Pedro Goya: 7

Alberto Guzmán: 8
Anuar Mosri: 13
Luis Emilio: 20

Activity. Earth's key climate indicators over time

1. ¿Cómo se mide el clima?

R= Para medir el clima, se utilizan diferentes instrumentos, como pueden ser los
termómetros que están en determinados puntos alrededor de una zona, esta información
es la que llegamos a ver en el reporte meteorológico. También existen los sensores
encontrados en los satélites que miden la temperatura de la superficie. En cuanto a la
medición de las precipitaciones, la NASA junto con la JAXA, crearon un observatorio capaz
de medir las precipitaciones, desde la lluvia más ligera hasta la tormenta de nieve más
fuerte, desde los trópicos, hasta los polos.

https://earthathome.org/de/what-is-climate/measuring-climate/

2. How to Read a Heat Map?

R= En el mapa encontraremos un lugar cubierto por colores desde el verde hasta el
negro, mientras mas cerca del verde se encuentre el color, mas frio sera el clima
dentro de dicha localidad Un mapa de calor es un gráfico especializado que utiliza
colores para representar valores de datos en una tabla o mapa físico. Al contrario
de su nombre, los mapas de calor no necesariamente mapean la temperatura. En
cambio, mapean la cantidad o concentración de ciertas medidas. Los mapas de
calor se utilizan principalmente para trazar datos grandes y complejos, como las
mediciones de las ciencias de la Tierra, para que puedan verse como un conjunto
de datos completo a la vez.

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/teach/activity/earth-science-data-visualizations-how-to-read-a-
heat-map/

3. Climate Time Machine

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Alberto Guzmán: 8
Anuar Mosri: 13
Luis Emilio: 20

The Climate Time Machine allows you to investigate four areas of data that illustrate information
around climate change events. The machine allows you to control the setting by moving the cursor
along the x axis of the picture showing what happens as this variable changes. The four dimensions
discussed are: Arctic Ice, Sea Level, Carbon Emissions, and Average Global Temperatures. Please
read the short para- graph that occurs with each image to help orient you to the system. Answer
the questions with each category.

https://climate.nasa.gov/interactives/climate-time-machine/

a. Sea Ice

● What happens to the image as the date moves from the past toward the present date?
R= El hielo se ha visto reducido debido al aumento de la temperatura del planeta.

● How much Arctic sea ice has melted just since satellites started observing around 30 years
ago?
R= Un poco menos de la mitad.

● What factors might influence this happening?

R= El aumento en los gases de efecto invernadero que incrementan la temperatura.

Arctic sea ice reaches its minimum each September. September Arctic sea ice is now declining at a
rate of 13.1 percent per decade, relative to the 1981 to 2010 average. This graph shows the
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average monthly Arctic sea ice extent each September since 1979, derived from satellite
observations.

Use the data at https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zL9W2mybj0Xns664U6mRmFK1vJXA6OXT/view?

usp=sharing

to elaborate and add a graph.

● When was the lowest value recorded?

R= Según los datos de la gráfica, el año 2012 fue el año en el que más bajos estuvieron los
niveles de hielo.

b. Sea Level
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Alberto Guzmán: 8
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Luis Emilio: 20

● What happens as the sea level rise increases from one meter to six meters?
R= Si el nivel del mar subiera de 1 metro a 6 metros, cambiaría la forma de las costas,
afectando a millones en el proceso. Esto puede afectar a lugares como Manhattan o
Venecia.

● What parts of the world will be underwater as sea level rises?

R= Bangladesh, India, Vietnam, Indonesia, Tailandia, La República de Filipinas y Japón,
entre otros. Esto impactaría a un estimado de 27 o 32 millones de personas.

● What do you predict will happen in the next ten years?

R= La mayoría de las ciudades costeras desaparecerán, y algunas cercanas a las costas se
inundarán, dejando el lugar prácticamente inhabitable.
Using a variety of methods, scientists have concluded that global sea level – the average height of
the sea surface across the planet – has varied substantially throughout history, especially in
response to the ice ages. In recent history, starting around 7,000 years ago, sea level became quite
steady, but over the last century, it’s been rising. Global tide measurements from tide gauges
suggest the global sea level rose approximately 3.4 millimeters (0.13 inches) per year over the past
century. The New York City area, alone, has experienced roughly a foot of sea-level rise in the past
century. (That’s measured at a tide gauge near Battery Park just off the southern tip of Manhattan.
While tide gauges are one way, we measure sea level, changes in global sea level should not be
confused with tides. Tides are the regular rise and fall of the sea surface and make it appear as if
the water level of the ocean is always changing. But tides represent normal changes in the sea
level that we expect to see daily and monthly.)

How do we know sea level is rising? Sea level is measured by monitoring stations on the shoreline
and at sea. Satellites also collect data on the height of the sea level. There are more than 120 sea-
level monitoring stations in the US and 240 additional stations worldwide. By looking at data from
these stations over periods of 30 years or more, trends can be identified at individual stations and
compared with other stations. This gives scientists useful information about local conditions.
Those data can also be used to calculate the global average sea level and study it over time, giving
scientists a picture of what’s happening to the ocean on a planet-wide scale. Sea level has been
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measured at some stations for more than a century, providing data about sea level going back to
1880.

So global sea level is currently rising because of both ocean thermal expansion and glacier melt,
with each accounting for about half of the observed sea-level rise, and each caused by recent
increases in global mean temperature. From 1961 to 2003, sea level rose due to thermal
expansion and glacier melt (small glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets) at a rate of 1.11 millimeters (0.04
inches) per year2. Between 1993 and 2003, the contribution to sea-level rise increased for both
sources to 2.79 millimeters (0.11 inches) per year (IPCC AR4 WG1, 2007). So, not only is sea level
rising, but also it is rising at a faster rate than in the past. Currently, it is rising at a rate of over
three millimeters per year.

The following graph tracks the change in sea level since 1993 as observed by satellites.

● By approximately how many millimeters did sea level rise between:

a) 1995 and 2005? 30mm
b) 2005 and 2015? 40mm

c. Carbon Emissions

● What is indicated by the change of color from yellow to red?

R= Que el nivel de dióxido de carbono en la atmósfera ha aumentado.
● What is indicated by the change of color from blue to green?
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R= Que el nivel de dióxido de carbono en la atmósfera no es mucho.
● How much has the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide increased in the air just in the
last few years?
R= En 1960, se registraron 280 ppm, en 1990, 340 ppm, y en 2020, 420 ppm.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important heat-trapping (greenhouse) gas, which is released through
human activities such as deforestation and burning fossil fuels, as well as natural processes such as
respiration and volcanic eruptions. The following graph shows atmospheric CO2 levels measured
at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, in recent years, with the average seasonal cycle removed.

● What are the units of measurement used in this graph? What does it mean?
Partes por millón, significa que por un millón de partes de aire hay 1 parte de CO2

d. Average Global Temperatures

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● What is indicated by dark blue?
R= Indica los lugares con temperatura más fría de lo usual

● What is indicated by red?

R= Indica lugares con temperatura más caliente de lo usual

● As you move from 2002 to 2016, what happens to the data?

R= La temperatura sube drásticamente en la zona norte del planeta

● How much has the temperature risen around the world?

R= La temperatura llegó a subir 1.2 grados centígrados(34.1 grados fahrenheit) desde el

año 1880 a hoy en día.

Global temperature data are reported as anomalies, the measure of the amount of departure from
a reference value or long-term average. A positive anomaly indicates that the observed
temperature was warmer than the reference value. A negative anomaly indicates that the
observed temperature was cooler than the reference value. Anomalies more accurately describe
climate variability over larger areas (that may have very different absolute temperatures) than
absolute temperatures do. They also give a frame of reference that allows for more meaningful
comparisons between locations and more accurate calculations of temperature trends. For better
conceptual understanding, students may calculate absolute temperature from anomalies by
adding the reference value to each anomaly. For elementary school students, the global annual
mean temperature data set is reported as absolute temperature for simplicity.

Use the data at https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/pdfs/global_annual_mean_temp_anomalies_land-

ocean_1880-2016.txt to elaborate and add a graph.
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● By how much did the average global temperature change, and did it increase or decrease
between 1995 and 2005? How about between 2005 and 2015?
.2008 Grados entre 1995 a 2005
.2413 Grados entre 2005 y 2015

● What is the approximate average global temperature rise per year from the first
measurement taken in 1880 to 2016?

.3198 Grados Celsius