HUMBERTO MUÑOZ ORDOÑEZ SCHOOL

Ninth Grade (9th)

IV Term
2019 PERFECT
MODAL Present/Past
TENSES
NAME:____________________________________________________Perfect
VERBS Simple
GRADE:___________
TEACHER: MR. CARLOS ENRIQUE MOSQUERA RAMOS
MODAL VERBS
Los verbos modales son verbos auxiliares que no pueden funcionar como un verbo principal normal, (cualquier otro verbo). A diferencia de los
verbos auxiliares “be”, “do” y “have” que sí pueden funcionar como un verbo principal. Los verbos modales expresan modalidad, habilidad,
posibilidad, necesidad u otra condición. Los utilizamos para el futuro y el condicional. Como verbos complementarios que son, los verbos modales
no funcionan sin otro verbo que lo acompañe. Este otro verbo siempre va después del verbo modal y tiene que estar en la forma base del verbo
(el infinitivo sin “to”). No se conjugan los verbos modales y por lo general no tienen tiempo verbal.
Existen otros verbos llamados semi - modales, se denominan así, porque no siguen unas reglas. Estos verbos son: NEED TO, HAVE TO

Los verbos Modales tienen en común las siguientes características:

1. Su forma no cambia. No lleva -s en la tercera persona del singular, ni -ed en el pasado ni
-ing en el gerundio.
Ej: He can swim. He cans swim He canned swim

2. Siempre van seguidos de infinitivo sin 'to'.

Ej: I can dance (not He can to dance), You should stay, He must study
3. Hacen la negación usando not o n't. No utilizan don't, doesn't o didn't.
Ej: You shouldn't talk / you should not talk (not You don't should talk)
He cannot drive / he can't drive. They couldn't come / they could not come
4. En preguntas, siempre van delante del sujeto. No utilizan do, does ni did.
Ej: Can you dance? (not Do you can dance), Can he dance?, Could you wake me up?

5. Nunca pueden aparecer dos modales juntos. Ej: He will can / You should may

Los verbos modales y semi modales que vamos a trabajar son: Las formas negativas de los verbos Modales serían:

1. Can: poder (habilidad – permiso – posibilidad) 1. can = cannot / can't

2. Could: poder (permiso – habilidad / posibilidad = pasado) 2. could = could not / couldn't
3. May: poder ( permiso – posibilidad /probabilidad) 3. should = should not / shouldn't
4. Might : poder (posibilidad /probabilidad) 4. may = may not
5. Should: deber (consejo – recomendación) 5. might = might not
6. Must: tener (regla – obligación) 6. must = must not / mustn't
7. Ought to: tener (consejo moral – suposición) 7. ought to = ought not to / oughtn't to
8. Have to (semi modal): tener que (obligación – necesidad) 8. don’t have to / doesn’t have to
9. Need to – Needn’t to (semi modales): necesitar / no necesitar 9. don’t need to / doesn’t need to

A continuación, veremos uno por uno, los verbos modales y semi modales mencionados anteriormente, con sus estructuras, usos y algunos
ejemplos.

1.Can “Can” indica habilidad o posibilidad. En estos casos puede ser traducido como “poder” en español.
Ejemplos: I can speak five languages.(Puedo hablar cinco idiomas.)
We can work late tonight if you need us.(Podemos trabajar hasta tarde esta noche si nos necesitas.)
Bill and Tom can’t help you.(Bill y Tom no pueden ayudarte.)
The restaurant can be expensive if you drink a lot of wine.(El restaurante puede ser caro si bebes mucho vino.)
It can be dangerous to drive if you are tired.(Conducir puede ser peligroso si estás cansado.)

En frases interrogativas, el uso de “can” puede solicitar permiso o preguntar sobre posibilidades.
Ejemplos: Can I have a glass of water?(¿Puedo tomar un vaso de agua?)
Can you help me?(¿Puedes ayudarme?)
Can they work late tonight?(¿Pueden trabajar hasta tarde esta noche?)

2. Could “Could” indica posibilidad o habilidad en el pasado.

Ejemplos: Joe could speak Spanish when he was young.(Joe podía hablar español cuando era joven.)
I couldn’t sleep last night.(No pude dormir anoche.)
Could you play an instrument when you were a child?(¿Podías tocar un instrumento cuando eras un niño?)

También se puede usar “could” para posibilidades en el futuro.

Ejemplos: You could pass the test if you studied.(Podrías pasar el examen si estudiaras.)
I think it could rain later.(Creo que podría llover más tarde.)

Como “can”, en frases interrogativas “could” puede solicitar permiso o preguntar sobre las posibilidades, pero es más formal.
Ejemplos: Could you pass the salt please?(¿Podría pasarme la sal por favor?)
Could you help me?(¿Podrías ayudarme?)
Could I be wrong?(¿Podría estar equivocado?)

Nota: Se usa “could” en frases condicionales. Ver la lección sobre frases condicionales para más información sobre el uso de “could”.
3. May Como “could”, se usa “may” para indicar posibilidades en el futuro.

Ejemplos: I would bring an umbrella, it may rain later.(Llevaría un paraguas, puede llover más tarde.)
It may be better to finish this now, rather than wait until tomorrow. (Tal vez sea mejor terminar esto ahora, en lugar de esperar hasta mañana.)
También se puede utilizar para dar permisos o instrucciones.
Ejemplos: You may leave if you like.(Puede salir si quiere.)
You may use your cell phones now.(Pueden usar sus teléfonos ahora.)

En frases interrogativas, el uso de “may” es más educado que “can” o “could”.

Ejemplos: May I have a glass of water?(¿Podría tomar un vaso de agua?)
May I leave now?(¿Podría salir ahora?)

4. Might Se usa “might” para indicar posibilidades en el presente o el futuro. En estos casos, es un sinónimo de “may”.

Ejemplos: I would bring an umbrella, it might rain later.(Yo llevaría un paraguas, puede llover más tarde.)
It might be better to finish this now, rather than wait until tomorrow
(Tal vez sea mejor terminar esto ahora, en lugar de esperar hasta mañana.)

También se puede usar al igual que “may”, para pedir permisos o hacer peticiones corteses, aunque este uso es mucho más común en el Reino
Unido que en los Estados Unidos.

5. Should “Should” indica una obligación o recomendación. Refleja una opinión sobre lo que es correcto. Se traduce como el condicional de “deber”
en español.

Ejemplos: I should call my parents more often.(Debería llamar a mis padres más a menudo.)
You shouldn’t work so hard.(No debería trabajar tan duro.)
They should practice more if they want to win the championship.(Deberían practicar más si quieren ganar el campeonato.)

Se utiliza “should” en frases interrogativas para preguntar si existe una obligación o para pedir una recomendación.
Ejemplos: Should we leave a tip?(¿Deberíamos dejar una propina?)
Should I have the steak or the chicken?(¿Debería comer el bistec o el pollo?)
Where should they meet you?(¿Dónde deberían encontrarte?)

6. Must “Must” indica una obligación, prohibición o necesidad, significa deber en el contexto de obligación.
Ejemplos: You must [have to] read this book, it’s fantastic.(Tienes que leer este libro, es fantástico.)
You must [have to] brush your teeth two times a day.(Tienes que cepillarte los dientes dos veces al día.)
We must [have to] leave now or we will be late.(Tenemos que irnos ahora o llegaremos tarde.)
You must not drink and drive.(No puedes beber y conducir.)
When must we meet you?(¿Cuándo debemos quedar? )

También se puede usar “must” para indicar probabilidad o asumir algo.

Ejemplos: John’s not here. He must be sick because he never misses class.(John no esta aquí. Debe estar enfermo porque nunca pierde clases.)
It must be difficult to learn a new language as an adult.(Debe ser difícil aprender un idioma como adulto.)

Es posible también usar “must” para preguntas retóricas. A forma de reclamo.

Ejemplos: Must you always be late?(¿Siempre tienes que llegar tarde?)
Must she talk so much?(¿Tiene que hablar tanto?)

7. Ought to “Ought to” es un sinónimo de “should” aunque es menos común. Este verbo modal, tiene el mismo significado que el verbo modal
should. Ahora bien, ought to es muy formal y no es tan usado en situaciones normales. Así pues, ambos se podrían traducir como «debería o
tendría que.

Ejemplos: She ought to quit smoking.(Debería dejar de fumar.)

I ought to call my parents more often.(Debería llamar a mis padres más a menudo.)
They ought to work less.(Deberían trabajar menos.)

Nota: Nunca se usa “ought to” en frases interrogativas en inglés americano.

1. AFIRMATIVO: SUJETO + OUGHT TO + INFINITIVO SIN TO + COMPLEMENTO She ought to come to the party (Ella debería venir a la fiesta).

2. NEGATIVO: SUJETO + OUGHT NOT (TO) + INFINITIVO SIN TO + COMPLEMENTO She ought not to come to the party (Ella no debería
venir a ala fiesta). En este modal verb, su contracción (oughtn’t to) no se suele usar nunca.

En el caso de las frases negativas, se puede omitir el «to» y la oración sigue siendo correcta:
he ought not come to the party (Ella no debería venir a la fiesta).

3. INTERROGATIVO: OUGHT + SUJETO + TO + INFINITIVO SIN TO + COMPLEMENTO

Ought I to come (¿Debería venir?).

Como pasa con el resto de modales, este tampoco varia; no importa si es una tercera persona del singular:
CORRECTO: She ought to dance.
INCORRECTO: She oughts to dance.
Además, al ser modal, OUGHT no necesita ningún verbo auxiliar para formar las interrogativas.
Do you want something? (¿Quieres algo?). «Do» en este caso hace de verbo auxiliar del verbo want.
Pero con ought to no se necesita, Ejemplo Ought I to come? (¿Debería venir?).
 Usos del OUGHT TO Ought to tiene, más o menos, los mismos usos del verbo modal should:

1. Dar consejos / recomendaciones

Estos consejos se van a hacer porque se cree que es moralmente correcto, de buena educación o porque se considera que es un deber.
Ejemplos: You ought to go (Tú deberías ir).
You ought to visit her (La deberías visitar).
You ought to help people when they need it (Deberías ayudar a la gente cuando lo necesitan).

2. Mostrar una pequeña obligación

Ejemplos: I ought to recycle (Debería reciclar).
You ought not to drive if you have been drinking alcohol (No deberías conducir si has estado bebiendo alcohol).

3. Hacer suposiciones. Estas suposiciones están basadas en la lógica; son situaciones que suelen ser así.
Ejemplos: The weather ought not to be cold in June (El clima no debería de ser frío en junio).
She ought to be playing tennis (Ella debe de estar jugando a tenis).

Tanto should como ought to sirven para aconsejar, recomendar, mostrar pequeñas obligaciones y hacer suposiciones. Ahora bien, ought to es
bastante más formal que should. Por esta razón, en situaciones más serias, donde más que dar una opinión subjetiva, estamos diciendo que es
casi una obligación moral o una obligación de hacer lo apropiado, se suele usar ought to.

8. Have to (Verbo Semi modal)

Have to es un verbo semi-modal que se usa muy frecuentemente en inglés para expresar obligación. Decimos semi-modal porque no sigue las
reglas de los verbos modales.

CÓMO SE FORMA?
Afirmativas I have to wear, You have to wear, We have to wear, They have to wear ,He/she/it has to wear.

I have to wear uniform at work (tengo que llevar uniforme en el trabajo)

The doctor says she has to stop smoking (el médico dice que ella tiene que dejar de fumar)

Negativas I don't have to wear, you don't have to wear, we don't have to wear, they don't have to wear, he/she/it doesn't have to wear.

I don't have to pay this bill until November (no tengo que pagar esta factura hasta noviembre)
She doesn't have to work on Saturdays (ella no tiene que trabajar los sábados)

Interrogativas* Do I have to wear...? Do you have to wear...? Do we have to wear...? Do they have to wear...? Does he/she/it have to wear...?

Do they have to work every day? (¿tienen ellos que trabajar todos los días?)
Does she have to take an exam? (¿tiene que examinarse?)

¿CUÁNDO USAMOS HAVE TO? Usamos el semi-modal have to / has to para:

1. Expresar obligación
Recordamos que must también se usa para expresar obligación. La diferencia radica en que la obligación expresada por have to es externa
(viene dada por una tercera persona o por normas) mientras que la obligación expresada por must está impuesta por el hablante o el que escribe
la frase.

I have to work on Saturdays (tengo que trabajar los sábados) → Es algo que estoy obligada a hacer por contrato.
I must write an e-mail to my cousin (debo escribir un e-mail a mi primo) → Es algo que me impongo yo mismo. Todavía no lo he hecho, tiene
intención futura.

2. Expresar necesidad (en presente, pasado y futuro)

Recordamos que must también se usa para expresar necesidad. La diferencia está en que con must la necesidad es más fuerte y únicamente se
puede usar en presente. Para expresar necesidad en otros tiempos verbales usaremos have to.
I have to do the shopping (tengo que hacer la compra) Es necesario.
I must do the shopping (debo hacer la compra) → Es muy necesario. Quizás no tengo nada en el frigorífico.

En otros tiempos verbales:

Furturo: My throat is sore. I'll have to go to the doctor (Me duele la garganta. Tendré que ir al médico)
Pasado: I had to leave early (tuve que marcharme temprano)

DON'T HAVE TO / DOESN'T HAVE TO

Usamos la forma negativa del verbo have to para expresar:
1. Ausencia de obligación
I don't have to pay this bill until November (no tengo que pagar esta factura hasta noviembre) → No estoy obligada a pagarla hasta noviembre.
2. Ausencia de necesidad
You don't have to do the shopping (no tienes que hacer la compra) → No es necesario

Cuidado!
No confundir mustn't (prohibición) con don't have to (ausencia de obligación)
I don't have to work tomorrow. (No tengo que trabajar mañana) → No estoy obligada
I mustn't smoke at work (No puedo fumar en el trabajo) → Lo tengo prohibido
9.Need to – Needn’t to (Verbos Semi Modales)
El verbo need to en inglés se utilitza para expresar cosas o acciones que son necesarias o no.

Pronombre personal Afirmación Negación Pregunta

I need to... don't need to... Do I need to...?
You need to... don't need to... Do you need to...?
He/She/It needs to... doesn't need to... Does he/she/it need to...?
We need to... don't need to... Do we need to...?
You need to... don't need to... Do you need to...?
They need to... don't need to... Do they need to...?

No debe confundirse el don't need con el needn't, puesto a que denotan significados distintos.
Ejemplos: You look tired, I think you need to rest - Pareces cansado, creo que necesitas descansar.
I don't need to buy anything today - No necesito comprar nada hoy.
Do you need to go to the supermarket? - ¿Necesitas ir al supermercado?

Need to en pasado
El verbo need to puede expresarse en pasado utilizando el auxiliar do en pasado para hacer las preguntas y negaciones.
Estructura: Sujeto/pronombre + auxiliar didn’t + need + to + verbo en infinitivo.

Pronombre personal Afirmación Negación Pregunta

I needed to... didn't need to.... Did I need to...?
You needed to didn't need to.... Did I need to...?
He/She/It needed to didn't need to.... Did I need to...?
We needed to didn't need to.... Did I need to...?
You needed to didn't need to.... Did I need to...?
They needed to didn't need to.... Did I need to...?

Ejemplos: She needed to go to the doctor that's why she hasn't come today - Ella necesitaba ir al doctor, por eso no ha venido hoy.
He didn't need to get up early - Él no necesitaba levantarse temprano.
What documents did you need to apply for the job? - ¿Qué documentos necesitaste para aplicar para el trabajo?

Needn't en inglés
En inglés no debemos confundir entre el don't need y el needn't. Aunque tiene la misma traducción, su uso no es el mismo.

Ejemplos: We don't need to go very early - No necesitamos ir muy temprano.

We needn't to book a table, but I'll do it just in case - No necesitamos reservar mesa, pero lo haré por si acaso.

Cuando usamos el needn't es porque algo no es necesario, mientras que cuando usamos el don't need la oración adopta un carácter más de
obligación que de necesidad.

Estructura: Pronombre/sujeto + needn't + verbo infinitivo + complemento

Pronombre personal Negación

I needn't do
You needn't do
He/She/It needn't do
We needn't do
You needn't do
They needn't do

Ejemplos: He needn't come with them, he can stay at home - Él no necesita ir con ellos, puede quedarse en casa.
You needn't worry, you will pass the exam surely. - No necesitas preocuparte, seguramente aprobarás el examen.

ENGLIS
Present Perfect Simple (Presente Perfecto Simple)
H
El presente perfecto en inglés se forma usando ‘has’ o ‘have’ y el participio pasado del verbo. Por ejemplo, “I have watched the movie” o “She has

PERFEC
watched the movies.”

Usos del presente perfecto simple en inglés

Utilizamos el presente perfecto en inglés cuando estamos hablando de un evento que se inició en el pasado y el evento aún tiene cierta influencia

T
en el presente. Esta influencia podría ser algo que hayas experimentado y que todavía tiene un impacto en tu vida. También podría usarse para
cosas que han cambiado con el tiempo, o una tarea que quedó inconclusa en el pasado y se completará en el futuro. Miremos cada ejemplo.

TENSES
 Una experiencia “I have been to India.” (Yo he ido a la India)
 Cambiar con el tiempo:
“Her English has improved since she joined the English academy.” (Su ingles ha mejorado desde que ingresó a la academia de ingles).
 Una tarea inconclusa: “He has not finished cleaning the house. “ (El aun no ha terminado de limpiar la casa).Todas las tareas se
iniciaron en el pasado, pero algo acerca de ellas todavía se aplica en la actualidad. Algo acerca de ellas algo podría cambiar en el
presente o futuro.
 Estructura En presente perfecto los verbos auxiliares son “has” y “have”.
El Primero (Has) se utiliza para she, he o it, y el segundo (Have) para I, we, they y you.

1. Afirmación (sujeto + has/have + verbo en participio pasado + complemento ).

Ej: “I have cooked something special for you”. → “He cocinado algo especial para vos”.
“He has finished his work”. → “Él ha terminado su tarea”.

2. Negación (sujeto + hasn't/haven't + verbo en participio pasado + complemento).

Ej: “She hasn't bought her new car yet”. → “Ella no ha comprado su auto nuevo todavía”.
“We haven't played football since we were children”. → ”Nosotros no hemos jugado al fútbol desde que eramos pequeños”.

3. Interrogación (who/what/where/how/which/why/when + has/have + sujeto + verbo en participio pasado + complemento?).

Ej: “Where have you been?”. → “¿Donde has estado?”.
“ How many times has he driven on Manhattan?” → “¿Cuántas veces ha manejado por Manhattan?”.

Past Perfect Simple (Pasado Perfecto Simple)

El pasado perfecto en inglés se forma combinando con el verbo auxiliar “had” (Haber) en pasado, más el participio pasado del verbo. La forma
equivalente en español es el pluscuamperfecto. En general, se emplea en acciones que ocurrieron antes de otra acción en el pasado.

 Para hablar de acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y que continuaron hasta un momento en específico del pasado.
Por ejemplo: She didn’t want to move. She had lived in Liverpool all her life.
 Para hablar de cosas que realizamos varias veces en el pasado, y que todavía seguimos realizando.
Por ejemplo: He had written three books and he was working on another one.
 Es usado para expresar condición y resultado.
Por ejemplo: If I had woken up earlier this morning, I would have arrived on time.
 Cuando es importante mencionar algo que sucedió en el pasado al momento de narrar algo.
Por ejemplo: I couldn’t get into the house. I had lost my keys.

Oraciones Afirmativas
Las oraciones afirmativas son bastante sencillas, veamos su estructura básica:
  Sujeto + Auxiliar “had” + Verbo en pasado participio + Complemento
 
Por ejemplo:
 They had studied English before they went to London → Ellos habían estudiado inglés antes de irse a Londres
 He had read the book that you gave me yesterday.  → El había leído el libro que me diste ayer
 I had seen that movie several times  → Ya he visto esa película varias veces.

Oraciones Negativas
La estructura básica para escribir oraciones negativas es bastante sencilla, sólo debes agregar la cláusula de negación “not”.
 Sujeto + Auxiliar “had” + not + Verbo en pasado participio + Complemento
 
Aunque es correcto escribir “had not” para negar, es más común utilizar la contracción de estas dos, que sería “hadn’t”.
 
Veamos algunos ejemplos:
 She hadn’t been in Europe before → Ella no había estado en Europa antes
 They hadn’t finished their homework →  Ellos no habían terminado su tarea
 We hadn’t been in this city for five years →  Nosotros no habíamos estado en esta ciudad por cinco años

Oraciones Interrogativas
Como en todos los tiempos verbales, la fórmula básica para escribir oraciones interrogativas varía en el orden de los elementos que la
componen. En este caso es el auxiliar “had”, el que debe escribirse primero en la oración.
 
Entonces, la fórmula quedaría de la siguiente manera:
Auxiliar “had” + Sujeto + Verbo en pasado participio + Complemento + ?
 
Por ejemplo:
 Had they studied English before they went to London? → ¿Ellos habían estudiado inglés antes de irse a Londres?
 Had you ever flown before the trip to France? →  ¿Habías volado antes del viaje a Francia?
 Had he given up the tournament? →  ¿Él había abandonado el torneo?

Diferencia entre Present Perfect y Past Perfect

El past perfect es muy similar al present perfect debido a que el evento también se inició en el pasado. Sin embargo, la diferencia entre los
eventos es que el evento del past perfect también terminó en el pasado. Esto se puede utilizar con un tiempo especificado. Por ejemplo, “I had
studied in China last year”. Esto también implica que el evento sucedió hace mucho tiempo.
Este diagrama puede ayudar a explicar estos tiempos verbales en inglés con más detalle:

Además, una confusión que los estudiantes tienden a tener es cuando ven ‘have had’ colocados juntos en una frase. Por ejemplo, “I have had a
cold”. ¿Así que esto es el present perfect debido a ‘have’, o es el past perfect debido a ‘had’? Con el fin de identificar el tiempo correcto, mira
siempre al primer ‘have’ o ‘had.” En esta oración, se utilizó primero ‘have’, por lo tanto, esta oración está en present perfect.

Present Perfect Simple

The present perfect tells us about the past and the present.
The aircraft has landed means that the aircraft is on the ground now.

B Form
The present perfect is the present tense of have / has + a past participle verb + complement.
I/you/we/they have washed OR I/you/we/they've washed
he/she/it has washed OR he/she/it's washed

NEGATIVE QUESTION
I/you/we/they haven't washed have I/you/we/they washed?
he/she/it hasn't washed has he/she/it washed?

Regular past participles end in ed, e.g. washed, landed, finished. We've washed the dishes. Have you opened your letter? The aircraft has landed
safely. How many points has Matthew scored? The students haven't finished their exams.

C Irregular forms
Some participles are irregular.
I've made a shopping list. We've sold our car. I've thought about it a lot.
Have you written the letter? She hasn't drunk her coffee.
There is a present perfect of be and of have.
The weather has been awful I've had a lovely time, thank you.

D Use
When we use the present perfect, we see things as happening in the past but having a result in the present.
We've washed the dishes. (They're clean now.) The aircraft has landed. (It's on the ground now.)
We've eaten all the eggs. (There aren't any left.) They've learnt the words. (They know the words.)
You've broken this watch. (It isn't working.)

EXERCISES
1 Form (B)
Add a sentence. Use the present perfect.
► I'm tired. (I / walk / miles) I've walked miles.
1 Emma's computer is working now. (she / repair / it) …………………………………………………………………………
2 It's cooler in here now. (I / open / the window) ……………………………………………………………………………….
3 The visitors are here at last, (they / arrive) ……………………………………………………………………………………
4 Mark's car isn't blocking us in now. (he / move / it) ………………………………………………………………………….
5 We haven't got any new videos, (we / watch / all these) …………………………………………………………………….
2 Irregular forms (C)
Look at the pictures and say what the people have done.
Use these verbs: break, build, catch, see, win
Use these objects: a film, a fish, a house, his leg, the gold medal

► She's won the gold medal.

1._____________________________________________________ 3._________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________ 4. _________________________________________________

3 Review (A-D)
Trevor and Laura are decorating their house. Put in the verbs. Use the present perfect.
Laura: How is the painting going? (►) Have you finished ? (you / finish)
Trevor: No, I haven't. Painting the ceiling is really difficult, you know.
(1) .......................................... (I / not / do) very much. And it looks just the same as before. This new paint (2) ......................................................
(not / make) any difference.
Laura: (3) ................................................... (you / not / put) enough on.
Trevor: (4) .......................................... (1 / hurt) my back. It feels bad.
Laura: Oh, you and your back. You mean (5)………………………………………. (you / have) enough of decorating. Well, I'll do it. Where
(6) ................………………………… (you / put) the brush?
Trevor: I don't know. (7)......................................................... ( i t / disappear). (8)………………………………………. (I / look) for it, but I can't find it.
Laura: You're hopeless, aren't you? How much (9)………………………………… (you / do) in here? Nothing! (10) .....................................................
(I / paint) two doors.
Trevor: (11)………………………………………… (I / clean) all this old paint around the window. It looks much better now, doesn't it?
Laura: (12)……………………………………… (we / make) some progress, I suppose. Now, where (13) ..............................................................
(that brush /go)? Oh, (14)……………………………………..... (you / leave) it on the ladder, look.

Just, Already, Yet; For and Since

A Just, already and yet
We can use the present perfect with just, already and yet.
Just means 'a short time ago'. Vicky heard about the concert not long ago.
Already means 'sooner than expected'. They sold the tickets very quickly.
We use yet when we are expecting something to happen.
Vicky expects that Rachel will buy a ticket.

Just and already come before the past participle (heard, sold).
Yet comes at the end of a question or a negative sentence.

Here are some more examples.

We've just come back from our holiday. I've just had an idea.
It isn't a very good party. Most people have already gone home.
My brother has already crashed his new car.
It's eleven o'clock and you haven't finished breakfast yet.
Has your course started yet?

B For and since We can use the present perfect with for and since.
Vicky has only had that camera for three days. Those people have been at the hotel since Friday.
I've felt really tired for a whole week now.
We've lived in Oxford since 1992. NOT We live-here-sinee-1992. Here something began in the past and has lasted up to the present
time. We use for to say how long this period is {for three days). We use since to say when the period began (since Friday).

We use how long in questions.

How long has Vicky had that camera? ~ Since Thursday, I think.
How long have Trevor and Laura been married? ~ Oh, for about three years.
We can also use the present perfect with for and since when something has stopped happening.
I haven't seen Rachel for ages. She hasn't visited us since July.

Exercises
1 Just (A)Write replies using the present perfect and just.
Use these past participles: checked, eaten, made, remembered, rung, tidied
► We must find out the address. ~ It's all right, I've just remembered it.
1 The children's room looks neat. ~ Yes, they've ........................................
2 Is Daniel making some coffee? ~ It's ready.............................................
3 What happened to that chocolate? ~ Sorry,..............................................
4 Has Rachel got all the answers right? ~ Yes,...........................................
5 Have you told your sister? ~ Yes, I've ................................................

2 Just, already and yet (A) Complete the dialogue. Use the present perfect with just, already and yet.

Vicky: (►) You haven t done your project yet (you / not do / your project / yet), 1 suppose.
Rachel: No, I haven't. (1) ........................................ (I / not / start / it / yet).
Vicky: (2)................................ (I /just / see / Andrew), and he says (3)................................. (he / already / do) about half of it.
Rachel: Well, he works too hard.
Vicky: (4) .......................................... (I / not / finish / my plan / yet).
Rachel: (5) ............................................... (you / already / begin) to worry about it, haven't you?
Take it easy. There's plenty of time.
Vicky: (6) .......................................... (we / already / spend) too long thinking about it.
(7) .......................................(I / not / do / any real work / yet) and (8)............................... (I / just / realize) that there are only four weeks
to the end of term.
Rachel: OK. (9) ......................................... (I / just / decide) to start next week. Well, maybe.

3 For and since (B) Andrew is a very hard-working student. It's midnight and he is still working at his computer.
Write sentences with the present perfect and for or since.
► be / at his computer / six hours He's been at his computer for six hours.
1 not / have / any fun / a long time ............................................................
2 have / a cold / a week ........................................................................
3 not / see / his friends / ages ................................................................
4 not / do / any sport / last year ..............................................................
5 be / busy with his studies / months ...........................................................

4 For and since (B) Complete the sentences.

? You ought to wash the car. You haven't washed it for ages.
? I'd better have a shower. I haven't had one since Thursday.
1 I think I'll ring my girlfriend. I haven't ......................................... the weekend.
2 We're going to see some old friends. We haven't ............................................. five years.
3 Let's watch a video, shall we? We haven't............................................. quite a while.
4 We could have a barbecue. We haven't .............................................last summer.
5 Shall we play tennis? We haven't............................................. our holiday.

Ever, This week

Claire has gone to Australia. Claire has been to Australia.

Gone there means that she is still there. Been there means that the visit is over.
B Ever and never
Mark: Where have you been this time, Claire?
Claire: I've just come back from the States. Florida.
Mark: You get around, don't you? I've never been to Florida. Was it good?
Claire: It was OK. Not as good as Australia. I might go to Brazil next time. Have you ever been there?
Mark: No, / haven't.
We can use ever and never with the present perfect. We use ever in questions. In Have you ever been to
Brazil? the word ever means 'in your whole life up to the present time'. Never means 'not ever'.

Here are some more examples.

Have you ever played cricket? ~ No, never. Has Andrew ever had any fun? ~ I don't think so.
I've never ridden a motor bike in my life. You've never given me flowers before. This is the most expensive hotel we've ever stayed in.

C First time, second time, etc After It's/This is the first/second time, we use the present perfect.
This is the first time we've been to Scotland, so it's all new to us.
This is the second time Rachel has forgotten to give me a message. I love this film. I think it's the fourth time I've seen it.

D Today, this week, etc

We use the present perfect with today and phrases with this, this morning, this week, this year.
We've done quite a lot of work today. I haven't watched any television so far this week.
Have you had a holiday this year? ~ No, not yet.
This year is the period which began in January and has lasted up to the present time.
Exercises 1 Gone to or been to? (A) Complete the conversation. Put in gone or been.
Emma: Hi. Where's Rachel?
Vicky: She's (►) gone to the supermarket to get something for a meal.
Emma: But I've got some chicken for tonight. I've just (1)........................... to a supermarket on my way home, that new place near the station.
Natasha: I haven't (2). ............................ to that one yet.
Vicky: Where's Jessica? Isn't she here?
Emma: No, she's (3) ............................ to London. She'll be back tomorrow.

2 Ever and never (B)

Write the questions and answers. Use the information in brackets.
► Matthew: (sailing?) Have you ever been sailing?
Natasha: (no, windsurfing) No, I've never been sailing, but I've been windsurfing.
1 Laura: (San Francisco?)
Mark: (no, Los Angeles)....................................................................
But .......................................................................................
2 Tom: (basketball?) ......................................................................
Trevor: (no, volleyball) ..................................................................
But .......................................................................................
3 Daniel: ('Hamlet'?) .....................................................................
Vicky: (no,'Macbeth') .....................................................................
But .......................................................................................

3 First time, second time, etc (C)

What would you say in these situations? Use time and the present perfect.
► You are watching a cricket match. You have never seen one before.
This is the first time I've seen a cricket match.
1 You have lost your bank card. It has happened once before.
This is .....................................................................................
2 The washing-machine has broken down. This has happened twice before.
.............................................................................................
3 You are in England for the first time in your life.
.............................................................................................
4 You are staying in a hotel where you once stayed before.
.............................................................................................
5 You have missed the bus. You've done the same thing about four times before.
.............................................................................................

4 Today, this week, etc (D)

Complete the sentences. Use the present perfect.
► Mark buys a newspaper most mornings, but he hasn't bought one this morning.
1 I see Vicky most days, but .................................................................................
2 We go to the club most weekends, but........................................................................
3 We usually have a party each term, but .....................................................................
4 Someone usually rings in the evening, but no one............................................................

The Past Perfect Simple

I felt really tired when I took the train to work yesterday because Sarah and 1 had been to a
party the evening before. We hadn't gone to bed until after one. I hadn't been on the train
long when I had a bit of a shock. I suddenly realized that I'd left my wallet at home. Then I
began to wonder. Had I left it in the office the day before? I just couldn't remember. I wanted
to go back to bed. I felt awful.

The situation is in the past (I took the train ... I felt tired ...). When we talk about things
before this past time, we use the past perfect.
Sarah and I had been to a party the evening before.
I'd left my wallet at home.

We are looking back from the situation of the train journey to the earlier actions - going to a
party and leaving home without the wallet.

Here are some more examples of the past perfect. It was twenty to six. Most of the shops had just closed.
I went to the box office at lunch-time, but they had already sold all the tickets. By1960 most of Britain's old colonies had become
independent.

As well as actions, we can use the past perfect to talk about states.
I felt better by the summer, but the doctor warned me not to do too much. I'd been very ill. The news came as no surprise to me.
I'd known for some time that the factory was likely to close

B Form
Sujeto + Auxiliar had + a past participle verb + complement

He had enjoyed the party, OR He'd enjoyed the party. They hadn't gone to bed until late. Where had he put his wallet?

C Present perfect and past perfect Compare these examples.

PRESENT PERFECT (before now) PAST PERFECT (before then)
My wallet isn't here. I've left it behind. My wallet wasn't there. I'd left it behind.
The match is over. United have won. The match was over. United had won.
That man looks familiar. I've seen him The man looked familiar. I'd seen him somewhere before. somewhere before.

Exercises
1 The past perfect (A)
Read about each situation and then circle the letter for the right answer.
► Two men delivered the sofa. I had already paid for it.
Which came first, a) the delivery, or b) V the payment?
1 The waiter brought our drinks. We'd already had our soup.
Which came first, a) the drinks, or b) the soup?
2 I'd seen the film, so I read the book. Did 1 first a) see the film, or b) read the book?
3 The programme had ended, so I rewound the cassette.
Did I rewind the cassette a) after, or b) before the programme ended?
4 I had an invitation to the party, but I'd arranged a trip to London.
Which came first, a) the invitation, or b) the arrangements for the trip?

2 The past perfect (A-B)

Add a sentence with the past perfect using the notes.
► Claire looked very suntanned when I saw her last week. She'd just been on holiday, (just / be on holiday)
1 We rushed to the station, but we were too late.
........................................................................... (the train /just / go)
2 I didn't have an umbrella, but that didn't matter
................................................................................ (the rain / stop)
3 When I got to the concert hall, they wouldn't let me in
............................................................................. (forget / my ticket)
4 Someone got the number of the car the raiders used
...................................................................... (steal / it / a week before)
5 I was really pleased to see Rachel again yesterday.
........................................................................ (not see / her / for ages)
6 Luckily the flat didn't look too bad when my parents called in.
................................................................................(just / clean / it)
7 The boss invited me to lunch yesterday, but I had to refuse the invitation
................................................................... (already / eat / my sandwiches)

3 Present perfect and past perfect (C) Put the verbs in the present perfect (have done) or past perfect (had done).
? It isn't raining now. It's stopped (stop) at last.
? We had no car at that time. We'd sold (sell) our old one.
1 The park looked awful. People............................................. (leave) litter everywhere.
2 You can have that newspaper. I ..........................................(finish) with it.
3 There's no more cheese. We ..............................................(eat) it all, I'm afraid.
4 There was no sign of a taxi, although I................................ (order) one half an hour before.
5 This bill isn't right. They .............................................(make) a mistake.
6 I spoke to Melanie at lunch-time. Someone ................................ (tell) her the news earlier.
7 I was really tired last night. I.............................................. (have) a hard day.
8 Don't you want to see this programme? It ............................................. (start).
9 It'll soon get warm in here. I ............................................. (turn) the heating on.
10 At last the committee were ready to announce their decision. They .......................... (make) up their minds.

Unit 11
1 1 She's/She has repaired it.
2 I've/I have opened the window.
3 They've/They have arrived.
4 He's/He has moved it.
5 We've/We have watched all these.
2 1 He's/He has broken his leg.
2 They've/They have built a house.
3 They've/They have seen a film.
4 She's/She has caught a fish.
3 1 I haven't done
2 hasn't made
3 You haven't put
4 I've/I have hurt
5 you've/you have
6 have you put
7 It's/It has disappeared
Unit 12
1 1 just tidied it.
2 He's/He has just made some/it.
3 I've/I have just eaten it.
4 she's/she has just checked them.
5 I've/I have just rung her.
2 1 1 haven't started it yet.
2 I've/I have just seen Andrew
3 he's/he has already done
4 I haven't finished my plan yet.
5 You've/You have already begun
6 We've/We have already spent
7 I haven't done any real work yet
8 I've/I have just realized
8 I've/I have looked 9 I've/I have just decided
9 have you done
10 I've/I have painted 3 1 He hasn't had any fun for a long time.
11 I've/I have cleaned 2 He's/He has had a cold for a week.
12 We've/We have made had 3 He hasn't seen his friends for ages.
13 has that brush gone 4 He hasn't done any sport since last year.
14 you've/you have left 5 He's/He has been busy with his studies for months.

4 1 rung her since 4 had one since

2 seen them for 5 played (it) since
3 watched one for
Unit 13
1 1 been 2 been 3 gone

2 1 Have you ever been to San Francisco? No, I've never been to San Francisco I've been to Los Angeles.
2 Have you ever played basketball? No, I've never played basketball I've played volleyball.
3 Have you ever seen/read (the play) 'Hamlet'? No, I've never read/seen 'Hamlet' I've read/seen 'Macbeth'.

3 1 the second time I've lost my bank card.

2 This is the third time the washing-machine has broken down.
3 This is the first time I've been in/to England.
4 This is the second time I've stayed in this hotel.
5 This is (about) the fifth time I've missed the bus.

4 1 I haven't seen her today.

2 we haven't been there this weekend.
3 we haven't had one this term.
4 has rung this evening.

Unit 18
1 1 b) 2 a) 3 a) 4 b)

2 1 The train had just gone.

2 The rain had stopped.
3 I'd/1 had forgotten my ticket.
4 They'd/They had stolen it a week before.
5 I hadn't seen her for ages.
6 I'd/I had just cleaned it.
7 I'd/I had already eaten my sandwiches.

3 1 had left 6 had told

2 've/have finished 7 'd had/had had
3 Ve/have eaten 8 's/has started
4 'd/had ordered 9 've/have turned
5 've/have made 10 'd/had made