Kalinago

Los kalinago , también conocidos como

caribes isleños [5] o simplemente caribes ,
son un pueblo indígena de las Antillas
Menores en el Caribe . Es posible que
hayan estado relacionados con los caribes
continentales (kalina) de América del Sur,
pero hablaban un idioma no relacionado
conocido como Island Carib . [6] También
hablaban una lengua pidgin asociada con
los caribes continentales. [6]
 Kalinago

Kalhiphona

Familia caribe (por John Gabriel Stedman

1818)

Población total

Dominica : 3.000 [1]

San Vicente y las Granadinas : 3.000 [2]
Santa Lucía : Número pequeño [3]
Trinidad y Tobago : Número pequeño [4]

Regiones con poblaciones significativas

 Dominica, Santa Lucía, San Vicente y las
Granadinas y Trinidad y Tobago;
anteriormente en todas las Antillas Menores

Idiomas

Inglés , criollo dominicano Francés ,

anteriormente Island Carib

Grupos étnicos relacionados

garífuna , caribe negro , taíno

Dibujo de una mujer caribe (1888)

En el momento del contacto español , los

Kalinago eran uno de los grupos
dominantes en el Caribe, lo que les debe
su nombre. Vivieron en el noreste de
América del Sur, Trinidad y Tobago ,
Barbados , las Islas de Barlovento ,
Dominica y posiblemente las Islas de
Sotavento del sur . Históricamente, se
pensó que sus antepasados ​eran pueblos
del continente que habían conquistado las
islas de sus habitantes anteriores, los
Igneri . Sin embargo, la evidencia
lingüística y arqueológica contradice la
noción de una emigración y conquista
masivas; el idioma Kalinago parece no
haber sido caribeño , pero al igual que el
de sus vecinos, eltaíno . Irving Rouse y
otros sugieren que un grupo más pequeño
de pueblos del continente emigró a las
islas sin desplazar a sus habitantes,
adoptando finalmente el idioma local pero
conservando sus tradiciones de origen
sudamericano. [7]
A principios del período colonial, los
Kalinago tenían fama de guerreros que
asaltaban las islas vecinas. Según los
relatos de los conquistadores españoles ,
los Kalinago eran caníbales que comían
regularmente carne humana asada. [8] Hay
pruebas de la toma de trofeos humanos y
el canibalismo ritual de los cautivos de
guerra entre los caribes y otros grupos
amerindios como los arawak y tupinamba
. Hoy, los Kalinago y sus descendientes
siguen viviendo en las Antillas, en
particular en la isla de Dominica . Los
garífunas , que comparten ascendencia
común con los kalinago, también viven
principalmente en América Central.
Nombre
The exonym Caribe was first recorded by
Christopher Columbus.[9]: vi  One
hypothesis for the origin of Carib is that it
means "brave warrior".[9]: vi  Its variants,
including the English word Carib, were then
adopted by other European languages.[9]: vi 
Early Spanish explorers and administrators
used the terms Arawak and Caribs to
distinguish the peoples of the Caribbean,
with Carib reserved for indigenous groups
that they considered hostile and Arawak
for groups that they considered
friendly.[10]: 121 
Los endónimos del idioma Kalinago son
Karifuna (singular) y Kalinago (plural).
[11] [12]

Historia
Se cree comúnmente que los caribes
emigraron del área del río Orinoco en
América del Sur para establecerse en las
islas del Caribe alrededor de 1200 EC, pero
un análisis de ADN antiguo sugiere que los
caribes tenían un origen común con
grupos contemporáneos en las Antillas
Mayores y Menores. [13]
historia precolombina

Durante los dos siglos previos a la llegada

de Cristóbal Colón al archipiélago
caribeño en 1492, los caribes desplazaron
en su mayoría a los taínos de habla
maipureana mediante la guerra, el
exterminio y la asimilación. Los taínos se
habían asentado en las cadenas de islas
anteriormente en la historia, migrando
desde el continente. [14] Los taínos le
dijeron a Colón que los caribes eran
feroces guerreros y caníbales, que hacían
incursiones frecuentes contra los taínos, a
menudo capturando mujeres. [15] [16]
Hacha ceremonial de piedra verde. De un basurero , Mt Irvine Bay, Tobago , 1957.

Los caribes comerciaban con los taínos

orientales de las islas del Caribe .

En sus inicios, el pueblo de Daguao estaba

destinado a ser la capital de Puerto Rico,
pero el área fue destruida por los caribes
de la isla vecina de Vieques y por los
taínos, del área este de Puerto Rico. [17]

El Kalinago producía los productos de

plata encontrados por Juan Ponce de
León en las comunidades taínas. Ninguno
de los amerindios insulares extraía oro
sino que lo obtenía comerciando con el
continente. Los Kalinago eran hábiles
constructores de barcos y marineros.
Parece que debieron su dominio en la
cuenca del Caribe a su dominio de la
guerra.

bajo el español

Según Troy S. Floyd, "La cuestión surgió en

la época de Colón en cuanto a si los indios
podían ser esclavizados, pero la reina
Isabel había fallado en contra.
Aproximadamente al mismo tiempo, sin
embargo, Ojeda , Bastidas y otros
exploradores que viajaban a lo largo del
territorio español tenían sido atacado por
indios con flechas envenenadas, todos
esos indios eran considerados caribes, lo
que se cobró un número considerable de
vidas españolas".

Resistencia a los ingleses y franceses

Una familia de nativos caribes sacada de la vida , por Agostino Brunias , c. 1765 - 1770
En el siglo XVII, Kalinago atacaba
regularmente las plantaciones de ingleses
y franceses en las Islas de Sotavento. En
la década de 1630, los plantadores de
Leewards realizaron campañas contra
Kalinago, pero con un éxito limitado. Los
Kalinago aprovecharon las divisiones entre
los europeos para brindar apoyo a los
franceses y holandeses durante las
guerras de la década de 1650,
consolidando así su independencia. [18]

En 1660, Francia e Inglaterra firmaron el

Tratado de San Carlos con los caribes
insulares, que estipulaba que los caribes
evacuarían todas las Antillas Menores
excepto Dominica y San Vicente , que
fueron reconocidas como reservas. Sin
embargo, los ingleses luego ignorarían el
tratado y emprenderían una campaña
contra Kalinago en las décadas siguientes.
[19] Entre las décadas de 1660 y 1700, los
ingleses emprendieron una campaña
intermitente contra los Kalinago. [6]

El jefe Kairouane y sus hombres de

Granada saltaron de "Leapers Hill" en lugar
de enfrentarse a la esclavitud bajo los
invasores franceses, sirviendo como una
representación icónica del espíritu de
resistencia caribe. [20] [21] [22]
En 1763, los británicos finalmente
anexaron Santa Lucía, Tobago, Dominica y
San Vicente. [18]

Kalinago actual en las Islas de

Barlovento

Hasta el día de hoy, una pequeña

población de alrededor de 3000 caribes
sobrevive en el Territorio Caribe en el
noreste de Dominica. Solo 70 de ellos se
consideraban puros. [23]
Gente

Distribución de las lenguas caribeñas en América del Sur [24]

Carib Warrior ( escultura de cera de técnica mixta del artista George S. Stuart )
The Kalinago of Dominica maintained their
independence for many years by taking
advantage of the island's rugged terrain.
The island's east coast includes a 3,700-
acre (15 km2) territory formerly known as
the Carib Territory that was granted to the
people by the British government in 1903.
There are only 3,000 Caribs remaining in
Dominica. They elect their own chief. In
July 2003, the Kalinago observed 100
Years of Territory, and in July 2014,
Charles Williams was elected Kalinago
Chief,[25] succeeding Chief Garnette
Joseph.
Several hundred Carib descendants live in
the U. S. Virgin Islands, St. Kitts & Nevis,
Antigua & Barbuda, Guadeloupe,
Martinique, Dominica, Saint Lucia,
Grenada, Trinidad and St. Vincent. "Black
Caribs," the descendants of the mixture of
Africans live in St. Vincent whose total
population is unknown. Some ethnic Carib
communities remain on the American
mainland, in countries such as Guyana and
Suriname in South America, and Belize in
Central America. The size of these
communities varies widely.

During the beginning of the 18th century,

the Island Carib population in St. Vincent
was greater than the one in Dominica.
Both the Island Caribs (Yellow Caribs) and
the Black Caribs (Garifuna) fought against
the British during the Second Carib War.
After the end of the war, the British
deported the Garifuna (whose population
consisted of 4,338 people) to Roatan
island, while the Island Caribs (whose
population consisted of 80 people) were
allowed to stay on St. Vincent.[26] The
1812 eruption of La Soufrière destroyed
the Carib territory, killing a majority of the
Yellow Caribs. After the eruption, 130
Yellow Caribs and 59 Black Caribs
survived on St. Vincent. Unable to recover
from the damage caused by the eruption,
120 of the Yellow Caribs, under Captain
Baptiste, emigrated to Trinidad. In 1830,
the Carib population numbered less than
100.[27][28] The population made a
remarkable recovery after that, although
almost the entire tribe would die out
during the 1902 eruption of La Soufrière.

Religión
The Caribs are believed to have practiced
polytheism. As the Spanish began to
colonise the Caribbean area, they wanted
to convert the natives to Catholicism.[29]
The Caribs destroyed a church of
Franciscans in Aguada, Puerto Rico and
killed five of its members, in 1579.[30]
Currently, the remaining Kalinago in
Dominica practice parts of Catholicism
through baptism of children. However, not
all practice Christianity. Some Caribs
worship their ancestors and believe them
to have magical power over their crops.
One strong religious belief Caribs possess
is that Creoles practice a style of
indigenous spirituality that has witchcraft-
like elements.[31] Creole people are Caribs
mixed with those who settled the island.
An example of said people are Dominican
Creoles, who speak a mix of French and
the native Carib language.
honor ancestral
The Island Carib word karibna meant
"person", although it became the origin of
the English word "cannibal".[32] Among the
Caribs karibna was apparently associated
with ritual eating of war enemies. There is
evidence supporting the taking of human
trophies and the ritual cannibalism of war
captives among both Arawak and other
Amerindian groups such as the Carib and
Tupinamba.[33]

The Caribs had a tradition of keeping

bones of their ancestors in their houses.
Missionaries, such as Père Jean Baptiste
Labat and Cesar de Rochefort, described
the practice as part of a belief that the
ancestral spirits would always look after
the bones and protect their descendants.
The Caribs have been described by their
various enemies as vicious and violent
raiders. Rochefort stated they did not
practice cannibalism.[34]

During his third voyage to North America

in 1528, after exploring Florida, the
Bahamas and the Lesser Antilles, Italian
explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano was killed
and is said to have been eaten by Carib
natives on what is now Guadeloupe, near a
place called Karukera (“island of beautiful
waters”). Historian William Riviere[35] has
described most of the cannibalism as
related to war rituals.

Medicamento
The Kalinago are somewhat known for
their extensive use of herbs for medicinal
practices. Today, a combination of bush
medicine and modern medicine is used by
the Caribs of Dominica. For example,
various fruits and leaves are used to heal
common ailments. For a sprain, oils from
coconuts, snakes, and bay leaves are used
to heal the injury. Formerly the Caribs used
an extensive range of medicinal plant and
animal products.[36]
Canoas Kalinago
Canoes are a significant aspect of the
Kalinago's material culture and economy.
They are used for transport from the
Southern continent and islands of the
Caribbean, as well as providing them with
the ability to fish more efficiently and to
grow their fishing industry. [37] Canoes,
constructed from the Burseraceae, Cedrela
odorata, Ceiba pentandra, and Hymenaea
courbaril trees, serve different purposes
depending on their height and thickness of
the bark. The Ceiba pentandra tree is not
only functional but spiritual and believed
to house spirits that would become
angered if disturbed. [38] Canoes have
been used throughout the history of the
Kalinago and have become a renewed
interest within the manufacturing of
traditional dugout canoes used for inter-
island transportation and fishing. [39]

In 1997 Dominica Carib artist Jacob

Frederick and Tortola artist Aragorn Dick
Read set out to build a traditional canoe
based on the fishing canoes still used in
Dominica, Guadeloupe and Martinique.
They launched a voyage by canoe to the
Orinoco delta to meet up with the local
Kalinago tribes, re-establishing cultural
connections with the remaining Kalinago
communities along the island chain,
documented by the BBC in The Quest of
the Carib Canoe.[40]

Kalinagos notables
Liam Sebastien
Kellyn George
Tobi Jnohope
Fitz Jolly
Garth Joseph
Audel Laville
Lester Prosper
Julian Wade
Jay Emmanuel-Thomas
Ver también
Carib Expulsion
Carib language
Cariban languages
Kalinago Genocide of 1626
Santa Rosa Carib Community

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Dominica: Ethnomedical Integration in an
Era of Biomedicine" (https://etd.ohiolink.ed
u/!etd.send_file?accession=miami1281448
409&disposition=inline) .
37. "Canoe Building" (http://www.kalinagoarchi
ve.org/canoe-building/) . Indigenous
Kalinago People of Dominica.
38. Shearn, Issac (2020). "Canoe Societies in
the Caribbean: Ethnography, Archaeology,
and Ecology of Precolonial Canoe
Manufacturing and Voyaging" (https://doi.o
rg/10.1016%2Fj.jaa.2019.101140) . Journal
of Anthropological Archaeology. 57:
101140. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2019.101140 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaa.2019.10114
0) . S2CID 213414242 (https://api.semantic
scholar.org/CorpusID:213414242) .
39. Honychurch, Lennox (1997). Carib to
Creole : contact and culture exchange in
Dominica. University of Oxford.
40. "Quest of the Carib Canoe" (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20130911042932/http://nativ
enetworks.si.edu/eng/orange/quest_of_the
_carib_canoe.htm) . Archived from the
original (http://www.nativenetworks.si.edu/
eng/orange/quest_of_the_carib_canoe.ht
m) on 2013-09-11. Retrieved 2013-09-05.

Otras lecturas
Patrick Leigh Fermor, The Traveller's
Tree, 1950, pp. 214–5
Puerto Rico. Office of Historian (1949).
Tesauro de datos historicos: indice
compendioso de la literatura histórica de
Puerto Rico, incluyendo algunos datos
inéditos, periodísticos y cartográficos (htt
ps://books.google.com/books?id=IVRnA
AAAMAAJ&pg=PA22) (in Spanish).
Impr. del Gobierno de Puerto Rico. p. 22.
Retrieved 4 January 2020.
Allaire, Louis (1997). "The Caribs of the
Lesser Antilles", in Samuel M. Wilson,
The Indigenous People of the Caribbean,
pp. 180–185. Gainesville, Florida:
University of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1531-
6.
Steele, Beverley A. (2003). Grenada, A
history of its people, New York:
Macmillan Education, pp. 11–47
Honeychurch, Lennox, The Dominica
Story, MacMillan Education, 1995.
 Davis, D and Goodwin R.C. "Island Carib
Origins: Evidence and non-evidence",
American Antiquity, vol.55 no.1(1990).
Eaden, John, The Memoirs of Père Labat,
1693–1705, Frank Cass, 1970.
(in French) Brard, R., Le dernier Caraïbe,
Bordeaux : chez les principaux libraires,
1849, Manioc : Livres anciens | L E
dernier caraïbe. Bordeaux. (http://www.
manioc.org/patrimon/HASHfa4c49d9ea
af673ea850e7)

enlaces externos
Wikisource has the text of the 1911
Encyclopædia Britannica article
"Caribs".
Quest of the Carib Canoe - documentary
[1] (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
jQzuZb5O0vA&ab_channel=CharlotteStr
eetFilms)
The Quest of the Carib Canoe (http://ww
w.nativenetworks.si.edu/eng/orange/qu
est_of_the_carib_canoe.htm) - dead
link.
Mainland Carib artwork (http://www.nm
ai.si.edu/searchcollections/results.asp
x?regid=301) , National Museum of the
American Indians
Yurumein (Homeland): A Documentary
on Caribs in St. Vincent (http://indigenou
sreview.blogspot.com.au/#stash.9WFLB
XgH.dpuf)
Guanaguanare - the Laughing Gull. Carib
Indians in Trinidad - includes 2 videos (h
ttp://guanaguanaresingsat.blogspot.co
m.au/2011_07_01_archive.html)
"Carib" (http://www.ethnologue.com/sh
ow_language.asp?code=car) ,
Ethnologue
"Kalinago" (https://web.archive.org/web/
20110310073901/http://dominicanews
online.com/dno/name-change-its-now-u
nofficially-kalinago/) , Name change
announcement of November 15, 2010,
 by the Office of the Kalinago Council
posted at Dominica News Online

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