip âNV$ L$fhp
dpV¡ $ s¡ dy r _v$ip âpá L$fhp_u cph_p
L$fph_pfp¡ R>¡.
D`k„lpf
k„ h f A¡ V $g¡ fp¡ L $phy „ L¡ $ AV$L$phhy „ s¡ R>¡ .
_hu_ `p¥v$¹ NrgL$L$d_ ® „y Æh_p âv¡$ip¡dp„ Aphhp_y„
AV$L$hy „ s¡ k„ h f R>¡ . iy Ù p¡ ` ep¡ N ê`
husfpNcph_p L$pfZ¡ _hu_ L$dp£ _ p¡ Apöh
AV$L¡ $ R>¡ s¡ \ u s¡ k„ h f R>¡ .
iy c piy c cph_¡ fp¡ L $hpdp„ kd\® ApÐdp_p¡
iyÙp¡`ep¡Nê` husfpNcph s¡ cphk„hf A_¡
cphk„hf_p L$pfZ¡ _hu_ L$dp£_p Apöh_p¡
r_fp¡^ \pe s¡ Öìek„hf R>¡. S>¡ Aphp Öìe-
cphê` k„hf_p õhê`_¡ v$ip®hsu k„hfcph_p_p¡
Aæepk A_¡ tQsh_ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡_¡ husfpNcphê`
k„hf A_¡ s¡_p amdp„ Asu[ÞÖe kyM_u âprá
\pe R>¡. Ap bpbs `„qX$s v$p¥gsfpd _uQ¡_p
iåv$p¡ d p„ L$l¡ R¡ •••
ç…Ý Ð釲-ТРÝãèæ ÜUèÝ¢, ¥¢¼}¢ ¥Ýé|¢± 癜¢ ÎèÝ¢ J
ç¼Ý ãè çÏ¢ç{ ¥¢±¼ Ú¢ïÜUï, „æ±Ú Hçã „é¶ ¥±H¢ïÜUï JJ
cphp\® : S>¡ Æhp¡ k„hfcph_p_p Aæepk A_¡ tQsh_
Üpfp iycpiyccphp¡ê` `yÎe-`p` L$fsp _\u A_¡ `p¡sp_p
iyÙpÐdõhê`_p A_ychdp„ `p¡sp_p D`ep¡N_¡ fp¡L¡$ R>¡ s¡Ap¡
_hu_ L$dp£_p Apk°h_¡ `Z fp¡L¡$ R>¡. A_¡ s¡\u âpá \sp
kpnps¹ k„hf A_¡ s¡_p amdp„ Ap[ÐdL$ Asu[ÞÖe kyM_¡
âpá L$fu s¡_¡ Ahgp¡L¡$ R>¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ A_ych¡ R>¡.
(R>Y$pmp : Y$pm-` : Np\p-10)
153
 M k„hfcph_p_u L\p M
k„hfhuf kyL$p¥ig
fpÅ v$if\ A_¡ fpd_p `|h®S> A¡hp
Aep¡Âep_p dlpfpÅ L$urs®^f dlph¥fpNu A_¡
dp¡nNpdu dlpÐdp lsp. L$urs®^f_p `yÓ A_¡
Ap`Zp L$\p_peL$ kyL$p¥ig_p L$pfZ¡
Aep¡Âep_Nfu kyL$p¥igp sfuL¡$ `Z â[kÙ R>¡.
ApÐdrls_u k„ed_u kp^_pdp„ sÐ`f
dlpfpÅ L$urs®^f k|e®N°lZ_¡ Å¡B_¡
k„hfcph_p cphsp h¥fpÁe `pçep.
d„Óud„X$m_u b¡W$L$ bp¡gphu rS>_v$unp
A„NuL$pf L$fhp_u `p¡sp_u cph_p ìeL$s L$fu.
d„ÓuAp¡ A_¡ AÞe hX$ugp¡A¡ fpÄé^yfp
k„cpm_pf fpS>Ly$dpf_p¡ S>Þd \pe `R>u
k„ed_p dpN£ ApNm h^hp_u rh_„su L$fu.
dlpfpÅ qL$s}^f d„Óud„X$m A_¡ hX$ugp¡_u
154
rh_„su_¡ Wy$L$fphu _ iL$ep `Z `yÓ_u âp[á
\sp„ S> dyr_v$unp A„NuL$pf L$fi¡ s¡hp¡ ×Y$
r_Z®e ìeL$s L$ep£. kde S>sp„ dlpfpZu
klv¡$hu_p Ly$M¡ `yÓfÐ_ kyL$p¥ig_p S>Þd_u
h^pB_p kdpQpf kp„cmsp S> bpm
fpS>Ly$dpf_¡ fpÄersgL$ L$fu ApÐdrls_u
kp^_p dpV¡$ kh®kN „ `qfÐepN L$fu_¡ rS>_ï¡ hfu
dyr_v$ip ^pfZ L$fu.
dlpfpÅ_y„ dyr_ \hy„ dlpfpZu_¡ _ —{Ãey.„ s¡\u
dyr_tgN âÐe¡ _afs ^fphu `p¡sp_p„ `yÓ
kyL$p¥ig_¡ dyr_v$i®_\u v|$f S> fp¿ep¡. L¡$V$gp„L$
kde `R>u h_S>„Ngdp„ rhQfsp„ dyr_fpS>
L$urs®^f Aep¡Âep_Nfu_p DÛp_dp„ Aphu
`lp¢Ãep. A_¡ Aplpf dpV¡$ s¡dZ¡ _Nfdp„
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
âh¡i L$ep£. fpS>dl¡g sfa Aphsp„ dyr_fpS> “l¡ dlpcpÁe ! spfp r`sp A¡ s_¡
Lu$s}^f_¡ Å¡B_¡ fpS>dpsp klv¡$hu_p d_dp„ bpëephõ\pdp„ S> fpÄe kp¢`u ApÐdrls
apm `X$u ! Af¡, Ap_¡ Å¡B_¡ dpfp¡ `yÓ kp^hp dpV¡$ dyr_v$unp A„NuL$pf L$fu R>¡. s¡
kyL$p¥ig h¥fpÁe `pdu dyr_v$ip A„NuL$pf L$fi¡ dyr_fpS> L$urs®^f ApS>¡ Ap`Zp„ _Nfdp„ Aplpf
sp¡ lz„ L$p_
¡ p klpf¡ Æh_ Æhui ? Aphy„ rhQpfu dpV¡$ `^pep® R>¡. `Z spfu dpsp klv¡$huA¡
s¡Z¡ Üpf`pm_¡ lzL$d L$ep£ : Üpf`pm_¡ Apop L$fu_¡ s¡d_¡ _Nf_u blpf
L$Y$phu d|¼ep R>¡.
“l¡ Üpf`pm ! Äepf\u Ap r_v®$e dlpfpÅ
qL$s}^f bpg`yÓ_¡ ÐeÆ_¡ dyr_ \ep R>¡ l¡ `yÓ ! s¡ Ap`Zp„ kp¥_p õhpdu R>¡ A_¡
Ðepf\u d_¡ dyr_tgN âÐe¡ Apv$f füp¡ _\u. AÐepf¡ r_N°„\ dyr_fpS> R>¡. s¡d_y„ A`dp_ L$B
Ap gp¡L$p¡ gˆ>plu_ \B_¡ _Á_v$ipdp„ rhQf¡ fus¡ \pe ? spfp¡ S>Þd \sp„ S> dlpfpÅA¡
R>¡. fpÄegÿdu_¡ t_Û L$l¡ R>¡. cp¡N R>p¡X$phu_¡ dyr_v$unp A„NuL$pf L$fu s¡ spfu dpsp_¡ `k„v$
ep¡N iuMh¡ R>¡. dpfp¡ `yÓ _p_p¡ R>¡, cp¡mp¡ R>¡, _ `X$éy„ s¡\u s¡ dyr_dpÓ_¡ r^½$pf¡ R>¡. dyr__¡
s¡_y„ rQÑ A¡L$v$d L$p¡dm R>¡. s¡_p r`sp S>¡hp¡ Å¡B_¡ dpfp¡ `yÓ `Z h¥fpÁe `pdi¡ A¡d dp_u_¡
S> h¥fpNu R>¡. dpV¡$ dpfp `yÓ dlpfpÅ s_¡ dyq_v$i®_\u v|$f S> fMph¡ R>¡. `Z spfp
kyL$pi¥ g_u _S>f¡ QX¡$ s¡ `l¡gp„ S> Ap_¡ _Nf_u Np¡Ódp„ Ap S>¥_^d®_u âpQu_ `f„`fp Qpgu
blpf lp„L$u L$pY$p¡.” Aph¡ R>¡. A_¡ s¡ A_ykpf `yÓ_¡ fpÄe kp¢`u
ApÐdrls_u kp^_p dpV¡$ r`sp h__u hpV$
dyr_fpS> L$urs®^f_p¡ Aphp¡ Arh_e Å¡B_¡ `L$X¡$ R>¡. L$p¡B`Z kp^y Ap`Zp Ap„NZ¡\u
kyL$p¥ig_u ^phdpsp hk„sdpgp_¡ A¡L$v$d Aplpf rh_p `fs Nep_p¡ âk„N L$epf¡e bÞep¡
gpNu Apìey„ A_¡ s¡ Å¡f\u —{v$_ L$fhp gpNu. _\u. `f„sy ApS>¡ spfp r`sp_¡ S> `fs S>hy„
hk„sdpgp_p {v$__p¡ AhpS> kp„cmu_¡ `X$éy„ R>¡.”
dlpfpÅ kyL$p¥ig s¡_u `pk¡ v$p¡X$u Apìep.
Ap âL$pf_y„ h©sp„s kp„cmu dlpfpÅ kyL$p¥ig
^phdpsp_¡ fXsu Å¡B_¡ s¡Z¡ L$üy„ :
`p¡sp_p r`sp dyr_fpS> L$urs®^f_p v$i®_ L$fhp
“l¡ dpsp ! sy„ ip dpV¡$ fX¡$ R>¡ ? dpfu dpspA¡ dpV¡$ A^ufp¡ \B Nep¡. Qpdf, R>Ó, f\
sp¡ d_¡ Nc®dp„ S> DR>¡ep£¡ `Z dpê„ ifuf sp¡ BÐepqv$ fpS>rQûp¡_¡ `X$sp„ d|L$u L$dm\u `Z
spfp vy$^ A_¡ v¡$Mcpm\u S> h©qÙ `pçey„ R>¡. L$p¡dm A¡hp AX$hpZp `N¡ dyr__¡ ip¡^hp v$p¡V$
sy„ dpfu S>_¡sp\u `Z Ar^L$ R>¡. Å¡ dpfu d|L$u. R>Ó-Qpdfhpmp hN¡f¡ `Z s¡_u `pR>m
dpspA¡ spê„ A`dp_ L$e®y li¡ sp¡ lz„ s¡_¡ `Z v$p¡X$ép. dlpdyr_ DÛp_dp„ rigp D`f
rinp L$fui. sy„ d_¡ fX$hp_y„ L$pfZ L$l¡.” rbfpS>sp lsp. Ðep„ dlpfpÅ kyL$p¥ig Aphu
`lp¢Ãep. Üpf`pm¡ v$fhpS>¡\u L$pY$u d|¼ep s¡\u
Ðepf¡ ^phdpsp hk„sdpgpA¡ S>Zpìey„ :
AÐe„s gˆ>p A_ychsp„ A_¡ ndpepQ_p

8. k„kpfcph_p 155
L$fsp„ kyL$p¥ig¡ qv$gNufu v$ip®hu A_¡ d¡O_p„ NX$NX$pV$ S>¡hp K„Qp õhf¡ S>NpX$u_¡
ApÐdrls_p¡ D`pe ÅZhp_u rS>opkp ìe¼s blpf L$Y$ph¡, s¡d Apr^-ìepr^-D`pr^_p
L$fu. kyL$p¥ig_u rS>opkp ÅZu ^ufN„cuf qÓrh^ Ar‚\u âˆ>hrgs k„kpfê` L$pfpN©ldp„
õhf¡ dyr_fpS> L$urs®^f¡ L$üy„ : NpY$ dp¡lr_Öpdp„ kysp A¡hp d_¡ Ap`¡
“l¡ cìe ! Ap d_yóe_p¡ ch A_„s k„hfcph_p_p¡ kvy$`v¡$i Ap`u_¡ S>NpX$ep¡ R>¡.
chc°dZ_p Acph dpV¡$_p¡ R>¡. d_yóe_p l¡ L©$`pr_^p_ ! lh¡ Ap` S> d_¡ k„hfv$ip_p
chdp„ ApÐdrls_y„ kp^_ \pe sp¡ S> s¡ kp\®L$ kp^_c|s k„edv$ip_¡ âpá L$fphu k„kpf_p
R>¡. ApÐdrls kp^hp dpV¡$ õh-`f_p vy$:M_p v$php_mdp„\u blpf L$Y$php¡.”
c¡v$op__p bm¡ `f\u `pR>p¡ hmu `p¡sp_p Ap âL$pf¡ dlpfpS> kyL$p¥ig_p¡ k„edv$ip
iyÙpÐdõhcph_p Ahg„b_¡ husfpNuv$ip A„NuL$pf L$fhp_p¡ ×Y$ r_^p®f ÅZu b^p„
âNV$ L$fhp_u R>¡. Ap husfpNv$ip S> _hu_ kpd„sp¡ A_¡ Nc®hsu dlpfpZu rhrQÓdpgp
`p¥vN$¹ rgL$Ld
$ _
® ¡ Aphsp„ AV$Lp$ h_pfu k„hfv$ip krls kdõs fpS>Ly$Vy„$b Aphu `lp¢Ãey„. Ðepf¡
R>¡. k„hfv$ip S> kpnps¹ dp¡ndpN® R>¡. dlpfpÅ kyL$p¥ig¡ hX$ugp¡_p¡ rh_e L$fu,
kçeÁv$i®__u kl¡gu R>¡, kçeÁop__u N„Np A_yop d¡mhu rhrQÓdpgp_p Nc®dp„_p `yÓ_¡
R>¡, kçeL¹$QpqfÓ_y„ `rhÓ TfÏ„ R>¡. Asu[ÞÖe fpS>rsgL$ L$fu, kh® âL$pf_p `qfN°lp¡_p¡
Ap_„v$_y„ Of R>¡. Aphu k„hfv$ip A¡ dyr_v$ip `qfÐepN L$fu_¡, chs_cp¡N\u AÐe„s
rh_p k„chsu _\u. rhfL$s \B_¡ r`sp L$urs®^$f dyr_fpS> `pk¡
dyr__p `p„Q dlph°s k„hfv$ip_p k¥r_L$p¡ R>¡. rS>_v$unp N°lZ L$fu.
ÓZ Nyrá s¡_u kyfrns Nyap R>¡. bphuk `rs `R>u A¡L$_p„ A¡L$ `yÓ_p dyr_ \hp\u
`qfjlp¡ s¡_p rdÓp¡ R>¡. v$i^dp£ s¡_p vy$íd__¡ fpS>dpsp klv¡$hu_¡ KX$p¡ ApOps gpÁep¡.
v|$f fMph_pf R>¡. bpfcph_p s¡_p¡ kyip¡rcs tQsp, vy$:M A_¡ Aps®Âep__p b|fp cphp¡\u
iZNpf R>¡. dfZ `pdu s¡ hpOZ \B. s¡ `pr`Zu hpOZ
l¡ `yÓ ! Aphu k„hfv$ip âNV$ L$fhp dpV¡$ dlp¾$p¡^\u L$p¡`pedp_ R>¡. rhL$fpm S>¡_y„ dyM
k„edv$ip_p¡ õhuL$pf A¡L$v$d AphíeL$ R>¡.” R>¡, ce„L$f suÿZ S>¡_u v$pY$ R>¡, S>¡_u gpg
Æc_p¡ AN°cpN glgl¡ R>¡, S>¡_u Ap„Mp¡
k„hfcph_p_p¡ Aphp¡ kvy$`v¡$i kp„cmu
`umu R>¡, S>¡Z¡ dp\p D`f `|„R>X$u d|L$u R>¡.
dlpfpÅ kyL$p¥ig AÐe„s h¥fpÁe `pçep.
_lp¡f\u A_¡L$ Æh S>Z ¡ ¡ rhv$pep® R>,¡ s¡\u S>_
¡ p
k„hfcph_p_p KX$p tQsh_dp„ kfu `X¡$gp
L¡$i gp¡lu\u gpg R>¡, s¡hu lÐepfuA¡ S> ÅZ¡
kyL$p¥ig¡ dlpdyr__¡ rh_„su L$fu :
hpOZ_y„ ifuf ^pfZ L$f¡gy„ R>¡ ! s¡ hpOZ
“l¡ _p\ ! S>¡d L$p¡B `y{j Ar‚\u bmsp„ ce„L$f NS>®_p L$fsu h_dp„ rhQfsp A¡L$pL$u
Ofdp„ dp¡lr_Öp\u ey¼s k|sp¡ lp¡e A_¡ s¡_¡ L$p¡B dyr_fpS> kyL$p¥ig `pk¡ Aphu `lp¢Q¡ R>¡.

156 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

kyL$p¥ig dyr_fpS> L$pep¡ÐkN® ^pfZ L$fu_¡ spfp¡ dlp¾$p¡^ S> d_¡ k„hfcph_p_y„ tQsh_
Ecp füp A_¡ s¡ `pr`Zu s¡_¡ Å¡B_¡ L$fphu rkÙv$ip_u âprá L$fph_pf R>¡. kdN°
dlph¡N\u ER>mu. A_¡ s¡ hpOZ kyL$p¥ig k„kpf vy$:M_p¡ S> v$qfep¡ R>¡. s¡dp„ Ap k„hfv$ip
dyr__p ifuf_¡ apX$u Mphp gpNu. Âep_dÁ_ S> kyM_p¡ kpNf R>.¡ s¡ S> dp¡ndpN®_u r_kfZu
kyL$p¥ig dyr__¡ Mpsp Mpsp s¡_y„ Âep_ s¡_p R>¡. s¡\u l¡ dpsp ! sy„ ips \p. M¡v$ _ L$f. sy„
lp\_p `û_p rQŒ `f `X$éy„ S>¡_¡ Å¡B_¡ s¡_¡ dpê„ b|{ _rl `Z cgy„ \hp_y„ S> L$pfZ b_u
`|hc® h_y„ ÅrsõdfZop_ \ey.„ Af¡ ! S>¡ `yÓ_¡ R>¡. s¡\u l¡ dp ! sy„ `Z k„hfcph_p_p
`p¡s¡ b¡lv$ àepf L$fsu lsu s¡_¡ S> `p¡s¡ cnZ Ahg„b_¡ ApÐdp¡ßrs kp^. ”
L$fu flu R>¡ ! s¡\u s¡_¡ Akü vy$:M A_¡ `|h®_p õdfZ A_¡ kyL$p¥ig_p â¡dpm
ApÐdÁgpr_ \B. S>¡_y„ hZ®_ hQ_p¡\u _ \B Dv¹$bp¡^_\u ip„s `X¡$gu hpOZ r_fplpfh°s
iL¡$. s¡ `p¡sp_¡ A_¡L$ âL$pf¡ r^½$pfhp gpNu. A„NuL$pf L$fu A_¡ k„hfcph_p cphu õhN®dp„
Ap kde¡ k„hfcph_p cphsp kyL$p¥ig NB A_¡ k„hf_u kp^_pdp„ A¡L$v$d gu_
dyr_fpS>¡ ApÐdk„bp¡^_ L$fsp„ hpOZ_¡ kyL$p¥ig dyr_ D`kN® rhS>¡sp b_u L¡$hmop_
k„bp¡^_ L$e®y : âNV$phu A„sdy®lws®dp„ S> dp¡n_¡ `pçep.
“l¡ dpsp ! Äep„ S>__u S> `yÓ_¡ MpB Åe k„hfcph_p_p bm¡ k„edv$ip, ApÐd-
s¡_p\u dp¡V$u k„kpf_u rhrQÓsp buÆ L$B kp^_p A_¡ D`kN® rhS>¡sp \B A„s:L©$s
lp¡e iL¡$ ? s¡\u dp¡Vy„$ L$ô$ ¼ey„ lp¡e iL¡$ ? L¡$hmu \B_¡ rkÙv$ip_u âprá L$f_pf
l¡ S>_¡sp ! spfp A_lv$ àepf¡ S> d_¡ k„kpf k„hfdp„ `fp¾$du A¡hp k„hfhuf kyL$pi
¥ g_¡
âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe L$fphu k„hfcph_p Üpfp is¹ is¹ âZpd !
k„edv$ip_u âpqá L$fphu lsu. A_¡ AÐepf¡
k„v$c®N°„\p¡
· k„hf_p c¡v$ A_¡ s¡_y„ õhê$` · 1. sÒhp\® k|Ó : AÂepe-9, k|Ó : 1, 2; ·2. sÒhp\®fpS>hprÑ®L$ : 1/4/11/26/5;
1/4/18/27/4; 1/7/14/40/12; 9/1/1, 2, 6/587; 9/1/7, 8, 9/588/1; 9/4/4/593/20; 9/5/9/594/
32; 9/7/11/607/5; 9/9/28/612/21; · 3. khp®\®rkqÙ : 9/1/406/5; 9/4/411/5; 9/5/411/11; 9/7/
419/7; 9/9/428/1; · 4. op_Z®h : 2/8 · 5. b©lv$Öìek„N°l : Np\p 28, 34, 35; · 6. õhprdL$prs®L¡$Qp_yâ¡np
: Np\p : 95, 96, 101; · 7. kdekpf : Np\p 187-89 A_¡ s¡_u V$uL$p; ApÐd¿eprs : ïgp¡L$ 126; · 8. `„Qp[õsL$pe
k„N°l : Np\p 142, 143.

· 1. bpfkAÏh¡L¹$ep_yâ¡np : Np\p 61 \u 6`; · 2. õhprdL$prs®L¡$ep_yâ¡np : Np\p 9` \u 101; · 3. cNhsu Apfp^_p

: Np\p 18f8 \u 1837; · 4. op_Z®h : kN®f : ïgp¡L$ 1f9 \u 140; · 5. d|gpQpf : DÑfp^® : Np\p 740 \u 74`;
· 6. sÒhp\®kpf : AÂepe-6$ : Np\p 39, 43, 51; · 7. sÒhp\®fpS>hprÑ®L$ : 9—/7, 6/60f/32; · 8. khp®\®rkqÙ :
9/7/417; · 9. kdZkyÑ„: 30. A_yâ¡npk|Ó : Np\p `22; · 10. `Ú_„v$u `„Qthirs : AÂepe : 6, ïgp¡L$ 52; · 11.
A_Npf ^dp®d©s : Np\p 7f, 73; · 12. b©lv$Öìek„N°l : Np\p 3` _u V$uL$p; · 13. kdekpf : ApÐd¿eprs : ïgp¡L$ 127;
· 14. S>¥.rk.L$p¡i: cpN-1 : A_yâ¡np : 1/13, `p_y-77; 4/13, `p_y-80
k„hfcph_p_u L$\p : k„hfhuf kyL$p¥ig · 1. `Ú`yfpZ : `h® 21, ïgp¡L$-159; `h®-22, ïgp¡L$-40, 49, 85 \u 98, 159.

8. k„kpfcph_p 157
 l¡ s y g nu âï_p¡
ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fu bpS>y_p„ Qp¡fkdp„ v$ip®hp¡. 06. k„hfsÒh_y„ kp^_ iy„ R>¡? 6.
01. k„hfdp„ L$p¡_p¡ kdph¡i R>¡? 1. A:: Apöhcph_p B:: c¡v$op__u cph_p
A:: ep¡Nr_fp¡^ B:: L$jpe C:: Arhfrs D:: rdÕepÐh C:: ^d®cph_p D:: k„hfcph_p
02. k„hf L$p¡_p¡ rhfp¡^u R>¡? 2. 07. k„hfcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$epdp„ L$p_¡ p¡ kdph¡i _\u? 7.
A:: `yÎe B:: `p` C:: Apöh D:: b„^ A:: k„hf_p¡ Apîec|s iyÙpÐdõhcph B:: k„hf_y„ L$d_® p„ k„hf_y„ L$pfZ`Ï„
03. ìehlpfk„hf L$B fus¡ Ac|s\® R>¡? 3. C:: k„hf_y„ Asu[ÞÖe Ap_„v$õhê$` D:: k„hf_y„ `fd D`pv¡$e`Ï„
A:: ìehlpfk„hf Üpfp r_òek„hf_¡ Ap¡mMhpdp„ 08. k„hf_u kpnps¹ d|rs® L$p¡Z? 8.
B:: ìehlpfk„hf_¡ S> r_òek„hf dp_hpdp„ A:: kçeÁ×rô$ ^dp®Ðdp B:: r_N°„\ dyr_fpS>
C:: r_òek„hf k„b„r^s iyccph_¡ ìehlpfk„hf dp_hpdp„ C:: Aqfl„s cNhp_D:: rkÙ `fdpÐdp
D:: ìehlpfk„hf kh®\p Ac|sp\® R>¡. 09. k„hfcph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$p_¡ p õhê$`_¡ kdÅh_pfp¡ R>¡? 9.
04. v$i âL$pf_p ^d® kp\¡ Å¡X$pe¡g ‘DÑd’iåv$ iy„ R>¡? 4. A:: dp¡ndpN® B:: dp¡n C:: k„hf D:: r_S>®fp
A:: î¡›$sp B:: âi„j_uesp C:: KQu L$np D:: kçeÁv$i®_ 10. k„hfcph_p Aæepk_p amdp„ i¡_u âprá R>¡? 10.
05. k„hf_p¡ drldp ip dpV¡$ R>¡? 5. A:: Asu[ÞÖe kyM B:: B[ÞÖe kyM
A:: ^d®_y„ d|m L$pfZ B:: F>sop__u N„Np C:: dp¡n_y„ kyM D:: k„kpf_y„ kyM
C:: Asu[ÞÖe Ap_„v$_p¡ ^p¡^ D:: kpnps¹ dp¡ndpN®

k¥ Ù p„ r sL$ âï_p¡
_uQ¡_p âï_p¡_p A¡L$ L¡$ b¡ hp¼edp„ S>hpb Ap`p¡.
0 1 . k„ h f A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ?
0 2 . k„ h fcph_p L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
0 3 . L$p¡ _ p¡ r_fp¡ ^ A¡ k„ h f R>¡ ?
0 4 . Æh A_¡ `y v ¹ $ Ng_p `qfZpd_u A`¡ n pA¡ \sp k„ h f_p
b¡ âL$pf S>Zphp¡ .
0 5 . Ap¡ m MpZ dpV¡ $ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp L$\__u A`¡ n pA¡
\sp k„ h f_p b¡ c¡ v $ S>Zphp¡ . .
0 6 . ìehlpfk„ h f_u rhrh^sp_u A`¡ n pA¡ k„ h f_p ksph_
c¡ v $ L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
0 7 . cphk„ h f L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
0 8 . Öìek„ h f L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¥ ?
0 9 . _e s¡ iy „ R>¡ ?
1 0 . r_òek„ h f L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
1 1 . r_òecphk„ h f L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
1 2 . r_òeÖìek„ h f L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
1 3 . ìehlpfk„ h f L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
1 4 . ¼ep âL$pf_p iy c p¡ ` ep¡ N _¡ ìehlpfk„ h f L$l¡ R>¡ ?
1 5 . ìehlpfcphk„ h f A_¡ ìehlpfÖìek„ h f iy „ R>¡ ?
1 6 . AÏh° s L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
1 7 . dlph° s L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
1 8 . r_òe\u h° s iy , R>¡ ?
1 9 . `p„ Q dlph° s _p _pd Ap`p¡ .
2 0 . `p„ Q âL$pf_p QpqfÓ_p _pd Ap`p¡ .
2 1 . krdrs L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
2 2 . r_òe A_¡ ìehlpf krdrs iy „ R>¡ ?
2 3 . `p„ Q krdrs_p _pd Ap`p¡ .
2 4 . Ny r á L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
2 5 . r_òe A_¡ ìehlpf Ny r á iy „ R>¡ ?
2 6 . ÓZ Ny r á_p _pd Ap`p¡ .
2 7 . `qfjlS>e L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
2 8 . r_òe A_¡ ìehlpf `rfjlS>e iy „ R>¡ ?
2 9 . ^d® L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
30. r_òe A_¡ ìehlpf ^d® iy „ R>¡ ?
31. v$i ^d® _ p _pd Ap`p¡ .
32. cph_p L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
33. r_òe A_¡ ìehlpf cph_p iy „ R>¡ ?
34. k„ h f_y „ kpnps¹ dp¡ n dpN® ` Ï„ L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
35. k„ h f_y „ Asu[ÞÖe Ap_„ v $õhê$` L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
36. k„ h f_y „ L$d® _ p„ k„ h f_y „ L$pfZ`Ï„ L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
37. iy Ù pÐdõhcph A¡ k„ h f_p¡ Apîec| s iu fus¡ R>¡ ?
38. k„hfcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep_y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ iy„ R>¡?
39. k„ h fcph_p_p„ Aæepk_p b¡ dy ¿ e rhi¡ j am_p„
_pd Ap`p¡ .
4 0 . dp¡ n dpN® L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
4 1 . dy r _v$ip iy „ R>¡ ?
4 2 . k„ h f_y „ õhê$` A¡ L$p¡ _ y „ õhê$` R>¡ ?
_uQ¡_p âï_p¡_p rhõs©s S>hpb Ap`p¡.
0 1 . k„ h fcph_p_u ìep¿ep A_¡ s¡ _ u kdS| > su Ap`p¡ .
0 2 . cphk„ h f A_¡ s¡ _ y „ D`pv¡ $ e`Ï„ kdÅhp¡ .
03. Öìek„hf A_¡ s¡_„y k„kpf_p Acph_y„ L$pfZ`Ï„ kdÅhp¡.
0 4 . r_òek„ h f A_¡ s¡ _ y „ õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
0 5 . ìehlpfk„ h f A_¡ s¡ _ y „ õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
0 6 . ip dpV¡ $ r_òek„ h f_p L$p¡ B âL$pf lp¡ s p _\u A_¡
ìehlpfk„ h f_p A_¡ L $ âL$pf lp¡ e R>¡ ?
0 7 . k„ h f_p¡ drldp kdÅhp¡ .
0 8 . k„ h fsÒh A_¡ k„ h fcph_pdp„ ip¡ a¡ f R>¡ ? s¡ kdÅhp¡ .
0 9 . k„ h fcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep kdÅhp¡ .
1 0 . k„ h fcph_p_y „ kp^_ L¡ $ L$pfZ kdÅhp¡ .
1 1 . k„ h fcph_p L$B fus¡ hõsy õ hê$`_u kdS>Z L$fph_pf R>¡ ?
1 2 . k„ h fcph_p L$B fus¡ h¥ f pÁe_y „ L$pfZ R>¡ ?
1 3 . k„hfcph_p L$B fus¡ dp¡ndpN®_y„ õhê$` kdÅh¡ R>¡?
1 4 . k„ h fcph_p L$B fus¡ dy r _v$ip_u cph_p L$fph¡ R>¡ ?
_uQ¡ _ p_p¡ saphs Ap`p¡ .
1 . k„ h fsÒh A_¡ k„ h fcph_p

158 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

9. r_S>®fpcph_p 159
160 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 cph_p
9. r_S>®fpcph_p
r_S>®fp A¡V$g¡ ÆZ® \hy„ L¡$ TX$u S>hy„ s¡. Æh_p
husfpNcph_u âQyfsp_p L$pfZ¡ `p¥v¹$NrgL$-
L$d®_p k„hf`|h®L$ s¡_y„ nuZ \hy„ L¡$ am Apàep
rh_p Mfu S>hy„ s¡ r_S>®fp R>¡. r_S>®fp A_¡
s¡_p Apîec|s iyÙpÐdõhcph D`pv¡$e R>¡
s¡ âL$pf_y„ tQsh_ s¡ r_S>®fpcph_p R>¡.
ÐéñÜUÎÜU}}¢„LJ¢æ ¼é 燢Á…Ú¢ J
A\® : `|h®bÙ L$dp£_y„ TX$hy„ s¡ r_S>®fp R>¡.
(cNhsu Apfp^_p : Np\p 1841)
Æh_p husfpNcph_p L$pfZ¡ kÑpdp„ fl¡g
`p¥v¹$NrgL$L$d®ê$` õL„$^p¡_p Ahehp¡_y„ ÆZ® L¡$
nuZ \hy„ s¡d S> Dv$edp„ Aph¡g L$d® õL„$^p¡_„y
am Apàep rh_p Mfu S>hy„ s¡ r_S>®fp R>¡.
Ap r_S>®fp k„hf`|h®L$_u lp¡e R>¡. S>¡d _phdp„
`X¡$g„y rR>Ö b|fpB S>hp\u _phdp„ _hu_ `pZu
âh¡isy„ _\u A_¡ `R>u ANpD cfpB Ne¡g
`pZu_¡ k|L$hu_¡ L¡$ Dg¡Qu_¡ v|$f L$fhpdp„ Aph¡
R>¡ , s¡ d _hu_ L$d® _ p k„ h f`| h ® L $ `| h ® b Ù
L$dp£_¡ s` Üpfp nuZ L$fu_¡ s¡_¡ v|$f L$fhpdp„
Aph¡ R>¡ s¡ r_S>®fp R>¡. r_S>®fp_p L$pfZ¡ L$p¡B
_hu_ L$d®b„^ \ep rh_p kÑpdp„ fl¡g L$d®
nuZ \pe R>¡ L¡$ Dv$edp„ Aph¡g L$d® am Apàep
rh_p Mfu Åe R>¡.
kpdpÞe fus¡ Æh_p âv¡$idp„ `|h® b„^pe¡g
`p¥vNrgL$L$d® õhê` L¡$ `fê5\u Dv$edp„ Aphu_¡
am Apàep rh_p Mfsy„ _\u. L$pB¡ L$d® k„¾$dZ
`pdu Dv$edp„ Aph¡ s¡ _ ¡ `fê`\u Dv$edp„
Aph¡g L$l¡hpe R>¡. `f„sy L$p¡B L$d® Dv$ufZp,
DÐL$j® Z L¡ $ A`L$j® Z `pdu Dv$edp„ Aph¡
9. r_S>®fpcph_p
sp¡ s¡ `fê`\u Dv$edp„ L$l¡hpsy„ _\u `Z
s¡ õhê`\u S> Dv$edp„ Aph¡g L$l¡hpe R>¡.
husfpNu s`_p âcph\u kÑpdp„ fl¡ g
`p¥v¹$NrgL$L$d® Dv$ufZp, DÐL$j®Z L¡$ k„¾$dZ
`pdu nuZ \B Åe R>¡. s¡ r_S>®fp A¡L$v$d
nuZ \e¡g L$d®_p¡ S>^Þe A„i Dv$edp„ Aph¡
Ðepf¡ s¡ Æh_p `qfZpddp„ drg_sp L¡$ rhL$pf
L$fu iL$sp¡ _\u s¡\u s¡ am Apàep rh_p
Mfu Ney„ s¡d dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>.¡ s¡_¡ Arh`pL$
r_S>®fp L$l¡ R>¡.
âNV$ L$fhp_u A`¡ n pA¡ r_S>® f p D`pv¡ $ e
R>¡ A_¡ Apîe L$fhp_u A`¡ n pA¡ `p¡ s p_p¡
r_S>® f põhcphu qÓL$pm ^° y h iy Ù pÐdõhcph
`fd D`pv¡$e R>¡. Ap âL$pf¡ r_S>®fp_y„ õhê`
A_¡ s¡ _ p âpá L$fhp_p D`pe_y „ hpf„ h pf
tQsh_ \hy„ s¡ q_S>®fpcph_p R>¡.
k„hfcph_p A_¡ r_S>f® pcph_p
hÃQ¡_p¡ c¡v$
r_S>® f p `Z k„ h f_u S>¡ d ApÐdp_p
iy Ù p¡ ` ep¡ N ê` husfpNu `qfZpd R>¡ . bß¡
dp¡ n dpN® ê ` R>¡ A_¡ s¡ \ u D`pv¡ e R>¡ Ap
âL$pf¡ k„hf A_¡ r_S>®fp_y„ L$pfZ, dp¡ndpN®dp„
õ\p_ A_¡ D`pv¡$e`Zp_u A`¡npA¡ kdp_sp
R>¡. hmu bß¡ Æh_p A¡L$kfMp husfpNcph
S> R>¡ . Ap fus¡ k„ h f A_¡ r_S>® f p kdp_
S>Zpsp lp¡hp\u r_S>f® pcph_pdp„ k„hfcph_p\u
iy„ rhi¡jsp R>¡ ? s¡hp¡ âí_ klS>`Z¡ \pe.
sp¡ s¡_p¡ DÑf Ap dyS>b R>¡:
161
 k„hfdp„ husfpNsp_u âpqá L¡$ DÐ`qÑ R>¡
`Z r_S>f® pdp„ DÐ`ß \e¡g husfpNsp_u h©qÙ r_S>®fpcph_p dpÓ
R>¡. S>¡_p L$pfZ¡ k„hf _hu_ `p¥v¹$NrgL$L$d®_¡ op_u_¡ S> k„ch¡ R>¡.
Aphsp„ AV$L$ph¡ R>¡. `Z r_S>®fp s¡ D`fp„s
kÑpdp„ fl¡g `yfpZp L$d®_¡ nuZ L$fu s¡_p¡ r_S>®fpdp„ iyÙpÐdp_u kp^_p R>¡, Q¥sÞe_y„
ne `Z L$f¡ R>¡. dp¡ndpN®_u iêAps k„hf\u âs`_ R>,¡ husfpNsp_u h©qÙ R>.¡ S>d ¡ `yÓ_p
\pe R>¡ `Z s¡_u `|Z®sp dpV¡$ r_S>®fp S>êfu S>Þd rh_p s¡_p DR>f¡ rhj¡_u rhQpfZp lp¡su
R>¡ . iy Ù pÐdp_u {rQ A_¡ s¡ \ u \sp _\u s¡ d husfpNsp_u DÐ`rÑ rh_p s¡ _ u
kçeÁv$i®_`|h®L$ k„hf lp¡e R>¡. `Z r_S>®fpdp„ h©qÙ L¡$ `|Z®sp rhj¡_u rhQpfZp lp¡su _\u.
Ap husfpNsp op_u_¡ S> lp¡ e R>¡ . hmu
s¡ D`fp„s iyÙpÐdp_u kp^_p `Z kdpe¡gu
k„hf`|h®L$ S> r_S>®fp lp¡e R¡. A_¡ k„hfv$ip
R>.¡ kçeÁv$i_® `|hL® $ k„hf lp¡e R>¡ s¡d k„hf`|hL® $
op_u_¡ S> lp¡ e R>¡ . s¡ \ u r_S>® f p
S> r_S>®fp lp¡e R>¡.
k„b^„ u rhQpfZp L$f_pfu r_S>f® pcph_p `Z
`p„ Q dlph° s , `p„ Q krdrs, ÓZ Ny r á, dy¿e`Z¡ op_u_¡ dyr_v$ipdp„ k„ch¡ R>¡.
v$i ^d® , bphuk `qfjlS>e, bpf cph_p
S>h
¡ p L$pfZp¡\u k„hf lp¡e R>.¡ A_¡ bpf âL$pf_p r_S>®fpsÒh A_¡ r_S>®fpcph_p
s`_p L$pfZ¡ r_S>®fp lp¡e R>¡. k„hfcph_p_y„
hÃQ¡_p¡ c¡v$
tQsh_ iyÙpÐdp_u {rQ ^fph_pf ApÐdp\}_¡
`Z lp¡e R>¡. `Z r_S>®fpcph_p_y„ tQsh_ sÒh A¡ hõsy _ y „ âep¡ S >_c| s õhê` R>¡ .
dy¿e`Z¡ op_u_¡ S> lp¡e R>¡. r_S>®fp Ahõ\p A¡ hõsy_y„ âep¡S>_c|s õhê`
lp¡ h p\u Æhpqv$ _hsÒhp¡ d p„ s¡ _ p¡ kdph¡ i
k„hf A_¡ r_S>f® p_p D`fp¡L$s c¡v$_¡ krnádp„ R>¡ . r_S>® f p Ahõ\pê` r_S>® f psÒh A¡
_uQ¡_p L$p¡W$p A_ykpf v$ip®hu iL$pe R>¡. k„hfv$ip`|h®L$ \su husfpNv$ip_u h©qÙ R>¡
k„ h f r_S>®fp s¡\u s¡ D`pv¡$e R>¡. r_S>®fpsÒh_y„ âep¡S>_
1. husfpNsp_u DÐ`rÑ R>¡. 1. husfpNsp_u h©qÙ R>¡. ÅZusu L¡ $ âNV$ r_S>® f pv$ip Üpfp s¡ _ p
f
. _hu_ L$d®_¡ Aphsp„ f
. `|h®bÙ L$dp£_¡ M¡fhu Apîec| s AÅÎep A_¡ AâNV$ A¡ h p
AV$L$ph¡R>¡. _p„M¡R>¡. iy Ù pÐdõhcph_¡ Ap¡ m Mhp_y „ R>¡ .
3. k„hfdp„ iyÙpÐdp_u {rQ 3. r_S>®fpdp„ iyÙpÐdp_u iyÙpÐdõhcph_¡ Ap¡mMhpê` r_S>®fpsÒh_u
kdpe¡guR>¡. kp^_p kdpe¡gu R>¡.
4. dp¡ndpN®_u iê$Apsdp„ 4. dp¡ndpN®_u `|Z®spdp„ e\p\® îÙp__y„ am kçeNv$i®_ R>¡.
k„hfS>êfuR>¡. r_S>®fpS>êfuR>¡. cph_p A¡ A¡ L $ tQsh_âq¾$ep R>¡ .
`. h°s, krdrs, Nyrá S>¡hp `. s`_p L$pfZ¡ r_S>®fp bpfcph_p `¥L$u_u r_S>®fpcph_pdp„ r_S>®fp_y„
L$pfZ¡k„hflp¡eR>¡. lp¡eR>¡.
6. kçeÁv$i®_`|h®L$ k„hf 6. k„hf`|h®L$ r_S>®fp
õhê` A_¡ s¡_y„ D`pv¡$e`Ï„ tQshhpdp„ Aph¡
lp¡eR>¡. lp¡eR>¡. R>.¡ r_S>f® pcph_p_p„ tQsh__y„ âep¡S>_ r_S>f® p_y„
7. k„hfcph_p_y„ tQsh_ 7. r_S>®fpcph_p_y„ D`pv¡ $ e`Ï„ kdÆ_¡ k„ k pf âÐe¡ _ p¡ h¥ f pÁe
ApÐdp\} L¡$ op_u_¡ tQsh_ dy¿e`Z¡ h^pfu dp¡ n dpN® d p„ ApNm h^hp dpV¡ $ _p¡
lp¡eR>¡. op_u_¡lp¡eR>¡. `y{jp\® â¡fhp_y„ R>.¡ r_S>f® pcph_p_p„ tQsh__y„
162 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
am husfpNsp_u h©qÙê` r_S>®fpv$ip_u S>
âQy f sp R>¡ . q_S>® f pv$ip A¡ S> r_S>® f psÒh r_S>®fp_p c¡v$ A_¡ s¡_y„ õhê`
R>¡ . s¡ \ u r_S>® f pcph_p kp^_ R>¡ A_¡
r_S>®fpsÒh A¡ s¡_y„ kpÂe R>¡. Æh_p âv¡$ip¡dp„ fl¡g `|h®bÙ L$dp£_y„ nuZ
r_S>® f psÒh A_¡ r_S>® f pcph_p hÃQ¡ _ p¡
\B_¡ Mfu S>hp dpV¡$_p L$pfZc|s Æh_p
D`fp¡L$s c¡v$ _uQ¡_p L$p¡W$p A_ykpf Vy$„L$dp„ `qfZpd A_¡ s¡ L$dp£_„y Mfu S>hy„ s¡ r_S>®fp R>¡.
v$ip®hu iL$pe R>¡. r_S>®fp_p Sy>v$u-Sy>v$u A`¡npA¡ Sy>v$p-Sy>v$p
r_S>®fpsÒh r_S>®fpcph_p c¡v$ R>¡. s¡ Ap âL$pf¡ R>¡•••
1. hõsy_y„ õhê` R>¡. 1. tQsh_ âq¾$ep R>¡. 1. Æh A_¡ `p¥ v ¹ $ NrgL$L$d® _ p `qfZpd_u
f. r_S>®fpsÒh_y„ `°ep¡S>_ s¡_p f. r_S>®fpcph_p_y„ âep¡S>_ A`¡npA¡ r_S>®fp b¡ âL$pf¡ R>¡ :
Üpfp AÅÎep A_¡ AâNV$ r_S>f® p_y„ D`pv¡$eõhê` kdÆ
1. cph r_S>®fp A_¡ f. Öìe r_S>®fp
A¡hp iyÙpÐdõhcph_¡ Ap¡mMu k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe h^pfu
s¡_p¡ Apîe L$fphhp_y„ R>¡. dp¡ndpN®dp„ ApNm h^hp_p¡ 2. amv$p__u A`¡npA¡ r_S>®fp_p b¡ âL$pf R>¡ :
`y{jp\® â¡fhp_y„ R>¡. 1. krh`pL$ r_S>f® p A_¡ 2. Arh`pL$ r_S>f® p
3. r_S>f® psÒh_u e\p\® îÙp__y„ 3. r_S>f® pcph_p_y„ tQsh__y„ am
3. `|{jp\®_u A`¡npA¡ r_S>®fp_p b¡ âL$pf R>¡ :
am kçeÁv$i®_ R>¡. r_S>®fpsÒh_u âprá R>¡.
4. r_S>®fpsÒh A¡ kpÂe R>¡. 4. r_S>f® pcph_p A¡ kp^_ R>.¡ 1. kL$pd r_S>® f p 2. AL$pd r_S>® f p
4. Ap¡mMpZ dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp L$\__u
A`¡npA¡ r_S>®fp_p b¡ âL$pf R>¡ :
k„hf-r_S>®fpcph_p_u S>¡d 1. r_òe r_S>®fp 2. ìehlpf r_S>®fp
dp¡ncph_p ip dpV¡$ _rl ? 5. ìehlpf [_S>®fp_u rhrh^sp_u A`¡npA¡ bpf
âL$pf_p s` A_ykpf r_S>®fp_p bpf âL$pf R>¡ :
_hsÒhp¡ `¥L$u_p k„hfsÒh A_¡ r_S>f® psÒh_y„ 01. D`hpk 07. âpe[òs
õhê` A_¡ s¡_„ y D`pv¡$e`Ï„ tQsh_pfu k„hfcph_p
02. Ahdp¥v$e® 08. rh_e
A_¡ r_S>f® pcph_p R>.¡ s¡d dp¡nsÒh_y„ õhê`
A_¡ s¡_y„ D`pv¡$e`Ï„ tQsh_pfu dp¡ncph_p 03. h©rs`qfk„¿ep_ 09. h¥eph©Ðe
_\u. s¡_„y L$pfZ A¡ R>¡ L¡$ k„hf-r_S>f® pcph_p_p 04. fk`qfÐepN 10. õhpÂepe
tQsh_dp„ dp¡n_y„ õhê` A_¡ s¡_y„ D`pv¡$e`Ï„ 05. rhrhL$s ièepk_ 11. ìeyÐkN®
Aphu S> Åe R>.¡ k„kpfcph_pdp„ `Z k„kpf\u 06. L$peL$g¡i 12. Âep_
rh{Ù dp¡n_y„ kpfc|s`Ï„ A_¡ D`pv¡$e`Ï„
1. Æh A_¡ `p¥v$¹NrgL$L$d®_p `qfZpd_u
lp¡e R>.¡ v$fL¡ $ cph_p_p tQsh__y„ am dp¡ndpN®
A`¡npA¡ r_S>®fp b¡ âL$pf¡ R>¡ :
A_¡ dp¡n lp¡e R>¡.
1. cphr_S>®fp A_¡ 2. Öìer_S>®fp
k„hf-r_S>®fp `p¡s¡ S> dp¡ndpN® R>¡. k„hf-
r_S>®fp_u DÐ`rÑ `Z dp¡nõhê`u iyÙpÐdp_p Æh_p `qfZpd A_¡ `p¥ v ¹ $ NrgL$L$d® _ p
Apîe\u A_¡ dp¡n`v$ âprá_p Âe¡e\u lp¡e `qfZpd hÃQ¡ `fõ`f A_yL|$m-A_y{``Zp_p¡
R>.¡ s¡\u AgN dp¡ncph_p_u AphíeL$sp _\u. k„b„^ lp¡e R>¡ S>¡_¡ r_rds-_¥rdrÑL$$ âL$pf_p¡
9. r_S>®fpcph_p 163
k„ b „ ^ L$l¡ R>¡ . Aphp k„ b „ ^ kde¡ Æh_p
`qfZpd_¡ cph A_¡ `p¥vN ¹ rgL$L$d_
® p `qfZpd_¡
Öìe L$l¡hp_u `Ùrs R>¡. Ap L$pfZ¡ Æh_u
iyqÙ_u h©qÙ A\p®s husfpNcph_u âQyfspê`
r_S>®fp_¡ cphr_S>®fp A_¡ s¡_p r_rdÑ¡ \sp
`| h ® b Ù `p¥ v ¹ $ NrgL$L$d® _ p TX$hpê` r_S>® f p_¡
Öìer_S>®fp L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡\u Æh A_¡
`p¥v¹$NrgL$L$d®_p `qfZpd_u A`¡npA¡ r_S>®fp
b¡ `°L$pf¡ R>¡:
1. cphr_S>® f p A_¡ f. Öìer_S>® f p
1. cphr_S>®fp
Æh kp\¡ Å¡ X $pe¡ g `| h ® b Ù
`p¥ v ¹ $ NrgL$L$dp£ _ y „ nuZ \B_¡ Mfu S>hp_p
L$pfZc| s Æh_p iy Ù p¡ ` ep¡ N ê`
husfpNcph_¡ cphr_S>® f p L$l¡ R>¡ .
Æh_p iyÙp¡`ep¡Nê` husfpNcph S> k„hf
A_¡ r_S>® f p R>¡ . s¡ \ u S>¡ cphk„ h f R>¡ s¡
S> cphr_S>®fp lp¡e R>¡. sp¡`Z cphr_S>®fpdp„
husfpNcph_u âQy f sp L¡ $ h© [ Ùê` rhi¡ j
âL$pf_p husfpNcph R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ k„hf D`fp„s
r_S>® f p_y „ `Z L$pfZ lp¡ e R>¡ . s¡ \ u
cphk„hf`|h®L$ S> cphr_S>®fp lp¡e R>¡ A_¡
s¡ op_u_¡ S> k„ch¡ R>¡. cphk„hf_p L$pfZ¡
dp¡ n dpN® _ u iêAps R>¡ `Z dp¡ n dpN® _ u
Apfp^_p A_¡ `|Z®sp sp¡ cphr_S>®fp\u S>
lp¡e R>¡. cphr_S>®fp S> kpnps¹ dp¡ndpN® A_¡
dp¡n_y„ ku^y„ L$pfZ R>.¡ cphr_S>f® pdp„ iyÙp¡`ep¡N_u
h© q Ù, iy Ù pÐdp_y „ âQy f õhk„ h ¡ v $_ A_¡
AsurÞÖe Ap_„v$_p¡ Apl¹gpv$ R>¡. ApÐdp_p
A_„ s Ny Z p¡ _ u e\pk„ c h Ap„ r iL$ iy Ù sp_u
âNV$sp_y„ L$pfZ `Z cphr_S>®fp R>¡¡. s¡\u
âNV$ L$fhp_u A`¡npA¡ cphk„hf L$fsp„ `Z
s¡ h^y D`pv¡$e R>¡.
164
f. Öìer_S>®fp
cphr_S>®fp_p r_rdÑ¡ Æh_p âv¡$ip¡dp„
fl¡ g `| h ® b Ù `p¥ v NrgL$L$dp£ _ y „ nuZ
\B S>hp„ L¡ $ Mfu S>hpê` `y v ¹ N g_p
`rfZpd_¡ Öìer_S>® f p L$l¡ R>¡ .
r_S>®fp A¡V$g¡ TX$hy„ L¡$ Mfu S>hy„. _hu_
`p¥v$¹ NrgL$L$d_
® p k„hf`|hL® $ `|hb
® Ù L$dp£_y TX$h„y
L¡$ Mfu S>hy„ s¡ Öìer_S>®fp R>¡. Öìek„hf`|h®L$
S> Öìer_S>®fp lp¡e R>¡ s¡\u s¡ op_u_¡ S>
lp¡e R>¡. Öìer_S>®fp_p L$pfZ¡ Æh dp¡ndpN®_u
kp^_pdp„ A¡L$v$d ApNm h^sp¡ dp¡n_u sØ_
r_L$V$ `lp¢Q¡ R>¡.
f. amv$p__u A`¡npA¡ r_S>®fp_p b¡ âL$pf
R>¡ :
1. krh`pL$ r_S>® f p A_¡
2. Arh`pL$ r_S>® f p
1. krh`pL$ r_S>®fp
`p¥v¹$rgL$L$d®_y„ Dv$edp„ Aphu_¡ `p¡sp_y„ am
Ap`u_¡ Mfu S>hy„ s¡ krh`pL$ r_S>®fp R>¡.
Æh_p âv¡ $ ip¡ d p„ `| h ® ¡ S>¡ `p¥ v ¹ $ NrgL$L$dp£
b„^pe¡gp lp¡e R>¡ s¡ s¡_p Dv$eL$pm A_ykpf
hl¢Qpe¡gp lp¡e R>¡ S>¡_¡ r_j¡L$p¡ L$l¡ R>¡. Ap
r_j¡L$p¡ s¡_p õhL$pm¡ Dv$edp„ Aph¡ R>¡. A_¡
s¡ Dv$e A_y k pf Æh s¡ d p„ Å¡ X $pB_¡ s¡
A_ykpf_p fpNpqv$ rhL$pfp¡ `pd¡ sp¡ s¡Z¡ `p¡sp_y„
am Apàey „ L$l¡ h pe R>¡ . `p¥ v ¹ $ NrgL$L$dp£ Ap
fus¡ `p¡sp_y„ am Ap`u_¡ Æh_p âv¡$ip¡\u R|>V$p
`X$u Åe sp¡ s¡_¡ krh`pL$ r_S>®fp L$l¡ R>¡.
krh`pL$ r_S>®fp op_u L¡$ Aop_u v$f¡L$
Æh_¡ kss Qpgsu fl¡ R>.¡ krh`pL$ r_S>f® p_y„
am Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡ \ u s¡ A_y k pf Æh
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
fpNpqv$ rhL$pfp¡ `pd¡ R>¡. A_¡ s¡_p r_rdÑ¡
_hu_ L$d®_y„ b„^_ `Z \sy„ fl¡ R>¡. s¡\u
Ap âL$pf_u r_S>f® p s¡ hpõsrhL$ r_S>f® p NZpsu
_\u. dp¡ndpN®dp„ s¡_y„ L$p¡B õ\p_ _\u. s¡\u
r_S>®fpcph_p_p¡ s¡ rhje _\u. s¡\u s¡_y„
L$p¡B tQsh_ L¡$ rhQpfZp lp¡su _\u.
2. Arh`pL$ r_S>®fp
`|h®bÙ `p¥v$¹NrgL$L$dp£_y„ am Apàep rh_p
Æh_p âv¡$ip¡dp„\u R|>V$p `X$u_¡ Mfu S>hy„ s¡_¡ DÃQNp¡Ó A_¡ iycApey A¡ `yÎeL$dp£_u âL©$rÑ
Arh`pL$ r_S>®fp L$l¡ R>¡.
kpdpÞe`Z¡ Dv$eNs `p¥v¹$NrgL$L$dp£_y am
Apàep rh_p Mfu S>hy„ s¡ Arh`pL$ r_S>®fp
R>¡. Ap D`fp„s kspdp„ fl¡g `p¥v¹$NrgL$L$dp£_y
DÐL$j®Z, A`L$j®Z L¡$ k„¾$dZ `pdu nuZsp
`pd¡ A_¡ s¡\u s¡_p [õ\rs-A_ycpNdp„ OV$pX$p¡
\pe s¡ `Z Arh`pL$ r_S>®fp R>¡. Arh`pL$
r_S>®fp_u kpd¡ _hu_ `p¥v¹$NrgL$L$dp£_y b„^_
\sy„ _\u. Ap Arh`pL$ r_S>®fp _uQ¡_p `p„Q
âL$pf¡ lp¡e R>¡ :
f.1. `|h®bÙ `p`L$dp£_u [õ\rs A_ycpN OV$hp
f.f. `|hb® Ù `yÎeL$dp£_u [õ\rs A_ycpN h^hp
f.3. `|h®bÙ `p`L$dp£_y„ `yÎedp„ a¡fhpB S>hy„
f.4. `|h®bÙ L$dp£_u Dv$ufZp \B_¡ s¡_y„ Mfu
S>hy
f.`. Dv$edp„ Aph¡g L$dp£_y„ am Apàep
rh_p Mfu S>hy„
f.1.`|h®bÙ `p`L$dp£_u [õ\rs
A_ycpN OV$hp
kdõs OprsL$dp£ A_¡ AOprsL$dp£dp„ Aipsp
h¡v$_ue, Aiyc_pd, _uQNp¡Ó A_¡ AiycApey
A¡ `p`L$dp£ R>¡. `|h®¡ b„^pe¡gp A_¡ kÑpdp„
9. r_S>®fpcph_p
fl¡ g Ap `p`L$dp£ _ y „ A`L$j® Z \B s¡ _ u
[õ\rsdp„ L¡ $ A_y c pNdp„ L$$¡ bß¡ d p„ OV$pX$p¡
\hp¡ A_¡ s¡_p L$pfZ¡ s¡_u amv$p_ iqL$s
OV$hu s¡ `Z Arh`pL$ âL$pf_u r_S>®fp R>¡.
Æh_p `y{jp\® `|hL® $_p husfpNcph L¡$ iyc-
cph_p L$pfZ¡ Ap âL$pf_u r_S>®fp lp¡e R>¡.
f.f.`|h®bÙ `yÎeL$dp£_u [õ\rs
A_ycpN h^hp
AOprsL$dp£ _ u ipsph¡ v $_ue, iy c _pd,
R>¡. Æh_p `y{jp\®`|h®L$_p husfpNcph L¡$
iy c cph_p r_rdÑ¡ kÑpdp„ fl¡ g `| h ® b Ù
`y Î eL$dp£ _ y „ DÐL$j® Z \B s¡ _ u [õ\rsdp„ ,
A_ycpNdp„ L¡$ bß¡dp„ h^pfp¡ \hp¡ A_¡ s¡_p
L$pfZ¡ `yÎeL$d®_u amv$p_ iqL$s h^u S>hu
s¡ `Z A¡L$ âL$pf_u Arh`pL$ r_S>®fp R>¡.
f.3.`|h®bÙ `p`L$dp£_y„ `yÎedp„
a¡fhpB S>hy„
Æh_p `y { jp\® ` | h ® L $_p husfpNucph L¡ $
d„v$L$jpeê` iyccph_p L$pfZ¡ AOprsL$dp£_u
`p`âL©$rs_y„ `yÎedp„ k„¾$dZ \hy„ A¡V$g¡ L¡$
a¡ f hpB S>hy „ s¡ `Z Arh`pL$ r_S>® f p R>¡ .
f.4.`|h®bÙ L$dp£_u Dv$ufZp
\B_¡ s¡_y„ Mfu S>hy„
ANpD b„ ^ pe¡ g p A_¡ kÑpdp„ fl¡ g
`p¥v¹$NrgL$L$dp£_¡ hl¡gp Dv$edp„ gphhp s¡_¡
Dv$pfZp L$l¡ R>¡. Aphu fus¡ Dv$ufZp `pdu_¡
Dv$edp„ Aph¡g L$d_ ® ¡ s`_p âcph¡ am Apàep
rh_p Æh_p âv¡ $ ip¡ \ u AgN L$fu_¡ M¡ f hu
_pMhp s¡ `Z Arh`pL$ r_S>®fp R>¡.
f.`. Dv$edp„ Aph¡g L$dp£_y am Apàep
rh_p Mfu S>hy„
165
 Æh_p husfpNcph_u âQy f sp_p âcph¡
Dv$edp„ Aph¡g L$dp£_¡ am Apàep rh_p M¡fhu
_pMhp s¡ Arh`pL$ r_S>f® p R>.¡ husfpNu r_òe
s`_p L$pfZ¡ Aphu Arh`pL$ r_S>®fp lp¡e R>¡.
kpdpÞe fus¡ L$p¡ B `Z L$d® õhê`\u L¡ $
`fê`\u Dv$edp„ Aphu_¡ s¡ _ y „ am Apàep
rh_p Mfsp¡ _\u. `|hb ® Ù L$d_
® „y s¡ S> Års_u
AÞe âL©rsdp„ a¡fhpB S>B_¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ k„¾$dZ
`pdu_¡ Dv$edp„ Aphhy„ s¡ `fê`\u Dv$e L$lh ¡ pe
R>¡ `Z L$p¡ B L$d® k„ ¾ $dZ `pçep rkhpe
DÐL$j®Z L¡$ A`L$j®Z `pdu_¡ L¡$ S>¡ õhê`¡
b„ ^ pe¡ g lp¡ e s¡ S> õhê`¡ Dv$edp„ Aph¡
sp¡ s¡ õhê`\u Dv$e L$l¡hpe R>¡.
`p¥v¹$NrgL$L$d®_p kh®Oprs õ`^®L$p¡_u i[L$s
kh®âL$pf¡ ApÐdp_p NyZp¡_y„ ApÃR>pv$_ L$fhp_u
lp¡e R>¡, S>¡_p LpfZ¡ _hu_ L$d®b„^_ \pe
R>¡. Ap fus¡ _hu_ L$d®b„^_ L$fph_pf L$d®_p
Dv$e_¡ rh`pL$ê$` Dv$e L$l¡ R>¡. `Z v¡$iOprs
õ`^®L$p_¡ u iqL$s AdyL$ âL$pf¡ ApÐdp_p NyZp¡_„y
ApÃR>pv$_ L$fhp_u lp¡ e R>¡ , S>¡ _ p L$pfZ¡
_hu_ L$d®b„^_ \sp¡ _\u. Ap fus¡ _hu_
L$d®b„^_ _ L$fph_pf L$d®_p Dv$e_¡ âv¡$iê$`
Dv$e L$l¡ R>¡ .
Æh_p husfpNucph_p L$pfZ¡ kÑpdp„ fl¡g
kh®Oprs õ`^®L$p¡_y„ v¡$iOprsdp„ k„¾$dZ \B_¡
`fê`\u Dv$edp„ Aphhy „ A_¡ s¡ _ p L$pfZ¡
s¡ _ p¡ rh`pL$ê` Dv$e _ \hp¡ A_¡ dpÓ
âv¡$iê` Dv$e \hp¡ s¡ A¡L$ âL$pf_u L$d®_u
Arh`pL$ r_S>®fp R>¡.
D`fp¡L$s v$f¡L$ âL$pf_u Arh`pL$ r_S>®fp
op_u ^dp® Ð dp_¡ k„ h f`| h ® L $ lp¡ e R>¡ .
166
r_S>® f pcph_pdp„ Aphu Arh`pL$ r_S>® f p_y „
tQsh_ lp¡e R>¡.
3. `y{jp\®_u A`¡npA¡ r_S>®fp_p
b¡ âL$pf R>¡ :
1. kL$pd r_S® > fp A_¡
2. AL$pd r_S>® f p
1. kL$pd r_S>®fp
Al] L$pd A¡V$g¡ âeÐ_ L¡$ `y{jp\® R>¡. s¡\u
âeÐ_ L¡$ `y{jp\®`|h®L$ \su r_S>®fp_¡ kL$pd
r_S>®fp L$l¡ R>¡.
husfpNsp_p `y{jp\®`|h®L$ \su r_S>®fp s¡
kL$pd r_S>®fp R>¡. S>¡ L$d® kÑpdp„ lp¡e s¡_¡
husfpNu s`_p âcph¡ `y{jp\®`|h®L$ Dv$edp„
gphu_¡ A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $ s¡ _ u Dv$ufZp L$fu_¡
kdcph`|h®L$ s¡_p¡ cp¡NhV$p¡ L$fhp¡ L¡$ S>¡_p
L$pfZ¡ L$p¡B _hu_ L$d®b„^_ _ \pe sp¡ s¡
kde¡ \su L$d®_u r_S>®fp A¡ kL$pd r_S>®fp
L$l¡hpe R>¡. Æh_y„ kçeL$¹ âL$pf_y„ husfpNu
s` A¡ S> kL$pd r_S>®fp R>¡.
Æh_y„ Aphu kL$pd r_S>®fp dpÓ op_u_¡
S> lp¡ e R>¡ A_¡ Aop_u_¡ lp¡ s u _\u.
hpõshdp„ kL$pd r_S>f® p s¡ S> Arh`pL$ r_S>f® p
R>¡ . Æh_p `y { jp\® krls_p `qfZpdê`
cphr_S>®fp s¡ kL$pd r_S>®fp R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p
r_rdÑ¡ am Apàep rh_p `p¥ v ¹ $ NrgL$L$d® _ p
Mfu S>hpê` \su Öìer_S>® f p s¡ Arh`pL$
r_S>®fp R>¡. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ cphr_S>®fp s¡ kL$pd
r_S>® f p A_¡ s¡ _ p r_rdÑ¡ \su Öìer_S>® f p
s¡ Arh`pL$ r_S>®fp R>¡. r_S>®fpcph_pdp„ Ap
âL$pf_u r_S>®fp_y„ tQsh_ lp¡e R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

f. AL$pd r_S>®fp
husfpNsp_p `y{jp\® rh_p_u lp¡e s¡hu
r_S>®fp_¡ AL$pd r_S>®fp L$l¡ R>¡.
`p¡sp_p âeÐ_ L¡$ `y{jp\® hNf L¡$ kçeL¹$
âL$pf_p s` hNf dpÓ k„ Å ¡ N p¡ h ips L¡ $
`fs„Ósp_p L$pfZ¡ c|M-sfk h¡W$hp, b°ûQe®_y„
`pg_ L$fhy„, S>du_ `f k|hy„, `uX$p, k„sp`
S>h
¡ u bpbsp¡ ip„rs`|hL® $ kl_ L$fhu s¡ AL$pd
r_S>® f p R>¡ .
AL$pd r_S>®fp A¡ krh`pL$ r_S>®fp S> R>¡.
Æh_p `qfZpd_u A`¡ n pA¡ A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $
cphr_S>® f pê`¡ S>¡ AL$pd r_S>® f p R>¡ s¡ S>
s¡_p r_rdÑ¡ `p¥v$NrgL$¹L$d®_y„ am Ap`u_¡ Mfu
S>hpê` `y v ¹ N g `qfZpd_u A`¡ n pA¡ A¡ V $g¡
L¡$ Öìer_S>f® pê`¡ s¡ krh`pL$ r_S>f® p R>.¡ AL$pd
r_S>® f p op_u L¡ $ Aop_u L$p¡ B _¡ `Z lp¡ e
iL¡$ R>.¡ Aphu r_S>f® p kpd¡ L$pB¡ L$ L$d_
® y b„^_
`Z lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u dp¡ndpN®dp„ s¡_y„ õ\p_
_\u. A_¡ r_S>f® pcph_pdp„ s¡_„y tQsh_ _\u.
4. Ap¡mMpZ dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp
L$\__u A`¡npA¡ r_S>®fp_p b¡
âL$pf R>¡:
1. r_òe q_S>®fp A_¡
f. ìehlpf r_S>®fp
r_S>®fp_u Ap¡mMpZ dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp
L$\__¡ _e L$l¡ R>.¡ _edp„ hL$sp_p¡ Arcâpe
A_¡ îp¡ s p_u kdS>Z k„ L $mpe¡ g u lp¡ e R>¡ .
Æh_p husfpN cphê` r_S>®fp_u Ap¡mMpZ
dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp ku^u fus_p L$\__¡
r_òe_e A_¡ ApX$L$sfu fus_p L$\__¡
ìehlp_e L$l¡ R>¡ . r_òe_e A_y k pf_u
9. r_S>®fpcph_p
r_S>®fp_u Ap¡mMpZ s¡ r_òe r_S>®fp A_¡
ìehlpf_e A_ykpf_u Ap¡mMpZ s¡ ìehlpf
r_S>®fp R>¡. Ap fus¡ _e `Ùrs\u r_S>®fp_p
b¡ âL$pf R¡•••
1. r_òe r_S>®fp A_¡ 2. ìehlpf r_S>®fp
1. r_òe r_S>®fp
r_òe_e_u `Ùrs A_y k pf ku^u
fus_u Ap¡mMpZ dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp
r_S>®fp_p L$\__p âL$pf_¡ r_òe r_S>®fp
L$l¡ R>¡. Æh_p iyÙp¡`ep¡Nê` husfpNcph
A_¡ s¡_p L$pfZ¡ Æh_p âv¡$ip¡dp„ fl¡g
`|h®bÙ `p¥v¹NrgL¹$L$dp£_y„ TX$hy„ s¡ r_òe
r_S>® f p R>¡ .
r_òe_e s¡_p rhje_¡ ku^u fus¡ Ap¡mMph¡
R>¡. Æh_p husfpNu iyÙcph_u h©[Ù A_¡
s¡ _ p L$pfZ¡ \sy „ `p¥ v ¹ $ NrgL$L$dp£ _ y „ TX$hy s¡
r_òe r_S>f® p R>.¡ r_òe_e A_¡ s¡ A_ykpf_u
r_òe r_S>f® p_p L$pB¡ âL$pf lp¡sp _\u sp¡`Z
Ap`Z¡ ANpD Å¡B Nep s¡ dyS>b r_S>®fp_¡
Æh_p `qfZpd_u A`¡npA¡ cphr_S>®fp A_¡
`p¥v$¹ NrgL$L$d_
® p `qfZpd_u A`¡npA¡ Öìer_S>f® p
L$l¡ R>¡ . s¡ \ u Æh_p husfpNcphde
cphr_S>®fp_¡ ku^u fus¡ Ap¡mMph_pf L$\__¡
r_òe cphr_>S>® f p A_¡ `p¥ v $¹ N rgL$L$dp£ _ p,
TX$hpê` Öìer_S>®fp_¡ ku^u fus¡ Ap¡mMph_pf
L$\__¡ r_òe Öìer_S>®fp L$l¡hpe R>¡.
2. ìehlpf r_S>®fp
ìehlpf_e_u `Ùrs A_y k pf
ApX$L$sfu fus¡ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp r_S>®fp_u
Ap¡ m MpZ dpV¡ $ _p L$\__p âL$pf_¡
ìehlpf r_S>® f p L$l¡ R>¡ . r_òe
167
r_S>® f p kp\¡ k„ b „ r ^s Æh_p bpbs Üpfp ApX$L$sfu fus¡ bsph¡ R>¡. `Z
iy c p¡ ` ep¡ N ê` `qfZpd A_¡ s¡ _ p ìehlpf Üpfp s¡_p r_qv®$ô$ rhje_¡ Ap¡mMhp
L$pfZ¡ \sy„ `|hb ® Ù `p`L$d®_„y nuZ`Ï„ L¡$ kdS>hp \p¡X$p¡ âeÐ_, rhQpfZp L¡$ sL®$Zp
s¡ ìehlpf r_S>® f p R>¡ . Sêfu lp¡e R>¡. `f„sy ìehlpf_p L$\__¡ S>
ìehlpf_e s¡ _ p r_qv® $ ô$ rhje_¡ buÆ r_òe dp_u g¡hy„ ep¡Áe _\u.
ÅZusu bpbs Üpfp ApX$L$sfu fus¡ Ap¡mMph¡ husfpNcphê` r_òe cphr_S>® f p kp\¡
R>.¡ r_òe\u Æh_p husfpNcph s¡ r_òe kb„ r ^s iy c cph_¡ ìehlpf\u cphr_S>® f p
cphr_S>®fp A_¡ s¡_p L$pfZ¡ \sy„ `p¥v¹$NrgL$ L$l¡ R>¡ . iy c cph A_¡ L $ âL$pf_p lp¡ h p\u
L$dp£_„y TX$h„y L¡$ Mfu S>h„y s¡ r_òe Öìer_S>f® p ìehlpf cphr_S>®fp `Z A_¡L$ âL$pf¡ lp¡e
R>¡ . Ap r_òe cphr_S>® f p L¡ $ r_òe R>¡. husfpNcph kp\¡ kb„r^s bpf âL$pf_p
Öìer_S>f® p ku^u fus¡ Ap¡mMu L¡$ kdÆ iL$psu s`ê` iy c cph_¡ ìehlpf\u cphr_S>® f p
_\u. s¡\u s¡_u kp\¡ k„b„r^s buÆ ÅZusu dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ . iy c cphê` ìehlpf
bpbs Üpfp s¡_u Ap¡mMpZ L¡$ kdS>Z L$fphhp cphq_S>® f p_p L$pfZ¡ kÑpdp„ fl¡ g `| h ® b Ù
dpV¡$_u L$\_ `Ùrs s¡ ìehlpf r_S>®fp R>¡. `p`L$dp£_y nuZ \hy„ L¡$ `p`_y„ `yÎedp„ `qfhs®_
Æh_p husfpNcph AÅÎep lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ \hy „ L¡ $ `y Î e_p¡ fk h^hp¡ s¡ ìehlpf\u
s¡ _ u kp\¡ k„ b „ r ^s iy c cph ÅZusp lp¡ e Öìer_S>®fp R>¡.
R>¡ . s¡ \ u Æh_p husfpNcphê` AÅZu ìehlpf cphr_S>®fp L¡$ ìehlpf Öìer_S>®fp
cphr_S>® f p_¡ Ap¡ m Mphhp dpV¡ $ s¡ _ u kp\¡ ÅZusu R>¡ A_¡ s¡ _ p Üpfp \p¡ X $p¡ âeÐ_,
k„b„r^s ÅZusp iyccphp¡ Üpfp Ap¡mMpZ rhQpfZp L¡ $ sL® $ Zp L$fu_¡ husfpNcphê`
L$fphhp dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp L$\__¡ ìehlpf r_òe cphr_S>f® p L¡$ `p¥v$¹ NrgL$L$d_
® p TX$hpê`
cphr_S>® f p L$l¡ R>¡ . Al] husfpNcph s¡ r_òe Öìer_S>f® p_¡ Ap¡mMhu s¡dp„ ìehlpf_u
r_òe cphr_S>f® p R>¡ A_¡ s¡_u kp\¡ k„br„ ^s kp\®L$sp R>¡.
iy c cph s¡ $ ìehlpf cphr_S>® f p R>¡ . A_¡
s¡ ìehlpf cphr_S>®fp_p L$pfZ¡ kÑpdp„ fl¡g 5. ìehlpf r_S>®fp_u rhrh^sp_u
`p`L$d®_u [õ\rs-A_ycpN_y„ OV$hy„ L¡$ s¡_y„ A`¡npA¡ bpf âL$pf_p s`
`yÎedp„ `qfhs®_ \hy„ L¡$ `yÎe_p¡ fk h^hp¡ A_ykpf r_S>®fp_p bpf âL$pf R¡ :
s¡_¡ ìehlpf Öìer_S>®fp L$l¡ R>¡. `f„sy Al]
A¡ Âep_ fpMhy„ S>êfu R>¡ L¡$ r_òe cphr_S>f® p 01. D`hpk 07. âpe[òs
L¡$ r_òe Öìer_S>f® p rh_p_p dpÓ iyccph_¡ 02. Ahdp¥v$e® 08. rh_e
ìehlpf\u cphr_S>® f p L¡ $ kspdp„ fl¡ g 03. h©rs`qfk„¿ep_ 09. h¥eph©Ðe
`p¥v$¹ NrgL$L$d_
® u nuZsp_¡ ìehlpf\u Öìer_S>f® p
04. fk`qfÐepN 10. õhpÂepe
`Z L$lu iL$psu _\u. L¡$d L¡$, r_òe L¡$
ìehlpf_p¡ r_qv®$ô$ rhje Sy>v$p¡ lp¡sp¡ _\u 05. rhrhL$s ièepk_ 11. ìeyÐkN®
`Z r_òe s¡_p rhje_¡ ku^u fus¡ bsph¡ 06. L$peL$g¡i 12. Âep_
R>¡. A_¡ ìehlpf s¡_p rhje_¡ buÆ ÅZusu

168 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

r_S>®fp_p L$pfZc|s s`_p¡ drldp
¼Ð„¢ çÝ…Ú¢ü ™ J
A\® : s`\u k„hf D`fp„s r_S>®fp `Z \pe R>¡.
(sÐhp\®k|Ó : AÂepe 9, k|Ó - 3)
D`fp¡L$s k|Ó A_ykpf rhi¡j âL$pf¡ r_S>®fp
L$fhpdp„ kçeL$¹ âL$pf_p s`_p¡ tklapmp¡ R>¡.
`| h ® b Ù L$dp£ _ u Dv$ufZp L$fu_¡ s¡ _ p¡ _pi
L$fhpdp„ s` S> L$pe®L$pfu R>¡. A_¡L$ chp¡dp„
cp¡NhpB_¡ `Z S>¡ L$d®_u r_S>®fp \su _\u
s¡_p\u A_¡L$NZu r_S>f® p cp¡Nhpep rh_p kçeL¹$
âL$pf_p s`\u DÃR¹>hpkdpÓdp„ \pe R>¡.
dp¡ndpN® A_¡ dp¡n_u kh® âL$pf_u kp^_p
A_¡ rk[Ù s`\u R¡. S>Þd-dfZ_p fp¡N_¡
v|$f L$fhp dpV¡$ s¡_p kdp_ AÞe L$pB¡ Ap¥j^u
_\u. Qp¡ k W$ âL$pf_u F>qÙAp¡ `¥ L $u v$f¡ L $
F>qÙAp¡ s`_p âcph\u S âNV$¡ R>¡ .
Apgp¡L$_p k„sp`_¡ v|$f L$fphu `fgp¡L$dp„ õhN®_u
`f„ ` fp Üpfp dp¡ n _u âprá L$fph_pf L$p¡ B
lp¡e sp¡ s¡ s` S> R>¡. kp^L$_u L$pd^¡_y,
L$ë`h©n L¡$ tQspdZu kdp_ s` R>¡.
s` A¡ vy$:M_y„ _tl `Z kyM_y„ S> kp^_ R>¡
L¡$V$gp„L$ gp¡Lp¡$ s`_¡ L$ô$v$peL$ L¡$ vy$:Mê`
L$l¡ s p lp¡ e R>¡ . `Z hpõshdp„ fpN-Ü¡ j -
dp¡l S> vy$:Mv$peL$ R>¡, fpN-Ü¡j-dp¡l rh_p_y„
kçeL¹$ âL$pf_y„ s` _rl. s` A¡ kp„kpqfL$
Apr^-ìepr^-D`pr^_p sp`\u Óõs Æhp¡_¡
`fd iusmsp Ap`_pf iusOf kdp_ R>¡.
ApÐdp_u husfpNsp, `rhÓsp A_¡ rhiyqÙ_y„
õ\p_ kçeL$¹ s` S> R>¡. s¡\u s` S> rkÙ
cNhp_ kdp_ Ap[ÐdL$ Asu[ÞÖe õhpcprhL$
kyM_y„ khp£sd kp^_ R>¡.
9. r_S>®fpcph_p
i[¼s A_ykpf s` L$fhp_p¡ D`v¡$i
kçe¼¹ âL$pf_p s`_p¡ Ar^L$pfu A¡L$ dpÓ
d_yóe S> R>¡. s¡\u i[¼s A_ykpf s` L$fu
d_yóeÆh__¡ kam b_phhp_p¡ D`v¡$i R>¡.
i[¼s b¡ âL$pf_u R>¡ : A„sf„N A_¡ b°pü.
ApÐdp_u A„v$fdp„ A_„sp_yb„^u Apqv$ L$jpe_p¡
S>¡ âL$pf¡ Acph lp¡e s¡ A„sf„N i[¼s R>¡
A_¡ ifuf_u [õ\rs hN¡f¡ bpü i[¼s R>¡,
i[¼s A_ykpf s` L$fhp_u cph_pdp„ su\¯L$f
_pdL$d_ ® p L$pfZc|s kp¡me
¡ cph_p_p¡ kdph¡i
R>.¡ s` rh_p v¡$ldp„ ipspriguep`Ï„ fpMhp\u
Æh suh° vy$:Mv¡$hphpmp Aipsph¡v$_ueL$d®_¡
bp„^¡ R>¡. s`dp„ Apmk L$fhp\u huep¯sfpe
A_¡ QpqfÓdp¡l_ueL$d® `Z b„^pe R¡. s¡\u
i[¼s lp¡ h p R>sp„ S>¡ s` L$fsp¡ _\u s¡
`p¡sp_u ApÐdi[¼sê` hue®_¡ Np¡`h¡ R>,¡ `p¡sp_u
Ås_¡ S> R>¡sf¡ R>¡, s¡\u i[¼s A_ykpf s`
L$fhp_p¡ D`v¡$i R>¡.
r_òe-ìehlpf s`_y„ õhê`
„}¢S¼ Ú¢x¢¢çÎ ÐÚ|¢¢± §üÓÀ¢y²¢x¢ïÝ
S±S±LÐï Ðí¼ÐÝæ ç±…²Ýæ ¼Ð : J
A\® : kdõs fpNpqv$ `fcphp¡ ê ` BÃR>pAp¡ _ p
ÐepN`| h ® L $ `p¡ s p_p iy Ù õhê`_y „ âs`_ L$fhy „ ,
rhS>e_ L$fhy„ s¡ s` R>¡. (âhQ_kpf : Np\p 79 `R>u_u Np\p_u
S>ek¡_pQpe®L©$s spÐ`e®h©rÑ V$uL$pdp„\u)
s`_u D`fp¡L$s `qfcpjp A_ykpf BÃR>p_p
r_fp¡^`|h®L$ `p¡sp_p iyÙ õhê`dp„ [õ\fsp
hX¡$ s¡_„y âs`_ L¡$ rhS>e_ L$fhpê` husfpN-
cph S> hpõsrhL$ s` R>¡. _p[õs\u BÃR>p_p¡
r_fp¡ ^ A_¡ A[õs\u Q¥ s Þe_y „ âs`_ A¡
s` R>¡ . BÃR>p A¡ S> d| R >p® R>¡ , dp¡ l R>¡ ,
fpN R>¡ . s¡ \ u _p[õs\u BÃR>p_p Acph\u
S> s` R>¡. A[õs\u `p¡sp_p iyÙ õhê`_y„
169
âs`_ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ õhê`rhîp„s r_õsf„N`Z¡
Q¥sÞe_y„ sàspedp_ \hp\u s¡_y„ v¡$v$uàedp_
L¡$ Dˆ>hm`Ï„ âNV$ \pe s¡ s` R>¡.
Al] õhê`rhîp„ s A¡ V $g¡ `p¡ s p_p iy Ù
õhê`dp„ [õ\fspê` iyÙp¡`ep¡N R>.¡ S>¡ õhê`dp„
rhîp„s A¡V$g¡ L¡$ õhê`dp„ gu_sp_p L$pfZ¡
[õ\fsp `pd¡ g lp¡ h p\u A¡ L $v$d AX$p¡ g L¡ $
r_óL„ $ ` lp¡ e s¡ h p¡ r_õsf„ N R>¡ . Aphp
õhê`rhîp„s r_õsf„Nê` iyÙp¡`ep¡N_p L$pfZ¡
Q¥sÞe_y„ `°s`_ L¡$ rhS>e_ \pe R>¡. S>¡d
kp¡_p_¡ Ar‚_u Ap„Q Ap`hp\u kp¡_p_u iyÙsp
h^¡ R>¡ s¡ d `p¡ s p_p iy Ù õhê`dp„ h^y _ ¡
h^y [õ\fspê` âs`_ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ sàspedp_
\hp\u Q¥sÞe_u iyrÙ_u h©qÜ \pe R>¡, S>¡_¡
s` L$l¡ R>¡. Ap fus¡ õhê`rhîp„s r_õsf„N
Q¥sÞe_p âs`_ê` rhi¡j âL$pf_p h©qÙNs
husfpNcph S> r_òe\u s` R>¡.
Ap âL$pf¡ husfpNcphê` r_òes``|h®L$
s¡_u kp\¡ kb„r^s S>¡ bpf âL$pf_p iyccph
lp¡e R>¡ s¡_¡ ìehlpf\u s` L$l¡ R>¡. Al]
Mpk gndp„ fpMhp_y „ R>¡ L¡ $ husfpNsp_u
h© q Ùê` r_òe s` rh_p_p D`hpkpqv$_p
iy c cphp¡ ìehlpf\u `Z s` _\u, `Z
s`pcpk R>¡ . s¡ \ u dp¡ n dpN® d p„ s¡ _ y „ õ\p_
_\u A_¡ s¡ \ u r_S>® f pcph_p_p¡ s¡ rhje
`Z _\u.
bpf âL$pf_p s`dp„ â\d R> âL$pf_p s`
ifufprv$ bpü `v$p\p£_p Ap^pf¡ A_¡ blpf\u
A¡ L $v$d Ap¡ m Mu iL$pe s¡ h p lp¡ h p\u s¡ _ ¡
bpü s` L$l¡ R>¡. bpL$u_p R> âL$pf_p s`
A„sf„N d__y„ r_ed_ L$f_pfp A_¡ blpf\u
A¡L$v$d Ap¡mMu iL$pe s¡hp _ lp¡hp\u s¡_¡
Apæe„sf s` L$l¡ R>¡. bpü-Aæe„sf bpf¡e
170
âL$pf_p s` iy c p¡ ` ep¡ N ê` lp¡ h p\u s¡
ìehlpf\u s` L$l¡hpe R>¡. husfpNcphê`
r_òe s` A¡L$ S> âL$pf¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p L$p¡B
âL$pf lp¡ s p _\u sp¡ ` Z Ap husfpNcph
kp\¡ kb„r^s A_¡ Ap husfpNcph_u ApNm-
`pR>m fl¡ _ pfp D`hpkpqv$ bpf âL$pf_p
iyccphp¡_¡ Ap^pf¡ s¡ husfpNcphê` r_òe
s`_¡ `Z D`hpkpqv$ bpf âL$pf¡ Ap¡mMhpdp„
Aph¡ R>¡ . Al] iy c cphê` ìehlpfs`\u
`p`L$d® _ u [õ\rs-A_y c pN OV$hp, `p`_y „
`yÎedp„ k„¾$dZ \hy„ A_¡ `yÎeL$d®_u [õ\rs-
A_y c pN h^hp S>¡ h u `l¡ g u ÓZ âL$pf_u
Arh`pL$ r_S>®fp lp¡e R>¡. A_¡ husfpNcphê`
s`_p âcph¡ `|h®bÙ L$dp£_u Dv$ufZp \B_¡
s¡_y„ Mfu S>hy„ L¡$ Dv$edp„ Aph¡g L$dp£_y„ am
Apàep rh_p Mfu S>hy „ S>¡ h u bpL$u_u b¡
âL$pf_u Arh`pL$ r_S>®fp lp¡e R>¡.
Ap _uQ¡ bpf¡e âL$pf_p s`_u ìep¿ep,
kdS|>su, s¡_„y am A_¡ r_òe-ìehlpf õhê`
Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
1. D`hpk
`p¡sp_p iyÙ õhê`_p gn¡ rhje, L$jpe A_¡
Aplpf_p ÐepN_¡ D`hpk _pd_y„ s` L$l¡ R>¡.
D`hpkdp„ MpÛ, õhpÛ, g¡ ü A_¡ `p_
(A¡V$g¡ L¡$ `uÏ, `pZu) A¡ Qpf¡e âL$pf_p Aplpf
A¡V$g¡ L¡$ Ai__p¡ ÐepN lp¡hp\u s¡_¡ A_i_
`Z L$l¡ R>¡.
D` A¡V$g¡ `p¡sp_p qÓL$pm iyÙ õhê`_u
`pk¡ A_¡ hpk A¡V$g¡ hkhy s¡. `p¡sp_p iyÙ
õhê`_p hkhpV$_p gn¡ rhje, L$jpe A_¡
Aplpf_p¡ ÐepN s¡ D`hpk R>.¡ rhje-L$jpe_p
ÐepN rh_p dpÓ Aplpf_p¡ ÐepN A¡ D`hpk
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
_\u. `p¡sp_p iyÙ õhê`_p gn rh_p AÞe
L$p¡B âep¡S>_p\£ Aplpf_p¡ ÐepN L$fhpdp„ Aph¡
L¡$ L$p¡B k„Å¡Np¡hips¹ Aplpf_p¡ ep¡N _ b_¡
sp¡ s¡_¡ `Z D`hpk L$lu iL$psy„ _\u.
`p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdõhcph_u {rQ, gn L¡$
Apîe`|hL® $ \sp¡ Aplpf_u BÃR>p_p Acph`|hL® $
Aplpf_p¡ ÐepN A¡ D`hpk _pd_y„ s` R>.¡ A¡
rkhpe L$pB¡ fus¡ c|M¡ dfhy„ s¡ D`hpk _\u.
ApÐdp_p gn L¡ $ {rQ rh_p L$p¡ B
v¡$Mpv¡$Mu\u, êqY$\u, `f„`fp\u, dp¡V$pB v¡$MpX$hp
L¡ $ buÅ L$p¡ B L$pfZkf D`hpk L$f¡ A_¡
D`hpk_¡ ep¡Áe `p¡sp_u A„sf„N-bpü i[¼s
_ lp¡e s¡_p L$pfZ¡ A„v$fdp„ Aplpf_u BÃR>p
Dcu lp¡e A_¡ Aplpf hNf AZNdp_p¡ L$gry js
cph \pe A_¡ D`hpk_p¡ qv$hk S>¡d-s¡d
S>ëv$u\u `| f p¡ L$fhp_p¡ cph fl¡ sp¡ s¡ h p
D`hpk\u `y Î e sp¡ v| $ f füy „ `Z DgV$p_y „
`p` \pe R>¡.
hs® d p_L$pm A_y k pf kpdpÞe`Z¡ A¡ L $
qv$hkdp„ b¡ V„$L$ cp¡S>_ dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
A¡ L $ qv$hk_p D`hpkdp„ ÓZ V„ $ L$ R>p¡ X $u_¡
Qp¡\p V„$L¡$ cp¡S>_ g¡hp_y„ b_¡ R>¡. s¡\u A¡L$
qv$hk_p D`hpk_¡ Qsy \ ® `Z L$l¡ R>¡ . s¡
fus¡ b¡ qv$hk_p D`hpkdp„ `p„Q V„$L$ R>p¡X$u_¡
R>Ì$p V„$L¡$ cp¡S>_ g¡hp_y„ lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u s¡
R>Ì sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMpe R>.¡ s¡ fus¡ ÓZ qv$hk_p
D`hpkdp„ ApW$dp V„ $ L¡ $ cp¡ S >_ k„ c h¡ R>¡ .
s¡\u s¡ AÌ$d sfuL¡$ `Z Ap¡mMpe R>¡.A¡L$
drl_p_p D`hpk_¡ dpkndZ A_¡ A¡ L $
hfk_p D`hpk_¡ hfkus` L$l¡ R>.¡ Ap D`fp„s
L$_L$phgu, A¡L$phgu hN¡f¡ `Z L$pm_u
dep®v$p ^fphsp D`hpk_p âL$pf R>¡.
`p¡s_p iyÙ õhê`dp„ hkhpV$ê` husfpNcph
S> r_òe\u D`hpk s` R>¡ A_¡ Aphp
9. r_S>®fpcph_p
r_òe s``|hL® $ Aplpf_u BÃR>p A_¡ Aplpf_u
q¾ep_p Acphê` iy c cph A¡ ìehlpf\u
D`hpk s` R>¡.
f. Ahdp¥v$e®
`p¡ s _p iy Ù õhê`_p gn¡ `p¡ s p_u c| M
L$fsp„ AX$^p¡ Aplpf g¡ h p¡ s¡ _ ¡ Ahdp¥ v $e®
s` L$l¡ R>¡ .
Ahdp¥v$ed ® p„ Dv$f_u `|rs®dp„ EZ` fpMhp_u
lp¡hp\u s¡ EZp¡v$fu sfuL¡$ `Z Ap¡mMpe R>¡.
Dv$f`|rs® dpV¡$ kpdpÞe`Z¡ `yêjp¡_p¡ bÓuk
L$pm¡ uep S>V¡ $gp¡ A_¡ õÓuAp¡_p¡ AÌ$phuk L$pm¡ uep
S>¡ V $gp¡ Aplpf AphíeL$ d_pe R>¡ . Apdp„
`p¡sp_¡ S>¡ õhpcprhL$ Aplpf lp¡e s¡_p L$fsp
AX$^p¡ Aplpf g¡hp¡ s¡ Ahdp¥v$e® s` R>¡.
Aplpf_p k„`|Z® ÐepN L$fhp L$fsp„ c|M\u
Ap¡R>p¡ Aplpf N°lZ L$fhp¡ s¡ Aplpf_u N©qÙ
^fphsu ìe[¼s dpV¡$ dyíL¡$g bpbs lp¡e R>¡.
s¡\u D`hpk L$fsp„e Ahdp¥v$e® s` KQp âL$pf_y„
R>¡. bpf¡e âL$pf_p s` ¾$rdL$`Z¡ A¡L$buÅ\u
DÑfp¡sf QqY$epsp dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
buÆ L$p¡B `Z s`_u S>¡d Ahdp¥v$e® s`
k„eddp„ kph^p_ fMphhpdp„, v$pj¡ p¡_¡ v|$f L$fphhp,
k„sp¡j L¡$mhhpdp„ A_¡ õhpÂepepqv$_u ^prd®L$
âh©rÑ kyM`|h®L$ L$fphhpdp„ klpec|s R>¡.
kpdpÞe`Z¡ cf`¡V$ L¡$ ArsdpÓpdp„ Aplpf
L$fhp\u A_¡L$ fp¡Np¡ \pe R>¡. ^r_L$ gp¡L$p¡
h^y MpB_¡ h^y dp„ v $p `X¡ $ R>¡ A_¡ Nfub
gp¡ L $p¡ A^p® c| ¿ ep k| A ¡ sp¡ e Ap¡ R >p dp„ v $p
`X¡ $ R>¡ . rhðdp„ c| M dfp\u S>¡ dp¡ s \pe
R>¡ s¡_p\u A_¡L$NZp„ h^y dp¡s h^y Mphp\u
171
\pe R>¡. Ap fus¡ DZp¡v$fu s` Apfp¡Áe dpV¡$
`Z D`L$pfL$ R>¡.
r_òe\u `p¡ s p_p iy Ù õhê`_p Apîe¡
A_„sp_yb„^u Apqv$ L$jpep¡dp„ OV$pX$p¡ \hpê`
husfpNcph S> Ahdp¥v$e® s` R>.¡ A_¡ Aphp
r_òe Ahdp¥v$e® s``|h®L$ Aplpf_u Apk[¼s
A_¡ Aplpf_u dpÓpdp„ OV$pX$p¡ \hpê` iyccph
s¡ ìehlpf\u Ahdp¥v$e® s` R>¡.
3. h©rÑ`qfk„¿ep_
`p¡sp_p iyÙ õhê`_p gn¡ Aplpf_u BÃR>p
D`f rhS>e d¡mhu_¡ L$p¡B âL$pf_p ArcN°l,
r_ed L¡$ ârsop`|h®L$ Aplpf g¡hp¡ s¡
h©rÑ`qfk„¿ep_ _pd_y„ s` R>¡.
AdyL$ õ\m¡\u AdyL$ âL$pf_p v$psp_p lp\¡,
AdyL$ âL$pf_y„ cp¡S>_ g¡hy„ S>¡hp r_ed L$fu_¡
s¡ âL$pf_u rhr^ dm¡ sp¡ S> Aplpf N°lZ
L$fhp¡ s¡hp k„L$ë`_¡ h©rÑ`qfk„¿ep_ s` L$l¡
R>.¡ Aplpfk„op_¡ Æshp dpV¡$ Aphy„ s` L$epf¡L$
L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
h© r Ñ`qfk„ ¿ ep_ s`\u k„ e d_u kp^_p
kyMê` \pe R>¡. s¡d S> Aplpf A_¡ v$pspf
k„b„^u_p¡ L$p¡B fpN fl¡sp¡ _\u.
su\¯L$f cNhp_ dlphuf¡ dyr_v$ipdp„ A¡L
kde¡ dp\¡ dyX„ $pe¡gu, b¡X$u\u b„^pe¡gu, v$pku_p
ê`dp„ ÓZ qv$hk_u D`hpku fpS>Ly $ dpfu
Aplpfv$p_ L$fph¡ sp¡ S> Aplpf N°lZ L$fhp¡
s¡hp¡ ApL$fp¡ ArcN°l ^pfZ L$ep£ lsp¡. s¡Ap¡
L$p¥ipçbu _Nfudp„ Aplpf dpV¡$ Aphsp„ `Z
ArcN°l A_ykpf_p¡ Aplpf_p¡ ep¡N _ \hp\u
`fs S>sp. `p¡ Z p bkp¡ qv$hk_p D`hpk
`R>u su\¯L$f dyr_fpS> h^®dp_Ly$dpf_¡ `p¡sp_p
172
ArcN°l A_ykpf ksu Q„v$_p_p lp\¡ `pfÏ„
\e¡ g y „ s¡ bpbs ârkÙ R>¡ . s¡ A¡ L $
h©rÑ`qfk„¿ep_ s`_y„ Dv$plfZ R>¡.
r_òe\u fpNpqv$ rhL$ë`p¡ `f rhS>e
d¡mhu_¡ rhL$ë`p¡dp„ fp¡L$pe¡gu h©rÑ_¡ dep®v$pdp„
gphhpê` husfpNcph S> h©rÑ`qfk„õ\p_ s`
R>¡ . Aphp r_òe s``| h ® L $ Aplpf_u h© r Ñ
`f rhS>e d¡mhu_¡ L$p¡B âL$pf_p r_ed`|h®L$
Aplpf g¡ h pê` iy c cph s¡ ìehlpf\u
h©rÑ`qfk„¿ep_ s` R>¡.
4. fk`qfÐepN
Ap[ÐdL$ Asu[ÞÖe Ap_„v$_p fk `pk¡ B[ÞÖe_p
fk_¡ rhj kdp_ ÅZu fk_u gp¡gy`sp_p
ÐepN`|h®L$ _ufk Aplpf_y„ N°lZ L$fhp¡ s¡
fk`qfÐepN _pd_y„ Qp¡\y„ s` R>¡.
suMp¡, L$X$hp¡, L$jpe¡gp¡, Mpfp¡, MpV$p¡ A_¡
d^yf A¡ R> âL$pf_p fk `¥L$u A\hp vy$^,
v$l], Ou, s¡g, Np¡m A_¡ ghZ A¡ R> `v$p\®
`¥L$u L$pB¡ _p¡ ÐepN L$fhp¡A¡ fk`qfÐepN _pd_y„
s` R>¡. fk`qfÐepNdp„ kOmp„ fk_p¡ ÐepN
_ lp¡ e sp¡ e s¡ _ u Apk[¼s_p¡ Acph sp¡
lp¡ e S> R>¡ .
S>Nsdp„ L$l¡hpe R>¡ L¡$ "S>¡Z¡ Æc Æsu
s¡Z¡ S>N ÆÐey ’ A¡V$g¡ A¡L fk_p B[ÞÖe_¡
Æshp\u b^u B[ÞÖep¡ Æsu iL$pe R>.¡ Aphp¡
B[ÞÖerhS>eu k„ed_u kp^_p kpfu fus¡ L$fu
iL¡$ R>.¡ k„ed_u kp^_p D`fp„s rS>s[¡ ÞÖe`Ï„,
ifuf_p s¡S>_„y h^hy,„ r_Öp `f L$pby, kyM`|hL® $
õhpÂepe hN¡f_ ¡ u D`g[å^ fk`qfÐepN s`_p
`qfZpd¡ lp¡e R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 r_òe\u kpkp„qfL$ rhjeS>Þe fk_p¡ ÐepN hkhpê` iy c cph s¡ ìehlpf\u rhrh¼s
L$fu_¡ husfpNu ip„sfkdp„ r_dÁ_ fl¡hy„ s¡ ièepk_ s` R>¡.
fk`qfÐepN s` R>¡. Aphp husfpNu r_òe
s``|h®L$ R> âL$pf_p fk `¥L$u L$p¡B âL$pf_p 6. L$peL$g¡i
fk_p ÐepN`|h®L$ _ufk Aplpf g¡hpê` iyc-
cph_¡ ìehlpf\u fk`qfÐepN s` L$l¡ R>¡. `p¡s_p iyÙpÐdõhcph_p gn¡ `p¡sp_u i[¼s
A_ykpf ApL$fp ipfuqfL$ L$ô$_¡ kl_ L$fhp
`. rhrh¼s ièepk_ s¡ L$pe¼g¡i _pd_y„ s` R>¡.
`p¡sp_p iyÙ õhcph_p gn¡ rQÑ_u ìeN°sp_¡ `p¡sp_p ifuf_¡ ÅZu Å¡B_¡ ApL$fp L$ô$
fp¡L$hp dpV¡$ rhrhL$s õ\p_ `f k|hp L¡$ b¡khp_y„ kl_ L$fphhp s¡ L$pe¼g¡i s` R>¡. L$pep_¡
fpMhy„ s¡ rhrhL$s ièepk_ _pd_y„ s` R>¡. L$ô$ A`ph_pfp A_¡L$ D`pep¡ Üpfp L$peL$g¡i
s` lp¡e R>.¡ s¡dp„ dy¿eÐh¡ R> âL$pf_p D`pep¡
r_S>® _ , r_d® m A_¡ r_fpmp õ\p__¡
Ap âdpZ¡ R>¡ :
rhrh¼s L$l¡ R>¡ . rhrh¼s õ\p_¡ ièep L¡ $
1. Ae_ f. ie_ 3. Apk_ 4.
Apk_ fpMhy„ s¡ rhrh¼s ièepk_ R>¡.
Ahõ\p_ `. AhN° l A_¡ 6. ep¡ N
`h® s _u Ny a p, TpX$_u bMp¡ g , _v$u_p¡
rL$_pfp¡, _Nf_p kudpX¡$ Aph¡g r_S>®_ DÛp_, 1. Ae_ : A¡ L $ õ\p_¡ \ u buÅ õ\p_¡
cep_L$ S>„ N g, Mpgu dL$p_, õdip_c| r d S>hp dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp„ Nd_ L¡$ rhlpf_¡
S>¡hp õ\p_p¡ rhrh¼s ièepk_ dpV¡$ ep¡Áe Ae_ Ll¡ R>¡ .
R>.¡ L$pg
¡ plg, D`Öh, d_yóep¡_p¡ d¡mp¡, Ak„edu
k| e ® _ p âMf sp`dp„ Aplpf dpV¡ $ buÅ
Æhp¡_p¡ klhpk S>h ¡ p„ Âep_-AÂee_dp„ bp^pê`
Npd¡ S>B `p¡sp_p õ\p_dp„ `fs Aphhy„ s¡
õ\p_p¡ rhrh¼s ièepk_ dpV¡¡ ep¡Áe _\u.
Ae_ kb„^u L$peL$g¡i s` R>¡.
rhqh¼s ièepk_ k„edu Æh_¡ fpN-Ü¡j
A_¡ s¡_p L$pfZ¡ \su rQÑ_u ìeN°sp\u bQph¡ f. ie_ : k|hp_u [õ\rs_¡ ie_ L$l¡ R>¡.
R>¡. r_bp®^ b°ûQe®_u ÅmhZu dpV¡$, Âep_-
gNX$ièep A¡V$g¡ ifuf k„L$pQ ¡ u_¡ k|h,„y DÑp_
AÂee__u kyrh^p dpV¡$, õÓuAp¡ A_¡ AkÐe
ièep A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $ D`f_u sfa dy M fpMu_¡
`y—êjp¡_p k„`L®$\u bQhp dpV¡$, d_-hQ_ -
k|hy„, AhpL$¹ièep A¡V$g¡ L¡$ _uQ¡_u sfa dyM
L$pep_u Aiy c âh© r ÑAp¡ _ ¡ fp¡ L $hp dpV¡ $ s¡
fpMu_¡ k| h y „ , ibièep A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $ dX$v$p_u
D`ep¡Nu R>¡.
S>¡d r_ò¡ô$ \B_¡ k|hy„, A¡L$`pïh®ièep A¡V$g¡
r_òe\u `p¡sp_p iyÙ õhê`dp„ hkhpê`
L¡ $ dpÓ A¡ L $ S> `X$M¡ k| h y „ , AhL$piièep
husfpNcph S> rhrh¼s ièepk_ s` R>¡.
A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $ My g p ApL$pi_u _uQ¡ k| h y „ hN¡ f ¡
Aphp r_òe s``| h ® L $ rhrh¼s õ\p_dp„
ie_ k„b„^u L$peL$g¡i s` R>¡.

9. r_S>®fpcph_p 173
3. Apk_ : b¡khp_u [õ\rs_¡ Apk_ L$l¡ R>¡.
`Úpk_, Np¡ v $p¡ l _Apk_, DÐL$qV$L$pk_,
dL$fdy M pk_, l[õsk| „ Y $pk_, Np¡ i èepk_,
A^®`e¯L$pk_, hufpk_, v„$X$pk_ hN¡f¡ Apk_
k„b„^u L$pe¼g¡i s` R>¡.
4. Ahõ\p_ : L$pep¡ÐkN®`|h®L$ Dcp fl¡hp_u
`Ùrs_¡ Ahõ\p_ L$l¡ R>¡.
kp^pf A¡V$g¡ L¡$ L$p¡B_p V¡$L$pdp„ Dcp fl¡hy„,
krhQpf A¡V$g¡ L¡$ `l¡gp \p¡Xy„ Qpgu_¡ `R>u
Dcp fl¡hy„, k[ßfp¡^ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ r_òg Dcp
fl¡hy„, rhk©ô$p„N A¡V$g¡ L¡$ ifuf_¡ Y$ugy„ L$fu_¡
Dcp fl¡hy„, A¡L`pv$ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ A¡L$ `N¡ Dcp
fl¡hy„, kd`pv$ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ bß¡ `N¡ Dcp fl¡hy„,
âkpqfsbplw A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $ Nu^_u dpaL$ bß¡
lp\ a¡ g phu_¡ Ecp fl¡ h y „ hN¡ f ¡ Ahõ\p_
k„b„^u L$pe¼g¡i s` R>¡.
`. AhN°l : A_¡L$ âL$pf¡ ipfuqfL$ bp^pAp¡_¡
kl_ L$fhu s¡ AhN°l R>¡.
\|„L$-L$a _ L$pY$hp, R>]L$_¡ fp¡L$u fpMhu,
Apmk _ dfX$hu, MpS> _ MyÅhhu, ap„k
L¡ $ L$p„ V $p¡ hpN¡ sp¡ ` Z M¡ v $ _ `pdhy „ , fpÓ¡
ÅNfZ L$fhy,„ e\pkde¡ L¡$igp¢Q L$fhp, õ_p_
_ L$fhy,„ v$psZ _ L$fhy„ hN¡f¡ AhN°l k„b^
L$pe¼g¡i s` R>¡.
6. ep¡N : W„$X$u, Nfdu, hfkpv$ S>¡hu F>syAp¡_u
bp^pAp¡_¡ kl_ L$fhu s¡ ep¡N R>¡.
Apsp`_ ep¡N A¡V$g¡ L¡$ N°uódF>sd
y p„ k|e_
® p
âMf sp`dp„ `h®s_u V$p¡Q D`f Dcp fl¡hy„,
iusep¡N A¡V$g¡ L¡$ riepmpdp„ _v$u qL$_pf¡,
174
Âep_ ^fhy„, h©nd|gep¡N A¡V$g¡ L¡$ hjp®F>sydp„
h© n _u bMp¡ g dp„ b¡ k hy „ hN¡ f ¡ ep¡ N k„ b „ ^ u
L$pe¼g¡i s` R>¡.
L$pe¼g¡idp„ ¼g¡i iåv$ lp¡hp\u L¡$V$gpL$
s¡_¡ L$ô$v$peL$ dp_¡ R>¡. hpõshdp„ L$peL$g¡i
krls_y„ L$p¡B`Z s` L$epf¡e L$óev$peL$ lp¡sy„
_\u. L$pep_¡ L$ô$ Ap`hp\u ApÐdp_¡ vy$:M
\sy „ lp¡ e sp¡ s¡ h y „ s` gpcâv$ b_u iL¡ $
_rl `f„ s y L$pep\u rcß iy Ù pÐdõhcph_u
âprá L$fhp dpV¡ $ op_u ^dp® Ð dp
iy Ù pÐdõhcph_p Apîe¡ L$pepâÐe¡ _ p¡ dp¡ l
dV$pX$u i[¼s A_ykpf ifuf_¡ L$ô$ Ap`hpê`
iy c cph L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ L$peL$g¡ i s` R>¡ . s¡
kde¡ ifuf_p L$óV$\u ApÐdp_¡ L$p¡B M¡v$ L¡$
vy$:M \sy„ _\u A_¡ `|h®bÙ Ldp£ Dv$ufZp
\B_¡ r_S>®fu Åe R>¡.
L$peL$g¡ i s` L$fhp\u v¡ $ lvy $ :M_¡ kl_
L$fhp_u i[¼s L¡$mhpe R>¡. L$peL$g¡idp„ lp\¡
L$fu_¡ L$ô$ kl_ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. D`kN®dp„
AÞeL©$s Ap`rÑ lp¡e R>¡. `rfjldp„ Ly$v$fsu
âL$p¡ ` lp¡ e R>¡ . L$peL$g¡ i L$f_pfp¡ D`kN®
L¡$ `qfjl Aphu `X¡$ Ðepf¡ AX$N flu iL$¡
R>.¡ Ap D`fp„s L$peL$gi ¡ s` L$fhp\u ifuf_y„
ipspiurgep`Ï„ V$mu Åe R>.¡ fp¡Npqv$_p kde¡
L$pef \hpsy„ _\u. A_¡ A„sf„N s`_u i[¼s
„ u
h^¡ R>¡. Mpk L$fu_¡ Âep__p Aæepk dpV¡$
s¡ AÐe„s D`L$pfu R>¡.
r_òe\u ifuf âÐe¡_p¡ dp¡l dV$pX$u ifuf_u
ârsLy$msp hMs¡ `Z ifuf âÐe¡_y„ gn _rl
fpMu `p¡ s p_p iy Ù õhcphdp„ [õ\fspê`
husfpNcph S> L$peL$gi
¡ s` R>.¡ Aphp r_òe
s``|h®L$ `p¡sp_u i[¼s A_ykpf lp\¡ L$fu_¡
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
L$pep_¡ L$ô$ Ap`hpê` iy c cph hX¡ $ L$p¡ B
âL$pf¡ M¡v$ _ `pdhy„ s¡ ìehlpf\u L$peL$g¡i
s` R>¡.
bpf âL$pf_p s` `¥L$u â\d `¥L$u â\d R> âL$pf_p
bpü s`_u QQp® Al] `|fu \B. Ap bpü s` Å¡ Apæe„sf
s` krls lp¡e sp¡ S> L$d®_u r_S>®fp_y„ L$pfZ b_¡ R>¡. s¡\u
s¡ Apæe„sf s` krls S> L$pe®L$pfu A_¡ kam b_¡ R>¡. s¡
R> âL$pf_p Apæe„sf s`_u QQp® lh¡ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
7. âpe[òs
ârskde \sp„ A„sf„N v$p¡jp¡ A_¡ ¼epf¡L$ \sp
b°pü v$p¡jp¡\u r_h©s \B_¡ s¡_y„ A„sip£^_ `p¡ s ¡ L$f¡ g p v$p¡ j p¡ rdÕep \pAp¡ A¡ h u
L$fhp dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp„ `òpsp` L¡$ v„$X$ê` Apgp¡Q_p`|h®L$_u cph_p A_¡ âp\®_p s¡
D`hpkpqv$_p N°lZ_¡ âpe[òs s` L$l¡ R>¡. ârs¾$dZ _pd_y„ âpe[òs s` R>¡.
âpe[òs = âpe: + rQÑ. Al]
âpe: A¡ V $g¡ v$p¡ j A_¡ rQÑ A¡ V $g¡ iy q Ù
R>¡. `p¡sp_p v$p¡jp¡_u iyqÙ L$fhu s¡ âpe[òs
R>¡ . `p¡ s p_p v$p¡ j p¡ A„ s f„ N A_¡ bpü A¡ d
b¡ âL$pf¡ lp¡e R>¡.
`p¡sp_p iyÙ õhcph_p¡ Ops \hp¡ A_¡
s¡_p L$pfZ¡ `p¡sp_p iyÙ õhcph S>h ¡ u iyÙsp
A_¡ `|Z®sp âNV$ _ \hu s¡ A„sf„N v$p¡j
R>¡. op_u_¡ `Z kp^L$ Ahõ\p kp\¡ bp^L$
Ahõ\p `Z lp¡ e R>¡ . s¡ \ u A„ s f„ N v$p¡ j p¡
r_f„sf füp L$f¡ R>.¡ Ap v$pj
¡ p¡ dpV¡$ ApÐdt_v$p,
Nlp®qv$ê` `°òpsp` S> s¡_y„ âpe[òs R>¡.
h°s, r_ed, ârsop hN¡f¡dp„ L$p¡B ArsQpf
\hp S>¡hp bpü v$p¡jp¡_p iyqÙL$fZ dpV¡$_p
âpe[òs A_¡L$ `°L$pf¡ R>¡. s¡dp„ dy¿eÐh¡ _h
âL$pf _uQ¡ dyS>b R¡-••
1. Apgp¡Q_p f. ârs¾$dZ 3. svy$ce
9. r_S>®fpcph_p
4. rhh¡ L $ `. ìey Ð kN® 6. s` 7.
R>¡ v $ 8. `qflpf A_¡ 9. D`õ\p`_p
1. Apgp¡ Q _p : `p¡sp_p v$p¡j_u L$bygps_¡
Apgp¡Q_p L$l¡ R>¡.
âdpv$\u \epgp v$p¡j_¡ Ny{_u `pk¡ S>B_¡
r_óL$`V$`Z¡ âNV$ L$fhp s¡ Apgp¡Q_p _pd_y„
âpe[òs s` R>¡.
f. ârs¾$dZ : `p¡sp_p v$p¡j dpV¡$ dpau
dp„Nhu s¡ ârs¾$dZ R>¡.
3 svy $ ce : Apgp¡Q_p A_¡ âqs¾$dZ bß¡
A¡L$ kp\¡ Ny{_u kdn L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ s¡ svy$ce R>¡.
`p¡sp_p v$p¡j_u Apgp¡Q_p A_¡ âqs¾$dZ
bß¡ Ny { _u kdn s¡ d _u Apop A_y k pf
L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ s¡ svy $ ce _pd_y „ âpe[òs
s` R>¡.
4. rhh¡L$ : v$p¡j_p L$pfZ_¡ Ap¡mMu_¡ s¡_p\u
v|$f fl¡hp_p¡ D`pe L$fhp¡ s¡ rhh¡L$ R>¡.
S>¡ Öìe, n¡Ó, Mp_, `p_ L¡$ D`L$fZpqv_p
L$pfZ¡ v$p¡j \sp¡ lp¡e s¡_¡ Ap¡mMu s¡_p\u
AgN fl¡hp_p¡ D`pe L$fhp¡ s¡ rhh¡L$ _pd_y„
âpe[òs s` R>¡.
`. ìeyÐkN® : AdyL$ L$pm ky^u_p L$pep¡ÐkN®_¡
ìeyskN® L$l¡ R>¡.
175
 ifuf `f_y„ ddÐh R>pX¡ $u_¡, D`kN®, Apqv$_¡
Æsu_¡ r_òg`Z¡ Dcp fl¡hy„ s¡ L$pep£ÐkN®
R>¡. `p¡sp_p v$p¡j_¡ v|$f L$fhp dpV¡$ r_[òs
kde ky^u L$pep¡ÐkN® L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡
s¡ ìeyÐkN® _pd_y„ âpe[òs s` R>¡.
6. s`: D`hpkpqv$ bpf âL$pf_p iyccph_¡ s`
L$l¡ R>¡.
`p¡sp_p v$p¡j_¡ v„$X$hp dpV¡$ `p¡sp_u Ås¡
D`hpkpqv$ s` L$fhp s¡ s` _pd_y„ âpe[òs
s` R>¡.
7. R>¡ v $ : `p¡sp_p v$p¡j_p L$pfZ¡$ `p¡sp_¡
v„X$hp dpV$¡ `p¡sp_u `v$hu\u _uQ¡gu `v$hu_p¡
õhuL$pf L$fhp¡ s¡ R>¡v$ R>¡.
`p¡sp_p v$pj¡ A_ykpf `p¡sp_u Ås¡ L¡$ Ny{ Üpfp
AdyL$ kde ky^u `p¡sp_u c|rdL$p L¡$ `v$hu\u _uQ¡_u
c|rdL$p L¡$ `v$hudp„ `p¡sp_¡ õ\pr`s L$fhp¡ s¡
R>v¡ $ _pd_y„ âpe[òs s` R>.¡
8. `qflpf : AdyL$ kde ky^u_p AgN`Zp_¡
`qflpf L$l¡ R>¡.
`p¡sp_p v$pj
¡ v|$f _ \pe Ðep„ ky^u `p¡sp_p
k„O\u ANg \B S>hy„ L¡$ v$p¡j_¡ v|$f L$fhp
dpV¡ $ r_es L$pm ky ^ u k„ O \u AgN \B
S>hy„ s¡ `rflpf _pd_y„ âpe[òs s` R>¡.
9. D`õ\p`_p : afu _h¡kf\u `p¡sp_u
`v$hudp„ âõ\pr`s \hy„ s¡ D`õ\p`_p R>¡.
`p¡spdp„ L$p¡B v$p¡j S>Zpsp `p¡sp_u v$unp_p¡
k„`|Z® R>¡v$ L$fhp¡ A_¡ v$p¡j v|$f \ep `R>u
s¡ S> v$unp_¡ afu _h¡ k f\u N° l Z L$fhu
s¡ D`õ\p`_p _pd_y„ âpe[òs s` R>¡.
176
`p¡sp_p¡ âdpv$, iëe S>¡hp A_¡L$ v$p¡jp¡
r_hpfhp, dep®v$p_y„ `pg_ L$fphhp, k„ed_u
×Y$sp A_¡ kp^_p_u rk[Ù S>¡hp L$pep£ dpV¡$
âpe[òs s` S>êfu R>¡.
r_òe\u kdõs fpNpqv$ v$p¡jp¡_¡ v|$f L$fu_¡
`p¡ s p_p r_rh® L $pf iy Ù õhê`dp„ fl¡ h pê`
husfpNcph S> âpe[òs s` R>¡ . Aphp
r_òe âpe[òs s``|hL® $ `p¡sp_p bpü v$pj ¡ p¡_¡
r_hpfhp dpV¡ $ Apgp¡ Q _p, ârs¾$dZ S>¡ h p
iyccphp¡ s¡ ìehlpf\u âpe[òs s` R>¡.
8. rh_e
dp¡ndpN®_p kp^_p¡ A_¡ `|Äe `yêjp¡_p¡ e\pep¡Áe
rh_e L$fhp¡ s¡ rh_e s` R>¡.
rh_edp„ Apv$f, kÐL$pf, _d°sp, kæesp,
rhh¡ L $ hN¡ f ¡ _ p¡ kdph¡ i R>¡ . kçeÁv$i® _ ,
kçeÁop_ A_¡ kçeL¹$QpqfÓ A¡ dp¡ndpN®_p
kp^_p¡ R>.¡ op_u ^dp®ÐdpAp¡ A_¡ `„Q `fd¡›$u
`| Ä e R>¡ . s¡ d _p âÐe¡ d_-hQ_-L$pep\u
_d°cph¡ _dõL$pf, Apv$f, kÐL$pf hN¡f_ ¡ ¡ rh_e
_pd_y„ s` L$l¡ R>¡.
rh_e s`_y „ ApQfZ dy ¿ eÐh¡ Qpf
âL$pf¡ R¡ :
1. op_ rh_e f. v$i® _ rh_e 3.
QpqfÓ rh_e A_¡ 4. D`Qpf rh_e
1. op_ rh_e : kçeÁop__p kp^_c|s
ks¹ipõÓp¡_p¡ ep¡ÁeL$pmdp„ Apv$f`|h®L$ Aæepk,
sÒhop__y„ e\p\® N°lZ, `pW$_y„ iyÙ DÃQpfZ
hN¡f¡_¡ op_ rh_e L$l¡ R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
f. v$i®_ rh_e : r_d®m kdeÁv$i®__¡ ^pfZ
L$fhy„ A_¡ Åmhu fpMhy„ s¡ v$i®_ rh_e R>¡.
3. QpqfÓ rh_e:r_òe-ìehlpf kçeL$¹QpqfÓ_y„
r_v$p£j `pg_ s¡ QpqfÓ rh_e R>¡.
4. D`Qpfrh_e : dp¡ndpN} dlpÐdp L¡$ AÞe
dps-r`sp S>¡hp hX$ugp¡_¡ Å¡B_¡ Dcp \B S>hy„,
_dõL$pf Lfhp hN¡f¡_¡ D`Qpf rh_e L$l¡ R>¡.
rhÛp rh_e\u ip¡c¡ R>,¡ rh_e rh_p L$pB¡
rhÛp, op_, ApQpf, Apfp^_p Apqv$ k„chsp
`Z _\u. dp¡ndpN} dlpÐdp âÐe¡_p rh_e
rh_p s¡d_p NyZp¡ L$v$pr` N°lZ \B iL$sp
_\u. A_¡ s¡\u dp¡ndpN® kp^u iL$psp¡ _\u.
s¡\u rh_e_¡ dp¡ndpN®_y„ Üpf `Z L$l¡hpe
R>.¡ rh_e_p Ap^pf¡ S> ApÐdp_p A_¡L$ NyZp¡_u
âNV$sp R>¡.
r_òe\u `p¡sp_p qÓL$pm õhê`_p¡ Apv$f
L$fhp\u DÐ`ß \sp¡ husfpNucph S> rh_e
s` R>¡. Aphp r_òe rh_e`|h®L$ D`fp¡L$s
Qpf âL$pf_p¡ iycfpNê` rh_e s¡ ìehlpf\u
rh_e s` R>¡.
9. h¥eph©Ðe
NyZp_yfpNu \B_¡ i[¼s-c[¼s`|h®L$ k„edu
`y{jp¡_u k¡hp-kyîyjp L$fhu s¡_¡ h¥eph©Ðe
s` Ll¡ R>¡.
NyZu `y{jp¡_p NyZp¡_¡ N°lZ L$fhp dpV¡$
NyZp_yfpNu \B_¡ s¡d_u c[¼s`|h®L$ `p¡sp_u
i[¼s A_ykpf S>¡ L$p¡B k¡hp-QpL$fu \B iL¡$
s¡ L$fhu s¡ h¥eph©Ðe s` R>¡.
9. r_S>®fpcph_p
k„ e du `y { jp¡ A_¡ s¡ d p„ `Z S>¡ L$p¡ B
Ai¼s, h©Ù, fp¡Nu L¡$ bpm lp¡e A_¡ L$p¡B
k¡ h p_u A`¡ n p ^fphsp lp¡ e s¡ d _¡ k| h p-
b¡ k hp_p õ\p__u ìehõ\p L$fhu, s¡ d _p
lp\-`N v$bphhp, s¡ d _¡ r_v$p£ j Aplpf-
Ap¥ j ^ `| f p `pX$hp, s¡ d _p dm-d| Ó kpa
L$fhp A_¡ L$p¡B hMs k„eddp„ rir\g \sp„
ÅZu_¡ s¡d_¡ e\p\® D`v¡$i hX¡$ afu `pR>p
k„ e ddp„ kph^p_ L$fhp L¡ $ õ\pr`s L$fhp
S>¡hp L$pep£ h¥eph©Ðe_¡ ep¡Áe d_pe R>¡.
k„edu `y{jp¡_u h¥eph©Ðe L$fhp\u s¡d_p
NyZê` `p¡sp_p `qfZpd \pe R>¡. Ap D`fp„s
îÙp, hpÐkëe, c[¼s, `pÓgpc, fÐ_Óe_y„
k„^p_, s`, `|Å, ^d® Apfp^_p_u AM„X$sp,
kdpr^, su\¯L$fp¡_u Apop_y„ A_y`pg_, k„eddp„
klpe, v$p_, r_rh®rQqL$Ðkp, âcph_p, L$pe®_u
`| Z ® s p S>¡ h p Ny Z p¡ _ p¡ gpc \pe R>¡ .
r_òe\u `p¡ s p_p iy Ù õhê`_u k¡ h p
L$fhpê` husfpNcph S> h¥eph©Ðe s` R>¡.
Aphp r_òe h¥ e ph© Ð e s``| h ® L $ k„ e du
`yêjp¡_u e\pep¡Áe k¡hp-QpL$fu L$fhp_p¡ iyccph
s¡ ìehlpf\u h¥eph©Ðe s` R>¡.
10. õhpÂepe
ApÐdqls dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp ks¹ipõÓ_p
AÂee__¡ õhpÂepe s` L$l¡ R>¡.
ApÐdp_y„ rls kçeÁv$i®_-op_-QpqfÓê`
dp¡ndpN® A_¡ dp¡ndp„ R>.¡ ApÐdp_p Ap âL$pf_p
177
rls dpV¡$ ks¹ipõÓ_y„ AÂee_ AphíeL$ R>¡.
ipõsp `y { j_p hQ__¡ ks¹ i põÓ L$l¡ R>¡ .
S>¡_y„ ipk_ Qpgsy„ lp¡e s¡_¡ ipõsp `y{j
L$l¡ R>¡. `pfdpr\®L$ `„\dp„ rS>_¡ÞÖcNhp__y„
ipk_ Qpgsy „ lp¡ h p\u s¡ A p¡ ipõsp `y { j
R>.¡ Ap rS>_Þ¡ Ö cNhp__u qv$ìeÂhr_ A_ykpf
NZ^f, ApQpe® Üpfp \e¡ g u fQ_p A¡
ks¹ipõÓ R>.¡ kdekpfpqv ipõÓ_p¡ ks¹ipõÓdp„
kdph¡ i R>¡ . Ap ks¹ i põÓ_p AÂee__¡
õhpÂepe L$l¡ R>¡.
ks¹ i põÓ_u hpQ_p, `© Ã R_p, A_y â ¡ n p,
Apç_pe A_¡ s¡_p¡ ^dp£`v¡$i `Z õhpÂepedp„
kdpe R>¡.
bpf¡ e âL$pf_p s`dp„ õhpÂepe_¡ î¡ › $
dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. rQÑ_u [õ\fsp dpV¡$ s¡
AÐe„s D`L$pfu R>.¡ õhpÂepe `l¡gp D`hpõppqv$
s`p¡ õhpÂepe_u kp_yLy$msp L$fph¡ R>¡ A_¡
s¡ A p¡ õhpÂepe krls lp¡ e sp¡ kam \pe
R>¡ . õhpÂepe `R>u_p ìey Ð kN® A_¡ Âep_
A¡ õhpÂepe_p L$pfZ¡ k„ch¡ R>¡. e\prhr^
õhpÂepe_y„ am kçeÁv$i_ ® \u dp„X$u_¡ rkÙv$ip
ky^u_u âprá R>¡.
r_òe\u `p¡sp_p iyÙ õhê`_u kdS>Z,
îÙp_ A_¡ [õ\fspê` husfpNcph S>
õhpÂepe s` R>¡ . Aphp r_òe õhpÂepe
s``| h ® L $ ks¹ i põÓp¡ _ p AÂee_ L$fhpê`
iy c cph A¡ ìehlpf\u õhpÂepe s` R>¡ .
11. ìeyÐkN®
bpü-Aæe„sf D`r^_p ÐepN_¡ ìeyÐkN® A\® : AÞe kdõs tQspAp¡_p¡ r_fp¡^ L$fu_¡ A¡L$S>
s` L$l¡ R>¡. rhjedp„ `p¡sp_p d__¡ A¡L$pN° A¡V$g¡ L¡$ [õ\f L$fhy„
s¡ Âep_ R>¡.
178
D`r^ A¡V$g¡ `qfN°l. ^_, ^pÞepqv$, b°pü
`qfN° l A_¡ rdÕepÐh, L$jpepqv$ Aæe„ s f
`qfN° l _p ÐepN_¡ ìey Ð kN® s` L$l¡ R>¡ .
dyr_v$ipdp„ ìeyÐkN® L$ped dpV¡$ lp¡e R>¡ A_¡
îphL$_¡ Ady L $ A„ i ¡ Ady L $ L$pm_u dep® v $p
ky^u_p¡ lp¡e R>¡.
b„^_p L$pfZc|s v$pj¡ p¡ A_¡ v$pj
¡ p¡_p L$pfZp¡_p¡
ÐepN L$fhp¡ s¡ ìeyÐkN® R>¡. ApÐdp_p kOmp„
v$pj
¡ p¡ L$pep_p L$pfZ¡ \sp lp¡e R>.¡ s¡\u L$pep_p
ÐepN\u S> ìeyÐkN® lp¡e R>¡. L$pep_p¡ ÐepN
dfZ \sp„ `l¡gp \sp¡ _\u. `Z Al] L$pep
âÐe¡_p A¡L$Ðh-ddÐh_p ÐepN_¡ S> L$pep_p¡
ÐepN L$üp¡ R>¡. Ap âL$pf¡ L$pep_p ÐepN_¡
L$pep¡ÐkN® L$l¡ R>¡ A_¡ Aphp L$pep¡ÐkN®`|h®L$
S> ìeyÐkN® s` lp¡e R>¡.
ìeyÐkN® s`_p `qfZpd¡$ r_k„N`Ï„, r_X$f`Ï„
A_¡ rS>Ærhjp_p Acph S>¡hp NyZp¡ lp¡e R>¡.
r_òe\u fpN_p ÐepNê` husfpNcph S>
ìeyÐkN® s` R>.¡ Aphp r_òe ìeyÐkN® s``|hL® $
L$pepqv$ âÐe¡_p ddÐh_p ÐepNê` iyccph_¡
ìehlpf\u ìeyÐkN® s` L$l¡ R>¡.
1f. Âep_
d__u A¡ L $pN° s p_¡ Âep_ L$l¡ R>¡ .
`„ Q `fd¡ › $u L¡ $ iy Ù pÐdpdp„ d__¡ A¡ L $pN°
L$fhy „ s¡ Âep_ s` R>¡ .
»Ü¢x¢í 癋¼¢ çÝÚ¢ï { Š²¢Ý: J
(sÐhp\®k|Ó : AÂepe 9, k|Ó f7)
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 D`fp¡L$s k|Ó A_ykpf `p¡sp_p rQÒp_¡ L$p¡B
A¡L$ S> rhjedp„ fp¡L$u fpMhy„ s¡ Âep_ R>¡.
`p¡sp_y„ rQÑ L$p¡B_¡ L$p¡B rhjedp„ fp¡L$pe¡gy„
fl¡hp\u L$p¡B_¡ L$p¡B Âep_ Ahíe lp¡e R>¡.
`Z Al] L$d®_u r_S>®fp_p L$pfZc|s Âep__p¡
S> s`dp„ kdph¡ i R>¡ . iy Ù pÐdp L¡ $ s¡
iy Ù pÐdp_u âNV$sp L$fhpdpV¡ $ r_rdÑc| s
`„Q`fd¡›$u_y„ Âep_ L$d®_u r_S>®fp_p L$pfZc|s
R>¡ , S>¡ _ ¡ ^d® Â ep_ L¡ $ iy L $gÂep_ L$l¡ R>¡ .
s¡ rkhpe_p kp„ k pqfL$ rhje_p Âep__¡
Aps®Âep_ L¡$ fp¥ÖÂep_ L$l¡ R>¡, S>¡ L$d®b„^__y„
L$pfZ lp¡e R>¡.
iy Ù pÐdp_p Apîe¡ L¡ $ s¡ _ p õhê`_p
tQsh__p L$pfZ¡ rQÑ_u [õ\fsp L¡$ A¡L$pN°sp
âpàs L$fhp\u L$d®b„^_ AV$L¡$ R>¡ A_¡ L$d®_u
r_S>®fp \pe R>¡. bpf¡e âL$pf_p s`dp„ L$d®_u
r_S>®fp_y„ dy¿e L$pfZ Ap âL$pf_y„ Âep_ R>¡.
kçeÁv$i®_\u dp„X$u_¡ rkÙv$ip ky^u_u âprá
Ýep__p L$pfZ¡ lp¡e R>¡.
r_òe\u `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdõhcphdp„ [õ\fspê`
husfpNcph S> Âep_ s` R>¡. Aphp r_òe
Âep_ s``|hL® $ `„Q`fd¡›$u L¡$ sÒh_p õhê`_y„
tQsh_ L$fu s¡_p Üpfp iyÙpÐdõhê`_p
tQsh_dp„ d__¡ A¡L$pN° L$fhpê` iyccph
s¡ ìehlpf\u Âep_ s` R>.¡
r_S>®fpcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep
Æh_u iyqÙ_u h©qÙ_¡ r_S>®fp L$l¡ R>¡.
r_S>®fp Ahõ\p_y„ D`pv¡$e`Ï„ A_¡
r_S>®fp_p Apîec|s iyÙpÐdõhcph_y„ `fd
D`pv¡$e`Ï„ rhQpfhy„ s¡ r_S>®fpcph_p_u
tQsh_ âq¾$ep R>¡.
9. r_S>®fpcph_p
op_u_¡ —krhL$ë` L¡$ r_rh®L$ë` L$p¡B `Z
v$ipdp„ r_f„ s f r_S>® f p lp¡ e R>¡ . op_u_p
Aphp õhê`_y „ tQsh_ r_S>® f pcph_pdp„
L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ .
Aop_u A_¡L$ chp¡dp„ S>¡ L$dp£_¡ cp¡Nhu_¡
M`ph¡ R>¡ s¡ S> L$dp£ op_u `p¡ s p_p iy Ù
õhê`dp„ [õ\s flu_¡ DÃR¹ h pkdpÓdp„ s¡ _ ¡
cp¡Nìep rh_p M`ph¡ R>¡. Aop_u_¡ A_¡L$
D`hpk\u `Z S>¡ rhiyqÙ âNV$ \su _\u
s¡ _ p\u A_¡ L $NZu rhiy q Ù op_u_¡ cp¡ S >_
L$fsp„ `Z lp¡e R>¡.
op_u_u `qfZrs kph Sy>v$u S> L$pd L$f¡
R>¡. s¡\u s¡ v$f¡L$ kde¡ r_S>®fp L$f¡ R>¡. s¡\u
op_u_p cp¡N_¡ `Z r_S>®fp_p¡ l¡sy L$l¡hpdp„
Apìep¡ R>¡. hpõshdp„ cp¡N r_S>®fp_y„ L$pfZ
lp¡ s p¡ _\u. `Z op_u_¡ cp¡ N L¡ $ cp¡ N _u
kpdN°u âÐe¡ fpN _\u. A_„sp_yb^ „ u_p¡ Acph
lp¡hp\u Arcâpe`|h®L$_p fpN_p¡ Acph R>¡.
c|rdL$p A_ykpf_p¡ A[õ\fspS>Þe Aë` fpN
lp¡e sp¡`Z s¡_u kp\¡_y„ Å¡X$pZ L¡$ fpN_p¡
fpN _\u. s¡_¡ fpN A_¡ op_ hÃQ¡_„y c¡v$op_
r_f„ s f lp¡ e R>¡ . op_u_¡ cp¡ N kde¡ S| > _p
L$dp£ Dv$edp„ Aphu_¡ Mfu Åe s¡ _ u kpd¡
_hy „ L$d® b „ ^ _ OÏ„ Aë` \pe R>¡ . s¡ \ u
op_u_p cp¡N_¡ `Z r_S>f® p_y„ L$pfZ dp_hpdp„
Aph¡ R>¡ .
r_S>®fp rh_p L$p¡B`Z âL$pf¡ dp¡ndpN® A_¡
dp¡n k„chu iL$sp¡ _\u. dp¡n_y„ kpnps¹ L$pfZ
r_S>®fp S> R>¡.s¡\u âNV$ L$fhp_u A`¡npA¡
r_S>f® p D`pv¡$e R>.¡ A_¡ r_S>f® põhê`u iyÙpÐd-
õhcph r_S>® f p_y „ Apîeõ\p_ lp¡ p h\u s¡
Apîe_u A`¡npA¡ `fd D`pv¡$e R>.¡ Ap âL$pf¡
r_S>®fpcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep lp¡e R>¡, S>¡
op_u_u c|rdL$pdp„ S> dy¿eÐh¡ lp¡e R>¡.
179

r_S>®fpcph_p_y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ
r_S>® f p_y „ D`pv¡ $ e`Ï„ A_¡ r_S>® f p_p
Apîec| s r_S>® f põhcphu iy Ù pÐdõhcph_y „
`fd D`pv¡$e`Ï„ tQshhy„ s¡ r_S>®fpcph_p_u
tQsh_ âq¾$ep R>¡ . r_S>® f p cph_p_u Ap
âL$pf_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep dpV¡ $ _y „ kp^_ L¡ $
L$pfZ r_S>®fp_p kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZc|s kçeL¹$
s`_y„ õhê` A_¡ s¡_u cph_p R>¡. kçeL¹$
âL$pf_p s` dpV¡$ dyr_v$ip AphíeL$ R>.¡ bpf¡e
âL$pf_p s`_y„ DÑd Dv$plfZ dyr_v$ipdp„ lp¡e
R>¡. s`_p L$pfZ¡ âQyf L$d®_u r_S>®fp dyr__¡
lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u kçeL¹$ âL$pf_p s` A_¡ s¡_p
Apfp^L$ dy r __y „ õhê` r_S>® f pcph_p_p
tQsh__y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ b_¡ R>¡.
L$B fus¡ hõsyõhê`_u kdS>Z
L$fph_pf R>¡ ?
r_S>® f p_y „ õhê` A_¡ s¡ _ p D`pv¡ $ e`Zp
rhj¡_u kdS>Z L¡$mhhp dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp
D`pe_¡ r_S>® f pcph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$l¡ R>¡ .
r_S>®fpcph_p_p Aæepk\u `p¡sp_p qÓL$pm
iy Ù õhê`, s¡ _ p Apîe¡ DÐ`ß \su
r_S>®fpv$ip A_¡ s¡_p kp^_c|s kçeL¹ $s`_y„
õhê` kdÆ iL$psy„ lp¡hp\u s¡ hõsyõhê`_u
kdS>Z L$fph_pf R>¡. s¡ Ap fus¡•••
r_S>f® p v$ip âNV$ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p Apîec|s
iyÙpÐdõhcph AâNV$ R>.¡ âNV$ r_S>f® p Üpfp
AâNV$ A¡hp iyÙpÐdõhcph_u Ap¡mMpZ L$fu
iL$pe R>¡.
r_S>®fpcph_p_p¡ Aæepk r_S>®fp_y„ õhê`
kdÅhu r_S>®fpsÒh_y„ D`pv¡$e`Ï„ bsph¡ R>¡.
180
r_S>f® pcph_p_p¡ Aæepk r_S>f® p_p kp^_-
c|s kçeL¹$ s`_y„ õhê` `Z kdÅh_pf R>¡.
D`f dy S >b r_S>® f pcph_p_p¡ Aæepk
iyÙpÐdõhcph, r_S>®fpsÒh A_¡ kçeL¹$ s`_y„
õhê` hN¡ f ¡ hõsy _ y „ âep¡ S >_c| s õhê`
kdÅh_pf R>¡.
L$B fus¡ h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ R>¡ ?
r_S>f® pcph_p_p¡ Aæepk r_S>f® psÒh_y„ õhê`
A_¡ s¡ _ y „ D`pv¡ $ e`Ï„ kdÅh_pfp¡ R>¡ .
r_S>f® psÒh_p D`pv¡$e`Zpdp„ Np¥Z`Z¡ b„^sÒh_y„
l¡e`Ï„ `Z kdpe Åe R>.¡ r_S>f® psÒh kpnps
dp¡nõhê`¡ R>¡ s¡d b„^sÒh kpnps¹ k„kpfõhê`¡
R>¡. s¡\u b„^sÒh_y„ l¡e`Ï„ A¡ k„kpf_y„ S>
l¡e`Ï„ R>¡. k„kpf_y„ l¡e`Ï„ kdÅsp„ k„kpf
âÐe¡_u Dv$pku_sp L¡$ h¥fpÁe Ap`d¡m¡ Aph¡
R>¡. Ap âL$pf¡ r_S>®fpcph_p_p¡ Aæepk k„kpf
âÐe¡_p h¥fpÁe_y„ `Z L$pfZ R>¡.
âep¡S>_`|h®L$_y„ rhi¡j am
r_S>®fpcph_p_y„ âep¡S>_ dy¿e`Z¡ r_S>®fp_y„
D`pv¡ $ e`Ï„ A_¡ r_S>® f p_p Apîec| s
iyÙpÐdõhcph_y„ `fd D`pv¡$e`Ï„ kdÅhhp_p¡
R>¡. A_¡ Np¥Z`Z¡ s¡_y„ âep¡S>_ k„kpf âÐe¡
h¥ f pÁe `Z DÐ`ß L$fphhp_p¡ R>¡ . Aphp
âep¡ S >_`| h ® L $_p¡ r_S>® f pcph_p_p¡ Aæepk
L$fhp\u s¡_p ApNhp L¡$ rhi¡j âL$pf_p b¡
am _uQ¡ dyS>b R>¡•••
1. s`_y „ õhê` kdÅh¡
f. BÃR>p_p r_fp¡ ^ _u cph_p L$fph¡
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 r_S>®fpcph_p_p¡ Aæepk r_S>®fp_p L$pfZc|s s`_y„
1. s`_y„ õhê` kdÅh¡ õhê` kdÅh¡ R>¡ s¡dS> s`_p L$pfZc|s BÃR>p_p
Q¥sÞe õhcph_y„ r_õsf„N âs`_ê` r_fp¡^_u cph_p `Z L$fph¡ R>¡.
husfpNcph A¡ S> r_òe\u s` R>¡
A_¡ Aphp r_òe s``|hL® $ D`hpkpqv$_p
D`k„lpf
bpf âL$pf_p iyccph A¡ ìehlpf\u Dv$edp„ Aph¡g `p¥v$¹NrgL$L$d®_y„ am Apàep
s` R>¡. r_S>®fpcph_p_p¡ Aæepk Aphp rh_p Mfu S>h„y L¡$ kÑpdp„ fl¡g `p¥v$N ¹ rgL$L$d_
® „y
s`_y „ õhê` kdÅh_pfp¡ R>¡ . nuZ \hy„ s¡_¡ r_S>®fp L$l¡ R>¡. husfpNcphê`
r_òe s`\u `p¥vN ¹ rgL$L$d_
® „y am Apàep rh_p
¼Ð„¢ çÝ…üÚ¢: ™: J(sÐhp\®kÓ| : 9—/ff) Mfu S>hpê` r_S>® f p A_¡ iy c cphê` bpf
A¡ k| Ó A_y k pf s` S> k„ h f`| h ® L $_u âL$pf_p ìehlpf s`\u L$d® _ u nuZspê`
r_S>® f p_y „ L$pfZ R>¡ . r_òe s`\u Dv$edp„ r_S>® f p lp¡ e R>¡ .
Aph¡ g L$d® _ u Arh`pL$ r_S>® f p \pe R>¡ r_S>®fpcph_p_p¡ Aæepk r_S>®fp_y„ õhê`
s¡d S> `|h®bÙ L$dp£_u Dv$ufZp \B_¡ `Z A_¡ s¡_y„ D`pv¡$e`Ï„ kdÅh¡ R>¡ A_¡ r_S>®fp
s¡_u Arh`pL$ r_S>®fp \pe R>¡. iyccphê` Ahõ\p_p Ap^pfc| s iy Ù pÐdõhcph_u
ìehlpf s`\u `|hb ® Ù L$dp£_u [õ\rs-A_ycpN Ap¡mMpZ L$fphu s¡_y„ `fd D`pv¡$e`Ï„ `Z
OV$hpê` L¡$ `p`L$dp£_„y `yÎedp„ k„¾$dZ \hpê` kdÅh¡ R>¡.
r_S>® f p \pe R>¡ . r_S>® f pcph_p_p¡ Aæepk
kçeÁv$i® _ `| h ® L k„ h f krls S> r_S>® f p
Ap âL$pf¡ r_S>®fp_p L$pfZê` s`_y„ e\p\®
lp¡e R>¡. r_S>®fp dpV¡$ s`_u AphíeL$sp R>¡.
õhê` kdÅh¡ R>¡.
s` dpV¡$ k„ed_u kp^_p S>êfu R>¡. k„ed_u
f. BÃR>p_p r_fp¡^_u kp^_p dpV¡$ d_yóe`Zp_u Ar_hpe®sp lp¡e
R>¡. s¡\u vy$g®c d_yóe`Zpdp„ k„ed_u kp^_p
cph_p L$fph¡ L$fu i[¼s A_ykpf s` L$fu L$d®_u r_S>®fp
`p„Q B[ÞÖep¡_p rhje_u ApL$p„np_¡ hX¡ $ d_y ó eÆh__¡ kam L$fhp¡ Å¡ B A¡ .
BÃR>p L$l¡ R>¡. Aphu BÃR>p_p Acph`|hL® $ Ûp_sfpe_p iåv$p¡dp„•••
S> s` k„ch¡ R>¡. A_¡ s`_p L$pfZ¡ ¼Ð ™¢ãï „êÚÚ¢², ÜUÚ}¢ çà¢¶Ú ÜU¢ï ±…í ãñ J
S> r_S>®fp lp¡e R>¡. r_S>®fpcph_p_p¡
Aæepk s`_y„ õhê` kdÅh¡ R>¡. s¡d
m¢Îà¢ç±ç{ „é¶Î¢², v²¢ïæ Ý ÜUÚï çÝ… à¢çQU „}¢ JJ
s`_p L$pfZc|s BÃR>p_p r_fp¡^_u cph_p cphp\® : õhN®_p BÞÖp¡ `Z s`_¡ BÃR>¡ R>¡. L¡$d L¡$,
`Z L$fph¡ R>¡. s` S> A_pqv$ k„rQs rh`yg L$d®ê`u `h®s_p Q|fp
§üÓÀ¢ çÝÚ¢ï{ ¼Ð: J L$fhp dpV¡$ hÇ> kdp_ R>¡. sp¡ `R>u L$d®_u r_S>®fp_p
(dp¡n`„Qpis : ígp¡L$ 48 A_¡ ^hg: 13/`,4,f6/`4/1f) L$pfZc| s bpf âL$pf_p ky M v$peL$ s`_u `p¡ s p_u
A¡ k|Ó A_ykpf BÃR>p_p r_fp¡^\u S> s` lp¡e R>¡ i[¼s A_ykpf Apfp^_p ip dpV¡$ _ L$fhu Å¡BA¡?
A_¡ s`_p L$pfZ¡ S> r_S>® f p lp¡ e R>¡ . s¡ \ u S>êf L$fhu Å¡BA¡. (Ûp_sfpeL©$s v$$ignZ ^d®_u `|Ådp„\u)

9. r_S>®fpcph_p 181
 M r_S>®fpcph_p_u L\p M
cNhp_ F>jcv¡$h_p¡ h¥fpÁe
chkpNf\u sfhp_p¡ dpN® bsph_pf Apqv$
su\p®r^_p\ cNhp_ F>jcv¡$h¡ ^d®su\®_y„ âhs®_
L$fu ^d®eN
y _p¡ âpf„c L$ep£. Ap L$pm¡ ^d®su\® D`fp„s
v$p_su\®_u õ\p`_p `Z s¡d_p L$pfZ¡ kp¥ â\d
\B. Ap L$pe® kp^hpdp„ s¡d_u r_S>®fpcph_p_p
tQsh__p¡ A_Þe apmp¡ R>¡.
r_S>f® pcph_p cphhp_p L$pfZ¡ chs_-cp¡N\u
AÐe„s rhf¼s \B dlpfpÅ F>jcv¡$h¡ õhe„ qv$nus
\B r_N°„\ qv$N„bf rS>_tgN ^pfZ L$e®y. rS>_tgN
^pfZ L$ep® `R>u syfs S> F>jcdyr_fpS>¡ L$d®_u
r_S>®fp dpV$¡ vy$^®f s`òep® Apv$fu A_¡ R> drl_p_p¡
ârsdpep¡N ^pfZp L$fu r_òg`Z¡ L$pep£ÐkN®dÖy pdp„
dp¥_`|h®L$ Ecp füp.
s`p¡r_›$ su\¯L$f dyr_fpS> F>jcv¡$h_¡ s`_p
âcph¡ L$d®_u r_S>®fp \B A_¡L$ FqÙ_u âNV$sp
182
\pe R>¡. R>Ì$p-kpsdp NyZõ\p_¡ T|gsp dyr_fpS>
F>jcv¡$h A„v$fdp„ r_rh®L$ë` v$ip_p kpsdp
NyZõ\p_¡ lp¡e Ðepf¡ r_õsf„N Q¥sÞe_p âs`_ê`
husfpNv$ip_u h©qÙê` r_òe s`_p âcph¡
Arh`pL$ r_S>®fp A_¡ NyZî¡Zu r_S>®fp L$fu A_„s
L$dp£_p¡ ne L$f¡ R>¡. A_¡ s¡Ap¡ blpfdp„ krhL$ë`
v$ip_p RÌ$p NyZõ\p_¡ lp¡e Ðepf¡ bpf âL$pf_p
iycfpNê` ìehlpf s`_p âcph¡ kÑpdp„ fl¡g
L$d®_u [õ\rs-A_ycpN_u nuZspê` L$d®_u
r_S>®fp L$f¡ R>¡. Ap bpf âL$pf_p s`_p L$pfZ¡ DÐ`ß
\sp kprsie `yÎe_p âcph¡ s¡d_¡ ApW¡$e âL$pf_u
dlp_ F>[Â^ A_¡ s¡d_p `¡V$pc¡v$_p Qp¡kW$ âL$pf
`¥L$u_u dp¡V$pcpN_u F>[Ù_u âNV$sp \pe R>¡. Ap
fus¡ s`_p âcph¡ A_„s L$dp£_u r_S>®fp A_¡
ApW$ dlp_ F>[Ù_¡ âprá \sp F>jcdyr_fpS>_y„
Ap„sf-bpü õhê` A¡L$v$d A_p¡My„ S>Zpe R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 blpf\u Å¡sp A¡d S>Zpe R>¡ L¡$, A¡L$g-rhlpfu
su\¯L$f dyr_fpS> s¡d_p s`p¡h_dp„ A¡L$gp hk¡ R>¡.
`Z A„v$f\u Å¡sp A¡d S>Zpe R>¡ L¡$, s`_p âcph¡
\su r_S>®fp_p L$pfZ¡ âNV$sp A_„sNyZp¡_u kp\¡
`p¡sp_p r_S>®fp-_Nfdp„ r_hpk L$f¡ R>¡.
blpf\u Å¡sp A¡d S>Zpe R>¡ L¡$, A_¡L$
drl_p_p D`hpk_p L$pfZ¡ s¡Ap¡ c|¿ep-sfõep
R>.¡ `Z A„v$f\u Å¡sp A¡d S>Zpe R>¡ L¡$, s¡Ap¡ s`_p
L$pfZ¡ âNV$sp Ap[ÐdL$ Asu[ÞÖe Ap_„v$ê`
Ad©s_p Av¹cys A_¡ Apl¹gpv$L$L$pfu Apõhpv$_¡
A_ychu füp R>¡.
blpf\u Å¡sp A¡d S>Zpe R>¡ L¡$, F>rjïhf
F>jcv¡$h k|e®_p âMf sp`dp„ s`u füp R>¡. `Z
A„v$f\u Å¡sp A¡d S>Zpe R>¡ L¡$, s¡Ap¡ s`p¡h__p
s`ê`u L$ë`h©n_u iusm R>pepdp„ rbfpÆ füp R>.¡
blpf\u Å¡sp A¡d gpN¡ L¡$, F>jc-dyr_fpS>_p
OV$pV$p¡` s`p¡h_dp„ O_Op¡f A„^p{„ ìep`u Ney„ li¡.
`Z A„v$f S>B_¡ Å¡sp S>Zpé R>¡ L¡$, s`_p âcph¡
k|e®_p s¡S>_¡ Y$p„L$_pf DÐL©$ô$ s¡S> s¡d_p ifufdp„
âNV$¡gy„ R>¡.
A_¡L$ `qfjl$p¡_p rhS>¡sp rS>_cNhp_ kdp_
ApQfZ ^fph_pf rS>_L$ë`u A¡L$grhlpfu
F>jcdyr_fpS> AX$p¡g A_¡ r_òg`Z¡ `p¡sp_u
ApÐdkp^_p kp^¡ R>¡. L$d®iÓy_¡ dpfu lW$phu
dp¡nkpd°pÄe_¡ âpá L$fhp dp¡ndpN®dp„ ApNm
h^sp F>jc-dyr_fpS>_p ÓZ Nyrá s¡d_p
A„NfnL$ S>¡hp R>¡. k„ed s¡d_y„ b¿sf R>¡. AÌ$phuk
âL$pf_p d|mNyZp¡ s¡d_p k¥r_L$p¡ kdp_ R>¡. bpf¡e
âL$pf_p s` s¡d_p k¡_p_peL$p¡ R>¡.
Å¡ L¡$ R> drl_p\u F>jcdyr_fpS> S>fp `Z
Mpsp`usp _\u. sp¡`Z s¡d_pdp„ rbgLy$g \pL$
L¡$ M¡v$ _\u. s`_p âsp`¡ s¡d_p ifuf_y„ s¡S>
v¡$hp¡_p qv$ìes¡S>\u `Z QqY$epsy„ \hp\u s¡Ap¡
9. r_S>®fpcph_p
dlpv¡$h sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMpe R>¡. s¡d_p hpm S>V$p kdp
h^u S>hp\u s¡Ap¡ S>V$pi„L$f sfuL¡$ `Z ÅZusp R>¡.
kçeL¹$ fÐ_Óe_p ^pfL$ lp¡hp\u s¡Ap¡ rÓi|m^pfu
`Z L$lh ¡ pe R>.¡ S>Ns_p âpZuAp¡_p õhpdu lp¡hp\u
s¡Ap¡ c|s_p\ sfuL¡$ `Z Ap¡mMpe R>.¡ L¥$gpi `h®s
`f s` L$fhp\u s¡Ap¡ L¥$gpihpku `Z L$lh ¡ pe R>.¡
S>Þd\u S> s¡Ap¡ ÓZ op_ê`u _¡Ó O¡fph_pfp
lp¡hp\u qÓ_¡Ó sfuL¡$ `Z ârkÙ R>.¡ Aphp dlpv¡$h
F>jc_p\ cNhp_ R> dpk_p Âep_ ep¡Ndp„\u blpf
Aphsp„ s¡Ap¡ Aplpf dpV¡$ rhlpf L$f¡ R>.¡ `Z r_v$pj
£
Aplpf A_¡ Aplpfv$p__u rhr^\u AÅZ gp¡L$p_ ¡ p
L$pfZ¡ s¡d_¡ Aplpf_p¡ ep¡N b_sp¡ _\u. A_¡ A¡
âdpZ¡ buÅ R> drl_p `Z `kpf \B Åe R>.¡
Ap fus¡ A¡L$ hfk_p hfkus`_p âcph¡ s`õhu
dyr_fpS> F>jcv¡$h_p s`p¡h_dp„ fpÓ¡ `Z qv$hk
S>¡hp¡ DÑd âL$pi fl¡hp gpÁep¡, s¡d_p s`s¡S>_p
âcph¡ Qpf¡bpSy> kycyrnsp ìep`u NB. fp¡N, dfu
S>¡hp D`Öhp¡ AV$L$u Nep. tlkL$ âpZuAp¡ `p¡sp_y„
Årsh¡f c|gu ip„rs\u kp\¡ fl¡hp gpÁep. tkl A_¡
lfZ, k`® A_¡ dp¡f A¡L$ buÅ_¡ bp^p L$ep® rh_p
A¡L$ kp\¡ F>jcdyr__u kÞdyM b¡ku fl¡sp. Alp
! L¡$hy„ Apòe® L¡$ Npe_p _p_p hpR>fX$$p„ tklZ_y„
vy$^ `u füp R>¡ A_¡ tklbpm Npe_y„ vy$^ ^phu füp¡
R>¡.
F>jcdyr_fpS>_p Apòe®L$pfu s`_p âcph¡
BÞÖ_y„ BÞÖpk_ `Z L„$`u DW¡$ R>¡. õhN®_p v¡$hp¡
A_¡ BÞÖ Aphu_¡ AÙf ApL$pidp„\u su\¯L$f dyr__p
s`p¡h_dp„ v¥$hu `yó`p¡_u h©rô$ L$f¡ R>¡. A_¡ Np„^hp£
d„Ng hpÛp¡ hNpX¡$ R>¡. s`_p Arsie âcph\u
F>jc dyr_fpS>_y„ Av$cys ê` A¡hy„ ip¡c¡ R>¡ L¡$ BÞÖ
s¡_¡ lÅf-lÅf _¡Óp¡\u _ufM¡ R>¡ sp¡`Z s©rá \su
_\u. BÞÖ dlpfpS> AÐe„s c[¼s`|h®L$ s`õhu
su\¯L$f_u `yÅ L$fu s¡_u õsyrsê` r_S>®fpcph_p
cph¡ R>¡ :
183
 “l¡ s`p¡r_r^ ! k„ed rifp¡drZ kp^y dlpfpS>
Ad¡ Ap`_u iu fus¡ õsyus L$fuA¡ ?
Ap`_u k„edv$ip Å¡B Adpê„ Ap h¥q¾$reL$ ifuf
`rhÓ d_psy„ lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡dp„ k„ed_u kp^_p_u ep¡Áesp
_ lp¡hp\u s¡ AÐe„s r_Û R>.¡
r_hp®Zv$ip_y„ A¡L$v$d _ÆL$_y„ A_¡ ku^y„ L$pfZ
L$d®_u r_S>®fp R>¡. BÃR>p_p r_fp¡^\u DÐ`ß \sy„
r_õsf„N Q¥sÞe âs`Óê` s` S> r_òe\u L$d®_u
Arh`pL$ r_S>®fp_y„ L$pfZ R>¡. Aphp r_òe s``|h®L$
D`hpkpqv$ bpf âL$pf_p s`\u `Z L$d®_p [õ\rs
A_y-cpN_u nuZspê` L$d®_u r_S>®fp R>¡. L$d®_u
r_S>®fp dpV¡$ s` A_¡ s` dpV¡$ k„edv$ip S>êfu
R>¡. k„edv$ip dpV¡¡$ d_yóe`ep®e S>êfu R>¡.
d_yóe`ep®e rkhpe AÞe L$p¡B Ahõ\pdp„
k„edv$ip k„chsu _\u. Ad¡ `Z S>ëv$u\u
d_yóe`ep®e ^pfZ L$fu k„ed_u kp^_ hX¡$ L$d®_u
r_S>®fp_p L$pfZc|s s`_¡ âpá \pe A¡ S> Adpfu
Arcgpjp R>¡.
l¡ s`î¡›$ õhpdu ! Ap`_p S>¡hu s`õhuv$ip
^pfZ L$fu L$d®_u r_S>®fp_p L$pfZ¡ âpá \su
r_hp®Zv$ip_¡ `pduA¡ A¡ S> Adpfu Ap
r_S>®fpcph_pê` õsyrs_y„ am lp¡ Å¡.”
r_S>®fpcph_p_p D`fp¡L$s âL$pf_p tQsh__p
L$pfZ¡ A¡Lphspfu BÞÖ dlpfpS> d_yóev$ip âpá
L$fu s`_u Apfp^_p hX¡$ L$d_
® u r_S>f® p L$fu dp¡nv$ip_¡
âpá \ep R>¡.
su\®L$f dyr_fpS> F>jcv¡$h¡ `Z r_S>f® pcph_p_y„
am L¡$hmop__¡ âpá \B qv$ìeÂhr_ hX¡$ ^dp£`v¡$i
Ap`u Ap L$pmdp„ ^d®eyN_p¡ âpf„c L$ep£ R>¡, S>¡
`„QdlpL$pm_p A„s ky^u âhs®_pfp¡ R>¡.
r_S>®fpcph_p_p bm¡ r_S>®fp_p L$pfZc|s s`_u
Apfp^_p L$fu s`_p âcph¡ s`ê`u Ar‚\u ApW¡$e
âL$pf_p L$dp£_p v$l_hX¡$ s¡_u r_S>f® p L$fu, s`_p âcph¡
ApW¡$ âL$pf_u dlp_ F>[Ù_¡ âpá L$fu q_S>®fpcph_p_y„
am `fd r_hp®Z_¡ âpá s`õhu su\¯L$f F>jcv¡$h_¡
_d°cph¡ _d_ !

k„v$c® N°„\p¡
r_S>® f p_p c¡ v $ A_¡ s¡ _ y „ õhê$` :
1. cNhsu Apfp^_p : Np\p 1841 \u 1843 A_¡ s¡_u V$uL$p; · 2. õhprdL$prs®L¡$ep_yâ¡np : Np\p 66, 103; · 3. sÒhp\®k|Ó
: 1/4, 8/23, 9/7 A_¡ s¡\u V$uL$p; · 4. khp®\®rkqÙ : 1/4/14/5; 1/4/19/27/7; 8/23/399/6; 9/7/417/
9; · 5. sÐhp\®fpS>hprÑ®L$ : 1/4/12/27; 1/4/19/27/8; 1/7/14/40/17, 19; · 6. b©lv$Öìek„N°l : Np\p 36
_u V$uL$p; · 7. `„Qp[õsL$pek„N°l : Np\p 144 _u V$uL$p; · 8. S>¥.rk.L$p¡i : cpN 2 : r_S>®fp : `p_y 621, 622.

r_S>® f pcph_p_p AÞe dy Ø pAp¡ :

1. bpfkAÏh¡L¹$ep_yâ¡np : Np\p 66 \u 67; · 2. õhprdL$prs®L¡$ep_yâ¡np : Np\p 102 \u 114; · 3. cNhsu Apfp^_p
: Np\p 1838 \u 18`0; · 4. op_Z®h : kN®f : Np\p$ 141 \u 149; · 5. d|gpQpf : DÑfp^® : Np\p 746 \u 7`1;
· 6. sÒhp\®kpf : AÂep`L$ : Np\p 39; · 7. sÒhp\®fpS>hprÑ®L$ : 9—/7, 6/60f/11, 3/7, 7/603/3; · 8. khp®\®rkqÙ
: 9/7/417; · 9. kdZkyÑ„: 30 A_yâ¡npk|Ó : Np\p `24; · 10. `Ú_„v$u `„Qthirs : AÂepe : 6, ïgp¡L$ 53; · 11.
A_Npf ^dp®d©s : Np\p 74, 75; · 12. b©lv$Öìek„N°l : Np\p 3` _u V$uL$p; · 13. kdekpf : Np\p 198; ApÐd¿eprs
: ïgp¡L$ 133; · 14. S>¥.rk.L$p¡i: cpN-1 : A_yâ¡np : 1/10, `p_y-7`; 4/10, `p_y-79;

r_S>® f cph_p_u L$\p : s`õhu su\¯ L $f F>jcv¡ $ h :

1. Apqv$`yfpZ : cpN 1 : `h® 18, 19, 20; · 2. bl¡_îu_p hQ_pd©s : _„.89, 388, 394, 403; · Ny{$v¡$hîu_p„ hQ_pd©s
: _„.75.

184 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

 l¡ s y g nu âï_p¡
ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fu bpS>y_p„ Qp¡fkdp„ v$ip®hp¡. 06. r_S>®fpcph_pdp„ ¼ep âL$pf_u r_S>®fp_y„ tQsh_ lp¡e R>¡? 06.
01. L$B fus¡ Dv$e `pd¡g L$d®_p¡ Dv$e `fê$` L$l¡hpe R>¡? 01. A:: Arh`pL$ B:: AL$pd C:: krh`pL$ D:: ìehlpf
A:: A`L$j®Z B:: k„¾$dZ C:: DÐL$j®Z D:: Dv$ufZp 07. kL$pd r_S>®fp A¡ L¡$hu r_S>®fp R>¡? 07.
0f. r_S>®fp iy„ _\u? 02. A:: Arh`pL$ B:: krh`pL$ C:: ìehlpf D:: r_òe
A:: `|h®bÙ L$dp£_y„ ÆZ® \hy„ L¡$ TX$u S>hy„ 08. rhïhdp„ h^y dp¡s ip\u \pe R>¡? 08.
B:: kÑpdp„ fl¡g L$dp£_y„ nuZ \hy„. A:: Acÿe_p cnZ\u B:: c|Mdfp\u
C:: Dv$eNÑ am Ap`ep rh_p Mfu S>hy„. C:: h^y Mphp\u D:: Ap¡Ry>„ Mphp\u
D:: _hu_ L$dp£_y„ Aphhy„ AV$L$hy„. 09. bpf¡e âL$pf_p s`dp„ î¡›$ s` ¼ey„? 09.
03. r_S>®fpcph_p_y„ tQsh_ dy¿e`Z¡ L$p¡_¡ lp¡e R>¡? 03. A:: D`hpk B:: âpeqòs C:: Âep_ D:: õhpÂepe
A:: kçeL¹$Ðh-kÞdyM rdÕep×rô$_¡ B:: kçeÁ×vrô$ îphL$_¡ 10. op_u_p cp¡N_¡ `Z r_S>®fp L$l¡hp_y„ L$pfZ iy„ _\u? 10.
C:: cphtgNu dyr__¡ D:: Aqfl„s cNhp__¡ A:: cp¡N L¡$ cp¡N_u kpdN°u âÐe¡ Arcâpe`|h®L$_p fpN_p¡ Acph
04. r_S>®fpsÒh_y„ kp^_ iy„ R>¡? 04. B:: õhê$`dp„ [õ\s flu_¡ L$dp£_¡ cp¡Nìep rh_p A`phhp
A:: r_S>®fpcph_p B:: husfpNcph C:: iyÙpÐdõhcph D:: k„hfsÒh C:: fpN A_¡ op_ hÃQ¡_y„ r_f„sf c¡v$op_
0`. L$B r_S>®fp hpõsrhL$ _\u? 05. D:: S|>_p L$dp£ Dv$edp„ Aphu_¡ Mfu Åe s¡_u kpd¡ _hy„ L$d®b„^_ Aë` \pe
A:: krh`pL$ B:: Arh`pL$ C:: kL$pd D:: AL$pd

k¥ Ù p„ r sL$ âï_p¡
_uQ¡_p âï_p¡_p A¡L$ b¡ hp¼edp„ V|$„L$p S>hpb Ap`p¡. 26. r_òe Öìer_S>® f p L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
0 1 . r_S>® f pcph_p L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 27. ìehlpf r_S>® f p L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
0 2 . cphr_S>® f p L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 28. ìehlpf cphr_S>® f p L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
0 3 . cphr_S>® f p iy „ R>¡ ? 29. ìehlpf Öìer_S>® f p L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
0 4 . Öìer_S>® f p L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 30. ìehlpf Üpfp r_qv® $ ô$ rhje_¡ Ap¡ m Mhp L¡ $ kdS>hp
0 5 . krh`pL$ r_S>® f p L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? i¡ _ u S>ê$f lp¡ e R>¡ ?
0 6 . r_j¡ L $p¡ L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 31. ìehlpf_p L$\__¡ iy „ dp_u g¡ h y „ ep¡ Á e _\u?
0 7 . krh`pL$ r_S>® f p L$p¡ _ ¡ lp¡ e R>¡ ? 32. ìehlpf_u kp\® L $sp i¡ d p„ R>¡ ?
0 8 . Arh`pL$ r_S>® f p L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 33. s` dpV¡ $ _u A„ s f„ N A_¡ bpü i[¼s iy „ R>¡ ?
0 9 . Arh`pL$ r_S>® f p_p `p„ Q âL$pf_p _pd Ap`p¡ . 34. bpü s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
1 0 . `p`L$dp£ L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 35. bpü s`_p _pd Ap`p¡ .
1 1 . A`L$jp® Z L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 36. Aæe„ s f s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R¡ ?
1 2 . `y Î eL$dp£ L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 37. Aæe„ s f s`_p _pd Ap`p¡ .
1 3 . DÐL$j® Z L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 38. iy c cphê$` ìehlpf s`\u L$B âL$pf_u r_S>® f p lp¡ e R>¡ ?
1 4 . k„ ¾ $dZ L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 39. husfpNcphê$` r_òe s`\u L$B âL$pf_u r_S>®fp lp¡e R>¡?
1 5 . Dv$ufZp L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 40. D`hpk _pd_y „ s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
1 6 . L$d® _ p¡ `fê$`\u Dv$e A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ? 41. Qpf âL$pf_p Aplpf_p _pd Ap`p¡ .
1 7 . L$d® _ p¡ õhê$`\u Dv$e A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ? 42. ip dpV¡ $ D`hpk_¡ A_i_ `Z L$l¡ R>¡ ?
1 8 . kh® O prs õ`^® L $p¡ L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 43. r_òe\u D`hpk s` iy „ R>¡ ?
1 9 . rh`pL$ê$` Dv$e L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 44. ìehlpf\u D`hpk s` iy „ R>¡ ?
2 0 . v¡ $ iOprs õ`^® L $p¡ L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 45. Ahdp¥ v $e® s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
2 1 . âv¡ $ iê$` Dv$e L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 46. ip dpV¡ $ Ahdp¥ v $e® s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
2 2 . kL$pd r_S>® f p L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 47. r_òe\u Ahdp¥ v $e® s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
2 3 . AL$pd r_S>® f p L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 48. ìehlpf\u Ahdp¥ v $e® s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
2 4 . r_òe r_S>® f p L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 49. h© r Ñ`qfk„ ¿ ep_ s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
2 5 . r_òe cphr_S>® f p L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 50. h© r Ñ`qfk„ ¿ ep_ s`\u ¼ep âL$pf_p¡ fpN fl¡ s p¡ _\u?

9. r_S>®fpcph_p 185
51. r_òe\u h© r Ñ`qfk„ ¿ ep_ s` iy „ R>¡ ? _uQ¡_p âï_p¡_p rhõs©s DÑf Ap`p¡
52. ìehlpf\u h© r Ñ`qfk„ ¿ ep_ s` iy „ R>¡ ? 01. r_S>® f pcph_p_u ìep¿ep A_¡ s¡ _ u kdS| > su Ap`p¡ .
53. fk`qfÐepN s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 02. k„hfcph_p A_¡ r_S>®fpcph_p hÃQ¡_p¡ c¡v$ kdÅhp¡.
54. R> âL$pf_p fk_p _pd Ap`p¡ . 03. r_S>® f psÒh A_¡ r_S>® f pcph_p hÃQ¡ _ p¡ c¡ v $ kdÅhp¡ .
55. r_òe\u fk`qfsepN s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 04. k„ h f-r_S>® f pcph_p_u S>¡ d AgN dp¡ n cph_p_u
56. ìehlpf\u fk`qfÐepN s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? AphíeL$sp ip dpV¡ $ _\u?
57. rhrh¼s ièepk_ s` iy „ R>¡ ? 05. r_S>® f p_p Sy > v$u Sy > v$u A`¡ n pA¡ Sy > v$p Sy > v$p c¡ v $ v$ip® h p¡ .
58. ìehlpf\u rhrh¼s ièepk_ s` iy „ R>¡ ? 06. cphr_S>® f p A_¡ s¡ _ y „ õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
59. L$pe¼g¡ i s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 07. Öìer_S>® f p A_¡ s¡ _ y „ õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
60. r_òe\u L$peL$g¡ i s` iy „ R>¡ ? 08. krh`pL$ r_S>® f p A_¡ s¡ _ y „ õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
61. ìehlpf\u L$peL$g¡ i s` iy „ R>¡ ? 09. Arh`pL$ r_S>® f p âL$pf A_¡ v$f¡ L $_y „ õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
62. âpeqòs s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 10. kL$pd r_S>® f p A_¡ s¡ _ y „ õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
63. âpeqòs s`_p _h âL$pf_p _pd Ap`p¡ . 11. AL$pd r_S>® f p A_¡ s¡ _ y „ õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
64. âpeqòs s` ip dpV¡ $ S>ê$fu R>¡ ? 12. r_òe r_S>® f p A_¡ s ¡ _ y „ õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
65. r_òe\u âpeqòs s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 13. ìehlpf r_S>® f p A_¡ s ¡ _ y „ õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
66. ìehlpf\u âpeqòs s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 14. r_S>® f p_p L$pfZc| s s`_p¡ drldp kdÅhp¡ .
67. rh_e s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 15. s` A¡ vy$:M_y„ _rl `Z kyM_y„ kp^_ R>¡ A¡ bpbs kdÅhp¡.
68. rh_e s`_p ApQfZ dpV¡$_p dy¿eÐh¡ Qpf âL$pf_p _pd Ap`p¡. 16. i[¼s A_y k pf s` ip dpV¡ $ L$fhy „ Å¡ B A¡ ?
69. dp¡ n dpN® _ y „ Üpf ¼ep âL$pf_y „ s` L$l¡ h pe R>¡ ? 17. r_òe-ìehlpf s`_y „ õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
70. r_òe\u rh_e s` iy „ R>¡ ? 18. D`hpk s`_y „ õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
71. ìehlpf\u rh_e s` iy „ R>¡ ? 19. ¼ep âL$pf_p D`hpk\u `p` `Z \pe R>¡ ?
72. h¥ e ph© Ð e s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 20. L$pm_u dep® v $p ^fphsp D`hpk_p âL$pf kdÅhp¡ .
73. k„ e du `y { jp¡ _ u h¥ e ph© Ð e\u ip¡ gpc R>¡ ? 21. Ahdp¥ v $e® s`_y „ õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
74. r_òe\u h¥ e ph© Ð e s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 22. h© r Ñ`qfk„ ¿ ep_ s`_y „ õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
75. ìehlpf\u h¥ e ph© Ð e s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 23. h©rÑ`qfk„¿ep_ s` k„b„^u cNhp_ dlphuf_y„ Dv$plfZ
76. õhpÂepe s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? Ap`p¡ .
77. ipõsp `y { j L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 24. fk`qfÐepN s`_y „ õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
78. L$p¡ _ u fQ_p ks¹ i põÓ L$l¡ h pe R>¡ ? 25. rhrh¼s iéepk_ s`_y „ õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
79. õhpÂepedp„ L$p¡ _ p¡ kdph¡ i R>¡ ? 26. L$pe¼g¡ i s`_y „ õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
80. õhpÂepe_y „ am iy „ R>¡ ? 27. âpeqòs s`_y „ õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
81. r_òe\u õhpÂepe s` iy „ R>¡ ? 28. rh_e s`_y „ õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
82. ìehlpf\u õìpÂepe s` iy „ R>¡ ? 29. h¥ e ph© Ð e s`_y „ õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
83. ìey Ð kN® s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 30. õhpÂepe s`_y „ õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
84. ìey Ð kN® s`_p `qfZpd¡ L¡ $ hp Ny Z p¡ lp¡ e R>¡ ? 31. ìey Ð kN® s`_y „ õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
85. r_òe\u ìey Ð kN® s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 32. Âep_ s`_y „ õhê$` kdÅhp¡ .
86. ìehlpf\u ìey Ð kN® s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 33. r_S>® f pcph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep kdÅhp¡ .
87. Âep_ s` L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ? 34. r_S>® f pcph_p_y „ kp^_ L¡ $ L$pfZ kdÅhp¡ .
88. r_òe\u Âep_ s` iy „ R>¡ ? 35. r_S>®fpcph_p L$B fus¡ hõsyõhê$`_u kdS>f L$fph_pf R>¡?
89. ìehlpf\u Âep_ s` iy „ R>¡ ? 36. r_S>® f pcph_p L$B fus¡ h¥ f pÁe_y „ L$pfZ R>¡ ?
9 0. r_S>®fpcph_p_u tQsh_ âr¾$epdp„ i¡_y„ tQsh_ lp¡e R>¡? 37. r_S>®fpcph_p_y„ am s`_y„ õhê$` kdÅh_pf L$B fus¡ R>¡?
91. r_S>® f pcph_p_y „ kp^_ L¡ $ L$pfZ iy „ lp¡ e R>¡ ? 38. r_S>®fpcph_p_y„ am BÃR>p_p r_fp¡^_u cph_p L$fph_pf
92. r_S>® f pcph_p_y „ rhi¡ j âL$pf_p b¡ am_p _pd Ap`p¡ . L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
93. d_óeÆh__¡ kam L$fhp_p¡ D`pe ip¡ ? _uQ¡_p_p¡ saphs Ap`p¡.
1. k„ h fcph_p A_¡ r_S>® f cph_p
f. r_S>® f psÒh A_¡ r_S>® f pcph_p

186 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

10. gp¡L$cph_p 187
188 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 cph_p
10. gp¡L$cph_p
L$p¡B Qp¡½$k Års L¡$ hN®_p kdyv$pe_¡ gp¡L$ L$l¡
R>¡. gp¡L$_p„ r_hpkõ\p__¡ `Z gp¡L$ L$l¡ R>¡. R> Öìep¡_p¡
kdyv$pe A_¡ ApL$pidp„_„y s¡_„y r_hpkõ\p_ s¡ gp¡L$
R>¡. `p¡sp_p ApÐdp dpV¡$ s¡ `fgp¡L$ R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u s¡
o¡e R>¡.`p¡sp_p¡ hpõsrhL$ hkhpV$ `p¡sp_p iyÙõhê`u
Q¥sÞe-gp¡L$dp„ R>¡. `p¡sp_p ApÐdp dpV¡$ s¡ r_S>gp¡L$
R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u s¡ D`pv¡$e R>¡. Ap âL$pf_u hpf„hpf
rhQpfZp \hu s¡ gp¡L$cph_p R>¡.
L$p¡ B Qp¡ ½ $k âL$pf_u Års_p¡ kd| l s¡
gp¡L$ L$l¡hpe R>¡. Æh, `yv¹$Ng, ^dp®[õsL$pe,
A^dp® [ õsL$pe, ApL$pi A_¡ L$pm A¡ R>>
âL$pf_p„ Qp¡½$k Års_p Öìep¡ Ap rhðdp„
R>¡. Ap R>e¡ âL$pf_p Öìep¡_p kd|l_¡ gp¡L$
L$l¡hpe R>¡.
Ap D`fp„ s Ap R> Öìep¡ S>¡ d p„ hk¡ R>¡
s¡_¡ `Z gp¡L$ L$lh ¡ pe R>.¡ R> Öìep¡ ApL$pi_p„
AdyL$ cpNdp„ fl¡ R>¡. s¡_¡ gp¡L$pL$pi L¡$ gp¡L$
L$l¡ h pe R>¡ . `p¡ s p_p ApÐdp ìehlpf\u
gp¡ L $pL$pidp„ A_¡ r_òe\u `p¡ s p_p iy Ù
Q¥sÞeõhê`dp„ hk¡ R>¡. `p¡sp_p ApÐdp dpV¡$
gp¡L$pL$pi A_¡ AÞe Öìep¡ A¡ `fgp¡ L $ R>¡.
A_¡ `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙ Q¥sÞeõhê$` Q¥sÞegp¡L$
A¡ r_S>gp¡ L $ R>¡ .
`p¡ s p_p dpV¡ $ `fgp¡ L $ o¡ e R>¡ A_¡
r_S>gp¡ L $ D`pv¡ $ e R>¡ A¡ âL$pf_y „ tQsh_
A¡ gp¡ L $cph_p R>¡ .
10. gp¡L$cph_p
gp¡L$_p A_¡L$ âL$pf
Qp¡½$k Års_p kdyv$pe A_¡ s¡_p„ hkhpV$_p„
õ\p__¡ gp¡L$ L$l¡hpe R>¡.
d|mc|s`Z¡ R> Öìep¡_p¡ kdyv$pe s¡ gp¡L$
R>¡. Ap R> Öìeõhê` gp¡L$dp„ A_„s Æhp¡_p
kd|l_¡ Æhgp¡L$ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Æhgp¡L$dp„
s¡ _ u `¡ V $pÅrs âdpZ¡ v¡ $ hgp¡ L $, d_y ó egp¡ L $
S>¡hp âL$pfp¡ `X¡$ R>¡.
R> Öìep¡ ApL$pidp„ Qp¥v$ fpS|> KQp `y{jpL$pf
cpNdp„ fl¡ R>¡ s¡_¡ gp¡L$pLp$i L¡$ cp¥Np¡rgL$
õhê$`u gp¡L$ L$l¡ R>¡. Ap cp¥Np¡rgL$ õhê$`u
gp¡L$_p D`f_p cpN_¡ EÂh®gp¡L$, hQgp cpN_¡
dÂegp¡L$ A_¡ _uQ¡_p cpN_¡ A^p¡gp¡L$ L$l¡
R>¡. EÂh®gp¡L$_p kp¥\u D`f_p V$p¡Q_p cpNdp„
rkÙrigp D`f rkÙp¡_p¡ kd|l hk¡ R>¡ s¡_¡
rkÙgp¡ L $ L$l¡ R>¡ . EÂh® g p¡ L $_p S>¡ cpNdp„
h¥dpr_L$ v¡$hp¡ fl¡ R>¡ s¡_¡ õhN®gp¡L$ L$l¡ R>¡.
Ap âL$pf¡ S>ep¡rsj}v¡$hp¡_p k|e®, Q„Ö, _nÓ,
spfp S>¡hp r_hpkõ\p__¡ Äep¡rsgp¡®L$ L$l¡ R>¡.
A¡ L $ fpS| > gp„ b p, A¡ L $ fpS| > `lp¡ m p A_¡
A¡L$ gpM 40 ep¡S>_ JQp dÂegp¡L$_¡ rse®L$g ¹ p¡L$
`Z L$l¡ R>.¡ dÂegp¡L$_p hÃQ¡_p„ AY$u Üu`_p
rhõspfdp„ d_yóep¡ hksp„ lp¡hp\u s¡ d_yóegp¡L$
sfuL¡ $ Ap¡ m Mpe R>¡ . Ap fus¡ _uQ¡ _ p
A^p¡gp¡L$dp„ _pfL$uAp¡_p r_hpk lp¡e s¡ _fL$gp¡L$
L$l¡hpe R>¡.
189
 r_òe\u Æh `p¡sp_p iyÙ Q¥sÞe õhê`dp„
hk¡ R>¡ s¡_¡ Q¥sÞegp¡L$ L$l¡ R>.¡ Ap Q¥sÞegp¡L$
S> `p¡ s p_p¡ r_òegp¡ L $ R>¡ , r_S>gp¡ L $ R>¡ .
r_S>gp¡L$ A¡L$ S> âL$pf¡ lp¡e R>¡. ìehlpf\u
Æh gp¡L$pL$pi_p õhN®gp¡L$, d_yóegp¡L$ hN¡f¡
S>h
¡ p cpNdp„ fl¡ R>.¡ Ap õhN®gp¡L$, d_yóegp¡L$
hN¡f¡ `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_p¡ ìehlpfgp¡L$ L¡$ `fgp¡L$
R>¡. `fgp¡L$ A_¡L$ âL$pf¡ R>¡.
A¡L$ dpÓ r_S> Q¥sÞegp¡L$ S> D`pv¡$e R>¡
A_¡ s¡ rkhpe_p kOmp„ õhN®gp¡L$, d_yóegp¡L$
hN¡f¡ A_¡L$ âL$pf_p `fgp¡L$ o¡e R>¡ A¡ gp¡L$
cph_p_u rhQpfZp_p¡ L¡$[ÞÖe rhQpf R>¡.
gp¡L$cph_p A_¡ k„kpfcph_p
hÃQ¡_p¡ c¡v$
gp¡ L $cph_p_p¡ L¡ $ [ÞÖerhQpf õhN® g p¡ L $,
d_y ó egp¡ L $ hN¡ f ¡ _ ¡ dpÓ o¡ e dp_u s¡ d _y „
âep¡ S >_ R>p¡ X $phhp_y „ R>¡ . A_¡ `p¡ s p_p
Q¥sÞegp¡L$_¡ D`pv¡$e ÅZu s¡_¡ N°lZ L$fphhp_y„
R>¡ . s¡ \ u A¡ d gpN¡ L¡ $ gp¡ L $cph_p `Z
k„ k pfcph_p S>¡ h u S> R>¡ . `Z hpõshdp„
A¡hy„ _\u. gp¡L$cph_p A_¡ k„kpfcph_pdp„
rk„^y A_¡ tbvy$ S>h ¡ p¡ saphs R>.¡ gp¡L$cph_p_u
rhjehõsy tk^y A¡ V $g¡ kdy Ö S>¡ h u rhipm
R>¡ . sp¡ k„ k pfcph_p_u rhjehõsy gp¡ L -
$cph_p_u A`¡ n pA¡ A¡ L $ tbvy $ kdp_ R>¡ .
gp¡L$cph_p A_¡ k„kpf_p hÃQ¡_p¡ d|g c¡v$
_uQ¡ dyS>b R>¡.
1. R> Öìep¡_p kdyv$pe A_¡ s¡_p hkhpV$_p
õ\p__¡ gp¡L$ L$l¡ R>.¡ Æh_u rhL$pfu Ahõ\p_¡
k„kpf L$l¡ R>¡.
190
2. gp¡L$cph_p_u rhjehõsydp„ kdõs R>
Öìep¡ A_¡ k„`|Z® qÓgp¡L$_y„ õhê` kdpe R>¡.
kdN° rS>_pNd_u rhjehõsy A¡ S>
gp¡L$cph_p_u rhjehõsy R>¡ s¡\u gp¡L$cph_p_u
rhjehõsy kdy Ö S>¡ h u AÐe„ s rhipm R>¡ .
k„ k pfcph_p_u rhjehõsy Æh_u rhL$pfu
Ahõ\p A_¡ s¡ _ p L$pfZ¡ \sy „ s¡ _ y „ c° d Z
R>¡. gp¡L$cph_p_u A`¡npA¡ k„kpfcph_p_u
rhjehõsy tk^y kpd¡ tbvy$ S>¡hu A¡V$g¡ L¡$
v$qfep kpd¡ Mpbp¡rQep S>¡hu R>¡.
3. gp¡L$cph_pdp„ r_òe\u gp¡L$ `p¡sp_p¡
iy Ù õhê`u Q¥ s Þegp¡ L $ R>¡ . ìehlpf\u s¡
Æhgp¡ L $, AÆhgp¡ L $, EÂh® g p¡ L $, dÂegp¡ L $,
A^p¡gp¡L$, rse®L¹$gp¡L$, ìe„sfgp¡L$, S>ep¡rsgp¡®L$,
d_yóegp¡L$ S>¡hp A_¡L$ âL$pf¡ R>¡.
k„kpfcph_pdp„ r_òe\u k„kpf Æh_u rhL$pfu
v$ip R>¡. ìehlpf\u s¡ S>Þd-dfZ, QpfNrs
A_¡ `p„Q `fphs®_ A¡ ÓZ âL$pf¡ R>¡.
4. gp¡L$cph_p_p tQsh__p¡ rhje `p¡sp_p
r_òegp¡L$ L¡$ r_S>gp¡L$_¡ D`pv¡$e ÅZu s¡
rkhpe_p kOmp„ ìehlpfgp¡ L $ L¡ $ `fgp¡ L $_¡
o¡ e ÅZhp_y „ R>¡ .
k„kpfcph_p_p tQsh__p¡ rhje A¡L$ dpÓ
dp¡n A_¡ dp¡ndpN®_¡ D`pv¡$e ÅZu kOmp„
âL$pf_p k„kpf_¡ l¡e ÅZhp_p¡ R>¡.
5. Aop_u Æh k„`Z | ® gp¡L$dp„ kss c°dZ
L$fsp¡ fl¡ R>¡ s¡_„y L$pfZ `fgp¡L$ âÐe¡_p dp¡l-
fpN-Ü¡j¡ _p L$pfZ¡ \sy„ L$sÒ©® h R>.¡ gp¡L$cph_p_p
tQsh_ hX¡$ `fgp¡L$_y„ L$s®©Òh V$mu ops©Ðh
âNV¡$ R>.¡ s¡\u `fgp¡L$ âÐe¡_p¡ D`ep¡N Ðep„\u
`pR>p¡ hmu `p¡sp_p r_S> Q¥sÞegp¡L$dp„ Å¡X$pe
R>¡. A_¡ s¡\u k„`|Z® gp¡L$dp„ \sy„ c°dZ V$mu
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
gp¡L$pN°¡ [õ\rs \pe R¡. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ dp¡n`v$_u 4. g p ¡ L $ c p h _ p _ p 4. k„ k pfcph_p_p
tQsh__p¡ rhje tQsh__p¡ rhje
âprá \pe R>.¡ Ap âL$pf¡ gp¡L$cph_p_p tQsh__y„ A¡L$ dpÓ r_òegp¡L$ L¡$ A¡L$ dpÓ dp¡n S> D`pv¡$e R>¡
rhi¡j âL$pf_y„ am `f_y„ L$sp®`Ï„ V$pmu opsp`Ï„ r_S>gp¡L$ S> D`pv¡$e R>¡ A_¡ s¡ A_¡ s¡ rkhpe_p¡ kOmp¡
âNV$phhp_y „ A_¡ r_S>gp¡ L $dp„ \sp„ r_hpk rkhpe_p¡ kOmp¡ `fgp¡L$ k„kpf l¡e R>¡ A¡ k„kpf-
o¡edpÓ R>¡ A¡ gp¡L$cph_p_p cph_p_p tQsh__p¡ rhje
Üpfp `fgp¡L$dp„ \sy„ c°dZ dV$pX$u r_S>gp¡L$dp„ tQsh__p¡ rhje R>¡. R>¡.
A_¡ gp¡L$pN°¡ [õ\rs L$fphhp_y„ R>¡. 5. g p ¡ L $ c p h _ p _ p `. k„ k pfcph_p_p
tQsh__„y rhi¡jam tQsh__y „ rhi¡ j am
Aop_u Æh k„kpfdp„ r_f„sf c°dZ L$fsp¡ `f`v$p\®_„ yL$sp®`Ï„ V$pmu opsp`Ï„ k„ k pf_u Akpfsp kd-
fl¡ R>¡ s¡_y„ L$pfZ k„kpfdp„ kyM dp_u s¡_y„ âNV$ph¡ A_¡ r_S>gp¡L$_p r_hpk Åh¡ A_¡ ApÐdp\}`Zp_u
âep¡S>_ fpMhp_y„ R>¡. k„kpfcph_p qQ„sh_ Üpfp `fgp¡L$_„ c°y dZ dV$pX$u gp¡L$pN°¡ âNV$sp L$fph¡ A¡ k„kpf-
[õ\rs L$fph¡ A¡ gp¡L$cph_p_p cph_p_p tQsh__y„ rhi¡j
hX¡$ k„kpf_¡ vy$:Mê` ÅZu s¡_u Akpfsp kdÅe tQsh__y„ rhi¡j am R>.¡ am R>¡ .
R>.¡ A_¡ dp¡n_¡ S> kyMê` ÅZu s¡_u kpfc|ssp
õ\`pe R>.¡ s¡\u k„kpf âÐe¡_„y âep¡S>_ A¡V$g¡ gp¡L$cph_p_u rhjehõsy_u
L¡$ k„kpfp\}`Ï„ V$mu dp¡n_y„ âep¡S>_ A¡V$g¡
rhipmsp A_¡ s¡_y„ âep¡S>_
L¡ $ dp¡ n p\} L¡ $ ApÐdp\}`Ï„ âNV¡ $ R>¡ . Ap
fus¡ k„kpfcph_p_u tQsh__y„ rhi¡j âL$pf_y„
bpf¡ e âL$pf_u cph_pdp„ gp¡ L $cph_p_u
am k„ k pf_u Akpfsp kdÅhhp_y „ A_¡
rhjehõsy AÐe„s rhipm R>¡. s¡dp„ kdõs
ApÐdp\}`Ï„ âNV$phhp_y „ R>¡ .
Æhpqv$ R> Öìep¡_„y õhê` A_¡ qÓgp¡L$_„y õhê`
gp¡L$cph_p A_¡ k„kpfcph_p_p c¡v$_¡ Ap `Z kdpe R>¡. b©lv$ Öìek„N°l, sÒhp\®k|Ó,
_uQ¡ L$pW¡ $pdp„ dyØpkf A_¡ V|$„L$dp„ fS|> L$fhpdp„ `„Qp[õsL$pek„N°l, qÓgp¡L$kpf, rsgp¡e-`ÎZrs
Aph¡ R>¡. hN¡ f ¡ ipõÓp¡ _ p¡ Aæepk A¡ gp¡ L $cph_p_p¡
gp¡L$cph_p k„kpfcph_p
1 . gp¡L$ A¡V$g¡ iy„ ? 1 . k„ k pf A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ? S> Aæepk R>¡ . Al] rhõspfce_p L$pfZ¡
R> Öìep¡ A_¡ s¡_p hkhpV$_p„ Æh_u rhL$pfu Ahõ\p_¡ s¡_u QQp® L$fhpdp„ Aphsu _\u. `Z dpÓ
õ\p__¡ gp¡L$ L$l¡ R>¡. k„kpf L$l¡ R>¡. s¡_p âep¡S>__u QQp® L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
2 . gp¡L$_p âL$pf f . k„ k pf_p âL$pf
r_òe\u Q¥sÞeõhê`u r_òe\u Æh_u Aiy Ù A_pqv$ Aop_u Æh R> Öìeõhê` gp¡L$dp„
r_S>gp¡L$ A¡ A¡L$ S> gp¡L$ R>¡ A_¡ Ahõ\p S> k„kpf R>¡ A_¡
ìehlpf\u s¡ õhN®gp¡L$, ìehlpf\u s¡ S>Þd-dfZ, `p¡ s p_y „ âep¡ S >_ fpMu `f`qfZrs fpM¡ R>¡
d_yóegp¡L$ S>¡hp A_¡L$ âL$pf¡ Qpf Nrs A_¡ `p„Q `fphs®_ A_¡ s¡_p L$pfZ¡ 343 ^_fpS|> âdpZ k„`|Z®
R>.¡ A¡ ÓZ âL$pf¡ R>¡. gp¡L$dp„ `qfc°dZ `pd¡ R>¡. R> Öìeõhê` gp¡L$
3. g p ¡ L $ c p h _ p _ u 3. k„ k pfcph_p_u
rhjehõsy rhjehõsy o¡e R>¡ A_¡ r_S>õhê` Q¥sÞegp¡L$ D`pv¡$e
gp¡L$cph_p_u rhjehõsy k„kpfcph_p_u rhjehõsy R>¡ A¡ âL$pf_u cph_p L$m ¡ hhu A¡ S> rhipm
kdõs R Öìep¡ A_¡ k„`|Z® Æh_u rhL$pfu Ahõ\p A_¡ rhjehõsy ^fphsp gp¡L$cph_p_y„ A¡L$ dpÓ
qÓgp¡L$ lp¡hp\u s¡ AÐe„s s¡_p L$pfZ¡ `qfc°dZ lp¡hp\u
rhipm tk^y kdp_ R>¡. s¡ gp¡L$cph_p_u A`¡npA¡ tbvy$
âep¡ S >_ R>¡ . Ap âep¡ S >_ `pf `pX$hp
kdp_ R>¡. gp¡L$cph_p_y„ tQsh_ AphíeL$ R>¡.

10. gp¡L$cph_p 191


gp¡L$cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep
r_S>gp¡ L $ D`pv¡ $ e R>¡ A_¡ `fgp¡ L $
lp¡ e R>¡ . `fgp¡ L $ o¡ e lp¡ h p\u `p¡ s ¡
s¡ _ p¡ opsp R>¡ `Z L$sp® _\u. Ap
âL$pf_u kdS>Z`| h ® L $_u rhQpfZp_¡
gp¡L$cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep L$l¡ R>¡.
R> Öìep¡_p kd|l_¡ gp¡L$ L$l¡ R>.¡ Ap D`fp„s
Ap R> Öìep¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_p¡ Æh S>¡dp„ hk¡
R>¡ s¡ gp¡L$pL$pi `Z gp¡L$ L$lh ¡ pe R>.¡ r_òe\u
Æh gp¡L$pL$pi âdpZ Ak„¿eps `°v$¡ iu `p¡sp_p
qÓL$pm ^° y h iy Ù õhcphê` Q¥ s Þegp¡ L $dp„
hk¡ R>.¡ Ap Q¥sÞegp¡L$ S> `p¡sp_p¡ r_òegp¡L$
L¡ $ r_S>gp¡ L $ R>¡ . ìehlpf\u `p¡ s p_p¡ Æh
gp¡ L $pL$pidp„ L¡ $ s¡ _ p„ õhN® g p¡ L $, d_y ó egp¡ L $
hN¡ f ¡ S>¡ h p cpNdp„ hk¡ R>¡ . Ap õhN® g p¡ L $
hN¡f¡ `p¡sp_p dpV¡$ ìehlpf-gp¡L$ L¡$ `fgp¡L$
R>¡ . ìehlpfgp¡ L $ L¡ $ `fgp¡ L $dp„ hkhpV$\u
k„ ` | Z ® g p¡ L $dp„ fMX$`Ë$u A_¡ k„ k pf_p„ vy $ :Mp¡
lp¡e R>.¡ A_¡ r_òegp¡L$ L¡$ r_S>gp¡L$dp„ hkhpV$
L$fhp\u gp¡L$pN°¡ [õ\f r_hpk A_¡ dp¡n_y„
kyM lp¡e R>.¡ `fgp¡L$_¡ o¡e dp_hp\u `fgp¡L$_„y
âep¡S>_ V$m¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u gp¡L$dp„ \sy„ c°dZ
`Z V$m¡ R>.¡ A_¡ r_S>gp¡L$_¡ D`pv¡$e dp_hp\u
r_S>gp¡L$dp„ `p¡sp_p¡ hkhpV$
\pe R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u gp¡L$pN°¡
[õ\f r_hpk_u âprá \pe
R>¡ . s¡ \ u `fgp¡ L $ A¡ o¡ e
R>¡ A_¡ r_S>gp¡ L $ D`pv¡ $ e
R>¡ A¡ âL$pf_u kdS>Z-
`| h ® L $_u hpf„ h pf rhQpfZp
\hu s¡ gp¡ L $-cph_p_u
tQsh_ âq¾$ep R>¡.
192
gp¡L$cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$epdp„ kp¥ â\d
R> Öìe õhê` gp¡L$, õhN®gp¡L$ hN¡f¡ `fgp¡L$
`p¡sp_p op__p o¡e S> R¡, A¡d kdS>hy„
S>êfu R>¡ . A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $ `p¡ s ¡ `fgp¡ L $_p¡ opsp
S> R>¡ A_¡ L$sp® _\u A¡ d kdS>hy S>êfu
R>¡. Äep„ ky^u `p¡s¡ `f`v$p\®ê`u gp¡L$_p¡ L$sp®
\pe R>¡, Ðep„ ky^u `p¡s¡ s¡_p¡ opsp \B
iL$sp¡ _\u. opsp \hp dpV¡$ A[õs\u `p¡sp_p
iyÙ õhê`u r_S>gp¡L$_y„ N°lZ \pe sp¡ S>
_prõs\u `fgp¡L$_„y L$sp®`Ï„ R|>V$u Åe. `fgp¡L$_„y
L$sp®`Ï„ R|>V¡$ sp¡ S> `p¡s¡ s¡_p¡ opsp b_u
iL¡$. L¡$d L¡$, `f`v$p\®õhê`u `fgp¡L$_„y L$sp®`Ï„
A_¡ opsp`Ï„ A¡L$ kp\¡ k„chu iL¡$ _rl.
5°ñ: 1: ip dpV¡$ `f`v$p\®_y„ L$sp®`Ï„ A_¡
opsp`Ï„ A¡L$ kp\¡ k„chu iL¡$ _rl ?
DÑf : `f`v$p\®_„y L$sp®`Ï„ A¡ rdÕep dpÞespê`
rdÕepÐh R>¡ A_¡ opsp`Ï„ A¡ kçeL¹$ dpÞespê`
kçeL$¹Ðh R>¡. S>¡d A„^L$pf A_¡ DÅk A¡L$ kp\¡ fl]
iL¡$ _rl s¡d rdÕepÐh A_¡ kçeL¹$Ðh A¡L$ kp\¡ flu
iL¡$ _rl. s¡\u L$sp®`Ï„ A_¡ opsp`Ï„ A¡L$ kp\¡
k„chu iL¡$ _rl.
5°ñ : 2: Ad¡ sp¡ `f`v$p\®_p L$pe®_¡ L$fuA¡
`Z R>uA¡ A_¡ ÅZuA¡ `Z R>uA¡ s¡\u Ad¡
sp¡ L$sp® A_¡ opsp bß¡ A¡L$ kp\¡ R>uA¡ ?
DÑf : L$fhp`Ï„ A_¡ ÅZhp`Ï„ A¡
bß¡ A¡L$buÅ\u rh{Ù q¾$epAp¡ R>¡. s¡\u
s¡Ap¡ A¡L$ kp\¡ k„chu iL¡$ _rl. Äep„ ky^u
L$fhp`Ï„ lp¡e Ðep„ ky^u ÅZhp`Ï„ k„chu
iL¡$ _rl A_¡ ÅZhp`Ï„ âNV$ép `R>u
L$fhp`Ï„ V$L$u iL¡$ _rl. op_u `f`v$p\®_¡
ÅZsp¡ âhs£ R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u s¡ s¡_p¡ L$sp® \sp¡
_\u. Aop_u `f`v$p\®_p L$pe®_p¡ L$sp® \pe
R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u s¡ s¡_p¡ ÅZ_pfp¡ lp¡e iL¡$ _rl.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 `p¡sp_p op__p nep¡5id L¡$ DOpX$ A_ykpf
`p¡ s ¡ `f_p¡ ârscpk L¡ $ Ahgp¡ L $_ L$f¡ R>¡
`Z A¡ Ahgp¡ L $_ ÅZ`Ï„ _pd Ðepf¡ S>
`pd¡ L¡$ `p¡s¡ s¡_p¡ dpÓ ÅZ_pf S> fl¡ A_¡
s¡ rkhpe ÅZ_pf `v$p\® kp\¡ L$p¡B kb„^
L¡$ âep¡S>_ _ fpM¡. `f_¡ ÅZsp„ `f\u r_g£`
fl¡ , s¡ d p„ L$p¡ B dp¡ l , fpN L¡ $ Ü¡ j _ L$f¡ ;
sp¡ S> s¡ s¡_p¡ ÅZ_pf L$l¡hpe. dp¡l-fpN-
Ü¡j rh_p ÅZhp\u L$p¡B iÓy L¡$ rdÓ, cgy„
L¡$ by{„ hN¡f¡ S>h ¡ „y Ü¥s cpksy„ _\u. A_¡ s¡\u
dpÓ ÅZhp`Ï„ S> fl¡ R>¡ A_¡ L$fhp`Ï„ fl¡s„y
_\u. rS>_¡ÞÖ cNhp_ Aphu S> fus¡ S>Ns_¡
ÅZ¡ R>.¡ s¡Ap¡ ÅZ¡ R>¡ b^p„_¡ `Z L$sp®-lsp®
L$pB¡ _p _\u. `Z Aop_u Æh ÅZhp_u kp\¡
S>Zp_pf `v$p\® kp\¡ L$p¡B âL$pf_p¡ fpN L$ep®
rh_p f$ls ¡ p¡ _\u. Aphy„ fpN krls_y„ ÅZ`Ï„
s¡ opsp`Ï„ L$l¡hpsy„ _\u. A_¡ L$sp®`Ï„ S>
L$l¡hpe R>¡. fpNcph `p¡s¡ S> L$sp®cph R>¡.
hmu Aop_u_¡ `p¡sp_p fpNcph_y„ S> h¡v$_
L¡$ cp¡NhV$p¡ R>¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_p opeL$õhcph_y„
L$pB¡ h¡v$_ L¡$ cp¡NhV$p¡ _\u. S>¡ S>_ ¡ p¡ cp¡L$sp
\pe s¡ s¡_p¡ L$sp® `Z \pe S> R>¡. Aop_u
`p¡ s p_p fpN_p¡ cp¡ ¼ sp lp¡ h p\u s¡ _ p¡ L$sp®
\pe R>¡ . A_¡ fpN_p¡ L$sp® \hp\u fpN_p
r_rdÑ¡ \sp `f_p L$pe®_p¡ `Z L$sp® \pe
R>¡ . `f>_p¡ L$sp® \hp\u `f_p¡ opsp flu
iL$sp¡ _\u. Aop_u_¡ fpN_p¡ S> õhuL$pf
R>¡ A_¡ opsp`Zp_p¡ õhuL$pf S> _\u. s¡\u
s¡ `f_p¡ L$sp® S> R>¡ A_¡ opsp _\u.
Aop_u `f_¡ ÅZsp„ A¡L$ÐhbyrÙ_p rdÕep
Arcâpe L¡$ L$s©®ìebyqÙ_u rdÕephpk_p`|h®L$
`f_¡ ÅZ¡ R>¡ . s¡ \ u s¡ s¡ _ p¡ ÅZ_pf S>
_\u A_¡ L$sp® S> R>¡ . Al] L$sp® A¡ V $g¡
10. gp¡L$cph_p
hpõsrhL$ L$sp® _\u `Z Aop_\u L¡$ c°pr„ s\u
s¡ `f_p¡ L$sp® \pe R>¡. `f_p¡ L$sp® _ lp¡hp
R>sp„ `p¡ s p_¡ `f_p¡ L$sp® dp_hp¡ s¡ S>
Aop_u_y„ Aop_ R>.¡ s¡ S> fus¡ `p¡sp_¡ L$fsp¡
A_¡ ÅZsp¡ bß¡ dp_¡ A¡ `Z Aop_ S>
R>¡. hpõshdp„ op_u L¡$ Aop_u L$p¡B`Z Æh
`f`v$p\®_p L$pe®_p¡ L$sp® rbgLy$g lp¡sp¡ S> _\u.
âï_ :3: ip dpV¡$ op_u L¡$ Aop_u L$p¡B
`Z Æh `f_p„ L$pe®_p¡ rbgLy$g L$sp® lp¡sp¡
S> _\u ?
DÑf : v$f¡L$ `v$p\® õhs„Ó A_¡ k„`|Z® lp¡e R>¡.
`v$p\®_y„ õhê` S> A¡hy„ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ L$p¡B L$p¡B_p¡ L$sp®
lp¡sp¡ _\u. A_¡L$p„sõhê`u `v$p\® õhs:
`qfZd_iug lp¡e R>¡. õhs: `qfZd_iug
`qfZdsp¡ `v$p\® `p¡s¡ S> L$sp® lp¡e R>.¡ A_¡ s¡_p kde¡
kde¡ \sp„ `qfZpd S> s¡_y„ L$d® L¡$ L$pe® lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u
L$sp®-L$d® A¡ Sy>v$p-Sy>v$p `v$p\p£dp„ lp¡sp _\u.
S>¡ Apqv$-dÂe-A„ s dp„ A„ s ìep® ` L$ \B_¡
õhs„Ó`Z¡ L$f¡ s¡_¡ Lsp® L$l¡hpe A_¡ L$sp®
S>¡ ê`¡ `qfZpd¡ , D`S>¡ L¡ $ S>¡ _ ¡ âpá L$f¡
L¡$ N°l¡ s¡_¡ s¡_y„ L$d® L¡$ L$pe® L$l¡hpe. L$sp®-
L$d®_u Ap `qfcpjp A_ykpf L$sp®-L$d® A¡L$
S> `v$p\®dp„ Arcß`Z¡ lp¡e R>¡. S>¡\u L$p¡B
L$p¡B_p¡ L$sp® lp¡sp¡ _\u.
hmu Äep„ ìep`L$-ìepàeÏ„ lp¡ e Ðep„ S >
L$sp® - L$d® ` Ï„ lp¡ e R>¡ . kh£ Ahõ\pAp¡ d p„
õhs„Ó`Z¡ `qfZdu_¡ âkfsp¡ `v$p\® ìep`L$$
L$l¡hpe R>¡ A_¡ s¡_u L$p¡B A¡L$ Ahõ\prhi¡j
s¡_„y ìepàe L$lh ¡ pe R>.¡ Ap ìep`L$-ìepàe`Ï„
sÐõhê`dp„ S> A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $ A¡ L $ S> `v$p\® d p„
Arcß`Z¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u L$p¡B L$p¡B_p¡ L$sp®
lp¡sp¡ _\u.
193
 ApÐdp `p¡sp_p fpN L¡$ husfpN `qfZpd_¡
L$f¡ R>¡ . A_¡ S>¡ _ ¡ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ _ ¡ cp¡ N h¡ R>¡ .
Aop_u Ly„$cpf_p¡ Æh OX$p¡ b_phhp k„b„^u
fpN_¡ L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡ fpN_y„ am vy$:M lp¡e
s¡_¡ cp¡Nh¡ R>¡. `Z s¡ fpN_p r_rdÑ¡ \sp
dpV$u_p OX$p_¡ L$fsp¡ _\u L¡$ cp¡Nhsp¡ _\u.
Ly„$cpf_p¡ Æh `p¡sp_p OX$p b_phhp kb„^u
fpN_¡ `Z L$f¡ A_¡ s¡_p r_rdÑ¡ \sp OX$p_¡
`Z L$f¡ sp¡ A¡L$ S> Ly„$cpf_p Æh_p A¡L$
kp\¡ b¡> L$pe® \B Åe. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ s¡ A¡L$
kp\¡ fpN_¡ `Z L$f¡ A_¡ OX$p_¡ `Z L$f¡.
s¡ S> fus¡ OX$p_p¡ L$sp® dpV$u `Z lp¡e A_¡
Ly„$cpf `Z lp¡e sp¡ A¡L$ S> L$pe®_p b¡ L$sp®
\B Åe `Z Aphy„ ¼epf¡e k„chu iL¡$ _rl.
Ap L$pfZ¡ Ly„$cpf `p¡sp_p fpN_¡ L$f¡ R>¡ `Z
OX$p_¡ L$fsp¡ _\u. Ap fus¡ `Z A¡L$ Öìe
AÞe L$p¡B_y„ L$sp® lp¡e iL¡$ _rl.
D`f dy S >b op_u L¡ $ Aop_u L$p¡ B `Z
Æh `f_p„ L$pe®_p¡ rbgLy$g L$sp® lp¡sp¡ _\u.
sp¡`Z Aop_u c°p„rs\u `p¡sp_¡ `f_p¡ L$sp®
dp_¡ R>¡.
5°ñ :4: Aop_u L$B âL$pf_u c°p„rs\u
`p¡sp_¡ `f_p¡ L$sp® dp_¡ R>¡ ?
DÑf : Aop_u Æh `f`v$p\®_p L$pe® L$fhp
k„b„^u_p¡ S>¡ ep¡N A_¡ D`ep¡N L$f¡ R>¡ s¡_p¡ s¡ L$sp®
lp¡e R>¡, `Z `f`v$p\®_p L$pe®_p¡ L$sp® rbgLy$g lp¡sp¡
_\u. Al] ep¡N A¡V$g¡ d_-hQ_-L$pep_p L$pfZ¡ \sy„
ApÐdâv¡$ip¡_y„ `qfõ`„v$_ R>¡ A_¡ D`ep¡N A¡V$g¡
op__y„ fpNpqv$ rhL$pfp¡ kp\¡ D`ey¼s \hy„-Å¡X$phy„ s¡
R>¡. Aop_u `p¡sp_p„ ep¡N-D`ep¡N_p L$pfZ¡
`f`v$p\®_p L$pe® \sp„ dp_¡ R>¡. `Z s¡ A¡L$ A_yLy$m-
A_y{`sp ^fphsp¡ r_rdÑ-_¥rdrÑL$ âL$pf_p¡ kb„^
R>¡, `Z ìep`L$-ìepàesp ^fphsp¡ L$sp®-L$d® kb„^
194
_\u. sp¡`Z Aop_u `p¡sp_p Aop__p L$pfZ¡ s¡_¡
L$d®-L$d® k„b„^ dp_u `p¡s¡ `f_p L$pe®_p¡ L$sp® \pe s¡
A¡L$ c°p„rs R>¡.
S>¡d L¡$, Ly„$cpf_p¡ ep¡N A_¡ D`ep¡N A¡
OX$p_u q¾$ep_¡ A_yL|$m R>¡ A_¡ s¡ ep¡N A_¡
D`ep¡N_¡ A_y{` S> dpV$udp„\u \sp¡ OX$p¡
S>Zpe R>¡. Al] Ly„$cpf r_rdÑ R>¡ A_¡ OX$p¡
_¥ r drÑL$ R>¡ . A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $ Ly „ $ cpf A_¡ OX$p_¡
A_yL|$m-A_y—{`sp ^fphsp¡ r_rdÑ-_¥rdrÑL$
kb„ ^ R>¡ . `f„ s y Ly „ $ cpf ìep`L$ A_¡ OX$p¡
ìepàe _\u. s¡\u Lyc „ pf A_¡ OX$p_¡ ìep`L$-
ìepàesp ^fphsp¡ L$sp®-L$d® kb„^ _\u. sp¡`Z
Aop_u Ly„$cpf `p¡sp_¡ OX$p_p¡ L$sp® dp_¡ R>¡.
Ap fus¡ r_rdrÑ-r_rdrÑL$ kb„^_¡ S> Lsp$®-
L$d® kb„^ dp_u g¡hp¡ s¡ S> Aop_u_y„ Aop_
L¡$ c°p„rs R>¡.
`f`v$p\®_p L$sЩ® h_p Aphp Aop__p L$pfZ¡
`f`v$p\® k„b„^u_y„ ops©Ðh`Ï„ NydphpB Åe
R>¡ . A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $ S>¡ `f`v$p\® _ p L$pe® _ p¡ L$sp®
\pe s¡ `f`v$p\® k„ b „ ^ u_y „ opsp`Ï„ Mp¡ B
_p„M¡ R>¡.
5°ñ : 5: S>¡ `f`v$p\®_p¡ L$sp® \pe s¡
opsp`Ï„ Mp¡B _p„M¡, s¡d ip dpV¡$ ?
DÑf : L$sp®`Ï„ A_¡ opsp`Ï„ A¡ `fõ`f rh{Ù
âL$pf_u q¾$epAp¡ R>¡. s¡\u s¡ bß¡ A¡L$kp\¡ k„chu
iL$su _\u. Aop_u `f`v$p\®_p L$pe®_p¡ r_rdÑdpÓ
lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡ `p¡sp_¡ s¡_p¡ L$sp® dp_¡ R>¡. s¡\u s¡ s¡_p„
k„b„^u_y„ opsp`Ï„ Mp¡B _p„M¡ R>¡.
`f_¡ ÅZsp„ `fdp„ L$pB„ L$ âep¡S>_ Ofphhy,„
s¡ _ u kp\¡ L$p¡ B k„ b „ ^ dp_hp¡ , s¡ _ p âÐe¡
dp¡l, fpN L¡$ Ü¡j L$fhp¡ s¡ S> s¡_y„ L$sp®`Ï„
R>¡ A_¡ s¡ _ p\u rh{Ù cph s¡ opsp`Ï„
R>.¡ Al] opsp`Ï„ A¡V$g¡ ârscpk L¡$ Ahgp¡L$_
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
A¡V$gp¡ S> dpÓ A\® _\u. `f`v$p\®_p¡ ârscpk
L¡$ Ahgp¡L$_ sp¡ op_u L¡$ Aop_u v$f¡L$_¡
lp¡e R>¡. `Z opsp`Ï„ dpÓ op_u_¡ S> lp¡e
R>.¡ opsp`Ï„ A¡V$g¡ opsp-×ô$pê` dpÓ ÅZhp-
v¡$Mhp_p¡ cph R>.¡ `f_¡ ÅZsp„ s¡dp„ r_g£``Ï„
L¡ $ r_:k„ N `Ï„ R>¡ . `f_p Ahgp¡ L $_ L¡ $
ârscpkdp„ kpnucph L¡$ kdcph R>¡.
Aop_u `f_¡ ÅZsp `f\u `©Õ\L$ flu
iL$sp¡ _\u. s¡dp„ dp—ê„-spê„ , l¡e-D`pv¡$e
S>¡ h p„ âep¡ S >_ fpMu Ü¥ s D`Åh¡ R>¡ . Ap
Ü¥s`Ï„ A¡ S> rdÕepÐh R>.¡ rdÕepÐh_p L$pfZ¡
dp¡ l -fpN-Ü¡ j lp¡ e R>¡ . rdÕepÐh krls_p
dp¡l-fpN-Ü¡j A¡ S> L$sp®`Ï„ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p\u
rh{Ù kçe¼¹Ðh A¡ S> opsp`Ï„ R>¡. Aop_u
`p¡sp_p rdÕepÐh_p L$pfZ¡ `f_p¡ L$sp® \B_¡
opsp`Ï„ Mp¡B _pM¡ R>¡ A_¡ op_u `p¡sp_p
kçeL¹Òh_p L$pfZ¡ `f_p¡ L$sp® _ \B_¡ `p¡sp_y„
opsp`Ï„ Åmhu fpM¡ R>¡ .
op_u L¡$ Aop_u L$p¡B`Z Æh `p¡sp_p
õhcph\u sp¡ `f`v$p\®_p¡ opsp S> lp¡e R>¡
A_¡ L$sp® lp¡ s p¡ S> _\u. sp¡ ` Z Aop_u
c°p„rs\u `p¡sp_¡ `f_p¡ L$sp® dp_¡ R>¡. L$sp®
_ lp¡hp R>sp„ `p¡sp_¡ `f`v$p\®_p¡ L$sp® dp_hp¡
A¡ S> Aop_u_y „ Aop_ R>¡ .
âï_ : 6: L$sp®`Ï„ iy„ R>¡ ? `f_p¡ L$sp® \hp¡
A¡ Aop_u_y„ Aop_ L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
DÑf : `f_¡ ÅZsp„ `fdp„ L$p„B âep¡S>_ L¡$ k„b„^
dp_hp¡ s¡ L$sp®`Ï„ R>¡.
Æh_p rdÕepÐh L¡$ Aop__p L$pfZ¡ S>
s¡_y„ L$sp®`Ï„ lp¡e R>¡. rdÕepÐh L¡$ Aop__p
L$pfZ¡ rdÕep Arcâpe`|h®L$_p¡ dp¡l-fpN-Ü¡j
lp¡e R>¡. Al] `f_¡ ÅZsp„ s¡dp„ `p¡sp`Ï„
L¡$ `pfL$p`Ï„ dp_hy„ s¡ dp¡l R>,¡ s¡dp„ Bô$bqy Ù
10. gp¡L$cph_p
s¡ fpN A_¡ Ar_óV$by q Ù s¡ Ü¡ j R>¡ . Ap
âL$pf¡ dp¡l-fpN-Ü¡j_p L$pfZ¡ `f_¡ ÅZsp„
s¡ d p„ `p¡ s p`Ï„ , `pfL$p`Ï„ , Bô$`Ï„ L¡ $
Ar_ô$`Ï„ Ahíe \pe R>¡. S>¡ `f_¡ ÅZsp„
s¡dp„ `p¡sp`Ï„ dp_¡ s¡ s¡_p¡ L$sp® `Z Ahíe
\pe R>¡ . `pfL$p`Z¡ dp_¡ s¡ s¡ _ ¡ `p¡ s p_p¡
b_phhp L¡$ s¡_p\u v|$f \hp `Z s¡_p¡ L$sp®
\pe R>¡. Bô$ dp_¡ s¡ s¡_¡ Åmhu fpMhp
s¡ _ p¡ L$sp® \pe R>¡ . A_¡ Ar_ô$ dp_¡ s¡
s¡_p¡ Acph L$fhp s¡_p¡ L$sp® \pe R>¡. Ap
fus¡ rdÕepÐh krls_p„ dp¡l-fpN-Ü¡j lp¡e
Ðep„ L$sp®`Ï„ Ahíe lp¡e R>¡.
Aphy„ L$sp®`Ï„ A¡ A„sf„N Arcâpe_u bpbs
R>¡. s¡\u s¡ blpf\u kdÆ iL$psy„ _\u. `Z
S>¡ dp¡ l _p L$pfZ¡ `f_¡ ÅZsp„ A¡ d dp_¡
L¡$ Ap ifuf dp—ê„ R>¡ A_¡ Ap ifuf `pfLy$„
R>.¡ dpfp ifuf_¡ k„cpmhp S>h ¡ „y R>¡ A_¡ `pfL$p„
ifuf_u k„cpm fpMhp_u S>êf _\u. Ap dpfp¡
v¡$i A¡V$g¡ L¡$ õhv¡$i R>¡ A_¡ Ap `pfL$p¡ v¡$i
A¡V$g¡ L¡$ `fv¡$i R>.¡ õhv¡$i_u k¡hp L$fhu dpfu
afS> R>¡ A_¡ `fv¡$i_u k¡hp L$fhu dpfu afS>
_\u. Ap A_¡ Aphp âL$pf_u dpÞesp s¡ S>
s¡_u dp¡lS>Þe L$sp®bqy Ù R>.¡ fpN-Ü¡j_p L$pfZ¡
`f_¡ ÅZsp„ A¡d dp_¡ L¡$ Ap k„ep¡Np¡ A_yL$| m
R>¡ A_¡ Ap k„ep¡Np¡ ârsL|$m R>.¡ A_yL$|m k„ep¡Np¡
Åmhu fpMhp S>¡hp R>¡ A_¡ ârsL|$m k„ep¡Np¡
v|$f L$fhp S>¡hp R>¡. Ap N„^ kpfu R>¡ A¡V$g¡
L¡$ kyN„^ R>¡ A_¡ Ap N„^ Mfpb R>¡
A¡V$g¡ L¡$ vy$N^¯ R>.¡ kyN^„ _¡ dpZhp S>h ¡ u
R>¡ A_¡ vy$N¯^\u v|$f \hp S>¡hy„ R>¡. Ap A_¡
Aphp âL$pf_u dpÞesp s¡ S> s¡ _ u fpN-
Ü¡ j S>Þe L$sp® b y q Ù R>¡ . Aop_u Æh `f_¡
ÅZsp„ s¡dp„ dp¡l L¡$ fpN-Ü¡j Ahíe `pd¡
R>¡. s¡\u s¡ s¡_p¡ L$sp® `Z Ahíe \pe R>¡.
195
 L$sp®`Ï„ A_¡ opsp`Ï„ A¡L$ kp\¡ k„chsy„
_\u. Aop_u `f_p¡ L$sp® \hp\u opsp`Ï„
Mp¡B b¡k¡ R>¡. Äepf¡ op_u `f_p¡ L$sp® \sp¡
_\u A_¡ s¡\u s¡ opsp \pe R>¡.
âï_ : 7: opsp`Ï„ iy„ R>¡ ? op_u_¡ s¡ L$B
fus¡ lp¡e R>¡ ?
DÑf : `f_¡ ÅZsp„ `fdp„ `fdp„ L$p¡B `Z
âep¡S>_ L¡$ k„b^
„ fp¿ep rh_p dp¡l-fpN-Ü¡j rh_p_p¡
kdcph L¡$ kpnucph ^fphhp¡ A¡ opsp`Ï„ R>¡.
opsp`Ï„ A¡ Æh_p¡ d|mc|s õhcph R>¡.
sp¡ ` Z A_pqv$ Aop_u Æh `f_¡ ÅZsp„
s¡dp„ `p¡sp_y„ L$p¡B âep¡S>_ L¡$ k„b„^ õ\p`u_¡
L$sp®`Zp_u rdÕep dpÞesp ^fph¡ R>.¡ L$sp®`Ï„
dp_hp\u opsp`Ï„ NydphpB Åe R>¡. Æh
Äepf¡ `fdp„ L$p¡B âep¡S>_ L¡$ k„b„^ dp_hp\u
\sp„ rdÕep dpÞespê` Aop_ L¡$ rdÕepÐh_¡
R>p¡ X $u_¡ kçeL$¹ Ð h âpá L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡ _ y „
opsp`Ï„ Ap`p¡Ap` `°NV¡$ R>.¡ Ap fus¡ Æh_p¡
kçeL¹$Ðhcph S> s¡_p opsp`Zp_y„ L$pfZ R>¡.
kçeL¹$Ðhcph ^fph_pf op_u `f_¡ ÅZsp„
`fdp„ `p¡sp_y„ L$p¡B âep¡S>_ L¡$ k„b„^ ^fphsp
_\u. `fdp„ A¡L$ÐhbyqÙ_p¡ L¡$ Arcâpe`|hL® $_p¡
dp¡l-fpN-Ü¡j ^fphsp„ _\u. s¡\u s¡d_¡ `fâÐe¡
kdcph L¡$ kpnucph S> füp L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡
s¡ S> s¡_y„ opsp`Ï„ R>¡.
op_u_p¡ D`ep¡N krhL$ë`v$ipdp„ blpfdp„
lp¡ e Ðepf¡ `Z s¡ d _¡ L$v$prQs¹ dp¡ l -fpN-
Ü¡j lp¡e sp¡`Z s¡ Arcâpe`|h®L$_p¡ lp¡sp¡
_\u. A_¡ dpÓ A[õ\fspS>Þe lp¡ e R>¡ .
Arcâpe`|h®L$_p L¡$ rdÕepÐh krls_p dp¡l-
fpN-Ü¡j rh_p `f_¡ ÅZsp„ s¡dp„ kpnucph
L¡ $ kdcph bÞep¡ fl¡ R>¡ . s¡ \ u op_u_y „
opsp`Ï„ r_f„sf Qpgy S> fl¡ R>¡. Ap fus¡
196
rdÕepÐh krls_p„ dp¡l-fpN-Ü¡j _ lp¡e Ðep„
opsp`Ï„ Ahíe lp¡ e R>¡ .
Aphy„ opsp`Ï„ A¡ op_u_u A„sf„N `rfZrs
R>¡. s¡\u s¡ buÅ Üpfp blpf\u Å¡B iL$psu
_\u. `Z op_u `f_¡ ÅZsp„ s¡dp„ dp¡l fpN-
Ü¡j _\u `pdsp¡ A¡ S> s¡_y„ opsp`Ï„ R>¡.
dp¡l rh_p ifuf_¡ ÅZsp„ Ap ifuf dp—ê„ R>¡
A_¡ Ap ifuf `pfLy„$ R>¡ s¡hy„ \sy„ _\u. dpfp
ifuf_u [õ\rs S>mhpB fl¡ A_¡ s¡_p¡ rhep¡N
_ \pe s¡hu cph_p \su _\u. Ap A_¡
Aphp âL$pf_u `qfZrs A¡ S> s¡_u dp¡l rh_p_u
ops©Ðh^pfp L¡$ opsp`qfZrs R>.¡ fpN-Ü¡j rh_p
`fk„ep¡Np¡_¡ ÅZsp„ Ap k„ep¡Np¡ W$uL$ R>¡ A_¡
Ap k„ep¡Np¡ AW$uL$ R>¡ A¡h„y \sy„ _\u. Ap A_¡
Aphp âL$pf_u `qfZrs A¡ S> op_u_y„ fpN-
Ü¡j rh_p_y„ opsp`Ï„ R>¡.
op_u Æh dp¡ l -fpN-Ü¡ j rh_p `f_¡
ÅZsp„ s¡dp„ L$p¡B âep¡S>_ L¡$ kb„^ fpMsp¡
_\u. `f\u sØ_ r_:k„ N A_¡ r_g£ ` S>
fl¡ R>¡. `fâÐe¡ dpÓ kpnucph L¡$ kdcph
S> ^fph¡ R>¡. s¡\u op_u_¡ r_f„sf opsp`Ï„
S> lp¡e R>¡. Aphy„ opsp`Ï„ âNV$phhp dpV¡$
`p¡sp_p r_S> Q¥sÞegp¡L$_y„ D`pv¡$e`Ï„ A¡V$g¡
iy Ù Q¥ s Þeõhcph_y „ N° l Z S>êfu lp¡ e R>¡ .
âï_ :8: `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙ Q¥sÞeõhcph A_¡
s¡_y„ N°lZ A¡V$g¡ iy„ ? opsp`Ï„ âNV$phhp
dpV¡$ s¡ ip dpV¡$ S>êfu lp¡e R>¡ ?
DÑf : `p¡sp_p qÓL$pm ^°yh iyÙpÐdõhcph_¡
iyÙ Q¥sÞeõhcph L$l¡ R>¡.
`p¡s¡ `p¡sp_p¡ õhuL$pf `p¡sp_u nrZL$ `gV$su
âNV$ `ep®e`Z¡ L$fhp_¡ bv$g¡ `p¡sp_p qÓL$pm
^° y h AâNV$ Öìeõhcph`Z¡ L$fhp¡ A¡ V $g¡
L¡ $ `ep® e ×rô$ R>p¡ X $u_¡ Öìe×rô$ L$fhu s¡ _ ¡
`p¡sp_p iyÙ Q¥sÞeõhcph_y„ N°lZ L$l¡ R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 L$sp® ` Zp_u rdÕep dpÞespê` rdÕepÐh
dV$pX$u opsp`Zp_u kçeL$¹ `qfZrsê` kçeL¹$Ðh
âNV$phhp dpV¡$ Ap iyÙ Q¥sÞeõhcph_y„ N°lZ
AÐe„s AphíeL$ R>¡.
`p¡sp_p iyÙ Q¥sÞeõhcph_y„ N°lZ \sp„
`p¡s¡ `p¡sp_¡ A_„sNyZp¡_p r_^p_ê` cfQL$
cf¡gp¡ cNhp_ cpk¡ R>¡. `p¡s¡ `qf`|Z® A_¡
õhs„Ó A¡hp¡ Asu[ÞÖe dlp`v$p\® R>¡. `p¡sp_p
op_, ip„rs, kd©qÙ hN¡f¡ b^y„ `p¡spdp„ S>
R>¡. `p¡spdp„ L$p¡B M|V$sy„ _\u A_¡ `fdp„\u
`p¡ s pdp„ L$p„ B Aphu iL$sy „ _\u. Ap fus¡
Q¥ s Þeõhcph_y „ N° l Z \sp„ `fkb„ ^ u_p¡
A¡L$Ðhby[Ù_p¡ dp¡l-fpN-Ü¡j V$mu Åe R>¡.
dp¡l-fpN-Ü¡j V$mu S>sp„ `f_¡ ÅZsp„ `f
kp\¡_p¡ L$p¡B k„b„^ cpksp¡ _\u. `f„sy L$p¡B
âep¡ S >_ S>Zpsy „ _\u. `f\u `p¡ s p_¡ L$p¡ B
gpc-_yL$ip_ d_psy„ _\u. `f_¡ ÅZsp„ `f\u
`©Õ\L$ flu iL$pe R>¡. s¡\u `p¡s¡ `f_p¡ dpÓ
ÅZ_pf v¡ $ M_pf A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $ opsp-×ô$p S>
A_y c hpe R>¡ . `f_u L$p¡ B `Z Ahõ\p_p¡
`p¡ s ¡ kpnu S> fl¡ R>¡ . `f_¡ ÅZsp„ s¡ _ p
âÐe¡ kdcph âhs£ R>¡ . Ap\u `fâÐe¡ _ y „
L$sp®`Ï„ V$mu opsp`Ï„ âNV¡$ R>¡.
Q¥ s Þeõhcph_y „ N° l Z \sp„ L$sp® ` Zp_u
c°p„rs ApX¡$ `p¡sp_y„ opsp`Ï„ Y„$L$pB Ney„ lsy„
s¡ lh¡ âNV$ \pe R>¡. Q¥sÞeõhcph_y„ N°lZ
\sp„ _p[õs\u L$sp®`Ï„ V$m¡ R>¡ A_¡ A[õs\u
opsp`Ï„ âNV¡$ R>.¡ Q¥sÞeõhcph_y„ N°lZ \sp„
S> opsp`Ï„ âNV¡$ R>¡ A_¡ S>_ ¡ ¡ opsp`Ï„ lp¡e
s¡_¡ Q¥sÞeõhcph_y„ N°lZ `Z Ahíe lp¡e
S> R>¡. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ Q¥sÞeõhcph_y„ N°lZ A_¡
opsp`Ï„ A¡ bß¡ `fõ`f Arh_pcphu R>¡.
Ap fus¡ opsp`Ï„ âNV$phhp dpV¡ $
Q¥ s Þeõhcph_y „ N° l Z S>êfu R>¡ . Q¥ s Þe
10. gp¡L$cph_p
õhcph_p N° l Z`| h ® L $ opsp`Ï„ âNV$phhp
dpV¡ $ _u Ap âL$pf_u rhQpfZp A¡ S>
gp¡L$cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep R>¡.
âï_ :9: Q¥sÞeõhcph_p N°lZ`|h®L$
opsp`Ï„ âNV$phhp dpV¡$_u rhQpfZp A¡ S>
gp¡L$cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep L$B fus¡ R>¡?
DÑf : r_S>gp¡L$_y„ D`pv¡$e`Ï„ A_¡ s¡ rkhpe_p
kOmp„ `fgp¡L$_y„ opsp`Ï„ A¡ S> gp¡L$cph_p_p
tQsh__p¡ rhje R>¡.
r_S>gp¡ L $ A¡ V $g¡ `p¡ s p_p¡ iy Ù Q¥ s Þe
õhcphê` Q¥sÞegp¡L$ R>¡ A_¡ `fgp¡L$ A¡V$g¡
R> Öìep¡ A_¡ s¡_p r_hpk_p õ\p_p¡ dmu_¡
kOmp„ `f`v$p\p£ R>¡.
gp¡ L $cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$epdp„ `p¡ s ¡
`fgp¡L$_p¡ L$sp® _\u A_¡ s¡_p¡ dpÓ opsp
S> R>¡ A_¡ r_S>gp¡ L $_y „ D`pv¡ $ e`Ï„ A¡ V $g¡
L¡$ `p¡sp_p iyÙ Q¥sÞeõhcph_y„ N°lZ kb„^u
rhQpfZp lp¡ e R>¡ .
Q¥ s Þeõhcph_p N° l Z`| h ® L $ S> L$sp® ` Ï„
V$pmu opsp`Ï„ âNV¡$ R>¡ s¡\u Q¥sÞeõhcph_p
N°lZ`|hL® $ opsp`Ï„ âNV$phhp dpV¡$_u rhQpfZp
A¡ S> gp¡L$cph_p_u rQ„sh_ âq¾$ep R>¡.
gp¡L$cph_p_y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ
r_S> Q¥sÞegp¡L$ D`pv¡$e R>¡ A_¡
s¡ rkhpe_p¡ kOmp¡ `fgp¡L$ o¡e R>¡ s¡
âL$pf_u kdS>Z`|hL® $_u hpf„hpf rhQpfZp
\hu s¡ gp¡L$cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep
R>¡. gp¡L$cph_p_u Ap âL$pf_u tQsh_
âq¾$ep_y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ Ap `fgp¡L$
L¡$ r_S>gp¡L$ `p¡s¡ S> b_u iL¡$ R>¡.
197
 `fgp¡L$dp„ R> Öìep¡, kOmp„ âL$pf_p k„ep¡Np¡
õhN® , d_y ó e, _fL$_p õ\p_p¡ hN¡ f ¡ A_¡ L $
`f`v$p\p£_p¡ kdph¡i R>¡ A_¡ r_S>gp¡L$dp„ `p¡sp_p
A¡L$ dpÓ iyÙ Q¥sÞeõhcph_p¡ kdph¡i R>¡.
Aop_u Æh L$pB¡ _¡ L$pB¡ âL$pf_y„ tQsh_
sp¡ L$ped dpV¡$ L$fsp¡ S> lp¡e R>.¡ s¡_p tQsh_dp„
`fgp¡L$ `¥L$u_p A„sf„N A_¡ bpü k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡
s¡ D`fp„s AÞe `v$p\p£ `Z lp¡e R>¡. gp¡L$_p
Ap `v$p\p£_p õhê`_u hpõsrhL$ kdS>Z A_¡
gp¡L$cph_p_p Aæepk hNf s¡ `p¡sp_p tQsh_dp„
Ap `v$p\p£dp„ `p¡sp_p¡ L$p¡B kb„^ L¡$ âep¡S>_
dp_u s¡dp„ dp¡l-fpN-Ü¡j ^fph¡ R>.¡ dp¡l-fpN-
Ü¡j_p L$pfZ¡ `p¡s¡ s¡_p¡ L$sp® \pe R>¡. A_¡
opsp flu iL$sp¡ _\u. s¡\u `p¡sp_y„ Ap âL$pf_y
tQsh_ gp¡L$dp„ fMX$hp_y„ S> L$pfZ b_¡ R>¡.
lh¡ `p¡s¡ gp¡L$cph_p_p Aæepk hX¡$ gp¡L$_p
`v$p\p£_„y kpQy„ õhê` kdÆ s¡_¡ S> gp¡L$cph_p_p
tQsh__y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ b_phi¡ sp¡ `p¡s¡
Ap S> `v$p\p£_p¡ L$sp® _ b_sp„ s¡_p¡ opsp
S> fl¡i.¡ `p¡sp_y„ Ap âL$pf_y„ tQsh_ S> gp¡L$dp„
\sy„ c°dZ dV$pX$u gp¡L$pN°¡ r_hpk âpá L$fphi¡.
gp¡L$cph_p_p tQsh_ dpV¡$ `fgp¡L$dp„ A_¡L$
âL$pf_p `v$p\p£ R>.¡ s¡_¡ A„sf„N k„ep¡Np¡, brlf„N
k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ AÞe `v$p\p£ A¡d ÓZ âL$pfdp„
hl¢Qu v$f¡L$dp„\u L$p¡B A¡L$ bpbs_y„ _d|_pê`
tQsh_ dpV¡$ s¡ L$B fus¡ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ \B
iL¡$ s¡_u QQp® Ap _uQ¡ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>.¡ s¡
D`fp„s Q¥sÞegp¡L$_p Ap^pf¡ `Z s¡ tQsh_
L¡$d \B iL¡$ s¡_u QQp® L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R¡. s¡\u
gp¡L$cph_p_p tQsh__p kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ sfuL¡$
_uQ¡_p Qpf dyØpAp¡ A_ykpf QQp® L$fhpdp„
Aph¡ R>¡ .
198
1. A„sf„N k„ep¡Np¡ 3. AÞe `v$p\p£
f. brlf„N k„ep¡Np¡ 4. Q¥sÞegp¡L$
1. A„sf„N k„ep¡Np¡
`p¡sp_p ApÐdp_u kp\¡ A¡L$n¡ÓphNpl fl¡gp
A_¡ r_rdÑ-_¥rdqÑL$ kb„^ ^fphsp `fgp¡L$_p
`v$p\p£_¡ A„sf„N k„ep¡Np¡ L$l¡ R>¡.
ifuf d_, hpZu, B[ÞÖep¡, ApW$ âL$pf_p
`p¥ v ¹ $ NrgL$L$dp£ hN¡ f ¡ A¡ L n¡ Ó phNplu AÐe„ s
r_L$V$ fl¡gp k„ep¡Np¡ s¡ A„sf„N k„ep¡Np¡ R>¡.
Ap A„ s f„ N k„ e p¡ N p¡ `¥ L $u _d| _ pê`¡ ifuf
gp¡L$cph_p_p tQsh__y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ L$B
fus¡ b_u iL¡$ s¡_u QQp® L$fuA¡ R>uA¡.
Ap Æh_y„ kp¥\u h^y tQsh_ ifuf kb„^_y„
S> lp¡e R>¡. ifuf_p `pg_-`p¡jZ A_¡ fnZ
dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aphsy„ tQsh_ _hp„-_hp„ ifufp¡
âpá L$fphu k„ ` | Z ® gp¡ L $dp„ fMX$ph_pê„ R>¡
lh¡ Ap S> ifuf_¡ gp¡L$cph_p_p tQsh__y„
kp^_ L¡ $ L$pfZ b_phsp„ s¡ ifuf frls
gp¡L$pN°¡ [õ\f [õ\rs âpá L$fph_pf R>¡.
ifuf_p Ap^pf¡ gp¡ L $cph_p_y „ tQsh_
L$fhp\u ifufdp„ `p¡sp`Ï„ cpksy„ _\u `p¡s¡
ifuf_p¡ Ar^›$psp R>¡ s¡hy„ A_ychpsy„ _\u.
ifuf r_fp¡Nu lp¡e sp¡ W$uL$ A_¡ fp¡Nu lp¡e
sp¡ AW$uL$ A¡hy„ d_psy„ _\u. `p¡s¡ ifuf_p¡
L$sp® - lsp® _rl `Z dpÓ opsp-×óV$p S>
R>¡, s¡hy„ d_pe R>¡.
Ap fus¡ ifufpqv$ A„ s f„ N k„ e p¡ N p¡
gp¡L$cph_p_p tQsh__y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ b_u
iL¡$ R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

f. brlf„N k„ep¡Np¡
`p¡sp_p ApÐdp_u _ÆL$ fl¡gp A_¡ `p¡sp_u
kp\¡ r_rdÑ-_¥rdrsL$ k„b„^ ^fph_pfp
`fgp¡L$_p `v$p\p£_¡ brlf„N k„ep¡Np¡ L$l¡ R>¡.
õÓu-`yÓ-`qfhpf, kNp-kb„^uAp¡, kÑp-
k„`rÑ, dp_-kÞdp_, iÓy-rdÓ, A_yLm | -ârsL|$m
`v$p\p£ hN¡f¡ brlf„N k„ep¡Np¡ R>¡. Ap brlf„N
k„ e p¡ N p¡ `¥ L $u _d| _ pê`¡ õÓu gp¡ L $cph_p_p
tQsh__y „ kp^_ L¡ $ L$pfZ L$B fus¡ b_u
iL¡$ s¡_u QQp® L$fuA¡ RuA¡.
brlf„N k„ep¡Np¡ `¥L$u Aop_u_¡ õÓu kb„^u
tQsh_ OÏ„ lp¡e R>¡. L$p¡B `y{j_u Dßrs
L¡ $ Ah_rs_y „ L$pfZ `Z dp¡ V $p cpN¡ õÓu
S> lp¡ e R>¡ . Aop_u Æh õÓu_u âprá _
lp¡e Ðep„ ky^u s¡_¡ d¡mhhp_p õhà_dp„ fpQ¡
R>¡ . õÓu_u âprá \ep `R>u s¡ _ ¡ ^d® ` [Ð_
b_phhp_¡ bv$g¡ cp¡N`[Ð_ b_phu õÓu_p
rhjedp„ akpB Åe R>¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_p k„kpf_u
fMX$`Ë$u h^pf¡ R¡ . lh¡ Ap õÓu_¡
gp¡L$cph__p_p tQsh__y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ
b_phhp\u k„kpf_u fMX$`Ë$u OV¡$ R>¡.
õÓu_p Ap^pf¡ gp¡L$cph_p_y„ tQsh_ L$fhp\u
õÓu_p rhje_p¡ cp¡NhV$p¡ `p¥v¹$NrgL$
AiyrQ `v$p\®_u âq¾$ep S>Zpe R>¡.
s¡ d p„ L$p¡ B ky M cpksy „ _\u. õÓu
M|bkyfs, â¡dpm, r_›$pcphu, klpeL$
L¡ $ kp_y L | $ m lp¡ e sp¡ kpfu A_¡
bv$kf| s, L$L$®ip, AX$QZp¡ Dcu L$f_pf
L¡$ ârsL|$m lp¡e sp¡ Mfpb A¡h„y d_psy„
_\u. `p¡s¡ õÓu_p¡ õhpdu _rl `Z
10. gp¡L$cph_p
opsp-×$ô$p d_pe R>¡.
Ap fus¡ õÓu S>¡ h p brlf„ N k„ e p¡ N p¡
gp¡L$cph_p tQsh__y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ b_u
iL¡$ R>¡.
3. AÞe `v$p\p£
`fgp¡L$_p A„sf„N L¡$ brlf„N k„ep¡Np¡ rkhpe_p
kdõs `v$p\p£ AÞe `v$p\p£ L$l¡hpe R>¡.
Æhpqv$ Öìep¡, õhNp®qv$ õ\p_p¡ hN¡f¡ AÞe
`v$p\p£ R>¡. gp¡L$cph_p_p tQsh_ dpV¡$ AÞe
`v$p\p£ `Z kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ \B iL¡$ R>¡.
`fgp¡L$_p A_¡L$ âL$pf_p `v$p\p£_p Ap^pf¡
gp¡ L $cph_p_y „ tQsh_ L$fsp„ Ap `v$p\p® ¡ _ p
L$pfZ¡ `p¡ s p_y „ op_ lp¡ e R>¡ . s¡ h u rdÕep
dpÞesp dV$u Åe R>¡. lz„ opeL$ Ry>„, kh®o
õhcphu Ry > „ , op_ S> dpê„ õhê` R>¡ A_¡
s¡ _ y „ L$pe® r_f„ s f Qpgy S> lp¡ e R>¡ . dpfp„
op_dp„ AÞe `v$p\p£ r_rdÑ lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡_p
L$pfZ¡ dpê„ op_ _\u. Ap b^p„ `v$p\p£ o¡e
R>¡ A_¡ lz „ opsp Ry > „ . s¡ \ u AÞe `v$p\p£
S>Zpsp„ opsp-Öô$p S> fl¡hy„ A_¡ L$sp®-lsp®
_ b_hy„ A¡ S> dp—ê„ L$s®ìe R>¡.
Ap fus¡ AÞe `v$p\p£ `Z
gp¡ L $cph_p_p tQsh__y „ kp^_ L¡ $
L$pfZ R>¡.
Al] ky ^ u `fgp¡ L $_p `v$p\p£ gp¡ L $cph_p_p
tQsh__y „ kp^_ L¡ $ L$pfZ L$B fus¡ \B iL¡ $ s¡ _ u
QQp® L$fu. lh¡ `p¡ s p_p¡ r_S> Q¥ s Þegp¡ L $ `p¡ s ¡
S> gp¡ L $cph_p_p tQsh__y „ kp^_ L¡ $ L$pfZ L¡ $ d
\B iL¡ $ s¡ _ u QQp® L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ .
199
 4. Q¥sÞegp¡L$
`p¡s_p ApÐdp_p qÓL$pm ^°yh iyÙõhê`_¡
Q¥sÞegp¡L$ L$l¡ R>¡.
`p¡sp_p¡ Q¥sÞegp¡L$ Agp¥qL$L$ A_¡ Av¹$c|s
R¡. s¡ A_„sNyZp¡_p A_„s kpdÕe®\u kcf
R>.¡ S>Ns_u khp£ÐL©$ô$ QuS> `p¡sp_p¡ Q¥sÞegp¡L$
S> R>¡. Q¥sÞegp¡L$_p¡ Apîe A¡V$g¡ L¡$ s¡dp„
r_hpk L$fsp„ k„`|Z® gp¡L$dp„ \sy„ c°dZ V$mu
gp¡ L $pN° ¡ rkÙv$ip_p [õ\f r_hpk_u âprá
\pe R>¡.
Q¥ s Þegp¡ L $ âÐen L¡ $ âNV$ _\u. A_¡
`fgp¡L$ âÐen L¡$ âNV$ R>¡. âÐen L¡$ âNV$
`fgp¡L$ S> AâÐen L¡$ AâNV$ Q¥sÞegp¡L$_¡
âL$pi_pfp¡ R>¡ . Ap `fgp¡ L $_p Ap^pf¡
gp¡L$cph_p_y„ tQsh_ L$fsp„ `p¡sp_y„ opsp`Ï„
cpk¡ R>.¡ Ap opsp`Zp_p Ap^pfc|s S> `p¡sp_p¡
Q¥ s Þegp¡ L $ R>¡ . Ap Q¥ s Þegp¡ L $ S> `p¡ s p_p¡
r_òegp¡L$ L¡$ r_S>gp¡L$ R>.¡ s¡ rkhpe_p kOmp„
`v$p\p£ ìehlpfgp¡L$ L¡$ `fgp¡L$ R>¡. s¡\u Ap
Q¥sÞegp¡L$ S> D`pv¡$e R>¡. A_¡ s¡ rkhpe_y„
kOmy„ l¡e L¡$ o¡e R>¡.
Ap Q¥sÞegp¡L$_y„ N°lZ \pe sp¡ A_¡ sp¡
S> L$sp® ` Ï„ V$m¡ R>¡ . A_¡ opsp`Ï„ âNV¡ $
R>¡ . Ap âL$pf¡ Q¥ s Þegp¡ L $_y „ rQ„ Ñ h_ L$fhy „
A¡ gp¡L$cph_p_p tQsh__u Qfdkudp R>¡.
D`f dyS>b A_¡L$ âL$pf_p `fgp¡L$ A_¡
`p¡sp_p¡ r_S>gp¡L$ `p¡s¡ S> gp¡L$cph_p_p tQsh_
âq¾$ep_y „ kp^_ L¡ $ L$pfZ \B iL¡ $ R>¡ s¡
bpbs kdÆ iL$pe R>¡.
200
L$B fus¡ hõsyõhê`_u
kdS>Z L$fph_pf R>¡ ?
gp¡ L $cph_p_p tQsh__p¡ rhje Ars
rhipm R>.¡ s¡dp„ S>Ns_p„ R>e¡ Öìep¡, õhN®gp¡L$,
d_yóegp¡L$ hN¡f¡ D`fp„s `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙ Q¥sÞegp¡L$
kdpe¡gp¡ R>¡.
gp¡L$cph_p_p tQsh_dp„ v$fL¡ $ Öìe_y„ õhê`,
gp¡L$pL$pi_y„ cp¥Np¡rgL$ r_ê`Z A_¡ `p¡sp_p
iy Ù Q¥ s Þeõhê`_u kdS> S>¡ h u bpbsp¡
k„L$mpe¡gu R>¡.
gp¡ L $cph_p_p tQsh_ A_¡ Aæepk\u
`p¡sp_p¡ r_S> Q¥sÞegp¡L$ S> D`pv¡$e R>¡. A_¡
s¡ rkhpe_p„ kOmp„ `fgp¡ L $ o¡ e R>¡ s¡ d
cpk¡ R>¡. `fgp¡L$ Üpfp r_S>gp¡L$_u Ap¡mMpZ
A_¡ s¡ _ u âpràs_p¡ D`pe `Z s¡ bsph¡
R>.¡ Ap âL$pf¡ âep¡S>_c|s hõsyõhê`_u kdS>Z
L$fphhpdp„ gp¡L$cph_p_p¡ dlÐh_p¡ apmp¡ R>¡.
L$B fus¡ h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ R>¡ ?
gp¡L$cph_p_p¡ Aæepk `fgp¡L$_¡ o¡e A_¡
`p¡sp_p Q¥sÞegp¡L$_¡ D`pv¡$e bsph¡ R>¡.
`fgp¡L$dp„ ifufpqv$ kOmp„ kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡
kdpe R>.¡ Ap kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡ `p¡sp_p„ op__p„
o¡ e R>¡ . `p¡ s ¡ s¡ _ p¡ L$sp® _\u `Z opsp
S> R>¡. Ap âL$pf¡ gp¡L$cph_p_p Aæepk A_¡
tQsh_\u kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡_u r_f\®L$sp kdÅe
R>¡. s¡_p âÐe¡ D`¡np L¡$ Dv$pku_sp L¡$mhpe
R>¡. S>¡ k„kpf âÐe¡_p h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ b_¡
R>¡ s¡d S> s¡ DÐ`ß \e¡g h¥fpÁe_¡ V$L$phhp_y„
A_¡ h^pfhp_y„ `Z L$pfZ b_¡ R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

âep¡S>_`|h®L$_y„ rhi¡j am
gp¡L$cph_p_p tQsh__y„ âep¡S>_ hõsy-
õhê`_u kdS>Z`|h®L$ k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe
R>.¡ Aphp âep¡S>_`|hL® $ gp¡L$cph_p_p tQsh__p
b¡ rhi¡ j am dy S >b R>¡ •••
1. L$sp®`Ï„ V$pmu opsp`Ï„ âNV$ph¡
f. r_S>gp¡L$_p r_hpk Üpfp `fgp¡L$_y„ c°dZ
dV$pX$u gp¡L$pN°¡ rkÙgp¡L$_u âprá L$fph¡
1. L$sp®`Ï„ V$pmu opsp`Ï„ âNV$ph¡
`f_¡ ÅZsp„ `fâÐe¡_p fpN,Ü¡j L¡$
dp¡lcph_¡ L$sp®`Ï„ A_¡ `f_¡ ÅZsp„
`fâÐe¡ _ p kpnucph L¡ $ kdcph_¡
opsp`Ï„ L$l¡ R>¡. gp¡L$cph_p_p¡ Aæepk
A_¡ tQsh_ Aphy „ L$sp® ` Ï„ V$pmu
opsp`Ï„ âNV$ph¡ R>¡ .
S>Ns_p R>e¡ Öìep¡ A_¡ s¡d_p„ r_hpk_p
õ\p_p¡ o¡e R>¡. `p¡s¡ s¡_p¡ L$sp® _\u A_¡
opspdpÓ R>¡ s¡ âL$pf_u rhQpfZp A¡
gp¡L$cph_p_y„ tQsh_ R>¡.
gp¡L$cph_p_y„ tQsh_ L$fsp„ `l¡gp gp¡L-
$cph_p_p¡ Aæepk S>êfu lp¡e R>.¡ gp¡L$cph_p_p¡
Aæepk L$fhp\u gp¡L$_p v$f¡L$ Öìe_y„ õhê`
A_¡ s¡_u õhs„Ósp kdÅe R>.¡ s¡\u S>Nsdp„
L$p¡B L$p¡B_p¡ L$sp®-lsp® _\u. `p¡sp_p¡ ApÐdp
opeL$ R>.¡ s¡\u S>Ns_p v$fL¡ $ `v$p\p£_p¡ opsp-
×ô$p R>¡ `Z L$sp®-lsp® _\u. `p¡sp_p A_¡
`f_p õhê`_u Aphu kdS>Z\u `fâÐe¡_p¡
dp¡l-fpN-Ü¡j V$mu Åe R>¡. dp¡l-fpN-Ü¡j
10. gp¡L$cph_p
V$mu S>hp\u `f_y„ L$sp®`Ï„ fl¡sy„ _\u. `f_¡
ÅZsp„ `fâÐe¡ kpnucph L¡$ kdcph âhs£
R>¡. s¡\u L$sp®`Ï„ V$mu opsp`Ï„ âNV¡$ R>¡.
Ap fus¡ gp¡ L $cph_p_p¡ Aæepk A_¡
tQsh_ L$sp®`Ï„ V$pmu opsp`Ï„ âNV$ph¡ R>¡.
f. r_S>gp¡L$_p r_hpk Üpfp
`fgp¡L$_y„ c°dZ dV$pX$u gp¡L$pN°¡
rkÙgp¡L$_u âprá L$fph¡
`p¡sp_p qÓL$pm iyÙ Q¥sÞeõhcph_p
õhuL$pf`|h®L$ s¡_p Apîe_¡ r_S>gp¡L$_p¡
r_hpk L$l¡ R>¡. gp¡L$pN°¡ rkÙrigp D`f
fl¡sp„ rkÙp¡_p kd|l_¡ rkÙgp¡L$ L$l¡
R>¡. gp¡L$cph_p_p¡ Aæepk A_¡ tQsh_
r_S>gp¡L$_p r_hpk Üpfp `fgp¡L$_y„ c°dZ
dV$pX$u gp¡ L $pN° ¡ rkÙrigp D`f_p
rkÙgp¡ L $_u âprá L$fph¡ R>¡ .
A_pqv$ Aop_u Æh r_S>-`fgp¡ L $_p
hpõsrhL$ õhê`_u kdS>Z hNf r_S>gp¡L$_¡
c|gu_¡ `fgp¡L$_y„ S> âep¡S>_ fpM¡ R>¡. s¡\u
`fgp¡L$ âÐe¡ dp¡l-fpN-Ü¡j A_¡ s¡_p L$pfZ¡
\su L$sp®byqÙ lp¡e R>¡. s¡_p L$pfZ¡ s¡ õhN®,
_fL$pqv$ `fgp¡L$dp„ r_f„sf c°dZ L$fsp¡ fl¡
R>¡. A_¡ A_¡L$ âL$pf_p„ vy$Mp¡ cp¡Nh¡ R>¡.
gp¡ L $cph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp\u r_S>-
`fgp¡L$_p kpQp õhê`_u kdS>Z \pe R>¡.
s¡ \ u `fgp¡ L $ âÐe¡ _ p¡ dp¡ l -fpN-Ü¡ j V$mu
opsp`Ï„ âNV$ \pe R>¡. `fgp¡L$_¡ o¡e A_¡
r_S>gp¡L$_¡ D`pv¡$e d_pe R>.¡ r_S>gp¡L$_¡ D`pv¡$e
ÅZu s¡_y„ N°lZ L$fsp„ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ r_S>gp¡L$dp„
r_hpk L$fsp„ `fgp¡ L $_y „ c° d Z AV$L$u Åe
201
R>¡ A_¡ dp¡ndpN®_u âprá Üpfp ¾$di: dp¡n-
v$ip_¡ `dpe R>¡.
Ap fus¡ gp¡ L $cph_p_p¡ Aæepk
r_S>gp¡ L $_p r_hpk Üpfp `fgp¡ L $_y „ c° d Z
dV$pX$u gp¡ L $pN° ¡ rkÙgp¡ L $_u A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $
dp¡ n v$ip_u âprá L$fph¡ R>¡ .
D`k„lpf
gp¡ L $k„ o p\u gp¡ L $dp„ c° d Z A_¡
gp¡ L $cph_p\u gp¡ L $pN° ¡ r_hpk lp¡ e R>¡ .
R> Öìep¡_p kd|l A_¡ gp¡L$pL$pidp„_p s¡_p
r_hpkõ\p__¡ gp¡ L $ L$l¡ R>¡ . gp¡ L $ âÐe¡ _ p
L$p¡B âep¡S>_ L¡$ kb„^_¡ gp¡L$k„op L$l¡ R>¡.
gp¡ L $k„ o p_p L$pfZ¡ gp¡ L $âÐe¡ dp¡ l -fpN-Ü¡ j
A_¡ s¡_p L$pfZ¡ \su LÑ®©ÐhbyqÙ lp¡e R>¡.
L$ÑЩ® hbyqÙ_p L$pfZ¡ L$db® ^ „ _ A_¡ s¡\u k„`Z | ®
gp¡ L $dp„ \sy „ c° d Z A_¡ s¡ _ p L$pfZ¡ \sy „
vy$:M lp¡e R>.¡ A_pqv$L$pm\u gp¡L$ko „ p_p L$pfZ¡
Aop_u Æh gp¡ L $dp„ c° d Z L$fsp¡ Apìep¡
R>¡. lh¡ Å¡ s¡ gp¡L$k„op R>p¡X$u s¡_p bv$g¡
gp¡L$cph_p_y„ rQ„sh_ L$f¡ sp¡ gp¡L$dp„ \sy„
c° d Z V$mu gp¡ L $pN° ¡ [õ\f r_hpk_u A¡V$g¡
L¡$ rkÙv$ip_u âprá \pe R>¡.
gp¡L$cph_p_p Aæepk`|h®L$ s¡_y„ tQsh_
L$fhp\u r_S>-`fgp¡L$_p kpQp õhê`_u kdS>Z
\pe R>¡. s¡\u A¡L$dpÓ r_S>gp¡L$ S> D`pv¡$e
rVà`Z
· 1. `qfõ`„v$_ L„$`_. · 2. A`f_pd AÞe_pd, buSy>„ _pd. BÞÖ_y„ A`f_pd dOhp R>¡. ÓuÅ Q¾$hs}_y„ BÞÖ S>¡hy„ ê$`
A_¡ Q¡ô$p ÅZu_¡ s¡_y„ _pd dOhp fpMhpdp„ Apìey„. · 3. N„^L|$qV$ kpdpÞe L¡$hmu_u ^d®kcp dpV¡$_u fQ_p S>¡ su\¯L$f
L¡$hmu_u ^d®kcp kdhk„fZ L$fsp„ _p_u lp¡e R>¡.
202
R>¡. A_¡ s¡ rkhpe_p A_¡L$ âL$pf_p kOmp„
`fgp¡L$ o¡e R>¡ s¡d S>ZpB R>.¡ `fgp¡L$ âÐe¡_p¡
L$Ñ©®Ðhcph V$mu ops©Ðhcph âNV$ \pe R>¡.
s¡\u `fgp¡L$dp„ âhs®sp¡ D`ep¡N `pR>p¡ hmu
r_S>gp¡L$dp„ Å¡X$pB R>¡. r_S>gp¡L$dp„ D`ep¡N
Å¡X$php\u `fgp¡L$dp„ \sy„ c°dZ dV$u gp¡L$pN°¡
rkÙv$ip_u ipðs kyM_u [õ\f [õ\rs âpá
\pe R>.¡ gp¡L$ko
„ p R>pX¡ $u gp¡L$cph_p rQ„sh__p
Aphp am_¡ v$ip®hsp b°. frhÞÖÆ L$l¡ R¡•••
ÐçÚ±¼üÝ Ðæ™ ¥ÝïÜU çÜU²ï, „æÐꇢü H¢ïÜU }¢ïæ |¢í}¢‡¢ çÜU²¢;
Ý¢ ÜU¢ï§ ÿ¢ï~¢ Ú㢠»„¢, ç…„ ÐÚ Ý¢ ã}¢Ýï …‹}¢ çH²¢ J
ÝÚÜU¢ïæ S±x¢¢ïü }¢ïæ Í¢ê}¢ ™êÜU¢, ¥¼ »± ¥¢à¢¢ „Ï¢ ÜUè À¢ïÇêæ;
H¢ïÜU¢x¢í çà¢¶Ú ÐÚ çƒÚ ã¢ï©æ, Ï¢„ çÝ… }¢ïæ ãè çÝ… ÜU¢ï …¢ïÇêæ JJ
cphp\® : gp¡L$k„op_p L$pfZ¡ Ap Æh `p„Q âL$pf_p„
`fphs®_p¡ L$fsp„ k„`|Z® gp¡L$dp„ c°dZ L$fsp¡ fl¡ R>¡.
k„`|Z® gp¡L$dp„ _fL$gp¡L$\u õhN®gp¡L$ ky^u c°dZ L$fsp„
A¡hy„ L$p¡B n¡Ó bpL$u _\u L¡$ Äep„ `p¡s¡ S>Þd ^pfZ
L$ep® _ lp¡e. _fL$\u õhN® ky^u_p b^p„ Ahspfp¡
A_¡L$hpf âpá L$ep® R>¡ `Z S>fpe kyM-ip„rs dþep
_\u. s¡\u Ap b^p„_u BÃR>p lh¡ R>p¡Xy„$ Ry>„. bk, lh¡
sp¡ gp¡L$k„op V$pmu, `fgp¡L$_y„ âep¡S>_ A_¡ s¡_p L$pfZ¡
\sy „ gp¡ L $dp„ _ y „ `qfc° d Z dV$pX$u, gp¡ L $cph_p_p
Aæepk A_¡ tQsh_ Üpfp `qfZrs_¡ `fgp¡L$dp„\u
`pR>u hpmu_¡ r_S>gp¡L$dp„ õ\p`u_¡ gp¡L$pN° riMf
`f_u ipðs [õ\f v$ip_¡ âpá \pJ A¡hu S> dpfu
cph_p R>¡.
(b°. frhÞÖÆL©$s bpfcph_pdp„\u gp¡L$cph_p_y„ L$pìe)
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 M gp¡L$cph_p_u L$\p M
gp¡L$cph_p\u gp¡L$pN°¡ `lp¢Qsp Q¾$hs} dOhp
`|h® qv$ipdp„ k|e® DN¡ s¡d `yfpZ ârkÙ _Nfu
Aep¡Âep_p dlpfpÅ kyrdÓ_u dlpfpZu cÖp_u L|$M¡
dlp s¡S>õhu `yÎeipmu `yÓfÐ__p¡ S>Þd \ep¡.
`yÓS>Þd_u h^pB âpá \sp„ S> Ap_„v$rhcp¡f \B
DW¡$gp dlpfpÅA¡ cìe S>Þdp¡Ðkh_u Apop afdphu
dlpfpZu_p dl¡g sfa âõ\p_ L$e.y® dlpfpZuA¡
dlpfpÅ_¡ `yÓS>Þd \sp„ ANpD Å¡e¡gp„ iyc
õhà_p¡ S>Zpìep. `yÓ_p dyMQ„Ö_¡ Å¡B_¡
dlpfpÅA¡ õhà_p¡_y„ am v$ip®hsp S>Zpìey„ L¡$, Ap
bpmL$ dp¡nNpdu dlpÐdp A_¡ Q¾$hs}_p¡ Ahspf
R>¡. bpmL$_y„ BÞÖ S>¡hy„ s¡S>õhu ê` A_¡ BÞÖ S>¡hu
Q¡ô$p ÅZu_¡ dpbp`¡ s¡_y„ BÞÖ_y„ S> A`f_pd
2 ^_yj (64.8 duV$f) —KQpB ^fphsp kyhZ®f„Nu dOhp
A¡hy„ dOhp _pd fp¿ey„.
Ap dOhp `„v$fdp„ su\®L$f ^d®_p\_p su\®dp„
\e¡gp cfsn¡Ó_p cyjZ kdp_ cfs A_¡ kNf
`R>u_p ÓuÅ Q¾$hs} lsp. Q¾$hs}_p Av¹$cys
h¥ch A_¡ cp¡Np¡`cp¡Ndp„ dOhp_¡ Q¡_ `X$s„y _\u.
blpfdp„ R> M„X$_¡ kp^sp S>Zpsp Q¾$hs} dOhp
10. gp¡L$cph_p
A„v$fdp„ AM„X$ ApÐdp_u kp^_p dpV¡$ AÐe„s Apsyf
fl¡sp. kdõs cfsn¡Ódp„ Q¾$hs}_u ApZ
âhs®su lsu sp¡`Z s¡Ap¡ A„v$f\u Dv$pk S> fl¡sp.
Aphp dlph¥fpNu d^hp A¡L$hpf v¥$hu hõÓpc|jZ
`l¡fu_¡ s¥epf \ep R>¡. L„$W$dp„ `l¡f¡g dp¡su_p¡ lpf
A_¡ s¡dp„ S>X¡$g fÐ_p¡ hÃQ¡ s¡d_y„ dyML$dm
_nÓp¡_u dÂedp„ fl¡g Q„Ö_u kdp_ ip¡cu füy„
R>¡. s¡d_p„ kyL$p¡dm ifuf_u kyN„^\u ApLjp®B_¡
cdfp s¡d_u `pk¡ v$p¡X$u Aph¡ R>¡. s¡d_p cìe cpg
D`f QdL$u fl¡g rsgL$ s¡d_p qÓcyh_-
rsgL$`Zp_p¡ k„L¡$s k|Qhu fl¡g R>¡. kpX$p Qpguk
Q¾$hs} Dv$erNqf_p riMf `f Dv$e `pdsp k|e®
S>¡hp Dßs A_¡ v>¡v$uàedp_ S>ZpB füp R>¡. Aphp
Q¾$hs} dOhp fpS>kcpdp„ `lp¢Qhp dpV¡$ `N d|L¡$
R>¡ Ðep„ S> A¡L$ v|$s Aphu_¡ kdpQpf Ap`¡ R>¡:
dlpfpS! Ace^p¡j L¡$hmu Aep¡Âep_p d_p¡lf
_pd_p DÛp_dp„ `^pep® R>¡.
203
„psZÅ ¡_®\p$v`f` hÆ ¡Zfp$L p_po„k$L¡pg L¡$hmu cNhp__p `p¡sp_p Ap„NZ¡ `^pfhp_p
.¡>R ¡f$L hpchЮ©s$L `êj¡Ü-Npf-l¡pd ¡eÐâf` kdpQpf kp„cmu dOhp A¡L$v$d fp¡dp„rQs \B DW¡$
s
y„ \ Z ¡ fpL$ p_s ¡ _ ¡ A _^b „ _ y„ d
® L$ Z¡ fpL$ p_hpchÐs ®© L$ R>¡. v|$s_¡ L„$W$ dp„_u dpmp c¡V$ Ofu_¡ dlpfpÅA¡
.>¡R l¡f g y pQ Zdc ° s y„ \ p„d$Lp¡g Z ® `| k „ L¡$hmu cNhp_ sfa L|$Q L$fhp_u Apop L$fu.
_hsQt „y_¡s $L®h|`kpeæA p_p_hpc$L¡pg AceOp¡j_p A¡L$pA¡L$ ApNd_\u lj®\u `ygqL$s
eÞs¥Q >S_r ¡_A ¡>R $¡Vd po„k$L¡pg ¡ps ¡hpA „pdphf$L \B DW¡$gp Q¾$hs}_u khpfu W$pW$-dpW$\u L¡$hmu
p_$L¡pgeÞs¥Q .¡>R ep\ Zl°N $¡L fp$Luhõ ¡p_$L¡pg cNhp__u N„^L|$qV$dp„ `lp¢Qu NB.
3

-l¡pd „p_¡eÐâf` „psZÅ ¡_®\p$v`f` $L®h|`Zl°N L¡$hmu cNhp__p v$i®_-`|S>_, âv$rnZp L$fu
.¡>R ep\ hpcA ¡p_hpchЩ®Ñ$L `êj¡Ü-Npf L©$sp\® \e¡gp„ Q¾$hs} dOhp `p¡sp_¡ õ\p_¡ b¡ku
„ p s Z Å ¡ _ ® \ p $ v ` f ` $ L ® h | ` h p c A p _ h p c h Ð y ® Ñ $L Nep. Ðepf `R>u Ecp \B_¡ b¡ lp\ Å¡X$u_¡ `p¡sp_¡
`êhpcdk $¡L hpcunpk Ópd ¡eÐâf` OZp„ hMs\u d|„Thsp¡ âï_ `|R¹>ep¡ :
¡p_hpchЩspo .¡>R ep\ hpc ¹$vk ¡p_hpchЩspo “l¡ _p\ ! k„`|Z® gp¡L$dp„ A_pqv$ L$pm\u Qpëep
ep\ pf®>S_q u_®d$L um$V ^„b ¡p_®d$L „ps\ hpc¹$vk Aphsp c°dZ_p¡ A„s ApZu gp¡L$pN¡ rkÙv$ip_u
N°¡ pL$p¡g umV$ Zdc ° sy„ \ p„dL$p¡g Z ® ` | k„ Z ¡ fpL$ p_s ¡ .>¡R [õ\f [õ\rs `pdhp_p¡ D`pe L©$`p L$fu_¡ L$lp¡.”
.¡>R ep\ ápâ psf\õ[ sðpi u_pi$vÙkr L¡$hmu cNhp_ L$p¡B_u kp\¡ âï_-DÑf L¡$
e$¡vp`D >S ¡_$L¡pgeÞs¥Q >S_r ! _>Spf ¡l $¡Vpd i„L$p-kdp^p_ L$fsp„ _\u. sp¡`Z Q¾$hs} S>¡hp
hÐs © po u$Xp¡>R hÐs y® $L _y„ $Lp¡gf` $Lh ® `| ZlN ° p_¡s uZÅ rhriô$ `y{j_p âï__p kdp^p_ê`¡ s¡d_u
$¹Leçk p_p_hpc$L¡pg $¡Vpd pA .„yhf$L $VNâ qv$ìeÂhr_ klS>`Z¡ Mf¡ R>¡. Q¾$hs}_p âï__p
„y_p_hpc$L¡pg pA .„yhf$L _hsQt „y_¡s $L®h|`kpeæA DÑfê`¡ S> ÅZ¡ L¡$hmu cNhp__u qv$ìehpZudp„
„ys\ „pd$L¡pg ®Z|`„k u\mp$L $vqp_A >S _hsQt gp¡L$cph_p_y„ õhê` Apìey„ :
-Myk sðpi u_pi$vÙkr ¡°Np$L¡pg u$Xp$Vd Zd°c “l¡ cìe ! A_pqv$L$pm_u Qpëep Aphsp„
”. ¡ > R ¡hpf$L árpâ u_psf\õ[-sr„pi k„`|Z® gp¡L$dp„_p c°dZ_y„ A¡L$ dpÓ L$pfZ gp¡L$k„op
eds©dA $Lip_Zd°chc u__phNc umh$¡L R>¡. A_¡ Ap c°dZ V$pmu gp¡L$pN° [õ\f [õ\rs
j¡ps„k ®Z|`„k phOd ¡_uf$L Zhî „y_uZpheì$vq âpá L$fhp_p¡ A¡L$ dpÓ D`pe gp¡L$cph_p_y„
„pdfpQhr p$XK— ¡pshsQt ¡_p_hpc$L¡pg ¡_A ¡peçp` tQsh_ R>¡.
: ¡peN ub$|X R> Öìep¡ A_¡ s¡d_p„ r_hpk_p„ õ\p__¡ gp¡L$
m
¡ p¡$X$LQ p_$¾Qhc lz„ >S Z ¡ fp$L p_pok „ $Lp¡g ! f¡A“ L$l¡ R>¡. rhð_p kdõs `v$p\p£ A_¡ s¡d_p„
.„>yR ¡püf ¡psf$L Zd°c „pd$L¡pg ®Z|`„k u$XQ fl¡W$pZ_p õ\p_p¡_p¡ gp¡L$dp„ kdph¡i R>¡. Ap gp¡L$
u_pd ^„b„k $¡L _>S¡peâ $LB„p$L „pd£p\p$v`f` p_$L¡pg `¥L$u `p¡sp_p¡ qÓL$pm iyÙ Q¥sÞe_p¡ õhcph A¡
ufpd >S ¡A ¡phhpf^ hpchÐy®Ñ$L `êj¡Ü-Npf-l¡pd r_S>gp¡L$ R>¡ A_¡ s¡ rkhpe_y„ kOmy„ `fgp¡L$ R>.¡
.¡>R m$W¡l sd$yLl ufpd ¡pAÅpf ¡pfÅl .¡R po„k$L¡pg `fgp¡L$_p `f`v$p\p£ âÐe¡ L$p¡B âep¡S>_ L¡$ kb„^u
phf$L phk ¡ ufpd Z` ÖÞB d ® ^p¥k $vM y _ ¡ A p¡h$v¡ p¡fÅl dp_hp¡ s¡$ gp¡L$ko „ p R>.¡ `fgp¡L$_y„ âep¡S>_ V$pmu
$Lfp^ „zl ¡p_¡p_Ðf $v¥pQ ¡_A _p^_r h_ .¡>R ¡lf f`Ðs r_S>gp¡L$dp„ [õ\s fl¡hp_p¡ D`pe rhQpfhp¡ s¡
phpA .>„R y udphõ lz„ p¡_p¡AuÓõ uZd$v` fÅl ß y >R .>„R y gp¡L$cph_p R>¡.

204 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

âL$pf_u dpfu dpÞesp S> dpfu L$ÑÐy® hbyqÙ R>,¡ gp¡L$ko „ p
R>¡. Ap gp¡L$k„op_p L$pfZ¡ S> dpfp chQ¾$_p¡ A¡L¡$e
Ap„V$p¡ AV$L$sp¡ _\u.
dpfp Ap chdp„ dpf¡ A_„s chc°dZ_p¡ Acph
L$fhp¡ R>¡. gp¡L$dp„ \sy„ c°dZ V$pmu gp¡L$pN°¡ [õ\f
[õ\rs âpá L$fhu R>¡. A_¡ s¡ dpV¡$ dpf¡ gp¡L$k„op
R>p¡X$u gp¡L$cph_p cphhu R>¡.
gp¡L$k„op R>p¡X$u gp¡L$cph_p cphu dpf¡ fpS>Q¾$u
dV$u rkÙQ¾$u \hy„ R>.¡ A_pqv$_p c°dZ_¡ V$pmu ipðs
[õ\fsp âpá L$fhu R>¡. k„kpf_p A_¡L$ âL$pf_p
vy$:Mp¡_¡ dV$pX$u Ap[ÐdL$ Apðs kyM_u âprá L$fhu
R>¡. _h r_^p__¡ bv$g¡ _h npreL$ g[å^_p ^pfL$
\hy„ R>¡.
Af¡, r^½$pf R>¡ d_¡ ! dpfp `p„Q gpM hj®_p
Apeyóe_p¡ dp¡V$p¡ cpN sp¡ Apd _¡ Apd husu Nep¡.
`fgp¡L$_u `pR>m v$pV¡ $ d|L$u_¡ lz„ dpfp r_S>gp¡L$_¡ sp¡ kph
cygu S> Nep¡. lh¡, dpf¡ A¡L$ OX$u_p rhg„b rh_p r_S>
Q¥sÞegp¡L$_u kp^_p kp^hu R>.¡ s¡ dpV¡$ lz„ Q¾$hs}
dlpfpÅ_p R> M„X$_p kpd°pÄe_¡ R>pX¡ $u_¡ dyr_fpS>_p R>
AphíeL$_¡ N°lZ L$ê„ Ry>.„ ”
Ap âdpZ¡ gp¡L$cph_p cphsp Q¾$hs} d^hp
A¡L$v$d h¥fpÁe `pdu dyr_v$ip A„NuL$pf L$fhp ApNm
h^¡ R>¡. kdõs âL$pf¡ gp¡L$k„op R>p¡X$u `|Z®`Z¡
gp¡L$cph_p tQshsp s¡Ap¡ AceOp¡j L¡$hmu kdu`¡
v¥$hu hõÓpc|jZ Dspfu, L¡$igp¦Q L$fu rS>_v$unp
N°lZ L$f¡ R>¡.
dlpfpÅ dOhp lh¡ dyr_fpS> dOhp \ep R>¡.
kdõs âL$pf_y„ L$s©®Ðh R>p¡X$u_¡ s¡Ap¡A¡ ops©Ðh
^pfZ L$e®y R>¡. gp¡L$k„op_¡ R>p¡X$u gp¡L$cph_p_y„
tQsh_ Qpgy L$e®y R>¡. gp¡L$cph_p_p kss
tQsh__p `qfZpd¡ s¡Ap¡ gp¡L$\u sØ$_ r_:õ`©l$
\ep R>¡. r_:õ`©lsp_p L$pfZ¡ s¡Ap¡ A_¡L$ âL$pf_p
`qfjlp¡_u hÃQ¡ `Z `h®s_u S>¡d AX$p¡g R>¡.
D`kN® Aphsp„ `Z s¡Ap¡ v$`Z ® _u S>d ¡ kdv$i}`Ï„
v$pMh¡ R>¡. iycpiycL$dp£_p Dv$e hÃQ¡ `Z s¡Ap¡
S>mL$dghs¹ r_g£` R>¡. ifuf_p¡ k„N lp¡hp R>sp„
s¡Ap¡ s¡_p\u `fdpÏ_u dpaL$ r_:k„N R>¡.
gp¡L$cph_p_p tQsh__p L$pfZ¡ s¡d_u L$s©®ÐhbyqÙ
V$mu ops©Ðhv$ip âNV$ \B R>¡. ops©Ðhv$ip_p
`qfZpd¡ d_-hQ_-L$pep_u Nyrádp„ Nyá fl¡hp\u
s¡Ap¡ L$pQbp kdp_ k„L$pQ
¡ u S>Zpe R>.¡ A_„sNyZp¡_u
e\pk„ch Ap„riL$ âNV$sp lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡Ap¡ kdyÖ kdp_
N„cuf S>Zpe R>¡.
gp¡L$cph_p_p tQsh__p bm¡ dyr_fpS> dOhpA¡
r_S> Q¥sÞegp¡L$dp„ Aârsd Ap[ÐdL$hue® ap¡fhu_¡
L¡$hmop_ A_¡ dp¡nv$ip_u âprá L$fu.
gp¡L$cph_p_p tQsh__p amdp„
r_S>gp¡L$dp„ r_hpk âpá L$fu_¡ `fgp¡L$dp„ \sy„
c°dZ dV$pX$u gp¡L$pN°¡ ipðs [õ\fsp âpá L$f_pf
dOhp cNhp__¡ cphcep® _dõL$pf !

k„v$c® N°„\p¡
· 1. bpfkAÏh¡L¹$ep_yâ¡np : Np\p 38 \u 42; · 2. õhprdL$prs®L¡$ep_yâ¡np : Np\p 115 \u 283; · 3. cNhsu Apfp^_p : Np\p
1791 \u 181`; · 4. op_Z®h : kN®f : Np\p$ 174 \u 180; · 5. d|gpQpf : DÑfp^® : Np\p 713 \u 721; · 6. sÒhp\®kpf : AÂepe
6$ : Np\p 40; · 7. `Ú_„v$u `„Qthirs : AÂepe : 6, ïgp¡L$ 54; · 8. A_Npf ^dp®d©s : AÝepe-6, Np\p 76, 77; · 9. kdZkys„
: Np\p 523; · 10. sÒhp\®fpS>hrÑ®L$ : 6/7, 8/603/6; · 11. khp®\®rkqÙ : 6/7/418; · 12. b©lv$Öìek„N°l : Np\p 3` _u V$uL$p;
· 13. QpqfÓkpf : 198/3; · 14. S>¥ . rk.L$p¡ i : cpN-1 : A_y â ¡ n p : 1/4, `p_y - 80; gp¡ L $cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep: · 1.
kdekpf : Np\p 70, 97, 312-13, 314-16 A_¡ s¡_u V$uL$p : ApÐd¿eprs : ïgp¡L$ _„. 47, 59, 95 \u 99, 153, 205; · 2. `„Qp[õsL$pe
k„N°l : Np\p 147_u V$uL$p; · 3. Ny{v¡$hîu_p hQ_pd©s : _„.33; · 4. bl¡_îu_p„ hQ_pd©s : _„.251, 411; · 5. S>¥.rk.L$p¡i : cpNf
: Q¡s_p : 3. ops©Ðh-L$Ñ©®ÐhrhQpf : `p_y-298, 299. gp¡ L $cph_p_u L$\p :gp¡L$cph_p\u gp¡L$pN°¡ `lp¢Qsp Q¾$hs} dOhp
· 1. DÑf`yfpZ : kN® 61; ïgp¡L$ 88 \u 106, `p_y 134-359.

10. gp¡L$cph_p 205

 l¡ s y g nu âï_p¡
ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fu bpS>y_p„ Qp¡fkdp„ v$ip®hp¡.
01.
01. r_òe\u rkÙ cNhp_ L$ep„ hk¡ R>¡?
A:: rkÙrigp D`f B:: rkÙgp¡L$ C:: Q¥sÞegp¡L$ D:: EÂh®gp¡L$
02. A¡L$ kp\¡ iy„ k„chu iL¡$ _rl? 02.
A:: L$sp® A_¡ opsp B:: õhcph A_¡ rhcph
C:: Öìe A_¡ `ep®e D:: opsp A_¡ ×óV$p
03. „ u iy„ lp¡e R>¡? 03.
gp¡L$cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$epdp„ `fgp¡L$ k„b^
A:: l¡e B:: D`pv¡$e C:: L$Ñy®Ðh D:: opsyÐh
04. `f_p L$pe®_p¡ L$sp® L$p¡Z? 04.
A:: cNhp_ B:: L$p¡B _rl C:: Aop_u D:: op_u
05. Aop_u ¼ep âL$pf_p k„b„^_¡ L$sp®-L$d® dp_¡ R>¡? 05.
A:: kpÂe-kp^_ B:: r_rdÑ-_¥rdrÑL$
C:: `qfZpdu-`qfZpd D:: ìep`L$-ìepàe
k¥ Ù p„ r sL$ âï_p¡
_uQ¡ _ p âï_p¡ _ p A¡ L $ L¡ $ b¡ hp¼edp„ S>hpb Ap`p¡ .
01. gp¡ L $ L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
02. `fgp¡ L $ L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
03. r_S>gp¡ L $ L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
04. rkÙgp¡ L $ L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
05. õhN® g p¡ L $ L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
06. Äep¡ r sgp£ L $ L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
07. rs\® L $¹ g p¡ L $ L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
08. d_y ó egp¡ L $ L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
09. _fL$gp¡ L $ L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
10. gp¡ L $cph_p_u rhQpfZp_p¡ L¡ [ ÞÖe rhQpf iy „ R>¡ ?
11. ¼ep ipõÓp¡ _ p¡ Aæepk A¡ gp¡ L $cph_p_p¡ S> Aæepk R>¡ ?
12. gp¡ L $cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep iy „ R>¡ ?
13. gp¡ L $cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep_y „ kp^_ L¡ $ L$pfZ iy „ R>¡ ?
14. A„ s f„ N k„ e p¡ N p¡ L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
15. A„ s f„ N k„ e p¡ N p¡ d p„ L$p¡ _ p¡ kdph¡ i R>¡ ?
16. brlf„ N k„ e p¡ N p¡ L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
17. `fgp¡ L $_p AÞe `v$p\p£ d p„ L$p¡ _ p¡ kdph¡ i R>¡ ?
18. Q¥ s Þegp¡ L $ L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
19. S>Ns_u khp£ Ð L$jV$ QuS> iy „ R>¡ ?
20. Q¥ s Þegp¡ L $_p¡ Apîe L$fhp\u i¡ _ u âprá \pe R>¡ ?
21. L$ep„ âL$pf¡ tQsh_ L$fhy„ A¡ gp¡L$cph_p tQsh__u Qfdkudp R>¡?
22. gp¡ L $k„ o p L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
_uQ¡ _ p âï_p¡ _ p rhõs© s S>hpb Ap`p¡ .
01. gp¡ L $cph_p_u ìep¿ep A_¡ s¡ _ u kdS| > su Ap`p¡ .
02. gp¡ L $cph_p A_¡ k„ k pfcph_p hÃQ¡ _ p¡ c¡ v $ kdÅhp¡ .
206
06. opsp`Ï„ iy„ _\u? 06.
A:: husfpNcph B:: opsL$cph C:: kdcph D:: kpiucph
07. ¼ep k„ep¡Np¡ brlf„N R>¡? 07.
A:: d_-hQ_-L$pep B:: õÓu-`yÓ-`qfhpf
C:: `p¥v$¹NrgL$¹L$dp£ D:: `p„ C[ÞÖep¡
08. gp¡L$cph_p_p rQ„sh_dp„ õÓu iy„ d_pe R>¡? 08.
A:: k„kpf_y„ L$pfZB:: rhje_y„ kp^_
C:: klpeL$ D:: opsp-×ô$p
09. Q¥sÞegp¡L$ L¡$hp¡ R>¡? 09.
A:: Agp¥qL$L$ L¡$ Av$:c|s B:: âÐen L¡$ âNV$
C:: l¡e L¡$ o¡e D:: ìehlpfgp¡L$ L¡$ `fgp¡L$
10. gp¡L$cph_p_p tQsh__u rhjhõsydp„ L$p_¡ p¡ kdph¡i R>¡? 10.
A:: r_S>gp¡L$ B:: `fgp¡L$ C:: k„`|Z®gp¡L$ D:: k„`|Z® Agp¡L$
03. gp¡ L $cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$epdp„ iy „ lp¡ e R>¡ ?
04. ip dpV¡ $ L$sp® ` Ï„ A_¡ opsp`Ï„ A¡ L $ kp\¡ k„ c hu iL¡ $ _rl?
05. ip dpV¡$ op_u L¡$ Aop_u L$p¡B `Z Æh `f_p L$pe®_p¡ rbgLy$g
L$sp® lp¡ s p S> _\u?
06. Aop_u ¼ep âL$pf_u c° p „ r s\u `p¡ s p_¡ `f_p¡ L$sp® dp_¡ R>¡ ?
07. S>¡ `f`v$p\® _ p¡ L$sp® \pe R>¡ s¡ opsp`Ï„ Mp¡ B _p„ M ¡ R>¡ . s¡ d
ip dpV¡ $ ?
08. L$sp® ` Ï„ iy „ R>¡ ? `f_p¡ L$sp® \hp¡ A ¡ Aop_u_y „ Aop_ L$B
fus¡ R>¡ ?
09. opsp`Ï„ iy „ R>¡ ? op_u_¡ s¡ L$B fus¡ lp¡ e R>¡ ?
10. `p¡ s p_p¡ iy Ù Q¥ s _eõhcph A_¡ s¡ _ y „ N° l Z A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ?
opsp`Ï„ âNV$phhp dpV¡ $ s¡ ip dpV¡ $ S>ê$fu lp¡ e R>¡ ?
11. Q¥sÞeõhcph_p N°lsp`|hL® $ opsp`Ï„ âNV$phhp dpV¡$_u rhQpfZp
A¡ S> gp¡ L $cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
12. ifuf S>¡ h p A„ s f„ N k„ e p¡ N p¡ gp¡ L $cph_p_p tQsh__y „ kp^_
L¡ $ L$pfZ L$B fus¡ b_u iL¡ $ R>¡ ?
13. õÓu S>¡hp brlf„N k„ep¡Np¡ gp¡L$cph_p_p tQsh__y„ kp^_ L¡$
L$pfZ L$B fus¡ b_u iL¡ $ R>¡ ?
14. Q¥ s Þegp¡ L $ A¡ gp¡ L $cph_p_p tQsh__y „ kp^_ L¡ $ L$pfZ L$B
fus¡ \B iL¡ $ R>¡ ?
15. gp¡ L $cph_p L$B fus¡ hõsy õ hê$`_u kdS>Z L$fph_pf R>¡ ?
16. gp¡ L $cph_p L$B fus¡ h¥ f pÁe_y „ L$pfZ R>¡ ?
17. gp¡L$k„op\u gp¡L$dp„ c°dZ A_¡ gp¡L$cph_p\u gp¡L$pN° r_hpk
A¡ bpbs kdÅhp¡
_uQ¡ _ p_p¡ saphs dy Ø pkf L$p¡ W $pdp„ Ap`p¡ .
1. gp¡L$cph_p A_¡ k„kpfcph_p
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
11. bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p 207
208 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
11. bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p
cph_p
bp¡r^ A¡V$g¡ kçeÁop_. A_pqv$ k„kpfdp„
Ap Æh¡ buSy > b^y „ S> âpràs L$e® y R>¡ . s¡ \ u
s¡ kygc R>¡. `f„sy kçeÁop_ê` bp¡r^ L$epf¡e
âpá L$fu _\u. s¡ \ u s¡ vy $ g® c R>¡ . vy $ g® c
A¡ h u bp¡ r ^ âpá L$fhp_u kp_y L y $ msp A_¡
kyep¡Áesp hs®dp_ d_yóeÆh_dp„ R>¡. s¡ bp¡r^
âpá L$fhp_p D`pe_u hp„fhpf rhQpfZp \hu
s¡ _ ¡ bp¡ r ^vy $ g® c cph_p L$l¡ R>¡ .
iyÙpÐdp_u kpQu kdS>Zê` kçeÁop__¡ bp¡r^
L$l¡ R>.¡ S>¡ bpbs dlpcpÁe¡ L¡$ dlpL$ô$¡ L$epf¡L$ S> âpá
\pe s¡_¡ vy$gc ® L$l¡ R>.¡ A_pqv$ k„kpfQ¾$dp„ Oydsp Ap
Æh¡ bp¡r^ rkhpe_u kOmu bpbsp¡ A_¡L$hpf âpá
L$fu R>.¡ S>Nsdp„ vy$gc® d_psp cp¡N-D`cp¡N, kÑp-
k„`rÑ, dp_-kÞdp_, fpS>-`pV$ hN¡f¡ A_¡L$hpf âpá
L$ep® R>¡. r_Np¡v$\u dp„X$u_¡ AlrdÞÖ ky^u_p Ahspfp¡
A_¡L$hpf ^pfZ L$ep® R>¡. gp¡L$pL$pi_p v$f¡L$ âv¡$i¡
A_¡L$hpf S>Þd-dfZ `°pá L$ep® R>.¡ A_„s `yv$¹ Ngp¡_p
N°lZ-ÐepN L$ep® R>¡. L$ë`L$pm_p v$f¡L$ kde¡ S>Þd
gu^p¡ R>¡. kOmp„ âL$pf_p k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡_¡
k„âpá L$ep® R>¡. kçeÁop_ê` bp¡r^_u âprá _ L$fu
sp¡ Ap b^u bpbsp¡ lSy> `Z dmu S> fl¡hp_u R>¡.
s¡\u s¡ kygc R>.¡ `f„sy Ap kOmu QuÅ¡ ApÐdp_¡ S>fpe
kyM L¡$ ip„rs Ap`u iL$ep _\u. ipïhs kyM A_¡
ip„rs dpV¡$ kçeÁop_ê` bp¡r^ S> S>êfu R>¡. `f„sy Ap
bp¡r^_u âprá ApS> ky^udp„ ¼epf¡e \B _\u. s¡\u s¡
vy$g®c R>¡. sp¡`Z Ap vy$g®c bp¡r^_u âprá hs®dp_
d_yóeÆh_dp„ kygc R>.¡ bp¡r^ dpV¡$ S>êfu A_yL$| msp
A_¡ ep¡Áesp AÐepf Æh_dp„ R>¡. Ap bp¡r^_u âprá
L$fhp dpV¡$_p D`pe_u rhQpfZp L$fu s¡ dpV¡$_p
`y{jp\®_¡ â¡fhp¡ s¡ bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p R>¡.
11. bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p
bp¡r^dp„ kçeL$¹Ðhê`
dp¡ndpN®_p¡ kdph¡i R>¡
bp¡r^_p¡ A\® kçeÁop_ R>.¡ `f„sy kçeÁop_ kp\¡
kçeÁv$i®_ k„L$mpe¡gy„ R>¡. hpõshdp„ kçeÁop_ A_¡
kçeÁv$i_ ® A¡L$ kp\¡ DÐ`ß \pe R>.¡ s¡\u kçeÁop_
lp¡e s¡_¡ kçeÁv$i®_ `Z lp¡e S> R>¡. kçeÁv$i®_-
op_`|h®L kçeL¹$QpqfÓ `Z Ahíe lp¡e S> R>¡. s¡\u
bp¡r^dp„ kçeÁv$i®_-op_-QpqfÓ A¡ ÓZ¡e_p¡
kdph¡i R>¡. S>¡_¡ V|„$L$dp„ kçeL¹$Ðh sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMhpdp„
Aph¡ R>¡. Ap kçeÁv$i®_-op_-QpqfÓ_p A¡L$Ðh\u
S> dp¡ndpN® lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u bp¡r^dp„ kçe¼¹$Ðhê`
dp¡ndpN®_p¡ kdph¡i R>¡.
bp¡r^_y„ dlÐh
ApÐdp_p v$f¡L$ v$p¡jp¡, AhNyZp¡, kdõepAp¡ A_¡
Apr^-ìepr^-D`pr^_y„ L$pfZ bp¡r^_u Aâprá
R>¡.bp¡r^_u âprá \hp\u Ap b^p_p¡ A„s Aph¡ R>¡
A_¡ ApÐdp_p A_„sNyZp¡ A_¡ Ap[ÐdL$ Ap_„v$_u
DÐ`rÑ \pe R>¡. kdN° k„kpf A_¡ s¡_p„ vy$:Mp¡_y„ A¡L$
dpÓ L$pfZ bp¡r^_p¡ Acph R>.¡ bp¡r^_p¡ kv¹$cph \sp„
k„kpf A_¡ s¡_p„ vy$:Mp¡_p¡ A„s Aphu dp¡ndpN® A_¡
s¡_p„ kyM_u âprá \pe R>¡. bp¡r^ `p¡s¡ S> kçeL$¹Ðhê`
dp¡ndpN® R>.¡ bp¡r^_u âprá \sp„ dp¡ndpN®_u i—êAps
\pe R>¡ A_¡ Ap bp¡r^ S> s¡_u `|Z®sp A¡V$g¡ L¡$
dp¡nv$ip_u âprá L$fph¡ R>¡.
209
 kçeL¹Ðhê` bp¡r^_u âprá \sp„ L$p¡B Æh
A„sd®|lzs®dp„ S> dp¡n_u âprá L$fu ëe¡ R>¡. A_¡
L$p¡B_¡ hpf gpN¡ sp¡ h^ydp„ h^y `„v$f chp¡dp„ sp¡
r_d\u dp¡n_¡ âpá L$fu ëe¡ R>¡. bp¡r^ âpá \ep
`R>u s¡ cpÁe¡ S> R|>V$u Åe R>¡. hs®dp_ r_L©$ô$
L$pmdp„ DÐL©$ô$ `y{jp\® hX¡$ âpá L$f¡gu bp¡r^
L$epf¡ e R| > V$u S>su _\u. `| Ä e bl¡ _ îu
Q„`pb¡__p `|h®ch_p ÅrsõdfZop_ A_ykpf
`Z Ap bpbs_¡ kd\®_ dm¡ R>¡. AÞe L$pmdp„
A_¡ AÞe k„Å¡Np¡dp„ L$v$prQs¹ s¡ R|>V$u Åe sp¡`Z
h^ydp„ h^y A^® `yv¹$Ng`fphs®_ L$pmdp„ Æh s¡
r_ed\u âpá L$fu dp¡n_¡ `pd¡ R>¡. Al] L$l¡hp_y„
spÐ`e® A¡ R>¡ L¡ $ bp¡ r ^ A¡ A¡ L $ A¡ h u bpbs
R>¡ L¡ $ S>¡ âpá \sp„ Æh_p¡ dp¡ n _½$u S> lp¡ e
R>¡ . t_v$p Üpfp âi„ j p L$fsp„ ìepS>õsy r s
Ag„ L $pf hX¡ $ bp¡ r ^_y „ dlÐh v$ip® h sp îudv¹ $
fpS>Q„ Ö L$l¡ R>¡ ••••
“d_¡ N°lZ L$fhp\u, N°lZ L$f_pf_u BÃR>p
_ \pe sp¡ `Z dpf¡ s¡_¡ `fpZ¡ dp¡n¡ gB S>hp¡
`X¡$ R>”¡ (îudv¹$ fpSQ„Ö: ìep¿ep_kpf : 1/67, `p_y 474)
bp¡r^ ky^u_u DÑfp¡Ñf vy$g®c
bpbsp¡
k„kpfu Aop_u Æh_y„ L$pedu r_hpk õ\p_
r_Np¡v$ R>¡. r_Np¡v$_p A¡L$ k|ÿd ifufdp„ A¡L$ kp\¡
A_„s Æhp¡ fl¡ R>¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡L$ kp\¡ S>Þd¡ R>¡ A_¡
A¡L$ kp\¡ df¡ R>¡. A_¡ A_„sL$pm ky^u A_„svy$:Mp¡
cp¡Nh¡ R>¡.
A_„sL$pm¡ r_Np¡v$dp„\u blpf _uL$mu_¡ Æh
õ\phf `ep®edp„ Aph¡ sp¡ s¡dp„ `Z Ak„¿eps
L$ë`L$pm ky^u fl¡ R>¡. `©Õhu, `pZu, Ar‚, hpey
210
A_¡ âÐe¡L$ h_õ`rsL$pe_p A¡L¡$[ÞÖe Æh_¡
õ\phf L$l¡ R>¡.
r_Np¡v$ L¡$ õ\phf_u A¡L¡$[ÞÖe Ahõ\pdp„\u b¡
B[ÞÖe\u k„ou `„Q¡[ÞÖe ky^u_u Ók `ep®edp„
Aph¡ sp¡ s¡dp„ h^ydp„ h^y b¡ lÅf kpNf ky^u fl¡
R>.¡ Al] r_Np¡v$\u õ\phf A_¡ õ\phf\u Ók `ep®e
DÑfp¡Ñf vy$g®c ÅZhu. Ók `ep®edp„ b¡, ÓZ A_¡
Qpf B[ÞÖehpmp rhL$g¡[ÞÖe, Ak„ou `„Q¡[ÞÖe
A_¡ k„ou `„Q¡[ÞÖe `Z DÑfp¡Ñf vy$g®c R>¡. Ók
Æh_u k„ou `„Q¡[ÞÖe Ahõ\pdp„ d_yóe, _pfL$u,
v¡ $ h A_¡ k„ o u rse¯ Q _p¡ kdph¡ i R>¡ . s¡ d p„
d_yóe`Ï„ AÐe„s vy$g®c R>¡. k„kpfQ¾$dp„ O|dsp„
O|dsp„ Ók `ep®e âpá \e¡gp¡ k„kpfu Æhd_yóe_p¡
A¡L$ ch âpá L$f¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_u kpd¡ s¡Z¡ _fL$_p„
Ak„¿e ch L$f¡gp lp¡e R>¡. L$v$prQs¹ L$p¡B Æh
D`fpD`fu d_yóe_p„ ApW$ ch d¡mhu iL¡$ R>¡.
sp¡`Z A¡L„$v$f¡ s¡ d_yóe_p ch L$fsp„ _fL$_p„
Ak„¿ech L$f¡ R>¡. s¡ S> fus¡ _fL$_p„ A¡L$ ch kpd¡
s¡Z¡ v¡$h_p„ Ak„¿e ch L$f¡gp lp¡e R>¡. A_¡ v¡$h_p„
A¡L$ ch kpd¡ k„ou rse¯Q_p Ak„¿e ch L$f¡gp„
lp¡e R>¡. rse¯Qdp„ Ak„ou `Z Dd¡fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡
s¡ A_„sch lp¡e R>¡. Ap fus¡ AÞe Nrs_p„ Ak„¿e
A_¡ A_„sch `R>u d_yóe_p¡ A¡L$ ch âpá \sp¡
lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u Ak„¿eps L$ë`L$pmdp„ dlpcpÁe¡ A_¡
dlpL$ô¡$ A¡L$pv$ S> d_yóe_p¡ ch âpá \pe R>¡.
d_y ó e_p¡ ch âpá \ep `R>u `Z s¡ d p„
ApÐdrls_u bp¡r^_¡ kp_yL|$m k„ep¡Np¡ âpá \hp
Ars Ars vy$g®c R>¡. d_yóeÆh_ âpá \ep `R>u
bp¡r^_¡ kp_yL|$m lp¡e A¡hp DÑfp¡Ñf DÐL©$ô$ A_¡
vy$g®c v$i k„ep¡Np¡ _uQ¡ dyS>b R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
1. L$d®c|rd_u âprá, S> L$epf¡e âpá L$fu _\u. A_„sp_„s Æhp¡dp„\u
f. Ape®n¡Ódp„ S>Þd, bp¡r^_p am dp¡n_¡ âpá L$f_pfp Æhp¡ R> drl_p_¡
ApW$ kdedp„ dpÓ R>kp¡_¡ ApW$ S> lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u s¡
3. `p„Q B[ÞÖep¡ A_¡
bp¡r^_¡ vy$g®c dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap vy$g®c bp¡r^_¡
d__u k„`|Z®sp,
d¡mhhp dpV¡$ d_yóeÆh_ A_¡ s¡dp„e bp¡r^_¡
4. DÑd Ly$m_u âprá, kp_yL|$m k„ep¡Np¡_u S>êf lp¡e R>¡. S>¡ hs®dp_
`. `yÎe_p¡ Dv$e, d_yóeÆh_dp„ k„âpá R>¡. vy$g®c bp¡r^ d¡mhhu
d_y ó eÆh_dp„ ky g c lp¡ e R>¡ . A_¡ s¡ S>
6. r_fp¡Nu`Ï„,
d_yóeÆh__u dlÑp R>¡.
7. gp„by Apeyóe,
d_yóe rkhpe_p v¡$h, _pfL$u L¡$ k„ou rse¯Q
8. DÑd byqÙ,
`Z bp¡r^_¡ âpá \B iL¡$ R>¡. `Z s¡ dpV¡$ s¡Z¡ `|h£
9. husfpNu ks¹v¡$h-Nyê-ipõÓ_u D`g[å^, d_yóe_p chdp„ bp¡r^_p k„õL$pfp¡ d¡mh¡g lp¡e R>¡.
10. op_u ^dp®Ðdp_u v¡$i_p_u kpnps âprá, S>¡ Æh¡ bp¡r^_p k„õL$pf d¡mh¡g _\u s¡ d_yóe
rkhpe_p AÞe chdp„ bp¡r^_¡ âpá L$fu iL$sp¡
hs®dp_dp„ Ap`Z_¡ vy$g®c d_yóeÆh_ A_¡ _\u. A_pqv$ Aop_u Æh¡ bp¡r^_p buS> L$epf¡e
s¡dp„e bp¡r^_¡ kp_yL|$m A¡hp D`fp¡L$s DÑfp¡Ñf hpìep _\u. A_¡ s¡ bp¡r^ dpV¡$ kph Aby^ S> lp¡e
DÐL©$ô$ A_¡ vy$g®c k„ep¡Np¡ âpá R>¡. A_pqv$L$pm\u R>¡. Ap bp¡r^_p buS> fp¡`hp dpV¡$ d_yóeÆh_ S>
chQ¾$dp„ O|dsp„ Ap Æh¡ Ap b^u vy$g®c bpbsp¡ S>êfu R>¡.
`Z A_¡L$hpf âpá L$fu R>¡. `f„sy kçeL¹$Ðhê`
bp¡ r ^ A¡ L $ hMs `Z âpá L$fu _\u. s¡ \ u bp¡r^_¡ L¡$ s¡_p k„õL$pfp¡_¡ d¡mhhp dpV¡$ A„sf„N
hpõsrhL$ vy$g®csp bp¡r^_u R>¡. Ap vy$g®c bp¡r^ D`pvp_ L$pfZ A_¡ brlf„N r_rdÑ L$pfZ A¡d b¡
hs®dp_ d_yóeÆh_dp„ âpá \B iL¡$ R>¡ A_¡ s¡ L$pfZp¡_u AphíeL$sp lp¡e R>¡. Ap bß¡ L$pfZp¡_u
S> s¡_u dlÑp R>¡. kp_yL|$m kpdN°u hs®dp_ d_yóeÆ_dp„ D`gå^
R>¡. A„sf„N D`pv$p_ L$pfZ sfuL¡$ kdS>Z A_¡
vy$g®c bp¡r^ d¡mhhp dpV¡$ rhh¡L$byqÙ_u S>êfueps lp¡e R>¡. d_yóe_y„ d_
DÐL©$ô$ lp¡hp\u s¡ kdS>Zdp„ î¡›$ R>¡. Ap D`fp„s
d_yóeÆh__u dlÑp
kv¹$rhh¡L$_u `|Z®sp `Z d_yóedp„ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
A_pqv$L$pm\u ApS>ky^udp„ Aop_u Æh¡ buSy>„ s¡\u bp¡r^ dpV¡$ S>êfu D`pvp_ L$pfZ d_yóe
b^ye
„ âpá L$ey® R>.¡ `Z A¡L$ dpÓ kçeL¹$Ðhê` bp¡r^ Æh_dp„ lp¡e R>¡. A¡ S> fus¡ brlf„N r_rdÑ L$pfZ

11. bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p 211

sfuL¡$ husfpNu ks¹v¡$h-Ny{$-ipõÓ A_¡ op_u_u
v¡$i_p S>êfu lp¡e R>¡ S>¡ `Z `p¡sp_¡ âpá R>¡ s¡\u
bp¡r^ dpV¡$ S>êfu r_rdÑ L$pfZ `Z hs®dp_
d_yóeÆh_dp„ âpá R>¡.
Ap fus¡ vy$gc
® bp¡r^ d¡mhhp dpV¡$ kOmp„ k„ep¡Np¡
kygc R>¡. dpÓ `p¡sp_p `y{jp\®_u S> Mpdu lp¡e
R>¡. õhcph-kÞdyMsp_p khmp `y{jp\® hX¡$
bp¡r^_u âprá \pe R>¡. Ap `y{jp\®_p âhs®_ dpV¡$
S>êfu k„ep¡Np¡ lpS>f R>¡ Ðepf¡ Å¡ kdyrQs `y{jp\®
L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ bp¡r^_u Ahíe âprá \pe R>¡.
_rl„sf s¡_p k„õL$pf sp¡ L¡$mhpe S> R>¡.
Ap âL$pf¡ vy $ g® c bp¡ r ^ d¡ m hhp dpV¡ $
d_yóeÆh_ L$pe®L$pfu lp¡hp\u s¡ d_yóeÆh__u
dlÑp R>¡.
bp¡r^_u âprá_p¡ D`pe
ApÐdp_u kyM-ip„rs R>¡. `Z Ap Æh¡ Ap bp¡r^_¡
L$epf¡e âpá L$fu _\u. s¡\u Ap bp¡r^_u vy$g®csp
R>.¡ vy$gc
® bp¡r^_u kygcsp hs®dp_ d_yóeÆh_dp„
R>¡. s¡\u d_yóeÆh__p¡ L$pm bp¡r^_u âprá
L$fhpdp„ ìesus L$fhp_u kyrhQpfZp \hu s¡
bp¡r^vyg®ccph_p R>¡.
bp¡r^vy$gc
® cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$epdp„ bp¡r^_y„
õhê`, s¡_u rhi¡jsp, s¡_p¡ drldp, s¡_y„ am hN¡f¡
kb„^u bpbsp¡_u rhQpfZp lp¡e R>¡. sp¡`Z s¡dp„
bp¡r^_u âprá_p D`pe_u rhQpfZp dy¿e`Z¡ lp¡e
R>¡. kçeL¹$Ðhê` bp¡r^_u âprá dpV¡$ _uQ¡ dyS>b_p
¾$rdL$ D`pe_u AphíeL$sp lp¡e R>¡.
1. k„kpfdp„ kyMb©qÙ_p¡ Acph
f. N©rls rdÕepÐh_p¡ Acph
3. `pÓsp
4. AN©rls rdÕepÐh_p¡ Acph
`. õh-`f_y„ c¡v$op_

`p¡ s p_p iy Ù pÐdp_u kpQu kdS>Zê` 1. k„kpfdp„ kyMbyrÙ_p¡ Acph

kçeÁop__¡ bp¡ r ^ L$l¡ R>¡ . kçeÁop_ kp\¡ k„ k pf_u kp_y L y $ mspdp„ e L$ep„ e ky M
kçeÁv$i®_ A_¡ kçeL¹$QpqfÓ `Z lp¡e S> R>¡. s¡\u _ cpk¡ s¡ _ ¡ k„ k pfdp„ ky M by q Ù_p¡
bp¡r^dp„ kçeÁv$i®_-op_-QpqfÓê` kçeL$¹Ðh_p¡ Acph L$l¡ R¡ .
kdph¡i R>¡. kpdpÞe`Z¡ k„kpf_u ârsLy$mspdp„ b^p„_¡ vy$:M
cpk¡ R>¡. `Z kp_yL|$mspdp„e vy$:M cpk¡ sp¡
A_pqv$ k„kpfdp„ Aop_u Æh¡ kÑp-k„`rs k„kpfdp„ kyMbyrÙ_p¡ Acph L$l¡hpe R>¡. õhN}e
S>¡hp kOmp„ âL$pf_p„ k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ A_¡L$ âL$pf_p„ k„ ` v$pAp¡ lp¡ e , kÑp-k„ ` rÑ-kÞdp_ hN¡ f ¡
iyc-Aiyccph S>h ¡ p kOmp„ âL$pf_p„ k„ep¡Nucphp¡ kOmy„e lp¡e sp¡e k„kpfdp„ L$ep„e _ Nd¡, k„kpf_p¡
âpá L$ep® R>¡. `Z s¡dp„ ApÐdp_u kyM-ip„rs \pL$ gpN¡, k„kpf_p¡ Mf¡Mfp¡ Ópk hsp®e sp¡ S>
rbgLy$g _\u. A¡L$ dpÓ kçeL¹$Ðhê` bp¡r^\u S> k„kpfdp„ kyMbyqÙ_p¡ Acph R>¡.

212 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

 vy$:M_y„ gnZ ApLy$msp A_¡ kyM_y„ gnZ
r_fpLy$msp R>¡ D`ep¡N_u A[õ\fsp_¡ ApLy$msp L$l¡
R>¡ A_¡ s¡_u [õ\fsp_¡ r_fpLy$msp L$l¡ R¡. k„kpfu
Aop_u Æh_p¡ D`ep¡N A¡L$ kde dpV¡$ `Z [õ\f
lp¡sp¡ _\u. A[õ\f D`ep¡N_¡ L$pfZ¡ s¡ l„d¡ip
ApLy $ m A_¡ vy $ :Mu lp¡ e R>¡ . Ap vy $ :M_y „ d| m
L$pfZ rdÕepÐh A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $ kçeL¹ $ Ðhê`
bp¡ r ^_p¡ Acph R>¡ . A_¡ ky M _y „ d| m L$pfZ
kçeL¹ $ Ðhê` bp¡ r ^ S> R>¡ .
kçeL$¹Ðhê` bp¡r^ hNf k„kpfdp„ L$ep„e kyM
lp¡sy _\u. k„kpf_u Qpf¡e Nrs vy$:M cp¡Nhhp_y„ S>
õ\p_ R>.¡ _fL$Nrsdp„ vy$:M R>¡ s¡d v¡$hNrsdp„e vy$:M
R>¡. k„kpfu Æh_¡ L$p¡B `Z L$d®_p¡ Dv$e L$p¡B`Z
A`hpv$ hNf vy$:M_y„ S> L$pfZ lp¡e R>¡. `p`L$d®_p¡
Dv$e vy$:M_y„ L$pfZ R>¡ s¡d `yÎeL$d®_p¡ Dv$e `Z
vy$:M_y„ S> L$pfZ lp¡e R>¡.
Aop_u Æh_¡ `yÎeL$d®_p Dv$edp„ kyM cpk¡
R>¡, `Z hpõshdp„ s¡ kyM lp¡sy _\u. Å¡ s¡ kyM
lp¡e sp¡ su\¯L$f, Q¾$hs} S>¡hp dlp`y—{jp¡ s¡_p¡
ÐepN _ L$f¡. `yÎe_p Dv$edp„ kyM cpkhp_y„ L$pfZ
s¡_u kp\¡ k„L$mpe¡g dp¡lS>Þe frscph lp¡e R>¡.
5yÎep¡v$e kp\¡ \sp frscph_¡ L$pfZ¡ `yÎep¡v$e\u
âpá k„ep¡Np¡dp„ Ndp`Zp_p¡ L¡$ W$uL$`Zp_p¡ cph \pe
R>.¡ `Z hpõshdp„ s¡ A¡L$ L$jpecph R>¡ A_¡ vy$:Mê`
R>¡. sp¡`Z Aop_u Æh `p¡sp_p Aop_ A¡V$g¡ L¡$
rdÕepÐh_¡ L$pfZ¡ s¡ vy$:M lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡_¡ kyM dp_¡
R>¡. rdÕepÐh_y„ õhê` S> A¡hy„ R>¡ L¡$ s¡ lp¡e s¡_p\u
rh`fus d_ph¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ vy$:M_¡ `Z kyM d_ph¡.
11. bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p
Æh_¡ S>¡dp„ `p¡sp_y„ kyM cpk¡ s¡dp„ S> s¡ `p¡sp_p¡
âeÐ_ L¡$ `y{jp\® gNpX¡$ R>¡. k„kpfu Æh kss
kyM dpV¡$ S> âeÐ_ L¡$ `y{jp\® L$fsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡_u
Qp¡huk¡e L$gpL$_u âh©rÑ kyM dpV¡$ S> lp¡e R>¡. `Z
`fk„ep¡Np¡ L¡$ k„ep¡Nucphdp„ `p¡sp_y„ kyM lp¡sy„ _\u.
kpQy„ kyM kçeL$¹Ðhê` bp¡r^_u âprádp„ S> R>¡. `Z
Ap dpV¡$ k„kpfdp„ L$ep„e kyM lp¡sy„ _\u A_¡ bp¡r^
A¡V$g¡ L¡$ kçeL¹$Ðhê` dp¡ndpN®dp„ S> kyM lp¡e R>¡ s¡
bpbs kdS>hu Sêfu lp¡ e R>¡ . kçeL¹ $ Ðhê`
dp¡ndpN®dp„ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ bp¡r^dp„ S> `p¡sp_y„ kyM R>¡ A_¡
k„kpfdp„ L$ep„e kyM _\u s¡ kdÅe sp¡ A_¡ sp¡ S>
`p¡sp_p¡ âeÐ_ L¡$ `y{jp\® s¡ dpV¡$ L$pd L$f¡ R>¡. A_¡
kçeL$¹ Ð h-kÞdy M sp_p `y { jp\® rh_p
kçe¹L$Ðhê` bp¡r^_u âprá \su _\u.
bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$fsp„ kyM-
vy $ :M_y „ kpQy „ õhê` kdÅe R>¡ . Aop_u_¡
k„kpfdp„ S>¡ kyM cpk¡ R>¡ s¡ kyM lp¡sy„ _\u `Z
dp¡lS>Þe frscph S> lp¡e R>¡. Aop__p L$pfZ¡
S> dp¡lS>Þe frscphdp„ vy$:M lp¡hp R>sp„ kyM
dp_hp_u c°p„rs \pe R>¡. hpõshdp„ kçeL¹$Ðhê`
bp¡r^ rh_p S>Nsdp„ L$ep„e kyM k„chsy„ _\u.
kçeL¹$Ðhê` bp¡r^ ^fph_pf _pfL$u_p¡ Æh `Z
¼epf¡L$ Ap[ÐdL$ kpQy„ kyM d¡mhu ëe¡ R>¡. `Z
kçeL¹Ðhê` bp¡r^ _ ^fph_pf Aphy„ kyM d¡mhu
iL$sp¡ _\u A_¡ r_f„sf vy$:Mu S> fl¡ R>¡. Ap âL$pf¡
bp¡ r ^vy g ® c cph_p_p Aæepk\u S> k„ k pfdp„
kyMbyrÙ V$m¡ R>¡ A_¡ k„kpfdp„\u kyMbyqÙ V$mhu
A¡ S> bp¡r^_u âprá_y„ buS> R>¡.
213
f. N©rls rdÕepÐh_p¡ Acph
`p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdp k„b„^u AZkdS>Z,
rdÕep Arc`°pe L¡$ rh`fus Arcr_h¡i_¡
rdÕepÐh L$l¡ R>¡. Ap rdÕepÐh dV$pX$hp_p
bv$g¡ Ly$v¡$hpqv$_p k„N¡ s¡_y„ h^y `p¡jZ L$fhy„
L¡$ ×Y$uL$fZ L$fhy„ s¡_¡ N©rls rdÕepÐh
L$l¡ R>¡.
A_pqv$L$pm\u Aop_u Æh_¡ `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdp
k„b„^u AZkdS>Z lp¡e S> R>¡, s¡_¡ rdÕepÐh L$l¡
R>¡. Ap rdÕepÐh_¡ Mp¡V$p v¡$h, Mp¡V$p Ny{ L¡$ Mp¡V$p
ipõÓ_p r_rdÑ¡ s¡_¡ dV$pX$hp_¡ bv$g¡ s¡_y„ h^y
`p¡jZ \hy„ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ ^d®_p _pd¡ A^d®_y„ S> k¡h_
\hy„ s¡ N©rls rdÕepÐh R>¡. kfpNu A_¡ `fdp\®
sÒh_p rhfp¡^u lp¡e A¡hp Ly$v$¡ h, Ly$N{
y L¡$ Ly$ipõÓ_u
dpÞesp L¡$ s¡_p âÐe¡_u L|$Zu gpNZu `p¡s¡ S> N©rls
rdÕepÐh R>¡.
husfpN A_¡ kh®o lp¡e s¡hp Aqfl„s A_¡
rkÙ cNhp_ kpQp v¡$h R>¡. s¡ rkhpe_p S>¡ fpNu,
Ü¡ju A_¡ dp¡lu lp¡e s¡ Ly$v¡$h R>¡. kfpNu lp¡hp_p
L$pfZ¡ s¡ Aë`o, kpg„bu A_¡ cephl `Z lp¡e
R>¡. L¡$V$gp„L$ Ly$v¡$h L$[ë`s `Z lp¡e R>¡. S>¡_u `pk¡
L$p¡B hõÓ, Ag„L$pf, iõÓ, õÓu, hpl_, dpmp, S>¡hy„
lp¡e sp¡ s¡ Ly$v¡$h ÅZhp.
r_N°¯\, r_dp£l, r_ó`qfN°lu A_¡ fÐ_Óe\u
k„eyL$s lp¡e A¡hp ApQpe®, D`pÂepe A_¡ kp^y A¡
kv¹$Ny{ R>¡. s¡ rkhpe_p S>¡ Aop_u lp¡e `Z ^d®_p
S> A¡L$pv$ A„N_¡ ^pfZ L$fu dl„s`Zp_u c°p„rs hX¡$
`p¡sp_¡ Ny{ d_phsp lp¡e s¡ Ly$Ny{ R>¡. S>Nsdp„
214
L$lh
¡ psp Ly$mNyê, hpfkpNy{, `Ë$N{
y , b°ûQpfuNy{,
s`õhuNy{, h¡j^pfuNy{, A¡ kOmp„ Ly$Ny{ ÅZhp
husfpN kh® o Üpfp âêr`s lp¡ e A_¡
husfpNsp_p `p¡jL$ lp¡e s¡ ks¹ipõÓ R>¡. s¡
rkhpe_p Ly$v¡$h L¡$ Ly$Ny{ Üpfp âêr`s A_¡ fpN_p
`p¡jL$ lp¡e s¡ Ly$ipõÓ R>¡. Ly$ipõÓ_y„ L$\_ âdpZ
rh{Ù lp¡e R>¡. s¡_p„ rkÙp„sp¡ `funpdp„\u `kpf
\B iL¡$ s¡hp lp¡sp„ _\u. Ly$ipõÓ Æhpqv$sÒh_p
õhê`_¡ `n`ps frls, `|hp®`frhfp¡^ frls,
rh`fussp frls L¡ $ Þe| _ sp-Ar^L$sp frls
e\psÕe v$ip®hu iL$sp _\u.
S>¡ Æh Ly$v¡$h-Ny{-ipõÓ_¡ _ dp_sp¡ lp¡e A_¡
dpÓ ks¹v¡$h-Ny{-ipõÓ_¡ S> dp_sp¡ lp¡e sp¡`Z
S>¡_¡ s¡_p kpQp õhê`_u Mbf _\u s¡d S> s¡d_u
`pk¡ husfpNsp_p bv$g¡ `yÎe A_¡ s¡_p am\u
âpá \sp k„ep¡Np¡_u A`¡np R>¡ sp¡ s¡ `Z N©rls
rdÕepÐhu S> R>¡.
kp¥ â\d N©rls rdÕepÐh V$m¡ sp¡ S> s¡ `R>u
AN©rls rdÕepÐh V$mu iL¡$ R>¡. A_¡ bß¡ âL$pf_p
rdÕepÐh V$m¡ sp¡ S> kçeL¹$Ðhê` bp¡r^_u âprá
\pe R>¡. husfpNu ks¹v¡$h-Ny{-ipõÓ_p ifZ¡
bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp\u N©rls
rdÕepÐh Ap`p¡Ap` V$m¡ R>¡.
3. `pÓsp
AN©rls rdÕepÐh dV$pX$hp dpV¡$ S>êfu
op_u Ny{_u v¡$i_p N°lZ L$fhp_u ep¡Áesp
L¡$ gpeL$ps_¡ `pÓsp L$l¡ R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 N©rls rdÕepÐh V$þep `R>u ks¹v¡$h-Ny{-
ipõÓ_p ifZ¡ s¡ d _u Apop A_¡ D`v¡ $ i_¡
A_ykfhp\u AN©rls rdÕepÐh V$mu iL¡$ R>¡.
AN©rls rdÕepÐh V$pmhp dpV¡$ op_u Ny{_u
v¡$i_p_u r_ed\u S>êf lp¡e R>¡. Ap op_u_u v¡$i_p
N°lZ L$fhp dpV¡$ AdyL$ Mpk âL$pf_u ep¡Áesp L¡$
gpeL$ps_u S>êqfeps lp¡e R¡ s¡_¡ `pÓsp L$l¡
R>¡.ApÐdp_y„ gn A_¡ e\p\® êrQ A¡ S> dy¿e `pÓsp
R>¡. ApÐdp_y„ gn A_¡ e\p\® êrQ D`fp„s S>¥_pQpf
A_ykpf_p kv$pQpf, k„ed A_¡ iyccph `Z
Np¥Z`Z¡ `pÓspdp„ kdph¡i `pd¡ R>¡. Aphu `pÓsp
L¡$mhhp bp¡r^vy$gc
® cph_p_p¡ Aæepk D`ep¡Nu R>.¡
`pÓsp rh_p_p¡ Æh Ny{_u v¡$i_p_¡ N°lZ
L$fhpdp„ A_¡ s¡_¡ A_ykfhpdp„ r_óam _uhX¡$ R>¡.
s¡\u Aphu `pÓsp ^fphu Ðepf `R>u Nyê_u v¡$i_p
N°lZ L$fu AN©rls rdÕepÐh_¡ dV$pX$hp_p¡ D`pe
L$fhp¡ Å¡BA¡.
4. AN©rls rdÕepÐh_p¡ Acph
S>¡ `l¡ g ¡ \ u S> lp¡ e A_¡ _hy „ N° l Z
L$f¡ g _ lp¡ e s¡ _ ¡ AN© r ls L$l¡ R>¡ . A_¡
ApÐdp k„ b „ ^ u AZkdS>Z_¡ rdÕepÐh
L$l¡ R>¡ . A_pqv$ L$pm\u Qpgu Aphsu
ApÐdp k„ b „ ^ u rdÕep dpÞesp L¡ $ rh`fus
Arcâpe_¡ AN© r ls rdÕepÐh L$l¡ R>¡ .
AN© r ls rdÕepÐh A_¡ L $ âL$pf¡ lp¡ e R>¡ .
s¡dp„ `f`v$p\®_y„ L$s©®ìe, `yÎedp„
D`pv¡ $ e`Ï„ , v¡ $ ldp„ `p¡ s p`Ï„ , `ep® e ×rô$ A_¡
sÒh_u Aâprá dy ¿ e R>¡ .
11. bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p
rdÕepÐh A_¡ kçeL$¹$Ðh A¡L$buÅ\u rh{Ù
R>¡. s¡\u rdÕepÐh V$þep rh_p kçeL$¹$Ðh_u âprá
_ \pe s¡ v¡$Musy„ R>¡. s¡\u kçeL$¹$Ðhê` bp¡r^_u
âprá dpV¡$ rdÕepÐh dV$pX$hy„ A¡L$v$d AphíeL$ R>¡.
rdÕepÐhdp„ kp¥ â\d Ly$v¡$hpqv$_p k„N¡ \sy„ N©rls
rdÕepÐh dV$pX$hy„ S>êfu R>¡. N©rls rdÕepÐh_¡
dV$pX$ép `R>u AN©rls rdÕepÐh_¡ dV$pX$sp `l¡gp„
Ny{_p D`v¡$i_¡ N°lZ L$fhp ep¡Áe `pÓsp âNV$
L$fhu S>êfu R>¡ . Aphu `pÓsp âNV$ \ep `R>u
AN©rls rdÕepÐh_¡ dV$pX$hp_p¡ DÛd
AphíeL$ R>¡ .
A_pqv$ L$pm\u Qpëep Aphsp„ AN© r ls
rdÕepÐh_¡ dV$pX$hp dpV¡$ `p¡sp_p op_õhê`u
qÓL$pm ^°yh iyÙpÐdp_u kpQu kdS>Z S>êfu R>¡.
Öìe_y„ b„^pfZ A_¡ A_¡L$p„sõhê`_p¡ Aæepk
L$fhp\u iyÙpÐdp_u kpQu kdS>Z \pe R>¡. Aphp¡
Aæepk husfpNu ks¹v¡$h-Ny{-ipõÓ_p ifZ¡
lp¡e R>¡.
husfpNu ks¹ v ¡ $ h-Ny { -ipõÓ_p ifZ¡
bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp\u AN©rls
rdÕepÐh d„v$ `X¡$ R>¡. AN©rls rdÕepÐh d„v$ \sp„
A_„sp_yb„^u L$jpe_p¡ A_ycpN `Z Y$ugp¡ `X¡$ R>¡
A_¡ s¡\u Æh_p¡ D`ep¡N k|ÿd b_¡ R>¡, A_¡ k|ÿd
D`ep¡N_p L$pfZ¡ s¡ õh-`f_p c¡v$op__¡ ep¡Áe
b_¡ R>¡.
`. õh-`f_y„ c¡v$op_
ifufpqv$ _p¡L$d®, `p¥v$¹ NrgL$ op_phfZuepqv$
ÖìeL$d®, Æh_u rhL$pfu Ahõ\pê` dp¡l-fpN-
215
Ü¡jpqv$ cphL®$d s¡d S> NyZc¡v$ S>¡hp A_¡L$
âL$pf_p c¡v$cphp¡\u rcß `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdp_¡
ÅZhp¡ s¡_¡ õh-`f_y„ c¡v$op_ L$l¡ R>¡.
c¡v$op__u rhõs©s QQp® `p„Qdu AÞeÐh-
cph_p_p âL$fZdp„ \B Ne¡g lp¡hp\u s¡_u Al]
QQp® L$fhpdp„ Aphsu _\u. c¡v$op_ \sp„ S> Æh_¡
kçeL$¹$Ðhê` bp¡r^_u âprá \pe R>¡. `f„sy Ap
c¡vop_ dpV¡$ `Z bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p_p¡ Aæepk
L$pe®L$pfu R>¡.
D`fp¡¼s âL$pf_p ¾$rdL$ D`pep¡\u kçeL$¹$Ðhê`
bp¡r^_u âprá \pe R>¡.
bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p_u tQsh_
âq¾$ep
bp¡r^ vy$g®ccph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$epdp„
1. bp¡r^_u vy$g®csp, 2. bp¡r^_u âpá_p¡
D`pe, 3. bp¡r^_u âprá dpV¡$ d_yóeÆh__u
S>ê$qfeps s¡d S> bp¡r^ dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡g
d_yóeÆh__p kv$y`ep¡N_u kamsp A_¡ s¡
rkhpedp„ r_óamsp, 4. bp¡r^_y„ am A_¡
5. bp¡r^_u õhp^u_sp k„b„^u bpbsp¡_u
rhQpfZp lp¡e R>¡.
1. A_pqv$ L$pm\u k„kpfQ¾$dp„ Oydsp Ap Æh¡
buSy>„ b^y„e âpá L$e®y R>¡. `Z bp¡r^ L$epf¡e âpá
L$fu _\u. s¡\u s¡ vy$g®c R>¡. buÅ A_¡L$ chp¡ L$fuA¡
Ðepf¡ d_y ó e_p¡ A¡ L $ ch dmsp¡ lp¡ h p\u
d_yóeÆh_ `Z vy$g®c R>¡. vy$g®c d_yóeÆh__u
dlÑp s¡dp„ bp¡r^_u âprá \B iL$su lp¡hp_p L$pfZ¡
216
R>¡. vy$g®c d_yóeÆh_dp„ vy$g®csd bp¡q^_u âprá
kb„^u hpf„hpf rhQpfZp s¡ bp¡r^vy$g®c cph_p_u
tQsh_ âq¾$ep_y„ â\d `Ngy„ R>¡.
2. A_pqv$ L$pm\u k„kpf_u 84 gpM ep¡r_, Qpf
Nrs A_¡ `p„ Q âL$pf_p `fphs® _ dp„ r_f„ s f
`qfc°dZ L$fsp„ Ap Æh¡ A¡hp¡ L$p¡B`Z k„ep¡N,
k„ep¡Nucph, `v$hu L¡$ Ahõ\p bpL$u _\u fpMu L¡$
S>¡ s¡Z¡ âpá L$fu _ lp¡e. Ap Æh¡ kÑp-k„`rÑ,
^_-v$p¥gs, dp_-kÞdp_ S>¡hp„ kOmp k„ep¡Np¡
A_¡ L $hpf âpá L$ep® R>¡ . v$f¡ L $ âL$pf_p
iycpiyccphê` k„ep¡Nucphp¡dp„\u `p¡s¡ A_„s hpf
`kpf \ep¡ R>¡. dp¡V$p fpÅ-dlpfpÅ\u dp„X$u_¡
AlrdÞÖ ky^u_u `v$hu A_¡L$hpf âpá L$fu R>¡.
r_Np¡v$\u gB_¡ _hdu N°¡h¡eL$ ky^u_u A_¡L$
Ahõ\pAp¡ A_„shpf ^pfZ L$fu R>¡. `Z A¡L$ dpÓ
bp¡r^_¡ S> `p¡s¡ A¡L¡$e hpf âpá L$fu _\u. s¡\u s¡
bp¡r^ vy$g®c R>¡ A_¡ bp¡r^_u âprá rh_p Ap kOmp„
kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡, k„ep¡Nucphp¡, `v$huAp¡ A_¡
Ahõ\pAp¡ lÆ `Z dmsp„ S> fl¡hp_p„ R>¡. `Z
s¡dp„ Æh_¡ L$ep„e qL„$rQs¹ `Z kyM-ip„rs dmsp„
_\u. ApÐdp_u kyM-ip„rs d¡mhhp dpV¡$ vy$g®c
bp¡r^ rkhpe buÅ¡ L$p¡B D`pe _\u. bp¡r^ âprá_p
D`pe_u QQp® Ap ANpD \B Ne¡g R>¡.
3. vy$g®c bp¡r^_u âprá dpV¡$ d_yóeÆh_ S>êfu
R>¡. d_yóe rkhpe_p _fL $v¡$h L¡$ `iy_p Æh_dp„
`Z bp¡r^_u âprá \B iL¡$ R>¡ sp¡`Z s¡ dpV¡$ s¡Z¡
`|h£ d_yóeÆh_dp„ s¡ bp¡r^_p k„õL$pfp¡ Ahíe
âpá L$f¡gp„ lp¡e R>¡. S>¡ Æh_¡ bp¡r^_p L$p¡B k„õL$pf
`Z _\u s¡_p dpV¡$ sp¡ d_yóeÆh_ S> L$pe®L$pfu
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
R>¡. L$p¡B `Z bpbs_u âprá Öìe-n¡Ó-L$pm-
cph_¡ A_ykfu_¡ lp¡e R>¡. bp¡r^_u âprá dpV¡$
d_yóeÆh__p Öìe-n¡Ó-L$pm-cph A¡L$v$d
A_yL|$m R>¡. hs®dp_ d_yóeÆh_dp„ bp¡r^_¡
A_yL|m A¡hp Öìe-n¡Ó-L$pm-cph D`fp„s bp¡r^
dpV$¡ D`ep¡Nu DÑfp¡Ñf DÐL©$ô$ A_¡ vy$g®c A¡hp
v$i âL$pf k„ep¡Np¡ `Z k„âpá R>¡ Ðepf¡ bp¡r^ dpV¡$
d_yóeÆh__p¡ kvy$`ep¡N L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ s¡_u
kp\®L$sp R>¡ A_¡ A¡hp¡ kvy$`ep¡N L$f_pf d_yóe
Apv$f_¡ `pÓ R>.¡ bp¡r^_¡ bv$g¡ buÅ kp„kpqfL$ L$pep£
A_¡ rhje-L$jpedp„ d_y ó eÆh__¡ h¡ X $au
_pMhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ s¡_u r_f\®L$sp R>¡ A_¡ A¡ fus¡
d_yóeÆh__¡ h¡X$au _pM_pf r^½$pf_¡ `pÓ R>¡.
4. bp¡r^_y„ am dlp_ R>¡. bp¡r^_p Ap^pf¡
ApÐdp_p kOmp„ kv$NyZp¡ R>¡. dp¡ndpN® A_¡ dp¡n
R>¡. Ap D`fp„s krsie `yÎe A_¡ s¡\u âpá
gp¥qL$L$ D`g[å^ A_¡ `Z bp¡r^_p L$pfZ¡ R>¡.
5. hs® d p_ d_y ó eÆh_dp„ vy $ g® c bp¡ r ^
`Z ky g c R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡ _ ¡ `¥ k p `pR>m_u
Ap„ ^ mu v$p¡ V $dp„ Ny d phu v¡ $ hp S>¡ h y „ _\u.Nd¡
s¡ V $gp„ `¥ k p lp¡ e sp¡ ` Z ApÐdp_u ky M -ip„ r s
s¡ d p„ _\u. hmu Ap `¥ k p_u âprá `y Î e_¡
Ap^u_ R>¡ `Z `p¡ s p_p `y { jp\® _ ¡ Ap^u_
_\u. s¡ \ u s¡ `fp^u_ R>¡ . Äepf¡ bp¡ r ^_u
âprá `p¡ s p_p `y { jp\® _ ¡ Ap^u_ lp¡ h p\u s¡
õhp^u_ R>¡. bp¡r^_p kp^_c|s
bp¡ r ^vy $ g® c cph_p_y „ tQsh_ A¡ L $v$d ky g c,
kfm A_¡ õhp^u_ R>¡ . sp¡ lh¡ A¡ L $ OX$u_pe
rhg„ b rh_p buÅ b^p„ rhQpfp¡ R>p¡ X $u Ap
bp¡ r ^vy $ g® c cph_p_y „ tQsh_ L$fhp S>¡ h y „ R>¡ .
11. bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p
bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p_p tQsh__y„
kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ
Ap S>Nsdp„ Ap Æh¡ buSy>„ b^y„e A_¡L$hpf âpá
L$e®y R>¡. `Z bp¡r^ A¡L¡$ehpf âpá L$fu _\u. s¡\u
s¡ bp¡r^_¡ vy$g®c dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap vy$g®c
bp¡r^_u kygcsp hs®dp_ d_yóeÆh_dp„ R>¡. s¡\u
Ap bp¡r^_u âprá L$fhp dpV¡$ hpf„hpf rhQpfZp
L$fhu s¡_¡ bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p L$l¡ R>¡.
Ap bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p_p tQsh__y„ kp^_ L¡$
L$pfZ `p¡sp_u hs®dp_ kp„kpqfL$ âh©rÑ `Z b_u
iL¡$ R>¡.
kpdpÞe`Z¡ `p¡s¡ h¡`pf-^„^p¡ A_¡ rhje-
L$jpe S>¡hu kp„kpqfL$ âh©rÑdp„ NmpX|$b fl¡ R>¡ A_¡
`R>u A¡hu aqfepv$ L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$, `p¡sp_¡ bp¡r^_u
âprá_p `y{jp\®_u sp¡ W$uL$ `Z s¡_p tQsh_ dpV¡$
`Z kde _\u. Af¡ ! dfhp_u `Z azfkv$ _\u.
`Z cpB ! edfpÅ ANpD\u _p¡V$uk dp¡L$gu_¡
S> Aph¡ A¡hy„ b_sy„ _\u. Ap¡auk_u Myfiudp„ b¡W$p
b¡W$p S> A¡L$pA¡L$ lpV®$A¡V¡$L$ Aph¡ A_¡ DL$gu S>hpe
R>¡. hmu, sy„ blz„ L$pddp„ R>p¡, sp¡ cpB ! sy„ iy„ L$pd L$f¡
R>¡ ! sy„ S>¡ h¡`pf-^„^p¡, Mphp-`uhp, lfhp-afhp,
kdpS> k¡hp S>¡hp L$pdp¡ L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ A_pqv$ L$pm\u
L$fsp¡ Apìep¡ R¡.> s¡dp„ spfp ApÐdp_y„ rls rbgLy$g
_\u. S>¡ L$pe®\u ApÐdp_u `rhÓsp âNV¡$, kyM-
ip„rs \pe s¡dp„ S> ApÐdp_y„ rls R>¡. A_¡ s¡ bp¡r^
rkhpe buS>¡ L$ep„e _\u.
217
 cpB ! sy„ S>¡ L$pd L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ hpõshdp„ f¡sudp„\u
s¡g `ughp_y„ R>¡. das_u dS|>fu R>¡. s¡dp„ ApÐdp_y„
rls S>fpe kOpsy„ _\u. hmu blpf_p b^p„ L$pep£
spfp âeÐ_ L¡$ `y{jp\®_¡ Ap^u_ `Z _\u. `Z
s¡ `yÎe_¡ Ap^u_ R>¡. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ `fp^u_ R>¡. `f_p
`fp^u_ L$pep£ `pR>m sy„ _L$pdp¡ kde h¡X$a¡ R>¡ A_¡
õh_p õhp^u_ L$pe® dpV¡$ spfu `pk¡ kde _\u.
sp¡ lh¡ ÅN! bp¡r^_u âprá dpV¡$ spfp¡ kdN° kde
A_¡ i[¼s gNpX$u v$e¡. `Z s¡ `l¡gp„ sy„ vyg®c
bp¡r^_u âprá dpV¡$_u rhQpfZp sp¡ iê L$f. Ap Æh
v$f¡L$ kde¡ L$p¡B_¡ L$p¡B rhQpfZp L$fsp¡ S> lp¡e R>¡.
A_pqv$ L$pm\u L$pd-cp¡N-b„O_u S> rhL$\p A_¡
s¡_u S> Ly$rhQpfZp L$fu R>¡. sp¡ lh¡ kçeÁv$i®_-
op_-QpqfÓê` bp¡ r ^_u ^d® L $\p A_¡ s¡ _ u
kyrhQpfZp iê L$f.
D`f dy S >b_y „ ApÐdtQs_ L$fsp„ `p¡ s p_u
hs®dp_ kp„kpqfL$ âh©rÑ S> bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p_p
tQsh__y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ b_¡ R>¡.
L$B fus¡ hõsyõhê`_u kdS>Z
L$fph_pf R>¡ ?
`p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdp_u kpQu kdS>Z A¡ S> bp¡r^
R>¡. Ap Æh¡ buÆ A_¡L$ âL$pf_u kdS>Z L$fu R>¡
`Z `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdp_u S> kdS>Z L$fu _\u. s¡\u
s¡_¡ bp¡r^_u vy$g®csp L$l¡ R>¡. sp¡`Z hs®dp_
d_y ó eÆh_dp„ bp¡ r ^_u âprá dpV¡ $ kOmu
kp_yL|$mspAp¡ R>¡. Ap vy$g®c bp¡r^_u âprá dpV¡$
218
rhQpfZp \hu s¡ bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p_u tQsh_
âq¾$ep R>¡.
bp¡r^vy$gc
® cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$epdp„ bp¡r^_y„
õhê` A_¡ s¡_u âprá_p D`pe k„b„^u rhQpfZp
lp¡e R>¡. bp¡r^_p„ õhê`dp„ iyÙpÐdp_u kdS>Z,
dp¡ndpN® hN¡f_ ¡ p¡ kdph¡i lp¡e R>.¡ bp¡r^_u âprá_p
D`pedp„ õh-`f_y„ c¡v$op_ A_¡ d_yóeÆh_dp„
s¡_u k„cph_p hN¡f¡ bpbs_p¡ kdph¡i lp¡e R>¡.
Ap b^u bpbsp¡ hõsyõhê`_u e\p\® kdS>Z
L$fph_pf R>¡.
Ap âL$pf¡ bp¡r^vy$gc
® cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep
hõsyõhê`_u kdS>Z L$fph_pf R>¡.
L$B fus¡ h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ R>¡?
Ap S>Nsdp„ Ap Æh¡ buSy> b^y„e âpá L$e®y R>¡
`Z A¡L$ dpÓ bp¡r^ S> L$epf¡e âpá L$fu _\u. Ap
vy$g®c bp¡r^_u kygcsp hs®dp_ d_yóeÆh_dp„
R¡. Ap bp¡r^_u âprádp„ S> `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_y„ rls
R>¡. A_¡ bp¡r^ rkhpe_u buÆ b^u bpbsp¡
rbgLy$g rlsê` _\u. Ap âL$pf_u rhQpfZp A¡
bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p_p tQsh__y„ L¡$ÞÖtbv$y R>¡.
bp¡ r ^vy $ g® c cph_p_p Aæepk`| h ® L $_p
tQsh_\u S>Zpe R>¡ L¡$, bp¡r^dp„ S> ApÐdp_u ip„rs
A_¡ kyM R>¡. s¡ rkhpe_p kOmp kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡
A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡dp„ ApÐdp_u Aip„rs A_¡ vy$:M
R>¡. bp¡r^_p Ap^pf¡ S> ApÐdp_p A_„s kv¹$NyZp¡_u
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
âNV$sp R>¡ A_¡ bp¡r^ hNf b^p„ AhNyZp¡ S> R>¡.
bp¡r^\u S> ApÐdp_p¡ dp¡ndpN® A_¡ dp¡n R>¡ A_¡
bp¡r^ rh_p b„^dpN® A_¡ b„^ S> R>¡. bp¡r^ L¡$
bp¡r^_u cph_p krls_p iyccphp¡ D`idfk\u
sfbp¡m lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p rh_p s¡ S> iyccphp¡
g|Mp A_¡ Q„Qm lp¡e R>.¡ bp¡r^dp„ S> d_yóeÆh__u
kamsp A_¡ kp\®L$sp R>¡ A_¡ bp¡r^_u âprá L¡$
s¡_p k„õL$pfp¡ rh_p s¡_u r_óamsp A_¡ r_f\®L$sp
R>¡. bp¡r^ S> `p¡sp_p `y{jp\®_¡ Ap^u_ lp¡hp\u
õhp^u_ R>¡ A_¡ bp¡r^ rkhpe_p kp_yL|$m k„ep¡Np¡
`yÎe_¡ Ap^u_ lp¡hp\u `fp^u_ R>¡.
D`f dyS>b bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p_p Aæepk A_¡
tQsh_\u bp¡r^ S> kpfc|s R>¡ A_¡ s¡ rkhpe_p
kOmp kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡ k„ep¡Nucphp¡ r_:kpf
R>¡ s¡ bpbs kdÅe R>¡. s¡\u kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡ A_¡
k„ep¡Nucphp¡ âÐe¡ D`¡np A_¡ Dv$pku_sp Aph¡ R>¡.
S>¡ _ ¡ k„ k pf âÐe¡ _ p¡ h¥ f pÁe L$l¡ R>¡ . Ap fus¡
bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p `Z h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ ÅZhu.
âep¡S>_`|h®L$_y„ rhi¡j am
buÆ v$f¡L$ cph_p_u S>¡d bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p_y„
âep¡S>_ `Z hõsyõhê`_u e\p\® kdS>Z`|h®L$
k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe R>¡. Aphp âep¡S>_`|h®L$
bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p_p tQsh__p„ rhi¡j âL$pf_p
b¡ am _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ R>¡.
1. vy$g®c bp¡r^ dpV¡$ d_yóeÆh__u dlÑp
kdÅh¡
11. bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p
f. bp¡r^_u âprá_p¡ D`pe bsph¡
1. vy$g®c bp¡r^ dpV¡$ d_yóeÆh__u dlÑp
kdÅh¡
d_yóeÆh__p dlÐh L¡$ dlp_sp_¡ s¡_u
dlÑp L$l¡ R>¡. bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p_p¡ Aæepk
A_¡ tQsh_ d_yóeÆh__u dlÑp A¡L$ dpÓ
bp¡r^_u âprádp„ S> R>¡ s¡ bpbs kdÅh¡ R>¡.
d_yóeÆh__u dlÑp ApÐdp_p rlsdp„ R>¡.
ApÐdp_y„ rls kçeL$¹$Ðhê` bp¡r^_u âprádp„ R>¡.
Aop_u Æh d_y ó eÆh__u dlÑp kÑpdp„ ,
k„`rÑdp„ A_¡ kÞdp_dp„ dp_¡ R>¡. dp¡V$u dl¡gpsp¡
A_¡ h¥chdp„ dp_¡ R>¡. ârkqÙ A_¡ _pd_pdp„ dp_¡
R>¡ A_¡ s¡ dpV¡$ s¡ s_sp¡X$ âeÐ_ L$f¡ R>¡. `Z
hpõshdp„ bp¡r^ rkhpe buÆ L$p¡B bpbsdp„
ApÐdp_y„ rls rbgLy$g _\u. hmu bp¡r^ S> `p¡sp_p
`y{jp\®_¡ Ap^u_ lp¡hp\u õhp^u_ R>¡ A_¡ bpL$u_u
bpbs `yÎep¡v$e_¡ Ap^u_ lp¡hp\u `fp^u_ R>¡.
vy$g®c bp¡r^_u kygcsp hs®dp_ d_yóeÆh_dp„
R>¡ s¡\u bp¡r^ dpV¡$ âeÐ_ L$fu d_yóeÆh__¡ kp\®L$
L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡.
Ap fus¡ bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p_p¡ Aæepk A_¡
tQsh_ vy$g®c bp¡r^ dpV¡$ d_yóeÆh__u dlsp
kdÅh_pfp¡ R>¡.
f. bp¡r^_u âprá_p¡ D`pe bsph¡
õh-`f_p c¡ v $op_\u kçeL$¹ Ð hê`
bp¡ r ^_u âprá \pe R>¡ .
bp¡ r ^vy $ g® c cph_p_p¡ Acepk A_¡
219
tQsh_dp„ dy¿eÐh¡ bp¡r^_u âprá dpV¡$_u
bpbs lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p
bp¡ r ^_u âprá_p¡ D`pe bsph_pfu R>¡ .
bp¡ r ^vy $ g® c cph_p_y „ tQsh_ s¡ _ p
Aæepk`| h ® L $ lp¡ e R>¡ . bp¡ r ^vy $ g® c cph_p_p
Aæepkdp„ dy¿eÐh¡ bp¡r^_u âprá_p¡ D`pe lp¡e
R>¡ . bp¡ r ^_u âprá dpV¡ $ kp¥ â\d k„ k pfdp„
kyMbyqÙ_p¡ Acph L$fhp_p¡ lp¡e R>¡. k„kpfdp„
ky M by q Ù_p¡ Acph \sp„ k„ k pfp\}`Ï„ V$mu
ApÐdp\}`Ï„ âNV$¡ R>¡. ApÐdp\} Æh husfpNu
ks¹v¡$h-Ny{-ipõÓ_¡ ip¡^u L$pY¡$ R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u
Ly$v¡$hpqv$_p k„N¡ \sp N©rls rdÕepÐh_¡ dV$pX$u iL¡$
R>¡. N©rls rdÕepÐh dV$pX$_pfp¡ Æh Ny{_u v¡$i_p_¡
N°lZ L$fu iL¡$ s¡hu `pÓsp âNV$ L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ Ny{_u
v¡$i_p_p Ap^pf¡ AN©rls rdÕepÐh `Z dV$pX¡$ R>¡.
AN©rls rdÕepÐh dV$pX$_pfp¡ Æh D`ep¡N_u
k|ÿdsp ^pfZ L$fu õh-`f_y„ c¡v$op_ `pd¡ R>¡ A_¡
õh-`f_p c¡v$op__p amdp„ kçeL$$¹ Ðhê` bp¡[^_u
`°prá \pe R>¡.
Ap fus¡ bp¡r^vy$g®cpdph_p_p¡ Aæepk bp¡r^_u
âpqá_p¡ D`pe bsph_pfp¡ R>¡.
D`k„lpf
kçeÁv$i® _ - op_ - QpqfÓê`
kçeL$¹$Ðh_¡ bp¡r^ L$l¡ R>¡. A_pqv$ L$pm\u ApS>
ky^udp„ Ap Æh¡ buSy>„ b^y„ S> A_¡L$hpf âpá
L$e®y R>¡ `Z Ap bp¡r^ S> L$epf¡e âpá L$fu
_\u. s¡\u s¡_¡ vy$g®c dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
220
k„kpfu Æh _fL$ A_¡ v¡$h_p Ak„¿eps chp¡
A_¡ rse¯Q_p A_„s chp¡ L$f¡ Ðepf¡ dlpcpÁe¡ A_¡
dlpL$ô¡$ A¡L$pv$ d_yóe_p¡ ch âpá L$f¡ R>¡. s¡\u s¡
fus¡ d_yóeÆh_ `Z vy$g®c R>¡. sp¡`Z Aphy„
d_yóeÆh_ `Z A_¡L$hpf âpá L$ey® R>.¡ `Z bp¡r^
A¡L¡$e hpf âpá L$fu _\u. s¡\u bp¡r^_¡ S> vy$g®c
dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ . vy $ g® c bp¡ r ^_u âprá
d_yóeÆh_dp„ k„ch¡ R>¡. bp¡r^_¡ kp_yL|$m lp¡e
A¡hp DÑfp¡sf DÐL©$ô$ A_¡ vy$g®c A¡hp v$i k„ep¡N
`Z hs®dp_ d_yóeÆh_dp„ k„âpá R>¡. s¡\u
hs®dp_ d_yóeÆh_dp„ vy$g®c A¡hu bp¡r^ `Z
kygc R>¡. `f„sy s¡ dpV¡$_p¡ `y{jp\® S>êfu lp¡e R>¡.
d_y ó eÆh__p¡ kvy $ `ep¡ N bp¡ r ^_u âprá_p
`y{jp\®dp„ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ s¡ bp¡r^_u Ahíe
âprá \pe R>¡. vy$g®c bp¡r^_¡ ep¡Áe d_yóeÆh_
A_¡ kOmp„ kp_yL|$m k„ep¡Np¡ k„âpá R>¡, Ðepf¡
bp¡r^_u âprá L$fu_¡ A_¡ bp¡r^u_u âprá _ \B
iL¡$ sp¡ bp¡r^_¡ ep¡Áe k„õL$pf L¡$mhu bp¡r^buS>_y„
Apfp¡`Z L$fu_¡ `p¡sp_p d_yóeÆh__¡ kp\®L$
L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡. Ap bpbs ApQpe®îu iycQ„Ö _uQ¡_p
iåv$p¡dp„ L$l¡ R>¡•••
ÜU¢ÜU¼¢Hè²ÜU‹²¢²ï
c cphpccdp Ýì, ©ÐHÏ{æ ²çÎ y±²¢J
¼œ¢<ã „ÈUHæ ÜU¢²Z, ÜUëy±¢y}¢‹²¢y}¢çÝp²}¢ìJJ
cphp\®: l¡ ApÐd_ ! vy$fÞs A_¡ kpfhrS®>s A_pqv$
k„kpfdp„ bp¡r^_¡ ep¡Áe d_yóe_p¡ S>Þd âpá \hp¡
AÐe„s vy$g®c R>¡. Aphp¡ d_yóe S>Þd L$pL$spgue
Þepe A_y © k pf `p¡ s p_¡ AÐepf¡ k„ â pá R>¡ . Ðepf¡
`p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdp_p r_Z®eê$` bp¡r^_¡ âpá L$fu_¡
`p¡sp_y„ L$s®ìe kam L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡. d_yóe S>Þd rkhpe
AÞe L$p¡B S>Þddp„ bp¡r^buS>_y„ Apfp¡`Z \sy„ _\u,
s¡\u Ap D`v$¡i R>¡. (op_pZ®h: kN® 3, ïgp¡L$ 2)
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 M bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p_u L$\p M

bp¡r^dpN® âL$piL$ L$lp_ Ny{ v¡$h

“dpf¡ ÅhÆh (ApÆh_) b°ûQe®_u frhhpf, spfuM f1-4-1890_p„ fp¡S>

ârsop R>¡ _¡ dpfp v$unp g¡hp_p cph cph_Nf rS>ëgp_p Ddfpmp Npddp„ r`sp
R>¡. dpf¡ h¡rhipm L$fhp_y„ _\u. ” dp¡suQ„v$cpB A_¡ dpsp DS>dbp_¡ L|$M¡ DNsp
bphuk hj®_p azV$X$p eyhp_ L$lp_Ly„$hf¡ k|e®_p Dv$e kde¡ S>Ns_p Aop_ê`u
gÁ__p âõsph_¡ Wy$L$fphsp„ D`fp¡L$s iåv$p¡dp„ A„^L$pf_¡ Dg¡Qhp ÅZ¡ op_ê`u k|e_ ® p Dv$e
dp¡V$pcpB_¡ õ`ô$ S>Zphu v$u^y„. A¡V$gy„ S> _rl kdp_ bpmL$ L$p_Æ_p¡ S>Þd \ep¡.
`f„sy ^uL$su L$dpZu Ap`sp h¡`pf A_¡ v¡$v$uàedp_ dyMdyÖp A_¡ h¥fpÁe _usfsp _¡Óp¡
vy$L$p__u âh©rÑ R>p¡X$u v$unp g¡hp dpV¡$ ep¡Áe Å¡B Ly„$X$mu L$pY$u_¡ ÅZusp S>ep¡rsjuA¡
Ny{_u ip¡^dp„ A_¡L$ S>ÁepA¡ aep® `Z L$ep„e crhóe cp¿ey„ L¡$:
d_ W$ey¯ _rl. s¡\u S>¡d_u `pk¡ b°ûQe®_u “Ap L$pB
¡ kdpÞe bpmL$ _\u, dlp`yêj R>.¡ ”
ârsop A„NuL$pf L$f¡gu s¡ S> lufpQ„v$Æ kps hj®_u Jdf¡ rh.k„. 19`3 (B.k. 1897)
dlpfpS> `pk¡ v$unp g¡hp_y„ _½$u L$e®y. dp„ bpmL$ L$p_ÆA¡ r_ipm_p¡ s¡d S>
*** S>¥_ipmp_p¡ Aæepk A¡L$ kp\¡ iê L$ep£.
rh.k.k 1946_p h¥ipM kyv$ buS> A_¡ `l¡g¡\u S> kÐeip¡^L$ bpmL$ L$p_Æ d_p¡d_

11. bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p 221

rhQpfsp L¡$•••
“„¢ ç±l¢ ²¢ ç±}¢éçQU²ï J
A¡V$g¡ L¡$ S>¡ k„kpf_p b„^_dp„\u dy[¼s A`ph¡ s¡ S>
kpQu rhÛp R>¡ `Z gp¥qL$L$ r_ipmdp„ cZsfdp„ k„kpf_p„
b„^_dp„\u `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_¡ L$B fus¡ dy¼s L$fu iL$pe
s¡_u sp¡ L$p¡B hps S> Aphsu _\u A_¡ S>¥_ipmp_p
cZsfdp„ sp¡ s¡_u S> hps R>.¡ ”
Ap âdpZ¡ rhQpfsp bpmL$ L$p_Æ_¡
ApÐdrls_¡ D`ep¡Nu S>¥_ipmp_p cZsfdp„
h^y fk `Xsp¡, sp¡`Z s¡S>õhu bpmL$ bß¡dp„
`l¡gp¡ _„bf fpMsp¡.
A_y`d v¡$lgphÎe, Np¡ê bv$_, ifdpm
A_¡ _d° âL©$rs_¡ L$pfZ¡ L$epf¡L$ klpÂepeu
rhÛp\}Ap¡ s¡_¡ ‘dY$d’ L$lu_¡ QuY$hhp_p¡
âepk L$fsp„ `Z bpmL$ L$p_Æ rbgLy$g
QuY$psp¡ _rl. Mp¡Å kÄS>_ L$pkd dpdp,
ksbpB dpku, NygpbQL$fX$u h¡Q_pf
vy$L$p_v$pf hN¡f¡ s¡_y„ —ê_u `|Zu S>¡hy„ ê`pmy„ A_¡
L$p¡dm ifuf Å¡B_¡ s¡_¡ ‘`|B’ L$lu_¡ l¡s\u
bp¡gphsp. `f„sy ApMp¡ qv$hk ^d®Âep_ A_¡
S>¥_ipmp_p cZsfdp„ fÃep`Ãep fl¡sp,
Dv$pku_ Æh_ A_¡ kfm A„s:L$fZ_p L$pfZ¡
buÅ L$p¡B D`_pd_¡ bv$g¡ ‘cNs ’ sfuL¡$
ârkqÙ `pçep. Npd_p h¡`pfuAp¡, M¡X|$sp¡,
hpm„v$, dp¡Qu S>¡hp L$pfuNfp¡ hN¡f¡ buÅ
bpmL$p¡\u Sy>v$p S> sfu Aphsp„ cNs_¡ Å¡B_¡
v„$N S> flu S>sp„.
S>Þd\u S> h¥fpNu bpmL$ L$p_Æ cNs_p
Æh_dp„ D`fpD`fu h¥fpÁe_p A_¡L$ âk„Np¡
Apìep. Ap v$f¡L$ âk„N s¡_¡ bp¡r^vy$g®c-
cph_p_p tQsh__y„ L$pfZ b_u.
R>à`r_ep¡ vy$L$pm
rh.k„. 19`6_p R>à`r_ep_p„ _pd¡
222
Ap¡mMpe¡gp ce„L$f vyóL$pm hMs¡ bpmL$ L$p_Æ
v$i hj®_u Jdf_p¡ lsp¡. s¡ kde¡ s¡Z¡ c|Mdfp\u
fp¡S>¡ fp¡S> A_¡L$ `iyAp¡ dfsp„ Å¡ep. OZp„ dpZkp¡
`Z vy$óL$pm_p Mà`fdp„ lp¡dpB Nep. Np¡hpm
Npe_p V¡$L$¡ dp\y„ _p„Mu fX$sp¡ A_¡ c|M`uqX$s
Npe_u Ap„Mdp„\u `Z Ap„ky hlu S>sp. Aphp
L$êZ Öíep¡ r_lpmu_¡ bpmL$ L$p_y_p¡ k„kpf
âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe hÂep¡. s¡Z¡ d_p¡d_ _½u L$ey¯
L¡$ Ap vy$:Mde k„kpf_p¡ A„s ApZhp_p¡ A¡L$
dpÓ D`pe kçeL¹$Ðhê` bp¡r^ S> R>¡. s¡\u
s¡_p dpV¡$ S> âeÐ_ L$fhp S>¡hp¡ R>¡.
v$u`Q„v$cpB_y„ Ahkp_
vy$óL$pm `R>u_p hj£ rh.k„. 19`7 (B.k.1901)
dp„ L$dphp dpV¡$ dy„bB Ne¡gp dp¡V$pcpB
v$u`Q„v$cpB_y„ dy„bB_u Apbp¡lhp dpaL$ _
Aphhp\u Ahkp_ \ey„. Sy>hp_Å¡^ L$dpD
v$uL$fp_p Ahkp_\u L$pmp¡ L$f¡ hs} Nep¡. Ap L$êZ
âk„N\u bpmL$ L$p_Æ_¡ dp¡V$pcpB_p rhep¡N_p
vy$:M kp\¡ k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe A¡L$v$d h^u
Nep¡. s¡Z¡ rhQpe®y L¡$ Ap AifZ k„kpfdp„ A¡L$
dpÓ kçeL¹$Ðhê` bp¡r^ S> ifZ R>.¡ sp¡ s¡ bp¡r^
dpV¡$ S> b^p¡ âeÐ_ L$fhp S>h ¡ p¡ R>.¡
àg¡N_p¡ fp¡NQpmp¡ A_¡ dpsp_y„ dfZ
R>à`r_ep_p vy$óL$pm `R>u_p ÓuÅ hj£
rh.k„. 19`9 (B.k. 1903)dp„ àg¡N_p¡ ce„L$f
fp¡NQpmp¡ apV$u _uL$þep¡. àg¡N A¡V$gu TX$`\u
a¡gpsp¡ L¡$ Npd_p Npd Mpgu L$fhp `X¡$. L$p¡B
W¡$L$pZ¡ s¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ ApMy„ Npd âpe: Dˆ>X$ \B
S>sy„. àg¡N\u bQphhp dpsp DS>dbpA¡
`p¡sp_p hlpgkp¡ep qv$L$fp L$p_y_¡ s¡_u b¡_
L$õsyf_p kpkf¡ Npfuep^pf dp¡L$gu Apàep¡.
A_¡ `pR>m\u dpsp DS>dbp_¡ sph Apìep¡
A_¡ àg¡N_u Np„W$ _uL$mu. àg¡N_u rbdpfu\u
dpsp_y„ 48 hj®_u E„df¡ Ahkp_ \ey„.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
dp¡V$pcpB v$u`Q„v$cpB_p Ahkp_ `R>u hps Aphsu _\u.”
hlpgkp¡eu dpsp_y„ Ahkp_ \sp„ L$p_ÆA¡ ks¹_u ip¡^dp„ A_¡ s¡_p rhfldp„ A¡L$v$d
k„kpf_y„ õhê` Ar_Ðe, AifZ, Aklpe DÐL„$W$ b_¡gp¡ bpmL$ L$p_Æ dpsp_p rhep¡N
A_¡ Akpf A_ycìey„. s¡Z¡ rhQpey¯ L¡$ Ap kde¡ `Z fX$ép¡ _lp¡sp¡ A¡V$gy„ fX$ép¡. s¡Z¡
vy$:Mde k„kpfdp„ kl_iugsp âv$p_ L$fu
gp¥qL$L$ Aæepk A_¡ ^prd®L$ Aæepk A¡
kdp^p_ L$fph_pfu kpQu kdS>Zê` bp¡r^
S> R>¡. dpV¡$ Nd¡ s¡ D`pe¡ Ap bp¡r^ d¡mhhp_p¡ b¡dp„\u ^prd®L$ Aæepk_u `k„v$Nu L$fu s¡dp„
S> D`pe L$fhp S>¡hp¡ R>¡. h^y gn Ap`hp_y„ _½$u L$e®y A_¡ r`spÆ_¡
gp¥qL$L$ Aæepk R>p¡X$hp_p¡ Bfpv$p¡ S>Zpìep¡.
ApÐdop_ i|Þe cZsf_p¡ ÐepN
dpsp_p rhep¡N_p L$`fp k„Å¡Np¡dp„ `Z r`spÆA¡ L$p_Æ_p Bfpv$p_p¡ rhfp¡^ _ L$ep£
r_ipm_p„ cZsfdp„ â\d _„bf fpMsp A_¡ rh.k. 19`9_p Apkp¡ dpkdp„ s¡f hj®_u
L$p_Æ_¡ R> dprkL$ `funpdp„ c|rdrsdp„ Ap¡Rp E„df¡ `p¡sp_u “dp¡suQ„v$ NuNpcpB” _pd_u
dpL®$k Apìep. bpmL$ L$p_Æ_¡ W$`L$p¡ Ap`sp `pg¡S>_u vy$L$p_dp„ L$p_Æ_¡ bp¡gphu_¡ b¡kpX$u
rinL¡$ L$üy„: v$u^p¡. vy$L$p_dp„ rlkpb-qL$spb A_¡ Mfuv$u_y„
“cNs ! spê„ c|rdrs L$pQy„ R>¡. sp¡ lh¡ L$pd L$p_Æ k„cpmhp dp„X$ep¡. Mfuv$u_p L$pd¡
S>_¥ ipmp A¡L$bpSy>A¡ d|L$u r_ipm_p cZsfdp„ Ahpf_hpf dy„bB, hX$p¡v$fp, cêQ hN¡f¡
h^y Âep_ Ap`.” il¡fp¡dp„ S>hp_y„ \sy„ Ðepf¡ fpÅ cf\fu, ksu
rinL$_p W$`L$p\u bpmL$ L$p_Æ_¡ A_kyep, dufpbpB hN¡f¡_p h¥fpÁe`|h®L$
lpX$p¡lpX$ gpNu Apìey„. sp¡`Z s¡Z¡ kpl¡b_¡ _pV$L$p¡ Å¡e¡gp. A¡L$hpf fpdgugp Å¡B_¡
õ`ô$ iåv$p¡dp„ S>Zphu v$u^y„: Apìep `R>u h¥fpÁe_u JX$u Akf sm¡
“lz„ c|rdrsdp„ h^y Âep_ Ap`ui. `f„sy ‘rihfdZu fd_pf sy„ sy„lu v¡$h_p¡ v¡$h’ A¡
Adpf¡ S>¥_ipmp_y„ cZsf `l¡gp R>¡ A_¡ `„qL$s\u iê \sy„ R> L$X$u_y„ h¥fpÁefkcu_y„
r_ipm_y„ `R>u. r_ipm_u `funp kde¡ `Z L$pìe fÃey„. A_¡ d_p¡d_ gp¥qL$L$ fdZu_¡
S>¥_ipmpA¡ S>hp_y„ QyL$pi¡ _rl.” bv$g¡ rihfdZu_¡ hfhp dpV¡$_p¡ r_Z®e L$ep£.
(s¡ S>dp_pdp„ S>¥_ipmp fp¡S>¡fp¡S> Qpgsu. gp¥qL$L$ r_ipm_p
A_¡ vy$L$p_ D`f ApMp¡ qv$hk h¥fpÁeâ¡fL$ A_¡
cZsfdp„ frhhpf A_¡ h¡L¡$i__u fÅ lp¡e `Z S>¥_ipmpdp„ L$p¡B
sÒhbp¡^L$ ^prd®L$ `yõsL$p¡_p¡ Aæepk Qpgy
fÅ _ lp¡e) fp¿ep¡.
ApÐdop_ i|Þe r_ipm_p cZsf A_¡ `p¡guk_p¡ Mp¡V$p¡ L¡$Bk
rinL$_p W$`L$p\u r_fpi b_u Ne¡gp¡ bpmL$
L$p_Æ O¡f Aphu M|b fX$ép¡: h¡`pfdp„ OZp„ S> âdprZL$ A_¡ _urshp_
lp¡hp\u L$p_Æ cNs_u ârs›$p A_¡ Qpl_p
“Af¡ ! lz„ S>¡_u ip¡^dp„ Ry>„ s¡ Ap cZsf
Qp¡d¡f ìep`u NB lsu. s¡\u ^„^p¡ OZp¡ h^u
_\u. Apdp„ L$ep„e ApÐdp_u A_¡ s¡_p rls_u
Nep¡ lsp¡. s¡ kde¡ rh.k. 196f (B.k.1906)
11. bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p 223
_u qv$hpmu kde¡ kp¡m hj®_u E„df¡ ApbL$pfu êr`ep kpskp¡ hpv$u `p¡guk `pk¡\u ârshpv$u
Mpsp_p¡ `p¡guk Ar^L$pfu (Police h¡`pfuA¡ hkyg L$fhp_y„ W$fphsy„ lzL$d_pdy„
Suprentendent of central Exise) afdpìey„. L$p_ÆA¡ `p¡guk Nfub dpZk R>¡
kpgdybpfL$ L$fhp Apìep¡. Ðepf¡ v$f hj®_u A_¡ Ap`Z¡ A¡hp `¥kp _ Å¡BA¡ s¡d rhQpfu
S>¡V$gu fL$d bnuk sfuL¡$ A¡L$ êr`ep_u Ap`u. lzL$d_pdp_u bS>hZu _ L$fu A_¡ fL$d
`p¡guk¡ sdpfp¡ ^„^p¡ kpfp¡ Qpg¡ R>¡ s¡d L$lu hkyghp_y„ dp„X$u hpþey„. `f„sy Ap âk„N\u
b¡ êr`ep_u dp„NZu L$fu. L$lp_Ly„$hf¡ sd_¡ k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ s¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe OZp¡ hOu Nep¡.
kfL$pf `Npf Ap`¡ R>¡ A_¡ Ad_¡ Mp¡V$u fL$d L$p¡V®$ L$Q¡fu S>¡hu k„kpf_u _L$pdu Ar^epfu\u
Ap`hu `fhX¡$ _rl s¡d S>Zpìey„. s¡\u _pfpS> s¡_¡ Ópk gpÁep¡. k„kpfdp„\u blpf Aphhp
\e¡gp `p¡guk Ar^L$pfuA¡ Ðepf `R>u sd¡ dpV¡$ kçeL¹$Ðhê`u bp¡r^ S> A¡L$ dpN® R>¡. s¡_u
vy$L$p_dp„ N¡fL$pev¡$kf AauZ h¢QpZ_p¡ ^„^p¡ `|fu ârsrs R>¡. `Z s¡ bp¡r^ âpá L$fhp_p
L$fp¡ R>p¡ s¡hp¡ Mp¡V$p¡ L¡$Bk L$ep£. hX$p¡v$fp_u D`pe k„b„^u d|„ThZ füp L$f¡ R>¡. bp¡r^_u
rS>ëgp Av$pgsdp„ A¡ S>dp_pdp„ ÓZ lÅf âprá_p¡ kQp¡V$ D`pe d¡mhhp s¡ ^uL$sp¡ ^„^p¡
êr`ep_p dp¡V$p `Npfv$pf A¡hp A„N°¡S> `Z R>p¡X$u v¡$hp DÐkyL$ R>¡ `Z Ðep„ hmu A¡L$
Þepe^ui kdn Ap L¡$Bk kps drl_p_¡ kps Ahfp¡^ Aphu `X¡$ R>¡.
qv$hk ky^u Qpëep¡. kp¡m hj®_p eyhp_ h¡`pfu
r`spÆ_y„ Ahkp_
Ly„$hf L$lp_¡ r_c®esp`|h®L$ L$p¡V®$dp„ Sy>bp_u
Ap`u A_¡ ÓZ L$gpL$ Qpg¡gu DgV$s`pkdp„ hX$p¡v$fp L$p¡V®$_p Q|L$pv$p `R>u_p V|„$L$p Npmdp„
kfL$pfu hL$ug A_¡ Þepe^ui_¡ kh® kÐe S> rh.k„. 1963 (B.k. 1907) dp„ r`spÆ_y„ `Z
lL$uL$s S>Zphu. dyM D`f sfhfsu kfmsp, Ahkp_ \ey.„ r`spÆ_p Ahkp_\u k„kpf_u
r_Mpgksp, r_v$pj £ sp A_¡ _uX$fsp_u A„NS¡° > nZc„Nyfsp ÅZu iuO° ApÐdrls kp^u
Þepe^ui D`f ky„v$f R>p` `X$u. s¡Z¡ g¡hp_u cph_p DN° b_u. `f„sy r`spÆ_p
ârshpv$u h¡`pfu_u kh® rhNsp¡ kÐe R>¡ A¡d rhep¡N\u vy$L$p__u h^y S>hpbv$pfu s¡d_p
rhïhpk Aphhp\u s¡ k„`|Z®`Z¡ dpÞe fpMu D`f Aphu. ^„^p¡ R>p¡X$hp_u cph_p lp¡hp R>sp„
A_¡ L¡$Bk_u rhi¡j Qp¡½$kpB dpV¡$ Myv$ s¡Ap¡ s¡_¡ R>p¡X$ u _ i¼ep. s¡\u A„sfdp„ ks¹_u
Þepe^ui, s¡d_p riõõs¡v$pf, AÞe õV$pa ip¡^ Qpgy fpMu vy$L$p__u S>hpbv$pfu `Z
A_¡ kfL$pfu hL$ug_¡ kp\¡ fpMu `p¡s¡ S> Aphu r_cphu. Ap fus¡ `p„Q hj® \ep Ðepf¡ rh.k„.
õ\m `f r_funZ A_¡ AÞe s`pk L$fu 1968 (B.k. 191f)dp„ bphuk hj®_u he¡
`p¡guk_u Sy>bp_u A_¡ s¡Z¡ L$fg ¡ p¡ L¡$Bk sØ$_ dp¡V$pcpB_p D`fp¡L$s gÁ__p âõsph¡ eyhp_
Mp¡V$p¡ A_¡ b_phV$u R>¡ A¡d afdphu eyhp_ Ly„$hf L$lp__p Æh_dp„ A¡L$v$d `qfhs®_
h¡`pfu L$p_Æ_¡ rbgLy$g r_v$p£j Ål¡f L$fsp¡ ApÎey„.
QyL$pv$p¡ afdpìep¡. Ap D`fp„s Mp¡V$p L¡$Bk\u k„âv$pe A_ykpf_u dyr_v$unp
\e¡g l¡fp_Nrs A_¡ MQ®_p Ly$g dmu_¡ âcphipmu ìeqL$sÐh, kâdpZ ifuf,
224 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
DS>mp¡ hp_, dp¡V$p¡ h¡`pf, Mp_v$p_ A_¡ A_¡L$hpf âpá \B R>¡ A_¡ bp¡r^ rh_p lÆ
^prd®L$ h©rshpmp Ly$Vy„$b_¡ L$pfZ¡ L$lp_Ly„$hf `Z s¡ âpá \su fl¡hp_u R>¡. Ap Æh¡ dp¡V$p
dpV¡$ dp¡V$p cpB MyipgcpB A_¡ N„Npcpcu_¡ fpÅ-dlpfpÅ\u dp„X$u_¡ AlrdÞÖ ky^u_u
OZp„ `°rsr›$s A_¡ îud„s Of_u L$ÞepAp¡_p `v$huAp¡ `Z âpá L$fu R>¡. buSy>„ b^y„ S> âpá
L$l¡Z Aphsp„. MyipgcpBA¡ L$p_Æ lh¡ L$e®y R>¡, `Z kçeL$¹Ðhê` bp¡r^ âpá L$fu _\u.
`fZphhp gpeL$ R>¡ A_¡ dp¡V$p Of_p dp„Np Ap bp¡r^_u kOmu Å¡NhpB Ap Æh_dp„ R>.¡
R>¡ sp¡ hps S>su _ L$fhu A¡d rhQpfu_¡ L$p_Æ s¡\u kçeL$¹Ðhê` bp¡r^_u âprá hX¡$ Ap
ApNm h¡rhipm_u hps L$fu. Ðepf¡ s¡Z¡ Æh__¡ kam b_phhy„ R>¡. Ap A¡L$ S> chdp„
ÅhÆh b°ûQe®_u ârsop R>¡ A_¡ v$unp A_„s chc°dZ_p¡ Acph L$fhp¡ R>¡.
g¡hp_p cph R>¡ A¡hu hps S>Zphu. Ðepf¡
N©lõ\Æh_dp„ flu_¡ `Z kçeL$¹Ðhê`u
dp¡V$pcpB sp¡ A¡L$v$d õså^ b_u Nep. s¡dZ¡
bp¡r^_u âprá \B iL¡$. ^d®_y„ L$pe® \B iL¡$.
L$p_Æ_¡ L$üy„ :
`Z r_h©s Æh_dp„ s¡ h^y kpfu fus¡ \B iL¡$
“cpB ! Ap`Zu Ly$Vy„b_u QY$su v¡$NfX$u_¡ s¡ Qp¡½$k R>¡.
sy„ dp¡f _rl. gÁ_ L$fu_¡ N©lõ\Æh_dp„ flu_¡
k„kpf_p N©lõ\Æh_dp„ L$p¡B kpf _\u.
`Z ^d®_y„ L$pe® \pe.”
AÐepf ky^u_y„ N©lõ\Æh_ d¢ Å¡ey R>¡.
Ðepf¡ bp¡r^vy$gc ® cph_p_y„ DÑd Dv$plfZ `y{ R>à`r_ep¡ vy$óL$pm, v$u`Q„v$cpB_y„ Ahkp_,
`pX$sp L$y„hf L$lp_¡ L$üy„. àg¡N_p¡ fp¡NQpmp¡ A_¡ dpsp_y„ dfZ hN¡f¡
_S>f¡ r_lpþey„ R>¡. dpsp_p dfZ\u h¥fpÁe
“dp¡V$pcpB ! dpfp dpV¡$ b¡ dpN® R>¡. A¡L$
`pdu kçeL$¹Ðhê` bp¡r^_u âprá dpV¡$ ^prd®L$
k„kpf_p¡ A_¡ buÅ¡ dp¡n_p¡. A¡L$ Ak„edu
Aæepkdp„ h^y Âep_ Ap`u iL$pe s¡ dpV¡$
N©lõ\Æh__p¡ A_¡ buÅ¡ k„edu
r_ipm_p¡ Aæepk R>p¡X$ép¡. `Z h¡`pfdp„
kp^yÆh__p¡. N©lõ\Æh_ A_¡ s¡_p¡ Ak„ed
akpep¡. h¡`pfdp„ `p¡guk¡ L$f¡gp Mp¡V$p L¡$B\u
k„kpf_¡ h^pf_pf R>¡ A_¡ kp^yÆh_ A_¡
kps drl_p_u l¡fp_Nrs A_¡ MQ® \ep¡.
s¡_p¡ k„ed k„kpf_¡ dV$pX$_pf R>¡.
L¡$Bk_p¡ r_L$pg Apìép¡ Ðep„ r`spÆ_y„ `Z
hs®dp_ d_yóeÆh_ AÐe„s vy$gc ® R>.¡ s¡dp„ Ahkp_ \ey„. Apd N©lõ\Æh_dp„ A¡L$
ApÐdrls_u ep¡Áesp lp¡hp\u s¡ dlÐh_y„ `Z kdõep L¡$ dyíL¡$gu_¡ dV$pX$uA¡ Ðep„ buÆ
R>¡. buÅ Ak„¿e A_¡ A_„s chp¡ L$fuA¡ Aphu_¡ Ecu S> fl¡ R>¡. s¡\u ^d®L$pe®dp„ `|fsy„
Ðepf¡ dp„X$ A¡L$pv$ d_yóe_p¡ ch dm¡ R>¡. Âep_ Ap`u iL$psy„ _\u. Apd _¡ Apd bphuk
N©lõ\v$ip_u kyrh^p A_¡ Å¡NhpB sp¡ v$f¡L$ hj® `|fp \B Nep A_¡ Æh_ `y{ \sp„ L$pB¡ hpf
chdp„ lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ d_yóe_p chdp„ `ZR>¡. gpNsu _\u A_¡ Æh__y„ dy¿e L$pe® A¡hu
`Z kçeL¹$Ðhê` bp¡r^_u Å¡NhpB d_yóe bp¡r^_u âprá sp¡ bpL$u S> flu Åe R>.¡
S>h¡ u buS>¡ L$ep„e _\u. hmu Aphu N©lõ\v$ip
11. bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p 225
 dp¡V$pcpB ! sd¡ d_¡ rhhpl$ dpV¡$ S>fpe
v$bpZ _ L$fp¡. A_¡ d_¡ h¡`pfdp„\u `Z r_h©s
L$fp¡. ApÐdrls_u bp¡r^ dpV¡$ r_h©s Æh_
A_¡ k„edv$ip A„NuL$pf L$fhp_u d_¡ A_ydrs
Ap`p¡.”
L$p_Æ_p¡ ×Y$ r_òe ÅZu MyipgcpB
Y$ugp `X$u Nep. L$p_Æ Mf¡Mf L$p¡B
dlp`y{j_p¡ S> Ahspf R>.¡ s¡_p ApÐdrlsdp„
Ap`Z¡ AX$QZ _ L$fpe, s¡d rhQpfu dp¡V$pcpB
MyipgcpBA¡ L$p_Æ_¡ S>¡ {Q¡ s¡ L$fhp_u fÅ
Ap`u A_¡ kçeL$¹Ðhê` bp¡r^_u iuO° âprá
\pe s¡hu iyc¡ÃR>p A_¡ Apiuhp®v$ `pW$ìep.
dp¡V$pcpB_u A_ydrs A_¡ Apiuhp®v$\u
âp¡Ðkprls \B L$p_ÆA¡ r_h©s Æh_ A_¡
k„ed_u kp^_p dpV¡$ lufpQ„v$Æ dlpfpS> `pk¡
õ\p_L$hpku k„âv$pe A_ykpf_u dyr_v$unp
N°lZ L$fu.
bp¡r^dpN® âL$piL$ L$lp_ Ny{v¡$h
`l¡g¡\u S> kÐe ip¡^L$ A_¡ rhQpfL$
L$p_Æ dlpfpS>¡ k„âv$pe_p kOmp„ ipõÓp¡_p¡
Aæepk L$ep£. `Z s¡dp„ s¡_¡ ApÐdrls_u
kçeL$¹Ðhê` bp¡r^_u âprá_p¡ D`pe lp\
Aphsp¡ _lp¡sp¡. s¡hpdp„ L$p¡B ^Þe`m¡
AârsbyÙ Aop_u_¡ kçeL¹$Ðhê` bp¡r^_u
âprá L$fphhp_p¡ D`pe kdÅhsp¡
Ly„$v$Ly„$vpQpe®L©$s N°„\pr^fpS> kdekpf s¡d_p
L$fL$dmdp„ Apìep¡. s¡_p¡ s¡dZ¡ hpf„hpf
Aæepk L$ep£. s¡Ap¡ S>¡_u ip¡^dp„ lsp s¡
`fdp\® kÐe s¡d_¡ dmu Ney.„ kdekpfdp„
dlpfpS>îu_p A„sf_e_¡ Ad©s_p kfp¡hf
R>gL$psp„ Å¡ep. A¡L$ `R>u A¡L$ Np\p hp„Qsp
s¡dZ¡ s¡ Ad©s O|>„V$X$p cfu cfu_¡ `uOy„.
226
kdekpf¡ dlpfpS>îu D`f A`|h®, A_y`d
A_¡ Agp¥qL$L$ D`L$pf L$ep£. s¡d_p A„sÆ®h_dp„
`fd `rhÓ `qfhs®_ \ey.„ c|gu `X¡$gu `qfZrs
r_S> Of sfa `pR>u hmu. D`ep¡N_p¡ âhpl
ky^ptk^y opeL$v¡$h sfa hþep¡ A_¡ s¡d_¡
kçeL¹$Ðhê` bp¡r^_u âprá \B.
bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p_p ApL$fp Aæepk A_¡
kO_ tQsh__p `qfZpd¡ kçeL¹$Ðhê`
bp¡r^_u âprá bpv$ L$p_Æ dlpfpS>¡ Ðepf `R>u
kp„âv$preL$ `qfhs®_ L$fu `p¡sp_¡
Ly„$v$Ly„$v$pç_pe_p qv$N„bf S>¥_ îphL$ sfuL¡$
Op¡rjs L$ep®. s¡Ap¡ S> `pR>m\u Ap`Zp
A_„s D`L$pfu spfZlpf `fd `|Äe L$lp_
Ny{v¡$h sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMpep. `qfhs®_ `R>u_p
kp¡_NY$_p 4` hj®_p r_hpk v$fçep_ s¡dZ¡
kçeL¹$Ðhê` bp¡r^_y„ S> tQsh_ L$e®y. A_¡
`p¡sp_p ^dp£`v¡$i Üpfp bp¡r^_p¡ S> âL$pi L$fu
s¡dZ¡ Ly„$v$Ly„vpQpe®v¡$h_y„ su\® âhsp®ìey„.
L$pmv$p¡j\u q¾$epL$p„X$dp„ A_¡ õhÃR>„v$spdp„
AV$hpB `X¡$g S>¥_v$i®__¡ s¡_p d|m
kçeL$¹Ðhê` bp¡r^_p dpN® D`f `y_:
âõ\pr`s L$fu dp¡ndpN®_¡ âiõs L$ep£. Ap
fus¡ hs®dp_L$pmdp„ ApÂep[ÐdL$ ¾$p„rs Üpfp
AÂepÐdeyNk¹ô$p b_¡gp L$lp_ Nyêv¡$h Ap
`R>u_p Qp¡\p ch¡ k|e®L$urs® _pd_p su\¯L$f
\B_¡ rihfdZu_¡ hfi¡. s¡Ap¡_u Ap
rihfdZu hfhp dpV¡$_u Å_dp„ Ak„¿e cìe
dydynyAp¡ `Z Å¡X$pB_¡ s¡Ap¡ `Z s¡d_u kp\¡
rih`yfu `lp¢Qi¡.
bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p_p bm¡ (^_ âprá hX¡$ gp¥qL$L$
fdZu_¡ hfhp_¡ bv$g¡ )bp¡r^ âprá hX¡$ rihfdZu_¡
hfhp dpV¡$_u Å_ Å¡X$_pf bp¡r^dpN® âL$piL$
L$lp_ Ny{v¡$h_¡ L$p¡qV$ L$p¡qV$ âZpd !
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 qV$à`Z
1. L$psL$pgue Þepe L$pN_y „ spX$ `f b¡ k hy „ A_¡ AL$õdps spX$am_y „ `X$hy „ \pe A¡ h p¡ Þepe; AZ^pfu L¡ $ Ap¡ t Qsu âprá \hu.
2. Ly V y „ $ b_u QY$su v¡ $ NfX$u_¡ sy „ dp¡ f _rl Ly „ $ Vy „ $ Vb_u Dßrs L¡ $ Apbpv$udp„ Ahfp¡ ^ _ L$f.

k„v$c®N°„\p¡
bp¡ r ^vy $ g® c cph_p 1. bpfkAÏh¡ L ¹ $ ep_y â ¡ n p : Np\p 83 \u 86; · 2. õhprdL$prs® L ¡ $ ep_y â ¡ n p : Np\p 284 \u 310; · 3. cNhsu Apfp^_p
: Np\p 1860 \u 1877; · 4. op_Z® h : kN® f : ïgp¡ L $ 181 \u 193; kN® 3 , ïgp¡ L $2; · 5. d| g pQpf : DÑfp^® : Np\p 757 \u 764; · 6.
sÒhp\®kpf : AÂepe6$ : Np\p 41; · 7. sÒhp\®fpS>hprÑ®L$ : 6—/7, 9/603/12; · 8. khp®\®rkqÙ : 6/7/419; · 9. kdZkyÑ„: Np\p `26,527,
528; · 10. `Ú_„v$u `„Qthirs : AÂepe : 6, ïgp¡L$ 55; · 11. A_Npf ^dp®d©s : AÂepe : 6, Np\p 78, 79; · 12. b©lv$Öìek„N°l : Np\p 3`
_u V$uL$p; · 13. QpqfÓkpf : f01—/3 · 14. S>¥.rk.L$p¡i: cpN-1 : A_yâ¡np : 1/4, `p_y-80
bp¡r^_y„ dlÐh · 1. dp¡n`pvy$LX$ : Np\p 86 \u 89, 96; · 2. cph`pvy$X$ : 144 \u 147; · 3. cNhsu Apfp^_p : Np\p 835; · 4. fÐ_L$f„X$
îphL$pQpf : Np\p 34; · 5. op_h¥ c h : `p_y 48; · 6. îudv$¹ f pdQ„ Ö : ìep¿ep_kpf : 1/67, `p_y „ : 474;
bp¡ r ^ ky ^ u_u DÑfp¡ Ñ f vy $ g® c bpbsp¡ · 1. õhprdL$prs® L ¡ $ ep_y â ¡ n p : Np\p 66 \u 73, 153, 154, 291 \u 294; · 2. b© l v$Öìek„ N ° l
: Np\p 35_u V$uL$p; · 3. `fdpÐdâL$pi : AÂepe-1, Np\p 9 _u V$uL$p; · 4. rsgp¡e`ÎZrs : cpN-1 : Ar^L$pf-4; Np\p 386; · 5. Apqv$`yfpZ
: `h® - 31, ïgp¡ L $ 14f; · 6. bl¡ _ îu_p„ hQ_pd© s : _„ . 210.
vy $ g® c bp¡ r ^ d¡ m hhp dpV¡ $ d_y ó eÆh__u dlÑp · 1. op_pZ® h : AÂepe-3, ïgp¡ L $-2, `p_y - 46; · 2. g[å^kpf : Np\p 6,110 A_¡
s¡_u V$uL$p; · 3. jV¹M„X$pNd : 6/1, 9-8/ k|Ó 12/247; · 4. L$jpe`plzX$ kyÑ„ : 11/Np\p 110-11/639; · 5. Np¡çeV$kpf : ÆhL$p„X$ : Np\p
644; · 6. cNhsu Apfp^_p : Np\p 780_u rhÄep¡v$e V$uL$p; · 7. rsgp¡e`ÎZrs : cpN-1: Ar^L$pf-4: Np\p 2936, 2937; · 8. dp¡ndpN®
âL$piL$ : Ar^L$pf-7 : `p_y-84; · 9. S>e^hgp : cpN-1_u âõsph_p, `p_y 84; · 10. îudv$fpS>Q„Ö : hj®-f3g `Óp„L$-10f; · 11. S>¡.rk.L$p¡i
: cpN-3; c| r d : `p_y 236,
bp¡ r ^ âprá_p¡ D`pe 1. k„ k pfdp„ ky M by q Ù_p¡ Acph · 1. âhQ_kpf : Np\p 13, 19, 6f \u 67g 76; · 2. kdekpf : `qfriô$
: `p„Qdu kyMi[¼s; · 3. ApÐdp_yipk_ : Np\p 46, 167, 187; · 4. `plzX$v$p¡lp : ïgp¡L$ _„.11; · 5. BóV$p¡`v¡$i : Np\p : 17; · 6. îudv$¹fpS>Q„Ö
: `Óp„ L $ 254; · 7. Ny { v¡ $ hîu_p„ hQ_pd© s : _„ . 17, f86. f. N© r ls rdÕepÐh_p¡ Acph
· 1. sÒhp\® k | Ó : AÂepe-8, k| Ó -1 A_¡ s¡ _ u V$uL$p; · 2. `„ . cpNhQ„ v $Æ R>pS>X$L© $ s kÑpõhê$` : âL$fZ-1; · 3. Ny { v¡ $ hfu_p„ hQ_pd© s :
_„.274. 3. `pÓ_p · 1. `„Qpv$ep\u : DÑfp^® : Np\p 723 \u 726; · 2. `y{jp\®rkqÙ D`pe : Np\p 74; · 3. dp¡ndpN® âL$piL$ : AÂepe-
9, `p_y-31`; · 4. Ny{v¡$hîu_p„ hQ_pd©s : _„.127, 275, 276; · 5. bl¡_îu_p„ hQ_pd©s : _„.36, 42, 138, 144, 215, 386, 396. 4. AN©rls
rdÕepÐh_p¡ Acph · 1. âhQ_kpf : Np\p : 85, 86, 232 \u 236 b_¡ s¡ _ u V$uL$p; · 2. dp¡ n `plz X $ : Np\p : 15; · 3. kdekpf :
Np\p : 144 A_¡ s¡ _ u V$uL$p; · 4. `„ Q pÂepeu : DÑfp^® : Np\p : 1034, 1035; · 5. Ny { v¡ $ hîu_p„ hQ_pd© s : _„ . 275, 276. 5. õh-`f_y „
c¡ v $op_ · 1. âhQ_kpf : Np\p 106, 192, 232 A_¡ s¡_u V$uL$p; · 2. `„QprkL$pek„N°l : Np\p 45 A_¡ s¡_u V$uL$p; · 3. kdekpf : Np\p
14, 15, 38, 73, 186 ApÐd¿eprs ïgp¡L$ _„.182; · 4. `„QpÂepeu : DÑfp^® : Np\p 157 \u 173; · 5. bl¡_îu_p„ hQ_pd©s : _„.58, 59,
197, 285, 389, 404, 429.

l¡ s y g nu âï_p¡

ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fu bpS>y_p„ Qp¡fkdp„ v$ip®hp¡. A:: rhÛpOV$_u rhc|rs B:: AlrdÞÖ_u Ahõ\p
01. C:: kçeL$¹Ðhê$` bp¡r^ D:: ÖìetsNu dyr_v$ip
01. bp¡r^dp„ L$p¡_p¡ kdph¡i R>¡?
06. kyM_y„ d|m L$pfZ iy„? 06.
A:: kçeL$¹Ðhê$` dp¡idpN® B:: kçeÁv$i®_
A:: k„`rÑ B:: iyccph C:: bp¡r^ D:: k„sp¡j
C:: kçeÁop_ D:: kçeL$¹QpqfÓ
07. ¼ep„ L$d®_p¡ Dv$e Æh_p„ vy$:M_y„ L$pfZ R>¡? 07.
02. kdN° k„kpf A_¡ s¡_p„ vy$:Mp¡_y„ A¡L$ dpÓ L$pfZ iy„? 02.
A:: ^prs L$d® B:: A^prs L$d® C:: b^p„ L$d® D:: L$p¡B _rl
A:: kÑp-k„`rÑ_p¡ Acph B:: fpN-Ü¡j_p¡ kv$¹cph
08. õhp^u_ iy„ R>¡? 08.
C:: bp¡r^_p¡ Acph D:: Ld®_p¡ Acph
A:: bp¡r^ B:: ifuf C:: Ld®_y„ b„^_ D:: fpN
03. k„kpfu Aop_u Æh_y„ L$pedu r_hpk õ\p_ ¼ey„? 03.
09. Ny{_u v¡$i_p_¡ N°lZ L$fhp A_¡ s¡_¡ A_ykfhp dpV¡$ 09.
A:: _fL$ B:: r_Np¡v$ C:: r_S> hs_ D:: gp¡L$pN° rkÙrigp
i¡_u S>ê$f lp¡e R>¡?
04. L¡$V$gp L$pddp„ d_yóe_p¡ A¡L$pv$ ch âpá \pe R>¡? 04. A:: Ny{_u k¡hp QpL$fu_u B:: AN©rls rdÕepÐh_p Acph_u
A:: A„sdy®lws®dp„ B:: b¡ lÅf kpNfdp„
C:: `pÓsp_u D:: kv$pQpf_u
C:: Ak„¿eps L$ë`L$pmdp„ D:: A¡L$ `yv$¹N `fphs®_dp„
10. i¡_u âprádp„ d_yóeÆh__u kamsp R>¡? 10.
05. A_pqv$L$pm\u ApS> ky^udp„ Aop_u Æh¡ iy„ âpá L$ey¯ _\u? 05.
A:: bp¡r^ B:: k„ed C:: rMspb D:: `¥kp

11. bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p 227

 k¥ Ù p„ r sL$ âï_p¡
_uQ¡_p âï_p¡_p A¡L$ L¡$ b¡ hp¼edp„ S>hpb Ap`p¡.
0 1 . bp¡ r ^ A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ?
0 2 . bp¡ r ^vy $ g® c cph_p L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
0 3 . kçeL$¹ Ð hê$` dp¡ n dpN® L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
0 4 . õ\phf Æh L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
0 5 . õ\phf Ahõ\pdp„ Æh L¡ $ V$gp¡ L$pm fl¡ R>¡ ?
0 6 . Ók `ep® e dp„ Æh h^y d p„ h^y L¡ $ V$gp¡ L$pm fl¡ R>¡ ?
0 7 . AÞeNrs_p L¡ $ V$gp chp¡ `R>u d_y ó eNrs_p¡ A¡ L $
ch dm¡ R>¡ ?
0 8 . d_y ó echdp„ bp¡ r ^_¡ kp_y L | $ m lp¡ e A¡ h p DÑfp¡ Ñ f
DÐL© $ ô$ A_¡ vy $ g® c v$i k„ e p¡ N p¡ _ p _pd Ap`p¡ .
0 9 . dp¡n âpá L$f_pfp Æh L¡$V$gp kdedp„ L¡$V$gp lp¡e R>¡?
1 0 . bp¡ r ^_u âprá dpV¡ $ S>ê$fu ¾$rdL$ D`pep¡ _ p _pd Ap`p¡ .
1 1 . k„ k pfdp„ ky M by q Ù_p¡ Acph A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ?
1 2 . vy $ :M A_¡ ky M _y „ gnZ iy „ R>¡ ?
1 3 . ApLy $ msp A_¡ r_fpLy $ msp A¡ V $g¡ iy „ ?
1 4 . vy $ :M_y „ A_¡ ky M _y „ d| m L$pfZ iy „ ?
1 5 . `y Î e_p Dv$edp„ ky M cpkhp_y „ L$pfZ iy „ ?
1 6 . i¡ _ p rh_p bp¡ r ^_u âprá \su _\u?
1 7 . rdÕepÐh L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
1 8 . N© r ls rdÕepÐh L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
1 9 . kp¥ â\d ¼ey „ rdÕepÐh V$m¡ R>¡ ?
2 0 . `pÓsp L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
2 1 . dy ¿ e `pÓsp L$B?
2 2 . Np¥ Z `pÓsp L$B?
2 3 . AN© r ls rdÕepÐh L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
2 4 . AN© r ls rdÕepÐh_p dy ¿ e âL$pf_p _pd Ap`p¡ .
2 5 . c¡ v $op__¡ ep¡ Á e D`ep¡ N _u k| ÿ dsp iu fus¡ \pe?
2 6 . õh-`f_y „ c¡ v $op_ L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
2 7 . c¡ v $op__p amdp„ i¡ _ u âprá \pe R>¡ ?
2 8 . c¡ v $op_ dpV¡ $ L$p¡ _ p¡ Aæepk L$pe® L $pfu R>¡ ?
2 9 . bp¡ r ^vy $ g® c cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$epdp„ L$B bpbs_u
rhQpfZp lp¡ e R>¡ ?
3 0 . ip dpV¡ $ bp¡ r ^_u vy $ g® c sp R>¡ ?
3 1 . ¼ep¡ d_yóe Apv$f_¡ `pÓ A_¡ ¼ep¡ r^½$pf_¡ `pÓ R>¡?
3 2 . bp¡ r ^vy $ g® c cph_p_p tQsh__y „ kp^_ L¡ $ L$pfZ iy „
b_u iL¡ $ ?
3 3 . bp¡ r ^vy $ g® c cph_p_p tQsh__y „ L¡ $ ÞÖtbvy $ iy „ R>¡ ?
3 4 . bp¡ r ^_p Ap^pf¡ i¡ _ u âNV$sp R>¡ ?
3 5 . bp¡ r ^ L¡ $ bp¡ r ^_u cph_p krls_p iy c cphp¡ L¡ $ hp
lp¡ e R>¡ ?
228
36. bp¡r^ L¡$ bp¡r^_u cph_p rh_p_p iyccphp¡ L¡$hp lp¡e R>¡?
37. bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p_p rhi¡j âL$pf_p b¡ am_p _pd Ap`p¡.
38. ¼ep Þepe A_y k pf `p¡ s p_¡ d_y ó e_p¡ S>Þd âpá \e¡ g p¡ R¡ ?
39. d_y ó e S>Þd_¡ L$B fus¡ kam L$fhy „ Å¡ B A¡ ?
40. d_y ó e S>Þd rkhpe AÞe S>Þddp„ iy „ _\u?
_uQ¡_p âï_p¡_p rhõs©s S>hpb Ap`p¡.
01. bp¡ r ^vy $ g® c cph_p_u ìep¿ep A_¡ s¡ _ u kdS| > su Ap`p¡ .
02. bp¡ r ^dp„ kçeL$¹ Ð hê$` dp¡ n dpN® _ p¡ kdph¡ i L$B fus¡ R>¡ ?
03. bp¡ r ^_y „ dlÐh kdÅhp¡ .
04. bp¡ r ^ ky ^ u_u DÑfp¡ Ñ f v$g® c bpbsp¡ kdÅhp¡ .
05. L$B fus¡ bp¡ r ^_u v$g® c sp R>¡ ?
06. vy $ g® c bp¡ r ^ dpV¡ $ d_y ó eÆh__u dlÑp kdÅhp¡ .
07. bp¡r^âprá_p D`pe dpV¡$ k„kpfdp„ kyMbyqÙ_p Acph_y„ dlÐh
kdÅhp¡.
08. bp¡r^v$g®ccph_p_p Aæepk\u k„kpfdp„\u kyMbyqÙ L$B fus¡
V$m¡ R>¡ ? A¡ kdÅhp¡ .
09. ks¹ v ¡ $ h A_¡ Ly $ v¡ $ h_y „ õhê$` S>Zphp¡ .
10. kv$¹ N y { A_¡ Ly $ Ny { _y „ õhê$` S>Zphp¡ .
11. ks¹ i põÓ A_¡ Ly $ ipõÓ_y „ õhê$` S>Zphp¡ .
12. ks¹v¡$h-Ny{-ipõÓ_¡ dp__pfp¡ `Z N©rls rdÕepÐhu L$B fus¡
lp¡ e R>¡ ?
13. bp¡ r ^vy $ g® c cph_p_p Aæepk\u N© r ls rdÕepÐh_p¡ Acph
L$B fus¡ \pe R>¡ ?
14. bp¡r^_u âprá dpV¡$ N©rls rdÕepÐh_p Acph_y„ dlÐh kdÅhp¡.
15. bp¡r^_u âprá dpV¡$ AN©rls rdÕepÐh_p Acph_y„ dlÐh A_¡
s¡ _ p¡ D`pe kdÅhp¡ .
16. bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep kdÅhp¡.
17. bp¡ r ^v$g® c cph_p_p tQsh__y „ kp^_ L¡ $ L$pfZ kdÅhp¡ .
18. bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p L$B fus¡ hõsyõhê$`_u kdS>Z L$fph_pf R>¡?
19. bp¡ r ^vy $ g® c cph_p L$B fus¡ h¥ f pÁe_y „ L$pfZ R>¡ ?
20. bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p_p amdp„ vy$g®c bp¡r^ dpV¡$ d_yóeÆh_\u
dlÑp L$B fus¡ kdÅe R>¡ ?
21. bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p bp¡r^_u âprá_p¡ D`pe bsph_pf L$B fus¡ R>¡?
22. ApQpe® iy c Q„ Ö A_y k pf d_y ó e S>Þd_¡ kp\® L $ L$fhp_p¡
D`v$¡ i ip¡ R>¡ ?
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
12. ^d® cph_p 229
230 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 ^d® cph_p
cph_p
12.
`p¡sp_p d|mc|s qÓL$pm ^°hy iyÙ õhcph_¡ ^pfZ AiyÙsp `p¡sp_p¡ õhcph lp¡e iL¡$ _rl. Å¡ hõsy
L$fhp¡. âNV$ L$fhp¡ s¡_y„ _pd ^d® R>¡. Ap ^d®_y„ `p¡sp_p õhcph\u S> AiyÙ lp¡e sp¡ hõsy_„y hõsy`Ï„
õhê`, s¡_p¡ drldp A_¡ s¡_p D`pv¡$e`Zp rhj¡ S> b_sy„ _\u. s¡\u `p¡sp_p¡ ApÐdp `p¡sp_p qÓL$pm
hpf„hpf rhQpfZp \hu s¡ ^d®cph_p R>¡. ^°yh d|mc|s Öìeõhcph\u iyÙ S> ÅZhp¡. `p¡sp_p
{ë {¢Ú²ç¼ §ç¼ {}¢ü : J d|m õhcph S>¡hu iyÙsp `p¡sp_u `gV$su `ep®edp„
`Z âNV$ \hu s¡ `p¡sp_p¡ ^d® R>¡. `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_u
A¡ ìeyÐ`rs A_ykpf k„õL©$s ^psy {ë L¡$ S>¡_p¡ A\® iyÙ `ep®e L¡$ `qfZrs_¡ husfpNsp L$l¡ R>.¡ s¡\u fpN-
^pfZ L$fhp¡ L¡$ âNV$ L$fhp¡ R>¡ s¡_p D`f\u ^d® Ü¡j-dp¡l rh_p_u husfpNu Ahõ\p A¡ S> `p¡sp_p
iåv$ R>¡. ApÐdp_p¡ d|mc|s AM„X$ Ac¡v$ A¡L$ê` ApÐdp_p¡ ^d® R>¡.
qÓL$pm ^°yh kpdpÞe iyÙ Q¥sÞeõhcph R>¡. Ap
husfpNspê` ^d®_¡ 1. QpqfÓ, f. kpçe, 3.
õhcph_¡ ^pfZ L$fhp¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ s¡_¡ âNV$ L$fhp¡
dp¡lnp¡c rh_p_p r_S> `qfZpd S>¡hp A_¡L$
s¡ ApÐdp_p¡ ^d® R>¡.
_pdp¡A¡ Ap¡mMu iL$pe R>¡. s¡ b^p„e husfpNsp_p S>
^d®_¡ A„N°¡Ædp„ Religion L$l¡ R>¡. Religion A¡
kdp_p\} R>.¡
d|m g¡V$u_ cpjp_p¡ iåv$ Re-ligar `f\u Aph¡g
1. `p¡s_p iyÙ õhcphdp„ [õ\fspê` QpqfÓ_p
R>¡. Re A¡V$g¡ `pRy>„ afhy„ A_¡ ligar_p¡ A\® `p¡sp_p¡
`qfZpd A¡ `p¡ s p_p husfpNcph S> lp¡ h p\u
d|m õhcph R>.¡ s¡\u Re-ligar A¡V$g¡ L¡$ Religion_p¡
husfpNspê` ^d® A¡ S> QpqfÓ R>¡.
A\® `p¡sp_p d|m õhcph sfa `pR>p hmu s¡
õhcph_¡ ^pfZ L$fhp¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ âNV$ L$fhp¡ s¡ R>¡. f. husfpNspê` ^d®dp„ L$p¡B_p âÐe¡ fpN-Ü¡j
L¡$ `n`ps rh_p_p¡ A¡L$ kdp_ cph fl¡hp\u s¡_¡
(The word RELIGION is derived from the
latin word Re-ligar. Re Means BACK and ligar kpçe sfuL¡$ `Z Ap¡mMu iL$pe R>¡.
means the ORIGION. Together it means that
which binds one to back to the origion)
3. husfpNcphê` ^d®dp„ dp¡l-np¡c_p¡ Acph
lp¡ h p\u s¡ _ ¡ dp¡ l np¡ c rh_p_p r_S> `qfZpd
hõsy_p¡ d|m õhcph l„d¡ip qÓL$pm ^°yh A¡V$g¡ L¡$ L$lu iL$pe R>¡.
A_pqv$-A_„s A¡L$ê` S> lp¡e R>.¡ Äep„ L$pedu A¡L$ê`sp
lp¡e Ðep„ iyÙsp S> lp¡e R>.¡ L¡$d L¡$, iyÙspdp„ S> A¡L$ê`sp husfpNspê$` ^d®_„y A_¡L$
k„ch¡ R>¡. AiyÙsp A_¡L$`Z¡ lp¡hp\u AiyÙspdp„
A_¡L$ê`sp S> lp¡e R>¡. `f„sy hõsy_p¡ õhcph A¡L$ê`
âL$pf¡ r_ê`Z
lp¡hp\u s¡ iyÙ S> lp¡e R>.¡ hmu AiyÙsp Ndsu _\u, husfpNsp A¡ S> ^d® R>¡. S>¥_^d®_y„ k„rná õhê`
AiyÙsp L$ped A¡L$kfMu V$L$su `Z _\u, dpV¡$ husfpNspdp„ kdpe Åe R>¡. Ap husfpNspê` ^d®_¡

12. ^d® cph_p 231

AÞe A_¡L$ âL$pf¡ v$ip®hhpdp„ Aph¡ R>.¡ sp¡`Z s¡ v$fL¡ $_p¡
cph L¡$ Apie A¡L dpÓ husfpNsp S> lp¡e R>¡.
husfpNspê` ^d®_„y A_¡L$ âL$pf¡ r_ê`Z R>¡ s¡dp„ dy¿e
_uQ¡ dyS>b R>¡.
1. hõsy_p¡ õhcph s¡ ^d®
f. DÑd ndpqv$ v$i gnZ s¡ ^d®
3. fÐ_Óe s¡ ^d®
4. Æhv$ep s¡ ^d®
`. Atlkp s¡ ^d®
6. Bô$ õ\p__¡ âpá L$fph¡ s¡ ^d®
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K K
K K
K
K
K
1. hõsy_p¡ õhcph s¡ ^d® K
K
K
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
¡ hõsy_p¡ S>¡ d|mc|s õhcph lp¡e s¡ õhcph_¡
S>¡ L$pB
^pfZ L$fhp¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ âNV$ L$fhp¡ s¡ ^d® R>¡.
±S¼éS±|¢¢±y±¢¼ì {}¢ü:J
à¢éh ™ñ¼‹² ÐíÜU¢à¢Ý}¢ì §ç¼ ¥ƒü:J
A\® :hõsy _ p¡ õhcph s¡ ^d® R>¡ . ApÐdhõsy _ p
d|mc|s õhcph iyÙ Q¥sÞe_p¡ âL$pi L$fhp¡ A¡V$g¡
L¡$ iyÙ Q¥sÞeõhcph_¡ âNV$ L$fhp¡ s¡ s¡_p¡ A\® R>¡.
(âhQ_kpf : Np\p 7 _u S>ek¡_pQpe®L©$s V$uL$pdp„\u )
D`fp¡¼s L$\_ A_ykpf hõsy_p¡ S>¡ d|mc|s
õhcph lp¡e s¡ õhcph_p¡ âL$pi L$fhp¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ s¡_¡
`p¡sp_u `gV$su `qfZrsdp„ `Z âNV$ L$fhp¡ s¡ ^d®
R>¡. iyÙ Q¥sÞeõhcphu ApÐdhõsy_y„ ApQfZ `Z
s¡ iyÙ Q¥sÞeõhcph A¡V$g¡ L¡$ husfpNspê` lp¡e s¡
ApÐdp_p¡ ^d® R>¡. kpL$f_p¡ õhcph Nm`Z R>¡. kpL$f
`p¡sp_p õhcph A_ykpf Nm`Zê`¡ âNV$ \pe sp¡
s¡ kpL$f_p¡ ^d® R>¡. `Z s¡ S> kpL$f L$pmuÆfu_p k„N¡
L$X$hu \pe sp¡ s¡ s¡_p¡ ^d® _\u. h¡`pf_y„ õhê` _urs
A_¡ âdprZL$sphpmy„ lp¡e R>¡. L$p¡B h¡`pfu _urs A_¡
âdprZ¼sp\u h¡`pf L$f¡ sp¡ s¡ s¡_p¡ h¡`pfu_p¡ ^d® R>¡
232
`Z Å¡ s¡ h¡`pfdp„ A_urs L¡$ AâdprZL$sp v$pMh¡ sp¡
s¡ s¡_p¡ ^d® _\u. s¡d ApÐdp_p¡ õhcph iyÙ
Q¥sÞeõhê` A¡V$g¡ L¡$ opsp-×ô$pê` husfpNcph
R>¡. S>¡ ApÐdp husfpNcph¡ `f`v$p\®_p¡ opsp-×ô$p
fl¡ sp¡ s¡ s¡_p¡ ^d® R>¡ `Z s¡_p bv$g¡ fpNcph¡
`f`v$p\®_p¡ L$sp®-cp¡L$sp b_¡ sp¡ s¡ ApÐdp_p¡ ^d® _\u.
ApÐdp_p¡ d|mc|s õhcph iyÙ Q¥sÞeõhê`
husfpNsp R>¡. Ap husfpNõhcph_p¡ âL$pi L$fhp¡
A¡V$g¡ L¡$ s¡_¡ ^pfZ L$fhp¡ L¡$ âNV$ L$fhp¡ s¡ S> hõsy_p
õhcphê` ^d® R>¡. Ap fus¡ hõsy_p¡ õhcphê` ^d®
A¡ S> husfpNspê` ^d® R>.¡ s¡\u A¡ “hõsy hõsy_p¡ õhcph
s¡ ^d®” husfpNspê` ^d®_„y S> AÞe âL$pf¡ r_ê`Z R>.¡
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K K
K K
K
K f. DÑd ndpqv$ v$i gnZ s¡ ^d® K
K
K K
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
DÑd ndp, dpv® $ h, ApS>® h , kÐe, ip¥ Q ,
k„ed, s`, ÐepN, ApqL„$QÞe A_¡ b°ûQe®
A¡ v$i âL$pf_p iyccph_¡ ^d®_p v$i gnZ
L¡$ v$ignZu ^d® L$l¡ R>¡.
Îà¢Hࢇ¢²é¼: „¢ïDzæ ç…Ýñ: {}¢ü: ÐíÜUè<¼¼: J
A\® : rS>_¡ Þ Ö cNhp_¡ ^d® _ ¡ DÑd ndpqv$ v$i
gnZ ey¼s L$üp¡ R>¡.
(op_pZ®h : kN®f : Öpv$i cph_p : 1f, ^d®cph_p - ïgp¡L$ f)
D`fp¡¼s L$\_ A_ykpf DÑd ndpqv$ v$i gnZ
s¡ ^d® R>¡, s¡d rS>_¡ÞÖ cNhp_¡ L$üy„ R>¡. Al] v$f¡L$
^d®_u ApNm DÑd rhi¡jZ R>¡ s¡ kçeÁv$i_ ® _y„ k|QL$
R>¡ . L$p¡ B ¿eprs, gpc, `| Å qv$L$ S>¡ h p v¡ $ Musp
âep¡S>_\u ndp ^pfZ L$f¡ s¡ DÑd ndp L$lu iL$pe
_rl. `f„sy kçeÁv$i_ ® _p ^pfL$ kçeÁ×rô$ ^dp®Ðdp_¡
`p¡sp_u c|rdL$p A_ykpf_u husfpNsp`|h®L$ S>¡
klS>`Z¡ ndpqv_p iyccph lp¡e s¡ DÑd ^d® L$lh ¡ pe.
Al] ndpqv$_p iyccph s¡ ìehlpf\u ^d® R>¡ A_¡ s¡_u
kp\¡ k„br„ ^s husfpNcph s¡ r_òe ^d® R>.¡
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 DÑd ndpqv$ v$i âL$pf_p iyccph A¡ husfpNsp D`fp¡¼s k|Ó A_ykpf v$ep\u S>¡ Æh_p `qfZpd
kp\¡ k„b„r^s A¡hp husfpNsp_p S> gnZ L¡$ rQŒ_ rhiyÙ \ep R>¡ s¡ ^d® R>.¡ Al] `qfZpd_u rhiyqÙ_p
R>¡. s¡\u ‘DÑd
DÑd ndpqv$ v$i gnZê` ^d ^d®’ A¡ `Z L$pfZc|s Æhv$ep s¡ ^d® R>¡. Æhv$ep A¡ õh A_¡
husfpNspê` ^d®_y„ S> A¡L$ âL$pf_y„ r_ê`Z ÅZhy„. `f A¡d b¡ âL$pf_u lp¡e R>¡. hpõshdp„ õhv$ep S>
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K
K
K
K
kpQu v$ep> R>¡ A_¡ õhv$ep`|h®L$ S> `fv$ep k„ch¡ R>¡.
K
K 3. fÐ_Óe s¡ ^d® K
K S>¡ Æh_¡ `p¡sp_u õhv$ep lp¡e R>¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ S>¡ `p¡sp_¡
K K
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

kçeÁv$i® _ -op_-QpqfÓ_¡ fÐ_Óe L$l¡
R>¡ . Ap fÐ_Óe s¡ ^d® R>¡ .
„ÎìgçC¿¢¢Ý±ë¼¢çÝ {}¢Z {}¢ïüEÚ¢ ç±Îé:J
A\® : ^d®_p ârs`pv$L$ su\¯L$fv¡$h kçeÁv$i®_-op_-
QpqfÓê` fÐ_Óe_¡ ^d® L$l¡ R>¡.(fÐ_L$f„X$îphL$pQpf : Np\p 3)
D`fp¡¼s k|Ó A_ykpf kçeÁv$i_ ® -op_-QpqfÓ_u
A¡L$spõhê` fÐ_Óe s¡ ^d® R>¡. iyÙpÐdp_y„ e\p\®
îÙp_ s¡ kçev$i_ ® R>.¡ õh-`f_p c¡v$op_`|hL® $ \sy„
iyÙpÐdp_y„ op_ s¡ kçeÁop_ R>.¡ iyÙpÐdp_p op_-
îÙp_ krls \su iyÙpÐdpdp„ gu_sp L¡$ [õ\fsp s¡
kçeL¹$QpqfÓ R>¡. r_òe\u kçeL¹$QpqfÓ A¡ Æh_p
husfpNcph R>.¡ Ap kçeL$Q ¹ pqfÓ l„di
¡ p kçeÁv$i_
op_`| h ® L $ S> lp¡ e R>¡ s¡ \ u kçeL¹ Q pqfÓê`
husfpNcphdp„ kçeÁv$i_ ® -op_-QpqfÓê` fÐ_Óe
kdpe Åe R>¡.
Al] fÐ_Óe s¡ husfpNsp_y„ S> õhê` R>¡ s¡\u
`p¡sp_p suh° fpNpqv$ê` cphtlkp\u bQph¡ R>¡
s¡_p S> `qfZpd rhiyÙ \pe R>¡ A_¡ s¡hp rhiyÙ
`qfZpd_p r_rdÑ¡ `fÆh_u rl„kp\u bQu iL$pe
R>¡ L¡$ s¡_u fnp L$fu iL$p R>¡. `p¡sp_p iyÙõhcph_u
cphtlkp\u bQu s¡dp„ [õ\fspê` husfpNcph
\hp\u S>¡ õhv$ep \pe R>¡ s¡ r_òe\u Æhv$ep R>¡
A_¡ Aphp husfpNcph`|h®L$ `fÆhp¡_u tlkp\u
bQhp_p¡ A_¡ s¡ _ u fnp L$fhp_p¡ `fv$ep_p¡
iycfpNê` cph \pe R>¡, s¡ ìehlpf\u Æhv$ep R>¡.
Al] husfpNcph s¡ S> õhv$ep R>¡ A_¡ s¡ S> r_òe\u
^d® R>¡. Aphu õhv$ep`|h®L$ `fv$ep_p¡ iyccph s¡
ìehlpf\u ^d® R>¡.
® -
Ap âL$pf¡ ‘Æhv$
Æhv$ep s¡ ^d®’ A¡ husfpNcph_y„
S> õhê` R>¡. s¡\u s¡ ‘husfpNcphê` ^d®’_y„ S> A¡L$
âL$pf_y„ r_ê`Z ÅZhy„.
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K
K
K
K
K `. Atlkp s¡ ^d® K

‘fÐ_Óe
fÐ_Óe s¡ ^d ^d®’ A¡ husfpNspê` ^d®_y„ S> A¡L$ K K
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

âL$pf¡ r_ê`Z R>¡. cphtlkp\u bQhy„ s¡ r_òe\u Atlkp

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K K R>¡ A_¡ Öìetlkp\u bQhy„ s¡ ìehlpf\u
K
K 4. Æv$hep s¡ ^d® K
K
K K
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Atlkp R>¡. Aphu Atlkp s¡ ^d® R>¡.
õh-`f Æh_u tlkp\u bQhy„ A_¡ s¡_u
fnp L$fhu s¡ _ ¡ Æhv$ep L$l¡ R>¡ . Ap ¥ôã„¢ ÐÚ}¢¢ï {}¢ü:, ¼ƒ¢ùçãæ„¢ ÐÚ¢ï Î}¢: J
Æhv$ep s¡ ^d® R>¡ . ¥ôã„¢ ÐÚ}¢æ ΢Ý}¢ì ¥çãæ„¢ ÐÚ}¢æ ¼Ð: JJ
{}}¢¢ï β¢ ç±à¢éh¢ïJ A\® : S>¡d Atlkp `fd k„ed R>¡, Atlkp v$p__¡
A\® : S>¡ v$ep\u rhiyÙ lp¡e s¡ ^d® R>¡. ep¡Áe `fd ^_ R>¡ A_¡ Atlkp `fd s` R>¡; s¡d
(bp¡ ^ `plz X $ : Np\p f`) Atlkp S> `fd ^d® R>¡. (k„õL$©s kycprjs)

12. ^d® cph_p 233

 D`fp¡L$s kycprjs A_ykpf Atlkp_¡ `fd ^d®
L$üp¡ R>¡. b^p„ âL$pf_p k„ed, ^_ A_¡ s`dp„ Atlkp
S> î¡›$ R>¡. b^p„ âL$pf_p h°s Atlkp_p Ap^pf¡ S>
lp¡e R>¡. cphtlkp\u bQhy„ s¡ S> r_òe\u Atlkp
R>.¡ `p¡sp_p fpNpqv$ rhL$pfucphp¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ \sp„ `p¡sp_p¡
iyÙ õhcph_p¡ Ops A¡V$g¡ L¡$ õhcph S>h ¡ u iyÙsp_u
`p¡sp_u `gV$su `ep®edp„ DÐ`rÑ _ \hu s¡ cphtlkp
R>¡. Ap cphtlkp_p Acphê` r_òe Atlkp A¡
Æh_p husfpNcph S> R>¡. A_¡ Aphu husfpNu
Atlkp s¡ S> r_òe ^d® R>.¡ cphtlkp_p Acph`|hL® $
`fÆhp¡_p Opsê` Öìetlkp\u bQhy„ s¡ ìehlpf\u
Atlkp R>¡. Aphu Öìetlkp\u bQhpê` ìehlpf
Atlkp s¡ Æh_p iyccph R>¡. Aphu iyccphê`
Atlkp s¡ ìehlpf\u ^d® R>¡.
r_òe\u Atlkp A¡ fpNpqv$ cphtlkp_p¡ Acph
lp¡hp\u s¡ husfpNsp_y„ S> õhê` R>.¡ s¡\u ‘Atlkp
Atlkp s¡
^d®’ A¡ husfpNspê` ^d®_„y S> AÞe âL$pf¡ r_ê`Z R>.¡
^d
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K K
K
K
K
6. Bô$ õ\p__¡ âpá L$fph¡ s¡ ^d® K
K
K
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
`pfdpr\®L$ Örô$A¡ Æh_y„ Bô$ õ\p_ dp¡n
R>¡ A_¡ gp¥qL$L$ ×rô$A¡ Æh_y„ Bô$ õ\p_ õhN®
R>¡. Bô$ õ\p__¡ âpá L$fph¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ õhN®_u
`f„`fp Üpfp dp¡n_¡ âpá L$fph¡ s¡ ^d® R>¡.
§üCSƒ¢Ýï {œ¢ï §ç¼ {}¢ü:J
A\® : Æh_p„ Bô$ õ\p_ (A¡V$g¡ L¡$ õhN®_u `f„`fp Üpfp
dp¡n)_¡ S>¡ ^pfZ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ âprá L$fph¡ s¡ ^d® R>¡.
( khp®\®rkqÙ 9/f/409/11 )
`pfdpr\®L$ ×rô$A¡ Æh_y„ Bô$ õ\p_ A¡L$ dpÓ
dp¡n R>.¡ dp¡ndp„ Æh_¡ DÑd, Arh_piu, Aìepbp^,
Asu[ÞÖe, Ap[ÐdL$ kyM_u âprá lp¡e R>¡. ^d®_p
amdp„ õhN®_u `f„`fp Üpfp dp¡n_u âprá lp¡e R>¡.
234
Æh_u k„`|Z® iyÙ husfpNuv$ip s¡ S> dp¡n R>¡. s¡\u
husfpNsp A_¡ dp¡n A¡ L$p¡B Sy>v$u QuS> _\u.
Ap fus¡ husfpNspê` ^d® A_¡ Bô$ õ\p__¡ âpá
L$fph¡ R>¡ ^d® A¡ bß¡ A¡L$ S> husfpNsp_y„ õhê` R>¡.
s¡\u ‘Bô$
Bô$ õ\p__¡ âpá L$fph¡ s¡ ^d ^d®’ A¡d L$l¡hy„
s¡ husfpNspê` ^d®_„y S> AÞe âL$pf¡ r_ê`Z ÅZhy.„
D`f dyS>b ^d®_¡ AÞe A_¡L$ âL$pf¡ r_ê`Z L$fhpdp„
Aph¡ R>¡ `Z s¡ v$f¡L$_p¡ cph L¡$ Apie husfpNsp S> lp¡e R>¡.
s¡\u ‘husfpNcphê` ^d®’dp„ s¡ v$f¡L$ kdph¡i `pd¡ R>¡. A¡V$g¡
L¡$ s¡ ‘husfpNcphê` ^d®’_y„ S> AÞe âL$pf¡ r_ê`Z lp¡e R>¡.
^d® iy„ R>¡ A_¡ iy„ _\u ?
^d® A¡ ApÐdp_u iyÙ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ husfpNu
Ahõ\p R>¡. Ap husfpNu Ahõ\p kp\¡ k„br„ ^s
A_¡ husfpNcph`|h®L$ \sp h°s-s`pqv$_p
iyccph_¡ D`Qpf\u L¡$ ìehlpf\u ^d® L$l¡ R>¡
`Z hpõsrhL$ ^d® sp¡ husfpNcph S> R>¡.
husfpNspê` ^d®_¡ QpqfÓ, kpçe, dp¡lnp¡c
rh_p_p r_S> `qfZpd hN¡f¡ S>¡hp A_¡L$ _pdp¡A¡
Ap¡mMhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. `Z s¡ husfpNsp_y„ S> õhê`
R>¡. ‘husfpNcphê` ^d®’ A¡d L$l¡hp_¡ bv$g¡ s¡ S>
^d®_¡ hõsy_p¡ õhcph s¡ ^d®, DÑd ndpqv$ v$i gnZ
s¡ ^d®, fÐ_Óe s¡ ^d®, Æhv$ep s¡ ^d®, Atlkp s¡
^d®, Bô$ õ\p__¡ âpá L$fph¡ s¡ ^d® S>h ¡ p A_¡L$ âL$pf¡
r_ê`Z L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. `f„sy s¡ `Z ‘husfpNsp s¡
^d®’ S> Sy>v$p iåv$p¡dp„ r_ê`Z lp¡e R>¡.
husfpNsp rkhpe AÞe L$pB¡ âL$pf¡ ^d® lp¡sp¡ _\u.
husfpNsp kp\¡ k„b„r^s v$ep, v$p_, `|Å, cqL$s,
h°s, s`, k„ed, kv$pQpf S>¡hp iyccph_¡ D`Qpf\u
L¡$ ìehlpf\u ^d® L$lh ¡ psp¡ lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡ L$pB¡ hpõsrhL$
L¡$ r_òe ^d® _\u. ^d® L$p¡B, h¡j, hpX$p¡ L¡$ k„âv$pe
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
`Z _\u. kpQu kdS>Z rh_p_p L$p¡B q¾$epL$p„X$dp„
`Z ^d® _\u. kçeÁv$i® _ A¡ ^d® _ y „ d| m R>¡ .
kçeÁv$i_ ® dpV¡$ `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdp_u Ap¡mMpZ S>êfu
R>¡. `p¡sp_p qÓL$pm ^°yh iyÙpÐdp_u Ap¡mMpZ L$fu_¡
s¡_p¡ Apîe L¡$ Âep_ L$fhp\u husfpNspê` ^d®_u
âNV$sp lp¡e R>¡. Aphp ^d®_y„ õhê` v$ip®hsp `|Äe
Ny{v¡$hîu L$p_Æõhpdu L$l¡ R>¡ •••••
“^°yh^pd_p Âe¡e_p Âep__u ^ufS> A_¡
^Ni\u ^uL$su ^|Zu ^Mphhu s¡ ^d® R>¡.”
^d®_u âprá L$B fus¡ R>¡ A_¡
L$B fus¡ _\u ?
{}¢ü {}¢ü „Ï¢ ÜU¢ï§ü ÜUãñ, }¢}¢ü Ý …¢Ýï ÜU¢ï§üJ
¥ÐÝï ÜU¢ï …¢Ýï çϢݢ, {}¢ü ÜUã¢Z „ï ã¢ï²?
cphp\® : S>Nsdp„ ^d®_u hps L$f_pfp OZp„ gp¡L$p¡
lp¡e R>¡ `f„sy ^d®_p dd®_¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ s¡_p flõeê$`
hpõsrhL$ õhê`_¡ ÅZ_pfp„ cpÁe¡ S> L$p¡B lp¡e R>¡.
`p¡s`p¡sp_u fus¡ b^p„e ^d®_u q¾$ep L$f¡ R>¡ `f„sy
`p¡sp_p iyÙ õhê`_¡ ÅÎep rh_p ^d® L$B fus¡ âpá
\pe ? _ S> \pe.
`p¡sp_p qÓL$pm ^°yh iyÙ õhcph_¡ Ap¡mMu,
õhuL$pfu A_¡ s¡_p¡ Apîe L$fu_¡ s¡ õhcph S>¡hu S>
iyÙ husfpNuv$ip `p¡sp_u `gV$su Ahõ\pdp„ âNV$
L$fhu s¡ ^d® R>¡. buÅ iåv$p¡dp„ L$luA¡ sp¡ `p¡sp_p
iy Ù pÐdp_p îÙp_-op_-ApQfZ\u \sp
kçeÁv$i®_-op_-QpqfÓê` A¡V$g¡ L¡$ kçeL$Ðhê`
bp¡r^_u âprá s¡ S> ^d® R>¡. Al] kçeL$Ðhê` bp¡r^
A¡ S> husfpNspê` ^d® R>.¡ Ap bp¡r^_u âprá_p¡ D`pe
A¡ S> ^d®_u âprá_p¡ D`pe R>.¡ Ap D`pe `p¡sp_u
iyÙpÐdp_u Ap¡mMpZ L$fhp_p¡ lp¡e R>.¡ S>_
¡ u QQp® Ap
12. ^d® cph_p
ANpD_p bp¡r^vy$gc
® cph_p_p âL$fZdp„ Aphu NB R>.¡
kçeL$й hê` bp¡r^ L¡$ husfpNspê` ^d® õh-`f_p
rhh¡L$\u \pe R>¡. õh-`f_p¡ rhh¡L$ A¡V$g¡ `p¡sp_p
iyÙpÐdp_¡ _p¡L$d-® ÖìeL$d-® cphL$d® A_¡ c¡v$cphp¡\u
rcß Ap¡mMhp¡ s¡ R>¡. A_¡ s¡ dpV¡$ sÒhop__p¡ kpQu
kdS>Z`|h®L$_p¡ Aæepk S>êfuR>¡. `Z ^d® dpV¡$ Ap
rkhpe Nd¡ s¡V$gy„ ^_ MQ®hpdp„ Aph¡, v$p_ L$fhpdp„
Aph¡, su\®epÓp L$fhpdp„ Aph¡, cNhp__u c[¼s-
`|Å L$fhpdp„ Aph¡, OZp„ ipõÓp¡_p¡ Aæepk L$fhpdp„
Aph¡, h°s-s`òfZ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡, kv$pQpf A_¡
k„ed `pmhpdp„ Aph¡, `rhÓ _v$udp„ õ_p_ L$fhpdp„
Aph¡, _Á_ rv$N„bfv$ip ^pfZ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡, h_-
S>„Ngdp„ hkhpdp„ Aph¡ hN¡f¡ A_¡L$ D`pep¡ _L$pdp
R>¡. rcß hõsyc|s Q¥sÞede ApÐdp_u Ap¡mMpZ
rkhpe AÞe D`pep¡ ìe\® R>¡. `|Äe Ny{v¡$hîu
L$p_Æõhpdu_p iåv$pd ¡ p„ ---
^d® hpX$uA¡ _ D`S>¡ , ^d® lpV¡ $ _ h¢ Q pe,
^d® rhh¡ L ¡ $ _u`S>¡ , Å¡ L$fuA¡ sp¡ \pe.
cphp\® : ^d® L$p¡B M¡sf_u `¡v$pi _\u. s¡ L$p¡B vy$L$p_dp„
h¡Qpsp¡ dmsp¡ _\u. ^d® dpÓ õh-`f_p rhh¡L$\u S>
DÐ`ß \pe R>¡ A_¡ s¡ dpV¡ $ `p¡ s p_p iy Ù pÐdp_u
Ap¡mMpZ_p¡ `yêjp\® L$fhp¡ S>êfu R>¡.
bp¡r^vy$gc
® cph_p A_¡
^d®cph_p hÃQ¡_p¡ c¡v$
kçeL$Ðhê` bp¡r^ A_¡ husfpNspê` ^d®dp„ L$p¡B
saphs _\u, A¡L$ S> R>¡. bß¡_p„ tQsh_dp„ bp¡r^
A¡V$g¡ L¡$ ^d®_u âprá_p D`pe_u rhQpfZp lp¡e R>¡.
sp¡`Z s¡ bß¡dp„ tQsh_dp„ L¡$V$gp¡L$ d|mc|s saphs
`Z R>¡. S>¡ _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ R>¡.
235
 1. bp¡ r ^vy $ g® c cph_p_p tQsh_dp„
bp¡ r ^_u vy $ g® c sp A_¡ s¡ vy $ g® c bp¡ r ^ dpV¡ $ ^d®_p¡ drldp
d_yóeÆh__u dlÑp_y„ tQsh_ dy¿e`Z¡ R>¡. ApÐdp_p¡ ei, L$urs® , as¡ l , rkqÙ,
Äepf¡ ^d® c ph_dp„ ^d® _ y „ õhê` A_¡ s¡ _ p kpdÕe®, âcph, âsp` hN¡f¡_¡ s¡_u dlp_sp
drldp_y„ tQsh_ dy¿e`Z¡ R>¡. L$l¡ R>¡. ApÐdp_u Ap kOmu dlp_sp ^d®_p
f. bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p bp¡r^_u vy$g®csp A_¡ L$pfZ¡ lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ s¡ S> ^d®_p¡ drldp R>¡.
vy$g®c bp¡r^ dpV¡$ d_yóeÆh__u dlÑp âõ\pr`s ApÐdp_u dlp_sp dp¡ndpN® A_¡ dp¡n_p L$pfZ¡
L$f¡ R>¡. Äepf¡ ^d®cph_p ^d®_u dlp_sp A_¡ R>¡, S>¡ ^d®_p amdp„ âpá \pe R>¡. ^d®_p L$pfZ¡
dlp_ ^d®\u d_yóeÆh__u kp\®L$sp âõ\pr`s ApÐdp_p bOp„ S> âL$pf_p `pfdpr\®L$ âep¡S>_p¡ rkÙ
L$f¡ R>¡. \pe R>¡. ^d®\u âpá \sp kprsie `yÎe_p amdp„
3. bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p_p tQsh_dp„ vy$g®c gp¥qL$L$ kyM-kyrh^pAp¡ `Z klS>`Z¡ Aphu dm¡ R>¡.
bp¡r^ dpV¡$ hs®dp_ d_yóeÆh__u dlÑp bsphu S>Nsdp„ dlp_ d_psp L$ë5h© n , tQspdrZ,
s¡ bp¡r^ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ ^d®_u âprá dpV¡$_p `y{jp\®_u Ahgp¡L$_drZ, L$pd^¡_y„ hN¡f¡_u âprá \sp„ s¡_y„ S>¡
â¡fZp L$fu R>.¡ Äepf¡ ^d®cph_p_p tQsh_dp„ ^d®\u s¡ âL$pf_y„ am dp„Nhp\u dm¡ R>¡. `Z ^d®_¡ ^pfZ
hs®dp_ d_yóeÆh__u kamsp k|Qhu s¡ ^d®_u L$fhp\u b^p„ S> âL$pf_y„ am hNf dp„Áe¡ Ap`d¡m¡
^pfZp A_¡ s¡ Üpfp dp¡n_u âprá dpV$_ ¡ p `y{jp\®_u âpá \pe R>¡. dp„Nhy„ A¡ dfhp bfpbf R>¡. L$ë`h©n
â¡fZp L$fu R>.¡ hN¡f¡ dp„Áep rh_p am Ap`sp _\u. `f„sy ^d®_y„ am
hNf dp„Áe¡ dm¡ R>¡. s¡\u L$ë`h©n hN¡f¡ L$fsp„ `Z
bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p A_¡ ^d®cph_p hÃQ¡_p tQsh__p
^d® dlp_ R>¡, h^y drldph„s R>¡.s¡ Ap fus¡--
D`fp¡L$s c¡v$_¡ _uQ¡_p L$p¡W$p Üpfp v$ip®hu iL$pe R>¡.
L$ë`h©n v$i âL$pf_p lp¡e R>¡. S>¡ s¡ âL$pf_p
L$ë`h©n `pk¡ S>¡ s¡ âL$pf_u kpdN°u_u dp„NZu L$fhp\u
bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p ^d®cph_p s¡ s¡ âL$pf_u syÃR> cp¡N kpdN°u Ap`¡ R>.¡ Äepf¡ ^d®_p
1. bp¡ r ^_u vy $ g® c sp 1. ^d® _ y „ õhê` A_¡
v$i gnZ R>.¡ S>¡ v$fL¡ $ hNf L$ëàe¡, hNf dp„Áe¡ Ap[ÐdL$
A_¡ s¡ dpV¡$
s¡_p drldp_y„ A_„sNyZp¡_u dlp_ kpdN°u Ap`¡ R>¡.
d_yóeÆh__u
dlÑp_y„ tQsh_ tQsh_ dy ¿ e`Z¡ tQspdrZ `pk¡ tQshhp\u s¡ tQrss AdyL$
dy ¿ e`Z¡ lp¡ e R>¡ . lp¡ e R>¡ . âL$pf_p gp¥qL$L$ d_p¡f\ `|Z® L$f¡ R>¡ Äepf¡ ^d® hNf tQsìe¡
f . v y $ g ® c b p ¡ r ^ \ u f . ^d® \ u b^p„ S> âL$pf_p `pfdpr\®L$ âep¡S>_ `|Z® L$f¡ R>¡.
d_yóeÆh__u d_y ó eÆh__u
Ahgp¡L$_drZ `pk¡ V$uL$u V$uL$u_¡ Ahgp¡L$_ L$fu
dlÑp âõ\pr`s kp\® L $sp
L$f¡ R>¡ . âõ\pr`s L$f¡ R>¡ .
cuM dp„Nhp\u s¡ L¡$V$gpL$ âL$pf_u B[ÃR>s gp¥qL$L$
3. ^d® _ u âprá dpV¡ $ _p 3. d p ¡ n _ u âprá kyM-kyrh^pAp¡ `|fu `pX¡$ R>¡. ^d®\u \sp kprsie
`y { jp\® _ u â¡ f Zp dpV$¡ _ p `y { jp\® _ u `yÎe\u kOmp„ âL$pf_u kyM-kyrh^pAp¡ klS>`Z¡
L$f¡ R>¡ . â¡ f Zp L$f¡ R>¡ . kp„`X¡$ R>¡.
236 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 L$pd^¡_y Npe_¡ bm`|h®L$ v$p¡lhp\u Å¡BA¡ s¡V$gy„
vy$^ Ap`¡ R>.¡ Äepf¡ ^d®_¡ ^pfZ L$fhp_u s¡ hNf bm¡,
hNf v$p¡ü¡ AM|V$ Ap[ÐdL$ Ap_„v$pd©s Ap`¡ R>¡.
D`f dyS>b S>Nsdp„ drldph„s d_psp L$ë`h©n
hN¡f¡ L$fsp„ `Z ^d® h^y drldph„s R>¡. Ap S> bpbs
`„qX$s c|^fv$pk _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡dp„ L$l¡ R>-¡ -
…¢æ™ï „éÚ¼L Îï² „é¶, ç™æ¼¼ ç™æ¼¢ ÚñÝJ
çÏ¢Ý …¢æ™ï çÏ¢Ý ç™‹¼²ï {}¢ü „ÜUH „é¶ ÎñÝJJ
A\® : L$ë`h©n s¡_y„ am dp„Nhp\u Ap`¡ R>¡ A_¡ tQspdZu
tQshhp\u Ap`¡ R>¡. `f„sy ^d® hNf dp„Áe¡, hNf tQsìe¡
b^p„ S> âL$pf_y„ am Ap`_pê„ R>¡. s¡\u L$ë`h©n hN¡f¡ L$fsp„
`Z ^d® S> h^y drldph„s R>¡. (`„ c|v$fv$pkL©$s : ^d®cph_p)
^d®_u fnp L$f_pf_u
fnp ^d® L$f¡ R>¡
`pZu_¡ bQph_pf_p¡ bQph `pZu Üpfp
\pe R>¡ - A¡ S>Ns_p¡ ìehlpf ^d® dpV¡$
`Z gpNy `X¡$ R>¡. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ S>¡ ^d®_¡ ^pfZ
L$fu s¡_y„ S>s_ L$f¡ R>¡, s¡_u fnp L$f¡ R>¡ sp¡
^d® `Z Ap`rÑ kde¡ s¡_u fnp L$f¡ R>¡.
^d®cph_p tQsh__p L$pfZ¡ Nd¡ s¡hu dyíL¡$g
`qf[õ\rsdp„ `Z kl_iugsp A_¡ kdp^p_h©rÑ
Aph¡ R>¡ s¡_p L$pfZ¡ L$pB¡ `Z Ap`rÑ_p¡ AX$uMd L$lu_¡
kpd_p¡ L$fu iL$pe R>.¡ ^d®cph_p_p tQsh__p L$pfZ¡
dp¡l d„v$ `X¡$ R>¡. S>¡V$gp¡ dp¡l d„v$ `X¡$ R>¡ s¡V$gu
kl_iugsp h^¡ R>¡. ^d®cph_p tQsh_ Üpfp
hõsy_u ìehõ\p kdÅB R>.¡ s¡\u S>Nsdp„ L$pB¡ L$pB¡ _y„
L$sp®-lsp® _\u. `p¡sp_u âqsL|$m `qf[õ\rs dpV¡$
`fr_rdÑ_p¡ v$p¡j _\u `Z `p¡sp_p S> L$p¡B A`fp^
lp¡e R>¡. hmu blpf_p k„ep¡Np¡ L¡$ `qf[õ\rs `p¡sp_¡
Ap^u_ lp¡su _\u. s¡d S> s¡ `p¡sp_p kyM-vy$:M_y„
L$pfZ `Z _\u. s¡\u ârsL|$m `qf[õ\rs_¡ A`_phu
12. ^d® cph_p
g¡hpê` kdp^p_h©rÑ Ap`¡ R>¡.
Ap D`fp„s ^d®cph_p_p tQsh__p âsp`¡
Arsie `yÎe b„^pe R>.¡ s¡ `yÎe Ap`rÑ kde¡ Dv$edp„
Aphu ^dp®Ðdp_p¡ bQph L$fhp_y„ L$pfZ b_¡ R>¡.
^d®cph_p_p tQsh__p âsp`¡ A_¡L$ Ap`rÑAp¡
kde¡ bQph `pdhp_y„ A¡L$ Apv$i® Dv$plfZ ksu
kusp_y„ R>¡, S>¡ ^d®cph_p_u L$\pê$`¡ A`pe¡g R>¡.
^d®cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep
husfpNspê` ^d® S> D`pv¡$e R>¡ A_¡ s¡ rkhpe_p¡
kOmp¡ iycpiycfpN l¡e R>¡. s¡ âL$pf_u hpf„hpf_u
rhQpfZp \hu s¡ ^d®cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep R>¡.
`p¡sp_p qÓL$pm ^°h y iyÙ õhcph S>h¡ u S> `p¡sp_u
`gV$su `ep®é âNV$ \hu s¡ ^d® R>¡. Ap ^d® A¡
ApÐdp_u iy Ù A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $ husfpNv$ip R>¡ .
husfpNcphê` ^d®dp„ ApÐdp_u [õ\fsp, ip„rs,
ip¡cp, kyM hN¡f¡ b^y„e R>¡. ApÐdp_p A_„sNyZp¡_u
e\pk„ch âNV$sp `Z Ap ^d®_p L$pfZ¡ S> R>¡. Ap
^d®\u S> ApÐdp_p¡ dp¡ndpN® A_¡ dp¡n R>.¡ iyÙpÐdp_p
Apîe¡ DÐ`ß \sp¡ Ap husfpNspê` ^d® S> D`kN®
L¡$ `qfjl L$¡ AÞe L$pB¡ Ap`qÑ kde¡ Æh_u fnp L$f_pf
R>.¡ husfpNspê` ^d®_¡ ^pfZ L$fu s¡_u kyfnp L$f_pf
Æh_u Ap`rÑ kde¡ kyfnp Ap ^d® Üpfp Ahíe \pe
R>¡. s¡\u Ap S>Nsdp„ Ap Æh_¡ Å¡ L$p¡B D`pv¡$e lp¡e
sp¡ s¡ Ap husfpNspê` ^d® S> R>¡.
S>Nsdp„ blz^p gp¡L$p¡ AiycfpN_¡ l¡e dp_¡ R>¡ `Z
iycfpN_¡ D`pv¡$e dp_¡ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ v$ep, v$p_, h°s,
c[¼s, `|Å S>¡hp iycfpN L¡$ `yÎecph_¡ ^d® dp_¡
R>¡. husfpNspê` ^d® kp\¡ k„b„r^s lp¡e sp¡ Aphp
`yÎecph_¡ Apfp¡`\u, D`Qpf\u L¡$ ìehlpf\u ^d®
L$l¡hpe R>¡. sp¡`Z s¡ L$p¡B hpõsrhL$ ^d® _\u.
hpõsrhL$ ^d® sp¡ A¡L$ dpÓ husfpNcph S> R>¡. Nd¡
237
s¡hp KQp âL$pf_p¡ iyccph lp¡e sp¡`Z s¡ fpNcph
S> R>¡ A_¡ fpNcph A¡ husfpNcphê` ^d®_y„ L$pfZ
\B iL¡$ _rl. iyccph\u õhN® dm¡, k„kpf dm¡ `Z
s¡_p\u ^d® L¡$ dp¡n dmsp¡ _\u. op_u ^dp®Ðdp_¡
`p¡sp_u c|rdL$p A_ykpf_p¡ iyccph L¡$ `yÎecph
Ahíe lp¡e R>¡. `f„sy op_u s¡_¡ R>p¡X$u_¡ dp¡ndpN®dp„
ApNm h^¡ R>.¡ `yÎecph_¡ R>pX¡ $hp\u op_u r_fp^pf
L¡$ r_fphg„b_ b_u S>sp _\u. `f„sy s¡_¡ R>p¡X$hp\u
ApÐdp_y„ DN° Ahg„b_ Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u s¡ dp¡ndpN®dp„
A¡L$v$d ApNm h^u_¡ dp¡n ky^u_u âprá L$f¡ R>.¡ s¡\u
Aiyccph_u S>d ¡ iyccph_¡ `Z l¡e S> ÅZhp¡.
D`f dyS>b husfpNcph_y„ D`pv¡$e`Ï„ A_¡
`yÎecph_y„ l¡e`Ï„ tQshhy„ s¡ ^d®cph_p_u tQsh_
âq¾$ep R>¡.
^d®cph_p_y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ
^d®cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep_y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ
`p¡sp_„y hs®dp_ kp„kpqfL$ Æh_ S> \B iL¡$ R>¡.
husfpNsp D`pv¡$e R>¡ A_¡ iyccph L¡$ `yÎecph
l¡e R>¡. husfpNspê` ^d®\u ApÐdp_p¡ dp¡ndpN® A_¡
s¡_y„ Asu[ÞÖe kyM lp¡e R>¡. A_¡ s¡ rkhpe_p kOmp„
iycpiyccph\u ApÐdp_p¡ k„kpf A_¡ s¡_y„ vy$:M lp¡e
R>¡. Ap âL$pf_u rhQpfZp s¡ ^d®cph_p_u tQsh_
âq¾$ep R>¡. ^d®cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$ep dpV¡$ k„kpf
A_¡ s¡_p vy$:Mp¡ S> s¡_y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ \pe R>¡.
hs®dp_ `„QdL$pm vy$:Md _pd_p¡ L$lh ¡ pe R>.¡ s¡\u
hs®dp_dp„ d_yóe_¡ dp¡V$p cpN¡ vy$:M S> lp¡e R>¡.
`yÎeipmu Æhp¡_¡ `Z `yÎe_u kp\¡ `p`_p¡ Dv$e
`Z lp¡e R>.¡ hmu `yÎep¡v$e L$ped S>mhpsp¡ _\u A_¡
`p`_p¡ Dv$e Apìep rh_p fl¡sp¡ _\u. Ap kde¡ ^d® S>
Æh_p¡ klpeL$ lp¡e R>.¡ s¡\u `p`_p¡ Dv$e `Z Æh_¡
^d®cph_p_p tQsh__y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ \pe R>¡.
238
Ap S>Nsdp„ `p`cph A_¡ s¡_p am_¡ b^p„ vy$:M
dp_¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡ vy$:M S> R>¡. `f„sy ApÐdp\} A_¡ op_u
`yÎecph A_¡ s¡_p am_¡ `Z vy:Mê`¡ kdÆ iL¡$ R>¡.
`yÎecph\u âpá \sp rhjep¡_p cp¡NhV$p `l¡gp„
s¡_u s©óZp_y„ vy$:M lp¡e R>¡. rhje_p cp¡NhV$p kde¡
s¡\u \sp M¡v$_„y vy$:M lp¡e R>.¡ rhje_p cp¡NhV$p kde¡
S>Zpsy„ kyM A¡ hpõshdp„ dp¡lS>Þe frscph lp¡e R>¡
s¡\u s¡ M¡v$_„y L$pfZ lp¡hp\u vy$:Mê` R>.¡ A_¡ rhje_p
cp¡NhV$p `R>u `Z flu S>su As©rá_y„ vy$:M lp¡e R>¡.
hmu Ap rhje_p cp¡NhV$p\u rhje_u s©óZp kdpá
\hp_¡ bv$g¡ DgV$p_u h^su S> Åe R>.¡ s¡\u `yÎep¡v$e
`Z Æh_p vy$:M_y„ L$pfZ R>¡ A_¡ A¡L$ dpÓ ^d® S>
Æh_p kyM_y„ L$pfZ R>.¡ Ap fus¡ kdS>sp `yÎe_p¡ Dv$e
`Z Æh_u ^d®cph_p_p tQsh__y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ
\B iL¡$ R>¡.
D`f dyS>b `yÎe L¡$ `p` kOmy„ vy$:M_y„ S> L$pfZ
R>.¡ Ap vy$:Mde k„kpfdp„ Æh_¡ S>fpe ip„rs L¡$ [õ\fsp
_\u. husfpNspê` ^d® S> Æh_¡ ip„rs A_¡ [õ\sfsp
`|fu `pX$_pf R>¡. Ap âL$pf_u rhQpfZp A¡ S> Æh_¡
^d®cph_p_p tQsh__y„ kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ \pe R>¡. Ap
fus¡ `p¡sp_y„ hs®dp_ kp„kpqfL$ Æh_ S> ^d®cph_p_y„
kp^_ L¡$ L$pfZ \pe R>¡.
L$B fus¡ hõsyõhê`_u
kdS>Z L$fph_pf R>¡ ?
^d®_y„ õhê` A_¡ s¡_p D`pv¡$e`Zp_u kdS>Z
L¡$mhhp dpV¡$ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp D`pe_¡ ^d®cph_p_p¡
Aæepk L$l¡ R>.¡ ^d®cph_p_p¡ Aæepk hõsyõhê`_u
kpQu kdS>Z L$fph_pf lp¡e R>¡.
^d®cph_p_p Aæepkdp„ ^d®_„y õhê` husfpNsp
R>¡ s¡d kdÅhhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. husfpNspê` ^d® s¡
hõsy_p¡ õhcph R>¡. hõsy õhê`_u kpQu Ap¡mMpZ,
õhuL$pf A_¡ Apîe rh_p husfpNspê` ^d®_u
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
âNV$sp \su _\u. ^d®cph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp\u
hõsy õhê`_u kpQu kdS>Z \pe R>¡.
^d®cph_p Aæepkdp„ husfpNspê` ^d®_y„
r_ê`Z A_¡L$ âL$pf¡ v$ip®hhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. ^d®_y„
r_ê`Z hõsy_p õhcph D`fp„s DÑd ndpqv$ gnZ,
fÐ_Óe, Æhv$ep, Atlkp, kpçecph, QpqfÓ,
dp¡lnp¡c rh_p_p r_S> `qfZpd, dp¡ndpN® A_¡ dp¡n
S>¡hp A_¡L$ âL$pf¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap v$f¡L$ bpbs hõsy_p
õhê` kp\¡ k„ L $mpe¡ g u A_¡ hõsy _ p õhê`_¡
bsph_pfu R>.¡ ^d®cph_p_p Aæepkdp„ DÑd ndpqv$
v$i gnZ hN¡f¡_u kdS|>su lp¡hp\u s¡_p Ap^pf¡ `Z
s¡ hõsy õhê`_u kpQu kdS>Z L$fph_pf R>¡.
L$B fus¡ h¥fpÁe_y„
L$pfZ R>¡ ?
^d®cph_p_p¡ Aæepk husfpNspê` ^d®_y„
D`pv¡$e`Ï„ A_¡ s¡ rkhpe kOmp iycpiyccph_y„
l¡e`Ï„ v$ip®h¡ R>.¡ iycpiyccph_y„ l¡e`Ï„ s¡ k„kpf_y„ S>
l¡e`Ï„ lp¡hp\u s¡ k„kpf âÐe¡_p h¥fpÁe_y„ L$pfZ b_¡ R>.¡
iycpiycfpN A_¡ husfpNsp_p¡ dpN® A¡L$buÅ\u
sØ_ rh{Ù A_¡ rh`fus R>¡. husfpNspê` ^d®_p¡
dpN® A¡ dp¡ndpN® R>¡, A_¡ iycpiycfpN_p¡ dpN® A¡
k„ k pf_p¡ dpN® R>¡ . ^d® c ph_p_p Aæepk\u
husfpNspê` ^d®_„ y D`pv¡$e`Ï„ A_¡ iycpiycfpN_y„ l¡e`Ï„
kdÅsp iycpiycfpN_p L$pfZ¡ \sp„ k„kpf_y„ l¡e`Ï„ `Z
kdÅe R>.¡ s¡\u k„kpf âÐe¡ klS> h¥fpÁe Aph¡ R>.¡
Ap D`fp„s ^d®cph_p_p Aæepk\u k„kpfdp„ L$pB¡
kpf _\u, kOmp¡ k„kpf vy$:Mde R>,¡ s¡ bpbs kdÅe
R>¡. s¡\u k„kpf âÐe¡ klS> Dv$pku_sp L¡$ D`¡np Aph¡
R>¡, S>¡_¡ k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe L$l¡ R>¡.
Ap fus¡ ^d®cph_p_p¡ Aæepk hõsyõhê`_u
kpQu kdS>Z`|h®L$ k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe DÐ`ß
L$fph_pf `Z ÅZhp¡.
12. ^d® cph_p
âep¡S>_`|hL® $_„y rhi¡j am
bpf¡e âL$pf_u cph_p ApÐdp_p ^d® dpV¡$ lp¡e
R>¡. ^d®_y„ am Agp¥qL$L$ A_¡ AtQÐe lp¡e R>¡. ^d®_y„
dlp_ am d¡mhhp ^d®cph_p_p¡ Aæepk A_¡
tQsh_ S>êfu R>¡. ^d®cph_p_p Aæepk A_¡
tQsh__y„ âep¡S>_ hõsyõhê`_u kpQu kdS>Z`|hL® $
k„kpf âÐe¡_p¡ h¥fpÁe R>¡. Aphp âep¡S>_ krls
^d®cph_p_p¡ Aæepk A_¡ tQsh_ L$fhp\u dmsp
b¡ rhi¡j âL$pf_p am _uQ¡ dyS>b R>¡.
1. ^d®_y„ kpQy„ õhê` kdÅh¡
f. husfpNsp_u cph_p L$fph¡
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K K
K
K
K
1. ^d®_y„ kpQy õhê` kdÅh¡ K
K
K
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
`p¡sp_p qÓL$pm iyÙ õhcph S>¡hu iyÙsp_¡ `p¡sp_u
bv$gsu Ahõ\pdp„ `Z âNV$ L$fhu s¡_¡ ^d®
L$l¡ R>¡. ^d®cph_p_p¡ Aæepk A_¡ tQsh_ ^d®_„y
kpQy„ õhê` kdÅh_pfp¡ R>¡.
^d® A¡ L$p¡B h¡j, hpX$p¡, k„âv$pe L¡$ ds`n lp¡sp¡
_\u. ^d®_y„ õhê` l„d¡ip A¡L$ S> lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ s¡ L$p¡B
v¡$i, L$pm L¡$ ìe[¼srhi¡j_¡ L$pfZ¡ bv$gpB S>s„y _\u.
^d®_„y ^pfZ Æh_y„ `fd L$ëepZ_y„ L$pfZ b_¡ R>.¡ ApÐdp_u
fpNpqv$ frls iyÙ husfpNu v$ip A¡ S> ^d® R>.¡
^d®_y„ r_ê`Z r_òe A_¡ ìehlpf A¡d b¡ âL$pf¡
lp¡e R>¡. s¡dp„ r_òe\u A¡L$ dpÓ husfpNcph S> ^d®
R>¡. Ap husfpNcphê` ^d® ku^p¡ L¡$ âÐenop_\u
kdÆ _ iL$psp¡ lp¡hp\u s¡_„y r_ê`Z s¡ husfpNcph
kp\¡ k„b„r^s iycfpN L¡$ `yÎecph\u L$fhpdp„ Aph¡
s¡ ìehlpf\u ^d® R>¡. Al] iycfpN L¡$ `yÎecph A¡
L$p¡ B hpõsrhL$ ^d® _\u `Z s¡ _ p Ap^pf¡
husfpNscphê` ^d® Ap¡mMu iL$psp¡ lp¡hp\u s¡_¡
Apfp¡` L¡$ D`Qpf\u ^d® L$l¡hpdp„ Aph R>¡. s¡\u s¡
ìehlpf\u ^d® L$l¡hpe R>¡.
239

S>Ns_p Aop_u gp¡L$p¡ dp¡V$pcpN¡ AiyÙcph L¡$
`p`cph_¡ A^d® A_¡ iyccph L¡$ `yÎecph_¡ ^d®
kdS>¡ R>¡. `f„sy A¡ L$p¡B ^d®_y„ hpõsrhL$ õhê` _\u.
iyc-Aiyc L¡$ `yÎe-`p`\u frls ApÐdp_p¡ iyÙ
husfpNcph A¡ S> ^d®_y„ kpQy„ õhê` R>¡.
D`f dyS>b ^d®cph_p_p¡ Aæepk A_¡ tQsh_
^d®_y„ kpQy„ husfpNu õhê` kdÅh_pfp¡ R>¡.
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K K
K
K
K
f. husfpNsp_u cph_p L$fph¡ K
K
K
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
ApÐdp_u iy Ù , ip„ s , r_fpLy $ m A_¡ [õ\f
`qfZqs_¡ husfpNsp L$l¡ R>¡. Aphu husfpNsp
âNV L$fhp_u {rQ_¡ husfpNsp_u cph_p L$l¡
R>¡ . ^d® c ph_p_p¡ Aæepk A_¡ tQsh_
husfpNsp_u cph_p L$fph_pfp¡ R>¡ .
A_pqv$ Aop_u Æh_u `qfZrs AiyÙ, Aip„s,
ApLy$m A_¡ A[õ\f lp¡e R>¡, S>¡_¡ fpN L$l¡ R>¡. Aop_u
k„kpfu Æh_¡ k„kpf_p L$pfZc|s fpN_u S> {rQ A¡V$g¡
L¡$ fpN_u cph_p lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u s¡_p¡ âeÐ_ L¡$ `yêjp\®
k„kpf L¡$ fpNdp„ S> fp¡L$pe Åe R>¡. ^d®cph_p_p
Aæepk\u ^d®_y„ kpQy„ husfpNu õhê` kdÆ
^d®cph_p_y„ tQsh_ L$fhp\u k„kpf âÐe¡ h¥fpÁe Aph¡
R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u ^d®_u A¡V$g¡ L¡$ husfpNsp_u cph_p âNV¡$
R>.¡ Ap husfpNsp_u cph_p S> husfpNspê` ^d® dpV¡$_p¡
`y{jp\® â¡fu s¡ ^d®_u âprá L$fph¡ R>.¡
Ap âL$pf¡ ^d®cph_p_p Aæepk A_¡ tQsh__y„
rhi¡j a m s¡ husfpNsp_u cph_p L$fph¡ R>¡ s¡ `Z R>.¡
D`k„lpf
^d® c ph_p_p Aæepk`| h ® L $_p tQsh_\u
husfpNspê` ^d®_u âprá \pe R>¡. dpÓ ^d®cph_p
S> _rl `Z bpf¡e cph_p_p tQsh__y„ am ^d®_u
âprá S> lp¡e R>¡. A_pqv$ k„kpf A_¡ s¡_p A_„s
240
vy$:Mp¡_p¡ _pi L$f_pf A¡L$ dpÓ ^d® S> R>¡. Æh_p v$f¡L$
âL$pf_p AhNyZp¡ V$pmu A_¡L$ kv¹$NyZp¡_u `qf`|Z®
âNV$sp_y„ L$pfZ ^d® S> R>.¡ k„kpfu Æh_u v$fL¡ $ âL$pf_u
kdõepAp¡_y„ kdp^p_ ^d®\u S> R>¡. ^d®_¡ ^pfZ L$fu
s¡_u fnp L$f_pf_u Ap`rÑ kde¡ fnp ^d® Üpfp \pe R>.¡
Ap ^d®_¡ ^pfZ L$fhp dpV¡$ ^d®cph_p_p tQsh_
Üpfp ifuf A_¡ fpNpqv$ rhL$pfp¡_p¡ opsp b_u `p¡sp_p
qÓL$pmu ^°yh opeL$ õhcphdp„ rõ\rs L$fhu Å¡BA¡.
ifuf_u q¾$ep, fpN_u q¾$ep A_¡ ÅZhp_u q¾$ep A¡
ÓZ¡e A¡L$kp\¡ \B flu R>.¡ s¡dp„ dpÓ `p¡s¡ ÅZ_q¾$ep
dpÓ R>¡ s¡d r_Z®e A_¡ A_ych L$fhp¡ Å¡BA¡.
Ðepf`R>u ÅZ_q¾$ep Üpfp opeL$ õhcph_p¡ õhuL$pf
A_¡ Apîe L$fhp\u husfpNspê` ^d®_u âprá \pe
R>¡ A_¡ fpN-Ü¡j_p¡ ÐepN \pe R>¡. s¡\u ^d®_u âprá
dpV¡$ fpN-Ü¡j_p¡ ÐepN L$fu `p¡sp_p qÓL$pm ^°h y opeL$
õhcph_¡ Apîe L$fhp¡ Å¡BA¡. Ap rkhpe_p L$p¡B
q¾$epL$p„X$ L¡$ h¡i\u ^d® \sp¡ _\u. ApQpe®îu
ep¡NuÞvy$v¡$h_p iåv$p¡dp„••••
(v$p¡lfp¡)
ipõÓ cZ¡ dW$dp„ fl¡, rif_p gy„Q¡ L¡$i,
fpM¡ h¡i dyr_sZp¡, ^d® _ \pe¡ g¡i.
fpN-Ü¡j b¡ ÐepNu_¡, r_S>dp„ L$f¡ r_hpk,
rS_hf cprjs ^d® s¡, `„Qd Nrs gB Åe.
cphp\® : OZp„ „ ipõÓp¡ _ p¡ Aæepk L$f¡ , s¡ dpV¡ $
Apîddp„ fl¡, dp\p_p hpm_p¡ gp¢Q L$fu dyr_v$ip ^pfZ
L$fu h_S>„Ngdp„ hk¡ sp¡`Z ApÐdop_ rh_p rbgLy$g
^d® \sp¡ _\u. `f„ s y ^d® c ph_p_p Aæepk A_¡
tQsh_ Üpfp ^d®_y„ õhê` kdÆ fpN A_¡ Ü¡j A¡
b¡e_¡ R>p¡X$u_¡ Å¡ `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdõhcphdp„ [õ\rs
`pd¡ sp¡ s¡_¡ husfpNspê` ^d®_u âprá \pe R>¡. A_¡
Ap ^d® S> s¡ _ ¡ dp¡ n _u `Z âprá L$fph¡ R>¡ . s¡ d
rS>_¡ÞÖcNhp_¡ L$üy„ R>¡. (ep¡Nkpf : Np\p 47,48)
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 Q ^d®cph_p_u L\p Q
{}¢¢ïü Úÿ¢ç¼ Úçÿ¢¼¢ï J
{}¢¢ïü Úÿ¢ç¼ Úçÿ¢¼¢ï J
(`Úp_„v$u`„Qthirs : AÂepe 1, ^dp£`v¡$ipd©s, ïgp¡L$ 18f)
D`fp¡¼s k|Ó A_ykpf S>¡ ^d®_¡ ^pfZ L$fu
^d®cph_p_p tQsh_ hX¡ ^d®_u fnp L$f¡ R>¡
sp¡ ^d® `Z s¡ ^dp®Ðdp_u Ap`rÑ kde¡ fnp
L$f¡ R>¡. L¡$d L¡$, ^d® rkhpe AÞe L$p¡B Ap
Æh_p¡ b„^y, rdÓ, klpeL$ L¡$ rls¡ÃRy> lp¡sp¡
_\u. ârsLy$m âk„N¡ ^d® A_¡ ^d®cph_p_y„
tQsh_ S> kdp^p_ L$fph¡ R>¡, kl_iugsp
bn¡ R>¡ A_¡ ip„rs fMph¡ R>.¡ ^d® S> ^dp®Ðdp_p¡
Ap^pf L¡$ ifZ b_u Ap`rÑdp„\u DNpf¡ R>¡.
Ap bpbs_¡ Qqfsp\® L$fsy„ ^d®cph_p_p
tQsh__y„ d|rs®ds „ A_¡ Apv$i® Dv$plfZ ksu
kuspdp„ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.
12. ^d® cph_p
dlpfpZu rhv¡$lp_u L|$M¡ DÐ`ß \e¡gu
dlpfpÅ S>_L$_u `yÓu kusp A_¡L$ kv¹$NZ y p¡\u
kcf, kyv„ $f gnZp¡hpmu, AÐe„s d_p¡o A_¡
k„`|Z® gp¡L$_¡ kyML$pfu lsu. kusp_p¡ A¡L$ A\®
^d®cph_p Üpfp ndp^pfZ L$f_pf \pe R>¡.
kuspA¡ ^d®_¡ ^pfZ L$fu r_f„sf ^d®cph_p_p
tQsh_ hX¡$ Nd¡ s¡hu Ap`rÑ, AÞepe L¡$
AÐepQpf_p âk„N¡ `©Õhu kdp_ ndp^pfZ L$fu
`p¡sp_p ‘ kusp
kusp’ _pd_u kp\®L$sp rkÙ L$fu R>.¡
iug A_¡ ^d®_¡ Mpsf Nd¡ s¡_y„ brgv$p_
Ap`_pf ^dp®Ðdp õÓu ksu sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMpe
R>¡. kuspA¡ `p¡sp_p âpZ_u `Z `fhp L$ep®
rh_p ^d®cph_p_p tQsh_ hX¡$ `p¡sp_p iug
A_¡ ^d®_u fnp L$fhp_¡ L$pfZ¡ s¡ S>Nsdp„
‘ krs
krs’ sfuL¡$ `Z ârkÙ R>¡.
241
 kusp A_¡ cpd„X$g_p¡ eyNg S>Þd \ep¡
Ðepf¡ `|h®ch_p h¥fu v¡$h Üpfp cpd„X$g_y„
A`lfZ \B S>sp S>Þd\u S> vy$:M_¡ v¡$M_pfu
kusp_p Æh_dp„ Ap`rÑAp¡_p A_¡L$ âk„Np¡
Apìep R>¡. `Z ^d®cph_p_p tQsh__p
bm¡ s¡ v$f¡L$ âk„Np¡dp„ AX$uMd Dcu flu_¡
v$f¡L$ L$kp¡V$udp„\u `pf Dsf¡g R>¡. `|h®¡
h¡v$hsu_p ch\u S> rS>_v¡$h_u `fdc¼s A_¡
Apre®L$p_y„ h°s A„NuL$pf L$f_pfu kusp S>Þd\u
S> kçeÁ×[ô $^dp®Ðdp lsu. kOmp¡ k„kpf
Akpf R>¡ A_¡ husfpNu ^d® S> kpfc|s R>¡ s¡h„y
^d®cph_p_y„ kss tQsh_ s¡_p Æh_dp„
hZpe¡g lsy.„ ^d®cph_p_p tQsh_ hX¡$ ^d®_„y
fnZ L$fhp\u ^d® Üpfp Ap`rs kde¡ kusp_y„
fnZ \e¡g Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. s¡ `¥L$u _d|_pê`
`p„Q âk„Np¡ Al] Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.
1. kusp_p¡ õhe„hf
kusp_¡ fpd kp\¡ `fZhp_y„ rhQpfhpdp„
Apìey„ lsy„ `Z kusp âÐe¡ dp¡rls \e¡g
Q„ÖNrs rhÛp^f¡ kusp_p r`sp fpÅ S>_L$_y„
A`lfZ L$e®y. s¡\u S>_L¡$ hÇ>phs® ^_yóe
QY$phu iL¡$ s¡_¡ kusp `fZphhp_u
rhÛp^f_u ifs d„S| f fpMu dyqL$s d¡mhu.
kusp_¡ fpd kp\¡ `fZphhp_p¡ rhQpf rhkpf¡
`pX$u kusp_p¡ õhe„hf ep¡Åep¡. s¡ dpV¡$ fpdkrls
lÅfp¡ fpS>L$y dpfp¡_¡ Apd„ÓZ `pW$hhpdp„ Apìep.
rhÛp^f_y„ v¡$hp¡`ry _s ^_yóe L$pB
¡ \u `Z QY$phu
_ iL$pe s¡h„y lsy.„ dpepdeu _pN Äep„ aza„ pX$p
dpf¡ R>¡ s¡hp ^_yóe_u kpd¡ _S>f `Z dp„X$u
iL$pe s¡hy„ _lp¡sy„. ^_yóedp„\u _uL$msu
ce„L$f huS>mu kdp_ Ar‚_u ÄhpmpAp¡
v$ie¡ qv$ipAp¡dp„ a¡gpB flu lp¡hp\u rhÛp^f_¡
S> kusp `fZphhu `X$i¡ s¡h„y gpNsy„ lsy.„ s¡\u
r`sp S>_L$ A_¡ dpsp rhv¡$lp Myb vy$:Mu lsp.
`f„sy s¡ kde¡ `Z kusp_¡ `p¡sp_p cpÁe_p¡
242
cfp¡kp¡ A_¡ ^d®_y„ ifZ lsy„. ^d®cph_p_y„
tQsh_ L$fsp„ kuspA¡ d_p¡d_ rhQpe®y:
“l¡ rS>_¡ÞÖ cNhp_ ! lz„ Nd¡ Ðep„ ÅJ `Z
d_¡ sdpê„ A_¡ sdpfp ^d®_y„ ifZ lÅ¡.
`|h®L$d®_p Dv$e_p L$pfZ¡ dpfp¡ cpB S>Þdsp„ S>
A`lfZ `pçep¡ A_¡ d_¡ `Z bmS>bfu\u
DW$phu S>hp_p¡ âk„N Aphu `X$ép¡ R>¡. lz„
d_p¡d_ fpd_¡ hfu Q|L$u Ry>„. s¡\u fpd
rkhpe_p L$p¡B `y{j_p¡ `X$R>pep¡ `Z d_¡
Aõ`©íe R>¡ . d¢ ^d®_u fnp L$fu R>¡ sp¡ s¡ ^d®_p
L$pfZ¡ dpfp iug_u `Z fnp S>êf \i¡ s¡hp¡
d_¡ cfp¡kp¡ R>¡.”
kusp_p Ap âL$pf_p ^d®cph_p_p
tQsh__p¡ S> ÅZ¡ L$p¡B A¡hp¡ QdÐL$pf \ep¡
L¡$ syfs S> ^_yóe S>hpmpfrls \B Ney„.
fpdQ„Ö¡ ^_yóe_¡ lp\dp„ gB bpZ QY$phu_¡
v$p¡fu M¢Qsp S> `©Õhu L„$`pedp_ \pe A¡hp¡
âQ„X$ AhpS> \>ep¡. v¡$hp¡A¡ ^Þe ^Þe iåv$p¡
DÃQpfu v¥$hu `yó`p¡_u hjp® L$fu fpd_¡ h^pìep.
rhÛp^f_p rhgp dp¡Y$p hÃQ¡ kuspA¡ fpdQ„Ö_p
L„$W$dp„ hfdpmp `l¡fphu s¡_u hëgcp \B NB.
^d®cph_p_p tQsh__p âsp`¡ s¡ L$`fu
L$kp¡V$udp„\u `kpf \B NB.
f. kusp_p¡ h_hpk
fpÅ v$if\ h¥fpÁe `pdu rS>_v$unp
A„NuL$pf L$fhp DÛs \ep s¡ ÅZu cfs `Z
ârsbp¡^ `pdu h¥fpÁe `pçep. `rs A_¡
`yÓ_p h¥fpÁe\u rhl¹hm b_¡gu L¥$L$e ¡ uA¡ fpÅ
v$if\ `pk¡ \p`Zdp„ fl¡g„y hQ_ dp„Nu fpd_u
S>ÁepA¡ cfs_¡ fpS>eNpv$u kp¢`phu. cfs_¡
fpS>ehluhV$ dpV¡$ s¥epf L$fu A_¡ cfs_¡
fpS>L$pS>dp„ L$p¡B np¡c _ \pe s¡ dpV¡$
fpdQ„ÖÆA¡ kdN° `qfhpf_u rhv$pe gB
v|$fv¡$iphf_p A¡L$p„s õ\p_dp„ S>hp dpV¡$ fhp_p
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
\ep. Ap hMs¡ kuspA¡ `Z kpky-kkfp_¡
âZpd L$fu `rs kp\¡ S>hp_u Æv$ `L$X$u.
fpdQ„ÖÆA¡ OÏ„ kdÅhu O¡f flu ^d®-Âep_
L$fhp_u kgpl Ap`u. `Z `rsh°sp kusp
`p¡sp_p r_Z®edp„ AX$N flu. s¡Z¡ L$üy„. :
“ `rs_u dyíL¡$g `qf[õ\rsdp„ `rs\u v|$f
fl¡hy„ L$p¡B `Z `[Ð__¡ R>pS>¡ _rl. A„sf„N
`fdpÐdp_u `pk¡ `lp¢Qhp dpV¡$ blpfdp„
`fd¡ðf_y„ ifZ lp¡e R>.¡ `Z `rsh°sp õÓu
dpV¡$ `p¡sp_p¡ `rs S> `fd¡ðf R>¡. dpfp¡ `rs
h_dp„ r_hpk L$f¡ A_¡ lz„ dl¡gdp„ dÅ Lê„$
s¡d b_u iL¡$ _rl. lz„ R>pep_u S>¡d sdpfu
kp\¡ flui A_¡ b_¡ s¡ b^u k¡hp L$fui.
Ap v$pku sdpfp\u v|$f flu iL¡$ _rl.
hmu ^d®-Âep_ dpV¡$ dl¡g_u L$p¡B
AphíeL$sp _\u. h_S>N „ g_p A¡L$ps
„ dp„ A_¡
Ly$v$fs_p kprßÂedp„ S>¡ ^d®-Âep_ \pe s¡
fpS>dl¡gdp„ _ \pe. sdpfp klhpk A_¡
k¡hp\u lz„ dpfp ^d®-Âep_dp„ `Z S>êf
ApNm h^ui.”
kuspÆ_p ×Y$ r_^p®f kpd¡ fpdQ„ÖÆA¡
T|L$u S>hy„ `X$ey„. h_hpk_p L$`fp L$pmdp„
fpdQ„Ö_p¡ kp\ _ R>p¡X$u `rs_u k¡hp L$fhp_p
L$pfZ¡ gp¡L$dp„ kusp_y„ _pd fpd\u `Z `l¡gp
g¡hp_y„ âQrgs \ey„. s¡\u s¡Ap¡ S>Nsdp„
(fpdkusp_¡ bv$g¡) kuspfpd sfuL¡$ ârkqÙ `pçep.
^d®cph_p_p tQsh__p bm¡ kuspÆ
h_hpk_u L$kp¡V$udp„\u `Z `pf Esep® A_¡
^d®-Âep__p dpN£ ApNm h^sp füp.
3. kusp_y„ fphZ Üpfp A`lfZ
h_hpk v$fçep_ k„Oj®de Æh_
husphsu kusp D`f A¡L$pA¡L$ hÇ>`ps \ep¡.
fphZ Üpfp kusp_y„ A`lfZ \ey„. kusp_¡
âkß L$fhp fphZ¡ A_¡L$ D`pe L$ep® `Z
12. ^d® cph_p
kusp D`f bmpÐL$pf _ L$ep£. fphZ¡
A_„shue® L¡$hmu `pk¡ ^dp£`v¡i kp„cmu L$p¡B
õÓu _ BÃR>¡ sp¡ s¡_p D`f bmpÐL$pf _
L$fhp_y„ h°s A„NuL$pf L$f¡g lsy„. fphZ `p¡s¡
L$pdv¡$h_p¡ Ahspf lsp¡. S>Nsdp„ L$p¡B õÓu
A¡hu _ lp¡e L¡$ S>¡ L$pdv¡$h_¡ _ BÃR>¡. `f„sy
kusp sp¡ dlp`rsh°sp õÓu lsu. fpdQ„Ö
rkhpe AÞe L$p¡B `y{j s¡_p õhà_dp„ `Z
âh¡i `pd¡ _rl. s¡\u kusp_¡ hi L$fhp_p
fphZ_p kOmp„ âepk r_óam _uhX$ép„.
fpdQ„ÖÆ_p Ly$im kdpQpf âpá _ \pe Ðep„
ky^u Aß-S>m_p¡ ÐepN L$fu r_fplpfh°s N°lZ
L$fu kuspÆ ^d®cph_p_p qQ„sh_dp„ S> fs
füp. s¡dZ¡ rQ„sìey„:
“Ap k„kpf rhrQÓ R>¡, Ar_Ðe R>¡,
AifZ R>¡, Akpf R>¡. A¡L$ dpÓ husfpNu
^d® S> ifZ A_¡ kpfc|s R>¡. L$p¡B
AiycL$d®_p Dv$e¡ dpfp D`f Ap Ap`rÑ
Aphu `X$u R>.¡ `f„sy `lpX$ S>h
¡ u ârsL|$mspdp„e
lz„ dpfu ^d®cph_p R>p¡X$ui _rl. dpfu
^d®cph_p S> d_¡ ^¥eb ® m A_¡ kl_iugsp
A`phi¡. dpf¡ dpfu husfpNu `qfZrsê`
^d® rkhpe AÞe L$p¡B klpfp_u S>êf _\u.
L$p¡B`Z Ap`rÑ_p¡ DL¡$g A_¡ A„s lp¡e S>
R>¡. sp¡ Ap_p¡ `Z Aphi¡ S>.”
kuspÆ_p Ap âL$pf_p ^d®cph_p_p
tQsh__p âsp`¡ S> ÅZ¡ g„L$pdp l_ydp_Æ_y„
ApNd_ \ey„. fpdQ„ÖÆ_p Ly$im kdpQpf
âpá \ep A_¡ ANuepfdp„ qv$hk¡
l_ydp_Æ_p lõs¡ kuspÆ_p D`hpk_y„ `pfÏ„
\ey„. fpd-fphZ_p eyÙdp„ fphZ_p¡ h^ \ep¡
A_¡ kuspÆ L$pfdu L$kp¡V$udp„\u `Z
^d®cph_p_p tQsh__p bm¡ `pf Dsep®.
243
4. kusp_p¡ ÐepN
fphZ_¡ lfphu fpdQ„ÖÆ kuspÆ_¡ gB_¡
Aep¡Âepdp„ `y_fpNd_ `pçep. kuspÆ_p
Ap_„v$_p qv$hkp¡ iê \ep. A¡L$ qv$hk¡ hl¡gu
khpf¡ s¡dZ¡ b¡ õhà_p¡ Å¡ep. syfs S> õhpdu
`pk¡ S>B_¡ s¡_„y am `|Rey.„ õhà_am bsphsp
fpd¡ L$üy„:
“l¡ râe¡ ! â\d õhà_dp„ s¡ b¡ Aô$p`v$$_¡
spfp dyMdp„ âh¡isp„ Å¡ep s¡_y„ am spfu L|$M¡
dlp`fp¾$du A_¡ dp¡nNpdu A¡hp eyNg `yÓp¡
Ahsfi¡. buÅ õhà_dp„ `yó`L$ rhdp_dp„\u
`©Õhu `f `X$hy„ s¡ âiõs _\u. sp¡`Z spfu
^d®cph_p_p tQsh__p âsp`¡ s¡ Ap`rÑ
v|$f \i¡.”
kde S>sp„ Å¡X$uep bpmL$p¡_p Nc®_p
cpf\u kusp v|$bmu `X$u sp¡`Z s¡_u ip¡cp
A¡L$v$d _uMfu DW$u. fpdQ„Ö¡ s¡_u S>¡ L$p¡B
Arcgpjp lp¡e s¡ S>Zphhp_u Apop L$fu.
Ðepf¡ kuspA¡ kçd¡v$riMfprv$ su\p£_u epÓp
L$fhp_u Arcgpjp ìeL$s L$fu. s¡ S> qv$hk¡
âÅS>_p¡_y„ A¡L$ ârsr_r^d„X$m fpÅ fpd_¡
dmhp Apìey.„ fpd¡ _NfS>_p¡_¡ ApNd_y„ L$pfZ
`|R>ey„. `Z L$p¡B_p dyMdp„\u A¡L$ `Z iåv$
_uL$mu iL$sp¡ _\u. fpÅ fpd¡ Acev$p_
Ap`u S>¡ lp¡e s¡ õ`ô$ L$l¡hp_u Apop L$fu.
Ðepf¡ gˆ>p\u S>_ ¡ „y Nmy„ ê„^pB Ney„ R>¡ s¡hp rhS>e
_pd_p ApN¡hp_¡ kuspÆ_p L$pfZ¡ \sp
gp¡L$p`hpv$_u hps L$fsp„ L$üy„:
“ l¡ õhpdu ! r_b®m_u eyhp_ õÓu_¡
bmhp_ `p`uA¡ lfu S>B s¡_p D`f bmpÐL$pf
NyÅep£ R>¡. Ap\u iugh„s õÓu AÐepQpfu_p
Ofdp„ AÐe„s vy$:Mu \B R>.¡ rk`pBAp¡A¡ `p`u_¡
kÅ L$fu s¡ õÓu_¡ dy¼s L$fphu R>¡. s¡_p¡ `rs
s¡_¡ `p¡sp_¡ O¡f `fs gpìep¡ R ¡. `Z Ap fus¡
244
c°ô$ \e¡gu `[Ð__¡ Ofdp„ `fs gphhp\u
^d®_u dep®v$p gp¡`pe R>¡. õÓu_p¡ `rs L$l¡ R>¡
L¡$ fphZ kusp_¡ lfu Nep¡ A_¡ fpd¡ vy$ô$
fphZ_p Ofdp„ fl¡gu kusp_¡ `pR>u ApZu. sp¡
s¡ `Z bmpÐL$pf¡ lfu Ne¡gu A_¡ AÐepQpfu_p
Ofdp„ flu c°ô$ \e¡gu õÓu_¡ Ofdp„ `pR>u ApZ¡
sp¡ s¡dp„ s¡_p¡ ip¡ hp„L$ ? kh® ipõÓp¡dp„ ârhZ
A_¡ dep®v$p `y{jp¡sd fpÅ fpd S>¡ fus¡ hs£
s¡ S> fus¡ âÅ âhs£ sp¡ s¡dp„ ip¡ v$p¡j ?”
rhS>e_p hQ_p¡ kp„cmu fpdQ„Ö_p rQÑ
D`f ÅZ¡ dyØNf_u S> Qp¡V$ `X$u. âÅ`pgL$
fpÅ fpd D`f dlp_ Ap`rÑ Aphu `X$u. A¡L$
bpSy> kusp âÐe¡_p¡ vy$r_®hpf õ_¡l A_¡ buÆ
bpSy> gp¡L$t_v$p_p¡ ce. fpdQ„Ö¡ gÿdZ_¡
bp¡gphu gp¡L$p`hpv$_u hps L$fu. gÿdZ¡ L$üy„
L¡$ kuspÆ `rhÓ R>¡, iugh„s R>¡, ksu
rifp¡dZu R>¡. gp¡L$p¡ d|Y$ A_¡ Arhh¡L$u R>¡.
L$dmp¡ lp¡e s¡ ð¡s Q„Ö_¡ `ump¡ v¡$M¡ s¡\u Q„Ö
`ump¡ \B S>sp¡ _\u. s¡d v|$rjs _¡Óhpmp
gp¡L$p¡ r_óL$g„L$u_¡ L$g„L$ gNpX¡$ s¡\u s¡_pdp„
L$p¡B L$g„L$ `¡ku S>sy„ _\u. kuspdpsp_p
r_óL$g„L$`Zp_p Ap` S> kpnu R>p¡. ¾$p¡^\u
gpgQp¡m \B DW¡$gp gÿdZ¡ L$üy„ L¡$
D`dpfrls iugh°s ^f_pfu `rhÓ
kuspdpsp_u t_v$p L$f_pf_p¡ lz„ _pi L$fui.
rdÕep hQ_p¡ bp¡g_pf_u Æc L$p`u _pMui.
fpdQ„ÖA¡ gÿdZ_¡ ip„s `pX$sp L$üy„ L¡$
Ap A`hpv$ iõÓp¡\u v|$f _ \B iL¡$.
A`hpv$ê`u fS> TX$`\u rhõspf `pdu s¡S>õhu
`y{j_u L$$p„rs_¡ `Z lZ¡ R>¡. s¡\u A¡ fS>_¡
a¡gpsu AV$L$phhu Å¡BA¡. l¡ cpB ! Q„Ödp
kdp_ Dˆ>hm Ap`Ï„ Np¡Ó R>¡. s¡
A`L$urs®ê` d¡Odpmp\u ApÃR>pqv$s _ \B
Åe s¡ Å¡hy„ Ap`Zp¡ fpS>^d fpS>^d® R>¡. Ðepf¡
gÿdZ¡ fpdQ„Ö_¡ L$üy„ L¡$ fpS>^d® r_cphhp
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
dpV¡$ kusp_¡ vy$:Mu L$fhu ep¡Áe _\u. gp¡L$p¡
sp¡ dyr_Ap¡_u `Z t_v$p L$f¡ R>¡. rS>_^d®_p¡e
A`hpv$ L$f¡ R>¡. sp¡ iy„ gp¡L$p`h$pv$_p L$pfZ¡
^d®_p¡ ÐepN L$fuA¡ R>uA¡ ? sp¡ gp¡L$p¡`hpv$_p
L$pfZ¡ Å_L$u_¡ L¡$d sÅe ?
fpd¡ gÿdZ_¡ L$üy„ L¡$ spfu hps sØ_ kÐe
R>¡. `f„sy ÞepedpN} d_yóe A_¡ âÅhÐkg
fpS>hu gp¡L$rh{Ù L$pe®_¡ sS>¡ R>¡. S>¡_u L$urs®ê`
h^|_¡ A`hpv$ê` bmhp_ lfu Åe s¡_„y Æh_
cgy„ _\u. A¡hp Æh_\u sp¡ dfZ cgy„ R>¡.
fpdQ„ÖÆA¡ syfs S> L©$sp„sh¾$ _pd_p
k¡_p`rs_¡ bp¡gphu_¡ kçd¡v$riMfpqv$ su\p£_u
epÓp L$fphu kuspÆ_¡ tkl_pv$ h_dp„ A¡L$gu
R>p¡X$u Aphhp_u Apop L$$fu.
su\p£_u epÓp L$fu kuspÆ_p¡ f\ tkl_pv$
AV$hudp„ Aphu `lp¢Ãep¡. L©$sp„sh¾$ f\_¡ fp¡L$u
A¡L$v$d fX$u `X$ép¡ A_¡ kuspÆ_¡ L$p„B L$lu
iL$ep¡ _rl. kuspÆA¡ kp„Ðh_p Ap`u S¡ lp¡e
s¡ S>Zphhp L$ü.„y L©$sp„sh¾$ k¡_p`rsA¡ kOmp¡
h©sp„s S>Zphu `p¡sp_u Ås_¡ r^½$pfsp L$ü:„y
“l¡ dpsp ! `pfL$u QpL$fu_p L$pfZ¡ `fhi
\B Ap dlp_ `p`L$d®_p¡ lz„ cpNuv$pf \ep¡ Ry>„.
QpL$f L$fsp„ sp¡ L|$L$f (L|$sfp¡) cgp¡. S>¡ `|R>X$u
`V$`V$phu_¡ õhp^u_ Æh_ Æh¡ R>¡. r^½$pf
R>¡ Aphu `fp^u_ QpL$fu_¡.”
L©$sp„sh¾$_p hQ_p¡ kp„cmu kuspÆ D`f
hÇ`ps S> \ep¡. s¡ d|[ÃR>®s \B Y$mu `X$ép.
`f„sy Ðepfbpv$ syfs S> õhõ\ \B_¡ s¡Z¡ L$ü:„y
“l¡ L©$sp„sh¾$ ! dpfp L$pfZ¡ sy„ vy$:Mu _ \p.
dpfp S> L$p¡B AiycL$d®_p¡ Dv$e R>¡ S>¡_p L$pfZ¡
dpfp D`f Ap Ap`rÑ Aphu `X$u R>¡.
`|h®chdp„ d¢ dyr_t_v$p L$fu li¡ S>¡\u Ap
cphdp„ dpf¡ gp¡L$t_v$p_p¡ cp¡N b_hy„ `X$éy„
R>¡. L$dmp¡_p h_dp„ fl¡sp QL$hp-QL$hu_p
12. ^d® cph_p
eyNg_p¡ rhep¡N L$fpìep¡ li¡, s¡\u S> d_¡
õhpdu_p¡ rhep¡N \ep¡.
Af¡ ! _fp¡Ñd fpd âÅ`pgL$ R>¡ sp¡ `[Ð__p
`pgL$ _\u ? s¡Ap¡A¡ d_¡ L$p„B hps `Z
S>Zpìep rh_p dpfp v$pl¡ v$_„y blp_y„ b_phu d_¡
r_S>®_ h_dp„ R>p¡X$u v$u^u. `f„sy s¡Ap¡ `Z iy„
L$f¡? ipõÓo A_¡ iyÙ Ly$mdp„ S>Þd¡g lp¡e
s¡d_u A¡ S> fus R>¡ L¡$ s¡Ap¡ buÅ L$p¡B\u _
X$f¡$ `Z gp¡L$p`hpv$\u S>êf X$$f¡.
lz„ v$p¡j frls Ry>„ s¡d s¡Ap¡ kpfu fus¡ ÅZ¡
R>¡. sp¡`Z s¡dZ¡ d_¡ AÞepe L$ep£. `f„sy s¡dp„
dpfp S> L$d®_p¡ Dv$e R>¡.
l¡ k¡_p`rs ! sd¡ sdpfu afS> bÅhp¡ A_¡
d_¡ R>p¡X$u_¡ S>sp flp¡. d_¡ dpfp¡ husfpNu ^d®
A_¡ ^d®cph_p_y„ tQsh_ S> klpeL$ R>¡.”
Myb S> vy$:Mu ùv$e¡ rhv$pe g¡sp `l¡gp„
L©$sp„sh¾¡$ kuspÆ_¡ L$üy„:
“l¡ dpsp ! fpdQ„ÖÆ_¡ L$pB¡ k„v$¡ip¡ L$lh
¡ p¡ R>?¡ ”
Ðepf¡ kuspA¡ L$üy„ :
“ fpdQ„ÖÆ_¡ buSy>„ L$p„B _rl `Z A¡V$gy„
S>êf L$l¡Å¡ L¡$ gp¡L$p`hpv$_p ce_p L$pfZ¡
d_¡ cg¡ ÐeÆ `Z gp¡Lp`hpv$_p L$pfZ¡
husfpNu ^d® `qfqZrs_p Ap^pfc|s S>¥_
^d®_¡ L$epf¡e _ sS>¡. Ap` ^dp®Ðdp R>p¡ kh®
ipõÓp¡_p ÅZL$pf R>p¡ A_¡ Ad¡ sp¡ s|ÃR>
õÓu R>uA¡. Ad¡ sd_¡ L$p„B `Z L$l¡hp kd\®
_\u. `f„sy S>Nsdp„ b^y„ S> dm¡ R>¡ `Z
A¡L$ rS>_âZus husfpNu ^d® S> dlpcpÁe¡
dm¡ R>¡. s¡\u ^d® A_¡ ^d®cph_p_y„ tQsh_
L$epf¡e R>p¡X$hy„ _rl.”
A¡d L$lu_¡ kuspÆ afu\u d|[ÃR>®s \B
Y$mu `X$ép. L©$sp„sh¾$ kuspÆ_¡ dy[ÃR>®s
d|L$u_¡ S>sp„ Myb vy$:Mu \ep¡ `f„sy fpdQ„ÖÆ_u
245
Apop_¡ Ap^u_ s¡d L$ep® rh_p R|>V$L$p¡ _lp¡sp¡.
Myb rMß lv$e¡ s¡ Aep¡Âep `fs Apìep¡.
Ap bpSy> \p¡X$u hpf `R>u kQ¡s \B kuspÆ
^d®cph_p_y„ tQsh_ L$fhp gpÁep.
^d®cph_p_p tQsh__p âsp`¡ s¡_p¡ `p`_p¡
Dv$e `|fp¡ \ep¡ A_¡ `yÎe_p¡ âL$pi \ep¡. s¡
kde¡ lp\u_¡ `L$X$hp r_S>®_ h_dp„ âh¡i¡gp
fpÅ hÇS>„O¡ v¡$hp„N_p kdp_ kuspÆ_¡ Å¡ep.
kOmp¡ h©sp„s ÅZu kuspÆ_¡ kp„Ðh_p Ap`u
A_¡ `p¡sp_u `y„X$qfL$`yf _Nfudp„ gpìep¡.
kuspÆ_¡ L|$M¡ A_„NghZ A_¡ dv$_p„Ly$i L¡$
S>¡Ap¡ gh-Ly$i sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMpep s¡hp Å¡X$uep
`yÓp¡_p¡ S>Þd \ep¡. Ap fus¡ fpdQ„ÖÆ Üpfp
ÐeÅe¡gu kusp ^d®cph_p_p bm¡
Ap`rÑdp„\u DNfu Nep.
`. kusp_u Ar‚`funp
fpdQ„Ö Üpfp r_S>®_ h_dp„ ÐeÅe¡g
kuspÆ_¡ ip¡^hp _pfv$ Qpf¡bpSy> afu füp R>¡.
s¡dp„ s¡dZ¡ h_q¾$X$p L$fu fl¡gp gh-Ly$i_¡
Å¡ep. v¡$h S>¡hp S>Zpsp Ly$dpfp¡\u ApL$jp®B_¡
_pfv$ s¡d_u `pk¡ Apìep. bß¡ Ly$dpfp¡A¡ Dcp
\B_¡ lp\ Å¡X$u_¡ _pfv$_y„ kÞdp_ L$e®y. _pfv¡$
s¡d_¡ Api}hpv$ Ap`sp L$üy„:
“_f_p\ fpd-gÿdZ S>¡hu sdpfu Å¡X$u
R>.¡ bmv¡$h-hpkyv$¡h A¡hp fpd-gÿdZ S>h ¡ u
gÿdu sd_¡ dmp¡.”
bß¡ Ly$dpfp¡A¡ fpd-gÿdZ L$p¡Z R>¡ s¡d
`|R>ey„. _pfv¡$ S>Zpìey„ L¡$ kdN° `©Õhu_p¡ `Ó
b_phu, kL$m h_fpB_u L$gd b_phu,
kps¡e kdyÖp¡_p `pZu S>¡V$gu iplu hX¡$ fpd-
gÿdZ_p NyZp¡_y„ Apg¡M_ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡
`Z \B iL¡$ _rl. s¡d R>sp„ Ly$dpfp¡_p
ApN°l\u s¡dZ¡ fpd-gÿdZ_u kOmu hps
L$fu. âÅ_p rlsp\£ `p¡sp_u àepfu `rÐ_
246
kusp_p¡ `Z ÐepN L$ep£ A_¡ s¡ kusp_¡
ip¡^hp lz„ afu füp¡ Ry>„ s¡ bpbs `Z S>Zphu.
Ly$i¡ L$üy„:
“l¡ õhpdu ! fpd¡ kusp_¡ ce„L$f h_dp„ sÆ
v$u^u s¡ kpê„ _ L$l¡hpe. gp¡L$p¡`hpv$ r_hpfhp_p
buÅ `Z D`pe lp¡e R>¡.”
gh¡ `|R>ey„ :
“ Al]\u Aep¡Âep L¡$V$gy„ vy$f R>¡ ?”
_pfv¡$ DÑf Apàep¡ L¡$ A¡L$kp¡ _¡ ApW$ ep¡S>_
v|$f R>¡. gh-Ly$i¡ Aep¡Âep D`f QY$pC L$fhp_u
s¥epfu L$fu. `yÓp¡_u r`sp D`f_u QY$pC_p
kdpQpf kp„cmu kusp fX$hp gpNu. s¡\u
bß¡ Ly$dpfp¡ dpsp `pk¡ Apìep A_¡ êv$__y„
L$pfZ `yRey„. kuspA¡ b^u hps L$fu L$üy„ L¡$
r`sp kpd¡ eyÙ L$fhp_y„ _ lp¡e. ÅAp¡, S>B_¡
s¡d_¡ âZpd L$fp¡. Ðepf¡ `yÓp¡A¡ L$üy? L¡$
Adpfp r`sp iÓycphê` \ep R>¡. Ad¡ s¡d_p¡
h^ _l] L$fuA¡ `Z fZd¡v$p_dp„ s¡d_¡ lfphu
dp_c„N L$fu sdpfp¡ d¡mp` L$fphuiy„.
eyÙ_p d¡v$p_dp„ fpd_u kpd¡ A_„NhgZ
A_¡ gÿdZ_u kpd¡ dv$_p„Ly$i Aphu_¡ Ecp
füp. bß¡ Ly$dpfp¡ ÅZ¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap dpfp r`sp
A_¡ L$pL$p R>¡. `Z fpd-gÿdZ L$p„B ÅZsp
_\u. s¡Ap¡ iÓy kdÆ_¡ Ly$dpf `f iõÓp¡
Qgph¡ R>¡ `Z bß¡ Ly$dpf_p `fp¾$d ApNm
kOmp„ iõÓp¡ rir\g \B Nep. Ly$dpfp¡A¡
A¡hu r_`yZsp\u âlpf L$ep® L¡$ dd®õ\p_ `f
_ gpN¡ A_¡ kpdpÞe Qp¡V$ gpN¡. sp¡`Z
fpd-gÿdZ d|rÃR>®s \B Nep. \p¡X$uhpf
`R>u kQ¡s \e¡gp gÿdZ A_¡ dv$_p„Ly$i
hÃQ¡ sydyg eyÙ Ådu `X$ey„. b^p„ Apey^p¡
r_óam _uhX$sp„ gÿdZ¡ v¡$hp¡`yr_s Q„¾$fÐ_
lp\dp„ gB dv$_p„Ly$i D`f Qgpìey„. Q„¾$fÐ_
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
âcphfrls \B dv$_p„Ly$i_u âv$rnZp L$fu
`pRy>„ aey¯. buÆhpf Qgpìey„ sp¡ buÆhpf `Z
`pRy>„ ae®y. L$p¡qV$rigp D`pX$_pf hpkyv¡$h
gÿdZ g[S>S>s \B_¡ eyÙ_u q¾$ep\u rir\g
\ep. Ðepf¡ _pfv$_p L$lh ¡ p\u rkÙp\®¡ gÿdZ_¡
S>B_¡ L$üy„ L¡$ Ap bß¡ Ly$dpfp¡ Å_L$u_p `yÓp¡
R>.¡ sdpfp S> Np¡Ó_p lp¡hp\u s¡_p D`f Q¾$pqv$L$
iõÓp¡ Qpgi¡ _ql. gÿdZ¡ Ly$dpfp¡_p¡ h©sp„s
kp„cmu lrj®s \B_¡ lr\epf l¡W$p d|¼ep.
gÿdZ_u kp\¡ rhcujZ, kyN°uh,
l_ydp_ hN¡f¡ b^pe¡ dmu_¡ fpd_¡ kusp_¡
`pR>u gphhp_u rh_„su L$fu. `f„sy
gp¡L$p¡`hpv$_p L$pfZ¡ S>¡_¡ ÐeÆ v$u^u R>¡. s¡_¡
L¡$hu fus¡ `pR>u ghpe. KX$p rhQpf bpv$
fpdQ„ÖÆA¡ L$üy„ L¡$ kusp i`\ gB_¡ iyÙ
\B_¡ dpfp Ofdp„ âh¡i L$f¡. kuspÆA¡
S>Zpìey„ L¡$ S>Nsdp„ S>¡ L$p¡B qv$ìe i`\ lp¡e
s¡ gB_¡ lz„ gp¡L$p¡_p¡ k„v¡$l v|$f L$ê„. l¡ _p\ !
sdp¡ L$lp¡ sp¡ L$pmL|$V$¹ rhj `u ÅD. Ar‚_u
S>hpmpAp¡dp„ âh¡i L$ê„. fpdQ„ÖA¡ A¡L$pv$ nZ
rhQpfu_¡ kuspÆ_¡ Ar‚Ly$„X$dp„ âh¡ihp_u
Apop L$fu.
Af¡ ! husfpNu ^d® A_¡ s¡_p ^pfL$
^dp®Ðdp_u L$kp¡V$u L$ped \su S> fl¡ R>¡. kp¡
V$Q_p iyÙ kp¡_p_¡ `Z `p¡sp_u iyÙsp_u
MpÓu L$fphhp Lkp¡V$u_p `Õ\f D`f Okphy„
`X¡$ R>¡. A_¡ Ar‚dp„ s`pkhy„ `X¡$ R>¡. s¡d
^dp®Ðdp_u `Z `funp \pe s¡dp„ L$p¡B Apòe®
_\u. Ar‚Ly„$X$dp„ âh¡isp kuspA¡
^d®cph_p_y„ tQsh_ L$fsp L$üy„ :
“Ap S>Nsdp„ husfpNu ^d® S> ifZ R>¡,
Ap^pf R>¡, spfZlpf R>¡. S>¡ ^d®_¡ ^pfZ L$fu
12. ^d® cph_p
Nd¡ s¡hp L$`fp k„ep¡Np¡dp„ `Z ^d®cph_p_p
tQsh_ Üpfp s¡_¡ Åmhu fpM¡ R>¡ sp¡ ^d® `Z
^dp®Ðdp_u dyíL¡$g `qf[õ\rsdp„ fnp L$f¡ R>¡.
^d® A_¡ ^d®cph_p_p bm¡ lz„ L¡$V$gue
`funpAp¡dp„\u `kpf \e¡gu Ry>„ sp¡ Ap
Ar‚`funpdp„\u `Z d_¡ `kpf L$fS>¡. Ap
dpfu A„rsd `funp R>¡ A_¡ s¡dp„\u `kpf \pJ
sp¡ dpê„ kdN° Æh_ Apr\®L$pv$unp A„NuL$pf
L$fu ^d®_¡ Mpsf ìesus L$fui.
l¡ Ar‚v¡$hsp ! Å¡ lz„ dpfp iugh°s_¡ Q|L$u
lp¡D A_¡ s¡_p L$pfZ¡ fpdQ„Ö rkhpe AÞe
L$pB
¡ `y{j_¡ tQsìey„ lp¡e L¡$ AÞe L$pB
¡ `y{j_¡
hi \B iug\u c°óV$ \B lp¡J sp¡ d_¡
bpmu_¡ cõd L$fS>¡. _rlsf ^d®_u gpS>
fpMS>¡. S>Nsdp„ kusp_p¡ A`hpv$ \ep¡ s¡d
^d®_p¡ A`hpv$ \hp v¡$sp¡ _rl.”
kuspÆA¡ D`f dyS>b ^d®cph_p cphsp
_dõL$pf d„„Ó cZu_¡ Ar‚Ly„$X$dp„ âh¡i L$ep£.
`f„sy kusp_p iug A_¡ ^d®_p âcph¡ v¡$hp¡A¡
klpe L$fu. Ar‚Ly$„X$ L$dmey¼s kfp¡hfdp„
a¡fhpB Ney„. s¡_p dÂedp„ fÐ_S>qX$s tklpk_
fQpey„ A_¡ v¡$hp„N_pAp¡A¡ kuspÆ_¡ s¡_p D`f
rbfpS>dp_ L$fu. Qpf¡bpSy> kuspÆ_p¡ A_¡
s¡d_u ^d®cph_p_p¡ S>e S>eL$pf \ep¡.
Т±ÜU Ðí™æÇ ÜUéæÇ }¢ïæ ©}¢æÇ …Ï¢ Ú㢠J
„è¼¢ „ï à¢Ðƒ HïÝï ÜU¢ï ¼Ï¢ Ú¢}¢ Ýï ÜU㢠J
¼é}¢ Š²¢Ý {¢Ú …¢ÝÜUè Ðx¢ {¢Ú¼è ¼ã¢Z J
¼yÜU¢H ãè „Ú S±ÓÀ ã饢 ÜU}¢H HãH㢠JJ
S>¡ ^d®cph_p_p tQsh_ hX¡$ ^d®_y„ fnZ
L$f¡ R>¡ s¡_y„ `Z Ap`rÑ kde¡ ^d® hX¡$ fnZ
\pe R>¡, A¡hp ^d® fnrs frnsp¡ rkÙp„s_¡
Qqfsp\® L$f_pfu ^d®d|rs® ksu kusp_¡ is¹ is¹
âZpd.
247
 qV$à`Z
DÛs : s¥epf, sÐ`f; · rhl¹hm : b¡Q¡_, bphfu; · np¡c : ifd, k„L$p¡Q, NcfpV$, ìeN°sp; · gp¡L$p`hpv :$ gp¡L$ Üpfp \sp¡ A`hpv$,
gp¡L$r„$_„v$p, gp¡L$p¡ Üpfp Apm d|L$phu L¡$ hNp¡Ï„ \hy„; · v$p¡ l v$ : õÓu Nc®hsu \hp\u \su suh° Arcgpjp; kpdpÞe õÓu Nrc®Zu \sp
s¡_¡ AdyL$ âL$pf_u Mphp-`uhp S>¡hu DÐL$V$ BÃR>p \su lp¡e R>¡. kuspÆ Nc®hsu \sp„ s¡d_¡ kçd¡v$riMfÆ hN¡f¡ su\®epÓp_u Av$çe cph_p
\B lsu, s¡_¡ v$p¡lv L$l¡ R>¡;· L$pmL|$V$ rhj : lmplm T¡f; · Apre®L$pv$unp : A¡L$ hõÓ^pfu DÃQ ârsdp^pfu õÓurg„N ^pfZ L$fhp_u
ipõÓp¡L$s rhr^
k„v$c®N°„\p¡
husfpNspê` ^d® _ y „ A_¡ L $ âL$pf¡ r_ê`Z
1. hõsy _ p¡ õhcph s¡ ^d® :: 1. âhQ_kpf : Np\p 7_u S>ek¡ _ pQpe® L © $ s V$uL$p; · f. `fdpÐdâL$pi : AÂepe f, Np\p 68;
· 3. dlp`yfpZ 47/30f; · 4. S>¥.rk.L$p¡i.cpN-f ^d® 1/1, `p_y 466;
f. DÑd ndpqv$ v$i gnZ s¡ ^d® :: · 1. op_pZ® h : kN® f : Öpv$icph_p : 1f. ^d® c ph_p ïgp¡ L $ f; · f. `ûp_„ v $u`„ Q thirs
: 1/7; · 3. Öìek„ N ° l : Np\p 3` _u V$uL$p; · 4. v$i® _ `plz X $ : Np\p 9 _u V$uL$p; · `. õhpduL$prs ® L ¡ $ ep_y â ¡ n p : Np\p 478;
· 6. QpqfÓkpf : `8/1; · 7. khp®\®rkqÙ : 9/6/413/`; · 8. S>¥.rk.L$p¡i cpN-f ^d®; · 9, `p_y 476;
3. fÐ_Óe s¡ ^d® :: · 1. fÐ_L$f„X$ îphL$pQpf : Np\p : 3; · f. sÒhp_yipk_ : Np\p `1; ·3. Öìek„N°l : Np\p 14`_u V$uL$p;
· 4. S>¥.rk.L$p¡i : cpN f : ^d® 1/3, `p_y 466;
4. Æhv$ep s¡ ^d® :: · 1. bp¡^`plzX$ : Np\p f`; · f. `Ú_„v$u `„Qthisu : 1/8; · 3. v$i®_`plzX$ Np\p f _u V$uL$p; · 4. õhpdu
L$prs®L¡$ep_yâ¡np : Np\p 478; · `. S>¥.rk.L$p¡i : cpN f : ^d® 1/f, `p_y 466;
`. Atlkp s¡ ^d® :: · 1. k„õL©$s kycprjs; · f. `yêjp\®rkqÙD`pe ïgp¡L$ 4f,43,48; · 3. `fdpÐdâL$pi : AÂepe-f Np\p 1f`_u
V$uL$pdp„_p¡ DÂ^©s —ïgp¡L$; · 4. bp¡^`plzX$ : Np\p f`; · `. khp®\®rkqÙ 9/7/418/f6; · 6. sÐhp\®fpS>hptsL$: 6/13/`/`f4/6;
· 7. Öìek„N°l : Np\p 3` _u V$uL$p; · 8. S>¥.rk.L$p¡i: cpN-f ^d® 1/f, `p_y 466;
6. Bô$ õ\p__¡ âpá L$fph¡ s¡ ^d® :: · 1. khp®irkqÙ 9/f/409/11; · f. sÒhp\®fpS>hprs®L$ : 9/f/3/`91/3f; · 3. fÐ_L$f„X$
îphL$pQpf : Np\p f; · 4. dlp`yfpZ · `. op_pZ®h : f-10/1`; · 6. S>¥.rk.L$p¡i: cpN-f ^d® 1/1, `p_y 466;
^d® c ph_p_p AÞe dy Ø pAp¡ ::1. bpfkAÏh¡ L ¹ $ ep_y â ¡ n p : Np\p 68 \u 82; · 2. õhprdL$prs® L ¡ $ ep_y â ¡ n p : Np\p 302 \u 437;
· 3. cNhsu Apfp^_p : Np\p 1851 \u 1859; · 4. op_Z®h : kN®f : ïgp¡L$ 150 \u 173; · 5. d|gpQpf : DÑfp^® : Np\p 752
\u 756; · 6. sÒhp\®kpf : AÂepe 6$ : Np\p 42; · 7. `Ú_„v$u `„Qthirs : AÂepe : 6, ïgp¡L$ 56, 57; AÂepe : 1, ïgp¡L$ : 182;
· 8. A_Npf ^dp®d©s : AÂepe : 6, Np\p 80, 81; · 9. kdZkyÑ„ : Np\p 525; · 10. sÒhp\®fpS>hprÑ®L$ : 6/7, 11/607/4;
· 11. khp®\®rkqÙ : 6/7,11/607/4; · 12. b©lv$Öìek„N°l : Np\p 35_u V$uL$p; · 13. QpqfÓkpf : 201/3; · 14. bl¡_îu_p„ hQ_pd©s
: _„.236; · 15. âhQ_kpf : Np\p : 7 A_¡ s¡_u V$uL$p; · 16. S>¥.rk.L$p¡i: cpN-1 : A_yâ¡np : 1/4, `p_y-79; · cpNf : ^d®;
· ^d®cph_p_u L$\p : ^d® frns frnsp¡ :: · 1. frhj¡ZApQpe®L$© s `Ú`yfpZ `h® 2`, 31,3f,44,49, 9`,96,97,10f,103,10`_p Ap^pf¡

l¡ s y g nu âï_p¡
ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fu bpS>y_p„ Qp¡fkdp„ v$ip®hp¡. 06. iy„ L$fhp\u ^d® \pe? 06.
A:: cNhp__u c[¼s-`|Å B:: h°s-s`òfZ
01. husfpNspê$` ^d®_¡ ¼ep _pd¡ Ap¡mMu iL$psy„ _\u? 01.
C:: OZp„ ipõÓp¡_p¡ Aæepk D:: õh-`f_p¡ rhh¡L$
A:: kçNÁv$i®_ B:: kçeL$¹QpqfÓ
C:: kpçecph D:: dp¡lip¡c rh_p_p r_S> `qfZpd
07. `p¡sp_u dlp_sp L$p¡_p L$pfZ¡ lp¡e R>¡? 07.
A:: DÃQrinZ B:: kÑp C:: k„`rÑ D:: ^d®
02. fÐ_Óe iy„ R>¡? 02.
A:: lufp-dZ¡L$-dp¡su B:: Öìe-NyZ-`ep®e
08. ^d®_u fnp L$f_pf_u fnp L$p¡_p Üpfp \pe R>¡? 08.
A:: `p¡sp B:: ^d® C:: cNhp_ D:: fnL$ v¡$h
C:: kçeÁv$i®_-op_-QpqfÓ D:: ks¹v¡$h-Ny{-ipõÓ
03. Atlkp iy„ _\u? 03. 09. `yÎecph_¡ R>p¡X$hp\u op_u L¡$hp \pe R>¡? 09.
A:: `p`u B:: dp¡ndpN®dp„ A¡L$v$d `pR>m
A:: `fd ^d® B:: `fd v$p_ C:: `fd ^_ D:: `fd k„ed
C:: dp¡ndpN®dp„ A¡L$v$d ApNm D:: r_fp^pf
04. ^d® iy„ R>¡? 04.
A:: k„âv$pe B:: dp_hsp C:: kv$pQpf D:: husfpNsp
10. bpf¡e cph_p ip dpV¡$ lp¡e R>¡? 10.
A:: ApÐdp_p ^d® B:: `yÎe_u âprá
05. L$p¡_¡ ÅÎep rh_p ^d®_u âprá _ \pe? 05.
C:: `p`_u Apgp¡Q_p D:: dyr_v$unp A„NuL$pf L$fhp
A:: bpf A„N B:: ^d®_u Nrs-ANrs
C:: v¡$h-Ny{-ipõÓ D:: `p¡sp_p iyÙ õhê$`

248 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

 k¥ Ù p„ r sL$ âï_p¡
_uQ¡ _ p âï_p¡ _ p A¡ L $ L¡ $ b¡ hp¼edp„ S>hpb Ap`p¡ .
01. ^d® iy„ R>¡?
02. ^d®cph_p L$p¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡?
03. husfpNspê$` ^d®_p kdp_p\} _pd Ap`p¡.
04. husfpNspê$` ^d®_p r_ê$`Z_p dy¿e âL$pf_p _pd Ap`p¡.
05. ^d®_p v$i gnZ_p _pd Ap`p¡.
06. ^d®_p ârs`pv$L$ su\¯L$fv¡$h L$p¡_¡ ^d® L$l¡ R>¡?
07. Æhv$ep L$p¡ _ ¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?
08. Æhv$ep_p b¡ âL$pf S>Zphp¡ .
09. r_òe\u Æhv$ep iy„ R>¡?
10. ìehlpf\u Æhv$ep iy„ R>¡?
11. r_òe\u Atlkp iy„ R>¡?
12. ìehlpf\u Atlkp iy„ R>¡?
13. cphtlkp iy„ R>¡?
14. Öìetlkp iy„ R>¡?
15. Æh_y„ Bô$ õ\p_ iy„ R>¡?
16. dp¡ndp„ Æh_¡ L¡$hy„ kyM lp¡e R>¡?
17. ^d® A¡ ApÐdp_u L¡$hu Ahõ\p lp¡e R>¡?
18. L¡$hp iyccph_¡ ìehlpf\u ^d® L$l¡hpe R>¡?
19. ^d® dpV¡$ iy„ S>ê$fu R>¡?
20. `|S>eîu L$p_Æõhpdu_p iåv$p¡dp„ ^d®_„y õhê$` iy„ R>¡?
21. S>Nsdp„ ^d®_p dd®_¡ ÅZ_pfp gp¡L$p¡ L¡$V$gp„ lp¡e R>¡?
22. ^d® dpV¡$ i¡_u S>ê$f lp¡e R>¡?
23. ApÐdp_u dlp_sp A¡V$g¡ iy„?
24. ip dpV¡$ L$ë`h©n L$fsp„ `Z ^d® h^y drldph„s R>¡?
25. ^d®cph_p_u tQsh_ âq¾$epdp„ i¡_u rhQpfZp lp¡e R>¡?
26. ^d®cph_p_p¡ Aæepk A¡V$g¡ iy„?
27. iycpiycfpN_p¡ dpN® A_¡ husfpN_p¡ dpN® `fõ`f
L¡ $ hp¡ R>¡ ?
28. dp¡n_p¡ dpN® A_¡ k„kpf_p¡ dpN® iy„ R>¡?
29. ^d®_y„ õhê$` l„d¡ip L¡$hy„ lp¡e R>¡?
30. bpf¡e cph_p_p amdp„ i¡_u âprá lp¡e R>¡?
12. ^d® cph_p
_uQ¡ _ p âï_p¡ _ p rhõs© s S>hpb Ap`p¡ .
01. ^d®cph_p_u ìep¿ep A_¡ s¡_u kdS|>su Ap`p¡.
02. hõsy_p õhcph sfuL¡$ husfpNspê$` ^d®_„ y r_ê$`Z kdÅhp¡.
03. DÑd ndpqv$ v$i gnZpê$`¡ ^d®_y„ r_ê$`Z kdÅhp¡.
04. fÐ_Óeê$`¡ ^d®_y„ r_ê$`Z kdÅhp¡.
05. kçeÁv$i®_ L$p¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡?
06. kçeÁop_ L$p¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡?
07. kçeL$¹QpqfÓ L$p¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡?
08. Æhv$epê$`¡ ^d®_y„ r_ê$`Z kdÅhp¡.
09. Atlkpê$`¡ ^d®_y„ r_ê$`Z kdÅhp¡.
10. BjV$ õ\p__¡ âpá L$fph¡ s¡ ^d® A¡ husfpNspê$`
^d®_y„ S> r_ê$`Z R>¡ s¡ kdÅhp¡.
11. ^d® A¡ iy„ R>¡ A_¡ iy„ _\u? s¡ kdÅhp¡.
12. ^d®_u âprá L$B fus¡ R>¡? A_¡ L$B fus¡ _\u? s¡ kdÅhp¡.
13. bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p A_¡ ^d®cph_p hÃQ¡_p tQsh__p
c¡v$_¡ kdÅhp¡.
14. ^d®_p¡ drldp kpS>hp¡.
15. ^d®cph_p_p tQsh_\u kl_iugsp L$B fus¡ Aph¡ R>¡?
16. ^d®cph_p_p tQsh_\u L$B fus¡ kdp^p_h©rÑ Aph¡ R>¡?
17. ip dpV¡ $ Ap Æh_¡ Å¡ L$p¡ B D`pv¡ $ e lp¡ e sp¡ s¡
husfpNcphê$` ^d® S> R>¡? s¡ kdÅhp¡.
18. ip dpV¡$ iyccph l¡e R>¡?
19. `p¡sp_y„ kp„kpqfL$ Æh_ S> ^d®cph_p_y„ kp^_ L¡$
L$pfZ L$B fus¡ \pe R>¡? s¡ kdÅhp¡
20. ^d®cph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$B fus¡ hõsyõhê$`_u kdS>Z
L$fph_pf R>¡? s¡ kdÅhp¡
21. ^d®cph_p_p¡ Aæepk L$B fus¡ k„kpf âÐe¡_p h¥fpÁe_y„
L$pfZ R>¡? s¡ kdÅhp¡
22. ^d® c ph_p_y „ am ^d® _ y „ kpQy „ husfpNu õhê$`
kdÅh_pf L$B fus¡ R>¡?
23. ^d®cph_p_y„ am husfpNsp_u cph_p L$B fus¡ R>¡?
24. ^d®_¡ ^pfZ L$fhp dpV¡$ iy„ L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡?
_uQ¡ _ p_p¡ saphs L$p¡ ô $L$dp„ fS| > L$fp¡ .
1. bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p A_¡ ^d®cph_p.
249
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RQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQR
`qfriô$ : 1 :
QRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQ bpfcph_p_p L$pìep¡
RQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQR
QRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQ
bpfcph_p k„b„^u rl[Þv$dp„ kp¡ D`fp„s L$pìep¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡, s¡dp„\u cphhplu,
RQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQR
d^yf A_¡ kpfu fus N¡e lp¡B s¡hp `p„Q$ L$pìep¡ Al] Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap L$pìep¡ `¥L$u
QRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQ
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L¡$V$gpL$_u k„Nusde ku.X$u. `Z D`gå^ lp¡e R>¡, S>¡_¡ hpf„hpf kp„cmhp\u S>¡ s¡ L$pìe_¡
QRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQ
RQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQR
kfmsp\u L„$W$õ\ L$fu iL$pe R>¡. Ap L$pìep¡ `¥L$u A¡L$pv$ L$pìe s¡_p cphp\® krls L„$W$õ\
QRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQ
L$fu s¡_p¡ r_erds `pW$ L$fhp¡ dydynyAp¡ dpV¡$ AÐe„s D`L$pfu R>¡. s¡\u Al] v$f¡L$ L$pìe_p¡
RQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQR
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NyS>fpsu cphp_yhpv $`Z Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. `„.c|^$fv$pk_y„ L$pìe AÐe„s âQrgs A_¡
RQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQR
ârkÙ lp¡hp\u s¡_y„ A„N¡°Æ ê$`p„sf `Z Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡g R>¡.
QRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQ
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L$pìe _„.1 : `„qX$sîu c|^fv$pkL©$s bpfcph_p
1. Ar_Ðecph_p Nd¡ s¡V$gp¡ dp¡V$p¡ Q¾$hs} fpÅ lp¡e L¡$ R>Ó`rs dlpfpZp
lp¡e L¡$ lp\u D`f khpfu L$f_pf lp¡e•••v$f¡L$_¡ `p¡s`p¡sp_p
Ú¢…¢ Ú¢‡¢¢ À~¢Ðç¼, ãçƒ²Ý ÜUï ¥„±¢Ú J kde¡ Ahíe dfhy„ `X¡$ R>¡. L$p¡B r_Ðe _\u. `f„sy `p¡sp_p
rÓL$pmu iyÙ ApÐdp r_Ðe R>¡ kp„kpqfL$ Ar_Ðe k„ep¡Np¡_y„
gn R>p¡X$u `p¡sp_p `pfdpr\®L$ r_Ðe iyÙpÐdp_y„ gn L$fhp_p
}¢ÚÝ¢ „Ï¢ÜU¢ï ¥ï Ü U çÎÝ, ¥ÐÝè ¥ÐÝè Ï¢¢Ú JJ
D`pe_u rhQpfZp L$fhu s¡ Ar_Ðecph_p R>¡ .

dfZ kde¡ dp¡V$p k¥Þe_y„ bm lp¡e, v¡$hu-v¡$hsp lpS>fplS|>f

2. AifZcph_p
ÎH Ï¢H Îï ± è Îï ± ¼¢, }¢¢¼ çм¢ ÐçÚ±¢Ú
}¢Ú¼è çÏ¢çÚ²¢¡ …è± ÜU¢ï , ÜU¢ï § ü Ý Ú¢¶Ýã¢Ú JJ
lp¡e, dpsp-r`sp-`qfhpf MX$p `N¡ k¡hpdp„ lp¡e sp¡`Z s¡
L$p¡ B dfZ\u bQphu iL$s„ y _\u. s¡ \ u L$p¡ B ifZ _\u.
J A_¡ `p¡sp_p¡ qÓL$pmu ^°yh iyÙpÐdp S> `p¡sp_¡ ifZ R>¡.
s¡\u AifZc|s kp„kpqfL$ k„ep¡Np¡_p¡ Apîe R>p¡X$u `p¡sp_p
ifZc|s iyÙpÐdp_p¡ S> Apîe L$fhp_p¡ D`pe rhQpfhp¡
s¡ AifZcph_p R>¡ .

3. k„ k pfcph_p ^_ rh_p r_^® _ A_¡ h^su S>su s© ó Zp_p L$pfZ¡

^_hp_$ vy$:Mu lp¡e R>¡. kOmp k„kpfdp„ ip¡^ L$fhp R>sp„
΢}¢ çϢݢ çÝ{ü Ý Îé : ¶è, ¼ë c ‡¢¢ ±à¢ {ݱ¢Ý J L$ep„e kyM Å¡hp dmsy„ _\u. s¡\u k„kpf Akpf R>¡. k„kpf\u
rh{Ù dp¡n A_¡ dp¡ndpN® kyMde lp¡hp\u kpfc|s R>¡. s¡\u
ÜUãèæ Ý „é ¶ „æ „ ¢Ú }¢ï æ , „Ï¢ …x¢ Îï w ²¢ï À¢Ý JJ Akpf k„ k pf_y „ âep¡ S >_ rhQpfhy „ s¡ k„ k pfcph_p R>¡ .

250 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

 4. A¡ L $Ðhcph_p
¥¢Ð ¥ÜUï H ¢ ¥±¼Úï , }¢Úï ¥ÜUï H ¢ ã¢ï ² J
²ê ¡ ÜUÏ¢ãê ¡ §„ …è± ÜU¢, „¢ƒè „x¢¢ Ý ÜU¢ï ² JJ
`. AÞeÐhcph_p
…㢡 Îï ã ¥ÐÝè Ýãèæ , ¼ã¢¡ Ý ¥ÐÝ¢ ÜU¢ï ² J
Í¢Ú„}Ðç¼ ÐÚ Ðí x ¢Å ²ï , ÐÚ ãñ ÐçÚ…Ý H¢ï ² JJ
6. Aiy r Qcph_p
çÎÐï ™¢}¢ ™¢ÎÚ }¢Éè, ã¢Ç Ðèæ … Ú¢ Îï ã J
|¢è¼Ú ²¢ „}¢ …x¢¼ }¢ï æ , ¥¢ñ Ú Ýãèæ çÍ¢Ý x¢ï ã JJ
7. Apöhcph_p
}¢¢ï ã Ýèæ Î ÜUï …¢ï Ú , …x¢±¢„è Í¢ê } ¢ñ æ „Î¢ J
ÜU}¢ü ™ ¢ï Ú ™ã¡ ê ¥¢ï Ú , „Ú±„ Hé Å ï „é Í ¢ Ýãèæ JJ
8. k„ h fcph_p
„¼x¢é L Îï ² …x¢¢², }¢¢ï ã Ýèæ Î …Ï¢ ©Ðà¢}¢ï J
¼Ï¢ ÜUÀé Ï¢Ýï ©Ð¢², ÜU}¢ü ™¢ï Ú ¥¢±¼ LÜUï æ ï JJ
bpfcph_p_p L$pìep¡
Æh S>Þd¡ Ðepf¡ A¡ L $gp¡ lp¡ e R>¡ A_¡ df¡ Ðepf¡ `Z
A¡L$gp¡ S> lp¡e R>¡. S>Þd-dfZ hÃQ¡_p Npmpdp„ k„L$V$ kde¡
klpe L$fu iL¡$ s¡hp kp\u-kNp„ `Z Ap Æh_¡ ¼epf¡e lp¡sp
_\u. s¡\u v$f¡L$ âk„N¡ Ap Æh A¡L$gp¡ S> R>¡. Ap fus¡ k„kpfdp„
`p¡sp_y„ A¡L$Ðh A¡V$g¡ L$¡ Aklpe`Ï„ lp¡hp\u s¡ l¡e R>¡. `f„sy
`p¡sp_p ApÐdp_y„ qÓL$pmu kpdÕe®ê$` A¡L$Ðh `p¡sp_¡ klpeê$`
lp¡hp\u s¡ D`pv$¡e R>¡. Ap `°L$pf_u rhQpfZp \hu s¡
A¡L$Ðhcph_p R>¡.
kp¥\u _ÆL$_p¡ v¡$l `Z Äep„ `p¡sp_p¡ _\u Ðep„ buSy>„
L$p¡B `p¡sp_y„ lp¡e iL¡$ _rl. Of-k„`qÑ âNV$`Z¡ `pfL$p
S> R>¡, A_¡ `qfhpfS>_ `Z k„L$V$ kde¡ klpe L$fu iL$sp
_ lp¡hp\u `pfL$p R>¡. s¡\u Ap Æh kOmp„ k„ep¡Np¡\u rcß
R>¡, AÞe R>¡. Ap âL$pf¡ õh-`f_p c¡v$op__u cph_p A¡
AÞeÐhcph_p R>¡ .
lpX$L$p_p `]S>fphpmu v¡$l D`f Y$p„L¡$gu QpdX$u_u Qpv$f_p
L$pfZ¡ blpf\u s¡ ip¡c¡ R>¡. `f„sy s¡_u A„v$fdp„ S>¡hu ^©Zpõ`v$
QuS> R>¡, s¡hu S>Nsdp„ buS>¡ ¼ep„e _\u. s¡\u v¡$l AiyrQ R>¡.
`f„sy `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙpÐd iyrQ R>¡. AiyrQê$` v$¡lpqv$ k„ep¡Np¡_p
Apîe¡ `p¡sp_u Ahõ\pdp „AiyrQde fpNpqv$_u DÐ`rÑ
lp¡ e R>¡ . Ap fus¡ iy r Q-Aiy r Q_y „ õhê$` rhQpfhy „ s¡
Aiy r Qcph_p R>¡ .
dp¡lr_Öp_¡ hi S>Ns_p Aop_u `°pZuAp¡ k„kpfdp„ kss
c° d Z L$fsp fl¡ R>¡ . A_¡ cp_frls_p Aphp Aop_u
gp¡L$p¡_u A_„sNyZê`u b^u k„`qÑ_¡ Qpf¡ bpSy> ìepá L$d®ê`u
Qp¡ f g| „ V $sp fl¡ R>¡ . s¡ \ u Aop_ S> Apöh_y „ L$pfZ R>¡ .
Aop_de dp¡l_p Acph Üpfp Apöh_p Acph_p¡ D`pe
rhQpfhp¡ s¡ Apöhcph_p R>¡ .
dlpcpÁe\u âpá kv$¹Ny{_p kvy$`v¡$i\u Äepf¡ dp¡lr_Öp
D`id¡ R>¡, Ðepf¡ L$d®ê`u Qp¡f_¡ AV$L$phhp_p¡ L$p¡B D`pe
b_¡ R>¡. A_¡ dp¡l_¡ dV$pX$sp L$d®ê`u Qp¡f Aphsp AV$L¡$
R>¡. Ap fus¡ dp¡l_p¡ Acph S> k„hf_y„ L$pfZ R>¡. Apöhsp
rhfp¡^u k„hf_u âprá dpV$¡ kv$¹Ny{_p kvy$`v$¡i_¡ kdÆ s¡_¡
A_y k fhp_p¡ D`pe rhQpfhp¡ s¡ k„ h fcph_p R>¡ .
251
 9. r_S>® f pcph_p
¿¢¢Ý ÎèÐ ¼Ð ¼ï H |¢Ú, Í¢Ú „¢ï Í ¢ñ |¢í } ¢ À¢ï Ú J
²¢ ç±ç{ çÏ¢Ý çÝÜU„ï Ýãèæ , Ï¢ñ Æ ï Ðê Ú Ï¢ ™¢ï Ú JJ
І™}¢ã¢±í ¼ „†™Ú‡¢, „ç}¢ç¼ Ðæ ™ ÐÚÜU¢Ú J
Ðí Ï ¢H Ðæ ™ §‹Îí è ç±…², {¢Ú çÝ…ü Ú ¢ „¢Ú JJ
r_òe\u s`ê`u s¡g cf¡g op_ê`u qv$`L$ hX¡$ `p¡sp_p
iyÙõhê`u Of_u ip¡^ L$fu s¡dp„ [õ\s flu blpf_y„ c°dZ
R>pX¡ $u v¡$hp\u `l¡g\
¡ u `¡W$¡ gp L$dê® `u Qp¡f _uL$mu Åe R>.¡ L$d_
® u
r_S>®fp_u Ap rkhpe_u buÆ L$p¡B hpõsrhL$ rhr^ _\u. `f„sy
ìehlpf\u `„Qdlph°s_y„ `pg_, krdrs_y„ ApQfZ A_¡ âbm
A¡hu `p„Q B[ÞÖep¡_p¡ rhS>e S>¡hp iyccphp¡ L$d®_u r_S>®fp_y„
L$pfZ R>¡. r_òe-ìehlpf r_S>®fp_u Aphu ×Y$ ^pfZp L$fp¡.
Ap âL$pf_u cph_p s¡ r_S®>fpcph_p R>¡.

10. gp¡ L $cph_p
™¢ñ Î ã Ú¢…é ©¼æ X Ý|¢, H¢ï Ü U Ðé L ¯ „æ Æ ¢ÝJ
¼¢}¢ï …è± ¥Ý¢çÎ „ï , |¢Ú}¢¼ ãñ çÏ¢Ý ¿¢¢Ý JJ
11. bp¡ ^ qvy $ g® c cph_p
{Ý ÜUÝ ÜUæ ™ Ý Ú¢…„é ¶ , „±ü „é H |¢ÜUÚ …¢ÝJ
Îé H ü | ¢ ãñ „æ „ ¢Ú }¢ï æ , ¥ï Ü U ²ƒ¢Úƒ ¿¢¢Ý JJ
A_„s ApL$pidp„ Qp¥v$ fpS|> KQp¡ `y{jpL$pf gp¡L$ fl¡gp¡
R>¡ . Ap gp¡ L $dp„ k„ k pfu Æh `p¡ s p_p Aop__p L$pfZ¡
A_pqv$\u c°dZ L$fsp¡ fl¡ R>¡. Æh `p¡sp_p Q¥sÞeõhê$`
r_S>gp¡L$dp„ r_hpk L$f¡ sp¡ s¡_y„ gp¡L$dp„ \sy„ c°dZ AV$L$u
gp¡L$pN°¡ rõ\fsp_u âprá \pe R>¡. Ap âL$pf_y„ rQ„sh_ s¡
gp¡ L $cph_p R>¡ .
Ap k„ k pfdp„ ^_, ^pÞe, ky h Z® , fpS>`pV$ hN¡ f ¡ _ p
kp„kpqfL$ kyM A_¡L$hpf âpá \e¡g lp¡hp\u kygc R>¡. `f„sy
`pfdpr\®L$ kyM_y„ kp^_ A¡hy„ kçeÁop_ A¡L¡$ehpf âpá
L$f¡gy„ _ lp¡hp\u s¡_¡ vy$g®c ÅZp¡. Ap kçeÁop_ê$` vy$g®c
bp¡r^ hs®dp_ d_yóeÆh_dp„ kygc lp¡hp\u s¡_u âprá dpV$_
¡ p
D`pe_u hpf„hpf rhQpfZp \hu s¡ bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p R>¡.

1f. ^d® c ph_p L$ë`h© n _y „ ky M s¡ _ u `pk¡ epQ_p L$fhp\u dm¡ R>¡ .

²¢™ï „é Ú ¼L Îï ² „é ¶ , 癋¼¼ 癋¼¢ Úñ Ý J
çÏ¢Ý ²¢™ï çÏ¢Ý ô™¼Ï¢ï , {}¢ü „ÜUH „é ¶ Îñ Ý JJ
tQspdrZ_y„ kyM s¡_u `pk¡ tQshhp\u dm¡ R>¡. `f„sy ^d®_¡
^pfZ L$fhp\u L$p¡B`Z epQ_p L¡$ tQsh_ hNf kh® âL$pf_y„
kyM klS> âpá \pe R>¡. dpV$¡ ^d®_¡ ^pfZ L$fhp dpV$¡_p¡
S> âbm `y{$jp\® âh®sphhp¡ Å¡BA¡ A¡ âL$pf_u cph_p
s¡ ^d® c ph_p R>¡ .

QRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQ Öìeb„^pfZ
RQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQR
Öìeb„^pfZ_p¡ rhje S>¡V$gp¡ dlÒh_p¡ A_¡ d|mc|s R>¡ s¡V$gp¡ S> s¡ kpdpÞeS>_ dpV¡$ k„L$uZ® A_¡
QRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQ
iyóL$$ R>¡. hmu, s¡_u QQp® `Z blz Ap¡R>u S>ÁepA¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. Mpk L$fu_¡ âhQ_kpf ipõÓdp„ s¡_u QQp®
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R>¡. `Z Ap d|m ipõÓ_u lÅfp¡ hj® S|>_u cpjp A_¡ `Ùrs s¡dS> Nl_ A_¡ N„cuf flõep¡ S>_kp^pfZ
QRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQ
dpV¡$ S>V$ug lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u Ap rhje_u kfm, kyNd, fp¡QL$ A_¡ Ap^yr_L$ `Ùrs A_ykpf_u fSy>Aps lp¡e
RQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQR
sp¡ s¡ v$f¡L$_¡ gpc_y„ L$pfZ \B iL¡$ R>¡. Ap bpbs_¡ Âep_dp„ gB_¡ g¡ML$ Üpfp Ap rhje_y„ h¥opr_L$ `ÙrsA¡
QRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQRQ
khp¯NuZ fS|>Aps L$fsy„ `yõsL$ Öìeb„ ^ pfZ _pd¡ s¥ e pf L$ f hpdp„ Aphu füy „ R>¡ . Ap `y õ sL$ _ u ANpD\u
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dp„NZu âL$pi_ k„õ\p_¡ L$fu Ap`_u _L$g kyfrns L$fhp rh_„rs R>¡.
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252 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 L$pìe _„. 2 : L$rhîu d„NsfpeL©$s bpfcph_p
d„ N gpQfZ Aqfl„s cNhp_ A_¡ s¡d_p Üpfp âêr`s husfpN-rhop__¡
Ï¢‹Îé Ÿ¢è ¥Ú㋼ ÐÎ, ±è¼Ú¢x¢ 籿¢¢Ý J h„ v $_ L$fu_¡ k„ k pfu cìeÆhp¡ _ p ApÐdrls_p L$pfZc| s
±Ú‡¢ê æ Ï¢¢Úã |¢¢±Ý¢, …x¢ …è±Ý çã¼ …¢Ý JJ bpfcph_p_y„ hZ®_ L$ê„ Ry>„.
bpfcph_p_u c| r dL$p kdõs cfsM„X$_¡ Æs_pf Q¾$hs}Ap¡ AÐepf¡ ¼ep„ Mp¡hpB
ÜUã¢æ x¢²ï ™RUè ç…Ý …è¼¢, |¢Ú¼ ¶æ Ç „¢Ú¢ J Nep R>¡ ? fphZ_¡ lZ_pfp fpd-gÿdZ ¼ep„ Nep R>¡ ? dlpfpÅ
ÜUã¢æ x¢²ï ±ã Ú¢}¢ L HÀ}¢Ý, ç…Ý Ú¢±‡¢ }¢¢Ú¢ JJ L©$óZ A_¡ s¡_u fpZuAp¡-êÿdrZ, ks¹cpdp hN¡f¡ ¼ep„ R>¡ ? hmu
ÜUã¢æ ÜUë c ‡¢ LçÜU}¢‡¢è „¼
„¼|¢
|¢ ¢}¢¢, ¥L „æ Р眢 „x¢Úè J
|¢¢}¢¢, s¡d_u kOmu k„`rÑ, cìe f„Ndl¡g A_¡ kp¡_p_u _Nfu•ÜpqfL$p
ÜUã¢æ x¢²ï ±ã Úæ x ¢ }¢ãH ¥L, „é ± ÚÝ ÜUè Ýx¢Úè JJ ¼ep„ Mp¡hpep R>¡ ?

Ýãèæ Úãï ±ã H¢ï | ¢è ÜU¢ñ Ú ±, …ê Û ¢ }¢Úï ÚÝ }¢ï æ J fZ_p d¡v$p_dp„ dfu auV$_pfp gp¡cu L$p¥fhp¡ füp _\u A_¡
fpS>`pV$_¡ sÆ_¡ h_dp„ hk_pfp `p„X$h dyr_cNh„sp¡ `Z ifufdp„
x¢²ï Ú¢… ¼… Тæ Ç ± ±Ý ÜU¢ï , ¥çxÝ Hx¢è ¼Ý }¢ï æ JJ
AqÁ__p D`kN®\u kmNu DW$ép. s¡\u l¡ Q¡s_ ! sy„ spfu ifufpqv$
}¢¢ï ã Ýèæ Î „ï ©Æ Úï ™ï ¼ Ý, ¼é Û ¢ï …x¢¢±Ý ÜU¢ï J k„ep¡Np¡ kp\¡_u A¡LÐhbyqÙê` dp¡lr_Öpdp„\u ÅN. s_¡ S>Nphhp
ã¢ï β¢H ©ÐÎï à ¢ ÜUÚï æ , x¢é L Ï¢¢Úã |¢¢±Ý ÜU¢ï JJ dpV¡$ îuNy~A¡ L$êZp L$fu_¡ D`v¡$i¡g bpfcph_p_y„ hZ®_ sy„ kp„cm!
1. Ar_Ðecph_p k|fS> A_¡ Qp„v$ fp¡S> DN¡ R>¡ A_¡ Ap\d¡ R>¡. A¡L$ `R>u A¡L$ F>sy
„ê Ú … ™¢æ Î çÀÐï çÝÜUHï , «¼é çÈUÚ çÈUÚ ÜUÚ ¥¢±ï J afuafu_¡ Apìep L$f¡ R>¡. s¡dp„ `p¡sp_y„ àepê„ Apeyóe A¡hu fus¡ hussy„
Åe R>¡ L¡$ L$p¡B Mbf S> `X$su _\u. S>¡d `h®s D`f\u `X$u_¡ hlu
Œ²¢Úè ¥¢²é »ï „ è Ï¢è¼ï , м¢ Ýãèæ Т±ï JJ S>sy„ _v$u-kqfsp_y„ S>m afu `pRy>„ afsy„ _\u, s¡d S>¡ `m Apeyóe_u
бü ¼ Ðç¼¼ ÝÎè „çÚ¼¢ …H, Ï¢ã ÜUÚ Ýôã ãż¢ J husu NB s¡ `pR>u afsu _\u. S>¡hu fus¡ L$fhs Qpg¡ s¡d gpL$Xy„$
L$`psy„ fl¡ R>¡, s¡hu fus¡ ïhpk Qpg¡ s¡d Apeyóe Ap¡Ry>„ \sy„ Åe
S±¢¡ „ ™H¼ ²¢ï æ Í¢Åï ÜU¢Æ Á²¢ï , ¥¢Úï „¢ï æ ÜUż¢ JJ R>¡.
S>¡d TpL$m_y„ V$u`y„ sX$L$pdp„ k|L$psy„ Åe R¡ A\hp Mp¡bpdp„ fpM¡gy„
¥¢ï „ Ï¢ê æ Î Á²¢ï x¢Hï {ê Ð }¢ï æ , ±¢ ¥æ … é ç H ТÝè J `pZu V$u`¡-V$u`¡ _usfu Åe R>¡, s¡d `p¡sp_y„ ep¥h_ nZ¡-nZ¡ nuZ
çÀÝ çÀÝ ²¢ñ ± Ý ÀèÝ ã¢ï ¼ ãñ , v²¢ „}¢Û¢ï Ðí ¢ Ýè JJ \sy„ Åe R¡ ; s¡ iy„ âpZu kdÆ iL¡$ R>¡ ? ApL$pi_Nfudp„ fQpsp
§ü ‹ Îí … ¢H ¥¢ÜU¢à¢ Ýx¢Ú „}¢, …x¢ „}Ðç¼ „¢Úè J BÞÖÅm-d¡O^_yj_u S>d¡ S>Ns_u kOmu k„`rÑAp¡ A_¡ k„kpf_y„ õhê`
Ar_Ðe S> R>¡ s¡d b^p„ `y{jp¡ A_¡ õÓuAp¡A¡ rhQpfhy„ s¡ S> Ar_Ðecph_p
¥çƒÚ LÐ „æ „ ¢Ú ç±™¢Ú¢ï , „Ï¢ ÝÚ ¥L Ý¢Úè JJ R>.¡
f. AifZcph_p S>¡d h_dp„ rk„l hX¡$ O¡fpe¡g d©N_p Æh__¡ bQph_pê„ L$p¡B
ÜU¢H ç„æ ã Ýï }¢ë x ¢ ™ï ¼ Ý ÜU¢ï Í¢ï Ú ¢ |¢± ±Ý }¢ï æ J _\u, s¡d k„kpfê`u h_dp„ L$pmê`u tkl hX¡$ O¡fpe¡g Q¡s_ê`u
d©N_p Æh__¡ bQph_pê„ L$p¡B _\u. s¡ bpbs bfpbf d_dp„
Ýãèæ Ï¢™¢±Ý ã¢Ú¢ ÜU¢ï § ü , ²¢ï „}¢Û¢¢ï }¢Ý }¢ï æ J kdÅ¡. L$pmê`u g|„V$pfp¡ Äepf¡ `p¡sp_u L$pepê`u _Nfu_¡ g|„V¡$ R>¡ Ðepf¡
}¢‹~¢ ²‹~¢ „ï Ý ¢ {Ý „}Ðç¼, Ú¢… ТŠÀê Å ï J d„Ó, e„Ó, k¡_p, ^_-k„`qÑ, fpS>-`pV$ hN¡f¡_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhp„ R>sp„
±à¢ Ýôã ™H¼¢ ÜU¢H Hé Å ï Ú ¢, ÜU¢² Ýx¢çÚ Hê Å ï JJ s¡Ap¡ L$pmê`u g|„V$pfp_¡ hi L$fu iL$sp _\u.

™RU Ú¼Ý ãH{Ú „¢ |¢¢§ü , ÜU¢}¢ Ýãèæ ¥¢²¢ J
»ÜU ¼èÚ ÜUï Hx¢¼ ÜUë c ‡¢ ÜUè, ç±Ýࢠx¢§ü ÜU¢²¢ JJ
Îï ± {}¢ü x¢é L à¢Ú‡¢ …x¢¼ }¢ï æ , ¥¢ñ Ú Ýãèæ ÜU¢ï § ü J
|¢í } ¢ „ï çÈUÚï |¢ÅÜU¼¢ ™ï ¼ Ý, ²ê æ ãè ©}¢Ú ¶¢ï § ü JJ
3. k„ k pfcph_p
…Ý}¢ }¢ÚÝ ¥L …Ú¢ Ú¢ï x ¢ „ï , „΢ Îé ¶ è Úã¼¢ J
Îí à ² ÿ¢ï ~ ¢ ¥L ÜU¢H |¢¢± |¢±, ÐçÚ±¼ü Ý „ã¼¢ JJ
bpfcph_p_p L$pìep¡
Sy>Ap¡, A¡L$ S> suf\u L©$óZ_u L$pep rhZku NB Ðepf¡ bgcÖ
S>h¡ p¡ cpB A_¡ Q¾$fÐ_ S>h ¡ „y fÐ_ lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡Ap¡ L$pB„ L$pddp„ Apìep
_rl„. AifZ k„kpfdp„ ifZ dpV¡$ Qpf¡bpSy> cV$L$sp¡ flu_¡ Q¡s_
`p¡sp_y„ Ad|ëe Æh_ ìe\® Mp¡B _p„M¡ R>¡. `f„sy AifZ k„kpfdp„
v¡$h-Ny{-^d® rkhpe buSy> L$p¡B ifZ _\u. Ap âL$pf_u rhQpfZp
s¡ AifZcph_p R>¡.
Öìe-n¡ Ó -L$pm-ch-cphê`u `„ Q `fphs® _ dp„ `qfc° d Z
L$fsp¡ Æh S>Þd-dfZ A_¡ S>fp-fp¡ N \u kv$pe vy $ :Mu fl¡ R>¡ .
_fL$Nrsdp„ R>¡v$_-c¡v$_ A_¡ `iyNrsdp„ h^-b„^__p vy$:Mp¡ kl_
L$fhp `X¡$ R>.¡ v¡$hNrsdp„ kyM dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>.¡ `f„sy Mf¡Mf Å¡hpdp„
253
Àï Î Ý |¢ï Î Ý ÝÚÜU Ðà¢é x¢ç¼, ±{ Ï¢‹{Ý „ãÝ¢ J
Ú¢x¢ ©Î² „ï Îé : ¶ „é Ú x¢ç¼ }¢ï æ , ÜUã¢Z „é ¶ è ÚãÝ¢ JJ
|¢¢ï ç x¢ Ðé ‡ ² ÈUH ã¢ï §ü Ü U §ü ç ‹Îí ² ¢ v²¢ §ü „ }¢ï æ H¢Hè J
ÜUé ¼ ±¢Hè çÎÝ ™¢Ú ±ãè çÈUÚ, ¶é Ú Ð¢ ¥L …¢Hè JJ
}¢¢Ýé ¯ …‹}¢ ¥Ýï Ü U ç±Ð眢}¢², ÜUãèæ Ý „é ¶ Îï ¶ ¢ J
Ðæ ™ }¢ x¢ç¼ „é ¶ ç}¢Hï à¢é | ¢¢à¢é | ¢ ÜU¢ }¢ï Å ¢ï Hï ¶ ¢ J
4. A¡ L $Ðhcph_p
…‹}¢ï }¢Úï ¥ÜUï H ¢ ™ï ¼ Ý, „é ¶ Îé ¶ ÜU¢ |¢¢ï x ¢è
¥¢ñ Ú çÜU„è ÜU¢ v²¢ §ü Ü U çÎÝ ²ã Îï ã …é Î è ã¢ï x ¢è
ÜU}¢H¢ ™H¼ Ý Ðï æ Ç …¢², }¢Ú͢Š¼ÜU ÐçÚ±¢Ú¢
¥ÐÝï ¥ÐÝï „é ¶ ÜU¢ï Ú¢ï ± ï , çм¢ Ðé ~ ¢ ΢ڢ
Á²¢ï æ }¢ï æ H ï }¢ï æ Ðæ ƒ è …Ý ç}¢H, Ýï ã çÈUÚï {Ú¼ï J
Á²¢ï ¼L±Ú Ðñ Úñ Ý Ï¢„ï Ú ¢, Ðæ À è ¥¢ ÜUÚ¼ï JJ
ÜU¢ï „ ÜU¢ï § ü ΢ï ÜU¢ï „ ÜU¢ï § ü ©Ç, çÈUÚ ƒÜU ƒÜU ã¢Úï J
…¢² ¥ÜUï H ¢ ãZ „ „æ x ¢ }¢ï æ , ÜU¢ï § ü Ý ÐÚ }¢¢Úï JJ
`. AÞeÐhcph_p
}¢¢ï ã LÐ }¢ë x ¢ ¼ë c ‡¢¢ …x¢ }¢ï æ , ç}¢‰²¢ …H ™}¢ÜUï J
}¢ë x ¢ ™ï ¼ Ý çݼ |¢í } ¢ }¢ï æ ©Æ ©Æ, ΢ñ Ç G ï ƒÜU ƒÜU ÜUï JJ
…H Ýçã Т±ñ Ðí ¢ ‡¢ x¢}¢¢±ï , |¢ÅÜU |¢ÅÜU }¢Ú¼¢ J
±S¼é ÐÚ¢§ü }¢¢Ýñ ¥ÐÝè, |¢ï Î Ýãèæ ÜUÚ¼¢ JJ
¼ê ™ï ¼ Ý ¥L Îï ã ¥™ï ¼ Ý, ²ã …ÇG ¼ê ¿¢¢Ýè J
ç}¢Hï ¥Ý¢çÎ ²¼Ý ¼ï æ çÏ¢Àé Ç ï , Á²¢ï æ в ¥L ТÝè JJ
LÐ ¼é } ã¢Ú¢ „Ï¢„¢ï æ ‹²¢Ú¢, |¢ï Î ¿¢¢Ý ÜUÚÝ¢ J
…¢ï H ¢ï æ Тñ L ¯ ƒÜUï Ý ¼¢ï H ¢ï æ , ©l}¢ „¢ï ™ÚÝ¢ JJ
6. Aiy r Qcph_p
¼ê çݼ Ð¢ï ¶ ï ²ã „ê ¶ ï Á²¢ï æ , {¢ï ± ï y²¢ï æ }¢ñ H è J
çÝࢠçÎÝ ÜUÚï ©Ð¢² Îï ã ÜU¢, Ú¢ï x ¢ Îࢢ ÈUñ H è JJ
}¢¢¼ çм¢ Ú… ±èÚ… ç}¢HÜUÚ, Ï¢Ýè Îï ã ¼ï Ú è J
}¢¢Z „ ã¢ÇG ÝࢠHãê Ú¢{ ÜUè, Ðí x ¢Å ò¢ç{ Í¢ï Ú è JJ
254
Aph¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡ `Z fpN-s©óZp_p Dv$e\u vy$:Mu S> lp¡e R>¡. v¡$hdp„
`Z vy$:M lp¡e sp¡ Ap k„kpfdp„ ¼ep„ kyMu flu iL$pe ?
Qpf qv$hk_u L$p¡V$hpmu L¡$ Adgv$pfu `R>u afu `pR>u M|f`u
A_¡ Åmu hX¡$ dS|>fu S> L$fhp_u lp¡e sp¡ s¡dp„ iy ip¡cp R>¡ ? s¡d
v¡$hNrsdp„ `yÎe_y„ am cp¡Nìep `R>u afu `pR>p¡ A¡L¡$[ÞÖedp„ S>
Ahspf ^pfZ L$fhp_p¡ lp¡e sp¡ s¡dp„ iy„ ip¡cp R>¡ ? d_yóeS>Þd
sp¡ âÐen`Z¡ A_¡L$ rh`rÑde R>¡. s¡\u k„kpf_u Qpf¡e Nrsdp„
¼ep„ e ky M v¡ $ Mpsy „ _\u. iy c piy c cph_¡ dV$pX$hp\u dmsu
`„ Q dNrs-dp¡ n S> ky M _y „ L$pfZ R>¡ . Ap fus_u rhQpfZp s¡
k„kpfcph_p R>¡.
Ap Æh S>Þd-dfZ A_¡ kyM-vy$:M_p cp¡NhV$pdp„ `p¡s¡ A¡L$gp¡
S> lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ A¡L$ qv$hk Ap v¡$l Æh\u S|>v$p¡ `X$i¡ Ðepf¡ `Z
J
A¡_y„ L$p¡B lp¡sy„ _\u. A„rsdepÓp kde¡ `p¡sp_u `[Ð_ `p¡sp_¡
JJ hmphhp Kbfp\u ApNm S>su _\u. `qfhpfS>_p¡ `Z õdip_
J ky^u S> Åe R>¡. s¡ kde¡ r`sp-`yÓ-`[Ð_ hN¡f¡ `qfhpfS>_p¡ fX¡$
JJ R¡, s¡ `Z `p¡sp_u kyM-kyrh^p S>su flu s¡_¡ fX¡$ R>¡. `Z `p¡s¡
`qfhpf dpV¡$ `p` L$fu_¡ Y$p¡fdp„ Nep¡ s¡_¡ dpV¡$ L$p¡B fX$sy„ _\u.
S>¡d d¡mpdp„ c¡Np \e¡gp dykpafp¡ `fõ`f â¡d v$pMh¡ R>¡. S>¡d
fpshpkp¡ L$fhp dp¡V$p h©n D`f A¡L$W$p \e¡gp `nuAp¡ `fõ`f d¥Óu
L$f¡ R>¡. A_¡ khpf \sp„ L$p¡B L$p¡B_u kp\¡ A¡L$-b¡ NpD S>B_¡ \pL$u-
lpfu_¡ `pRy>„ af¡ R>¡, Ðepf`R>u `p¡sp_¡ A¡L$gy„ S> EX$hy„ `X¡$ R>¡. s¡d
Ap k„kpfdp„ Ap Æh_y„ buSy>„ L$p¡B k„Np\u lp¡sy„ _\u. v$f¡L$ âk„Ndp„
`p¡s¡ A¡L$gp¡ S> lp¡e R>¡. Aphu rhQpfZp s¡ A¡L$Ðhcph_p R>¡.
S>¡d S>Nsdp„ d©N d©Ns©óZpdp„ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ Tp„Thp_p S>mdp„ S>m
S>¡hu QdL$ Å¡B_¡ c°dZp\u s¡_¡ S>m dp_u_¡ s¡_u `pR>m v$p¡X$u_¡,
\pL$u_¡ `p¡sp_p âpZ Nydph¡ R>¡ `Z S>m âpá L$fu iL$sy„ _\u.
s¡ d Ap k„ k pfdp„ Æhê`u d© N dp¡ l ê`u d© N s© ó Zpdp„ A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $
kyMpcpk S>h ¡ p S>Zpsp `frhjep¡dp„ c°pr„ s\u kyM dp_u_¡ s¡_u `pR>m
cV$L$u cV$L$u_¡ df¡ R>¡ `Z kyM âpá L$fu iL$s„y _\u. Ap Æh `pfL$p„
`v$p\p£_¡ `p¡sp_p dp_u s¡dp„ kyM ip¡^¡ R>¡ `Z õh-`f_p¡ c¡v$ L$fsp¡
_\u.
`p¡s¡ Q¥sÞede ÅZ_pf `v$p\® R>¡ A_¡ v¡$l AQ¡s_ S>X$ `v$p\®
R>.¡ v|$^ A_¡ `pZu_u S>d
¡ ApÐdp A_¡ ifuf A_pqv$\u A¡L$W$p„ dm¡gp
lp¡ h p R>sp„ âeÐ_\u s¡ d _¡ S| > v$p ÅZu iL$pe R>¡ . õh-`f_p
c¡v$op__p Aæepk\u `p¡sp_y„ õhê` ifufpqv$\u S|>vy„$ S>Zpe R>¡.
s¡\u `p¡sp_u ndsp lp¡e Ðep„ ky^u c¡v$op__p¡ `y{jp\® L$fhp¡.
Ap âL$pf_u rhQpfZp s¡ AÞeÐhcph_p R>¡.
ifuf_y„ r_Ðe `p¡jZ L$fhp R>sp„ s¡ k|L$psy„ Åe R>¡. s¡_¡ S>¡d
^p¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ s¡d s¡ syfs afu\u d¡gy„ \sy„ Åe R>¡. fps-qv$hk
ifuf_p Apfp¡ Á e_u k„ c pm fpMhp R>sp„ s¡ d p„ fp¡ N _u Ahõ\p
ìep`¡gu fl¡ R>¡. dps-r`sp_u fS>-hue® dmu_¡ b_¡gy„ spê„ ifuf
dp„k-lpX$-_k-gp¡lu-`ê\u cf¡gy„ R>¡ A_¡ âNV$`Z¡ ìepr^Ap¡\u
O¡fpe¡gy„ R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
ÜU¢Ý¢ Тñ æ Ç ¢ ÐÇG ¢ 㢃 ²ã, ™ê „ ï ¼¢ï Ú¢ï ± ñ J
ÈUHï ¥Ý‹¼ …é {}¢ü Š²¢Ý ÜUè, |¢ê ç }¢ 籯ñ Ï¢¢ï ± ï JJ
ÜUï „ Ú ™‹ÎÝ Ðé c Ð „é x ¢ç‹{¼, ±S¼é Îï ¶ „¢Úè J
Îï ã ÐÚ„¼ï æ ã¢ï ² , ©Ð¢±Ý çÝࢠçÎÝ }¢H …¢Úè JJ
7. Apöhcph_p
Á²¢ï æ „Ú …H ¥¢±¼ }¢¢ï Ú è y²¢ï æ , ¥¢d± ÜU}¢ü Ý ÜU¢ï J
Î<±¼ …è± Ðí Î ï à ¢ x¢ãñ …Ï¢, Ðé Î ì x ¢H |¢Ú}¢Ý ÜU¢ï JJ
|¢¢ç±¼ ¥¢d± |¢¢± à¢é | ¢¢à¢é | ¢, çÝࢠçÎÝ ™ï ¼ Ý ÜU¢ï J
ТРÐé ‡ ² ÜUï ΢ï Ý ¢ï æ ÜUÚ¼¢, ÜU¢Ú‡¢ Ï¢‹{Ý ÜU¢ï JJ
ÐÝ ç}¢‰²¢¼ ²¢ï x ¢ ЋÎí ã , m¢Îࢠ¥ç±Úç¼ …¢Ý¢ï J
Ðæ ™ LÏ¢è„ ÜU¯¢² }¢èHï „Ï¢ì , „œ¢¢±Ý }¢¢Ý¢ï JJ
}¢¢ï ã |¢¢± ÜUè }¢}¢¼¢ Å¢Úï , ÐÚ ÐçÚ‡¢ç¼ ¶¢ï ¼ ï J
ÜUÚï }¢¢ï ÿ ¢ ÜU¢ ²¼Ý çÝÚ¢d±, ¿¢¢Ýè …Ý ã¢ï ¼ ï JJ
8. k„ h fcph_p
Á²¢ï æ }¢¢ï Ú è }¢ï æ ǢŠHx¢¢±ï , ¼Ï¢ …H LÜU …¢¼¢ J
y²¢ï æ ¥¢d± ÜU¢ï Ú¢ï Ü Uï „æ ± Ú, v²¢ï æ Ýôã }¢Ý H¢¼¢ JJ
Ðæ ™ }¢ã¢±í ¼ „ç}¢ç¼ x¢é ç # ¼èÝ, ±™Ý ÜU¢² }¢Ý ÜU¢ï J
Îࢠç±{ {}¢ü ÐÚè¯ã Ï¢¢§ü „ , Ï¢¢Úã |¢¢±Ý ÜU¢ï JJ
²ã „Ï¢ |¢¢± „¼¢±Ý ç}¢HÜUÚ, ¥¢d± ÜU¢ï ¶¢ï ¼ ï J
„é Ð Ý Îࢢ „ï …¢x¢¢ï ™ï ¼ Ý ÜUã¢Z ÐÇG ï „¢ï ¼ ï JJ
|¢¢± à¢é | ¢¢à¢é | ¢ Úçã¼ à¢é h |¢¢±Ý „æ ± Ú Ð¢±ñ J
Ç¢Z Å Hx¢¼ ²ã Ý¢± ÐÇG è , }¢æ Û ¢{¢Ú Ð¢Ú …¢±ñ JJ
9. r_S>® f pcph_p
Á²¢ï æ „Ú±Ú …H LÜU¢ „ê ¶ ¼¢ ¼ÐÝ ÐÇG ï |¢¢Úè J
„æ ± Ú Ú¢ï Ü Uï ÜU}¢ü , çÝ…ü Ú ¢ ãñ „¢ï ¶ Ý ã¢Úè JJ
©Î² |¢¢ï x ¢ „ç±Ð¢ÜU „}¢², ÐÜU …¢² ¥¢}¢ Ç¢Hè J
Îé … è ãñ ¥ç±Ð¢ÜU ÐÜU¢±ï , ТH 籯ï }¢¢Hè JJ
ÐãHè „Ï¢ÜUï ã¢ï ² , Ýãèæ ÜUÀé „Úï ÜU¢}¢ ¼ï Ú ¢ J
Îê … è ÜUÚï …é ©l}¢ ÜUÚÜUï , }¢èÅï …x¢¼ ÈUï Ú ¢ JJ
bpfcph_p_p L$pìep¡
fpqÓ-qv$hk dm Tfsp ifuf_p¡ õ`i® \sp„ h¢s S> kyN„^rs
`yó`, Q„v$_, L¡$if S>¡hp kOmp„ `rhÓ `v$p\p£ `Z A`rhÓ \B
Åe R>¡. dpV¡$ S>¡d i¡fX$u_p¡ L$pZp¡ kpW$p¡ âpá \ep `R>u s¡_¡ Q|ku_¡
ìe\® h¡X$au _pMu `R>u `õsphp¡ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ s¡_¡ bv$g¡ s¡_¡ DÑd
c|rddp„ fp¡`hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ A_¡L$ kpW$p DÐ`ß \pe A_¡ s¡\u s¡_p¡
OZp¡ b^p¡ d^yf fk âpá \pe. s¡d i¡fX$u_p L$pZp kpW$p kdp_
d_yóev¡$l âpá \ep `R>u s¡_¡ rhjeL$jpedp„ ìe\® h¡X$au _p„Mu
`R>u `õsphp¡ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ s¡_¡ bv$g¡ s¡_¡ DÑd c|rdê` ^d®Âep_dp„
gNpX$hhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ A_¡L$ ch_p¡ Acph \pe A¡_ s¡\u s¡_p¡ OZp¡
b^p¡ d^yf Ap[ÐdL$ fk A¡V$g¡ L¡$ Asu[ÞÖe Ap_„v$_p¡ Apl¹gpv$ âpá
\pe. Ap âL$pf_y„ tQsh_ s¡ AiyrQcph_p R>¡.
S>¡d _p¥L$p_u Mpm_p L$pfZ¡ kfp¡hf_y„ S>m _p¥L$pdp„ Aph¡ R>¡,
s¡d Æh_p Apöhcph_p L$pfZ¡ cV$L$sp„ `v$Ngp¡_„y Æh_p âv¡$ip¡dp„
N°lZ \B L$d®ê`¡ `qfZd_ \pe R>¡. Aop_u Æh fpsqv$hk iyc-
AiycfpNê` Apöhcph_¡ S> cph¡ R>¡, S>¡_p L$pfZ¡ s¡ b„^_p
L$pfZc|s `yÎe-`p`L$d®_p¡ L$sp® \pe R>¡.
`p„Q âL$pf_p rdÕepÐh, `„v$f âL$pf_p ep¡N, Qpf âL$pf_u
Arhfrs A_¡ `Quk âL$pf_p L$jpe dmu_¡ Ly$g ksph_ âL$pf_p
Apöhcphhpmp¡ Aop_u S>_ lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ dp¡lcph_u ddsp
V$pm_pf, `f`qfZrs_¡ R>p¡X$_pf A_¡ dp¡n_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fhphpmp¡
r_fpöhu op_uS>_ lp¡e R>¡. Apöhcph_pdp„ Ap 5°L$pf_u rhQpfZp
lp¡e R>¡.
S>¡d _p¥L$p_u Mpmdp„ X$pV$p¡ gNphhp\u s¡dp„ Aphsy„ `pZu fp¡L$pB
Åe R>¡, s¡d L$d®_p Apöh_¡ fp¡L$_pfp¡ k„hf R>¡. Ap bpbs L¡$d
Âep_dp„ g¡sp¡ _\u ? l¡ Q¡s_ ! lh¡ ¼ep„ ky^u k|B fl¡hy„ R>¡ ?
õhà_v$ipdp„\u ÅNp¡ A_¡ kph^p_ \ph. iycpiyccphfrls
husfpNu iyÙcph S> r_òe k„hf R>¡. Aphp r_òe k„hf kp\¡
k„b„r^s `p„Q dlph°s, `p„Q krdrs, d_-hQ_-L$peê` ÓZ
Nyqá, v$i âL$pf_p ^d®, bphuk `qfjl A_¡ bpfcph_p dmu_¡
Ly$g ksph_ âL$pf_p iyccphp¡ Apöh_¡ fp¡L$_pfp k„hf ìehlpf\u
R>¡. Mpmdp„ X$pV$p¡ gNph¡gu _p¥L$p kpdp qL$_pf¡ `pf Dspf¡ R>¡, s¡d
Ap r_òe-ìehlpfê` k„hf k„kpfkpNf_¡ `pf Dspf¡ R>¡. Ap âL$pf¡
k„hfcph_p cphhu Å¡BA¡.
S>¡d kfp¡hf_p S>m_u _hu AphL$ fp¡L$pep `R>u cpf¡ sp`\u
s¡ k|L$pB Åe R¡, s¡d _hp L$d®_u AphL$ k„hf Üpfp fp¡L$pep„ `R>u
kÑpdp„ fl¡g L$d® r_S>®fp\u _pi `pdu Åe R¡. Ap„bp_u X$pmu D`f
Ap`d¡m¡ `p¡sp_p kde¡ `pL$u Ne¡gu L$¡fu Mfu `X¡$ R¡, s¡d õh
kdep_ykpf Dv$edp„ Aph¡g L$d® cp¡NhpB_¡ Mfu `X¡$ R¡ ; s¡ `l¡gp
âL$pf_u krh`pL$ r_S>®fp R>¡. buÅ âL$pf_u Arh`pL$ r_S>®fp S>¡d
dpmu `pgpdp„ fpMu_¡ L$pQu L¡$fu_¡ hl¡gu `L$h¡ s¡ âL$pf_u R>¡.
`l¡gu krh`pL$ r_S>®fp op_u-Aop_u b^p„e_¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡_p\u
`p¡sp_y„ L$p¡B âep¡S>_ `pf `X$sy„ _\u. buÆ Arh`pL$ r_S>®fp
âeÐ_`|h®L$ \hp\u k„kpf_y„ `qfc°dZ V$m¡ R>¡. Arh`pL$ r_S>®fp
dpV¡$ l¡ âpZu ! sd¡ k„hf krls s` L$fp¡, S>¡\u dy[¼sfdZu dm¡.
255
„æ ± Ú „çã¼ ÜUÚ¢ï ¼Ð Ðí ¢ Ýè, ç}¢Hï }¢é ç QU Ú¢‡¢è J
§ü „ Îé H çãÝ ÜUè ²ãè „ãï H è, …¢Ýï „Ï¢ ¿¢¢Ýè JJ
10. gp¡ L $cph_p
H¢ï Ü U ¥H¢ï Ü U ¥ÜU¢à¢ }¢¢ü ç ã çƒÚ, çÝÚ¢{¢Ú …¢Ý¢ï J
Ðé L ¯ LÐ ÜUÚ ÜUÅè |¢²ï , ¯Åì Îí à ²Ý „¢ï æ }¢¢Ý¢ï JJ
§ü „ ÜU¢ ÜU¢ï § ü Ý ÜUÚ¼¢ ãÚ¼¢, ¥ç}¢Å ¥Ý¢çÎ ãñ J
…è± L ÐÎì x ¢H Ý¢™ï ²¢}¢ñ æ , ÜU}¢ü ©Ð¢{è ãñ JJ
ТРÐé ‡ ² „¢ï æ …è± …x¢¼ }¢ï æ Ýè¼ „é ¶ Îé ¶ |¢Ú¼¢ J
¥ÐÝè ÜUÚÝè ¥¢Ð |¢Úñ ç„Ú ¥¢ñ Ú Ý ÜUï {Ú¼¢ JJ
}¢¢ï ã ÜU}¢ü ÜU¢ï ݢࢠ}¢ï Å ÜUÚ, „Ï¢ …x¢ ÜUè ¥¢à¢¢ J
çÝ… ÐÎ }¢ï æ çƒÚ ã¢ï ² H¢ï Ü U ÜUï , à¢èࢠÜUÚ¢ï ±¢„¢ JJ
11. bp¥ r ^vy $ g® c cph_p
Îé H ü | ¢ ãñ çÝx¢¢ï Î „ï ƒ¢±Ú, ¥L ~¢„ x¢ç¼ ТÝè J
ÝÚ ÜU¢²¢ ÜU¢ï „é Ú Ðç¼ ¼Ú„ï , „¢ï Îé H ü | ¢ Ðí ¢ ‡¢è JJ
©œ¢}¢ Îï „ „é „ æ x ¢¼è Îé H ü | ¢, Ÿ¢¢±ÜU ÜUé H Тݢ J
Îé H ü | ¢ „}²ÜUì Îé H ü | ¢ „æ ² }¢ Ðæ ™ }¢ x¢é ‡ ¢ Ƣݢ JJ
Îé H ü | ¢ ÚÕ~¢² ¥¢Ú¢{Ý, Îèÿ¢¢ ÜU¢ {ÚÝ¢
Îé H ü | ¢ }¢é ç Ý±Ú ÜU¢ï ±í ¼ ТHÝ, à¢é h |¢¢± ÜUÚÝ¢
Îé H ü | ¢ ¼ñ æ Îé H ü | ¢ ãñ ™ï ¼ Ý, Ï¢¢ï ç { ¿¢¢Ý Т±ñ
ТÜUÚ ÜUï ± H¿¢¢Ý Ýãèæ çÈUÚ, §ü „ |¢± }¢ï æ ¥¢±ñ
1f. ^d® c ph_p
»ÜUU¢‹¼±¢Î ÜUï {¢Úè …x¢ }¢ï æ , Îà¢ü Ý Ï¢ãé ¼ ï Ú ï J
Ȇ
ÜUçËм ݢݢ ²é ç QU ϢݢÜUÚ, ¿¢¢Ý ãÚï æ }¢ï Ú ï JJ
ã¢ï „é À ‹Î „Ï¢ ТРÜUÚï æ ç„Ú, ÜUÚ¼¢ ÜUï H¢±ï J
ÜU¢ï § ü çÀÝÜU ÜU¢ï § ü ÜUÚ¼¢ „ï , …x¢}¢ï æ |¢ÅÜU¢±ï JJ
±è¼Ú¢x¢ „±ü ¿ ¢ Î¢ï ¯ çÏ¢Ý, Ÿ¢è ç…ÝÜUè Ï¢¢Ýè J
„# ¼y± ÜU¢ ±‡¢ü Ý …¢}¢ï æ , „Ï¢ ÜU¢ï „é ¶ ΢Ýè JJ
§ü Ý ÜU¢ 發±Ý Ï¢¢Ú Ï¢¢Ú ÜUÚ Ÿ¢h¢ ©Ú Í¢ÚÝ¢ J
“}¢æ x ¢¼” §ü „ è …¼Ý ¼ï æ §ü Ü U çÎÝ, |¢±„¢x¢Ú ¼ÚÝ¢ JJ
256
dy[¼sfdZuê` vy$ël__¡ d¡mhu Ap`_pf Ap kçeL$¹ s` S> s¡_u
A¡L$dpÓ kl¡gu R>,¡ s¡d b^p„ op_u ÅZ¡ R>.¡ op_uAp¡_u Ap âL$pf_u
rhQpfZp s¡ r_S>®fpcph_p R>¡.
ApL$pidp„ gp¡L$-Agp¡L$_p¡ rhcpN L$fsp¡ R> Öìep¡_p kdylê`
gp¡L$ L¡$X$ `f lp\ d|L¡$g `y{j kdp_ ApL$pf_p¡ R>¡. ApL$pidp„ s¡
[õ\f A_¡ r_fp^pf R>¡. s¡ A_pqv$-A_„s lp¡hp\u s¡_p¡ L$p¡B L$sp®-
lsp® _\u. Ap gp¡L$dp„ L$d®D`pr^_p L$pfZ¡ `p¥v$¹NrgL$v¡$l^pfu Æh
c°dZ L$fsp¡ fl¡ R>¡.
gp¡L$dp„ c°dZ `pdsp¡ Æh `p¡sp_p `yÎe-`p` A_ykpf l„d¡ip„
kyM-vy$:M `pd¡ R>¡. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ `p¡s¡ S>¡hy„ L$f¡ R>¡, s¡hy„ `pd¡ R>¡. sp¡`Z
Aop_u Æh dp¡l_p L$pfZ¡ `p¡sp_p v$p¡j_p¡ V$p¡`gp¡ buÅ_p dp\¡
_p„M¡ R>¡. Aop__p L$pfZ¡ \sp dp¡lL$d®_p¡ _pi L$fhp\u S>Ns_u
b^u BÃR>pAp¡ V$m¡ R>¡. A_¡ `p¡sp_p iyÙõhê`dp„ [õ\s \hpe
R>¡. `p¡sp_p iyÙõhê`dp„ [õ\s \hp\u gp¡L$dp„ \sy„ c°dZ V$mu
gp¡L$_p riMf D`f [õ\fv$ip-dp¡n_u âpqá \pe R>¡. Ap fus_y„
tQsh_ s¡ gp¡L$cph_p R>¡.
r_Ðe r_Np¡v$dp„\u _uL$mu õ\phf A_¡ Ðepf`R>u ÓkNrs âprá
\hu vy$g®c R>¡. ÓkNrsdp„ `Z d_yóev¡$l âpá \hp¡ dlpvy$g®c
R>¡, L¡$ S>¡_¡ ^pfZ L$fhp dpV¡$ BÞÖ `Z T„M¡ R>¡. d_yóev¡$l âpá
\ep `R>u `Z DÑd Ape®v¡$i, S>¥_îphL$_y„ Ly$m A_¡ kÐk„NrÑ
âpá \hu vy$g®c R>¡. kÐk„Nrs_u âprá \ep `R>u `Z kçeÁv$i®_,
k„ e dv$ip, îphL$_y „ `p„ Q dy „ Ny Z õ\p_, fÐ_Óe_u Apfp^_p,
rS>_v$unp_y„ ^pfZ L$fhy,„ dyr_hf_p h°sp¡_„y `pg_ L$fhy„ A_¡ `qf`|Z®
husfpN iyÙcph_u âpqá \hu DÑfp¡sf vy$g®c R>¡. Ap b^p„e
vy$g®cdp„ `Z kp¥\u h^y vy$g®c lp¡e sp¡ l¡ Q¡s_ ! s¡ kçeÁv$i®_ê`
J bp¡r^ S> R>¡. Ap bp¡r^_¡ âpá L$fhp\u r_ed\u L¡$hmop__u âpqá
JJ \pe R>¡ A_¡ L¡ $ hmop__¡ âpá \e¡ g p¡ Æh afu `pR>p¡ Ap
J chc°dZdp„ Aphsp¡ _\u. bp¡r^_u vy$g®csp A_¡ s¡_u âprá dpV¡$
JJ hs® d p_ d_y ó eÆh__u ep¡ Á esp_u rhQpfZp \hu s¡
bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p R>¡.
A_¡L$ âL$pf_u L$[ë`s ey[¼sAp¡ b_phu_¡ `p¡sp_p op__¡
lf_pfp A¡L$p„shpv$u rdÕep dpÞesp ^fphsp AÞe v$i®_p¡ S>Nsdp„
OZp„ b^p„ R>¡. S>¥_v$i®_ rkhpe_p A¡L$p„shpv$u rdÕep„ dpÞep
^fphsp AÞe v$i®_p¡dp„ L$p¡B nrZL$hpv$u L¡$ L$p¡B L$sp®hpv$u lp¡e
R>¡. s¡d_u Apç_pe fpMu Aop_u Æhp¡ S>Nsdp„ cV$L¡$ R>¡. Ap gp¡L$p¡
õhÃR>„v$u \B `p¡s¡ S> `p` L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p¡ cpf S>Ns_p L$l¡hpsp
r_e„sp D`f fpM¡ R>¡.
husfpN-kh®o rS>_v¡$h_u qv$ìehpZu r_v$p£j R>¡. Ap hpZudp„
kps sÒhp¡_y„ e\psÕe hZ®_ Aph¡ R>¡, S>¡ b^p„_¡ kyMv$peu lp¡e
R>¡. Ap rS>_hpZu_y„ hpf„hpf tQsh_ L$fu A„sfdp„ kçeÁv$i®__¡
^pfZ L$fhy „ Å¡ B A¡ . rS>_hpZu_p tQsh__p Aphp âL$pf_p
âeÐ_\u A¡ L $ qv$hk chkpNf sfu S>hp_u ^d® c ph_p L$rh
d„Nsfpe cph¡ R>¡ A_¡ Ap fus¡ s¡ ^d®cph_p_y„ õhê` bsph¡ R>¡.
op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 L$pìe _„.3 : `„. S>eQ„v$Æ R>pbX$pL©$s bpfcph_p
1. Ar_Ðecph_p qÓL$pm Öìeõhcph_u Öìe×rô$A¡ S>Ns_p„ b^p„ `v$p\p£ r_Ðe
R>¡ A_¡ s¡ S> `v$p\® s¡ S> kde¡ `ep®e×rô$A¡ Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡
s¡dp„ r_Ðe L$p¡Z R>¡ ? A¡V$g¡ L¡$ `ep®eÖrô$A¡ L$p¡B r_Ðe lp¡sy„ _\u.
Îí à ² LÐ ÜUÚ „±ü ç ƒÚ, ÐÚ…² çƒÚ ãñ ÜU¢ñ Ý J
s¡\u `ep®e×rô$_u Ar_Ðesp_¡ Np¥Z L$fu A¡V$g¡ L¡$ `ep®e A`¡npA¡
\sp k„ep¡N-rhep¡Ndp„ lj®-M¡v$ dV$pX$u `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_¡ Öìe×rô$A¡
Îí à ² Îí ç C ¥¢Ð¢ H¶¢ï Ð…ü ² ݲ ÜUÚ x¢¢ñ Ý JJ r_Ðe`Z¡ r_lpmhp¡ A¡ S> Ar_Ðecph_p_p¡ Apie R>¡.
f. AifZcph_p Ap S>Nsdp„ r_òe\u `p¡ s p_p¡ iy Ù pÐdp A_¡ ìehlpf\u
`„Q`fd¡r›$•Ap b¡ S> ifZ R>¡. Ap b¡ rkhpe AÞe L$p¡B_¡ ifZ
à¢é h ¢y}¢ ¥L Ðæ ™ x¢é L , …x¢ }¢ï æ „ÚÝ¢ñ Î¢ï ² J dp_hp_u L$ë`_p ìe\® R>¡, S>¡ Æh_¡ rdÕep-dp¡l_p Dv$e_p L$pfZ¡
lp¡ e R>¡ . AÞe_¡ ifZ dp_hp_p¡ rdÕep-dp¡ l dV$pX$u `p¡ s p_p
}¢¢ï 㠩β ç…² ÜUï ±ë ƒ ¢, ¥¢Ý ÜUËÐÝ¢ ã¢ï ² JJ iyÙpÐdp_p kpQp ifZ_¡ ip¡^hy„ A¡ S> AifZcph_p_p¡ kpf R>¡.
3. k„ k pfcph_p `fÖìe `p¡s¡ kyM-vy$:Mê` _\u. `f„sy `fÖìe âÐe¡ âursê`
fpN L¡$ Aâursê` Ü¡j S> kyM-vy$:Mê` R>¡. s¡\u `fÖìe_p gn¡
\su `f`qfZrsê` fpN-Ü¡j S> ApÐdp_p¡ k„kpf R>¡. A_¡ Ap
ÐÚÎí à ²Ý ¼ñ Ðí è ç¼ …¢ï , ãñ „æ „ ¢Ú ¥Ï¢¢ï { J
k„kpfdp„ kyM dp_hy„ s¡ S> Aop_ R>¡. Ap Aop__y„ am k„kpf_u
QpfNrsdp„ c°dZ R>¡, A¡d ipõÓp¡_p `pfNpduAp¡ L$l¡ R>¡. Ap fus¡
¼¢ÜU¢ï ÈUH x¢ç¼ ™¢Ú }¢ï æ , |¢í } ¢‡¢ ÜUs¢ï Ÿ¢é ¼ ࢢï { JJ k„kpf_¡ Akpf dp_hp_u rhQpfZp s¡ k„kpfcph_p R>¡.
4. A¡ L $Ðhcph_p `pfdpr\®L$ Öìe×rô$\u Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ b^p„e ApÐdpAp¡
A¡L$ê` S> R>¡. ApÐdp_y„ A¡L$ê``Ï„ s¡_p r_rh®Lë` kh®oõhcph¡
R>¡ . Ap S> ApÐdp ìehlpqfL$ `ep® e ×rô$A¡ Å¡ h pdp„ Aph¡ sp¡
ÐÚ}¢¢Úƒ ¼ñ æ ¥¢¼}¢¢, »ÜU LÐ ãè …¢ï ² J L$d®r_rdÑ\u \sp„ A_¡L$ âL$pf_p rhL$ë`p¡ê`¡ R>¡. Öìe×rô$_p
A¡L$Ðh_p Apîe\u Ap kOmp„ rhL$ë`p¡ V$m¡ R>¡. A_¡ s¡\u A¡L$Ðhê`
kh® o õhcph S>¡ h u kh® o v$ip âNV¡ $ R>¡ . Aphu rhQpfZp s¡
ÜU}¢ü çÝç}¢œ¢ ç±ÜUHР͢Ýï , ç¼Ý Ý¢„ï çࢱ ã¢ï ² JJ A¡L$Ðhcph_p R>¡.
`. AÞeÐhcph_p `p¡s`p¡sp_u kÑp_¡ Åmhu fpMu_¡ b^u hõsy õhs„Ó`Z¡ rhgpk
L$fsu fl¡ R>¡. s¡\u L$p¡B L$p¡Bdp„ lõsn¡` L$fsy„ _\u A_¡ L$fu iL$sy„
¥ÐÝï ¥ÐÝï „y± ÜUê æ , „±ü ±S¼é ç±H„¢² J `Z _\u. b^p„ `v$p\p£ A¡L$buÅ\u sØ_ rcß A_¡ õhs„Ó R>¡.
`f`v$p\®_¡ `f dp_hp\u `fÖìe¡_y„ ddÐh V$mu Åe R>¡. Aphp
»ï „ ï 發±ï …è± ¼Ï¢, ÐÚ ¼ï æ }¢}¢¼ Ý ƒ¢² JJ âL$pf_y„ tQsh_ s¡ AÞeÐhcph_p R>¡.
6. Aiy r Qcph_p `p¡sp_p¡ ApÐdp A¡L$v$d r_d®m `fd `rhÓ R>¡. A_¡ ifuf
AÐe„s A`rhÓsp_y„ S> Of R>¡. s¡\u l¡ cìe ! õhcph\u S> AiyrQ
çÝ}¢ü H ¥ÐÝè ¥¢¼}¢¢, Îï 㠥Т±Ý x¢ï ã J A¡hp ifuf âÐe¡_p¡ õ_¡l sÅ¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_p `fd iyrQ iyÙ õhcph_y„
…¢çÝ |¢Ã² çÝ… |¢¢± ÜU¢ï , ²¢ „¢ï æ ¼…¢ï „Ýï ã JJ Âep_ ^fp¡. Ap âL$pf_u cph_p s¡ AiyrQcph_p R>¡.
r_òe_e_u A`¡npA¡ Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ `p¡sp_p¡ ApÐdp dpÓ
7. Apöhcph_p op_de A¡V$g¡ L¡$ opeL$ S> R>¡. b^p„e âL$pf_p rhcph `qfZpdê`
Apöhcph s¡dp„ R>¡ S> _l]. opeL$ ApÐdp_p Aop__p L$pfZ¡ DÐ`ß
¥¢¼}¢ ÜUï ± H ¿¢¢Ý }¢², çÝp² Îë ç C çÝã¢Ú J \sp Apöhcph rhX$pfhp ep¡Áe A¡V$g¡ L¡$ dpfu lW$phhp ep¡Áe R>¡.
Ap fus¡ opeL$ ApÐdp_y„ D`pv¡$e`Ï„ A_¡ Apöhcphp¡_y„ l¡e`Ï„
„Ï¢ ç±|¢¢± ÐçÚ‡¢¢}¢ }¢², ¥¢d± |¢¢± çÏ¢Ç¢Ú JJ rhQpfhy„ s¡ Apöhcph_p R>¡.

bpfcph_p_p L$pìep¡ 257

 8. k„ h fcph_p
çÝ… S±LÐ }¢ï æ Hèݼ¢, çÝp² „æ ± Ú …¢çÝ J
„ç}¢ç¼ x¢é ç # „æ … }¢ {Ú}¢, {Úñ æ ТРÜUè ã¢çÝ JJ
9. r_S>® f pcph_p
„æ ± Ú}¢² ãñ ¥¢¼}¢¢, Ðê ± ü ÜU}¢ü Û¢Ç …¢² J
çÝ… S±LÐ ÜU¢ï Т² ÜUÚ, H¢ï Ü U çà¢¶Ú …Ï¢ ƒ¢² JJ
Apöh_p r_fp¡^_¡ k„hf L$l¡ R>¡. r_òe\u `p¡sp_p qÓL$pm ^°yh
iyÙ õhê`dp„ gu_spê` husfpNcph S> Apöh_¡ AV$L$ph_pfp¡
k„hf R>¡. Aphp r_òe k„hf`|h®L$ krdrs, Nyqá, k„ed A_¡ ndpqv$
v$i ^dp£ê` iycfpNcph `p`_¡ AV$L$ph_pfp¡ lp¡hp\u ìehlpf\u
k„hf R>¡. k„hfcph_pdp„ Ap âL$pf_y„ rQ„sh_ lp¡e R>¡.
k„hf krls ApÐdp_p âv¡$ip¡dp„\u `|h®bÙ L$dp£_y„ TX$u S>hy„
s¡_¡ r_S>®fp L$l¡ R>¡. Aphu r_S>®fp_p L$pfZ¡ `p¡s¡ gp¡L$riMf D`f
`p¡sp_p iyÙ õhê`_u âpráê` dp¡n_¡ `pd¡ R>¡, s¡ r_S>®fp_y„ am
R>¡. op_uAp¡_u Aphu rhQpfZp_¡ r_S>®fpcph_p L$l¡ R>¡.

10. gp¡ L $cph_p
H¢ï Ü U S±LÐ ç±™¢çÚ ÜUñ æ , ¥¢¼}¢ LÐ çÝã¢çÚ J
ÐÚ}¢¢Úƒ ò±ã¢Ú }¢é ç ‡¢, ç}¢‰²¢|¢¢± çݱ¢çÚ JJ
11. bp¡ r ^vy $ g® c cph_p
Ï¢¢ï ç { ¥¢ÐÜU¢ |¢¢± ãñ , çÝp² Îé H ü | ¢ Ý¢ôã J
|¢± }¢ï æ Ðí ¢ Ðç¼ ÜUçÆÝ ãñ , ²ã ò±ã¢Ú ÜUã¢ôã JJ
1f. ^d® c ph_p
Îà¢ü ¿¢¢Ý}¢² ™ï ¼ Ý¢, ¥¢¼}¢ {}¢ü Ï¢¶¢çÝ J
β¢ ÿ¢}¢¢çÎÜU Ú¼Ý~¢², ²¢}¢ï æ x¢<|¢¼ …¢çÝ JJ
l¡ dyr_ ! ìehlpf\u R> Öìeõhê` gp¡L$_y„ õhê` rhQpfu_¡
r_òe\u rdÕepÐh_¡ dV$pX$_pf `p¡sp_p iyÙpÐdõhê` r_S>gp¡L$_p¡
A_y c h L$fhp¡ Å¡ B A¡ . Ap bpbs gp¡ L $cph_p_p tQsh__p¡
L¡$ÞÖhs} rhQpf R>¡.
kçeL¹$Ðhê` bp¡r^ `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_p¡ klS> õhcph R>.¡ hs®dp_
d_yóeÆh_dp„ s¡_u âprá dpV¡$_u kOmu kyrh^pAp¡ `Z R>¡. s¡\u
s¡_¡ r_òe\u vy$g®c L$lu iL$pe _rl. sp¡`Z A_pqv$ chc°dZdp„
buSy>„ b^y„e âpá L$e®y `Z A¡L$dpÓ bp¡r^_u âprá L$epf¡e \B _\u.
s¡\u s¡_u âprá dyíL¡$g dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>.¡ Ap fus¡ bp¡r^_u vy$gc
® sp
R>¡, s¡ ìehlpf\u L$lu iL$pe R>¡. Ap bpbs bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p_p
tQsh__y„ L¡$ÞÖtbvy$ R>¡.
v$i®_op_de op_Q¡s_p_¡ S> ApÐdp_p¡ ^d® L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡
R>¡. r_òe\u kçeÁv$i®_-op_-QpqfÓê` husfpN `qfZrs A_¡
ìehlpf\u v$ep, ndpqv$L$ iycfpN `qfZrs `Z Ap ^d®dp„ kdph¡i
`pd¡ R>¡. ^d® dpV¡$_u Ap âL$pf_u rhQpfZp s¡ ^d®cph_p R>¡.

Ap `yõsL$_p âL$pi_ A\£ v$p_dp„ dm¡g fL$d

ê$p.21000/- X$p¡.d¡lzgcpB A¡_. ipl U.S.A. ê$p.1500/- X$p¡.`pê$gb¡_ L$pdv$pf rhg¡`pg£
ê$p.20000/- X$p¡.Nuspb¡_ fp¡luscpB ipl, U.S.A. ê$p.1001/- Aê$Zpb¡_ fd¡icpB ipl, dy„bB
ê$p.10000/- Aê$Zpb¡_ L$dg¡icpB `pf¡M U.S.A. ê$p.1001/- _e_pb¡_ cfsLy$dpf ipl dy„bB
ê$p.5001/- `ëghub¡_ `©ÕhufpS> ipl kp¡_NY$ ê$p.1001/- B[Þv$fpb¡_ qv$gu`Ly$dpf i¡W$ b¢Ágp¡f
ê$p.5001/- h©S>Ly„$hfb¡_ dN_gpg dl¡sp hp„L$p_¡f ê$p.1001/- k„Ýepb¡_ i¥g¡jcpB ipl OpV$L$p¡`f
ê$p.5001/- Q„`L$gpg rhL$diu k„Ohu_p dy„bB ê$p.601/- dl¡ÞÖcpB c|fpgpg L$pdv$pf fpS>L$p¡V$
õdfZp\£ l.cfscpB rQ.`pfk_p gÁ_ âk„N¡
ê$p.5000/- Np¥sdcpB ipl_p õdfZp\£ U.S.A. ê$p.600/- L$ë`_pb¡_ S>e¡icpB ipl bp¡fuhgu
l.Ly$kydb¡_, L¡$v$pf, v¡$hL$u ê$p.501/- Q„v$_b¡_ kyf¡icpB L$pdv$pf kyfs
ê$p.5000/- S>eîub¡_ L¡$ihgpg i¡W U.S.A. ê$p.501/- fpS>îu ârsL$ ipl bp¡fuhgu
ê$p.5000/- ârhZcpB A¡_. ipl U.S.A. ê$p.501/- X$p¡.rls¡i S>ih„sfpe ipl Adv$phpv$
ê$p.4001/- kyiugpb¡_ iiuL$p„s dl¡sp_p b¢Ngp¡f ê$p.448/- bu`u_cpB `p¡`V$gpg ipl bp¡fuhgu
õdfZp\£ l.d_ycpB i¡W$ ê$p.351/- f„S>_b¡_ ^ufS>gpg ipl bp¡fuhgu
ê$p.3600/- âursb¡_ _hu_cpB ipl, bp¡fuhgu ê$p.251/- fd¡iQ„v$ _p_pgpg cpgpZu bp¡fuhgu
ê$p.2501/- S>epb¡_ Ad©sgpg i¡W$_p õdfZp\£ kp¡_NY$ ê$p.251/- b°.r_d®mpb¡_ `p¡`V$gpg ipl kp¡_NY$

258 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

 L$pìe _„.4 : `„. v$u`Q„v$ÆL©$s bpfcph_p
1. Ar_Ðecph_p
Îí à ² Îë ç C „ï ±S¼é çƒÚ, вü ² ¥çƒÚ çÝã¢Ú J
¼¢„ï ²¢ï x ¢ ç±²¢ï x ¢ }¢ï æ , ã¯ü 籯¢Î çݱ¢Ú JJ
f. AifZcph_p
à¢Ú‡¢ Ý ç…² ÜU¢ï …x¢¼ }¢ï æ , „é Ú ÝÚ ¶x¢Ðç¼ „¢Ú J
çÝp² à¢é h ¢¼}¢ à¢Ú‡¢, ÐÚ}¢ï D è ò±ã¢Ú
3. k„kpfcph_p
…‹}¢ …Ú¢x¢Î }¢ë y ²é |¢², Ðé ç Ý …ãæ 籯² ÜU¯¢² J
ã¢ï ± ï „é ¶ Îé : ¶ …è± ÜU¢ï , „¢ï „æ „ ¢Ú ÜU㢲 JJ
4. A¡L$Ðhcph_p
ТРÐé ‡ ² ÈUH Îé : ¶ „é ¶ , „}м ç±Ð¼ „Îè± J
…‹}¢ …Ú¢ }¢ë ¼ é ¥¢çÎ „Ï¢, „ãñ ¥ÜUï H ¢ …è± JJ
`. AÞeÐhcph_p
…¢ ¼Ý }¢ï æ çݼ ç…² Ï¢„ñ , „¢ï Ý ¥¢ÐÝ¢ï ã¢ï ² J
¼¢ï Ðí ¼ ÿ¢ …¢ï ÐÚ ÎÚÏ¢, ÜUñ „ ï ¥ÐÝ¢ï ã¢ï ² JJ
6. AiyrQcph_p
„é D é „é x ¢æ ç {¼ Îí à ² ÜU¢ï , ÜUÚï ¥à¢é ç ™ …¢ï ÜU¢² J
ã¢Ç }¢¢¡ „ }¢H Lç{Ú ƒH, „¢ï çÜU}¢ à¢é h ÜU㢲 JJ
7. Apöhcph_p
}¢Ý ±™ ¼Ý à¢é | ¢ ¥à¢é | ¢ ²ï , ²¢ï x ¢ ¥¢d± m¢Ú J
ÜUÚ¼ Ï¢æ { ç±ç{ …è± ÜU¢ï , }¢ã¢ ÜUé ç ÅH Îê : ¶ÜU¢Ú JJ
Öìe×rô$A¡ v$f¡ L $ hõsy A¡ L $ê` A_¡ [õ\f S>ZpB R>¡ .
A_¡ s¡ S> hõsy s¡ S> kde¡ `ep® e ×rô$A¡ A_¡ L $ê` A_¡
A[õ\f S>ZpB R>¡ . `ep® e ×rô$ V$pmu Öìe×rô$ L$fhp\u
A[õ\fspdp„ `Z hõsy _ u [õ\fsp Å¡ B iL$pe R>¡ . s¡ \ u
`ep®e×rô$A¡ \sp A[õ\f k„ep¡N-rhep¡Ndp„ lj®-rhjpv$
r_hpfu iL$pe R>¡. Aphu rhQpfZp s¡ Ar_Ðecph_p R>¡.
Ap S>Nsdp„ Ap Æh_¡ L$p¡B BÞÖ, _f¡ÞÖ L¡$ MN¡ÞÖ `Z
ifZê` _\u. r_òe\u `p¡sp_p¡ iyÙpÐdp S> `p¡sp_¡ ifZê`
R>¡ A_¡ ìehlpf\u s¡ iyÙpÐdp_¡ Ap¡mMph_pf A_¡ Ðep„
ky^u `lp¢QpX$_pf `„Q`fd¡r›$ ifZê` R>¡. ifZ_p Aphp
JJ õhê`_y„ tQsh_ s¡ AifZcph_p R>¡.
S>Þd, h©Ùphõ\p, fp¡N A_¡ d©Ðey_p L$pfZ¡ S>¡ cephl
R>¡ s¡d S> rhje-L$jpe_¡ hi Æh S>¡dp„ kyM-vy$:M_¡ `pd¡
R>¡, s¡_¡ k„kpf L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Aphp k„kpf_u Akpfsp_u
rhQpfZp s¡ k„ k pfcph_p R>¡ .
`p`-`yÎe_y„ am, kyM-vy$:M_p¡ cp¡NhV$p,¡ k„`rÑ-rh`rÑ,
S>Þd-S>fp-d©Ðey hN¡f¡ b^p„ âk„Np¡dp„ Ap Æh l„d¡ip„ A¡L$gp¡
S> lp¡e R>¡. s¡ kde¡ s¡_p¡ L$p¡B kp\u L¡$ klpeL$ lp¡sp¡ _\u.
A¡L$Ðh_p Aphp õhê`_y„ tQsh_ s¡ A¡L$Ðhcph_p R>¡.
S>¡ ifufdp„ `p¡sp_p¡ ApÐdp L$ped fl¡ R>¡, s¡ ifuf S>
`p¡sp_y„ _\u. sp¡ `R>u S>¡ `p¡sp\u âÐen`Z¡ rcß R>¡ s¡hp
`fÖìe `p¡sp_p L$B fus¡ lp¡e ? _ S> lp¡e. Ap âL$pf¡ õh-
`f_p c¡v$op__u cph_p cphhu s¡ AÞeÐhcph_p R>¡.
DÑd kyN„r^s `rhÓ `v$p\® `Z ifuf_p k„N\u A`rhÓ
\B Åe R>¡ . s¡ h p drg_ lpX$-dp„ k -dm-gp¡ l u\u cf¡ g u
\¡gu kdp_ ifuf_¡ iyrQ L$B fus¡ L$l¡hpe ? Ap âL$pf¡ ifuf_y„
AiyrQ`Ï„ A_¡ s¡dp„ rbfpS>dp_ ApÐdp_y„ iyrQ`Z tQshhy„
s¡ Aiy r Qcph_p R>¡ .
d_-hQ_-L$pe_p ep¡NÜpfp \sp„ iyc-AAiyccph
A¡ Apöh_p¡ Üpf R>¡. Ap Apöh Æh_¡ dlpLy$qV$g A_¡ vy$:M
v$peL$ A¡hp L$d®_y„ b„^_ L$fph¡ R>¡. Ap âL$pf¡ Apöh_p l¡e$
õhê$`_u rhQpfZp s¡ Apöhcph_p R>¡ .

bpfcph_p_p L$pìep¡ 259

 8. k„hfcph_p op_-h¥fpÁe`|h®L$_u rhQpfZp A_¡ d_-hQ_-L$pe_u
Ny r á_p bm¡ `p¡ s p_p iy Ù pÐdõhê$`dp„ [õ\f fl¡ h y „ s¡ _ ¡
¿¢¢Ý ç±Ú¢x¢ ç±™¢Ú ÜUï , x¢¢ï Ð ï æ }¢Ý ±™ ÜU¢² J
Apöh_p r_fp¡ ^ ê` k„ h f L$l¡ R>¡ . Ap k„ h f_p ky M v$peL$
çƒÚ uñ ¥ÐÝï ¥¢Ð }¢ï æ , „¢ï „æ ± Ú „é ¶ ΢² JJ õhê`_u rhQpfZp s¡ k„hfcph_p R>¡.
9. r_S>®fpcph_p `p„ Q B[ÞÖep¡ _ p rhje_p¡ r_fp¡ ^ L$fu_¡ s¡ d S> `p„ Q
krdrs, ÓZ Nyrá A_¡ `p„Q dlph°sp¡_¡ ^pfZ L$fu_¡ BÃR>p_p
Т¡ ™ ¢ï æ §ü ç ‹Îí ² Î}¢Ý ÜUÚ, „ç}¢ç¼ x¢é ç # ±í ¼ {¢Ú J Acph`|h®L$ husfpNcphê` s` L$fhp\u L$d®_u r_S>®fp
\pe R>¡. k„hf`|h®L$ \su r_S>®fp dpV¡$_u Aphu cph_p s¡
§ÓÀ¢ çÏ¢Ý ¼Ð ¥¢ÎÚñ , „¢ï çÝ…ü Ú ¢ çÝã¢Ú JJ r_S>® f pcph_p R>¡ .
10. gp¡L$cph_p Æh, `yv$¹Ng, ^dp[õsL$pe, A^dp®[õsL$pe A_¡ L$pmÖìe
ApL$pi_p S>¡V$gp cpNdp„ fl¡gp„ R>¡ s¡ gp¡L$ R>¡. d_yóepL$pf
Ðé Î ì x ¢H {}¢ü ¥{}¢ü ç…², ÜU¢H ç…¼ï Ý|¢ }¢¢¡ ç ã J gp¡L$dp„ L$d®_p Dv$e_¡ hi Æh A_¡L$ âL$pf_p vy$:Mp¡_¡ `pd¡
R>¡ . L$dp® ^ u_ `fgp¡ L $_¡ R>p¡ X $u_¡ ApÐdp^u_ r_S>gp¡ L $dp„
r_hpk L$fhp\u gp¡L$pN°¡ ipïhs kyM_u âprá \pe R>¡ s¡hu
ÝÚ¢ÜU¢Ú „¢ï H¢ï Ü U }¢ï æ ç±ç{ ±à¢ ç…± Îé : ¶ Т¡ ç ã JJ rhQpfZp s¡ gp¡ L $cph_p R>¡ .
11. bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p kyf¡ÞÖ-_f¡ÞÖ_u `v$hu, ^_-^pÞe_u kd©qÙ hN¡f¡ b^y„e
Ap S>Nsdp„ A_¡L$hpf âpá \ey„ R>¡. s¡\u s¡ kygc R>¡. `f„sy
„Ï¢çã „é H }¢ ²¢ …x¢¼ }¢ñ , „é Ú ÝÚ ÐÎ {Ý {¢Ý J
kçeL$¹Ðhê` bp¡r^ Ap Æh¡ ApS>ky^udp„ A¡L¡$e hpf âpá
L$fu _\u ; s¡\u s¡ vy$g®c R>¡. Ap vy$g®c bp¡r^ S> dp¡ndpN®_y„
Îé H ü | ¢ „}²xÏ¢¢ï ç { §ÜU, …¢ï ãñ çࢱ „¢ï Ð ¢Ý JJ â\d kp¡`p_ R>¡ s¡hu rhQpfZp s¡ bp¡r^vy$g®ccph_p R>¡.
1f. ^d®cph_p `p¡sp_¡ k„bp¡^_ L$fu_¡ L$rh `„. v$u`Q„v$Æ buÅ_¡ `Z
D`v¡$i¡ R>¡ L¡$, l¡ ApÐd_¹ ! DÑd Ap[ÐdL$ Asu[ÞÖe kyM
Ap`_pf r_òe ^d® sp¡ `p¡sp_p Q¥sÞeõhê`u iyÙpÐdpdp„
…Ð ¼Ð „æ ² }¢ à¢èH Ðé ç Ý, y²¢x¢ {}¢ü ò±ã¢Ú J fdZspê` husfpNcph R>¡. Aphp r_òe ^d®`|h®L$ L$fhpdp„
Aphsp S>`, s`, k„ e d, iug s¡ d S> ÐepN S>¡ h p
iycfpNcph_¡ ìehlpf\u ^d® L$l¡hpe R>¡. r_òe-ìehlpf
‘‘ÎèÐ’’ Ú}¢‡¢ ç™Îí ê Ð çÝ…, çÝp² ±ë ¯ „é ¶ ÜU¢Ú JJ ^d®_p Aphp õhê$`_y„ tQsh_ s¡ ^d®cph_p R>¡.
`p„Q kdhpedp„ `y{jp\®_u dy¿esp
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`y{jp\® rkhpe_p„ bpL$u_p„ L$pfZp¡ `y{jp\® kp\¡ k„b„^us s¡d S> `y{jp\®_p„ ârs`pv$L$ A_¡ â¡fL$ lp¡hp\u ìehlpf\u L$pfZ
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R>¡. s¡ L$pe®_u DÐ`pv$L$ âq¾$epdp„ ku^u fus_u kpd¡gNufu ^fph¡ R>¡. s¡\u `y{jp\® A¡ D`pv$_ L$pfZ R>¡. D`pv$_ L$pfZ `Z A¡L$
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dy¿esp R>¡.
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260 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p
 L$pìe _„.5 : `„.eyNgqL$ip¡fL©$s bpfcph_p
bpfcph_p_u c| d qL$p
|¢± ±Ý }¢ï æ …è |¢Ú Í¢ê } ¢ ™é Ü U¢, ÜU‡¢-ÜU‡¢ ÜU¢ï …è |¢Ú-|¢Ú Îï ¶ ¢ J
}¢ë x ¢ „}¢ }¢ë x ¢ ¼ë c ‡¢¢ ÜUï ÐèÀï , }¢é Û ¢ÜU¢ï Ý ç}¢Hè „é ¶ ÜUè Úï ¶ ¢ JJ
1. A_[Ðecph_p
Û¢ê Æ ï …x¢ ÜUï „ÐÝï „¢Úï , Û¢ê Æ è }¢Ý ÜUè „Ï¢ ¥¢à¢¢²ï æ J
¼Ý-…è±Ý-²¢ñ ± Ý-¥çSƒÚ ãñ , ÿ¢‡¢ |¢æ x ¢é Ú ÐH }¢ï æ }¢é Ú Û¢¢»¡ JJ
f. AifZcph_p
„}¢í ¢ Å }¢ã¢Ï¢H „ï Ý ¢Ýè, ©„ ÿ¢‡¢ ÜU¢ï Å¢H „ÜUï x ¢¢ v²¢?
¥à¢Ú‡¢ }¢ë ¼ ÜU¢²¢ }¢ï æ ã<¯¼, çÝ… …è±Ý Ç¢H „ÜUï x ¢¢ v²¢? JJ
3. k„ k pfcph_p
„æ „ ¢Ú }¢ã¢ Îé ¶ „¢x¢Ú ÜUï , Ðí | ¢é Îé : ¶}¢² „é ¶ ¥¢|¢¢„¢ï æ }¢ï æ
}¢é Û ¢ÜU¢ï Ý ç}¢H¢ „é ¶ ÿ¢‡¢ |¢Ú |¢è, ÜUæ ™ Ý ÜU¢ç}¢çÝ Ðí ¢ „¢Î¢ï æ }¢ï æ JJ
4. A¡ L $Ðhcph_p
}¢ñ æ »ÜU¢ÜUè »ÜUy± çH», »Ü
»ÜUUy± çH» „Ï¢ ãè ¥¢¼ï J
¼Ý {Ý ÜU¢ï „¢ƒè „}¢Û¢¢ ƒ¢, ÐÚ ²ï |¢è À¢ï Ç G ™Hï …¢¼ï JJ
`. AÞe\Ðhcph_p
}¢ï Ú ï Ý ãé » ²ï }¢ñ æ §ü Ý „ï , ¥ç¼ ç|¢ó¢ ¥¶‡Ç çÝÚ¢H¢ ãê ¡ J
çÝ… }¢ï æ ÐÚ „ï ¥‹²y± çH», çÝ… „}¢ Ú„ ÐèÝï ±¢H¢ ãê ¡ JJ
6. Aiy r Qcph_p
ç…„ÜUï Ÿ¢ë æ x ¢¢Ú¢ï æ }¢ï }¢ï Ú ¢, ²ã }¢ã¡ x ¢¢ …è±Ý {é H …¢¼¢ J
¥y²‹¼ ¥à¢é ç ™ …ÇG ÜU¢²¢ „ï , §ü „ ™ï ¼ Ý ÜU¢ ÜUñ „ ¢ Ý¢¼¢ JJ
7. Apöhcph_p
çÎÝ Ú¢¼ à¢é | ¢¢à¢é | ¢ |¢¢±¢ï æ „ï , }¢ï Ú ¢ ò¢Ð¢Ú ™H¢ ÜUÚ¼¢ J
}¢¢Ý„ ±¢‡¢è ¥¢ñ Ú ÜU¢²¢ „ï , ¥¢d± ÜU¢ m¢Ú ¶é H ¢ Úã¼¢ JJ
bpfcph_p_p L$pìep¡
k„kpfê`u h_dp„ lp¢ic¡f c°dZ L$e®y. s¡_p L$Z¡-L$Z_¡
d_cfu_¡ dpÎey „ . sp¡ ` Z Tp„ T hp_p S>m_u `pR>m v$p¡ V $
d|L$hp\u S>¡d lfZ_u s©jp R>u`su _\u. s¡d k„kpfdp„ ¼ep„e
kyM_p¡ A¡L$ A„i âpá \sp¡ _\u s¡\u k„kpf âÐe¡_p h¥fpÁe_p
LpfZc| s bpfcph_p cphy „ R>¡ .
S>Ns_p„ kOmp„ õhà_p„ S|>W$p„ R>¡, d__p„ b^p„ Afdp_p¡
`Z rdÕep R>¡. L¡$d L¡$, s¡ A_ykpf âpá \sp s_-Æ>h_-
ep¥ h _ hN¡ f ¡ b^y „ e `gL$hpfdp„ `gV$pB S>_pf lp¡ h p\u
nZc„ N | f R>¡ , A[õ\f R>¡ . Ap `° L $pf_u rhQpfZp s¡
Ar_Ðecph_p R>¡ .
dlpbmhp_ k¡ _ p_p¡ Ar^`rs kd° p V$ `Z `p¡ s p_p
dfZ_u nZ_¡ V$pmu iL$sp¡ _\u L$¡ L$p¡B d©s L$pepdp„ `p¡sp_p
lrj®s Æh__¡ Dd¡fu s¡_¡ kÆh_ L$fu iL$sp¡ _\u, s¡ s¡_y„
AifZ`Ï„ k| Q h¡ R>¡ . Ap âL$pf_u rhQpfZp s¡
AifZcph_p R>¡ .
l¡ âcy ! kp¡_y, õÓu, dl¡gp¡ S>¡hu kyrh^pAp¡dp„ `Z d_¡
A¡L$ nZdpÓ `Z qL„$rQs¹ kyM dmu i¼ey„ _\u. s¡\u k„kpfdp„
S>¡_¡ kyMu dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ s¡ `Z kyM_p Apcpkê` S>
lp¡ h p\u vy $ :Mde R>¡ . k„ k pf dlp_ vy $ :Mp¡ _ p v$qfep kdp_
S> R>¡ . k„ k pf_u Ap `° L $pf_u Akpfsp_y „ tQsh_ s¡
k„ k pfcph_p R>¡ .
A_¡L$ âL$pf_u Ahõ\pAp¡dp„ `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_y„ A¡L$ê$``Ï„
L¡$ A¡L$Ðh ^fphp_pfp¡ lz„ ifuf, k„`rÑ hN¡f¡_¡ `p¡sp_p¡ kp\u
L¡$ klpeL$ dp_sp¡ lsp¡. `f„sy s¡Ap¡ bOp„ d_¡ R>p¡X$u_¡ S>sp
fl¡ R>¡. s¡\u Ap b^p„ k„ep¡Np¡ hÃQ¡ `Z lz„ A¡L$gp¡ R>¡. Ap
fus¡ S>Ns_p b^p„ ApÐdpAp¡ `Z `p¡sp_y„ A¡L$Ðh V$L$phu_¡
Aphsp S>sp fl¡ R>¡ . A_¡ L$p¡ B L$p¡ B _¡ klpe L$fsy „ _\u.
Ap âL$pf_y „ tQsh_ s¡ A¡ L $Ðhcph_p R>¡ .
L$p¡ B `fk„ e p¡ N p¡ dpfp \ep _\u s¡ \ u lz „ Ap kOmp„
k„ep¡Np¡\u r_fpmp âL$pf_p¡ AÐe„s rcß AM„X$ `v$p\® Ry>„.
lz„ `p¡spdp„ `f\u rcß`Ï„ fpMu `p¡sp_p kdspê`u fk_¡
`u_pfp¡ Ry > „ . Ap âL$pf_u cph_p s¡ AÞeÐhcph_p R>¡ .
S>¡_p iZNpfdp„ dpê„ Ap qL„$dsu d_yóeÆh_ bfbpv$
\B Åe R>¡ s¡hp AÐe„s A`rhÓ S>X$ ifuf_u kp\¡ dpfp
Ap `fd `rhÓ Q¥sÞe_p¡ ip¡ kb„^ R>¡ ? L$p¡B `Z k„b„^
_\u. Ap âL$pf_u rhQpfZp s¡ Aiy r Qcph_p R>¡ .
d_-hQ_-L$pep Üpfp iycpiyccphp¡dp„ dpfp¡ D`ep¡N
fps-qv$hk Qpëep L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡ \ u `p¥ v $¹ N rgL$L$dp£ _ y „
ApÐdâv¡$ip¡dp„ Aphhpê` Apöh_y„ Üpf Myëgy„ fl¡ R>¡. Ap
âL$pf_y „ tQsh_ s¡ Apöhcph_p R>¡ .
261
 8. k„ h fcph_p iyc A_¡ Aiyc_u Aq‚_u ÄhpmpAp¡dp„ bmuTmu Ne¡g
dpfp ùv$edp„ Äepf¡ A„sf„N ApÐdi[¼s_p bm¡ kçeL$¹Ðhê`u
à¢é | ¢ ¥¢ñ Ú ¥à¢é | ¢ ÜUè Á±¢H¢ „ï , Û¢é H „¢ ãñ }¢ï Ú ¢ ¥‹¼S¼H J iusm qL$fZp¡ azV¡$ R>¡ Ðepf¡ Apöh_¡ AV$L$ph_pfu k„hfv$ip
à¢è¼H „}¢çÜU¼ çÜUÚ‡¢ï æ ÈUê Å ï , „æ ± Ú „ï …¢x¢ï ¥‹¼Ï¢ü H JJ âNV¡ $ R>¡ . Ap âL$pf_y „ tQsh_ s¡ k„ h fcph_p R>¡ .
9. r_S>® f pcph_p `R>u Äepf¡ ApÐdp_u iyqÙ L$f_pf s`_u Ar‚ âNV¡$
R>¡ Ðepf¡ `p¥v$¹NrgL$L$dp£_u i©„Mgp s|V$u `X¡$ R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u
çÈUÚ ¼Ð ÜUè ࢢï { ÜU ±ç‹ã …x¢ï , ÜU}¢¢ï ü ÜUè ÜUçÇG ² ¢ü Åê Å ÐÇï G J `p¡sp_p ApÐdp_p kOmp„ âv¡$ip¡dp„ Asu[ÞÖe Ap_„v$ê`u
Ad©s_y„ TfÏ„ azV$u `X¡$ R>¡. op_u_y„ Ap âL$pf_y„ tQsh_
„±¢Z x ¢ çÝ…¢y}¢ Ðí Î ï à ¢¢ï æ „ï , ¥}¢ë ¼ ÜUï çÝÛ¢ü Ú ÈUê Å ÐÇG ï JJ s¡ r_S>® f pcph_p R>¡ .
10. gp¡ L $cph_p Äepf¡ Ap`Z¡ Ap R> Öìeõhê` `fgp¡L$dp„ \sy„ c°dZ
R>p¡X$u_¡ `p¡sp_p Q¥sÞeõhê` r_S>gp¡L$dp„ r_hpk L$fuiy„
Ðepf¡ nZdpÓdp„ gp¡L$_p A„s¡ rkÙrigpdp„•dy¼sv$ipdp„
ã}¢ À¢ï Ç G ™Hï ²ã H¢ï Ü U ¼|¢è, H¢ï Ü U¢‹¼ ç±Ú¢…ï æ ÿ¢‡¢ }¢ï æ …¢ J kh® ip¡L$_p¡ A„s ApZu rbfpS>dp_ \Biy„; Ðepf¡ Ap `fgp¡L$
kp\¡ Ap`Z¡ ip¡ k„b„^ ? L$p¡B `Z kb„^ _\u. Ap âL$pf_u
çÝ… H¢ï Ü U ã}¢¢Ú¢ ±¢„¢ ã¢ï , ࢢï Ü U¢‹¼ Ï¢Ýï æ çÈUÚ ã}¢ÜU¢ï v²¢ JJ rhQpfZp gp¡ L $cph_p R>¡ .
11. bp¥ r ^vy $ g® c cph_p l¡ âcy ! d_¡ kçeL¹$Ðhê`u vy$g®c bp¡r^_u âprá \pe
L¡ $ S>¡ _ p L$pfZ¡ S| > W$p _ep¡ ê `u Aop_ A„ ^ L$pf iuO° V$mu
…¢x¢ï }¢}¢ Îé H ü | ¢ Ï¢¢ï ç { Ðí | ¢¢ï , Îé Ý ü ² ¼}¢ „y±Ú ÅH …¢±ï J Åe. dpfp Arcdp_, Bjp® , dp¡ l hN¡ f ¡ rhZku Åe A_¡
s¡\u lz„ bk opsp-×óV$pê`¡ flu ÅD„. Ap âL$pf_u cph_p
Ï¢„ ¿¢¢¼¢ Îë C ¢ Úã …¢ª ¡ , }¢Î }¢y„Ú }¢¢ï ã ç±Ý„ …¢±ï JJ s¡ bp¡ r ^vy $ g® c cph_p R>¡ .
1f. ^d® c ph_p Ap S>Nsdp„ `p¡sp_y„ L$p¡B fnL$ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ kp\u lp¡sy„ _\u
A_¡ `p¡s¡ `Z S>Nsdp„ L$p¡B_p¡ kp\u lp¡sp¡ _\u. dpÓ ^d®
S> `p¡ s p_p¡ L$pedu fnL$ A¡ V $g¡ L¡ $ kp\u R>¡ . `p¡ s ¡ l„ d ¡ i p„
ç™Ú Úÿ¢ÜU {}¢ü ã}¢¢Ú¢ ã¢ï , ã¢ï {}¢ü ã}¢¢Ú¢ ç™Ú „¢ƒè J ^d®_p¡ kp\ fpM¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ ^d®_p `pg_ Üpfp ^d®_u fnp
L$f¡, S>¡\u ^d® Üpfp `p¡sp_u `Z vy$N®rs fp¡L$_pfu fnp \pe.
…x¢ }¢ï æ Ý ã}¢¢Ú¢ ÜU¢ï § ü ƒ¢, ã}¢ |¢è Ý Úãï æ …x¢ ÜUï „¢ƒè JJ Ap âL$pf_u cph_p s¡ ^d® c ph_p R>¡ . $
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262 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p

 hpQL _u A„Ns _p¢^
âL$fZ dy Ø p¡ _p¢^ `p_p _„ .
rhje âh¡i d„NgpQfZ dp¡ndpN®_u iê$Aps\u gB_¡ dp¡n ky^u_p `pfdpr\®L$ 7
`„ \ dp„ op_`| h ® L $_p¡ h¥ f pÁe S>ê$fu lp¡ e R>¡ . op_`| h ® L $_p
h¥ f pÁe_y A¡ L $dpÓ L$pfZ bpf cph_p R>¡ .
(Ap _d| _ p_u _p¢ ^ R>¡ . hpQL$p¡ `p¡ s p_¡ Ndsu D`ep¡ N u L$p¡ B _p¢ ^ gMu iL¡ $ R>¡ . )

hpQL$p¡
bpfcph_p_p
_u _p¢^ L$pìep¡ 263
 hpQL _u A„Ns _p¢^
âL$fZ dy Ø p¡ _p¢^ `p_p _„ .

264 op_`|h®L$_p h¥fpÁe_u S__u : bpf cph_p