HIN 201-Book-4

COURSE CODE : HIN201
BOOK CODE : HIN2014
HIN201
qhXr gm{hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg
(AmYw{ZH$ H$mb)
gÌ-2
nwñVH$ … 4
B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶
èd§Vamd HIN201
MìhmU qhXr gm{hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg (AmYw{ZH$ H$mb)
Book Code : HIN2014
_hmamï´>
_wŠV {díd{dÚmb¶
nwñVH$ 4
B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶

coIH$ : S>m.° àH$me H$m§~io
BH$mB© 1 : B¸$sgdt gXr H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ 1

BH$mB© 2 : ^y‘§S>brH$aU : g§H$ënZm Ed§ à{H«$`m 10
BH$mB© 3 : B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr H${dVm 24
BH$mB© 4 : B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr JÚ : à‘wI {dYmE± 38
BH$mB© 5 : B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr JÚ : Jm¡U {dYmE± 54
BH$mB© 6 : B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ à{V{Z{Y gm{hË`H$ma 66
Course Code : HIN201 Book Code : HIN2014 : B¸$rgdr§ gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶
èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {díd{dÚmb¶, Zm{gH$

Hw$bn{V : S>m°. nr. Or. nmQ>rc
‘mZ{dH$s Ed§ g‘mO{dkmZ g§H$m¶ n[afX
S>m°. àdrU KmoS>oñdma ZmJmOw©Z dmS>oH$a S>m°. g§OrdZr ‘hmco
à. {ZXoeH$ gh¶moJr àmÜ¶mnH$ gh`moJr àmÜ¶mnH$
‘mZ{dH$s Ed§ g‘mO{dkmZ g§H$m¶ ‘mZ{dH$s Ed§ g‘mO{dkmZ g§H$m¶ {ejmemó g§H$m¶
¶.M.‘.‘w.{díd{dÚmc¶, Zm{gH$ ¶.M.‘.‘w.{díd{dÚmc¶, Zm{gH$ `.M.‘. ‘w³V {díd{dÚmb¶>, Zm{gH$
S>m°. MoVZm H$m‘iñH$a S>m°. gwa|Ð nmQ>moio lr‘Vr ew^m§Jr nmQ>rc
ghm¶H$ àmÜ¶mnH$ ghm¶H$ àmÜ¶mnH$ ghm¶H$ àmÜ¶mnH$
{dkmZ Ed§ VH$ZrH$s g§H$m¶ dm{UÁ¶ Ed§ à~§YZ g§H$m¶ N>mÌ godm {d^mJ
`.M.‘. ‘w³V {díd{dÚmb¶>, Zm{gH$ `.M.‘. ‘w³V {díd{dÚmb¶>, Zm{gH$ ¶.M.‘.‘w³V {díd{dÚmc¶, Zm{gH$
S>m°. ‘§Ow{cH$m lrdmñVd S>m°. g§Xrn Mm¡Yar S>m°. ^maVr Jmoao
{ZXoeH$, Centre for Internal Quality àmÜ¶mnH$ Ed§ g‘mOemó {d^mJmÜ¶j àmÜ¶mnH$ Ed§ qhXr {d^mJmÜ¶j
Assurance, B§{Xam Jm§Yr amï´>r¶ ‘w³V gañd{V^wdZ ‘hm{dÚmc¶ S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ‘amR>dmS>m
{díd{dÚmc¶, ZB© {X„r Am¡aJ§ m~mX {díd{dÚmc¶, Am¡a§Jm~mX
S>m°. í¶m‘c ~ZgmoS> àmo. Á¶mo{V {ZgdmS>o S>m°. A{OV JmJao
gh¶moJr àmÜ¶mnH$, ‘amR>r {d^mJ ‘mV¥ godm g§K g‘mOH$m¶© ‘hm{dÚmc¶ ghm¶H$ àmÜ¶mnH$
‘w§~B© {díd{dÚmc¶ ZmJnwa ‘r{S>¶m A°ÊS> H$å¶w{ZHo$eZ ñQ>S>rO
‘w§~B© gm{dÌr~mB© ’w$co nwUo {díd{dÚmc¶, nwUo
S>m°. ZwgaV ‘rZy
S>m°. {eënm dmH$Mm¡ao CXÿ© {d^mJ
nwñVH$mc¶mÜ¶j, JmoIco EÁ¶wHo$eZ dg§Vamd ZmB©H$ gaH$mar H$cm Ed§
g§ñWm H$m {ejmemñÌ Ed§ AZwg§YmZ g‘mO{dkmZ g§ñWm
‘hm{dÚmc¶, nai, ‘w~§ B© ZmJnwa
nmR>çH«$‘ gbmhH$ma g{‘{V (PAC)

S>m°. gwZrbHw$‘ma bdQ>o S>m°. Xm‘moXa IS>go S>m°. gy¶©Zmam¶U aUgwô
"{Zem§Hw$a', A¶moÜ¶m H$m°bZr ~r-503-504, hmB© pãbg "eãXN>m¶m', bú‘r H$m°bZr
amOrd Jm§Yr [a¨J amoS>, gwd}ZJa H¡$bmg OrdZ Ho$ nmg, Ym¶ar bmVya
H$moëhmnwa nwUo
S>m°. gwYmH$a e|S>Jo S>m°. VgZr‘ nQ>ob
qhXr {d^mJmÜ¶j qhXr {d^mJ
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ‘amR>dmS>m nrnëg ‘hm{dÚmb¶
{díd{dÚmb¶, Am¡a§Jm~mX Zm§XSo >
Course Code : HIN201 Book Code : HIN2014 : B¸$rgdr§ gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶
èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {díd{dÚmb¶, Zm{gH$

Hw$bn{V : S>m°. nr. Or. nmQ>rc
n«. {ZXoeH$ … S>m°. n«drU KmoS>oñdma, ‘mZ{dH$s Ed§ g‘mO{dkmZ g§H$m¶
boIH$ g§nmXH$
S>m°. àH$me H$m§~io S>m°. gwZrbHw$‘ma bdQ>o
qhXr {d^mJ "{Zem§Hw$a', A¶moÜ¶m H$m°bZr
‘hmdra ‘hm{dÚmb¶ amOrd Jm§Yr [a¨J amoS>, gwd}ZJa
H$moëhmnwa H$moëhmnwa
AZwXoeZ V§Ì Ed§ ^mfm g§nmXH$

M§ÐH$m§V Vmê$
‘mZ{dH$s Ed§ g‘mO{dkmZ g§H$m¶
¶.M.‘.‘w.{d., Zm{gH$
{ejmH«$‘ g‘Ýd¶H$
M§ÐH$m§V Vmê$
¶.M.‘.‘w.{d., Zm{gH$
{Z{‘©{V
lr. AmZ§X ¶mXd
ì¶dñWmnH$, J«§W{Z{‘©{V H|$Ð, ¶.M.‘. ‘w³V {díd{dÚmb¶, Zm{gH$
© 2021, ¶ed§Vamd MìhmU ‘hmamï´> ‘w³V {díd{dÚmb¶, Zm{gH$

 àW‘ g§ñH$aU … {Xg§~a 2021  àH$meZ g§»¶m …
 ‘wIn¥ð> énaoIm … lr. A{dZme âUo
 Aja g§¶moOZ … na’o$³Q> H$m°åß¶wQ>a, {Ì‘y{V© Mm¡H$, {gS>H$mo, Zm{gH$ - 8
 ‘wÐH$ VWm àH$meH$ … S>m°. {XZoe ^m|S>o, Hw$cg{Md, ¶ed§Vamd MìhmU ‘hmamï´> ‘w³V {díd{dÚmb¶, Zm{gH$
ISBN
B21-22-117
ñZmVH$moÎma (E‘.E.) qhXr {ejmH«$‘ (M51)
qhXr gm{hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg (AmYw{ZH$ H$mb) (HIN201)
nmR>çH«$‘
nwñVH$ 1 : AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘
BH$mB© 1 … AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s AdYmaUm
BH$mB© 2 … AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n[apñW{V¶m±
BH$mB© 3 … JÚ e¡br H$m {dH$mg
BH$mB© 4 … AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m àd¥{Îm¶m| Ho$ AmYma na H$mb{d^mOZ
BH$mB© 5 … amï´>r¶ Ymam
BH$mB© 6 … ZdOmJaU
nwñVH$ 2 : ñdV§ÌVmnyd© qhXr gm{hË¶

BH$mB© 1 … ñdV§ÌVmnyd© qhXr H$mì¶
BH$mB© 2 … ñdV§ÌVmnyd© qhXr H$mì¶ H$s {deofVmE§
BH$mB© 3 … ñdV§ÌVmnyd© qhXr Ho$ à‘wI H${d
BH$mB© 4 … ñdV§ÌVmnyd© qhXr JÚ
BH$mB© 5 … ñdV§ÌVmnyd© qhXr JÚ H$s {deofVmE§
BH$mB© 6 … ñdV§ÌVmnyd© qhXr JÚ Ho$ à‘wI aMZmH$ma
nwñVH$ 3 : ñdmV§Í¶moÎma qhXr gm{hË¶ (2000 VH$)

BH$mB© 1 … ñdmV§Í¶moÎma qhXr H$mì¶
BH$mB© 2 … ñdmV§Í¶moÎma qhXr H$mì¶ H$s {deofVmE±
BH$mB© 3 … ñdmV§Í¶moÎma qhXr H$mì¶ Ho$ à‘wI H${d
BH$mB© 4 … ñdmV§Í¶moÎma qhXr JÚ gm{hË¶
BH$mB© 5 … ñdmV§Í¶moÎma qhXr JÚ gm{hË¶ H$s {deofVmE±
BH$mB© 6 … ñdmV§Í¶moÎma qhXr JÚ gm{hË¶ Ho$ à‘wI aMZmH$ma
nwñVH$ 4 : B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶

BH$mB© 1 … B¸$sgdt gXr H$s n¥ð>^y{‘
BH$mB© 2 … ^y‘§S>brH$aU g§H$ënZm Ed§ à{H«$¶m
BH$mB© 3 … B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr H${dVm
BH$mB© 4 … B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr JÚ : à‘wI {dYmE±
BH$mB© 5 … B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr JÚ : Jm¡U {dYmE±
BH$mB© 6 … B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ à{V{Z{Y gm{hË¶H$ma
nwñVH$ 4 … B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË`
àñVmdZm
{à` N>mÌm|, qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg H$s `h Mm¡Wr {H$Vm~ h¡& Bg‘| h‘ B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr gm{hË` H$m AÜ``Z
H$aZodmbo h¡§& O¡gm {H$ h‘ g~ OmZVo h¢, B¸$sgdt gXr {dkmZ, VH$ZrH$s VWm gyMZm àm¡Úmo{JH$s H$s gXr ahr h¡& Bg na
^y‘§S>brH$aU, Cn^mo³VmdmX VWm ~mOmadmX H$m à^md h¡& Q>¡ŠZm°bm°Or, ÐxV g§Mma ‘mÜ`‘ VWm `mVm`mV Ho$ gmYZm| H$s
CnbãYVm go {dœ ‘mZmo EH$ "½bmo~b {dboO' gm ~Zm h¡& ^y‘§S>brH$aU Zo g‘mO, g§ñH¥${V VWm amï´>m| Ho$ ~rM H$s Xy[a`m± H$‘
H$s VWm g^r H$mo g‘mZ Am{W©H$ CÞ{Îm Am¡a nyao {dœ ‘| "EH$b g§ñH¥${V' H$m Am^mg {Xbm`m& 1991 B©. ‘| ^maV CXmarH$aU
H$s Zr{V H$mo AnZmH$a ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s à{H«$`m ‘| em{‘b hþAm& Bggo Hw$N> ‘mÌm ‘| Xoe H$s Am{W©H$ CÞ{Îm Adí` hþB©&
bo{H$Z Bggo H$B© JwZm h‘| {dnarV n[aUm‘m| H$m gm‘Zm H$aZm nS> ahm h¡& ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$m ‘hÎdnyU© {hñgm ì`mnma h¡&
‘wZmµ’$m H$‘mZm BgH$m CÔoí` h¡& AnZo CËnmXm| Ho$ {bE ~mOma H$s Vbme Am¡a CgHo$ {bE {dkmnZ Ho$ ‘m`mdr Omb Ûmam
{dH$gZerb Xoem| H$s gä`Vm, g§ñH¥${V H$mo A‘arH$s g§ñH¥${V ‘| T>mbZo H$s à{H«$`m ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$m gm§ñH¥${VH$ nj h¡& Hw$N>
bmoJ Bgo gä`Vm Am¡a g§ñH¥${V H$m Am§Vaamï´>r`H$aU ‘mZVo h¢ bo{H$Z Agb ‘| `h A‘arH$sH$aU h¡& Bggo ‘Zwî`, n[adma,
g‘mO, {dMmaYmam, g§ñH¥${V, ^mfm, gä`Vm, Y‘©, amOZr{V, {ejm, ñdmñW, n`m©daU Ho$ gmW-gmW Y‘© à^m{dV h¡&
‘mZdr` g§doXZmE± gyI gr JB© h¡§& AmV§H$dmX Ho$ gmW n`m©daU àXyfU H$s g‘ñ`m J§^ra ~Zr h¡& A‘rar-Jar~r Ho$ ~rM H$s
ImB© ~‹T> ahr h¡& ~oH$mar, Jar~r, ‘h§JmB© Ho$ gmW ^«ï>mMma go OZVm ÌñV h¡& Bg J{Verb, g§H«${‘V, {dg§J{V`m| VWm
{df‘VmAm| go âo `wJ H$mo A{^ì`º$ H$aZo H$s MwZm¡Vr B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr gm{hË` Zo AnZmB© h¡&
BH$mB© 1 : B¸$sgdt gXr H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ ‘| B¸$sgdr gXr H$s n¥ð^y{‘ go n[a{MV {H$¶m h¡ & VWm amOZr{VH$, gm‘m{OH$,
Am{W©H$ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñW{V H$mo ñnï> {H$¶m h¡ &
BH$mB© 2 : ^y‘§S>brH$aU : g§H$ënZm Ed§ à{H«$¶m Ho$ A§VJ©V ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$m AW©, n[a^mfm, ñdê$n, AdYmaUm VWm
^y‘§S>brH$aU go à^m{dV joÌm| H$m {ddoMZ {H$¶m J¶m h¡ &
BH$mB© 3 : B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr H${dVm ‘| H${dVm VWm H${d¶m| go n[a{MV H$adm¶m h¡ & B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr
H${dVm H$m {ddoMZ VWm CZH$s àd¥{Îm¶m| H$mo ñnï> {H$¶m h¡ &
BH$mB© 4 : B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr JÚ : à‘wI {dYmE± ‘| B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr O¡go CnÝ¶mg, H$hmZr Am¡a ZmQ>H$
Ho$ {ddoMZ Ho$ gmW CZH$s {deofVmAm| H$m n[aM¶ {X¶m h¡ &
BH$mB© 5 : B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr JÚ : Jm¡U {dYmE± ‘| AmbmoMZm, {Z~§Y, AmË‘H$Wm, g§ñ‘aU, ¶mÌm d¥Îmm§V VWm
JÚ H$s AÝ¶ {dYmAm| H$m n[aM¶, {dH$mg Am¡a CZH$s {deofVmAm| H$mo ñnï> {H$¶m h¡ &
BH$mB© 6 : B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ à{V{Z{Y aMZmH$ma ‘| à{V{Z{Y aMZmH$mam| H$m n[aM¶, CZHo$ ì¶p³VËd VWm H¥${VËd H$m
{ddoMZ {H$¶m J¶m h¡ &
BH$mB© 1 : B¸$sgdt gXr H$s n¥ð>^y{‘
AZwH«$‘
1.0 CÔoí¶
1.1 àñVmdZm
1.2 {df`-{ddaU
1.2.1 amOZr{VH$ n[apñW{V
1.2.2 Am{W©H$ n[apñW{V
1.2.3 gm‘m{OH$ n[apñW{V
1.2.4 Ym{‘©H$ n[apñW{V
1.2.5 gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñW{V
1.3 eãXmW© Ed§ {Q>ßn{U`m±
1.4 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
1.5 gmam§e
1.6 ñdmÜ`m`
1.7 joÌr` H$m`©
1.8 A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE
1.0 CÔoí¶
Bg BH$mB© H$mo nT>Zo Ho$ ~mX Amn -
· B¸$sgdt gXr H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ go n[a{MV hmo gH$moJo&
· B¸$sgdt gXr H$s amOZr{VH$ VWm gm‘m{OH$ n¥ð>^y{‘ H$mo ñnï> na nmAmoJo&
· B¸$sgdt gXr H$s Am{W©H$ VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñW{V H$mo ñnï> H$a nmAmoJo&
1.1 àñVmdZm
B¸$sgdt gXr ^y‘§S>brH$aU Ed§ d¡ídrH$aU H$s gXr h¡& ^y‘§S>brH$aU EH$ Eogr {dMmaYmam h¡ {OgHo$ ‘yb ‘| ~mOma,
~mOmadmX Am¡a Cn^mo³VmdmX h¡& BgZo EH$ Eogr g§ñH¥${V H$mo OÝ‘ {X`m h¡ Omo AW© na {Q>H$s h¡& BgH$s Ñ{ï> go nyar Xw{Z`m
~mOma h¡& {dœ H$m ha ‘Zwî` Cn^mo³Vm h¡& Bg ‘m°b g§ñH¥${V H$m CÔoí` ‘wZmµ’$m H$‘mZm hr h¡& ^y‘§S>brH$aU go à^m{dV
amO{Z{V, Y‘©, g‘mO, AW© VWm g§ñH¥${V AnZo ZE AW©, ê$n, g‘ñ`mAm| Ho$ gmW COmJa hþE h¡§& Bggo gm{hË` H$m à^m{dV
hmoZm ñdm^m{dH$ h¡, Š`m|{H$ AnZo `wJrZ n[adoe Ho$ AZwHy$b VWm à{VHy$b VÎdm| H$s A{^ì`p³V g‘H$mbrZ gm{hpË`H$
YmamAm| ‘| ghO ê$n go hmoVr h¡§& gm{hË`H$ma H$s gOJVm VWm g§doXZerbVm Cgo AnZo n[adoe Ho$ à{V A{bá ahZo Zht
XoVr& gm{hË`H$ma gOJ àhar H$s Vah AnZo g‘` Ho$ `WmW© H$mo g‘PVm h¡& C{MV-AZw{MV H$m ~moY H$a g‘mO H$m
B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶ : 1

{XemXe©H$ ~ZVm h¡, g‘mO H$mo ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aVm h¡& Bgr H$maU {H$gr {deof gm{hË`H$ma, gm{hpË`H$ àd¥{Îm`m| VWm YmamAm|
H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE Cg H$mb H$s àoaH$ n[apñW{V`m| H$mo g‘PZm Amdí`H$ h¡&
1.2 {df`-{ddaU
B¸$sgdt gXr gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§H«$‘U H$s gXr ahr h¡& Bg g§H«$‘U Ho$ Xm¡a ‘o Ohm± EH$ Amoa g§Mma ‘mÜ`‘m| Ho$ JwUmË‘H$
{dH$mg Zo {dœJ«m‘ H$s H$ënZm H$mo gmH$ma {H$`m, dht Xygar Amoa ^m¡{VH$ gmYZm| Ho$ A§~ma Ho$ ~mdOyX ‘Zwî` AHo$bm ahm&
Z¡{VH$Vm H$s n[a^mfm Ho$ gmW CgHo$ gmYZm| ‘| ^r ~Xbmd Am`m& Bg gXr ‘| amOZr{V, Y‘©, g‘mO, AW©, g§ñH¥${V Ho$ joÌ
‘| K{Q>V g‘ñ`mAm| H$s J{V Vrd« h¡& Bggo gm{hË` à^m{dV h¡& Bg gXr H$m gm{hË` AnZo g‘` H$s g‘ñ`mAm|, OrdZ H$mo
à^m{dV H$aZodmbr amï´>r` VWm A§Vaamï´>r` KQ>ZmAm|, ^y‘§S>brH$aU Am¡a ~mOmadmX go à^m{dV g§ñH¥${V Ed§ gä`Vm H$mo
AnZr g‘ñV {deofVmAm| Ho$ gmW A{^ì`³V H$aVm h¡& àñVwV BH$mB© ‘| h‘ B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr gm{hË` H$mo à^m{dV
H$aZodmbr amOZr{V, g‘mO, Y‘©, AW©, {ejm, g§ñH¥${V H$m AÜ``Z H$aZodmbo h¡§&
1.2.1 amOZr{VH$ n[apñW{V

amOZr{V `mZo dh Zr{V {Oggo Xoe H$m emgZ Mbm`m OmVm h¡& Xoe H$s gdmªJrU CÞ{Îm Ho$ hoVw g§{dYmZ Ho$ Xmào ‘|
ahH$a H$m`© {H$`m OmVm h¡& bmoH$V§Ì ‘| amOZoVmAm| H$s ^y{‘H$m ‘hÎdnyU© hmoVr h¡& dV©‘mZ g‘` amOZr{VH$ ‘yë`m| Ho$
Ad‘yë`Z H$m g‘` h¡& g§{dYmZ {Z‘m©VmAm| Zo {Og bmoH$V§ÌmË‘H$ g‘mOdmXr àUmbr H$mo AnZm`m Wm, CgH$s AnojmAm|
VWm AmH$m§jmAm| na dV©‘mZ amOZr{VH$ n[aÑí` Iam Zht CVam h¡& Xoe H$s AmOmXr VWm g§{dYmZ {Z‘m©U Ho$ ~mX ^maVr`
OZVm H$mo bmoH$V§Ì go ‘moh hþAm Wm {H$ h‘| H$‘ go H$‘ amoQ>r, H$nS>m VWm ‘H$mZ {‘boJm hr& bo{H$Z B¸$sgdt gXr ‘| ^r `hm±
H$s OZVm OrdZmdí`H$ gw{dYmAm| Ho$ {bE Vag ahr h¡§& {deofVm ^maVr` amOZr{V ‘| AmnmVH$mb (1975) Ho$ ~mX ^mar
~Xbmd Am`m& ~hþXbr` amOZr{V H$m CX` hþAm& Xb~Xb, ñdmW©, ^«ï>mMma VWm MmQw>H$m[aVm ‘mZmo ZoVm Ho$ M[aÌ H$s
{deofVmE± hr {gÕ hþB©& JR>~§YZ H$s amOZr{V ‘| OZVm `m Xoe H$s CÞ{Îm go H$B© Á`mXm {dYm`H$, gm§gX `m nj H$s CÞ{Îm
H$mo ‘hÎd {‘bm& joÌr` Xbm| Ho$ {bE amOZr{V EH$ ì`dgm` {gÕ hþAm Am¡a do JR>~§YZ Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go AnZo ñdmWm] H$s ny{V©
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dV©‘mZ ‘| Xw{Z`m Ho$ {H$gr ^r Xoe H$s AW©ì`dñWm H$s J{V Ho$db Cg Xoe H$s Am{W©H$ CÞ{Îm na {Z^©a Zht hmoJr, ~pëH$

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^y‘§S>brH$aU go à^m{dV ahm&
`h g‘mO ‘mZdr` ‘yë`m| VWm AmXem] Ho$ ñWmZ na {dH¥$V VWm ñVahrZ gä`Vm H$mo AnZmZo na ~b XoVm ZOa Am
ahm h¡& n¡gm| VWm ^m¡{VH$ gw{dYmAm| Ho$ nrN>o n‹S>o Bg `wJ Ho$ ‘Zwî` H$s¨ gyIVr hþB© g§doXZm g‘` Am¡a g‘mO Ho$ {bE EH$
MwZm¡Vr ~Zr h¡& g‘mO H$s g~go N>moQ>r BH$mB© Ho$ ê$n ‘| ‘Zwî` H$s g§doXZm VWm ^mdZm H$m {OVZm jaU Bg `wJ ‘| hþAm,

CVZm g§^dVm B{Vhmg ‘| H$^r Zht hþAm& ñdmWu VWm AmË‘H|$ÐrV ‘Zwî` Zo AnZo g^r [aíVm| VWm g§~§Ym| H$mo AW© Ho$ VamOy
na VmobZm Ama§^ {H$`m& Omo g§~§Y H$^r AmË‘r`Vm VWm ^mdZm Ho$ AmYma na {Z‘m©U hmoVo Wo, AmO do bm^-hm{Z Ho$
AmYma na ~ZZo bJo& Eogo [aíVm| ‘| Mmho AnZonZ `m ^mB©Mmao H$m A^md hmo bo{H$Z Cggo `{X H$moB© AÝ` bm^ {‘bVm hmo Vmo
BÝh| ~Zm`m Om ahm h¡& ^m¡{VH$ gw{dYmAm| Ho$ nrN>o n‹S>o ‘Zwî` Ho$ OrdZ ‘| VZmd, AHo$bonZ Ho$ gmW-gmW H$B© gmar ~r‘m[a`m|
Zo àdoe {H$`m h¡& g§`w³V n[adma Qy>Q>H$a EH$b n[adma ~Z| Am¡a AmO Vmo "{bd BZ [aboeZ{en' H$m O‘mZm Am`m h¡& BgZo
Vmo n[adma ì`dñWm H$mo nyar Vah go Vhg-Zhg H$a {X`m h¡& dV©‘mZ nr‹T>r {ddmh VWm n[adma ‘| {dœmg Z H$a CÝ‘w³V OrdZ
H$mo Á`mXm ‘hÎd Xo ahr h¡§& ^m¡{VH$ gw{dYmAm| Ho$ AmXr ~Z| n{V-nËZr XmoZm| Zm¡H$ar H$aZo Ho$ {bE A{êá h¡§& CÝh| ~ƒo Zht
Mm{hE& AmO H$b Vmo ‘mZo "Zmo {H$S>g S>~b qS>Šg' H$m O‘mZm Am`m h¡&
Am{W©H$ CÞ{Îm H$s Mmh VWm ^moJ-{dbmg Ho$ gmYZm| H$mo nmZo H$s ñnYm© Zo ì`p³V H$s g§doXZm H$mo hr ‘ma {X`m h¡&
~oQ>m g§n{Îm Ho$ hoVw {nVm H$s hË`m H$aVm h¡& ~mn ~oQ>r H$m ~bmËH$ma H$aVm nm`m OmVm h¡& dV©‘mZ ‘| g‘mMma nÌ H$mo nT>Zm
‘mZmo hË`m, IyZ, ~bmËH$ma, [aídVImoar, Mmoar, S>H¡$Vr H$mo nT>Zm h¡& g‹S>H$ hmXgo ‘| Km`b ì`p³V H$mo AñnVmb ‘| bo OmZo
Ho$ ~Xbo dhm± goë’$s {ZH$mbZm, Sy>~Vo hþE H$mo ~MmZo Ho$ ~Xbo ‘mo~mBb na CgH$m [aH$m°{Sª>J H$aZm `m VS>nVo ì`p³V H$mo Cgr
hmbV ‘| N>mo‹S>H$a AnZo H$m‘ ‘| bJ OmZm O¡go CXmhaU gyIVr hþB© g§doXZm H$mo hr Xem©Vo h¡§&
AmO Ë`mJ, godm, AmXa, gË`, Z¡{VH$Vm, gXmMaU, ‘mZdr`Vm, Am{X VÎd ‘mZmo {H$Vm~m| ‘| nT>Zo VH$ hr gr{‘V aho
h¡§& n[adma Ho$ Qy>Q>Zo go ~y‹T>o ‘m±-~mn Vmo ‘mZmo d¥Õml‘m| ‘| aIr OmZodmbr dñVwE± {gÕ hmo aho h¡§& `{X do no§eZYmar h¢ V^r Ka
‘| OJh àmá H$a gH$Vo h¡§& n[adma Ho$ n{V-nËZr XmoZm| Zm¡H$ar H$aVo h¢ Vmo ~ƒm| H$s XoI^mb hmoñQ>b `m Ho$Aa g|Q>am| na N>moS>r
OmVr h¡& ‘m±-~mn {XZ amV Ho$db ^m¡{VH$ gw{dYmAm| H$s àm{á Ho$ hoVw n¡go OwQ>mZo ‘| Ow‹S>o hþE h¡§& H$^r ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$mo
gwa{jV aIZodmbo Jm±d ^r eham| H$s ^m±{V AnZr ‘yb nhMmZ ImoH$a ehar g§ñH¥${V H$m A§YmZwH$aU H$aVo XoIo JE h¡§& Eogo
‘| dhm± ^r n[adma ì`dñWm Ma‘am JB© h¡&
Bg ì`p³VJV VWm nm[adm[aH$ {~Iamd Ho$ gmW B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ g‘mO ‘| OmVr`Vm, Y‘mªYVm, àm§VdmX, A{Zï>
na§namAm|, ~møm§S>~a, ór-nwê$f {df‘Vm, n`m©daU àXyfU, AmV§H$dmX, ^«ï>mMma, gm§àXm{`H$Vm Am{X g‘ñ`mE± ~Zr hþB© h¡§&
^bo hr g§{dYmZ Zo Y‘©{ZanojVm VWm d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU Bg VÎd H$mo aoIm§{H$V {H$`m hmo {’$a ^r gyMZm VH$ZrH$s VWm
B§Q>aZoQ> Ho$ Bg `wJ ‘| AmO ^r OmVr`Vm, Y‘mªYVm H$m ~mob~mbm h¡& AmO ^r ì`p³VJV ñdmW© Ho$ hoVw OmVr` qhgmE± H$s Om
ahr h¡§& AmO ^r qhXy-‘wgb‘mZ EH$-Xygao Ho$ à{V A{dœmg H$s ^mdZm go XoIVo h¡§& AmO ^r X{bVm| na AÝ`m`-AË`mMma
Omar h¡§& do AnZo ApñVÎd Ho$ {bE g§Kf© H$a aho h¡§& V‘m‘ H$mo{eem| Ho$ ~mdOyX AmO ^r A{Zï> ê${T>`m± àM{bV h¡§& H$‘©H$m§S>
hmo aho h¡§& OmVr` VWm dJu` ôX^md Bg gXr H$s ÌmgXr h¡& ^«ï>mMma ‘mZmo {eï>mMma {gÕ hmo ahm h¡& n¡go `m gÎmm àm{á Ho$
gmYZm| H$s n{dÌVm H$mo ZH$mam Om ahm h¡& d¡`p³VH$ ñdmW© ^«ï>mMma H$mo ~‹T>mdm Xo ahm h¡& A‘rar Am¡a Jar~r Ho$ ~rM H$m
’$mgbm ~‹T>Vm Om ahm h¡& ny±Or Ho$ gmao gmYZ A‘ram| Ho$ hmW ‘| h¡§& gÎmm H$s Mmdr ^r ny±Orn{V`m|, A‘ram| VWm ~S>o
ì`mnm[a`m| Ho$ hmW ‘| h¡& Bg Xoe ‘| Jar~ H$m ‘yë` Ho$db dmoQ> VH$ gr{‘V ahm h¡& dh AnZm gmam d³V Xmo d³V H$s amoQ>r
OwQ>mZo ‘| IM© H$aVm h¡& dh eha H$s J§Xr ~ñVr ‘| ahZo Ho$ {bE A{êá h¡& CgH$m eara ‘mZmo ~r‘m[a`m| H$m Ka ~Zm h¡&
AmO ^r dh Amdí`H$ gw{dYmAm| go d§{MV h¡&
g§jon ‘| `hr H$h|Jo {H$, B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ g‘mO H$m ~S>m g§H$Q> ‘Zwî` H$s gyIVr hþB© g§doXZm h¡& Bg g‘mO ‘|
g§doXZmAm| Am¡a ^mdZmAm| H$s hË`m H$s Om ahr h¡, ^moJ-{dbmg H$mo AnZm`m Om ahm h¡& OmVr`Vm, Y‘mªYVm,
gm§àXm{`H$Vm, ^yI, Jar~r, ‘h§JmB©, A{Zï> àWm-na§namE± AmO ^r ‘m¡OyX h¡§&
1.2.4 Ym{‘©H$ n[apñW{V

Y‘© ‘| g‘ñV Ordm| Ho$ H$ë`mU H$s H$m‘Zm hmoVr h¡& Am{X‘H$mb go hr ^maV ‘| Y‘© VWm {dMmam| H$s ì`mnH$Vm Ho$
gmW gd©Y‘©g‘^md H$s ^mdZm H$m`©aV ahr& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ Xw{Z`m Ho$ g^r Y‘m] Ho$ bmoJ ^maV ‘| JwOa-~ga H$aVo h¡§&
Xw{Z`m Ho$ VrZ ~S>o Y‘m] (qhXy, O¡Z, ~m¡Õ) H$m CX` Bgr ^y{‘ ‘| hþAm& BgmB© VWm Bñbm‘ Y‘© H$m g§nH©$ Xygar VWm gmVdt-
AmR>dt gXr ‘| hþAm& ^maVr` g§{dYmZ Zo ha ì`p³V H$mo AnZo Y‘© Ho$ à{V AmXa aIZo VWm H$mZyZ `m g§{dYmZ Ho$ Xmào ‘|
ahH$a AnZo Y‘© Ho$ àMma-àgma H$m A{YH$ma {X`m h¡& h‘Zo"Y‘©{ZanojVm' Ho$ VÎd H$mo AnZm`m h¡&
ì`p³V VWm g‘mO OrdZ ‘| Y‘© H$m ñWmZ ‘hÎdnyU© ahm h¡& ‘mZd qMVZ Ho$ ‘ZZ, ì`dhma Am¡a H$‘© ‘| C{MV Am¡a
AZw{MV H$mo boH$a Y‘© Zo EH$ {ZUm©`H$ gÎmm H$m H$m‘ {H$`m h¡& bo{H$Z ‘Ü`H$mb Ho$ Amgnmg ‘mÌ Y‘© H$m AmYma boH$a
g‘mO OrdZ na gÎmm ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m g’$b à`mg {d{eï> dJ© Ûmam {H$`m J`m& n[aUm‘ñdê$n Y‘mªYVm, H$‘©H$m§S>,

~møm§S>~a, Nw>AmNy>V O¡gr àd¥{Îm`m| H$m OÝ‘ hþAm& B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ g‘mO ‘| ^r Y‘mªYVm VWm A{Zï> àWmE± H$m`©aV h¡§& Y‘©
Ho$ R>oHo$Xma ~Zo g§V, ‘h§V, ‘w„m, ‘m¡bdr {ZOr ñdmW© Ho$ hoVw Y‘mªYVm H$mo ~‹T>mdm Xo aho h¡§& n[aUm‘ñdê$n Ym{‘©H$ qhgmE±
H$m`‘ h¡§& Y‘© Ho$ R>oHo$Xmam| H$m AmMaU AZ¡{VH$ VWm ^m¡{VH$dmXr ahm h¡& ~S>o-~S>o g§V ‘h§V ^r ~bmËH$ma, IyZ, ^«ï>mMma
Ho$ Amamonm| ‘| H¡$X h¡& Ym{‘©H$ ñWb n¡gm `m gÎmm àm{á Ho$ H|$Ð ~Zo h¡§& Y‘© Ho$ AmYma na MwZmd OrVo Om aho h¡§& MwZmd ‘| Y‘©
H$maJa ‘Ôm {gÕ hmo ahm h¡&
B¸$sgdt gXr H$m gmja VWm B§Q>aZoQ> O¡go ‘mÜ`‘m| go {dœ go Ow‹S>m gw{dYm^moJr g‘mO AmO ^r Ym{‘©H$ H$‘©H$m§S>m| ‘|
CbPm hþAm ZOa AmVm h¡& Ym{‘©H$ R>oHo$Xmam| Ûmam AnZo {ZOr ñdmW© Ho$ hoVw ’¡$bmZo dmbr Y‘mªYVm H$mo dh ~‹T>mdm Xo ahm h¡&
d¡œrH$aU go n¡Xm hþE ^moJdmX Zo Y‘© Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo {dH¥$V H$a {X`m h¡& AmO Y‘© H$m bú` YZ, ^moJ, gÎmm VWm gw{dYm ahm
h¡& Y‘© AmYm[aV dmoQ> H$s amOZr{V Mb ahr h¡& ^maV O¡go ~hþYm{‘©H$ VWm bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ Xoe ‘| Hw$N> Eogo Agm‘m{OH$ VÎd
‘m¡OyX h¢ Omo Bg Xoe H$mo "qhXy amï´>' ~ZmZo H$s H$mo{ee ‘| OwQ>o h¡§& n[aUm‘ñdê$n {dœ ‘| ^maV H$s N>{d H$mo ZwH$gmZ nhþ±M ahm
h¡& Bgrg, Ab-H$m`Xm O¡go AmV§H$dmXr g§JR>Z Bñbm‘ Ho$ Zm‘ na {OhmX H$mo ~‹T>mdm Xo aho h¡§& nyao {dœ ‘| Bñbm‘ H$s gÎmm
ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m gnZm XoI aho h¡§& Bg {dMmaYmam go à^m{dV `wdm AnZo Xoe `m O‘rZ Ho$ {˜bmµ’$ fS>`§Ì aMm aho h¡§& AnZo
OrdZ H$mo Xm§d na bJm aho h¡§& n[aUm‘ñdê$n Xoe ‘| EH$ {d{eï> dJ© H$m g§~§Y AmV§H$dm{X`m| Ho$ gmW OmoS>m Om ahm h¡&
B¸$sgdt gXr ‘| ^r Y‘© H$m dhr ñdê$n h¡ Omo BgHo$ nyd© ~rgdt gXr ‘| Wm&
1.2.5 gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñW{V

B¸$sgdr gXr H$m `wJrZ n[aÑí` gm§ñH¥${VH$ ñVa na g§H«$‘U Ho$ Xm¡ao go JwOa ahm h¡& ^y‘§S>brH$aU, {ZOrH$aU VWm
~mOmadmX Zo g~go A{YH$ g§ñH¥${V H$mo à^m{dV {H$`m h¡& ~rgdt gXr H$s ewédmV ‘| A§J«oOr gÎmm, {ejm VWm BgmB©
{‘eZ[a`m| Ho$ g§nH©$ go ^maVr`m| ‘| gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ñ{ï> go ZdOmJaU H$s bha Xm¡S>r Wr& `h EH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am§XmobZ Wm {OgZo
~m¡{ÕH$, gm{hpË`H$, H$bmË‘H$ Ñ{ï> go ^maVr`m| Ho$ ‘mZ{gH$ {j{VO H$mo ì`mnH$ ~Zm`m Wm& Y‘© VWm g§ñH¥${V ‘| na§nam go
Mbr Am ahr A{Zï> ê${‹T>`mo Ho$ gmW Y‘mªYVm, H$‘©H$m§S>, Nw>AmNy>V Am{X Ho$ {damoY ‘| AmdmO CR>Zo bJr& Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>ç,
g§JrV, {eën, {MÌH$bm, ‘y{V©H$bm Am{X Ho$ à{V ‘Ü`dJ© Ho$ gmW ~w{ÕOrdr dJ© ~S>r ‘mÌm ‘| Ow‹S> J`m& AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX
g§ñH¥${V g§dY©Z Ho$ hoVw ^maV gaH$ma Ûmam H$B© g§ñWmAm| H$m {Z‘m©U {H$`m& ñdmV§Í`moÎma `wJ ‘| {ejm H$m àgma, g§nH©$ Ho$
gwb^ gmYZm| VWm d¡km{ZH$ OrdZ nÕ{V Zo g§ñH¥${V`m| Ho$ AmXmZ-àXmZ H$mo ~‹T>mdm {X`m& 1980 Ho$ ~mX Vmo ^y‘§S>brH$aU,
~mOmadmX Zo EH$ Eogr ZB© VWm g§H$[aV g§ñH¥${V H$mo OÝ‘ {X`m {OgH$s Ztd "AW©' na {Q>H$s h¡& Bgo "Cn^mo³VmdmXr' VWm
"~«m§qS>J g§ñH¥${V' Ho$ Zm‘ go OmZm OmVm h¡, {OgH$m CX` A‘arH$m ‘| hþAm&
Bg ZB© VWm ^m¡{VH$dmXr g§ñH¥${V ‘| ‘Zwî` Ho$db EH$ J«mhH$ h¡& ~hþamï´>r` VWm ‘ëQ>rZoeZb H§$n{Z`m| H$m CÔoí` Ho$db
Am¡a Ho$db ‘wZmµ’$m H$‘mZm h¡& Cn^mo³VmdmX Zo ì`p³V H$mo H$^r Z g‘má hmoZodmbr Xm¡‹S> ‘| YHo$b {X`m h¡& ~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m|
Zo ZE-ZE CËnmX Ho$ gmW ZB©-ZB© D$±Mr Zm¡H$[a`m± gm‘Zo aIr h¢, {Ogo nmZo H$s ñnYm© Mb ahr h¡& ~S>o n¡Ho$O H$s àm{á Ho$
hoVw h‘ Mm¡{~gm| K§Q>o H$m`© ‘| bJo h¡§& ~mOmadmX H$m g~go à‘wI AmYma gnZo Am¡a bmbgmE± ~oMZm h¡& BZ ~S>r H§$n{Z`m| ‘|
{Za§Va `h emoY MbVm ahVm h¡ {H$ AmJm‘r Xg gmbm| ‘| A‘wH$ dñVw, CËnmX, Am¡f{Y Am{X Ho$ {bE {H$g àH$ma "‘m±J' n¡Xm
H$s Om gHo$Jr& CXmhaUmW©, nr‚mm, ~J©a Am{X ’$mñQ>’y$S> ‘moQ>mnm ~T>mVo h¢, Bgo KQ>mZo Ho$ {bE Am¡f{Y, no`, Q>m°{ZH$ Ho$ gmW
{O‘ `m ì`m`m‘ H$s ‘erZ| Am{X H$m {Z‘m©U {H$`m J`m& ì`p³V Bgo IarXo,Bg{bE CgHo$ ‘Z ‘| {dkmnZ Ûmam à~b BÀN>m,
bmbgm {Z‘m©U H$s OmVr h¡& CgH$s ZH$X XoH$a IarXZo H$s j‘Vm Z hmoZona Cgo {H$íVm|/F$U H$s gw{dYm CnbãY H$am`r
OmVr h¡& ~¢H$m| Ûmam H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© VWm S>o~rQ> H$mS>© ~S>r ghOVm go CnbãY H$amH$a Cgo dñVw IarXZo na ‘O~ya {H$`m OmVm
h¡& Bg‘| ‘r{S>`m OJV, Q>r.dr. VWm g‘mMma-nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| ‘| àH$m{eV {dkmnZm| H$s ^y{‘H$m H$maJa h¡& h‘ gw~h go em‘
VH$ Š`m ImE±, Š`m nhZo, H$hm± Ky‘Zo OmE, Š`m Iobo, Š`m n‹T>|, Am{X ~mV| Vmo {dkmnZ hr V` H$aVm h¡& h‘mao Kam| ‘| nH$mE
OmZodmbo nma§n[aH$ ì`§OZ Vmo ‘mZmo Jm`~ hr hþE h¡§& A~ Vmo MwQ>H$s ‘| V¡`ma hmoZodmbr ‘¡Jr, ZwS>ëg, Am°S>©a XoH$a {‘bZodmbm
{n‚mm `m ~J©a hr h‘mao ImZnmZ Ho$ à‘wI òmoV ~Zo h¡§& ~ƒo XyY go Á`mXm noßgr, H$moH$ `m AÝ` erV no` ‘m±JVo h¡§& h‘mam
nhZmdm nyar Vah go ~Xb J`m h¡& ImZ-nmZ, nhZmdo H$s Ñ{ï> go ‘mZmo h‘mar {d{dYVm hr IË‘ hþB© h¡&
{dkmnZ Am¡a Q>r.dr. g§ñH¥${V Zo ^maVr` g‘mO ‘| AûcrbVm H$s ZB© AdYmaUmE± Am¡a ZB© Z¡{VH$Vm {dH${gV H$s h¡&
AmO ûcrb-Aûcrb Ho$ ~rM H$s Xrdma| {Ja MwH$s h¡§& {’$ë‘m| ‘| {XImE OmZodmbo Mw§~Z Am¡a a{V ‘wÐmE± Vmo Am‘ ~mV ~Zr
h¡& ^maVr`m| H$m AnZo Ë`m¡hmam| Ho$ à{V AmH$f©U H$‘ hmo ahm h¡& h‘Zo ^m¡{VH$ g‘¥{Õ VWm ^moJdmX H$mo hr OrdZ H$m Agbr
AmZ§X ‘mZ {b`m h¡& ‘Ü`dJu` ‘mVm-{nVm `hr MmhVo h¢ {H$ CgH$s g§VmZ ~S>r Zm¡H$ar hoVw {H$gr àH$ma A‘arH$m, H$ZmS>m

`m B§½b¢S> Mbr OmE& {H$gmZ AnZr O‘rZ| ~oMH$a ~ƒm| H$mo Cƒ {ejm Ho$ {bE {dXoe ôO aho h¡§& Ka ‘| AHo$bo aho ~y‹T>o ‘m±-
~mn d¥Õ J¥hm|, Aml‘m| `m d[að> ZmJ[aH$ godmAm| H$m Aml` boVo h¡§& AHo$bonZ go bS> aho h¡§& ì`p³V H$s à{Vð>m CgH$s
‘mZdr`Vm go H$B© Á`mXm Ka ‘| ‘m¡OyX ^m¡{VH$ gmYZm| H$s A{YH$Vm na V` H$s Om ahr h¡&
^y‘§S>brH$aU go ào[aV gyMZm H«$m§{V Ho$ Bg `wJ ‘| ^mfmAm| Ho$ gm‘Zo ‘mZmo ApñVÎd H$m g§H$Q> I‹S>m hþAm h¡& B§Q>aZoQ>,
H$åß`yQ>a VWm g§Mma ‘mÜ`‘m| H$s à‘wI ^mfm Ho$ ê$n ‘| A§J«oOr H$m hr ~mob~mbm ahm h¡& B§Q>aZoQ>, {dkmnZ VWm {gZo‘m Zo
^maVr` ^mfmAm| Ho$ ñdê$n VWm àH¥${V ‘| VoOr go n[adV©Z {H$ò h¡§& ‘mo~mBb ‘| Vmo Q>mBqnJ H$s ^mfm qhXr h¡ bo{H$Z Cgo amo‘Z
{b{n ‘| {bIm Om ahm h¡& ^mfmAm| H$m ~S>r VoOr go A§J«oOrH$aU hmo ahm h¡& Zd ‘Ü`dJ© H$s Ñ{ï> go A§JO«o r ^mfm ‘| ~mV{MV
H$aZm gä`Vm H$m bjU ~Zm h¡& Bgr H$maU Xoe Ho$ ‘hmZJam| ‘| hr Zht Vmo XohmVm| ‘| ^r A§J«oOr ñHy$b Hw$Hw$a‘wÎmm| H$s ^m±{V
CJ aho h¡§& ~ƒm Ka VWm g‘mO ‘| ‘mV¥^mfm ‘| ~mobMmb H$aVm h¡ bo{H$Z ñHy$b ‘| {dXoer/ZB© ^mfm H$mo gwZVm h¡& OrdZ Ho$
{d{dY joÌm| go g§~§{YV g§H$ënZmAm| H$mo {~Zm g‘Po Ho$db aQ>Vm ahVm h¡& ‘m±-~mn Zo ‘mZ {b`m h¢ {H$ Bg `wJ Ho$ {bE
H$m{~b ~ZZm h¡ Vmo A§J«oOr {ejm `m A§J«oOr H$m kmZ Amdí`H$ h¡& AnZr ^mfm VWm g§ñH¥${V H$mo X{H$`mZygr ‘mZZo H$s `h
àd¥{Îm B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ ^maVr` g‘mO H$s {deofVm {gÕ hmo ahr h¡&
^mfm Ho$ g‘mZ hr g§JrV, Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>ç, {eën, {gZo‘m Am{X H$bmE± ^r g§H«$‘U Ho$ Xm¡a go JwOa ahr h¡& gm{hË`H$ma
^y‘§S>brH¥$V pñW{V`m| go {dM{bV hmoH$a BgH$s `WmW© A{^ì`p³V ‘| OwQ>m h¡& H${dVm ZE q~~m|, àVrH$m| VWm {‘WH$m| Ûmam Bgo
A{^ì`³V H$a ahr h¡& AZm{‘H$m, H$mË`m`Zr, EH$m§V lrdmñVd, Hw$‘ma A§~wO, ‘XZ H$í`n, XodràgmX {‘l Am{X H${d`m|
Zo ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s à{H«$`m ‘| eof hmoVr ‘mZdVm H$s {Z`{V na ge³V H${dVmE± aMr h¡§& H$hmZr, CnÝ`mg, ZmQ>H$ Am{X JÚ
{dYmAm| Zo ^y‘§S>brH$aU go n¡Xm hþB© Am{W©H$ {df‘Vm, A‘ra-Jar~ Ho$ ~rM ~‹T>Vr ImB©, {H$gmZm| H$s AmË‘hË`mAm| H$m Z
éH$Zodmbm {g{bgbm, n¡go H$s Xm¡‹S> Am¡a AmH$meMw§~r gnZm| H$m g§gma Am{X H$s qMVm H$mo dmUr Xr h¡& Bg‘| à‘wI ê$n go
CX`àH$me, ‘Zmoha í`m‘ Omoer, g§Ord, ‘¥Umb nmÊS>o`, {dîUw ZmJa, gwZrVm O¡Z, ‘Zrfm Hw$bloð>, a‘oe CnmÜ`m` Am{X H$m
Zm‘ {deof C„oIZr` h¡&
ñnï> h¡ {H$ B¸$sgdt gXr H$s g§ñH¥${V ^y‘§S>brH$aU go VWm ~mOmadmX go à^m{dV ahr h¡& Bg g§ñH¥${V H$s Ztd "AW©'
na {Q>H$s h¡&
ñd`§-AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE àíZ

(A) [a³V ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE&
(1) ’$moãg© n{ÌH$m Ho$ AZwgma ^maV ‘| à{Vdf© ........... ZE Aa~n{V ~Z aho h¡§&
(2) ^maV Zo ................ H$mo CXmarH$aU H$s Zr{V H$mo AnZm`m&
(3) ^maV H$s bJ^J ............. à{VeV Am~mXr AmO ^r Jar~r aoIm Ho$ ZrMo OrdZ`mnZ H$a ahr h¡§&
(4) ^maVr` ^mfmAm| H$m ~S>r VoOr go ............. hmo ahm h¡&
(Am) EH$ dmŠ` ‘| CÎma Xr{OE&

(1) amOZr{V Š`m h¡?
(2) ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s n[a^mfm {bpIE?
(3) B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ g‘mO H$s g~go ~S>r g‘ñ`m Š`m h¡?
(4) ~mOmadmX H$s g~go ‘hÎdnyU© {deofVm Š`m h¡?
(5) Am{W©H$ {df‘Vm go ^maVr` g‘mO ‘| {H$Z Xmo dJm] ‘|~S>m A§Va {Z‘m©U hþAm?

· X{H$`mZygr : nwamZo {dMmam| H$m&
· ZdOmJaU : ZB© MoVZm `m ZB© OmJ«{V

· ny±OrdmX : Eogr Am{W©H$ àUmbr {Og‘| Y{ZH$ dJ© CËnmXZ Ho$ gmYZm| na A{YH$ma O‘mH$a l{‘H$m| H$m emofU H$aVm
hmo&
· {ZOrH$aU : gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJ H$mo {ZOr g§ñWmZ `m d¡`p³VH$ g§ñWmZ H$mo XoZm&
· ^y‘§S>brH$aU : nyao {dœ ‘| EH$ OrdZ-nÕ{V `m {dMma H$m àgm&©
· Cn^mo³Vm : Cn^moJ H$aZodmbm&
· àm¡Úmo{JH$s : VH$ZrH$ g§~§Yr kmZ&
· ~mOmadmX : dh ‘V `m {dMmaYmam {Og‘| OrdZ go g§~§{YV ha dñVw H$m ‘yë`m§H$Z Ho$db ì`p³VJV bm^ `m ‘wZm’o$
H$s Ñ{ï> go {H$`m OmVm h¡& ‘wZmµ’$m H|${ÐV V§Ì H$mo ñWm{nV H$aZodmbr {dMmaYmam&
· Cn^mo³VmdmX : EH$ àd¥{Îm Omo Bg {dœmg na AmYm[aV h¡ {H$ A{YH$ Cn`moJ Am¡a A{YH$ dñVwAm| H$m ñdm‘r hmoZo
go A{YH$ gwI Am¡a Iwer {‘boJr&

(A)
(1) 10,000 (2) 24 OwbmB©, 1991 (3) 30% (4) Am§½brH$aU
(Am)
(1) amOZr{V dh Zr{V h¡ {Oggo g§{dYmZ Ho$ Xmào ‘| ahH$a emgZ Mbm`m OmVm h¡&
(2) Eogr {dMmaYmam Omo nyao {dœ ‘| AW©, g§ñH¥${V Ho$ ñVa na EH$Vm ñWm{nV H$aZm MmhVr h¡&
(3) gyIVr hþB© ‘mZdr` g§doXZm&
(4) gnZo Am¡a bmbgmE± ~oMZm&
(5) A‘rar-Jar~r Ho$ ~rM H$s ImB© ~‹T>Vr Om ahr h¡&
1.5 gmam§e
B¸$sgdt gXr ^y‘§S>brH$aU VWm d¡œrH$aU H$s gXr h¡& d¡œrH$aU Zo Adí` g‘mO, g§ñH¥${V VWm amï´>m| Ho$ ~rM H$s Xyar
H$‘ H$s h¡, g§gma H$mo {dœJ«m‘ `m {dœ n[adma ‘| ~Xbm h¡, bo{H$Z BgH$m Xygam nhbw ~S>m ^`mdh h¡& ^maV ‘| BgH$s ewédmV
1991 ‘| hþB© O~ h‘Zo CXmarH$aU H$s Zr{V H$mo AnZm`m& Bggo ^maV H$s amOZr{V, g‘mO, AW©, Y‘©, g§ñH¥${V à^m{dV
hþE& BgZo g§nyU© {dœ H$mo ì`mnma Ho$ Xmào ‘| KgrQ> {b`m& ‘Zwî` Cn^mo³Vm ~Zm& OrdZ H$m bú` ^m¡{VH$ gmYZm| H$s àm{á
ahm& h‘mar àmW{‘H$ Amdí`H$VmE {díd-ny±OrdmX H$s ‘Ou na V` hmoZo bJr& AmYr go Á`mXm Am~mXr Jar~r aoIm Ho$ ZrMo
OrZo H$mo A{êá h¡& A‘rar-Jar~r do ~rM H$m ’$m±gbm ~T>m h¡& Am§VH$dmX VWm n`m©daU H$s g‘ñ`m ^r {dœ-ny±OrdmX H$s
hr XoZ h¡& amOZr{V H$s Ñ{ï> go `h amOZr{VH$ ‘yë`m| Ho$ Ad‘yë`Z H$m Xm¡a h¡& dV©‘mZ amOZr{V ‘hO ñdmW©, AmË‘H|${ÐV,
g§doXZeyÝ` VWm bmMma gr ~Zr h¡& amOZr{V Am¡a ny±OrdmX EH$ hr amñVo go J‘Z H$a aho h¡§& XmoZm| H$m bú` ^r EH$ hr h¡-
gÎmm Am¡a n¡gm& AnamYrH$aU H$s ‘mÌm ~‹T>r h¡&
d¡œrH$aU Ho$ Bg `wJ ‘| ^maVr` g‘mO VWm g§ñH¥${V g~go A{YH$ à^m{dV h¡§& B¸$sgdt gXr H$s ‘yb g‘ñ`m gyIVr
hþB© ‘mZdr` g§doXZm h¡& ghr ‘m`Zo ‘| `h g‘` Am¡a g‘mO Ho$ gm‘Zo MwZm¡Vr h¡& BgZo n[adma, [aíVo-ZmV|, g‘mO H$mo Vmo
‘mZmo Üd§g hr H$a {X`m h¡& Bg gXr H$m ^maVr` g‘mO ~oH$mar, Jar~r, OmVr`Vm, Y‘mªYVm, àXyfU, AmV§H$dmX, emofU,
gm§àXm{`H$Vm, àm§VdmX, {H$gmZ AmË‘hË`mE±, ~bmËH$ma H$s g‘ñ`mAm| go OyP ahm h¡& g§ñH¥${V H$s Ñ{ï> go `h g§H«$‘U H$m
`wJ ahm& Bg AW©àYmZ g§ñH¥${V VWm Cn^mo³VmdmX Zo g~go nhbm h‘bm ‘Zwî` H$s {dMmaYmam `m ~w{Õ na {H$`m h¡& ‘Zwî`
H$mo Bg hX VH$ bmMma ~Zm`m {H$ dh gmoM Z gHo$§& `m dhr gmoMo Omo ny±OrdmX `m ~mOmadmX MmhVm h¡& n[aUm‘ñdê$n
B¸$sgdt gXr H$s ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V ‘| Bg hX VH$ ~Xbmd AmE {H$ dh ^maVr`Vm H$mo Imo MwH$s h¡& Bggo ^mfm, ahZ-ghZ,
ImZ-nmZ, {dMma-Ymam gm{hË` g^r à^m{dV hþE& Y‘© AnZo ‘yb ê$n VWm CÔoí` go ^Q>H$H$a ‘Zwî` Ho$ emofU VWm gÎmm
nmZo H$m gmYZ ~Zm& Bg {df‘ VWm {dg§JV n[adoe ‘| ~Xbmd Ho$ {bE EH$ Am¡a ZdOmJaU `m nwZOm©JaU H$s Amdí`H$Vm
‘hgyg H$s Om ahr h¡&
1.6 ñdmÜ¶m¶
(1) B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ amOZr{VH$ n[adoe H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OE&
(2) B¸$sgdt gXr H$s Am{W©H$ n[apñW{V H$m dU©Z H$s{OE&
(3) "B¸$sgdt gXr H$s ZB© g§ñH¥${V AW© na {Q>H$s h¡&' H$WZ H$s gmW©H$Vm H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE&
(4) B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ g‘mO H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OE&
1.7 joÌr` H$m`©

(1) B¸$sgdt gXr H$s ‘hmamï´> H$s {d{^Þ n[apñW{V`m| H$m AÜ``Z H$a| VWm CgH$s VwbZm Xoe H$s n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ gmW
H$ao§&
(2) B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ d¡{œH$ n[adoe H$m AÜ``Z H$ao§&
1.8 A{V[a³V AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE

(1) qgh nwînnmb (2015) 21 dt eVr H$m qhXr CnÝ`mg, Z`r {X„r, amYmH¥$îU àH$meZ, àW‘ g§ñH$aU&
(2) {‘l adtÐZmW (g§nmXH$) (2011) B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË`: g‘`, g‘mO Am¡a g§doXZm, Bbmhm~mX,
bmoH$^maVr àH$meZ, àW‘ g§ñH$aU&
(3) {gÝhm g{ƒXmZ§X (2012) ^y‘§S>brH$H$aU H$s MwZm¡{V`m±, Z`r {X„r, dmUr àH$meZ, àW‘ Amd¥{Îm&

BH$mB© 2 : ^y‘S§ >brH$aU : g§H$ënZm Ed§ à{H«$`m
AZwH$« ‘
2.0 CÔoí¶
2.1 àñVmdZm
2.2 {df`-{ddaU
2.2.1 ^y‘§S>brH$aU AW© Ed§ n[a^mfm
2.2.2 ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s AdYmaUm
2.2.3 ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$m {dH$mgH«$‘
2.2.4 ^maV ‘| ^y‘§S>brH$aU
2.2.5 ^y‘§S>brH$aU go à^m{dV {d{dY joÌ
2.4 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àÝm| Ho$ CÎma
2.5 gmam§e
2.6 ñdmÜ`m`
2.7 joÌr` H$m`©
2.0 CÔoí¶
Bg BH$mB© H$mo nT>Zo Ho$ ~mX Amn-
· ^y‘§S>brH$aU Ho$ AW© VWm n[a^mfm H$mo g‘P gH$moJo&
· ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s AdYmaUm H$mo ñnï> H$a nmAmoJo&
· ^y‘§S>brH$aU Ho$ ñdê$n VWm à{H«$`m H$m {dûcofU H$a gH$moJo&
· ^y‘§S>brH$aU go à^m{dV {d{dY joÌm| H$m {ddoMZ H$a gH$moJo&
2.1 àñVmdZm
B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ n[adoe H$m AÜ``Z H$aVo g‘` h‘Zo XoIm h¢ {H$, `h gXr ^y‘§S>brH$aU, Cn^mo³VmdmX VWm
~mOmadmX go à^m{dV h¡& Bggo ‘Zwî`, n[adma, g‘mO, {dMmaYmam, g§ñH¥${V, ^mfm, gä`Vm, Y‘©, amOZr{V, {ejm,
ñdmñW, n`m©daU à^m{dV h¡& n[adma ì`dñWm Qy>Q>Zo Ho$ H$Jma na h¡& ‘mZdr` g§doXZm gyI gr JB© h¡& ^«ï>mMma, AmV§H$dmX Ho$
gmW n`m©daU àXyfU H$m IVam ~‹T>m h¡& OmVr`Vm,gmåàXm{`H$Vm Ho$ gmW-gmW Y‘mªYVm Zo Xoe H$s EH$Vm VWm AI§S>Vm na
gdm{b`m {ZemZ IS>o {H$E h¡§& amOZr{V ‘| ñdmW© Ho$ gmW gmW AnamYrH$aU H$s ‘mÌm ~T>r h¡§& Y‘© ‘| AmÜ`mpË‘H$Vm H$s
OJh ^m¡{VH$Vm Zo br h¡& A‘rar-Jar~r Ho$ ~rM H$s Im`r ~‹T> ahr h¡& ‘Zwî` H$s nhMmZ "Cn^mo³Vm' H$s ~Zr h¡& dh AW©
Am¡a ~mOma Ho$ AYrZ ahH$a OrdZ`mnZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE {dde h¡& g§ñH¥${V g§H«$‘U H$s J{V BVZr VoO h¡ {H$ nyam {dœ O¡go
EH$ hr g§ñH¥${V ~Zm hmo& `h AZm`mg hr Zht hþAm h¡& `h EH$ gmoÔoí` à{H«$`m h¡ {OgH$s ewédmV {dH${gV amï´>m| Zo {‘bH$a
H$s h¡& CZH$m CÔoí` ~mOmam| H$mo Ty>±T>Zm, AnZo CËnmX H$mo ~oMZm VWm A{YH$m{YH$ ‘wZmµ’$m H$‘mZm Wm& `hr ^y‘§S>brH$aU h¡&
h‘ OmZVo h¢ {H$, gm{hË` g‘mO H$m Xn©U h¡& gm{hË` AnZo `wJrZ n[adoe H$s CnO h¡& AnZo n[adoe Ho$ à{V
B‘mZXma ahH$a gm{hË`H$ma BgH$m `WmW© {MÌU H$aVm h¡ VWm g‘mO Ho$ gm‘Zo g§^mdZmAm| H$mo Xem©Vm h¡& B¸$sgdt gXr
^y‘§S>brH$aU, Cn^mo³VmdmX VWm ~mOmadmX go à^m{dV h¡& Bg gXr Ho$ gm{hË` H$mo g‘PZo Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ h¡
^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s à{H«$`m H$mo g‘PZm& àñVwV BH$mB© ‘| h‘ ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$m AW© VWm n[a^mfm, CgHo$ {d{dY Am`m‘, {dœ
VWm ^maV ‘| ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$m CX` VWm ^y‘§S>brH$aU go à^m{dV {d{dY joÌm| H$m AÜ``Z H$aZodmbo h¡§&
2.2 {df`-{ddaU
2.2.1 ^y‘S§ >brH$aU: AW© Ed§ n[a^mfm
A§J«oOr Ho$ "½bmo~bmBOoeZ' eãX H$mo qhXr ‘| ^y‘§S>brH$aU, d¡œrH$aU VWm OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{X eãXm| go A{^{hV
{H$`m OmVm h¡& Agb ‘| "^y‘§S>brH$aU' eãX H$m AW© Am¡a CgHo$ ì`dhma ‘| ~S>m A§Va h¡& ^y‘§S>brH$aU `mZo "nyao {dœ ‘|
EH$ OrdZ nÕ{V `m {dMma H$m àgma' H$aZm h¡& Bggo `hr ~moY hmoVm h¡ {H$ Bggo nyao {dœ ‘| EH$ Eogr g§ñH¥${V {dH${gV
hmoJr Omo nyao ^y‘§S>b H$mo EH$ {dœJ«m‘ ‘| n[ad{V©V H$a XoJr& BgH$s à{V~ÕVm ‘Zwî` ‘mÌ Ho$ H$ë`mU ‘| hmoJr& ^maVr` Ñ{ï>
go "dgwY¡d Hw$Qw>å~H$å' H$s {dMmaYmam Bgr AW© H$s ÚmoVH$ h¡& bo{H$Z ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$m ‘ybmYma ~mOma, ~mOmadmX VWm
Cn^mo³VmdmX h¡& àm¡Úmo{JH$s Am¡a VH$ZrH$ H$s A^yVnyd© àJ{V, gyMZm H«$m§{V H$m {dñ’$moQ>, H§$ß`yQ>a Am¡a ‘mo~mBb Ho$ joÌ ‘|
AmE H«$m§{VH$mar gwYma VWm {dkmnZ Ho$ ‘m`mdr OJV Zo Cn^mo³VmdmX H$mo OÝ‘ {X`m h¡& Bg Cn^mo³VmdmX VWm ~mOmadmX
Zo h‘mao gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOZr{VH$ VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[adoe H$mo nyar Vah go ~Xb {X`m h¡& BgZo nyao {dœ ‘| EH$
g§ñH¥${V {dH${gV H$s h¡& BgZo ‘Zwî` ‘mÌ H$s g§doXZmAm| H$mo ~m{YV {H$`m& ‘Zwî` H$mo n¡gm, gÎmm VWm ^m¡{VH$ gw{dYmAm| H$s
àm{á Ho$ hoVw Xm¡‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE ‘O~ya {H$`m h¡& dV©‘mZ gXr ‘| OrdZ`mnZ H$aZodmbm ha ‘Zwî` ^y‘§S>brH$aU go à^m{dV h¡&
^y‘§S>brH$aU ì`{³V, n[adma, g‘mO, Xoe VWm {dœ Ho$ gm‘Zo H$S>r MwZm¡Vr ~ZH$a I‹S>m h¡&
Agb ‘| ^y‘§S>brH$aU ñWmZr` dñVwAm| `m KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ {dœ ñVa na ê$nm§VaU H$s à{H«$`m h¡& Bg à{H«$`m ‘| Am{W©H$,
gm§ñH¥${VH$, VH$ZrH$s VWm amOZr{VH$ VmH$Vm| H$m EH$ g§`moOZ h¡& {dœ ‘| {dH${gV amï´>m|, {deofVm A‘arH$m Zo BgHo$ nZnZo
‘| `moJXmZ {X`m& Bgr H$maU Hw$N> AmbmoMH$ Bgo nyar Xw{Z`m H$m A‘arH$sH$aU ‘mZVo h¡§& Bggo {dœ Ho$ gmao Xoe, CZH$s
g§ñH¥${V`m± à^m{dV h¡& Bg à{H«$`m H$mo {H$gr EH$ gd©‘mÝ` n[a^mfm ‘| ~m§YZm H${R>Z h¡& Bg à{H«$`m H$mo {dÍZm| Ûmam
n[a^m{fV {H$`m h¡ Omo {ZåZm§{H$V h¡-
(1) ldUHw$‘ma qgh H«$`-{dH«$` H$mo ‘hÎd XoVo hþE {bIVo h¢ - d¡œrH$aU H$m AW© h¡ g^r ~mOma n¢R> H$s EH$ hr
~mOman¢R> {Z‘m©U H$aZm Am¡a Cg ~mOman¢R> ‘| {dœ gmYZ gm‘J«r H$m g§H«$‘U H$aZm h¡&
(2) ‘r{S>`m {deofk gwYre nMm¡ar Ho$ AZwgma ^y‘§S>brH$aU {dœ ny§Or H$m {Za§Hw$eVmdmXr ê$n h¡& ì`mnma g§JR>Z Am¡a noQ>§Q>
{Z`§ÌU Ho$ ê$n ‘| ny±OrdmX Zo ~m¡{ÕH$ gånXm na AnZm AmpIar {Z`§ÌU H$m`‘ H$a {b`m h¡&... {dœ â H$mo ~mOma
~ZmH$a ny±OrdmX Zo Xw{Z`m â Ho$ ‘Zwî` H$mo Cn^mo³VmdmX ‘| ~Xb {X`m& Cn^mo³VmdmX ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$m gm§ñH¥${VH$
gma h¡&
(CÎma AmYw{ZH$ àñVmZ q~Xw- gwYre nMm¡ar)
(3) Q>m°‘g ’«$sS>‘¡Z ‘mZVo h¢ {H$, ^y‘§S>brH$aU {dœ ‘| {dÎm ~mOma, amï´>m| Am¡a {dH${gV VH$ZrH$ H$m Eogm {‘bm Owbm ê$n
h¡ {OgZo {dœ go Xoem| H$mo Vy’$mZr J{V go EH$ Xygao Ho$ AË`§V H$ar~ bmH$a I‹S>m H$a {X`m&
(‘wHw$X e‘m© - ^y‘§S>brH$aU Am¡a ‘r{S>`m)
(4) nr. OJXre Jm§Yr ‘mZVo h¢ {H$, ^y‘§S>brH$aU Eogr à{H«$`m h¡, {Og‘| {dœ Ho$ EH$ joÌ ‘| K{Q>V KQ>ZmAm|, {ZU©`m| Am¡a
J{V{d{Y`m| Ho$ {dœ Ho$ Xygao joÌ ‘| gmW©H$ n[aUm‘ {ZH$bVo h¡§& d¡{œH$ AW©ì`dñWmE± nañna ZOXrH$ AmVr h¡, CZH$m

EH$sH$aU hmoVm h¡, {OgHo$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n {dœ ì`mnma, {dÎm, {Zdoe VWm ~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ CËnmXZ ZoQ>dH©$ H$m
{dñVma hmoVm h¡&
(nr. OJXre Jm§Yr- Economics Times)
Cn`w©³V n[a^mfmAm| go ñnï> h¡ {H$, ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$m grYm g§~§Y AW©ì`dñWm go h¡& ^y‘§S>brH$aU EH$ Eogr
AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ {Z‘m©U H$s à{H«$`m h¡ Omo nyao {dœ H$mo EH$sH¥$V Am{W©H$ BH$mB© Ho$ ê$n ‘| {dH${gV H$a ahr h¡& ì`mnma na
bJmE JE ~§YZm| H$mo H$‘ H$a nyao {dœ H$mo ~mOma Ho$ ê$n ‘| XoIVr h¡& Bg à{H«$`m ‘| Am{W©H$ J{V{d{Y`m| go gaH$mar {Z`§ÌU
H$s g‘m{á hmoH$a ~mOma H$s VmH$Vm| H$mo ‘w³V ê$n go H$m`© H$aZo H$s AZw‘{V {‘bVr h¡& {H$gr ^r Xoe ‘| ~Zr dñVw {g’©$ dhm±
VH$ gr{‘V Z ahH$a A§Vaamï´>r` ~mOma ‘| IarXr `m ~oMr Om gH$Vr h¡& Bg à{H«$`m Zo g‘` Am¡a ñWmZ H$mo EH$ H$a {X`m
h¡& J{VerbVm BgH$m ‘hÎdnyU© VÎd ~Zm h¡& BgZo ny±OrdmX H$s {dO` VWm g‘mO H$mo nam{OV {H$`m h¡& AW© na {Q>H$s Bg
à{H«$`m H$m ‘yb CÔoí` ‘wZmµ’$m H$‘mZm hr ahm h¡& Mmho BgZo {dœ H$mo EH$ ½bmo~b {dboO ~ZmH$a ^m¡{VH$ gmYZm| Ho$ AmYma
na ‘Zwî` OrdZ H$mo g‘¥Õ ~ZmZo H$s ~mV H$hr hmo& ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$m g‘W©Z H$aZodmbo Bg à{H«$`m go ~m¡{ÕH$, gm‘m{OH$
VWm AmÜ`mpË‘H$Vm Ho$ ZE {j{VO Ho$ {Z‘m©U VWm amï´> Am¡a g§ñH¥${V H$s gr‘m go ~mha OmH$a {dMma H$s n[a{Y H$m {dñVma
hmoZo H$s nhb H$aVo h¢, bo{H$Z Bg à{H«$`m go CnOo ‘mZdr`, gm‘m{OH$ VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ ‘yë` AW© na {Q>H$o h¡§& Bg‘| ‘mZdr`
g§doXZm gyI gr JB© h¡& CËnmXZ ~T>mZo VWm ‘wZmµ’$m H$‘mZo H$s ^`mZH$ Xm¡‹S> ‘| ‘Zwî` ‘mÌ ‘erZ ~Z J`m h¡& Bg à{H«$`m go
^m¡{VH$ dñVwAm| Ho$ AmXmZ-àXmZ H$s à{H«$`m J{Verb ~Zr, bo{H$Z gä`Vm, g§ñH¥${V ‘mÌ {VVa-{~Va gr JB©& Bg Am{W©H$
à{H«$`m H$m ZoV¥Îd A‘arH$m, ê$g, OmnmZ, MrZ, O‘©Zr Am{X Xoem| Zo {H$`m, {OÝhm|Zo {dkmZ Am¡a VH$ZrH$s àJ{V H$s h¡&
^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s Bg à{H«$`m go g‘mO H$s ha BH$mB© à^m{dV h¡& BgHo$ Am{W©H$ nj Zo B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ ‘Zwî`, g‘mO VWm
g§ñH¥${V Ho$ gm‘Zo H$B© MwZm¡{V`m± CnpñWV H$s h¡§&
2.2.2 ^y‘S§ >brH$aU H$s AdYmaUm

^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s n[a^mfmAm| go h‘ `h OmZ JE h¢ {H$, BgHo$ Xmo nj h¢ - EH$ Am{W©H$ Am¡a Xygam gm§ñH¥${VŠ& XmoZm|
AbJ-AbJ Z hmoH$a EH$ Xygao go à^m{dV VWm g§~§{YV h¡§& ^y‘§S>brH$aU Ho$ Am{W©H$ nj go Cn^mo³VmdmX `m ~mOmadmX
Ow‹S>m h¡& ~mOmadmX gä`Vm Ho$ ñdê$n ‘| A‘yb-Myb n[adV©Z H$a gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[adV©Z H$aVm h¡& CËnmXm| Ho$ {bE ~mOma H$s
Vbme, Cn^mo³Vm Ho$ ‘Z ‘| dñVw H$mo IarXZo H$s BÀN>m {Z‘m©U H$aZo dmbo {dkmnZm| Zo gm§ñH¥${VH$ n{dV©Z H$s EH$ AÑí`
nr{R>H$m àñVwV H$s& BgHo$ Ûmam {dH$gZerb Xoem| H$s g§ñH¥${V H$mo A‘arH$s g§ñH¥${V ‘| T>mbZo H$s gVV à{H«$`m Ama§^ hþB©&
Agb ‘| ^y‘§S>brH$aU `m d¡œrH$aU go `h Anojm Wr {H$, "{dœ Ho$ g‘ñV Xoe VWm g§ñH¥${V`m± EH$ Xygao H$mo à^m{dV H$a|,
EH$ Xygao H$m loð> J«hU H$ao§&' bo{H$Z pñW{V`m± {~ëHw$b BgHo$ {dnarV h¡§& BgH$s AdYmaUm H$mo g‘PZo Ho$ {bE BgHo$ XmoZm|
njm| na {dMma H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡&
^y‘S§ >brH$aU H$m Am{W©H$ nj

{nN>bo Vrg-n¢Vrg gmbm| ‘| {Og ê$n ‘| ^y‘§S>brH$aU Zo ~S>r Vrd«Vm go nyao {dœ H$mo AnZr MnoQ> ‘| {b`m h¡, CgH$m
AmYma à{gÕ AW©emór Om°Z {dë`‘gZ h¡§& CÝhm|Zo "B§ñQ>rQ>çyQ> ’$m°a B§Q>aZoeZb BH$m°Zm°{‘Šg' ‘| AW©em{ó`m| H$s g§Jmoð>r H$m
Am`moOZ {H$`m& n{ü‘ Ho$ à~b amï´>m| H$mo CZH$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V`m| Am¡a F$U H$s {Za§Va ~T>moÎmar go C^maZo Ho$ {bE "Xg
gyÌr` H$m`©H«$‘' àñVm{dV {H$`m& Bg na gpå‘{bV amï´>m| Ho$ à{V{Z{Y EH$ ê$n, Am‘ am` ~Zm gHo$& Bgo "dmqeJQ>Z Am‘ am`
1989' Zm‘ {X`m J`m& A‘arH$m VWm {~«Q>Z àemgZ Zo Bgo nyU© ñdrH¥${V àXmZ H$s& Bg‘| pñWV Xg ‘hÎdnyU© `moOZmAm| Zo
Xw{Z`m H$m Am{W©H$ ‘mZ{MÌ ~XbZo H$s AmYma{ebm aIr& Bg gwYma H$m`©H«$‘ Ho$ Xg gyÌ Eogo Wo- (1) amOñd g§~§Yr
AZwemgZ (2) gmd©O{ZH$ IM© H$s àmW{‘H$VmAm| H$m nwZ{Z©YmaU (3) H$a gwYma (4) ì`mO Xam| H$m CXmarH$aU
(5) à{VñnYu {d{Z‘` Xa (6) ì`mnma CXmarH$aU (7) Xoe ‘| àË`j {dXoer {Zdoe H$m CXmarH$aU (8) {ZOrH$aU
(9) CXmarH$aU (10) gån{Îm H$m ñdm{‘Îd (nwînnmb qgh- ^y‘§S>brH$aU Am¡a qhXr CnÝ`mg)
Cn`w©³V Xg gyÌm| na n`m©á MMm© Ho$ nümV "dmqeJQ>Z Am‘ am` - 1989' H$mo EH$ {Z{üV ñdê$n àmá hþAm& {H$gr
^r amï´> Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE Or.S>r.nr. ‘| d¥{Õ, {dXoe ‘wÐm ^§S>ma ‘| d¥{Õ, {Z`m©V ‘| d¥{Õ Am¡a {dXoer ny±Or {Zdoe H$s MVygyÌr
ñWm{nV H$s JB©& Bggo ny±Or Am¡a ì`mnma H$m AnZo amï´> H$s gr‘mAm| Ho$ ~mha {Zdoe ewê$ hþAm& {d{^Þ amï´>m| Ho$ ~mOmam| H$m
EH$ Xygao go A{YH$m{YH$ A§Vgª~§Y ~‹T>Vm J`m& Bggo ì`mnma VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§~§Y ^y‘§S>brH$aU Ho$ ‘hÎdnyU© nhbw ~Z JE&
BgH$m ZoV¥Îd A‘arH$m Zo {H$`m& CgHo$ Ûmam {H$E JE à`ËZ CgHo$ {hVm| H$m g§dY©Z H$aVo Mbo JE Am¡a "d¡œrH$aU'

"A‘arH$sH$aU' H$m n`m©` ~Zm& g§gma H$mo EH$ H$a gmao Xoem| H$s Am{W©H$ CÞ{Îm H$aZo Ho$ ~Om` `h ì`dñWm A‘arH$m Ho$
{hVm| H$s ajm H$m ‘mÜ‘` ~Zr& `h ì`dñWm ~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m|, ge³V ny±OrdmXr à{Vð>mZm| Ûmam {dœ H$s gä`Vm Ed§
g§ñH¥${V H$mo à^m{dV H$a ahr h¡& AW©emór ^r ‘mZZo bJo {H$, d¡œrH$aU H$s `h à{H«$`m {dH$mgerb amï´>m| H$mo VH$ZrH$s
CÞ{Îm go {dH${gV amï´>m| Ho$ g‘H$j AmZo H$m Adga àXmZ H$aoJr& BgHo$ Ûmam {d{^Þ amï´>m| H$s AW©ì`dñWmE± nañna g§`w³V
hmoH$a {dH$mg Ho$ ZE Am`m‘ àmá H$aoJr&
"à»`mV {Q>ßnUrH$ma, {‘eob B„rAmoQ> H$m {deof boI (Q>mB‘ n{ÌH$m H$m 29 OyZ Am¡a 6 OwbmB©, 2009 H$m A§H$)
"1989- dh df© {OgZo Xw{Z`m ~Xb Xr' ‘| Bg ~mV H$m {dûcofU {H$`m J`m {H$, {H$g àH$ma go df© - 1989 Zo h‘mao
^y‘§S>b H$m ZŠem h‘oem-h‘oem Ho$ {bE ~Xb {X`m& "à{gÕ A‘arH$s {dX²dmZ "’«$m§{gg â`yHy$`m‘m' Zo "ZoeZb B§Q>aoñQ>'
n{ÌH$m ‘| "B{Vhmg H$m A§V' Zm‘ go AnZm emoYnÌ àH$m{eV {H$`m& CÝhm|Zo `h ‘mZm {H$ `h erV `wÕ H$m A§V ‘mÌ Zht
h¡, ~pëH$ B{Vhmg H$m A§V h¡& `h ‘Zwî` H$s d¡Mm[aH$ {dH$mg à{H«$`m H$m A§{V‘ q~Xw h¡& n{ü‘ Ho$ CXma àOmV§Ì H$m d¡pídH$
{dñVma h¡ Omo ‘mZd a{hV àemgZ V§Ì H$m AÝ`V‘ ê$n h¡& dV©‘mZ gXr ‘| g^r Amoa Am{W©H$ CXmadmX H$s {dO` hmoVr hþB©
{XIm`r Xo ahr h¡&' (nwînnmb qgh- ^y‘§S>brH$aU Am¡a qhXr CnÝ`mg)
amOZr{VH$ joÌ ‘| ^y‘§S>brH$aU EH$ Eogr à{H«$`m h¡ Ohm± amï´>r` gr‘mAm| H$mo bm§KH$a {dœâ Ho$ {d{^Þ Xoem| Ho$ gmW
ì`mnm[aH$ g§~§Y ~ZmE Om gH$Vo h¡§& BZ g§~§Ym| ‘| {d{dY A§Vaamï´>r` g§JR>Zm| H$s ^y{‘H$m ‘hÎdnyU© ahVr h¡& `m BZHo$ Ûmam
hr A§Vaamï´>r` g§~§Ym| H$m {Z`‘Z {H$`m OmVm h¡& Or-7, gmH©$ Am{X g§JR>Z {d{^Þ amï´>m| Ho$ ~rM hmoZodmbo Am{W©H$ g‘Pm¡Vo,
ì`mnma g‘Pm¡Vo VWm ì`mnm[aH$ {hVm| H$m g§ajU H$aVo h¡§& {dœ ì`mnma g§JR>Z, A§Vaamï´>r` ‘wÐm H$mof, A‘arH$m, ~hþamï´>r`
H§$n{Z`m|, {dœ ~¢H$ Am{X Zo amOZr{VH$ VWm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg à{H«$`m H$mo J{V Xr& A‘arH$m Zo ‘mÌ Eogr `w{³V`m± AnZmH$a
A§Vaamï´>r` g§ñWmAm|, {ZH$m`m| H$m g§Omb g§J{R>V {H$`m Am¡a EH$ gdm}ƒ e{³V Ho$ ê$n ‘| nyar Xw{Z`m H$m ZoV¥Îd H$a ahm h¡&
^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s VmH$Vm| Ho$ gmao à‘wI g§ñWmZm| Ho$ ‘w»`mb` A‘arH$m ‘| h¡§&
^y‘S§ >brH$aU H$m gm§ñH¥${VH$ nj

~rgdt eVr Ho$ A§{V‘ Xmo XeH$m| ‘| ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s à{H«$`m Zo nyao {dœ ‘| VoOr go AnZr nH$S> O‘m br& h‘Zo
Am{W©H$ nj ‘| XoIm {H$, A‘arH$m Zo AnZo ‘mb VWm CËnmXm| H$mo nyar Xw{Z`m â ‘| nhþ±MmZo Ho$ {bE Q>¡ŠZmobm°Or, àm¡Úmo{JH$s
VWm g§Mma H«$m§{V go Zd-gm‘«mÁ`dmX Ho$ e{³V H|$Ð ~ZmE& CgH$m `h gm‘«mÁ`dmXr dM©ñd Cn^mo³VmdmXr OrdZÑ{ï> Am¡a
A‘arH$s gä`Vm Ho$ àMma VH$ gr{‘V Z ahH$a CgZo nyao {dœ H$s g§ñH¥${V`m| H$mo brbZo H$s à{H«$`m ~hþV VoO H$a Xr& Hw$N>
bmoJ Bgo gä`Vm Am¡a g§ñH¥${V Ho$ A§Vaamï´>r`H$aU H$m Zm‘ XoVo h¡§& Agb ‘| ^y‘§S>brH$aU ‘| ‘mb `m CËnmXm| H$s hr
A§Vaamï´>r` AmdmOmhr Ho$db ì`mnma Ho$ {Z{‘Îm go hr Zht hmo ahr h¡, ~pëH$ gm‘m{OH$ H$m`©H$Vm©, l{‘H$, ZoVm, ~m¡{ÕH$
dJ©, AnamYr, AmV§H$dmXr, VñH$a Am{X ^r d¡{ldH$H$ ñVa na AnZo-AnZo H$m`© joÌ ‘| g{H«$` h¡§& dñVwV… `h g§ñH¥${V H$m
d¡œrH$aU h¡ {OgHo$ MbVo {dœ nQ>b na ñWm{nV g§ñH¥${V`m± AnZr gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~hþbVm VWm ñWm{Z`Vm H$mo Ë`mJH$a "EH$b-
g§ñH¥${V' ‘| T>bVr Mbr Om ahr h¡& nhbo `h n{ü‘rH$aU H$s à{H«$`m Wr O~ {dœ ‘| {~«{Q>e gm‘«mÁ`dmX H$m ~mob~mbm Wm&
~rgdt gXr Ho$ ‘Ü` go ‘mÌ BgH$m H|$Ð A‘arH$m ~Zm&
Xygao {dœ`wÕ H$s g‘m{á go A‘arH$s gm‘«mÁ`dmX H$m dM©ñd nyao {dœ na N>m`m ahm& CÝhm|Zo Am{W©H$ CÞ{Îm Ho$ gmW-
gmW gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌ ‘| ^r AnZm à^md O‘mZm ewê$ {H$`m& BgHo$ {bE CZHo$ nmg Q>¡ŠZmobm°Or, ÐxV g§Mma ì`dñWm Ho$ gmW
`mVm`mV Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ gmYZ CnbãY Wo& A‘arH$s g§JrV, Q>m°H$ emo, nm°n g§JrV, hm°aa emo, ‘¡ŠS>moZb Ho$ nr‚mm, ~J©a Am{X
ì`§OZ VWm H$moH$ `m noßgr O¡go erV no` A‘arH$s g§ñH¥${V ~ZH$a nyao {dœ â ‘| nhþ±M JE& ‘mBH$b O¡ŠgZ, ‘oS>moZm Am{X
Ho$ nm°n g§JrV Eë~‘m| H$s {~H«$s Aa~m|-H$amoS>m| ‘| hmoZo bJr& goQ>obmBQ> àgmaU H$m`©H«$‘m| Ûmam A‘arH$s g§ñH¥${V Ho$ ò àVrH$
EH$ hr g‘` {dœ Ho$ H$moZo-H$moZo VH$ nhþ±M JE& ‘¡ŠS>moZmëS> H$m {n‚mm VWm ~J©a boH$a {S>{bdar ~m°` eham| ‘| hr Zht Vmo
Jm±d-Jm±d ‘| ^r AmZo bJm& `h ’$Q>m’$Q> ImZo H$m àVrH$ ~Zm& BgZo nyao {dœ ‘| ImZ-nmZ H$s ZB© g§ñH¥${V {dH${gV H$s
{OgZo h‘mao nma§n[aH$ ì`§OZm| H$mo Ymamemhr {H$`m& ^maV Ho$ Xya-XamO BbmH$m| ‘| Ohm± g‘` na nmZr Zht {‘bVm `m nmZr
H$s ~S>r {H$„V h¡, dhm± A‘arH$m H$m ~moVb ~§X nmZr "H$moH$ `m noßgr' ‘mÌ AmgmZr go CnbãY hþAm h¡& h‘mar gmoM gmYm
ahZghZ H$s Z ahH$a h‘ ~«m§S> Ho$ em¡{H$Z ~Zo§& A~ H$moB© ^r OrdZmdí`H$ dñVw h‘ ~«m§{S>S> hr IarXVo h¡§& BgHo$ {bE h‘
A{YH$ am{e MwH$mVo h¡§& `{X `h ZH$X CnbãY Zht h¡ Vmo ßbmpñQ>H$ ‘Zr Ho$ ê$n ‘| H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© H$s gw{dYm XoZodmbr {d{Îm`
g§ñWmE± eha ‘| hr Zht Vmo H$ñ~m|, Jmdm| VH$ nhþ±Mr h¡§& BgH$s ì`mO Xa| ha {XZ Ho$ {hgm~ go V` hmoVr h¡§& A{YH$ ^m¡{VH$
gw{dYmAm| H$mo nmZo H$s bmbgm go ‘Zwî` V§ÌdV ~Zm h¡& A{YH$ nmZo H$s bmbgm Cgo ^«ï>mMma H$aZo H$mo CH$gm ahr h¡&
VUmd, Ag§Vmof, A{dœmg, EH$mH$snU Zo H$B© ~r‘m[a`m| H$mo OÝ‘ {X`m h¡&
`mZo ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s AmS> ‘| A‘arH$m EH$ Eogr EH$b g§ñH¥${V H$mo nyao {dœ â ‘| àgm[aV `m ñWm{nV H$a ahr h¡ Omo "AW©'
na {Q>H$s h¡& `h g§ñH¥${V A‘arH$m H$s AW©Zr{V H$s àMmaH$, àgmaH$ h¡& `h ^maV Ho$ gmW g‘ñV {dœ na AnZm A{YH$ma
O‘mE ~¡R>r h¡&
2.2.3 ^y‘S§ >brH$aU H$m {dH$mgH«$‘

BgHo$ nhbo h‘Zo XoIm h¢ {H$, ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$m àma§^ gZ 1989 go ‘mZm OmVm h¡& à{gÕ AW©emór Om°Z {d{b`‘ Zo
"B§ñQ>rQ>çyQ> ’$m°a B§Q>aZoeZb BŠZm°{‘Šg' ‘| AW©em{ó`m| H$s g§Jmoð>r ‘| g^r amï´>m| H$s Am{W©H$ CÞ{Îm Ho$ hoVw "Xg gyÌr`'
H$m`©H«$‘ àñVm{dV {H$`m Wm& Bgo hr "dmqeJQ>Z Am‘ am`- 1989' H$hm OmVm h¡& bo{H$Z Hw$N> bmoJ ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s à{H«$`m
H$m àma§^ gÌhdt gXr Ho$ àma§^ go hr XoIVo h¢ O~ nwV©Jmbr, A§J«oOr, S>M, ’«$m§grgr ì`mnm[aH$ H§$n{Z`m| Zo AnZo Xoem| go
~mha H$s gr‘mAm| ‘| AnZm ì`mnma àma§^ {H$`m Wm& Bg‘| gdm©{YH$ g’$b "B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZr' ahr Omo ì`mnm[aH$ g§ñWm hmoZo
Ho$ ~mdOyX AnZr amOZr{VH$ e{³V Ho$ ~b na Xw{Z`m Ho$ H$B© Xoem| na amÁ` H$aZo ‘| H$m‘`m~ ahr& EH$ àH$ma go `h Xw{Z`m
H$s nhbr ~hþamï´>r`-‘ëQ>rZoeZb H§$nZr Wr& BgH$s ñWmnZm H$m ‘yb CÔoí` ì`mnma hr Wm& bo{H$Z BgZo AnZr gm‘«mÁ`dmXr
`moOZm go {~«{Q>e amO H$mo Xw{Z`m H$s gdm}ƒ e{³V Ho$ ê$n ‘| à{V{ð>V {H$`m& ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s {dH$mg à{H«$`m Ho$ Mma MaU
h¡§&
^y‘§S>brH$aU H$m àW‘ MaU 1850-1940 B© VH$ Ho$ g‘` H$mo ‘mZm OmVm h¡& `h dh g‘` Wm O~ {~«{Q>e e{³V H$m
Xw{Z`m Ho$ ì`mnma Am¡a ny±Or ~mOma na Cn{Zdoer amï´>m| Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go EH$N>Ì gm‘«mÁ` Wm& {dH${gV Am¡n{Zdo{eH$ Xoem| Ho$
Cn^mo³VmAm| ‘| AnZo CËnmXm| Ho$ {bE ‘m±J ~ZmE aIZr Wr& Bg A§Vaamï´>r` Am¡Úmo{JH$ AW©-ì`dñWm ‘| Yrao Yrao A‘arH$m
Zo AnZr àm¡Úmo{JH$s VWm VH$ZrH$s CÞ{Îm Ho$ ~b na AnZm gm‘«mÁ` ñWm{nV H$aZm Ama§^ H$a {b`m& àW‘ {dœ `wÕ VH$
`h à{H«$`m ~hþV Yr‘r ahr& A‘arH$m Ho$ Zr{V-{Z`§Vm Bg ~mV H$mo g‘PVo Wo {H$ VH$ZrH$s CÞ{Îm VWm Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg
H$m d¡{œH$ AW©-ì`dñWm Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| `moJXmZ Š`m h¡? A‘arH$s amï´>n{V {d{b`‘ ‘¡{ŠZbo Zo EH$ XyaÑ{ï> d¡œrH$aU ñdßZ
XoIH$a AnZr Zr{V`m| H$m {ZYm©aU {H$`m& A‘arH$m H$s VH$ZrH$s CÞ{Îm Am¡a ZB© ImoOm| Zo ^y‘§S>br` ~mOma ‘| CgH$s Ym‘
O‘mZr ewê$ H$a Xr& `mVm`mV VWm g§Mma Ho$ CÞV gmYZm|, VH$ZrH$s H«$m§{V go Xw{Z`m Ho$ Xoem| Ho$ ~rM H$s ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gr‘mE±
Qy>Q> JB©& Bggo Bg à{H«$`m H$mo J{V {‘br& bo{H$Z àW‘ {dœ`wÕ H$s ewédmV Zo Bg J{V H$mo VmoS>m& 1920-1930 B©. Ho$ Xaå`mZ
{Z‘m©U hþE ñdU© ‘mZH$ g§H$Q> (Gold standard Crisis) Zo Bgo ÜdñV H$a {b`m&
^y‘§S>brH$aU H$m Xygam MaU 1914-1950 B©. VH$ ‘mZm J`m h¡& Bgr Xaå`mZ àm¡Úmo{JH$s Am¡a VH$ZrH$s H$s J{V
H$m`‘ ahr bo{H$Z ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s J{V ‘mÌ Hw$N> Yr‘r ahr& BgH$m à‘wI H$maU d¡pídH$ ‘hm‘§Xr Ho$ gmW Xmo-Xmo {dœ`wÕ
h¡§& àW‘ {dœ`wÕ H$s g‘m{á Ho$ ~mX A‘arH$s H§$n{Z`m| Zo {~«{Q>e H§$n{Z`m| H$m Xw{Z`m na H$m dM©ñd H$‘ H$a A‘arH$s
H§$n{Z`m| H$m ì`dgm` Mmam| Amoa ’¡$bm`m& A§Vaamï´>r` ñVa na H$B© Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, e¡{jH$ g§ñWmAm| H$m {Z‘m©U {H$`m&
Bggo d¡œrH$aU H$s à{H«$`m H$mo J{V {‘br& {ÛVr` {dœ`wÕ go {dœ H$m ZoV¥Îd H$aZo H$m Adga A‘arH$m H$mo {‘bm& Bg `wÕ
Zo Am¡Úmo{JH$, d¡km{ZH$ Am¡a VH$ZrH$s {dH$mg Ho$ Adga àXmZ {H$E& n¡Ýgr{bZ Ho$ ~S>o CËnmXZ go AZoH$ amoJm| na
g’$bVmnyd©H$ {Z`§ÌU {‘bm& `wÕ ‘| aS>ma VWm H$åß`yQ>a àUmbr Ho$ à`moJ Zo gyMZm H«$m§{V H$mo g§^d ~Zm`m& àW‘ {dœ`wÕ Ho$
~mX go hr Cn^mo³Vm CËnmXm| H$s A§Vaamï´>r` ñVa na InV ~‹T> JB©&
Xmo {dœ`wÕm| Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n nyao {dœ H$s AW©ì`dñWm S>J‘Jm JB©& Bgo gwYmaZo hoVw A‘arH$m Zo 1944 B©. ‘| ~«oQ>ZdwSg
eha ‘| {‘Ì amï´>m| H$m EH$ gå‘obZ ~wbm`m& Bg gå‘obZ ‘| A§Vaamï´>r` {dœ ~¢H$ Am¡a A§Vaamï´>r` ‘wÐm H$mof BZ Xmo A§Vaamï´>r`
g§ñWmAm| H$s ñWmnZm H$s& ^bo hr BZ g§ñWmAm| Ho$ {Z‘m©U H$m CÔoí` {dœ H$s AW©ì`dñWm ‘| gwYma ~Vm`m J`m hmo bo{H$Z
Agb ‘| `h A‘arH$m Ûmam nyao {dœ na {Z`§ÌU àmá H$aZm ahm h¡& Š`m|{H$ `wÕ H$mb ‘| A‘arH$m AnZo CËnmXm|, VH$ZrH$s
ImoOm|, gwMmê$ g§Mma àUmbr, CÞV AmdmJ‘Z Ho$ gmYZm|, `wÕ gm‘J«r VWm ‘erZar Ho$ ~b na Am{W©H$ gÎmm VWm g¡Ý`
e{³V Ho$ ê$n ‘| à{Vð>m àmá H$am MwH$m Wm& A~ Cgo AnZo CËnmXm| H$mo {dœâ Ho$ Xoem| H$mo ~oMH$a ‘wZmµ’$m H$‘mZm Wm&
A‘arH$m Zo BZ Xmo A§Vaamï´>r` g§ñWmZm| Ho$ ‘w»`mb` dmqe½Q>Z ‘| hr aIo§& {OZna CZH$m nyam {Z`§ÌU ah gHo$& 1947 ‘|
"A§Vaamï´>r` ZmJ[aH$ CÈ>`Z g§K' H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& Bggo nyao {dœ ‘| ZmJ[aH$ CÈ>mZ H$mo {Z`§{ÌV H$aZo, hdmB© `mÌm go ì`mnma
H$mo MbmZo, CgH$m {Z`§ÌU VWm g§dY©Z H$m H$m`© {H$`m J`m& {dœ H$s ì`mnma pñW{V Ho$ gwMmê$ {Z`‘Z Ho$ {bE J¡Q> (OZab
EJ«r‘|Q> Am°Z QóS> E§S> Q>o[a’$) g‘Pm¡Vm hþAm {Ogo Xw{Z`m Ho$ A{YH$Va Xoem| Zo ñdrH$mam& Cn`w©³V A§Vaamï´>r` g§ñWmAm| VWm
g‘Pm¡Vm| go ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s à{H«$`m H$mo J{V àXmZ hþB©&

^y‘§S>brH$aU H$m Vrgam MaU 1951-1990 B. VH$ ‘mZm OmVm h¡& Xygao MaU ‘| h‘Zo XoIm {H$ A‘arH$m Zo {d{dY
A§Vaamï´>r` g§ñWmZm| H$s ñWmnZm H$a EH$ àH$ma go AnZo Am{W©H$ {hVm| H$s ajm H$s VWm Xw{Z`m H$s Am{W©H$ gÎmm H$m H|$Ð
~Zm& `hr dOh h¡ {H$ {ÛVr` {dœ`wÕ Ho$ ~mX A‘arH$m ‘| OmH$a ~gZodmbm| H$s g§»`m {Za§Va ~‹T>Vr JB©& erV `wÕ Ho$ Bgr
Xm¡a ‘| A‘arH$m Zo `yamonr` gmPm ~mOma (`yamo{n`Z H$m°‘Z ‘mH}$Q>) g§JR>Z ~Zm`m& BgHo$ Ûmam `yamonr` amï´>m| H$mo ì`mnma,
VH$ZrH$, àm¡Úmo{JH$s, CnJ«h g§Mma ì`dñWm Ho$ Ûmam {ZH$Q> g§nH©$ ‘| bm {X`m& {dœ Ho$ ~mH$s Xoe ^r g§Mma ì`dñWm VWm
H$åß`yQ>a Ho$ Ûmam EH$ Xygao Ho$ {ZH$Q> AmE {Oggo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gr‘mE± H$‘ hþB©& BboŠQ´m°{ZH$ ‘r{S>`m Zo Vmo ~S>o M‘ËH$m[aH$ ê$n
go {dœ Ho$ amï´>m| H$mo EH$-Xygao Ho$ {ZH$Q> bm {X`m, {Oggo nyam {dœ EH$ ½bmo~b {dboO Ho$ ê$n ‘| {XImB© XoZo bJm& H$Z¡{S>`Z
g‘mOemór ‘me©b ‘¡ŠbyhZ Zo 1962 ‘| "d¡{œH$ Jm±d' (½bmo~b {dboO) H$s AdYmaUm H$mo OÝ‘ {X`m& gyMZm-H«$m§{V Am¡a
‘r{S>`m Zo ZE VH$ZrH$s go {dœ Ho$ amï´>m| H$mo EH$ OmVr` g§ñH¥${V ‘| T>mbZo H$m à`mg {H$`m& Bg‘| ao{S>`mo, Q>obr{dOZ, {dkmnZ
H$s ^y{‘H$m H$maJa ahr& Xw{Z`mâ Ho$ Xoem| ‘| ~r.~r.gr., gr.EZ.EZ. Ho$ g‘mMma M¡Zb Ho$ gmW hm°brdwS> {gZo‘m, [a`°{bQ>r
emo, Q>moH$ emo, A‘arH$m Ho$ nm°n Jm`H$ bmoH${à` ~Zo& d¡œrH$aU Ho$ Am{W©H$ nj Zo gm§ñH¥${VH$ d¡œrH$aU H$mo g§^d ~Zm`m&
1973 go 1989 B©. VH$ H$m Xm¡a ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s Ñ{ï> go {deof ahm& AZoH$ ~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m| Zo `yamonr`Z Xoem|, OmnmZ,
~«mOrb Am{X ‘| AnZo ì`mnma H$m {dñVma H$a A{YH$m{YH$ ‘wZmµ’$m H$‘m`m& "AmonoH$' g§JR>Z Zo nyao {dœ Ho$ Vob ~mOma Ho$
{Z`§ÌU ‘| AnZr H$maJa ^y{‘H$m {Z^mZr ewê$ H$s& {dœ Ho$ AJ«Ur CÚmoJn{V`m| Zo Hw$N> Eogo g§K ~ZmE Omo A‘arH$s gaH$ma
Ho$ amOZr{VH$ {Z`§ÌU go ~mha ahH$a Xygao Xoem| Ho$ amOZr{VH$ Am¡a ì`mnm[aH$ ZoV¥Îd H$mo à^m{dV H$a gHo$§& A‘arH$m Ho$
AW©emór, ~w{ÕOrdr VWm amOZr{VH$ ZoV¥Îd H$s AW©Zr{V`m| ‘| CXmadmX Ed§ CÝ‘w³V ~mOma ì`dñWm, Iwbo ~mOma Ho$ Zr{V-
{ZYm©aU na ~b {X`m J`m& Bg‘| A‘arH$s amï´>n{V amoZoëS> S>ãë`y. arJZ (amï´>n{V H$mb 1981-89) H$m `moJXmZ {deof h¡&
^y‘§S>brH$aU H$m Mm¡Wm MaU 1990 B©. go AmO VH$ ‘mZm OmVm h¡& `hr dh g‘` h¡ O~ 1989 ‘| ñWm{nV "dmqeJQ>Z
Am‘ am`' H$m {H«$`mÝd` nyar Xw{Z`m ‘| n¡a O‘m MyH$m h¡& AmO `h d¡œrH$aU go H$B© Á`mXm A‘arH$sH$aU ~ZH$a ah J`m h¡&
OZdar 1995 ‘| {dœ- ì`mnma g§JR>Z (WTO- dëS>© QóS> Am°aJZmBOoeZ) ApñVÎd ‘| Am`m& `h g‘ñV amï´>m| Ho$ ~rM ZE
ì`mnm[aH$ g‘Pm¢Vm|, {Z`‘-H$mZyZ ~ZmZo Am¡a g^r àH$ma H$s ì`mnm[aH$ Zr{V`m| Ho$ {ZYm©aU H$s ì`dñWm XoIZodmbr g§ñWm
h¡& 2008 VH$ {dœ Ho$ 153 Xoe BgHo$ gXñ` ~Z MwHo$ h¡§& BgH$m ‘w»`mb` OoZodm (pñdQ>Oab¢S>) ‘| h¡& A‘arH$m Ho$ ZoV¥Îd
‘| ñWm{nV Eogr A§Vaamï´>r` g§ñWmAm| VWm g§JR>Zm| Zo Cgo EH$ ZE e{³V H|$Ð VWm Am{W©H$ Ed§ g¡{ZH$s Ñ{ï> go {dœ Ho$ ge³V
amï´> H$s nhMmZ {Xbm`r&
Cn`w©³V {ddoMZ go `hr ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$, ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$m à‘wI AmYma Am{W©H$ h¡& BgH$m ZoV¥Îd A‘arH$m H$a ahm
h¡& BgHo$ Ûmam {dœ Ho$ A{YH$m{YH$ Xoem| H$s AW©ì`dñWmAm| H$m {Z`‘Z {H$`m Om ahm h¡& {dH${gV Xoe {dH$gZerb VWm
{deofVm Vrgar Xw{Z`m Ho$ Xoem| H$m AnZr ~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m| VWm A§Vaamï´>r` g§ñWmAm| Ho$ Ûmam EH$ àH$ma go emofU H$a ahr
h¡& EH$b g§ñH¥${V Ho$ Ûmam Xw{Z`m â Ho$ Xoem| H$s gm§ñH¥${VH$ nhMmZ H$mo {‘Q>m`m Om ahm h¡& EH$ àH$ma go {dœ ½bmo~b
pìhboO ~Zm h¡ bo{H$Z AmO ^r Bg pìhboO H$m ‘wpI`m A‘arH$m hr h¡&
2.2.4 ^maV ‘| ^y‘§S>brH$aU

AmYw{ZH$ ^maV Ho$ B{Vhmg ‘| VrZ VmarI| ‘hÎdnyU© ‘mZr OmEJr& EH$-15 AJñV, 1947 O~ Xoe AmOmX hþAm&
Xygar- 26 OZdar, 1950 O~ Xoe Zo g§{dYmZ H$s KmofUm H$s Am¡a Vrgar, ‘B© 1991, O~ nr. ìhr. Zaqghamd H$s gaH$ma
Zo CXmarH$aU H$s Zr{V H$mo AnZmH$a ^maV ‘| ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s à{H«$`m ewê$ H$s& d¡go `h ^r ~Vm`m OmVm h¡ {H$, ^maV ‘|
^y‘§S>brH$aU àmMrZ H$mb go H$m`©aV h¡& ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$s "dgwY¡d Hw$Qw>å~H$‘' H$s {dMmaYmam Vmo d¡pídH$ g§ñH¥${V Ho$
{Z‘m©U VWm g‘Ýd`dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU na {Q>H$s h¡& {Og‘| {H$gr ^r àH$ma H$s g§H$sU©Vm, ñdmWmªYVm Ho$ {bE H$moB© OJh Zht h¡&
dh gd©J«mhr VWm gd©g‘mdoer h¡& dV©‘mZ ^y‘§S>brH$aU Bggo AbJ h¡& Bg‘| Xw{Z`m H$s ha ì`{³V Cn^mo³Vm ~ZH$a ~mOma
Ho$ AYrZ ahH$a OrdZ`mnZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE A{ê³V h¡& BgZo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ Xy[a`m± Oê$a H$‘ H$s, ì`{³V ñdmV§Í¶ H$m Xmàm ^r
~T>m`m bo{H$Z ì`{³V H$s g§doXZm VWm ^mdZm H$mo gyIm`m ^r h¡&
Agb ‘| ^maV ‘| BgH$s ewéAmV 1600 B. go ‘mZr OmVr h¡ O~ "B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZr' H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& Bg H§$nZr H$m
{Z‘m©U ^maV ‘| ì`mnma Ho$ hoVw hþAm& `yamon ‘| ~Zr dñVwE± ^maV ‘| VWm ^maV H$s dñVwE± `yamon ‘| ~oMr OmZo bJr& Bgr g‘`
S>M, ’«|$M, nmoVw©JrO ^r ^maV ‘| ì`mnma H$a Wo& H§$nZr Zo ì`mnma Ho$ gmW-gmW ^maV ‘| gÎmm àm{á VWm {dñVma H$m gnZm
XoIm& 1757 B©. ‘| BgH$s ewéAmV H$s (ßbmgr H$m `wÕ) Am¡a 1857 B©.‘| nyao ^maV na A{YH$ma àmá {H$`m& Bgr Xaå`mZ
B©gmB© Y‘© {dñVma, A§J«oOr {ejm Ho$ gmW `yamonr` g§ñH¥${V VWm OrdZ‘yë` ^r `hm± AmE&
AmOmX ^maV Ho$ gm‘Zo H$B© MwZm¡{V`m± Wr& gm‘m{OH$ g‘Vm, H¥${f VWm ì`mnma H$mo ~T>mZm, {e{jV g‘mO,
OrdZmdí`H$ dñVwAm| Ho$ {bE Am{W©H$ gj‘Vm H$s Amdí`H$Vm Wr& `h g~ ^maV AnZr ñdV§Ì Am{W©H$ Zr{V Ho$ AYrZ
ahH$a H$a ahm Wm& ^maV Zo ny±OrdmXr Am¡a g‘mOdmXr T>m±Mo go AbJ {‘{lV AW©ì`dñWm H$m {Z‘m©U {H$`m& Bg ì`dñWm ‘|
CÚmoJ Am¡a ny±Or na gaH$ma H$m {Z`§ÌU Wm, bo{H$Z Bggo Z Vmo h‘ Am{W©H$ d¥{Õ H$a gHo$ Am¡a Z hr AmË‘{Z^©aVm hm{gb
H$a gHo$& Jar~r Xya H$aZo H$m gnZm ^r nyam Z H$a gHo$& Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$s J{V Yr‘r ahr& h‘mam {‘{lV AW©ì`dñWm H$m
T>m±Mm {dœ ~mOma H$s ñnYm© ‘| ~hþV nrN>o ahm& amOZr{VH$, Am{W©H$, gm‘m{OH$ àUmbr ‘| ^«ï>mMma g‘m J`m& ~‹T>Vr
Am~mXr, ~oH$mar, àmH¥${VH$ AmnXmE±, n‹S>mogr Xoem| go `wÕ Am{X Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n AW©ì`dñWm H$mo ^mar ZwH$gmZ hþAm&
1980-90 B©. VH$ H$m g‘` amOZr{V H$s Ñ{ï> go ApñWaVm H$m Wm& Xb~Xb, ñdmW© VWm ^«ï>mMma Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n H|${Ð`
VWm àm§Vr` gaH$mam| H$m ~ma-~ma {JaZm, amOZr{V ‘| joÌr` Xbm| H$m ~‹T>Vm ‘hÎd Am{X Zo ApñWaVm n¡Xm H$s&
n[aUm‘ñdê$n {dXoer {Zdoe ‘| H$‘r Am`r& Xoe H$s {~J‹S>Vr Am{W©H$ pñW{V ‘| gwYma bmZo hoVw gmoZm {Jadr aI [aOd© ~¢H$
go H$Om© boZm nS>m& BZ Am{W©H$ n[apñW{V`m| H$m gm‘Zm H$aZo Ho$ {bE ^maV H$mo AnZr AW©Zr{V ‘| ~Xbmd H$aZm nS>m& gZ
1991 ‘| nr. ìhr. Zaqghamd gaH$ma Zo Z`r Am¡Úmo{JH$ Zr{V H$s KmofUm H$s& ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm H$mo {dœ H$s
AW©ì`dñWm go Omo‹S>H$a Am{W©H$ gwYma hoVw A§Vaamï´>r` ‘wÐm H$mof go H$O© {b`m& gab eãXm| ‘| H$h| Vmo ^maV Zo ~mOmadmX,
{ZOrH$aU VWm ny±OrdmX H$mo AnZm`m& ì`mnma na bJmE JE à~§Y hQ>mE JE& gZ 1995 ‘| OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§JR>Z
(WTO), Hw$N> gmbm| ~mX E{e`m`r ì`mnma g§JR>Z H$s ñWmnZm go ^maV ‘| ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s à{H«$`m A{YH$ Vrd« J{V go
{dH${gV hþB©&
Bg‘| H$moB© g§Xoh Zht h¡ {H$, ^y‘§S>brH$aU Ho$ ~mX ^maV H$s {dÎmr` pñW{V ‘| ì`mnH$ gwYma Am`m h¡& {dXoer ‘wÐm ‘|
~T>moVar Ho$ gmW {dXoer ny±Or {Zdoe ^r ~T>m h¡& amoOJma Ho$ ZE joÌ Iwbo& {dXoem| ‘| ^r Zm¡H$ar Ho$ amñVo IwbZo bJo& gwB© go
boH$a ~S>r-~S>r A{bemZ Jm{‹S>`m± EH$ N>V Ho$ ZrMo ‘m°b ê$nr g§ñH¥${V ‘| {‘bZo bJr& ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$m Xygam nj ^r h¡&
^y‘§S>brH$aU go h‘mar ^mfm, g§ñH¥${V VWm g‘mO à^m{dV h¡& h‘mar {‘{lV AW©ì`dñWm ‘| gm‘m{OH$-Am{W©H$ {df‘VmAm|
VWm joÌr` Ag‘mZVmAm| H$mo H$‘ H$aZo na Omoa {X`m OmVm Wm& bo{H$Z AmO pñW{V {^Þ h¡& AmO ~mOma H$s e{³V`m±
~mOma Ho$ AZwHy$b ’¡$gbo boZo Ho$ {bE gaH$mam| H$mo ‘O~ya H$a ahr h¡& VH$ZrH$ g§M{bV ^y‘§S>brH$aU ‘| Am{W©H$ Ho$ gmW-
gmW ^mfm, g‘mO, g§ñH¥${V, H$bm Am{X ^r EH$sH$aU H$s à{H«$`m H$m {hñgm ~Z ahr h¡& Bg‘| Cƒ àm¡Úmo{JH$s Am¡a g§Mma
‘mÜ`‘m| H$s ^y{‘H$m H$maJa {gÕ hmo ahr h¡& Bggo ^maV O¡go ~hþ^m{fH$ VWm ~hþgm§ñH¥${VH$ Xoe H$s nhMmZ hr {‘Q> ahr h¡&
~‹T>Vo {dH$mg Xa Ho$ ~mdOyX ^maV ‘| H$ar~ 30 H$amoS> bmoJ {ZY©ZVm aoIm Ho$ ZrMo OrdZ`mnZ H$a aho h¡&§ ~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m|
Ho$ AmJ‘Z go N>moQ>o CÚmoJ ‘mZmo g‘má hr hþE& g‘mO ‘| {df‘Vm ~‹T> ahr h¡& A‘rar-Jar~r Ho$ ~rM H$m ’$mgbm ~‹T> ahm h¡&
dmñVd ‘| ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s à{H«$`m ‘| A‘ra Xoem| Zo Jar~ Xoem| H$mo byQ>Zo H$m H$m‘ {H$`m& nyar Xw{Z`m Ho$ {bE ^y‘§S>brH$aU
Adga ~ZVm `{X Bg à{H«$`m H$mo VoO H$aZodmbo CËnmXZ, {‘bZodmbo bm^ na Xw{Z`m Ho$ gmao Xoem| H$m A{YH$ma hmoVm& `h
Hw$N> VmH$Vda Xoem| VWm ~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ dM©ñd go ‘w³V hmoVm&
^maV ‘| {nN>bo n§Ðh gmbm| ‘| ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s à{H«$`m VoO hþB© h¡& g‘mO, g§ñH¥${V, ‘r{S>`m, H$bm Am{X ~Xb aho
h¡§& Bg‘| g§Mma ‘mÜ`‘m|, ao{S>`mo, Q>rdr., ‘mo~mBb, B§Q>aZoQ> H$s ^y{‘H$m ‘hÎdnyU© ahr h¡& {dkmnZ Ûmam ‘mZdr` ‘yë`m| H$mo ZE
ê$n VWm a§J Ho$ gmW àñVwV {H$`m Om ahm h¡& OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ ‘| n{ü‘r Xoem| H$s ZH$b H$s Om ahr h¡& ImZ-nmZ, ahZ-
ghZ, AmMma-{dMma na Cn^mo³VmdmXr ~mOma g§ñH¥${V H$s nH$S> ‘O~yV ~Zr h¡§& ‘r{S>`m ^r ~mOma Ho$ AYrZ h¡& A~ `h
Ho$db ‘Zmoa§OZ `m gyMZm H$m hr gmYZ Zht ahm h¡, ~pëH$ ^y‘§S>brH$aU Ho$ àgma H$m ^r ‘mÜ`‘ h¡& ‘r{S>`m na ~mOma `m
~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m| H$s nH$S> h¡& AmO ‘r{S>`m ‘| dhr {XIm`m `m N>mnm OmVm h¡ Omo ~mOma MmhVm h¡& ^y‘§S>brH$aU Zo ^maV
Ho$ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg ‘| `moJXmZ Vmo {X`m h¡ gmW hr gm‘m{OH$-Am{W©H$ g§VwbZ, joÌr` Ag‘mZVm, àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| H$m
{dZme, n`m©daU H$s j{V, gm‘m{OH$ H$ë`mU H$s AdhobZm, ì`mnH$ ^«ï>mMma, ‘Zwî` H$s Ag§doXZerbVm Ho$ gmW ^maVr`
gä`Vm Ed§ g§ñH¥${V H$mo ì`mnH$ ñVa na à^m{dV {H$`m h¡&
2.2.5 ^y‘S§ >brH$aU go à^m{dV {d{dY joÌ

Am{W©H$ joÌ
dñVwV…^y‘§S>brH$aU Ho$ CX` ‘| ì`mnma, ~mOma VWm ~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m| H$m `moJXmZ ‘hÎdnyU© h¡& ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s
Ztd AW© na {Q>H$s h¡& BgHo$ Am{W©H$ nj go Cn^mo³VmdmX VWm ~mOmadmX Ow‹S>m h¡& ^y‘§S>brH$aU Zo Xw{Z`m H$mo Iwbm ~mOma
VWm ì`{³V H$mo Cn^mo³Vm ~Zm`m h¡& dñVwV… ^y‘§S>brH$aU EH$ Am{W©H$ {Z`‘Z H$s ì`dñWm Ho$ ê$n ‘| ApñVÎd ‘| Am`m&

gmar Xw{Z`m Ho$ Xoem| VWm bmoJm| H$s Am{W©H$ CÞ{Îm H$m bú` nrN>o Ny>Q>H$a Ho$db A‘arH$m, ê$g, OmnmZ, O‘©Zr, {~«Q>Z Am{X
Xoem| H$s CÞ{Îm hr BgH$m àYmZ bú` ahm& BgH$m ZoV¥Îd A‘arH$m H$a ahm h¡&
^maV Zo 1991 ‘| Iwbr AW©ì`dñWm H$mo AnZmH$a {dœ AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ gmW AnZo Amn H$mo OmoS>m& BgH$m CÔoí` Xoe
H$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V ‘| gwYma bmZm Wm& Bggo ~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m± ^maV ‘| ì`mnma Ho$ hoVw Am`r VWm ^maVr` ~S>r H§$n{Z`m| Zo
{dXoem| ‘| H$mamo~ma ñWm{nV {H$`m& Bggo {dœ AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ gmW ^maV Ow‹S> J`m& Iwbr AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ H$maU CÚmoJ, H¥${f
Am¡a ì`mnma H$s J{V{d{Y`m± VoO hþB©& A§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma g§~§Ym| Ho$ H$maU CËnmXZ ‘| d¥{Õ Ho$ gmW amoOJma Am¡a {dXoer ‘wÐm
‘| ^r ~T>moVar hþB©& Cƒ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg, CËnmXZ H$s JwUdÎmm, Cƒ Am` ñVa, A§Vaamï´>r` à{VñnYm© ‘| d¥{Õ Ho$ gmW ahZ-
ghZ Ho$ ñVa ‘| d¥{Õ ^r ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s hr XoZ h¡& {nN>bo Xg gmbm| go ^maV O¡go {dH$gZerb Xoe H$m {dH$mg Xa 7 go 9%
ahm h¡& bo{H$Z ^y‘§S>brH¥$V Am{W©H$Vm H$m í`m‘ nj ^r h¡& d¡{œH$ Am{W©H$Vm H$m g~go XwIX nj ny±Or `m YZ H$m Ag‘mZ
{dVaU h¡& ny±Or H$m g§M` Cƒ VWm Y{ZH$ dJ© ‘| hmoZo go Jar~ Am¡a Jar~ hmoVo JE& {dœ Ho$ bJ^J g^r Xoem| ‘| `hr {XIm`r
XoJm& ^maV Ho$ g§X^© ‘| XoIm OmE Vmo Xoe H$s 30% OZVm Jar~r aoIm Ho$ ZrMo OrdZ`mnZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE A{êá h¡, dht
Aa~n{V`m| H$s g§»`m {XZm|-{XZ ~‹T> ahr h¡& ’$moãg© n{ÌH$m Ho$ AZwgma ^maV ‘| à{Vdf© 10 hOma ZE Aa~n{V ~Z aho h¡§&
^y‘§S>brH¥$V ~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ ~hþ‘§{Obm ‘m°ëg, {WEQ>a, hmoQ>b, Am°ZbmBZ em°qnJ Am{X Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n Kaobw `m
N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o CÚmoJ ‘mZmo W‘ go JE h¡§& Bg Am{W©H$ ‘§Xr ‘| bmIm| ‘OXyam| H$mo Zm¡H$ar go hmW YmoZm nS>m& ~oH$mar go JwOaZm nS>m&
Hw$nmofU H$s g‘ñ`m J§^ra ~Zr&
H¥${f joÌ ‘| ~‹T> ahr Jar~r H$m ‘w»` H$maU gyIm, AH$mb, ~m‹T> O¡gr àmH¥${VH$ AmnXmAm| Ho$ gmW-gmW gaH$ma H$s
JbV Am{W©H$ Zr{V`m± ahr h¡§& Xoe Ho$ gdm©{YH$ g‘¥Õ n§Om~, ‘hmamï´> VWm Am§Y« àXoe Ho$ {H$gmZm| H$mo H$O© H$s ‘ma go
AmË‘hË`mE± H$aZr nS> ahr h¢ & ^maV ‘| Am{W©H$ {df‘Vm H$s Im`r BVZr ~‹T>r h¡ {H$, Xoe Ho$ 36 Aa~n{V`m| H$m gH$b
Kaoby Am` H$m {hñgm 25% h¡ dhr Xygar Amoa à{V 30 {‘ZQ> EH$ {H$gmZ AmË‘hË`m H$a ahm h¡& Bg Am{W©H$ Ag§VwbZ Ho$
n[aUm‘ñdê$n Xoe ‘| Jar~r, ~oH$mar, ^yI‘ar, ‘h±JmB©, ì`gZmYrZVm, AnamYrH$aU H$s ‘mÌm ~‹T>r h¡& OrdZ H$s
Cn^mo³VmdmXr àd¥{Îm Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n ^«ï>mMma ~‹T> ahm h¡& amOZoVm, àemgH$s` A{YH$mar, ny±Orn{V {‘bH$a {dH$mg Ho$
Zm‘ na Xoe H$mo byQ> ah| h¡§& OZVm Ho$ H$ë`mU H$s `moOZmE± ‘mZmo ^«ï>mMma Ho$ {bE hr Kmo{fV H$s Om ahr h¡&
A{YH$m{YH$ bm^ H$‘mZo H$s àd¥{Îm Zo n`m©daU Ho$ àmH¥${VH$ g§VwbZ H$mo {~Jm‹S> aIm h¡& ~‹T>Vo eharH$aU Ho$ {bE
noS>-nm¡Ym|, ZXr-Zha, nd©V Am{X H$mo Zï> H$a H§$H«$sQ> Ho$ O§Jb {Z‘m©U hþE h¡§& `m`m`mV H$s gw{dYm Ho$ hoVw noS>m| VWm nhmS>m|
H$mo H$mQ>m J`m& H$maImZm| go {ZH$bZodmbm Oharbm YwAm± hdm ‘| VWm amgm`{ZH$ nmZr ZXr ‘| OmZo go àXyfU ~T>m h¡&
n[aUm‘ñdê$n nmZr ‘| ahZodmbo Ordm| H$m {dZme hmo ahm h¡& hdmB© OhmOm|, ‘erZm|, Q´H$m| Am{X Zo Üd{Z àXyfU H$mo ~T>m`m
h¡& amgm`{ZH$ Cd©aH$m| VWm H$sQ>ZH$meH$m| Ho$ {N>S>H$md go IoVm| H$s {‘Å>r Ho$ gmW AZmO ^r Oharbm ~Zm h¡, n[aUmñdê$n
‘Zwî` OrdZ ‘| H¢$ga O¡gr ^`mdh ~r‘m[a`m± Zo àdoe {H$`m h¡§& ^maV O¡go {dH$gZerb Xoe ‘| Jar~m| Ho$ {bE nrZo H$m ñdÀN>
nmZr ^r Zgr~ Zht h¡&
Xw{Z`m ‘| ~‹T>Vo AmV§H$dmX H$s EH$ dOh ny±Or `m YZ H$m Ag‘mZ {dVaU ahr h¡& A‘arH$m, ê$g, OmnmZ, O‘©Zr
Am{X {dH${gV Xoem| Zo VH$ZrH$s Am¡a Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg Ho$ ~b na {dœ AW©ì`dñWm na AnZm A{YH$ma ñWm{nV {H$`m
h¡& AnZo CËnmX H$mo {dœ ~mOma ‘| ~oMZo Ho$ {bE BÝhm|Zo {deofVm Jar~ `m Vrgar Xw{Z`m Ho$ Xoem| H$mo AnZm {eH$ma ~Zm`m
h¡& EH$ g‘` nyd© ê$g Ho$ dM©ñd H$mo H$‘ H$aZo Ho$ {bE AbH$m`Xm H$mo ‘XX H$aZodmbr A‘arH$m CgHo$ Ûmam hr àVm{‹S>V h¡&
AnZo {ZOr ñdmW© hoVw A‘arH$m Zo BamU, BamH$ Am{X noQ´mobOÝ` Vobm| H$s IXmZm| Ho$ Xoem| na `wÕ Ûmam H$ãOm {H$`m h¡& ^maV
Ho$ {˜bmµ’$ nm{H$ñVmZ H$mo Am{W©H$ ‘XX H$aZo ‘| A‘arH$m H$s Xmohar Zr{V ahr h¡& AmV§H$dmX Ho$ {˜bmµ’$ b‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE
^maV H$mo H$amoS>mo énE IM© H$aZo nS> aho h¡§& Bggo ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm à^m{dV hmo ahr h¡&
g‘mO
`hm± "g‘mO' eãX ì`mnH$ AW© ‘| àñVwV h¡, {Og‘| amOZr{V, Y‘©, {ejm Ho$ gmW ì`{³V, na§nam, gm‘m{OH$ ‘mÝ`VmE±
A{^àoV h¡§& ^maVr` g‘mO AnZr gä`Vm, {dMmaYmam, n[adma ì`dñWm, g{hîUwVm, g‘mZVm Am{X VËdm| Ho$ H$maU {dœ ‘|
AnZr AbJ VWm {deof nhMmZ ~ZmE Wm& Bg g‘mO Zo AnZr g‘Ýd`dmXr Ñ{ï> go {dœ Ho$ AZoH$m| g‘mOm|, Y‘m] VWm
g§ñH¥${V`m| go AnZm g§~§Y ñWm{nV {H$`m& {deofV… CÞrgdt gXr go `yamonr` g§ñH¥${V VWm CgHo$ nyd© gmVdt-AmR>dt gXr ‘|
Bñbm‘ `m ‘wJbm| Zo Bgo à^m{dV {H$`m& 1990 Ho$ ~mX ‘mÌ `h g‘mO nmümË` gä`Vm, {deofVm A‘arH$s gä`Vm go Vrd«
J{V go n[ad{V©V hmo ahm h¡& ^y‘§S>brH$aU ‘| {Og d¡{œH$ EH$Vm `m {dœ g‘mO H$s H$ënZm H$s JB© h¡ Cg‘| {dœ Ho$ g^r Xoem|
H$s g§ñH¥${V`m| H$s gH$mamË‘H$ ~mVm| Ho$ AmYma na {dœ g‘mO H$s ñWmnZm H$m CÔoí` Zht h¡, ~pëH$ A‘arH$s g§ñH¥${V H$mo
nyao {dœâ ‘| ’¡$bmZm hr CÔoí` h¡& ^maV O¡go ~hþ^m{fH$ VWm ~hþgm§ñH¥${VH$ g‘mO Ho$ {bE Vmo `h AnZr nhMmZ ImoZm hr
h¡& Š`m|{H$ Bgr EH$ Xoe ‘| H$B© g‘mO, g§ñH¥${V`m± {‘b OwbH$a OrdZ`mnZ H$a ahr h¡& B¸$sgdt gXr H$m ^maVr` g‘mO
AnZr nhMmZ Imo ahm h¡& `h g‘mO ~mOma VWm ~mOma H$s e{³V`m| H$m Xmg ~Zm h¡& Bg g‘mO H$s ‘hÎdnyU© BH$mB©
"ì`{³V' ‘mÌ Cn^mo³Vm ~Zr h¡&
‘w³V ~mOma Zo ‘Zwî` H$s BÀN>m VWm AmH$m§jmAm| H$mo ~‹T>mdm {X`m& A{YH$ ‘wZmµ’$m H$‘mZo VWm ^m¡{VH$ gmYZm| H$s
ny{V© hoVw ‘Zwî` ‘mÌ "CnH$aU' ~ZH$a ah J`m& gmYZm|, gÎmm, n¡gm| Ho$ AmH$f©U go dh Ag§Vwï> ahm& Bg Ag§Vmof go n[adma
VWm g‘mO à^m{dV ahm& nma§n[aH$ n[adma H$m T>m±Mm Qy>Q>H$a {d^³V n[adma H$mo OÝ‘ {X`m& gmYZm| H$s àm{á Ho$ hoVw n[adma
‘| n{V-nËZr Zm¡H$ar H$aZo bJo& ~ƒm| H$s nad[ae Ho$ {bE "Ho$à g|Q>a' Iwb JE& ~y‹T>o ‘m±-~mn "d¥Õml‘' H$s emo^m ~T>mZo
bJo& "{bd BZ [aboeZern' Zo Vmo {ddmh ì`dñWm H$mo hr Ry>H$am {X`m& "Zmo {H$S>g S>~b qS>Šg' H$m VÎd ^maVr` g‘mO ‘|
n¡a O‘m ahm h¡& [aíVo-ZmVm| H$s Ah‘r`V Qy>Q> gr JB©& ZE ZmV| {Z‘m©U hþE Omo "AW©' na {Q>Ho$ h¡§& B¸$sgdt gXr ‘| ‘Zwî` H$s
gyIVr hþB© g§doXZm g‘` Am¡a g‘mO Ho$ {bE MwZm¡Vr ~ZH$a IS>r h¡& gm‘m{OH$Vm H$m ê$n I§S>-I§S> hmo ahm h¡& EH$-Xygao Ho$
à{V AOZ~rnZ VWm AHo$bonZ go Ag§Vmof Ho$ gmW ‘mZ{gH$ VZmd ~‹T> ahm h¡& gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a àmH¥${VH$ n`m©daU H$m
g§VwbZ {~KVm Om ahm h¡& H$‘ C‘« ‘| hr h‘ öXàmoJ, H°$Ýga, ewJa Am{X ~r‘m[a`m| Ho$ {eH$ma hmo aho h¡§& n¡go H$‘mZo H$s
ñnYm© Zo OrdZ H$mo J{V‘mZ ~Zm`m& n¡gm A~ gmYZ Z ~ZH$a gmÜ` hr ~Zm& n[aUm‘ñdê$n OrdZ ‘| em§{V, R>hamd, g§`‘,
B‘mZXmar, gƒmB© Am{X VÎd Jm`~ hþE& BZH$m ñWmZ ñdmW©, ^«ï>mMma, d¡`{³VH$Vm, bmMmar VWm emofU Zo {b`m& n¡gm `m
gÎmm àmá H$aZo Ho$ gmYZm| H$s n{dÌVm H$mo ZH$mam J`m& ^«ï>mMma {eï>mMma ~Zm& Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU Ho$ gmW-gmW ‘erZm| ‘|
H$åß`yQ>a àUmbr H$m à`moJ ewê$ hþAm& ~mOma H$s Am{W©H$ ‘§Xr Zo Zm¡H$[a`m± N>rZ br& ~oH$mar, Jar~r go gm‘mÝ` OZVm H$m
OrdZ Aghm` gm ~Z J`m& {Zame `wdm dJ© AnamY H$s Xw{Z`m H$s Amoa Mb nS>m& ì`gZm{YZVm Ho$ JV© ‘| ’±g J`m&
A‘rar-Jar~r Ho$ ~rM H$m ’$m±gbm {Za§Va ~‹T>Vm Om ahm h¡&
AmO H$m ^maVr` g‘mO g§H«$‘U H$s AdñWm go JwOa ahm h¡& ^y‘§S>brH$aU Zo CgH$s {dMmaYmam H$mo à^m{dV {H$`m
h¡& AmO H$m g‘mO ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$mo X{H$`mZygr ‘mZH$a nmümË` gä`Vm Ho$ AZwH$aU ‘| OwQ>m h¡& ~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m| Ho$
Q>rdr., ao{S>`mo VWm g‘mMma nÌm| Ûmam àgm[aV hmoZodmbo {dkmnZm| Zo CgHo$ ImZ-nmZ, ahZ-ghZ, ^mfm, nhZmdm, Ë`m¡hma,
{dMmaYmam, ‘mZ{gH$Vm Am{X na H$ãOm {H$`m h¡& ^maVr` ì`{³V AmO dhr IarX ahm h¡ Omo {dkmnZ ~VmVo h¡§& dhr Im
ahm h¡ Omo {dkmnZ ~VmVo h¡§& ~S>r H§$n{Z`m± ‘Zwî` H$mo Cn^mo³Vm ~ZmZo ‘| bJr h¡& do Ho$db dñVw H$m CËnmX hr Zht H$a ahr
h¡ ~pëH$ Cgo IarXZo H$s j‘Vm Z hmoZodmbo bmoJm| Ho$ {bE F$U-bmoZ "CYma H$s g§ñH¥${V' H$mo boH$a Am`r h¡& H«o${S>Q> Am¡a
S>o~rQ> H$mS>© Zo ‘Zwî` H$s Cn^mo³Vm ~ZZo H$s j‘Vm H$mo ~‹T>mdm {X`m& n[aUm‘ñdê$n h‘ {ZOr ~mOma ‘| CnbãY hmoZodmbo
MrOm| H$mo N>mo‹S> ‘m°b Ho$ AYrZ ~Zo§& AmO ‘{hZo ‘| Xmo `m VrZ ~ma ‘m°b ‘| OmH$a em°qnJ H$aZo, {’$ë‘ XoIZo VWm hmoQ>b ‘|
ImZm ImZo go hr g‘mO ‘| h‘mar à{Vð>m ~Zr ahVr h¡&
VH$ZrH$s, àm¡Úmo{JH$s VWm g§Mma ‘mÜ`‘m| Zo B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ g‘mO Ho$ hmW ‘| ‘mo~mBb VWm B§Q>aZoQ> O¡go gyMZm g§Mma
Ho$ AÚVZ gmYZ {XE h¡§& bo{H$Z BgHo$ à`moJ ‘mÌ JbV VarH$m| go hmo aho h¡§& ^maV ‘| MwZmdm| Ho$ ZOXrH$ AmZo na OmVr`
VWm Ym{‘©H$ {hgm ’¡$bmZo ‘| ‘mo~mBb H$m Cn`moJ hmo ahm h¡& ‘mo~mBb Ûmam {d{eï> Om{V, Y‘© Ho$ bmoJ AnZo {ZOr ñdmW© Ho$
hoVw Eo{Vhm{gH$ M[aÌm| H$mo ~XZm‘ H$a g‘mO ‘| OmVr` `m Ym{‘©H$ qhgmE± ~T>m aho h¡§& eha go Jm±d VH$ Ho$ g^r bmoJm| Ho$
OrdZ ‘| ‘mo~mBb H$m ñWmZ ‘hÎdnyU© ahm h¡& `wdm VWm "{Q>Z EOg©' H$mo ‘mo~mBb na nmoZ© dr{S>Amo `m {gZo‘m XoIZo H$s AmXV
gr bJr h¡& n[aUm‘ñdê$n ór Ho$ à{V XoIZo H$m ZO[a`m ~Xb ahm h¡&
^y‘§S>brH$aU Zo ^maVr` g‘mO H$mo {dœ Ho$ AÝ` g‘mOm| Ho$ gmW OmoS>m h¡& BgHo$ ‘mÜ`‘ g‘mMma nÌ, ao{S>`mo,
Q>obr{dOZ, B§Q>aZoQ>, ‘mo~mBb aho h¡§& BZHo$ Ûmam h‘ {dœ Ho$ AÝ` g‘mOm| ‘| {ejm, H¥${f, ‘m¡g‘, {dkmZ, dm{UÁ`, ì`mnma,
`mVm`mV, VH$ZrH$s, g¡Ý` gmYZ, gwajm, Am{X joÌm| ‘| hþB© ImoOm| VWm ZE-ZE Am{dîH$mam| go Ow‹S> JE& Xw{Z`m ‘| CnbãY
{M{H$Ëgm joÌ H$s gmar gw{dYmE± ^maV ‘| {‘b ahr h¡§& Am¡Úmo{JH$aU Zo H$åß`yQ>a {ejm H$mo ‘hÎdnyU© ~Zm`m& AÀN>r VWm
amoOJma{^‘wI {ejm Ho$ {bE bmoJ {dXoem| ‘| OmH$H$a ~g aho h¡§& {dXoer {dœ{dÚmb` ^maV ‘| Am aho h¡§& {ejm H$m
~mOmarH$aU hþAm h¡& n¡gm| Ho$ A^md Ho$ H$maU gm‘mÝ` `m Jar~ `wdmAm| H$mo AÀN>r {ejm Zht {‘b ahr h¡& gaH$ma {ejm
g§ñWmZm| H$m AZwXmZ ~§X H$a ahr h¡& CgH$s Ñ{ï> go {ejm H$s {Oå‘oXmar gaH$ma H$s Z hmoH$a A{^^mdH$m| H$s h¡& {S>åS>
`w{Zd{g©Q>rO Am¡a àm`ìhoQ> ñHy$bm| H$s g§»`m ~‹T> ahr h¡& ny±OrdmXr VWm A‘ram| Ho$ ~ƒo gw{dYmg§nÞ g§ñWmAm|, {dœ{dÚmb`m|
‘| n‹T> aho h¢ dht Jar~ ~ƒo j‘Vm hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX {Zaja h¢, nma§n[aH$ {ejm J«hU H$a aho h¢, amoOJma Ho$ {bE Xa-Xa H$s
R>m|H$ao Im aho h¡§& AÀN>r {ejm Ho$ {~Zm ñdñW g‘mO H$m {Z‘m©U H¡$go hmoJm? bo{H$Z Ohm± H$s {ejm ì`dñWm Ho$db bm^ `m
‘wZm’o$ Ho$ VÎd na {Q>H$s hmo dhm± Jar~ H$s {ejm Vmo ‘mÌ gnZm hr h¡&
Y‘© VWm amOZr{V
àmMrZ H$mb go hr ^maVr` g‘mO ‘| Y‘© H$m ‘hÎd ahm h¡& ^maVr` g‘mO H$s g{hîUwVm VWm g‘Ýd`dmXr àH¥${V Ho$
H$maU hr ^maV ‘| qhXy, ‘wpñb‘, {gŠI, BgmB©, O¡Z Am{X Y‘© Ho$ bmoJ {‘b-OwbH$a OrdZ`mnZ H$a aho h¡§& gmVdt-
AmR>dt gXr ‘| ‘wgb‘mZm| Zo VWm CÞrgdt gXr ‘| {~«{Q>em| Zo gÎmm Ho$ ~bna Y‘© {dñVma H$m H$m`© {H$`m& 1950 ‘o g§{dYmZ
H$s KmofUm Ho$ gmW gd©Y‘©g‘^md Ho$ VÎd Ho$ AmYma na "Y‘©{ZanojVm' H$mo AnZm`m J`m& Y‘© ‘mZd OrdZ Ho$ AmÜ`mpË‘H$
VWm d¡Mm[aH$ OrdZ H$s ‘hÎdnyU© AmYmaerbm h¡& bo{H$Z dV©‘mZ Y‘© Ho$ R>oHo$Xmam| Zo Y‘© H$mo ^r ñdmW© ny{V© H$m ‘mÜ`‘
~Zm`m h¡& Y‘© Ho$ R>oHo$Xmam| Zo ~mOmadmX go ào[aV hmoH$a n¡gm àm{á H$m ‘mÜ`‘ g‘PH$a Ym{‘©H$ ñWbm| H$m {dH$mg {H$`m h¡&
Y‘© H$m AmYma boH$a VWm OZVm H$mo ‘mojàm{á H$s A{^bmfm {XImH$a g§V, ‘h§V, ‘w„m, gmYw ^r AmO ì`mnmar ~Z aho h¡§&
H$WZr Am¡a H$aZr ‘| A§Va Z aIZodmbo àmMrZ VWm ‘Ü`H$mbrZ gmYw-g§Vm| H$m ñWmZ AmO ~mOmê$ VWm ñd`§Kmo{fV g§Vm| Zo
{b`m h¡& AmË‘m H$mo em§{V, g‘mYmZ VWm n{dÌVm H$s AZw^y{V H$amZodmbo ‘R>, ‘§{Xa, ‘pñOX VWm {dhma AmO Eo`mer,
ì`gZm{YZVm, ~mømMma VWm emofU Ho$ H|$Ð ~Zo ho§& dV©‘mZ g‘` ‘| Y‘© n¡gm, g§n{Îm VWm gÎmm àm{á H$m ‘mJ© ~Zm h¡& ^maV
‘| AmO ^r Y‘© amOZr{V H$m ‘hÎdnyU© {g¸$m ~Zm h¡&
{dœâ ‘| ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s à{H«$`m H$mo ~T>mZo VWm {dñVma H$aZo ‘| amOZr{V H$s ^y{‘H$m ‘hÎdnyU© ahr h¡& amOZr{VH$
ZoV¥Îd Ho$ {~Zm `h g§^d Zht hmo nmVm& bo{H$Z AmO AdñWm Eogr h¡ {H$ Xoe Ho$ {dH$mg H$s `moOZmE± bmoJm| H$s Amdí`H$Vm
go Á`mXm ~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m| H$m {hV XoIH$a Mbm`r Om ahr h¡& ‘wÆ>râ {dH${gV amï´>m| Zo nyao {dœ H$s AW©Zr{V na AnZm
H$ãOm {H$`m h¡& amOZoVm OZVm Ho$ n¡gm| go {dXog Xm¡ao na h¡§& ^«ï>mMma H$s ‘mÌm ~‹T>r h¡& g§Mma Ho$ CÞV gmYZm| Ho$ ~b na
amOZr{VH$ nm{Q©>`m| VWm ZoVmAm| Ho$ Am°{’$g AÚVZ ~Zo h¡§& MwZmd {OVZo ‘| g‘mMma nÌ, B§Q>aZoQ>, Q>rdr., ao{S>`mo, ’o$g~yH$,
ìhmQgAn Am{X ‘mÜ`‘ ‘hÎdnyU© ~Zo h¡§& MwZmd ‘| àMma-àgma Ho$ {bE H$amoS>mo H$s am{e IM© H$s Om ahr h¡& 2014 Ho$
Am‘ MwZmdm| ‘| ^mOnm H$s OrV ‘| ‘r{S>`m H$s ^y{‘H$m Ah‘ ahr h¡& ’o$g~wH$, dm°Q>ñAn O¡go gmoeb ‘r{S>`m amOZr{V Ho$
‘hÎdnyU© B¸o$ gm{~V hmo aho h¡§& ñnï> h¡ {H$ ^maVr` amOZr{V ^y‘§S>brH$aU go à^m{dV h¡&
g§ñH¥${V
^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s AdYmaUm ‘| AW© Ho$ gmW g§ñH¥${V nj {deof ahm h¡& A‘arH$m VWm ny±OrdmXr {dH${gV Xoem| Zo {Og
àH$ma go ~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m|, g§ñWmAm| VWm A§Vaamï´>r` g§JR>Zm| Ho$ Ûmam {dœ H$s AW©ì`dñWm na AnZm H$ãOm O‘m`m, Cgr
àH$ma go {dœâ ‘| A‘arH$s `m nmümË` g§ñH¥${V H$m àgma ^r {H$`m& EH$ à{H«$`m Ho$ ê$n ‘| `{X Bgo g‘PZm hmo Vmo AnZo
CËnmX H$mo Xw{Z`m â ‘| nhþ±MmZo Ho$ {bE {Og ge³V g§Mma àUmbr H$m CÝhm|Zo à`moJ {H$`m J`m, dhr g§ñH¥${V Ho$ dmhH$ ^r
aho§& A‘arH$m Am{X {dH${gV Xoe ^y‘§S>brH$aU Ho$ Zm‘ na {dœâ ‘| Eogr EH$b g§ñH¥${V (‘moZmo H$ëMa) H$mo bmZm MmhVo
h¢ Omo ny±OrdmX, ~mOmadmX `m Cn^mo³VmdmX H$mo ~‹T>mdm Xo& ^maVr` gä`Vm Ed§ g§ñH¥${V Bggo à^m{dV h¡& `h ^r ‘hÎdnyU©
VÏ` h¡ {H$ Am{XH$mb go hr Xw{Z`m H$s gmar g§ñH¥${V`m± EH$ Xygao H$mo à^m{dV H$aVr Am`r h¡& bo{H$Z ^y‘§S>brH$aU Ho$ à^md
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à^m{dV {H$`m h¡ {H$ do AnZm ‘yb ê$n hmo Imo ahr h¡&
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‘mZdVm, OZgodm, n`m©daU ào‘, ~S>m| H$m AmXa, A{V{W gå‘mZ, X`m, j‘m, em§{V O¡go d¡{œH$ VWm g‘ñV ‘mZd Om{V H$s
CÞ{V H$aZodmbo VÎd {XE h¡§& g§ñH¥${V ‘| ImZ-nmZ, ahZ-ghZ, ^mfm, Ë`m¡hma, {dMmaYmam, Am{X H$mo {deof ‘hÎd h¡&
gmVdt-AmR>dt gXr ‘| ‘wJbm| go VWm AR>mahdt gXr ‘| BgmB© `m {~«{Q>em| go h‘mar g§ñH¥${V H$m g§nH©$ Am`m& ‘wJbm| Zo Vbdma
Ho$ ~b na Vmo {~«Q>rem| Zo "^mfm Zr{V' VWm BgmB© {‘eZ[a`m| Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go h‘mar g§ñH¥${V H$mo à^m{dV {H$`m& ‘oH$m°bo Zo
A§J«oOr {ejm H$s ewéAmV H$a ^maV Ho$ "A§J«oOrH$aU' H$s ewéAmV H$s Wr& 1990 Ho$ ~mX BgHo$ n[aUm‘ ZOa Am aho h¡§&
^y‘§S>brH$aU Zo Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Ho$ gnZo H$mo nyao {dœ Ho$ bmoJm| VWm amï´>m| VH$ nhþ±Mm`m, CgH$m ‘mÜ`‘ A§J«oOr ^mfm ahr h¡&
gyMZm H«$m§{V Ho$ {dñ’$moQ> VWm Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg ‘| B§Q>aZoQ> Am¡a H§$ß`yQ>a ‘hÎdnyU© BH$mB`m± ahr h¡& BZ BH$mB`m| H$m g§MmbZ
A{YH$Va A§J«oOr ^mfm go hr MbVm h¡& d¡œrH$aU {Og àH$ma go nyao {dœ ‘| EH$b g§ñH¥${V (‘moZmo-H$ëMa) bmZo Ho$ {bE
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Ho$ gmW {dœ H$s AZoH$ ^mfmAm| H$m ApñVÎd g§H$Q> ‘| Am`m h¡&
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àm§Vr` ^mfmAm| Ho$ gm‘Zo ApñVÎd H$m àíZ I‹S>m hþAm h¡& Bg `wJ ‘| Ho$db CÝht ^mfmAm| H$m ApñVÎd ahoJm Omo ^mfm

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Ho$ {bE ~S>r ‘mÌm ‘| Cn^mo³Vm Mm{hE& Cn^mo³Vm VH$ AnZo CËnmXZ H$mo nhþ±MmZo Ho$ {bE Cn^mo³Vm H$s ^mfm ‘| {dkmnZ
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qhXr ^r A~ {dœ^mfm ~Zr h¡& EH$ gM `h ^r h¡ {H$ {dkmnZm| Zo qhXr ^mfm H$s àH¥${V VWm g§aMZm Ho$ gmW N>oS>N>mS> H$s
h¡& Bg‘| A§J«oOr Ho$ eãXm| H$mo Eogo KwgoS>Zo go ^mfm H$m ‘yb ñdê$n hr ~Xb J`m h¡& ZB© nr‹T>r ^maVr` ^mfmAm| ‘| ~mV{MV
H$aZm {nN>S>mnZ g‘P ahr h¡§& n[aUm‘ñdê$n A§J«oOr ^mfm H$mo ~S>r ‘mÌm ‘| AnZm`m Om ahm h¡& A§J«oOr nhbo M§X bmoJm|
H$s ^mfm Wr Omo A~ ZE ‘Ü`dJ© VWm `wdmAm| H$s ^mfm ~Zr h¡& do AnZr ^mdZmAm|, {dMmam| H$mo ZB© ^mfm ‘| A{^ì`³V
H$a aho h¡§& n[aUm‘ñdê$n nwamZr nr‹T>r go dmVm©bmn `m g§dmX ‘| H$‘r AmB© h¡&
h‘ g~ OmZVo h¢ {H$ ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V ‘hmZ VWm loð> h¡& AnZo CXma‘VdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU go Bg g§ñH¥${V Zo nyao {dœ H$mo
à^m{dV {H$`m h¡& "dgwY¡d Hw$Qw>å~H$‘' Ho$ gmW "g~ OZ {hVm`, g~ OZ gyIm`' O¡gr YmaUmAm| Zo nyao {dœ H$mo EH$ n[adma
Ho$ ê$n ‘| XoIH$a g~Ho$ CÞ{Îm H$s H$m‘Zm H$s h¡& ^y‘§S>brH$aU ‘| ^r nyao {dœ H$mo EH$ g§ñH¥${V àXmZ H$aZo Am¡a dh g§ñH¥${V
A‘arH$s {dMmaYmam go à^m{dV hmoZo H$s ~mV ñnï> h¡& {Og ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V ‘| ór H$mo Xodr Ho$ ê$n ‘| nyOm OmVm Wm dhr
ór AmO {dkmnZ ‘| "dñVw' ~ZH$a ~oMr Om ahr h¡& ór Oê$a {e{jV ~Zr h¢, nwê$fm| Ho$ H§$Ym| go H§$Ym {‘bmH$a H$m‘ H$a
ahr h¢, ^y‘§S>brH$aU Zo Cgo Zm¡H$ar VWm CÞ{Îm Ho$ Adga ^r àXmZ {H$E h¡, ~mdOyX BgHo$ AmO H$s Cn^mo³VmdmXr gXr ‘|
dh "dñVw' Ho$ ê$n ‘| à`w³V hmo ahr h¡, Omo Jham g§H$Q> h¡&
^y‘§S>brH$aU VWm d¡œrH$aU go g~go A{YH$ à^m{dV ^maVr` n[adma ì`dñWm hþB© h¡§& H$^r g§`w³V n[adma ‘| ahH$a
AnZo [aíVm|-ZmVm| H$mo ‘O~yV ~ZmH$a, ~S>m| H$m AmXa VWm gå‘mZ H$aZo, EH$-Xygao H$mo ‘XX H$aZo, l‘ H$mo ‘hÎd XoZo, {‘b
OwbH$a H$m‘ H$aZo, gwI-XwI ‘| gmW XoZo O¡go VËdm| H$mo ‘O~yV H$aZodmbo n[adma AmO ‘mÌ n{V-nËZr Am¡a EH$mY ~ƒo VH$
AmH$a {g‘Q> JE h¡§& Cg‘| ^r Bgo n[adma Bg{bE H$hm OmEJm Š`m|{H$ ò Ho$db am{Ì ‘| hr g‘` {ZH$mbH$a EH$ Xygao go
{‘bVo h¡§& n{V-nËZr, XmoZm| Zm¡H$ar H$aVo h¢, ~ƒo H$mo Ho$Aa g|Q>a ‘| aIm OmVm h¡& n¡gm, H$[aAa VWm gÎmm H$s Xm¡‹S> ‘| dV©‘mZ
nr‹T>r gmao [aíVo-ZmVm| H$mo {H$Zmao H$a ahr h¡& ~y‹T>o ‘m±-~mn AHo$bonU H$s ~r‘mar go J«ñV h¡§& AZmWmb`m| H$s g§»`m ~‹T> ahr
h¡& g§n{Îm `m n¡gm| H$s A{V bmbgm ^mB©-^mB© `m ~mn-~oQ>o ‘| Xama n¡Xm H$a ahr h¡& ~oQ>m ~mn H$s hË`m H$a ahm h¡& eam~r
{nVm AnZr ~oQ>r H$mo hdg H$m {eH$ma ~Zm ahm h¡& bJVm h¡ ‘mZdr` g§doXZm gyI gr JB© h¡&
^maVr` g§ñH¥${V ‘| ImZ-nmZ H$s {OVZr {d{dYVm h¡ em`X hr Xw{Z`m H$s {H$gr AÝ` g§ñH¥${V ‘| ahr hmoJr& ha amÁ`
`m àm§V AnZr {deof nhMmZ ~ZmE hþE h¡§& d«V-Cndmg, Ë`m¡hma VWm {d{eï> ‘m¡H$m| na AbJ-AbJ ì`§OZ namogo OmVo h¡§&
F$Vw VWm Am~mohdm H$mo Ü`mZ ‘| boH$a ImZ-nmZ g§~§Yr gmdYm{Z`m± ~aVr OmVr h¡§& bo{H$Z ^y‘§S>brH$aU Ho$ à^md ñdê$n
gmam {dœ {Og ‘moZmo H$ëMa Ho$ AYrZ hmo ahm h¡, dh ~mOmê$ g§ñH¥${V ^maVr` ImZ-nmZ H$mo ^r AnZr MnoQ> ‘| bo MwH$s
h¡& AmO Kaobw ì`§OZm| H$mo ZH$maH$a ’$mñQ> ’y$S> H$mo hr ng§X {H$`m Om ahm h¡& Zm¡H$ar H$aZodmbr nËZr Ka ‘| ImZm namogZo
go H$B© Á`mXm hmoQ>b Ho$ nmg©b `m {nÂPm hmD$g go {S>{bdar n°Ho$O H$s ‘m±J H$aVr h¡& ~ƒm| go ~y‹T>m| VH$ {nÂPm, ~J©a,
H$moH$, ãb°H$ H$m°’$s, AmB©pñH«$‘, Mm`{ZO Am{X H$mo ImZnmZ Ho$ ‘w»` ì`§OZ ~Zm aho h¡§& Bggo ‘moQ>mno O¡gr ~r‘m[a`m± VoOr
go ’¡$b ahr h¡§& ImZ-nmZ Ho$ g‘mZ doe-Ho$e ^yfm H$mo ^r h‘Zo nyar Vah go ~Xbm h¡& h‘mao ahZ-ghZ ‘| ~Xbmd Am`m h¡&
h‘mar {dMmaYmam h‘mar Z ahH$a {dkmnZm| Ho$ AYrZ ~Zt h¡& gw~h go boH$a em‘ VH$ h‘ Š`m ImE±, nrE, Iobo, nhZo
Am{X Vmo {dkmnZ hr V` H$aVm h¡& {dkmnZ ~mOma H$m Ah§‘ ‘mÜ`‘ h¡& ~mOma AnZo CËnmX H$mo OZVm VH$ nhþ±MmZo Ho$ {bE
{dkmnZ H$m AmYma boVm h¡& Cggo ñnï> h¡ {H$ h‘mar ‘mZ{gH$Vm `m {dMmaYmam A~ ~mOma V` H$a ahm h¡&
g§ñH¥${V H$s EH$ ‘hÎdnyU© BH$mB© {d{dY H$bmE± h¡§& {MÌH$bm, {eënH$mb, dmñVw{Z‘m©U H$bm, g§JrV, Z¥Ë`, gm{hË`,
JrV Am{X H$bmE± g§ñH¥${V Ho$ dmhH$ h¡§& ^y‘§S>brH$aU Zo BÝh| ^r à^m{dV {H$`m h¡& àmMrZ ^maVr` gm{hË` ^maVr`Vm Ho$
‘yë`m| `m VËdm| H$mo AnZmH$a {dœ ‘mZd Ho$ H$ë`mU H$s H$m‘Zm H$aVm hþAm EH$ àH$ma go ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V Ho$ AmXem] H$mo
Xem©Vm Wm& g‘mO H$mo Omo‹S>Zo VWm gm‘m{OH$ OrdZ ‘yë`m| H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoVm Wm& dV©‘mZ gm{hË` ‘Zmoa§OZmË‘H$Vm H$s Amoa
~‹T>Vm ZOa Am ahm h¡& Cg‘| AûcrbVm H$s ‘mÌm ~‹T> ahr h¡& dV©‘mZ gm{hË`H$ma, àH$meH$ à{g{Õ `m ny±Or H$s bmbM ‘|
gO©Zm Ho$ AdYmZ H$mo hm{Z nhþ±Mm aho h¡§& VH$ZrH$s {dH$mg Zo ha {H$gr H$mo gm{hË`H$ma ~ZZo H$m ‘mZmo Ý`m¡Vm hr {X`m h¡&
Bgr H$maU g§Hw${MV Ñ{ï>H$moU H$m AmYma boH$a g‘mO OrdZ ‘| K{Q>V KQ>ZmAm| na ha H$moB© AnZr Amoa go Bg Vah go {bI
ahm h¡ {Oggo gm‘m{OH$Vm H$mo hm{Z nhþ±M aht h¡& gm{hË` H$m "g{hV' nyao g‘mO Ho$ gmW Z ahH$a AnZr Om{V, Y‘©, dJ©
`m amOZr{VH$ nmQ>u H$m ZoV¥Îd H$a ahm h¡& gm{hË` go Jm§^r`© N>rZ {b`m J`m, Cg‘| CVmdbonZ Ho$ gmW-gmW g§H$sU©Vm H$m
Xmàm ~‹T> J`m h¡& AmË‘-H|${ÐVVm H$s d¥{Îm ~‹T> JB©& hm± `h ‘mÌ gM h¡ ^y‘§S>brH$aU go ZE VH$ZrH$s `m `mVm`mV H$s
gw{dYm Zo ‘mÌ nwñVH$ N>mnZo, Cgo bmoJm| VH$ nhþ±MmZo H$s amñVm ‘mÌ ~ohX AmgmZ H$a {X`m& Xw{Z`m H$s H$moB© ^r {H$Vm~ A~
h‘go Xya Zht h¡&
Cn`w©³V {ddoMZ go ñnï> h¡ {H$, ^y‘§S>brH$aU Zo ^maVr` g‘mO, AW©, Y‘©, amOZr{V, {ejm, g§ñH¥${V Ho$ gmW h‘mar
{dMmaYmam H$mo ^r à^m{dV {H$`m h¡&
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE àíZ

(A) EH$ dmŠ` ‘| CÎma Xr{OE&
(1) Cn^mo³VmdmX Š`m h¡?
(2) ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s à{H«$`m H$m CX` H$~ Am¡a H$hm± hþAm?
(3) "dmqeJQ>Z Am‘ am`-1989' Š`m h¡?
(4) Xw{Z`m H$s nhbr ~hþamï´>r` H§$nZr H$m¡Zgr Wr?
(5) A§Vamï´>r` ‘wÐm H$mof H$s ñWmnZm H$~ H$s JB©?
(6) "J¡Q>' H$m {dñVma Š`m h¡?
(7) ½bmo~b {dboO H$s AdYmaUm Ho$ àdV©H$ H$m¡Z h¢?
(8) "AmonoH$' g§JR>Z {H$g joÌ go g§~§{YV h¡?
(9) ^maV ‘| ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s KmofUm H$~ H$s JB©?
(~) [a³V ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE&

(1) ............. Zo 1989 ‘| B§ñQ>rQ>çyQ> ’$m°a B§Q>aZoeZb BŠZm°{‘Šg ‘| AW©em{ó`m| H$s g§Jmoð>r H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m&
(2) dm°qe½Q>Z Am‘ am` 1989 ‘| ........... gyÌr` H$m`©H«$‘ àñVm{dV {H$`m Wm&
(3) ............. Zo Z°eZb B§Q>aoñQ> n{ÌH$m ‘| "B{Vhmg H$m A§V' Zm‘ go emoYnÌ àH$m{eV {H$`m&
(4) {dœ AW©ì`dñWm ‘| gwYma hoVw A‘arH$m Zo ............... ‘| {‘Ì amï´>m| H$m gå‘obZ ~wbm`m&
(5) .................. ‘| {dœ ì`mnma g§JR>Z (WTO) ApñVÎd ‘| Am`m&
(6) WTO H$m ‘w»`mb` ................ ‘| h¡&
(H$) gw‘o{bV H$s{OE

^y‘§S>brH$aU Ho$ MaU g‘`
(1) nhbm MaU (A) 1951-1990
(2) Xygam (~) 1850-1914
(3) Vrgam (H$) 1914-1950
(4) Mm¡Wm (S>) 1990 go AmO VH$

(1) ^y‘§S>brH$aU : nyao {dœ ‘| EH$ OrdZ-nÕ{V `m {dMma H$m àgma H$aZodmbr {dMmaYmam&
(2) AdYmaUm : g§H$ënZm, {dMma

(A)
(1) EH$ àd¥{Îm Omo Bg {dœmg na AmYm[aV h¢ {H$ A{YH$ Cn`moJ Am¡a A{YH$ dñVwAm| H$m ñdm‘r hmoZo go A{YH$ gwI Am¡a
Iwer {‘boJr&
(2) 1989, dm°qeJQ>Z
(3) Xg gyÌr` H$m`©H«$‘ {Oggo n{ü‘ Ho$ à~b amï´>m| H$mo CZH$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V go C^mam OmE&
(4) B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZr
(5) 1944 B©.
(6) OZab EJ«r‘|Q> Am°Z QóS> A±S> Q>o[a’$
(7) H°$Zo{S>`Z g‘mOemór ‘me©b ‘°ŠbwhZ (1962)
(8) nyao {dœ ‘| Vob ~mOma na {Z`§ÌU aIZo&
(9) 1991 B©.
(~)
(1) Om°Z {d{b`‘
(2) Xg
(3) ’«$m°{gg â`yŠ`m‘m
(4) 1944
(5) OZdar 1995
(6) OoZodm
(H$)
(1) ~, (2) H$, (3) A, (4) S>
2.5 gmam§e
A§J«oOr Ho$ ½bmo~bmBOoeZ eãX H$mo qhXr ‘| ^y‘§S>brH$aU `m d¡œrH$aU H$hm OmVm h¡& ^y‘§S>brH$aU Eogr {dMmaYmam
h¡ Omo nyao {dœ ‘| "EH$ OrdZ `m EH$ g§ñH¥${V' bmZm MmhVr h¡& `h {dMmaYmam AW© VWm g§ñH¥${V na {Q>H$s hþB© h¡& BgHo$
àMmaH$ ~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m± VWm CZHo$ Ûmam {Z{‘©V CËnmX H$mo bmoJm| VH$ nhþ±MmZodmbo {dkmnZ aho h¡§& CËnmX {Z‘m©U H$aZodmbo
n{ü‘r Xoe {deofV… A‘arH$m BgH$m ZoV¥Îd H$a ahm h¡& Bg {dMmaYmam H$s Ztd A‘arH$m Ho$ dmqeJQ>Z eha ‘| 1989 ‘| hþE
B§pñQ>Q>çyQ> ’$m°a B§Q>aZ°eZb BŠZm°{‘Šg Ho$ AW©em{ó`m| H$s g§Jmoð>r ‘| S>mbr JB©& Bg gå‘obZ ‘| n{ü‘ Ho$ à~b amï´>m| H$s
Am{W©H$ CÞ{Îm Ho$ hoVw "Xg gyÌr` H$m`©H«$‘' {X`m J`m& Bgo "dmqeJQ>Z Am‘ am`-1989' Ho$ Zm‘ go OmZm OmVm h¡& Bg‘|
Or.S>r.nr., {dXoer ‘wÐm ^§S>ma, {Z`m©V Am{X ‘| d¥{Õ H$s Zr{V V` H$s JB©& BgHo$ {bE A§Vaamï´>r` ‘wÐm H$mof VWm {dœ ~¢H$
O¡gr g§ñWmAm| H$s ñWmnZm H$s JB©& A‘arH$m Am{X {dH${gV Xoem| Zo {dkmZ, VH$ZrH$s, g§Mma VWm `mVm`mV Ho$ gmYZm| ‘|
~S>r ‘mÌm ‘| CÞ{Îm H$a AnZo CËnmX H$mo nyar Xw{Z`m Ho$ ~mOma ‘| ~oMZo VWm A{YH$m{YH$ ‘wZmµ’$m H$‘mZo Ho$ hoVw Xw{Z`m Ho$
g^r Xoem| H$mo Bg à{H«$`m ‘| em{‘b {H$`m& ^maV Zo 1991 B©. ‘| CXmarH$aU H$s Zr{V H$mo AnZmH$a ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$mo
ñdrH$ma {H$`m& Bggo Xoe H$s AW©ì`dñWm {díd H$s AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ gmW Ow‹S> JB©& Am{W©H$ d¥{Õ go Xw{Z`m Ho$ gm‘Zo EH$ ZB©
VWm CâVr AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ ê$n ‘| ^maV H$mo nhMmZ {‘br& Xoe ‘| Aa~n{V`m| H$s g§»`m ~‹T> JB©& Jar~ A{YH$ Jar~ ~ZVm
J`m& A‘rar-Jar~r Ho$ ~rM H$s ImB© ~‹T> ahr h¡& Xoe Ho$ 1% A‘ram| `m ny±Orn{V`m| Ho$ nmg 82% gån{Îm h¡& ^y‘§S>brH$aU
Zo g‘mOì`dñWm H$m T>m±Mm hr VmoS> {X`m h¡& n[adma, {ddmh g§ñWm hm©g Ho$ H$Jma na h¡& gÎmm, n¡gm, gån{Îm VWm ^m¡{VH$
dñVwAm| `m gmYZm| H$m Cn^moJ hr OrdZ H$m bú` ~Zm h¡& ^«ï>mMma Ho$ nZnZo ‘| A{YH$ n¡gm H$‘mZo H$s bmbgm {Oå‘oXma
ahr h¡& ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$mo X{H$`mZygr Kmo{fV H$a nmümË` g§ñH¥${V H$m A§YmZwH$aU OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ ‘| ~‹T> J`m h¡& ñnï>
h¡ ^y‘§S>brH$aU go ^maV H$s amOZr{V g‘mO, Y‘©, {ejm, g§ñH¥${V, AW© à^m{dV hþE h¡§&
2.6 ñdmÜ`m`
(1) ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s n[a^mfm XoH$a CgH$s AdYmaUm H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE&
(2) ^y‘§S>brH$aU Ho$ ñdê$n VWm à{H«$`m H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OE&
(3) ^y‘§S>brH$aU go à^m{dV {d{dY joÌm| H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE&
(4) ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s n[a^mfm XoH$a CgHo$ ñdén H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OE&
(5) ^maV ‘| ^y‘§S>brH$aU Ho$ CX` H$mo g§jon ‘| ~VmBE&
2.7 joÌr` H$m`©

(1) ^y‘§S>brH$aU go à^m{dV ‘hmamï´> H$s gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñW{V`m| H$s OmZH$mar àmá H$ao§&

(1) qgh nwînnmb, ^y‘§S>brH$aU Am¡a qhXr CnÝ`mg, ZB© {X„r, amYmH¥$îU àH$meZ, nhbm g§ñH$aU, 2012.
(2) {gÝhm g{ƒXmZ§X, ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s MwZm¡{V`m±, ZB© {X„r, dmUr àH$meZ, àW‘ Amd¥{Îm, 2012.

BH$mB© 3 : B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr H${dVm
AZwH«$‘
3.0 CÔoí¶
3.1 àñVmdZm
3.2 {df`-{ddaU
3.2.1 B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr H${dVm
3.2.2 B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr H${dVm H$s àd¥{Îm`m±
3.5 gmam§e
3.6 ñdmÜ`m`
3.7 joÌr` H$m`©
3.0 CÔoí¶
· B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr H${dVm VWm H${d`m| go n[a{MV hmo gH|$Jo&
· B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr H${dVm H$m {ddoMZ H$a gH$moJo&
· B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr H${dVm H$s àd¥{Îm`m| H$mo ñnï> H$a nmAmoJo&
3.1 àñVmdZm
O¡gm {H$ h‘ g~ OmZVo h¢, qhXr H${dVm H$s na§nam hOma-~mah gm¡ dfm] H$s ahr h¡& Am{XH$mb Ho$ {gÕ, O¡Z, ZmW
g§àXm` go ^{³VH$mb Ho$ H$~ra, Om`gr, gya VWm Vwbgr go hmoVr hþB© dh AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ‘| XñVH$ XoVr h¡& Agb ‘| 1857
‘| `h AmYw{ZH$ ~Zr& AnZo Ame`, {df`, ^mfm, e¡br, CÔoí` Ho$ ñVa na Bg‘| ZdrZVm Ho$ gmW AmYw{ZH$Vm Am`r&
^maV|Xw VWm {ÛdoXr `wJ (ZdOmJaU VWm OmJaU gwYma H$mb) Ho$ H${d`m| Zo Bgo n[aîH¥$V H$a AmOmXr Ho$ Am§XmobZ Ho$ gmW
gmW OZVm Ho$ gwI-XwI go Omo‹S> {X`m& N>m`mdmX, hmbmdmX, àJ{VdmX VWm à`moJdmX Zo AnZo g‘` VWm g‘mO H$mo dmUr
XoH$a qhXr H${dVm H$mo {dH${gV {H$`m& AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX Vmo ZB© H${dVm, AH${dVm, AmYw{ZH$ H${dVm, gmR>moÎmar H${dVm,
g‘H$mbrZ H${dVm, CÎma AmYw{ZH$ H${dVm Am{X H$B© gmao Am§XmobZm| Zo amï´>r` hr Zht ~pëH$ A§Vaamï´>r` J{V{d{Y`m|,
amOZr{VH$, Am{W©H$, gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌ ‘| ì`má {df‘VmAm|, {dg§J{V`m|, gyIVr ‘mZdr g§doXZmAm|, n¡gm,
gÎmm, H$[aAa, ^m¡{VH$ gmYZm| Ho$ nrN>o Xm¡‹S> aho g‘mO VWm Cg‘| AmE ~Xbmdm| H$mo AYmoaopIV {H$`m&
B¸$sgdt gXr gyMZm VH$ZrH$s, ~mOma VWm g§Mma gmYZm| H$s gXr ahr h¡& ~Xbmd `m J{V Bg gXr H$s {deofVm h¡&
^y‘§S>brH$aU, ~mOmadmX VWm Cn^mo³VmdmX Zo nyao {dœ H$mo ~mOma ‘| VãXrb H$a Xw{Z`m Ho$ ha ‘Zwî` H$mo Cn^mo³Vm {gÕ

{H$`m& ‘wZmµ’$m H$‘mZm ~mOma H$m CÔoí` h¡& ~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ CËnmXZ Xw{Z`m Ho$ ha ‘hmZJa, ZJa, H$ñ~m|, Jmdm| ‘|
nhþ±MH$a dhm± Ho$ ‘Zwî` H$mo A‘arH$m, MrZ VWm nmümË` {dH${gV Xoem| ‘| ~ZmB© OmZodmbo MrO| IarXZo Ho$ {bE {dde H$a
ahm h¡& H$^r Z¡{VH$ AmMaU, gXmMma VWm g§`‘ H$s d¥{Îm`m| Ho$ H$maU {dœ ‘| AnZr AbJ nhMmZ aIZodmbm ^maVr`
g‘mO AmO ^m¡{VH$ gmYZm| H$s àm{á H$mo hr OrdZ H$m bú` ‘mZ ~¡R>m h¡& dh ^«ï>mMma ‘| {bá h¡& CgHo$ {bE n¡gm VWm
g§n{Îm hr gdm}n[a h¡& [aíVo-ZmV| Qy>Q> aho h¡§& n[adma ì`dñWm {~Ia ahr h¡& Zmar {dkmnZ na {MnH$s dñVw ‘mÌ ahr h¡&
‘mZdr` g§doXZmE± gyI ahr h¡& ‘mZdVm H$m hZZ hmo ahm h¡& B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ Bg dmñVd H$mo Bg gXr H$m H${d ~˜y~r ì`³V
H$a ahm h¡& Bg gXr H$s H${dVm Z {H$gr dmX go g§~§Y aIVr h¡ Am¡a Z hr Bgna AnZo nyd©dVu H${d`m| H$m à^md h¡& CÎma
AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$s `h H${dVm AnZo g‘` VWm n[adoe H$m `WmW© {MÌU H$aVr h¡& ì`{³V, g‘mO, Xoe Ho$ gmW-gmW
A§Vaamï´>r` ñVa na K{Q>V KQ>ZmE±, n[apñW{V`m± Bg H${dVm ‘| {M{ÌV h¡§& Bg `wJ H$m H${d Zò q~~ VWm àVrH$ `moOZm Ho$
gmW {eën Am¡a e¡br ‘| ^r ~Xbmd H$aVm h¡& CgH$s A{^ì`{³V H$m ‘mÜ`‘ Ho$db {H$Vm~ hr Zht h¡ ~pëH$ dh ’o$g~wH$,
ãbm°J, Q‰>rQ>a, AmHw©$Q>, Am{X na ^r ì`³V hmo ahm h¡& Bg `wJ H$s H${dVm Ho$ àgma ‘| qhXr n{ÌH$mAm| H$m {deof `moJXmZ ahm
h¡& "aMZmH$ma', "H${dVm H$moe' O¡go nmoQ>©ëg na Vmo qhXr Ho$ bJ^J ha H${d H$s H${dVmE± CnbãY h¡§& àñVwV B©H$mB© ‘| h‘
B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ H${d VWm CZH$s aMZmAm| H$m AÜ``Z H$a|Jo& gmW hr Bg `wJ Ho$ H${dVm H$s àd¥{Îm`m| H$m H$m ^r {ddoMZ
{H$`m OmEJm&
3.2 {df`-{ddaU
3.2.1 B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr H${dVm
B¸$sgdt gXr H$s H${dVm (gZ 2000 go 2015 VH$) H$m AÜ``Z H$aVo g‘` h‘ {OZ H${d`m| VWm CZH$s aMZmAm|
H$m AÜ``Z H$aZodmbo h¢ CZ‘| bJ^J VrZ nr‹T>r Ho$ H${d em{‘b h¡§& nhbr nr‹T>r CZ H${d`m| H$s h¢ Omo bJ^J gmR> Ho$ XeH$
go hr gm{hË` go Ow‹S>o h¡§& BZ‘| Ho$XmaZmW qgh, ‘§Jboe S>~amb, M§ÐH$m§V XodVmbo, AemoH$ dmOno`r, ^JdmZ amdV, Am{X
em{‘b h¡§& Xygar nr‹T>r CZ H${d`m| H$s h¢ {OZH$s Am`w nMmg df© H$s h¢ `m do 1980 go H$mì` g¥OZ go Ow‹S>o h¡§& BZ‘|
H$mË`m`Zr, kmZ|Ðn{V, AZm{‘H$m, Hw$‘ma Aå~wO, n§H$O amJ, ndZ H$aU, EH$m§V lrdmñVd, ~ÐrZmamÙ Am{X h¡&§ Vrgar
`wdm nr‹T>r dh h¡ Omo qhXr H${dVm ‘| AnZr CnpñW{V XO© H$am ahr h¡ VWm {OZHo$ EH$mY H$mì`g§J«h Ho$ gmW-gmW A{YH$Va
H${dVmE± n{ÌH$mAm| VWm B§Q>aZoQ> na àH$m{eV h¡§& Omo ãbm°½O na boIZ H$aVr h¡§& BZ H${d`m| VWm CZH$s aMZmAm| H$m gm‘mÝ`
n[aM` {ZåZm§{H$V h¡-
Ho$XmaZmW qgh (1934-2018)

kmZnrR> nwañH$ma go gÝ‘m{ZV VWm {nN>bo ~mgR>-{VagR> gmbm| go qhXr gm{hË` H$s godm ‘| H$m`©aV Ho$XmaZmW Or Zo
AnZo ì`mnH$ OrdZmZw^d go Jm±d, XohmV, eha, nhm‹S> go boH$a V‘m‘ AZw^dm| H$mo AnZo aMZm-g§gma ‘| {namo`m h¡&
AHo$bonZ H$s ÌmgXr, g§Kf©erbVm, ~mOmadmXr AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ Xwînn[aUm‘m| H$mo H${d Zo AË`§V g§doXZerbVm Ho$ gmW
COmJa {H$`m h¡& AgmYmaU H$mo gmYmaU VWm gmYmaU H$mo AgmYmaU ~ZmZo H$m gm‘Ï`© Ho$Xma H$s H${dVm ‘| h¡& "A^r
{~ëHw$b A^r' (1960), "O‘rZ nH$ ahr h¡' (1980), "`hm± go XoImo' (1983), "AH$mb ‘| gmag' (1988), "CÎma H$~ra
Am¡a AÝ` H${dVmE±' (1995), "~mK' (1996), "VmbñVm` Am¡a gmB{H$b' (2005), "g¥{ï> na nham' (2014) Am{X g§J«hm|
H$s H${dVmE± ~hþAm`m‘r VWm ~hþdUu h¡§& CZH$s H${dVm ‘| Am‘ AmX‘r H$m hf©-C„mg, XwI-H$ï>, {dO`-namO`, Ë`mJ-
^moJ Am{X g§nyU© ê$n ‘| à{dï> hþAm h¡& {H$gmZm| H$s AmË‘hË`mAm| Ho$ {bE VWmH${WV {dH$mg Ho$ Zm‘ na Mb aho µ’$ao~ na
Ho$XmaZmW qMVm ì`³V H$aVo h¢-
"A~ `h hË`m Wr
`m AmË‘hË`m
`h Amn na N>mo‹S> XoVm hÿ±
Š`m|{H$ A~ Vmo dh g‹S>H$ {H$Zmao
MH$dS> Kmg H$s n{Îm`m| Ho$ ~rM nS>m Wm
EH$ hëH$s gr ‘wñH$mZ&' (µ’$gb)
{eën H$s Ñ{ï> go Ho$XmaZmW Zo Ho$db CÞrg eãXm| H$s "hmW' H${dVm {bIr h¡ gmW hr "~mK', "‘§M Am¡a ‘MmZ' O¡gr b§~r
H${dVmE± ^r {bIr h¡§& CÝhm|Zo N>§X`w³V VWm N>§X‘w³V H${dVm ^r {bIr h¡&
M§ÐH$m§V XodVmbo (1936-2017)

g‘` Am¡a g§X^© Ho$ gmW g‘H$mbrZ gm‘m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ J{V{d{Y`m| H$mo AnZr H${dVm Ûmam
A{^ì`³V H$aZodmbo XodVmbo gZ gmR> go qhXr H${dVm go Ow‹S>o h¡§& CZH$s H${dVm g‘` VWm g‘mO go gamoH$ma aIVr h¡&
XodVmbo H$s H${dVm H$s OS>o Jm±d-H$ñ~m| Am¡a {ZåZ ‘Ü` dJ© Ho$ gmW OwS>r h¡& BZ H${dVmAm| ‘| g‘H$mbrZ ‘mZd OrdZ
AnZr {d{dYVm VWm {dS§>~Zm Ho$ gmW CnpñWV hþAm h¡& "h{S>S>`m| ‘| Ny>nm Áda' (1973), "Xrdmam| na IyZ go' (1975),
"bH$S>~½Km h±g ahm h¡' (1980), "amoeZr Ho$ ‘¡XmZ H$s Va’$' (1982), "ha MrO ‘| AmJ ~Vm`r J`r Wr' (1987), "~Xbm
~ohX ‘h§Jm gm¡Xm' (1995), "nËWa H$s ~|M' (1996), "BVZr nËWa amoeZr' (2002), "COmS> ‘| g§J«hmb`' (2003), "EH$
Eogm g‘` h¡', "nËWa ’|$H$ ahm hÿ±' (2011) Am{X H$mì`g§J«hm| Ûmam qhXr H${dVm H$mo {dH${gV {H$`m h¡& CZH$s H${dVm ‘|
^maVr` ór Ho$ {d{dY ê$nm|, XwIm| VWm g§Kfm] H$mo COmJa {H$`m h¡& CZH$s H${dVm l‘ H$m gÝ‘mZ H$aVr h¡& dh l{‘H$,
Cno{jV, ór, Am{Xdmgr Ho$ gmW grYr OwS>r h¡, `hr dOh h¡ {H$ Bg H${dVm H$s ^mfm gOrd, nmaXeu VWm g§JrVmË‘H$ ~Zr
h¡& CZH$s H${dVm Ho$ AZwdmX àm`… g^r ^maVr` ^mfmAm| Ho$ gmW {dXoer ^mfmAm| ‘| ^r hþE h¡§&
^y‘§S>brH$aU go CnOr AW©àYmZ g§ñH¥${V ‘| Ohm± ha H$moB© ñdmW©, ~oB©‘mZr, Mmnbwgr go OrdZ`mnZ H$a ahm h¡ dht
XodVmbo {bIVo h¢-
"Eogo qOXm ahZo go Zµ’$aV h¡ ‘wPo
{Og‘| ha H$moB© AmE Am¡a ‘wPo AÀN>m H$h|
‘¢ ha {H$gr H$s Vmarµ’$ H$aHo$ ^Q>H$Vm ahÿ±
‘oao Xwí‘Z Z hmo
Am¡a Bgo ‘¢ AnZo hH$ ‘| ~S>r ~mV ‘mZy§&' (nËWa ’|$H$ ahm hÿ±)
^JdmZ amdV (1939-2012)

^JdmZ amdV H$s H${dVm AnZo H$Ï` Am¡a ê$n {dYmZ ‘| nyU©V… `WmW©dmXr h¡& BZH$s aMZmerbVm H$m joÌ AË`§V
ì`mnH$ h¡& H${d àH¥${V Ho$ gmW AnZo g‘mO go nyar Vah EH$mË‘ h¡& CZH$s H${dVm ‘mÌ g§doXZm Zht OJmVr ~pëH$ dh Am±Io
ImobVr h¡& "g‘wÐ Ho$ ~mao ‘|' (1977),' {~Wm H$Wm' (1997), "h‘Zo CZHo$ Ka XoIo' (2001), "{Zdm©{MV H${dVmE±'
(2004), "Aå‘m go ~mV| Am¡a Hw$N> bå~r H${dVmE±' (2008), "Xoe EH$ amJ h¡' (2009), "H${d Zo H$hm' (2012) Am{X
àH$m{eV aMZmE± h¡§& BZ H${dVmAm| ‘| do dV©‘mZ gä`Vm Am¡a g§ñH¥${V Ho$ A§V{d©amoYt H$mo ~S>o gyú‘ ñVa na COmJa H$aVo hþE
AmO Ho$ Cn^mo³Vm g‘mO ‘| OrdZ H$s AW©dÎmm na gdmb CR>mVo h¡§& CZH$s Hw$N> H${dVmE± b§~r h¡§&
{dœZmW àgmX {Vdmar (1940)
bJ^J nm§M XeH$m| H$s aMZm `mÌm ‘| {Vdmar Ho$ gmV H${dVmg§J«h àH$m{eV h¡§& "MrOm| H$mo XoIH$a'(1970), "gmW
MbVo hþE'(1978), "~ohVa Xw{Z`m Ho$ {bE'(1985), "AmIa AZ§V'(1991), "~o{S>`m| Ho$ {déÕ'(2003), "eãX Am¡a
eVmãXr'(2003), "{’$a ^r Hw$N> ah'(2008) OmEJm Am{X& BZ H${dVmAm| H$m H${d ~hþV OmJê$H$, ghO, g§doXZerb h¡
gmW hr A{^ì`§OZm H$m¡eb Ho$ à{V gmpËdH$ ê$n go gOJ ^r& CZH$s H${dVm ‘| ‘Zwî` H$s AmñWm, {dœmg, ar{V-[admO,
g§ñH$ma, ào‘-na§nam, Am{X ‘yë`m| H$s ImoµO h¡& CZH$m àËòH$ g§J«h ^mfm Ed§ AZw^d H$m Z`m ñdmX h¡& {dO|Ð ZmamÙ qgh
Zo R>rH$ hr {bIm h¡ {H$ "CÝhm|Zo Ako` Am¡a Hw±$da ZmamÙ H$s Vah gm¡å` Am¡a ^Ð g§doXZerbVm H$mo AmË‘gmV {H$`m h¡&
gmar gm¡å`Vm Ho$ ~mdOyX Ho$XmaZmW qgh ‘mŠg©dmXr g§ñH¥${V H$s AmdmO h¡, na {dœZmW {Vdmar Ho$db AnZr AmdmO h¡&'
draoZ S§>Jdmb (1947-2015)

AnZr H${dVm H$mo {Zambm, ‘wp³V~moY, {ÌbmoMZ, Ho$XmaZmW, XodVmbo, VWm ~ƒZ H$s H${dVm na§nam go Omo‹S>H$a
AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ g§Kf©aV, d§{MV VWm CËnr{S>V ^maVr`m| H$m {MÌU H$aZodmbo S§>Jdmb A{ÛVr` H${d aho h¡§& CZHo$ "Bgr
Xw{Z`m ‘|' (1991), "XwüH«$ ‘| òï>m' (2002), "ñ`mhr Vmb' (2009) Am{X g§J«hm| H$s H${dVmE§ ‘w³V N>§X H$s h¡§& dV©‘mZ
g‘` ‘| CËnÞ Am{W©H$, gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ`mAm| H$m ghr-ghr VWm gQ>rH$ {dûcofU BZH$s H${dVm ‘| hþAm h¡& ^y‘§S>brH$aU,
{ZOrH$aU, CXmarH$aU H$s Zr{V`m| H$m OZgm‘mÝ` na hþAm n[aUm‘ BZH$s H${dVm H$m H|$Ðr` {df` ahm h¡&

‘§Jboe S>~amb (1948)
g‘H$mbrZ H${dVm Ho$ ge³V hñVmja S>~amb H$s H${dVm gm‘§VdmX VWm ny±OrdmX H$m {damoY H$aVr hþB© AnZo g‘`
H$mo Xem©Vr h¡& ^y‘§S>brH$aU VWm CXmarH$aU H$s Zr{V go à^m{dV ^maVr` g‘mO, amOZr{V VWm AW© CZH$s H${dVm ‘| AnZo
à^mdm| Ho$ gmW A{^ì`³V hþE h¡§& n`m©daU VWm AmV§H$dmX H$s g‘ñ`m Ho$ gmW-gmW ‘mZdr` g§~§Ym| ‘| AmE gyIonZ go
g‘mO ‘| AmE ~Xbmdm| H$mo do ~S>r gyú‘Vm go {M{ÌV H$aVo h¡§& "nhm‹S> na bmbQ>oZ'(1997), "Ka H$m amñVm'(2001), "EH$
~ma Am`modm'(2002), "h‘ Omo XoIVo h¢', "AmdmO ^r EH$ OJh h¡' (2004), "H${d H$m AHo$bmnZ' (2008), "Zò `wJ ‘|
eÌw' (2014), Am{X CZHo$ H$mì`g§J«h h¡§&
Ohra Hw$a¡er (1950)

Xwî`§VHw$‘ma Ho$ ~mX qhXr µJµOb H$mo g‘¥Õ H$aZodmbm| ‘| Ohra Hw$aoer H$m Zm‘ AJ«oga h¡& ‘ybV… 1975 go µJµOb boIZ
go Ow‹S>o Ohra AmO ^r amOZr{V, g‘mO, g§ñH¥${V, {ejm, Y‘© Ho$ joÌ ‘| ì`má {dg§J{V`m|, {df‘VmAm| H$mo AnZr µJµOb Ho$
Ûmam ~S>o ge³V ê$n go A{^ì`³V H$a aho h¡§& CZHo$ Hw$b gmV µJµOb g§J«h àH$m{eV h¢- "boIZr H$m ñdßZ' (1975), "EH$
VyH$S>m Yyn' (1979), "Mm±XZr H$m XwI' (1986), "g‘§Xa ì`mhZo Am`m' (1992), "^rS> ‘| g~go AbJ' (2003), "noS> VZ
na ^r Zht Qy>Q>m' (2010), "~mobVm h¡ ~rO ^r' (2012) Am{X& BZH$s Z`r gXr H$s µJµObm| ‘| ^«ï> OrdZ ‘yë`, Ym{‘©H$
CÝ‘mX, amOZr{VH$ hWH$ÊS>m| go J«{gV g‘mO, {ejm H$s XyamdñWm, ór-nwê$f g§~§Y, M[aÌ VWm Z¡{VH$Vm H$s AZXoIr Am{X
H$m {MÌU h¡& µJµObH$ma AmemdmXr ~ZH$a g‘mOì`má {df‘VmAm| VWm {dg§J{V`m| go OyPZo VWm {hå‘V H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo O¡gr
JObo ^r {bIVm h¡&
Aê$U H$‘b (1954)

OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY joÌm| H$m {MÌU H$aVr Aê$U H$‘b H$s H${dVm {OVZr Amn~rVr h¡ CVZr hr OJ~rVr ^r& {df`
H$s {d{dYVm Ho$ H$maU BZH$s ^mfm ‘| ^r {d{dYVm Ho$ Xe©Z hmoVo h¡§& ò ~S>r Hw$ebVm Am¡a ghOVm go OrdZ àg§Jm| H$mo
H${dVm ‘| ê$nm§V[aV H$aVo h¡§& BZH$s H${dVm ‘| dV©‘mZ emofU‘ybH$ ì`dñWm Ho$ à{V AmH«$moe, Zµ’$aV Am¡a Cgo CbQ>H$a EH$
Z`r ‘mZdr` ì`dñWm Ho$ {Z‘m©U H$s ì`mHw$bVm {XImB© XoVr h¡& "Ho$db Yma' (1980), "g~yV' (1989), "ZE BbmHo$ ‘|'
(1996), "nwVbr ‘| g§gma' (2004), "‘¢ dmo e§H$ ‘hme§I' (2011) "dm`goO' (A§J«oOr ‘|) Am{X g§J«hm| H$s H${dVmAm| ‘|
EH$ Vah H$s emór` CXmÎmVm h¡& CZ‘| gyú‘ A§VÑ©{ï>, g§`V H$bm, AZwemgZ Ho$ gmW AmË‘r`Vm ^r h¡& CZH$s H${dVm ‘|
‘OXya MoVZm na n`m©á ‘mÌm ‘| {dMma hþAm h¡& "hmoQ>b' ‘| H$m‘ H$aZodmbo bS>Ho$ H$mo XoIH$a H${d H$m ‘Z ì`{WV hmoH$a ImZo
Ho$ {bE CR>m hmW O¡go OS> ~ZVm h¡-
"O¡go hr H$m¡a CR>m`m,
hmW ê$H$ J`m&
gm‘Zo {H$dm‹S> go bJH$a
amo ahm Wm dh bS>H$m
{OgZo ‘oao gm‘Zo
aIr Wr Wmbr&' (AnZr Ho$db Yma)
kmZ|Ðn{V
{Zambm H$s na§nam Ho$ H${d kmZ|Ðn{V H$m OÝ‘ PmaIÊS> Ho$ nWaJm‘m Jm±d ‘| Jar~ n[adma ‘| hþAm& CZH$s H${dVm
aMZmË‘H$ à{VamoY H$s H${dVm h¡& do AnZr H${dVm go Omo IË‘ hmo ahm h¡ Cgo {XImZo Ho$ Abmdm Omo AÀN>m hmoZm Mm{hE
CgHo$ g§Ho$V XoVo h¡§& CZHo$ àH$m{eV H$mì`g§J«hm| ‘| "Am±I hmW ~ZVo hþE' (1970), "eãX {bIZo Ho$ {bE hr `h H$mJO ~Zm
h¡' (1981), "J§JmVQ>' (2000), "g§e`mË‘m' (2004),' {^Zgma' (2006), "H${d Zo H$hm' (2014) Am{X {deof h¡§& CZH$s
H${dVm na gQ>rH$ {Q>ßnUr H$aVo hþE H${d amOoe Omoer {bIVo h¢, "kmZ|Ðn{V H$m "J§Jm VQ>' H$mì`m| H$m g§J«h Zht Ý`mg h¡&
Am¡nÝ`m{gH$ h¡& ‘w{³V~moY H$s "A§Yoao ‘|' Ho$ ~mao ‘| H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ dh Zohê$ `wJ H$m {H«$Q>rH$ h¡& Bg `wJ H$m {H«$Q>rH$ J§Jm
VQ> h¡& CZH$s H${dVm ‘| g‘` VWm n[adoe H$m Am°ãOd}eZ h¡&'

Hw$‘ma Aå~wO (1957)
^monmb {Zdmgr Hw$‘ma Aå~wO H$s H${dVm AnZo g‘` VWm g‘mO H$s ge³V A{^ì`{³V h¡& AnZo Hw$b nm§M g§J«hm|
‘|, "{H$dm‹S>' (1992), "H«y$aVm' (1996), "A{VH«$‘U' (1998), "AqZV‘' (2002), "A‘rar aoIm' (2011)Am{X ‘| Zã~o
Ho$ ~mX Ho$ ^maVr` OZ‘mZg VWm n[adoe H$m {MÌU h¡& CZHo$ H$mì` g§J«hm| Ho$ Zm‘ g‘` {deof Ho$ Xm¡amZ {bIr J`r
H${dVmAm| Ho$ Hw$b M[aÌ, à{VdmX Am¡a AmH$m§jm H$mo H|$Ð ‘| aIH$a MwZo h¡§& EH$ Vah go do AnZo Cg H$mbI§S> na {Q>ßnUr,
{d‘e©, à{VamoY Am¡a àñVmd H$mo b{jV H$aVo h¡§& BZ‘| g‘H$mbrZ àd¥{Îm`m| H$s nhMmZ H$s H$mo{ee h¡ gmW hr hm{WE na Ny>Q>
JB© MrOm| H$mo ~rM ~hg ‘| em{‘b H$aZo H$s BÀN>m ^r&
H$mË`m`Zr (1959)
H«$m§{VH$mar dm‘n§Wr amOZr{V go AZwà‘m{UV, gm‘m{OH$ g{H«$`Vm, Zmar VWm ‘OXya ‘moM} na g{H«$` ahr H$mË`m`Zr
H$m OÝ‘ 7 ‘B©, 1959 H$mo JmoaInwa (C.à.) ‘| hþAm& dV©‘mZ H${R>Z g‘` ‘| ÌmgX Am¡a ^rfU `WmW© go g§Kf© H$aVr hþB©
AnZo AmH«$moe VWm Am§V[aH$ nr‹S>m H$mo ~o~mH$s go ì`³V H$aZodmbr CZH$s H${dVm Qy>Q>Vo ‘yë`m|, ór H$s ÌmgXr, Zd
’$mgrdmX, ~mOmadmX, Cn{ZdoedmX, gm§àXm{`H$Vm Ho$ gmW ^«ï>Vm Am¡a ‘aVr hþB© ‘mZdr` g§doXZm na AnZr H$b‘ MbVr h¡&
H$mË`m`Zr H$s H${dVm AmñWm, à{V~ÕVm Am¡a g§Kf© H$m Xygam Zm‘ h¡& CZHo$ H$mì`g§J«hm| ‘| "gmV ^mB©`m| Ho$ ~rM' (1994),
"Bg nm¡ê$fnyU© g‘` ‘|' (1994), "OmXy Zht H${dVm' (2002), "amV Ho$ g§Var H$s H${dVm', "MmhV', "H${dVm H$s OJh',
"AmIoQ>', "Hw$hoa H$s Xrdma IS>r h¡' Am{X {deof h¡§& gm‘m{OH$ à{V~ÕVm VWm ‘mZdr` g§doXZmAm| go gån¥³V BZH$s H${dVmE±
‘Z H$mo PH$PmoaVr h¢ VWm nmR>H$m| H$mo gmoMZo Ho$ {bE {dde H$aVr h¡&
nwpînVm AdñWr (1960)

qhXr H$s {dœXyV H$hr OmZodmbr nwpînVm AdñWr H${d, g‘rjH$, g§JR>H$ Ho$ gmW qhXr, g§ñH¥$V, A§J«oOr, ~m§½bm,
’«|$M, S>M Am{X ^mfmAm| H$s OmZH$ma h¡§& do {dJV Mm¡Xh dfm] go {dXoe ‘| {deofV… gyarZm‘, ZrXab¢S> Am{X Xoem| ‘| qhXr
^mfm, gm{hË`, g§ñH¥${V Ho$ àMma-àgma go OwS>r h¡§& CZHo$ H$mì`g§J«hm| ‘| "eãX ~ZH$a ahVr h¡ F$VwE±' (1997), "AjV'
(2002), "H${dVm gyarZm‘' (2003), "B©œamerf' (2005), "öX` H$s hWobr' (2005), "Vw‘ hmo ‘wP ‘|' (2014), "eãXm|
‘| ahVr h¡ dh' (2004) Am{X {deof h¡§&
AZm{‘H$m (1961)
ZmardmXr Voda Am¡a OZnjYaVm AZm{‘H$m H$s H${dVm H$s nhMmZ h¡& ^md, ^mfm VWm e¡br Ho$ ñVa na CZH$s
H${dVm CZHo$ ì`{³VÎd Ho$ g‘mZ ~hþAm`m‘r ahr h¡& A§J«oOr H$s àmÜ`mnH$ ahr AZm{‘H$m Zo qhXr gm{hË` H$mo g‘¥Õ {H$`m
h¡& CZH$s H${dVm g‘` Ho$ gmW MbVr h¡& g‘` VWm AnZo n[adoe H$mo Z Ho$db `WmW© ê$n ‘| {M{ÌV H$aVr h¡ ~pëH$ Omo
{dg§JV VWm {df‘ h¡ Cgna H$R>moa {Q>ßnUr ^r H$aVr h¡& ì`§½` MoVZm CZH$s H${dVm H$s Img nhMmZ h¡& CZH$s H${dVm na
‘¡ZoOa nmÊS>o` {bIVo h¢, "^maVr` g‘mO Ed§ OZOrdZ ‘| Omo K{Q>V hmo ahm h¡ Am¡a K{Q>V hmoZo H$s à{H«$`m ‘| Omo Hw$N> Jw‘ hmo
ahm h¡, AZm{‘H$m H$s H${dVm ‘| CgH$s à^mdr nhMmZ Am¡a A{^ì`{³V XoIZo H$mo {‘bVr h¡&' CZHo$ à‘wI H$mì`g§J«h h¢-
"JbV nVo H$s {MÆ>r', "~rOmja', "AZwïw>n', "g‘` Ho$ eha ‘|', "IwaXwar hWo{b`m±', "A~ ^r dgÝV H$mo Vwåhmar OéaV
h¡'(2004) "Xy~ YmZ'(2007)Am{X&
ndZ H$aU (1964)

H${d ndZ H$aU ^maVr` ór H$m `WmW© {MÌU H$a ór Ho$ ^rVa H$s g§doXZmAm| H$mo g‘mO‘Z VH$ nhþ±MmVo h¡§& CZH$s
H${dVmAm| H$s ór dh ~Xbr hþB© ór h¡ {Ogo AnZo {dMma Am¡a g§ñH$ma go bS>Vm Am¡a IwX H$mo ~XbVm hþAm nwê$f ß`ma H$aVm
h¡& AmbmoMZm VWm {Z~§Y boIZ Ho$ gmW-gmW CZHo$ nm§M H$mì`g§J«h àH$m{eV h¡§& "Bg Vah ‘¢' (2000), "ór ‘oao ^rVa'
(2004), "AñnVmb Ho$ ~mha Q>obr’$moZ' (2009), "H$hZm Zht AmVm' (2012), "H$moQ> Ho$ ~mOy na ~Q>Z' (2013), Am{X
g§J«hm| H$s H${dVmAm| ‘| dV©‘mZ Am¡n{ZdoerH¥$V VWm ^y‘§S>brH¥$V ^maVr` n[adoe ‘| ór VÎd H$s ImoµO H$s h¡& BZ H${dVmAm|
‘| {M{ÌV ór Z A{V-AmYw{ZH$ h¡ Am¡a Z hr {dXoer gä`Vm Ho$ Omb ‘| ’±gH$a AnZr g§ñH¥${V H$mo ImoZodmbr h¡& BgHo$ ~Xbo
BZ H${dVmAm| H$s ór Ho$ nmg ór-gwb^ gmar ^mdZmE± gwa{jV h¢, AnZo n[adoe Ho$ à{V dh nyar Vah go dm{H$µ’$ h¡, nwê$f
àYmZ g§ñH¥${V ‘| AnZo ApñVÎd H$mo ~ZmE aIVo hþE AnZo qbJ-g‘mO VWm ê${‹T>JV gr‘mAm| H$m C„§KZ H$aZo go ^r dh

Zht S>aVr& ndZ H$aU ór {d‘e© Ho$ gmW-gmW ~mOma, gm§àXm{`H$Vm, XmoñV, {nVm, n`m©daU Am{X {df`m| na ^r boIZr
MbmVo h¡§&
n§H$O amJ (1964)

qhXr H${dVm ‘| {deof `moJXmZ Ho$ hoVw "Ho$Xma gå‘mZ' go gå‘m{ZV n§H$O amJ H$s H${dVm ^y‘§S>brH$aU, CXmarH$aU
VWm {ZOrH$aU Ho$ à^md go ^maVr` g‘mO OrdZ ‘| AmE ~Xbmdm| H$s A{^ì`{³V h¡& B{Vhmg, nwamVÎd VWm {’$ë‘ OJV
‘| ê${M aIZodmbo n§H$O amJ H$s A{YH$Va H${dVmE± nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| ‘| àH$m{eV h¡§& CZHo$ "`h ^y‘§S>b H$s amV h¡' (2009)
H$mì`g§J«h H$s H${dVmE± Z {g’©$ {df`m| Am¡a erf©H$m| ‘| ~pëH$ ^mfm à`moJ Ho$ gmW {~å~m|, àVrH$m| H$s Ñ{ï> go ^r à`moJerb
h¡§& CZH$s H${dVm ^y‘§S>brH$aU go n¡Xm qMVm, VUmd, KwQ>Z H$mo ~S>r ghOVm go A{^ì`³V H$aVr h¡& Bgr g§J«h H$s "{X„r:
eha Xa eha' b§~r H${dVm h¡ {Og‘| H${d EH$ eha Ho$ ~hmZo ‘Zwî` H$s {Z`{V go Xmo-Mma hmoVm h¡&
EH$m§V lrdmñVd (1964)

R>oR> XohmVr bmoH$ g§doXZm, gm‘m{OH$ `WmW© ‘| Jhar {XbMñnr Am¡a gwbPr hþB© ‘mZdr` OrdZ Ñ{ï> Ho$ ~b~yVo Ho$
H$maU EH$m§V lrdmñVd AnZr AbJ nhMmZ ~ZmE hþE h¡§& N>ÎmrgJT> Ho$ "Nw>am' Zm‘H$ H$ñ~o ‘| 8 OZdar, 1964 H$mo OÝ‘o
EH$m§V lrdmñVd AÜ`mnH$, AmbmoMH$, H${d Ho$ gmW AZwdmXH$ Ho$ ê$n ‘| n[a{MV h¡& CZHo$ "AÞ h¡ ‘oao eãX' (1994),
"{‘Æ>r go H$hÿ±Jm YÝ`dmX' (2000), "~rO go ’y$b VH$' (2003), "H${dVm H$m AmË‘nj' (2006), "eoëQ>a ’«$m°‘ {X aoZ'
(A§J«oOr ‘| AZy{XV H${dVmE±) 2007, "~‹T>B©, Hw$åhma Am¡a H${d' (bå~r H${dVm 2013), "YaVr AYpIbm ’y$b h¡' (2013)
Am{X H$mì`g§J«h àH$m{eV h¡§& CZH$s H${dVmE± IoV-I{bhmZ Am¡a [aíVm| H$s Am±N> go âr h¡& EH$m§V Ho$ H${d h©X` ‘| OZnX
H$s ‘hH$ h¡, bmoH$OrdZ H$m g§JrV h¡ VWm g§Kf© ^r h¡& àH¥${V Ho$ gmW EH$m§V H$m Jham bJmd h¡& Bgr H$maU ha H${dVm ‘|
àmH¥${VH$ Ñí`m| H$s ‘m¡OyXJr ZOa AmEJr& YaVr, AmH$me, ~m[ae, dg§V, nVPS>, nm[aOmV, Mm±X H$s amV, ZXr, g‘wÐ
Am{X H$mo H|$Ð ‘| aIH$a {bIr H${dVmE± àH¥${V Am¡a ‘Zwî` Ho$ AQy>Q> g§~§Ym| H$mo COmJa H$aVr h¡&
~ÐrZmamÙ (1965)
ZB© nr‹T>r Ho$ gOJ H${d ~ÐrZmamÙ H$m OÝ‘ 5 Aºy$~a, 1965 H$mo {~hma ‘| hþAm& eãX, g§ñH¥${V Am¡a B{Vhmg Ho$
A§V:g§~§Ym| Ho$ AÜ``Z ‘| Jhar ê${M aIZodmbo ~ÐrZmamÙ H$s H${dVmE± AnZo g‘` Ho$ g‘mO H$s ^`mdh gƒmB© H$mo
COmJa H$aVr h¡& ^y‘§S>brH$aU Ed§ ny±OrdmXr ì`dñWm go OÝ‘o A‘mZdr` pñW{V {deof H$mo H${d nmR>H$m| H$mo gå‘wI aIVm h¡&
àH¥${V H$s hmZr, ‘mZdr` ‘yë`m| H$m I§S>Z, Z¡{VH$ ‘yë`m| H$m Ad‘yë`Z Am{X g§H$Q> ~ÐrZmW H$s H${dVm ‘| AnZo g‘` H$m
`WmW© ê$n ~ZH$a Câo h¡§& H${d AmemdmXr ~ZH$a BZ g^r H$m ‘wH$m~bm H$aVm h¡& H${dVm ‘| ZE {~å~m| VWm àVrH$m| H$m
à`moJ gmW©H$ ~Zm h¡& CZHo$ "IwXmB© ‘| qhgm', "gM gwZo H$B© {XZ hþE' (1992), "eãXnXr`‘', "Vw‘‹S>r Ho$ eãX' Am{X g§J«h
àH$m{eV h¡§&
Zrboe aKwde
§ r (1969)
`wdm H$d{`Ìr Zrboe aKwd§er ZB© nr‹T>r H$s ge³V hñVmja h¡& ór-{d‘e© go Ow‹S>H$a ^r CZH$m H$mì` ’$bH$ ì`mnH$
h¡& CZH$s H${dVm ‘| H$ënZm Am¡a `WmW© Ho$ ~rM VZmd ~Zm ahVm h¡& "Ka {ZH$mgr' (1997), "nmZr H$m ñdmX' (2004),
"A§{V‘ n§{³V ‘|' (2008), "YaVr hm°’$ ahr h¡' (2008) Am{X CZHo$ H$mì`g§J«h h¡§& Zrboe H$s nhbr H${dVm ‘| ‘mVm-{nVm
H$s `mX Ho$ gmW Ka n[adma àH$Q> hþAm h¡& BZ H${dVmAm| ‘| ‘mV¥Îd H$s AmË‘r` N>{d`m± h¡§& BZH$s H${dVm ‘| ào‘ H$s AZoH$
N>{d`m± VWm ñdßZ âo h¡§& do AnZr H${dVm ‘| Zò T>§J H$m amo‘mZ aMVr h¡& `h amo‘mZ H$mën{ZH$ Z hmoH$a X¡Z§{XZ OrdZ Ho$
AZw^dm| H$s Q>H$amhQ> h¡& Zrboe H$s H${dVm ‘| ór OmJaU H$m g§Xoe h¡& H${d Zo {H$gmZ OrdZ Ho$ gmW ‘Ü`dJ© H$mo ~S>r
`WmW©Vm go {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡& l{‘H$ OrdZ H$s XyamdñWm Ho$ gmW g‘mOì`má Nw>AmNy>V VWm ANy>V g‘ñ`m H$s Amoa ^r H${d
g§Ho$V H$aVr h¡& "‘„mh H$m emoH$JrV' gwZm‘r go nr{‹S>V ‘„mhm| H$s Xem H$m Am»`mZ h¡& CZH$s H${dVm Ho$ gm‘m{OH$
gamoH$ma à~b h¡§&
{Z‘©bm nwVb
w (1972)
‘ybV… g§Vmbr ^mfm H$s H$d{`Ìr ahr {Z‘©bm nwVwb H$s H${dVm ‘| Am{Xdmgr nr‹S>m Am¡a à{VamoY Ho$ÝÐr` {df` ahm h¡&
BZH$s H${dVm ‘| Am{Xdmgr Apñ‘Vm Ho$ gmW ór-Apñ‘Vm Ow‹S> JB© h¡& Bg‘| Am{Xdmgr ór OrdZ Ho$ Ag§»` Am»`mZ h¡§&
AnZo "Ka H$s Vbme' (2004), "ZJmS>o H$s Vah ~OVo eãX' (2005), "~oKa gnZo' (2014), Am{X g§J«hm| H$s H${dVmE±
~mOma VWm ^y‘§S>brH$aU go Am{Xdmgr OrdZ VWm g§ñH¥${V na ‘§S>amVo g§H$Q>m| H$s A{^ì`{³V h¡& Bg ~mao ‘| CZH$s H${dVm
H$m ñda AmH«$moe go âm, CJ« VWm {dÐmohr h¡& CZH$s H${dVm ‘| àH¥${V ào‘ Ho$ gmW Am{Xdmgr amOmAm|, XodVmAm| H$m JwUJmZ
^r h¡& do Am{Xdmgr Am¡a àH¥${V Ho$ gmhM`© H$mo ~S>r hr ^mdZmË‘H$ hmoH$a {M{ÌV H$aVr h¡& CZH$s àm`… g^r H${dVmE± nhbo
g§Vmbr ^mfm ‘| {bIr JB© Am¡a {’$a qhXr ‘o§&
{Zem§V
Xoe Am¡a g‘mO Ho$ AamOH$ Xm¡a ‘| H${d Ho$ ‘Z ‘| nZnZodmbm Ag§Vmof, AmH«$moe Am¡a {dñ’$moQ> `wdm H${dVm H$s Img
nhMmZ h¡& B¸$sgdt gXr H$s `wdm H${dVm ‘| à{VamoY H$s ‘wÐm Ho$ gmW Voda h¡& Bg nr‹T>r H$m ZoV¥Îd H$aZodmbo H${d {Zem§V Ho$
Xmo H$mì`g§J«h h¢- "OdmZ hmoVo hþE bS>Ho$ H$m H$~ybZm‘m' (2009) Am¡a "Or hm§, {bI ahm hÿ±' (2012)& BZH$s H${dVm Ho$
H|$Ð ‘| "‘¢' h¡& Bgr "‘¢' go H${d ì`mnH$ OrdZ H$s Amoa ‘wS>Vm h¡& BZ H${dVmAm| ‘| H${d H$m AmË‘H$Ï` h¡& H${d AnZo "‘¢'
H$mo boH$a gme§{H$V h¡& ~oH$mar, Jar~r, gm§àXm{`H$Vm, ‘h§JmB©, AZ¡{VH$Vm, ~r‘mar go nr{‹S>V "‘¢' H$‘ao ‘| nS>m h¡& ‘aZo go
nhbo dh amoZm MmhVm h¡& H${d H$m `h amoZm nr{‹S>V, àVm{‹S>V, X{‘V AmX‘r H$m amoZm h¡ Omo ^y‘§S>brH$aU, CXmarH$aU,
ñdmWu amOZr{V, ny±OrdmX go à^m{dV h¡& H${d {Zem§V AnZo Amg-nmg Ho$ OrdZ go grYo gmjmËH$ma H$aVm h¡& H$mì` ^mfm
na ^r H${d H$m A{YH$ma h¡& Bgo df© 2008 H$m "^maV^yfU AJ«dmb' nwañH$ma àmá h¡& BZH$m ‘yb Zm‘ {dO` Hw$‘ma gmd
h¡, bo{H$Z AemoH$ dmOno`r Ho$ gwPmd go "{Zem§V' Zm‘ go H$mìàMZm H$a aho h¡§&
Cn`w©³V à{V{Z{Y H${d`m| Ho$ gmW-gmW B¸$sgdt gXr ‘| qhXr gm{hË` H$s godm H$aZodmbo H${d`m| H$s g§»`m hOma Ho$
nma H$s h¡& à{V{ð>V H${d`m| Ho$ gmW-gmW `wdm H${d ^r AnZo g‘` VWm n[adoe H$mo ~S>r H$bmË‘H$Vm go A{^ì`³V H$a aho
h¡§& gZ 2012 ‘| àH$m{eV H$mì`g§J«h-Aï>^wOm ewŠb H$m "nX Hw$nX', Jm¡ad gmob§H$s H$m "gm¡ gmb {’$Xm', lràH$me ewŠb
H$m "aoV na AmH¥${V`m±', A§ewb {ÌnmR>r H$m "AmYr amV ‘| XodgoZm', Hw$‘ma AZwn‘ H$m "~m[ae ‘oam Ka h¡', ho‘§V eof H$m "IoX
`moJ àXrn', gdmB© qgh eoImdV H$m "{H$VZm h‘ OmZVo h¢ »`m{VhrZVm Ho$ ~mao ‘|', A{^kmV H$m "Iwer R>haVr h¡ {H$VZr
Xoa', amKd|Ð H$m "EH$ {MÆ>r H$s Amg ‘|', hare H$a‘M§Xm§Zr H$m "g‘` H¡$gm ^r hmo', H$‘boœa gmhÿ H$m "nHo$ hþE ’$b H$m
ñdmX', ‘mohZ amUm H$m "aoV H$m nwb', g{ƒXmZ§X {demI H$m "Am¡a WmoS>r Xya', ‘ZmoOHw$‘ma Pm H$m "VWm{n OrdZ', {à`Xe©Z
H$m "Zï> Hw$N> ^r Zht hmoVm', `wdm H$d{`Ìr d{V©H$m Z§Xm H$m "Wr hÿ± ahÿ±Jr', àkm amdV-"Omo ZXr hmoVr', g{dVm ^mJ©d-
"{H$gH$m h¡ Amg‘mZ', d§XZm {‘l-"dmo Am JE h¢', ‘Yw e‘m©- "Bgr YaVr na `h Xw{Z`m h¡', nwpînVm AdñWr- "e¡b
à{V‘mAm| go', `wdm H${d g§O` Hw§$XZ H$m "`moOZmAm| H$m eha', àVmn amd H$X‘-"CgH$s Am±Im| ‘| Hw$N>', {dO|Ð {dO-
"OwJb~§Xr', A{‘Vm^ {‘l-"Hw$N> H$‘ H${dVm', Amo‘ ^maVr- "A~ ^r Aeof', gwYra gŠgoZm- "{H$Vm~| Xrdma Zht hmoVr',
Za|Ð O¡Z-"Mm¡amho na bwhma', lr{Zdmg lrH$m§V-"MÅ>mZ na bS>H$s', Am`màVmn ghJb- "‘w{³VÍa Ho$ gm‘Zo'&
2014 ‘| àH$m{eV H$mì`g§J«h- H${d Z§X {H$emoa AmMm`©- "‘¥Ë`w e{‘ªXm h¡ IwX' Am¡a "‘waPmZo H$mo pIbmVo hþE', JmoqdX
‘mWwa- "Z‘H$ H$s Vah', Hw$~oa XÎm- "ew{MVo', doUw Jmonmb- "Am¡a Á`mXm gnZo', h[aAmo‘ amOm¡[a`m- "ZmJ[aH$ ‘V', {earf
‘m¡`©- "X§VH$Wm Am¡a AÝ` H${dVmE±,' Vwfma Ydb- "ò AmdmO| Hw$N> H$hVr h¢', ‘mohZ S>oh[a`m- "Bg Ka ‘| ahZm EH$ H$bm
h¡', ‘XZ H$í`n- Xya VH$ Mwßnr, {‘{Wboe lrdmñVd- nwVbo na Jwñgm, ZrbH$‘b- "`h no‹S>m| Ho$ H$n‹S>o ~XbZo H$m g‘` h¡',
{d‘boe {ÌnmR>r- "EH$ Xoe Am¡a ‘ao hþE bmoJ', gd]Ð {dH«$‘- "XwI H$s ~§{Xe|', lràH$me ewŠb- "AmoahZ Am¡a AÝ`
H${dVmE±, "nwpînVm AdñWr- "eãXm| ‘| ahVr h¡ dh,' Aê$Um^ gm¡a^-"{XZ ~ZZo Ho$ H«$‘ ‘|', Ho$ed {Vdmar- "Vmo H$mho H$m
‘¢', ZrbmoËnb- "n¥Ïdr H$mo h‘Zo OS>o Xr', Vwfma Ydb- "Xyar {‘Q> J`r', ñdpßZb lrdmñVd- "O~ VH$ h¡ OrdZ', {XZoe
Hw$edmh- "B©œa Ho$ nrN>o', amO|Ð ZmJXod- Cg amV Mm±X I§S>ha ‘| {‘bm, gwYra a§OZ qgh- ‘mojYmam, A§Oy e‘m©- H$ënZmAm|
go nao H$m g‘`, C‘me§H$a Mm¡Yar- do nyN>|Jo Vw‘go S>a H$m a§J, ~bXod d§er- MmH$ na M‹T>r ‘mQ>r, AZyn Aeof- {XZ Á`m|
nhm‹S> Ho$, è ‘mbdr`- ZtX H$mJO H$s Vah, Xod|Ð Am`© ‘moVr ‘mZwf MyZ (µJµOb), Y«wd Jwá- ‘wP‘| Hw$N> h¡ Omo AmB©Zm gm
h¡ (µJµOb) {MÌH$ma ‘§Owbm MVwd}Xr- EH$ H$moZm amJ H$m Am{X&
3.2.2 B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr H${dVm H$s àd¥{Îm`m±

d¡go XoIm OmE Vmo {H$gr ^r H$mbIÊS> H$s H${dVm AnZr na§nam go Hw$N> MrOm| H$mo gmW boH$a MbVr h¡ Vmo ñd`§ AnZo
Amn ‘| Hw$N> Z`m ^r Omo‹S>Vr h¡& Bg ~mV H$mo h‘ Am{XH$mb go boH$a AmYw{ZH$ H$mb VH$ H$s qhXr H${dVm ‘| XoI MwHo$ h¡§&
dra, l¥§Jma, ^{³V, Zr{V VWm ào‘ H$s Ymam Am{XH$mb go dV©‘mZ H${dVm VH$ ‘m¡OyX h¡& amï´>r`Vm, `WmW© {MÌU,

gm‘m{OH$Vm, ‘moh^§J, {dÐmoh, ì`§½` MoVZm, à`moJerbVm, AmYw{ZH$Vm, ‘mZdVmdmX Am{X àd¥{Îm`m± ñdmV§Í`moÎma `wJ go boH$a
~rgdt gXr Ho$ A§{V‘ XeH$ H$s H${dVm ‘| ‘m¡OyX h¡& Bg {bhmO go XoIm OmE Vmo ZB© gXr H$s H${dVm ‘| Hw$N> àd¥{Îm`m±
`wJmZwê$n Z`r h¡ VWm Hw$N> AnZo nyd©dVu ~rgdt gXr Ho$ A§{V‘ XeH$ H$s h¡, Omo na§nam go AmB© h¡& Bg gXr H$s H${dVm
{df`, ^mfm VWm e¡br Ho$ ñVa na {d{dY h¡& `h ha a§J Am¡a eoS>g ‘| CnbãY h¡& H${d`m| H$s g§»`m ^r hOma Ho$ nma h¡&
Bg‘| à{V{ð>V H${d`m| Ho$ gmW-gmW {~ëHw$b A^r-A^r EH$mY H${dVm {H$gr n{ÌH$m ‘| àH$m{eV H$aZodmbm H${d ^r ‘m¡OyX
h¡& gmoeb ‘r{S>`m H$s gH$mamË‘H$ ^y{‘H$m Zo Bg gXr H$s H${dVm H$mo ~S>r AmgmZr go nmR>H$m| VH$ nhþ±Mm`m h¡& Bg H${dVm
H$s àd¥{Îm`m± {ZåZm§{H$V ahr h¢-
~mOmadmX H$m à^md

Bg `wJ Ho$ H${d Zo ^y‘§S>brH$aU, {ZOrH$aU, CXmarH$aU H$s Zr{V go ‘wR>ôS> H$s h¡& gaH$ma VWm àemgZ Ûmam ^maV
H$s Am{W©H$ CÞ{Îm H$aZo Ho$ hoVw ñdrH¥$V H$s JB© CXmarH$aU H$s Zr{V Ho$ O~ {dnarV n[aUm‘ {XImB© XoZo bJo V~ `hm± H$m
Am‘ AmX‘r VWm H${d XmoZm| H$m ‘moh^§J hþAm& ^y‘§S>brH$aU Zo {Og hX VH$ A‘rar Am¡a Jar~r Ho$ ~rM H$s ImB© H$mo ~T>m`m
h¡ Cgo XoI `hm± H$m H${d ~oM¡Z h¡& CgH$s ~oM¡Zr ^y‘§S>brH$aU go nZnr ~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m| H$s "‘wZmµ’$mImoar' go h¡& Bg VÎd
Zo nyao {dœâ Ho$ ‘Zwî` H$mo ‘hO EH$ Cn^mo³Vm ~ZmH$a N>moS>m h¡& A~ ‘mZmo ^m¡{VH$ gmYZm| H$mo nmZm hr OrdZ H$m A§{V‘
bú` ~Zm h¡& Bggo ‘mZdr` g§doXZm ‘mZmo gyI gr JB© h¡& H${d H$mo Bg gXr H$s g~go ~S>r ÌmgXr `wÕ `m AmV§H$dmX Z
bJH$a gyIVr hþB© ‘mZdr` g§doXZm bJVr h¡& ~mOma Zo ha MrO H$mo ~oMZm ewê$ {H$`m h¡& [aíVo-ZmVo, ß`ma, XmoñVr g~ H$m
EH$ ‘yë` {ZYm©[aV hþAm h¡& H${d hao àH$me CnmÜ`m` Zo AnZo "pIbmS>r, XmoñV VWm AÝ` H${dVmE±' g§J«h ‘| g^r ‘yë`m| na
~mOma H$mo hmdr XoIH$a gdmb I‹S>m {H$`m h¡ -
‘m± H$m XyY {H$VZo ê$nò {H$bmo {~H$Zm Mm{hE ^mB`m|!
gmoMmo EH$ {XZ g~ bmoJ&
YaVr Zo ewê$ H$a Xr XwH$mZXmar Vmo Š`m hmoJm?
A^r Vmo ^y{‘H$m ~m±Y aho h¢ H$gmB©,
Ny>ao nyOm aho h¢ Am¡a Yma Om±M aho h¢,
WmoS>m R>hamo XoImoJo O~ H$Va|Jo H$boOo,
AmJ ‘| ^yZZo, VíVar ‘| gOmH$a ~mOma ‘| ~oM|Jo&
ór-{d‘e©
^y‘§S>brH$aU Ho$ Iob ‘| ~mOma Ûmam ‘r{S>`m H$mo {X`m J`m ‘§Ì h¡- ^moJ Am¡a àXe©Z H$mo Zmar ‘w{³V H$m n`m©` ~ZmH$a
CÝ‘w³V ^moJ-Cn^moJ H$mo AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s ‘hÎdnyU© CnbpãY ~Zm Xmo& ‘r{S>`m, Cn^mo³VmdmX VWm ~mOma Zo ór H$mo g~go
A{YH$ à^m{dV {H$`m h¡& CgH$s N>{d H$mo Vma-Vma H$a {X`m h¡& dV©‘mZ gXr H$s H${dVm ‘| ór H$s ÌmgXr VWm {dS>å~Zm,
CgH$s emo{fV pñW{V, gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ nam{YZVm, g{X`m| go Mbo Am aho ór-nwê$f g§~§Ym|, gm‘§Vr ‘yë`m| Am¡a
‘mÝ`VmAm| go bS>Vr-g§Kf© H$aVr ór H$m `WmW© {MÌU hþAm h¡& Bg Ñ{ï> go amOoe Omoer, {dîUw Iao, AZm{‘H$m, ndZ
H$aU, M§ÐH$m§V XodVmbo, ~mo{YgÎd, H$mË`m`Zr, g{dVm qgh, a§OZm Om`gdmb, gwYm CnmÜ`m`, {Z‘©bm nwVwb Am{X H$s
H${dVmE± {deof h¡§& ò H${dVmE± Ohm± EH$ Amoa H$^r Z IË‘ hmoZodmbr ór emofU H$s na§nam H$m {MÌU H$aVr h¡ dht emofU
go ‘w³V hmoZo Ho$ Cnm` ^r ~VmH$a ór ‘w{³V Ho$ ñdßZ H$mo gmH$ma ^r H$a ahr h¡§& dV©‘mZ `wJ H$s ór ~mhar VZmdm| Am¡a g§Kfm]
H$m gm‘Zm H$aZo Ho$ {bE AnZr ‘O~yV Am¡a {Z{^©H$ N>{d JT> ahr h¡& g{dVm qgh {bIVr h¡-
‘wPo dh ór ng§X h¡ Omo H$hVr h¡ AnZr ~mV gm’$-gm’$
~o{PPH$ {OVZm H$hZm h¡ ~g CVZm
{Z{^©H$ Omo H$aVr h¡ AnZo H$m‘
Zht S>aVr gmoMVr hþB© AmË‘ {Z^©aVm na AnZo
hQ>mVr Zht do AmpIar nX}
AmË‘m {OÝh| ~MmZm MmhVr h¡ Xoh Ho$ {bE&

X{bV-Am{Xdmgr {d‘e©
‘mZdr` A{YH$mam| Ho$ à{V gOJVm Am¡a g{X`m| go Mbo Am aho emofU Am¡a AÝ`m` Ho$ {˜bmµ’$ {damoY B¸$sgdt gXr
Ho$ X{bV H${dVm H$m à‘wI ñda h¡& gm‘m{OH$ g‘Vm H$mo ~ZmE aIZodmbr `h H${dVm na§namJV ê${‹T>`mo VWm {dH¥${V`m| H$mo
MwZm¡Vr Xo ahr h¡& Bg H${dVm ‘| X{bV-emo{fVm| H$m XwI, nr‹S>m, ÌmgXr, emofU, An‘mZ, X‘Z h¡ gmW hr ñdmYrZVm Am¡a
gå‘mZ nmZo H$m g§Kf© ^r h¡& `h H${dVm S>m°. ~m~mgmh~ Am§~oS>H$a H$s {dMmaYmam H$mo AnZm gmÜ` VWm gmYZ ‘mZVr h¡&
~m~mgmh~ H$m ñ‘aU X{bV gm{hË` H$m H$mìèmór` ‘§JbmMaU h¡& Bggo B¸$sgdt gXr H$m X{bV H${d AmË‘{dœmg Ho$
gmW gm‘m{OH$ {df‘VmAm| H$m à{VH$ma H$aZo VWm MwZm¡Vr XoZo Ho$ {bE V¡`ma h¡& H${d gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ {bIVo h¢-
"{’$a ‘¢-
Vwåhmao aMo eãXm| Ho$
grZo na MT>H$a
~OmD$±Jm S§>H$m
{dO`lr H$m
Š`m|{H$ A~ ‘¢ Jy§Jm Zht hÿ±&'
Am{Xdmgr H${dVm H$m ‘yb ñda XwJ©‘, ~rh‹S>, H$ï>m|, g§Kfm] VWm CnojmAm| go âo Am{Xdmgr OrdZ Ho$ `WmW© VWm
g§Kf© H$m h¡& Bg‘| àemgZ, R>oHo$Xma Ho$ emofU H$s H$Wm-ì`Wm H$m {MÌU h¡& Am{Xdmgr H${dVm ‘| àH¥${V, n`m©daU H$mo
~MmZo H$s Jhar qMVm gm’$ {XImB© XoVr h¡& `h H${d Ob, O‘rZ VWm O§Jb na Am{Xdm{g`m| H$m A{YH$a ~ZmE aIZo VWm
CZHo$ g§Kf©aV OrdZ H$mo `WmW© ê$n ‘| àñVwV H$aVm h¡& eå^y `mXd, AÀ`wVmZ§X {‘l, adtÐ Xmg, Aê$U Am{XË`, {Z‘©bm
nwVwb, {dO`qgh Am{X H$s H${dVmE± Am{Xdmgr OrdZ, g§ñH¥${V, g§Kf© H$s H${dVmE± h¡§&
{dkmZ Am¡a VH$ZrH$s H$m à^md

B¸$sgdt gXr {dkmZ VWm gyMZm VH$ZrH$s H$s gXr h¡& àm¡Úmo{JH$s Zo gmam OrdZ à^m{dV {H$`m h¡& gyMZm H«$m§{V go
{dœ Vmo ‘mZmo EH$ "½bmo~b {dboO' ~ZH$a ah J`m h¡& H§$ß`yQ>a, ‘mo~mBb, B§Q>aZoQ> Zo OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ H$mo gw{dYmOZH$
~ZmH$a J{V àXmZ H$s& bo{H$Z BgHo$ {dnarV n[aUm‘ ^r gm‘Zo AmE& AmO {dkmZ ‘Zwî` na hmdr hmoVm ZOa Am ahm h¡&
‘{eZr `wJ ‘| ì`{³V `§ÌdV AmMaU H$aZo bJm h¡& CgH$s g§doXZm Ho$ òmoV gyIVo Om aho h¡§& hmXgo ‘| Km`b H$mo ~MmZo go
Á`mXm CgH$s Vñdra boZm VWm ObVo Ka `m H$ma na nmZr S>mbZo go H$B© Á`mXm goë’$s {ZH$mbZodmbr `h nr‹T>r dmQgAn,
Joåg VWm nmoZ© gmBQg XoIVr hþB© ~‹T> ahr h¡& ‘mgy‘m| Ho$ gmW ~bmËH$ma hmo aho h¡§&
amOZr{VH$ MoVZm
g‘H$mbrZ OrdZ H$mo AË`m{YH$ à^m{dV H$aZodmbr gmoM amOZr{V h¡& BgZo Z Ho$db g‘mO, Y‘©, g§ñH¥${V, AW© H$mo
à^m{dV {H$`m ~pëH$ g‘H$mbrZ Xe©Z ^r Bggo à^m{dV h¡& dV©‘mZ g‘` ‘| AmX‘r AmX‘r Zht h¡, dh `m Vmo Om{V h¡, dJ©
h¡ `m amOZr{VH$ Xb h¡& AmO H$s amOZr{V YmoImYS>r, ^«ï>mMma, AnamYrH$aU, byQ>, ^mB©-^VrOmdmX gÎmm nmZo Ho$ g^r
Ag§d¡Ym{ZH$ n¢Vam| H$mo AnZmVr h¡& BgH$m M[aÌ ~S>m ^`mdh VWm Iy±Ima h¡& AmO gÎmm Ho$ {˜bmµ’$ ~mobZm ^r amï´>Ðmoh h¡&
H${d amOoe Omoer "‘mao Om`|Jo' H${dVm ‘| {bIVo h¢-
"H$Q>Kao ‘| IS>o H$a {XE Om`|Jo,
Omo {damoY ‘| ~mob|Jo
Omo gM ~mob|Jo ‘mao Om`|Jo&'
Z`r gXr H$m H${d AnZo g‘` VWm n[adoe Ho$ à{V OmJê$H$ h¡& dh OmZVm h¡ {H$ amOZr{V ‘| AnZo ñdmW© {g{Õ Ho$
{bE Vah-Vah Ho$ hWH§$S>o AnZmE Om aho h¡§& H$^r Y‘©, Om{V Ho$ Zm‘ na Vmo H$^r àm§V Ho$ Zm‘ na Xoe H$m ~±Q>dmam {H$`m
Om ahm h¡& H${d ‘§Ow e‘m© "d{ZVm' Bg gƒmB© H$mo COmJa H$aVr gmW hr ^{dî` H$s ^`mdh pñW{V Ho$ à{V AmJmh ^r H$aVr
h¡-
H$U©Ymam|,
jwÐ ñdmW© Ho$ {bE ^{dî` H$m
Jbm ‘V H$mQ>mo
Y‘© H$m Ádmbm‘wIr hr em§V Zht hmo nmVm

Xoe H$mo Om{V, CnOm{V`m| ‘| ‘V ~m±Q>mo& (Š`m dg§V, Š`m gmdZ)
g‘gm‘m{`H$ g‘ñ`mAm| H$m `WmW© {MÌU

B¸$sgdt gXr H$s H${dVm ‘mÌ Xoe H$s hr Zht ~pëH$ A§Vaamï´>r` ñVa na K{Q>V g^r àH$ma H$s g‘ñ`mAm| H$mo
A{^ì`³V H$aVr h¡& AmV§H$dmX go à^m{dV {dœ ‘mZd Bg H${dVm ‘| {M{ÌV h¡& àXyfU H$s g‘ñ`m, ~m‹T>, ËgyZm‘r, AH$mb,
`wÕ, KmVH$ ~r‘m[a`m±, {dñWm{nVm| H$s ÌmgXr, {dœ ñVa na ~‹T>Vr ‘h§JmB© VWm Am{W©H$ ‘§Xr, Jar~r, ^yI‘ar, ì`gZm{YZVm
Ho$ gmW-gmW ‘wZmµ’$mImoar H$m dmñV{dH$ {MÌU Bg H${dVm ‘| h¡& ^`, AmV§H$, IyZ, Iam~m, qhgm, AmV§H$dmX, g§àXm`dmX
Am{X dV©‘mZ g‘` VWm g‘mO H$s gƒmB© h¡& Bg Xm¡‹S>Vr ^mJVr Xw{Z`m ‘| AmX‘r O~ Ka go ~mha {ZH$bVm h¡ Vmo T>oa gmao
gdmb CgHo$ OohZ go JwOa aho hmoVo h¡§& ~ƒm ñHy$b J`m h¡, nËZr Ka ‘| AHo$br h¡, ~oQ>r Am°’$sg JB© h¡, ‘m± gm‘mZ bmZo J`r
h¡...& XheV VWm AmV§H$ Ho$ Bg `wJ ‘| H${d amHo$e a§OZ {bIVm h¡-
"XheV Am¡a X[aÝXJr go âo
h‘mao Bg g‘` ‘| hmo gH$Vm h¡....
hmo gH$Vm h¡ ‘¢ hr Z bm¡Q> nmD$± AnZo Ka&'
dV©‘mZ ‘| ào‘ Ho$ à{V ZdrZ Ñ{ï>H$moZ ~Zm h¡& ào‘ qOXJr H$mo MwZm¡Vr go Q>H$amZo H$s àoaUm XoVm h¡ bo{H$Z ~oamoOJmar go
nr{‹S>V `wdH$m| H$mo ‘mZ{gH$ `§ÌUmAm| H$m VrIm Ahgmg ^r H$amVm h¡& H${d {dœZmW {Vdmar {bIVo h¢-
"Š`m|{H$ Zm¡H$ar Bg OÝ‘ Ho$ {bE Oê$ar h¡,
AV… ß`ma H$mo AJbo OÝ‘ VH$ Ho$ {bE
ñW{JV H$aVm hÿ±&'
gm§àXm{`H$Vm, OmVrdmX, {H$gmZ XyamdñWm VWm AmË‘hË`mE±, gÎmm H$m {d{eï> Y‘© Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ à{V XheVâm
ì`dhma, ‘h§JmB©, Ow‘bo~mOr, ~oH$mar, Agwajm, ór, X{bV emofU, Jar~r-A‘rar Ho$ ~rM ~‹T>Vr ImB©, ^«ï>mMma Am{X go
dV©‘mZ n[adoe `m g‘` BVZm {KZm¡Zm ~Zm h¡ {H$ `hm± Ho$ gm‘mÝ` ‘Zwî` Ho$ ‘Z ‘| Ag§Vmof hr Zht nZnVm ~pëH$ AZm`mg
Jm{b`m± ^r {ZH$b ahr h¢-
"hdm BVZr ~X~yXma hmo J`r h¡
{H$ {g’©$ Jm{b`m± XoVo hþE CYa go JwOaZm,
h‘mar {Z`{V hmo J`r h¡&'
(^maV^yfU AJ«dmb-CJVm dh gyaO h¡&)
bmoH$OrdZ H$m `WmW© {MÌU

B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr H${dVm H$m H|$Ð Ho$db {X„r Z ahH$a nyao Xoe â ‘| ’¡$br `wdm à{V^m ahr h¡ Omo XohmVm| VWm
Jmdm|, H$ñ~m| ‘| ~gr h¡& gyMZm H«$m§{V VWm OZg§Mma ‘mÜ`‘m| Ho$ H$maU Jmdm| ‘| ~gr `h à{V^m Jm§d Ho$ OrdZ H$mo ~S>r
H$bmË‘H$ VWm `WmW© ê$n ‘| A{^ì`³V H$a ahr h¡& ^y‘§S>brH$aU, CXmarH$aU VWm {ZOrH$aU Zo eha Ho$ g‘mZ hr Jm±dm| H$m
T>m±Mm hr ~Xb {X`m h¡& Jm§dm| H$s CO‹S>r hþB© am¡ZH$ H$m {MÌU H${d g§Vmof Hw$‘ma MVwd}Xr AnZr bå~r H${dVm "‘moNw> ZoQw>Am'
‘| H$aVo h¢-
O¡go Iy§Q>m| go EH$-EH$ Jm`~ hmoVo JE ~¡b,
Jm`m| go Imbr hmoVo JE XwAma,
AnZr g»V H$dM Ho$ ~mdOyX
H$Nw>E ~Mm Zht nmE IwX H$mo
Am¡a h‘mao XoIVo-XoIVo Jm`~ hmo JE,
Xya VH$ ZOa aIZodmbo {JÕ
R>rH$ Cgr Vah go Jm`~ hmoVo Om aho h¢
gm±n&
ì`§½`mË‘H$Vm
ZB© gXr ‘| ì`má {dg§J{V`m| VWm {df‘VmAm| Zo ì`§½` Ho$ {bE O¡go Cd©a ^y{‘ V¡`ma H$s h¡& ì`{³V H$m XmoJbm M[aÌ,
àemgZ VWm amOZr{V ‘| ì`má ^«ï>mMma, g§H«${‘V g§ñH¥${V, {ejm H$s XyamdñWm, ñdmWu VWm ny±Orn{V`m| Ho$ hmWm| ‘| ~gr
AW©Zr{V, A{dœmg, EH$mH$snZ, AHo$bonU go OyPVm ‘Zwî`, Qy>Q>Vo [aíVo-ZmVo-n[adma Ho$ gmW ^m¡{VH$ gmYZm| VWm n¡gm| H$m
AmXr ~Zm ‘Zwî`& B¸$sgdt gXr H$m H${d BZ {df‘VmAm| na H$R>moa àhma H$aVm h¡& H$^r-H$^r dh dMZ-dH«$Vm Ho$ gmW-
gmW MwQ>{H$`m± ^r boVm h¡& {dkmZ Am¡a ñdmñW g§~§Yr joÌ ‘| hþB© CÞ{Îm H$s qS>J hm±H$Zo dmbo ‘Zwî` H$m {MÌU "aob ‘| ~mV'
H${dVm ‘| Aê$U H$‘b Hw$N> A§XmO ‘| H$aVo h¢-
"AmX‘r H$hm§ go H$hm± nhþ±M J`m
AmO H$moB© Eogr ~r‘mar Zht {OgH$s Xdm Z hmo
OëXr hr Eogr VaH$s~ Am ahr h¡ {H$ AmX‘r H$^r ‘ao Zht
Am¡a AJa ‘a ^r OmE Vmo hÿ~hÿ d¡gm hr AmX‘r {’$a ~Z OmE&
gm‘Zodmbr grQ> na ~¡R>o AmX‘r Zo Omoa H$s gm±g br Am¡a ~mobm,
h‘H$mo Vmo {g’©$ gm’$ nmZr Mm{hE, ^mB© Or&
Zò {~å~ VWm àVrH$ `moOZm

B¸$sgdt gXr H$m H${d {~Zm {H$gr bmJ bnoQ> Ho$ CÝ‘w³V hmoH$a H$mì` H$mo A{^ì`{³V H$aVm h¡& `h H${d ZE {~å~
VWm ZE àVrH$m| H$m à`moJ H$aVm h¡& BgHo$ àVrH$ ^y‘§S>brH$aU, {ZOrH$aU go CËnÞ g§H$[aV ^mfm go ~Zo h¡§&
(1) do hË`mao hr Zht
Mmoa, CM¸o$, S>H¡$V
hmo‘mogoŠgwAb, ‘oQ´mogoŠgwAb
ao{nñQ> h¡§& (JéS> {H$gZo XoIm h¡- lrH$m§V d‘m©)
(2) h‘| gwI Mm{hE...
VèwXm H$s‘Vm| ‘|
ì`mO Ho$ gmW Nw>nm h¡ ì`mO H$m ~«÷mó... & (amOoe gŠgoZm)
(3) n{T>ò JrVm/~{Zò grVm/{’$a BZ g~ ‘| bJm nbrVm
{H$gr ‘yI© H$s hmo n[aUrVm/ {ZO Ka ~ma ~gmBE&
hm|` H$Q>rbr& Am±I| Jrbr/ bH$S>r grbr
V~r`V T>rbr/Ka H$s g~go ~S>r nVrbr
âH$a ^mV ngmBò&
(aKwdra ghm`-gr{T>`m| na Yyn)
{eën VWm ^mfm e¡br

B¸$sgdt gXr H$m H${d {eën Ho$ gmW e¡br ‘| ZE ~Xbmd H$aVm h¡& H$ht-H$ht Vmo Bg gXr H$s H${dVm na `h Amamon
^r bJm`m J`m h¡ {H$ `h JÚ Ho$ BVZr nmg nhþ±M J`r h¡ {H$ Bgo "JÚ H${dVm' (àmoO nmoEQ´r) H$m Zm‘ {X`m OmE& Bg H${dVm
H$m CÔoí` A{^ì`³V hmoZm h¡, Bg‘| b`, J{V, H«$‘ Zht ah| Vmo ^r R>rH$ h¡&
Bg gXr Ho$ A{YH$Va H${d`m| ‘| eãX à`moJ H$mo boH$a EH$ ’$¸$S>nZ h¡& BÝhm|Zo AnZo joÌ ‘| à`w³V ^mfm Ho$ eãXm| H$mo
{ZS>a hmoH$a à`w³V {H$`m h¡&H${d kmZ|Ðn{V H$s H${dVm ‘| VwH$~§Xr ‘mohH$ ~Zr h¡ gmW hr gmW©H$ ^r& CXm. Om§J{bH$-
‘m§J{bH$, ^wO~b-nXXb, Jh‘mJh‘r-gh‘mgh‘r, Am`VmH$ma-{ZV§~mYma, {Zamhma-{ZamYma Am{X& BZH$s H${dVm ‘|
"Z¡aoeZ' H$s ‘mÌm A{YH$ h¡& amOoe Omoer H$s H$mì`^mfm na ñWmZr` ^monmb Ho$ Jbr ‘wh„m| H$m à{V{~å~ h¡& {ÌbmoMZ H$s
H$mì`^mfm ‘Ü`àXoe H$s ~mo{b`m| go OwS>r h¡& kmZ|Ðn{V, Aê$U H$‘b, CX` àH$me ^moOnyar g‘mO Ho$ bmoH$OrdZ H$s Ow~mZ
H$mo dmUr Xo aho h¡§& {Z‘©bm nwVwb g§Vmbr ^mfm H$m à`moJ H$a ahr h¡&
A{^Ym eãX e{³V H$m aMZmË‘H$ à`moJ {H$`m h¡& {dO|Ð H$s H${dVm ‘| à`w³V ^mfm {MÌmË‘H$ h¡& dh ñd`§ {MÌH$ma
ahr h¡& H${d ‘§Jboe H$s H${dVm H$mo g§JrV H$m ñne© h¡& Aê$U H$‘b H$s H${dVmAm| ‘o ZE q~~, ~mobMmb H$s ^mfm VWm
IS>r~mobr Ho$ AZoH$ b`-N>§Xm| H$m g‘mdoe h¡& H${d Aê$U H$‘b H$s ~ohX ghO gr bJVr g§dmXnaH$ ^mfm XopIE-
"dh Am J`r
Am¡a ‘oar ~Jb ‘| ~¡R> J`r
Yrao go nrR> V»Vo go {Q>H$mB©

Am¡a bå~r gm±g br...
{H$ ghgm ‘oao H§$Yo go
bJ J`m
Cg `wdVr H$m ‘mWm...
H$m‘ go dmng Ka bm¡Q> ahr Wr
EH$ S>obr nog|Oa (S>obr nog|Oa)
Bggo ñnï> h¡ {H$ B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr H${dVm ~mOmadmX go à^m{dV h¡& Bg H${dVm ‘| {dkmZ VWm VH$ZrH$s {dH$mg
Ho$ gmW ^y‘§S>brH$aU go à^m{dV ‘Zwî` VWm g‘gm‘m{`H$ g‘ñ`mAm| H$m {MÌU h¡& ór-X{bV-Am{Xdmgr g‘mO H$s nr‹S>m,
doXZm VWm ÌmgXr A{^ì`³V hþB© h¡& Bg H${dVm ‘| ì`§½` H$s Yma n¡Zr h¡& ^mfm, e¡br, {~å~, àVrH$ ZE ~Z| h¡§&

(1) Ho$XmaZmW qgh H$s "hmW' H${dVm............ eãXm| H$s h¡&
(2) Aê$U H$‘b H$s H${dVm {OVZr Amn~rVr h¡ CVZr h¡ ........... ^r&
(3) H${d H$mË`m`Zr H$m OÝ‘ ......... H$mo JmoaInwa ‘| hþAm&
(4) AZm{‘H$m ............. {df` H$s àmÜ`m{nH$m Wr&
(5) ^JdmZ amdV H$s H${dVm H$Ï` Am¡a ê$n {dYmZ ‘| nyU©V… ............ h¡&
(6) ............ H$m J§Jm VQ> g§J«h Bg `wJ H$m {H«$Q>rH$ h¡&
(7) ndZ H$aU H$s H${dVm H$m ‘yb ñda ...........VÎd H$s ImoµO h¡&
(8) H${d EH$m§V lrdmñVd H$m ........... Ho$ gmW Jham bJmd h¡&
(9) nwpînVm AdñWr qhXr H$s ............. ‘mZr OmVr h¡&
(10) Zrboe H$s H${dVm ‘| ............. H$m g§Xoe h¡&
(Am) EH$ dmŠ` ‘| CÎma {bpIE&

(1) {Z‘©bm nwVwb H$s H${dVm H$m H|$Ðr` {df` Š`m h¡?
(2) H${d {Zem§V Ho$ àH$m{eV Xmo H$mì`g§J«h H$m¡Z go h¢?
(3) B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ ‘hÎdnyU© Am{Xdmgr H${d`m| Ho$ Zm‘ {bpIE?
(4) H${d Ho$XmaZmW qgh H$mo {H$g df© kmZnrR> nwañH$ma {‘bm?
(5) gZ 2000 Ho$ ~mX àH$m{eV H${d kmZ|Ðn{V Ho$ H$mì`g§J«hm| H|$ Zm‘ {bpIE?
(6) n§H$O amJ H$s bå~r H${dVm H$m¡Z gr h¡?
(7) H${d ~ÐrZmamÙ H$m OÝ‘ H$~ hþAm?
(8) Zrboe aKwd§er H$m "‘„mh H$m emoH$JrV' {H$gH$m Am»`mZ h¡?
(9) {Z‘©bm nwVwb {H$g ^mfm H$s H$d{`Ìr h¡?
(10) {Zem§V H$s H${dVm Ho$ H|$Ð ‘| H$m¡Z h¡?
(B) C{MV {‘bmZ H$s{OE&

H${d aMZm
(1) Aê$U H$‘b (A) Xy~ YmZ
(2) Hw$‘ma Aå~wO (Am) Vw‘ hmo ‘wP ‘|
(3) AZm{‘H$m (B) eãXnXr`‘
(4) nwpînVm AdñWr (B©) nwVbr ‘| g§gma

(5) kmZ|Ðn{V (C) A‘rar aoIm
(6) ~ÐrZmamÙ (D$) H$hZm Zht AmVm
(7) ndZ H$aU (E) g§e`mË‘m

(1) ‘moh^§J : AkmZ Am¡a ^«m§{V H$m Zme hmoZm&
(2) ‘wZm’$Imoar : A{YH$ ‘wZmµ’$m boZm&
(3) ‘§JbmMaU : H$m`m©a§^ Ho$ nyd© H$s OmZodmbr ‘§Jb ñVw{V/J«§W Ho$ Ama§^ ‘| {bIm OmZodmbm ‘m§J{bH$ nX&
(4) hmo‘mogoŠgwAb : g‘b¢{JH$
(5) VwH$~§Xr : VwH$ {‘bmZo H$s {H«$`m/gmYmaU nÚ aMZm/`‘H$ àYmZ aMZm

(A)
(1. CÞrg (2) OJ~rVr (3) 7 ‘B©, 1959 (4) A§J«oOr (5) `WmW©dmXr (6) kmZ|Ðn{V (7) ór (8) àH¥${V
(9) {dœXyV (10) ór OmJaU
(Am)
(1) Am{Xdmgr nr‹S>m Am¡a à{VamoY
(2) OdmZ hmoVo hþE bS>Ho$ H$m H$~ybZm‘m (2009) Am¡a Or hm±, {bI ahm hÿ± (2012)
(3) eå^y `mXd, AÀ`wVmZ§X {‘l, Aê$U Am{XË`, {Z‘©bm nwVwb Am{X&
(4) df© 2013
(5) g§e`mË‘m (2004), {^Zgma (2006), H${d Zo H$hm (2014) Am{X
(6) {X„r: eha Xa eha
(7) 5Aºy$~a, 1965
(8) ËgwZm‘r go nr{‹S>V ‘„mhm| H$m
(9) g§Vmbr
(10) Ag§Vmof, AmH«$moe Am¡a {dñ’$moQ>
(B)
(1) B©, (2) D$, (3) A, (4) Am, (5) E, (6) B, (7) D$.
3.5 gmam§e
B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr H${dVm H$mo Hw$N> g‘rjH$m| Zo Z`r gXr H$s H${dVm `m g‘H$mbrZ H${dVm ^r H$hm h¡&§ Bg gXr
Ho$ H$mì` boIZ ‘| VrZ nr{‹T>`m± H$m`©aV h¡§& H${d Ho$XmaZmW qgh, M§ÐH$m§V XodVmbo, ^JdV amdV, Aê$U H$‘b, draoZ
S§>Jdmb, {dœZmWàgmX {Vdmar nhbr nrµ‹T>r Ho$ H${d h¢ BÝhm|Zo ^y‘§S>brH$aU Am¡a AamOH$ ny±Or Ho$ IVam| go ‘yR>ôS> H$s h¡&
AnZo gm{hË` Ûmam ^y‘§S>brH¥$V n[adoe VWm n[aUm‘m| H$m {MÌU H$a ‘Zwî`Vm Ho$ ~MmE aIZo H$s nhb H$s h¡& Xygar nr‹T>r
Ho$ Hw$‘ma Aå~wO, ndZ H$aU, n§H$O amJ, EH$m§V lrdmñVd, ~ÐrZmamÙ, AmbmoH$ lrdmñVd, nwpînVm AdñWr Am{X {g’©$
‘moh^§J H$s AmbmoMZm go g§Vwï> Zht h¡, ~pëH$ do ~Xbmd MmhVo h¢ VWm V‘m‘ ‘wÔm| na `WmW©dmXr ~ZVo h¡§& `wdm nr‹T>r ‘|
Zrboe AdñWr, {Z‘©bm nwVwb, {Zem§V, Vwfma Ydb, {d‘boe {ÌnmR>r, ñdpßZb lrdmñVd Am{X H$m ñda {dÐmoh H$m h¡&
BZH$s H${dVm {df`, ^mfm, e¡br Ho$ ñVa na {d{dY h¡&
Bg gXr H$s H${dVm ‘| ~mOmadmX VWm Cggo à^m{dV OrdZ Ho$ g^r joÌ {M{ÌV h¡§& ór-X{bV VWm Am{Xdmgr MoVZm
Ho$ gmW Jm±d H$m `WmW© {MÌU hþAm h¡& {dkmZ, VH$ZrH$s Ho$ Am{dîH$ma VWm CgHo$ n[aUm‘ {M{ÌV h¡§& amOZr{V AnZr
g‘ñV {df‘VmAm| Ho$ gmW {M{ÌV h¡ VWm g‘gm‘m{`H$ g‘ñ`mE± amï´>r` hr Zht A§Vaamï´>r` n[adoe ‘| Câr h¡&§ ì`§½`mË‘H$Vm
Ho$ gmW {~å~, {eën, e¡br Ho$ ñVa na ZdrZVm VWm à`moJerbVm h¡&
3.6 ñdmÜ`m`
(1) B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr H${dVm H$s àd¥{Îm`m| H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OE&
(2) B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ à{V{Z{Y qhXr gm{hË`H$mam| VWm CZH$s aMZmAm| H$m n[aM` Xr{OE&
(3) B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr H${dVm Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo g‘PmBE&
3.7 joÌr` H$m`©

(1) B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ ‘amR>r Ho$ ‘hÎdnyU© H${d`m| VWm CZH$s H${dVmAm| H$s OmZH$mar àmá H$ao§&

(1) g§. {‘l adtÐZmW (2011) B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr gm{hË` : g‘`, g‘mO Am¡a g§doXZm, Bbmhm~mX, bmoH$^maVr
àH$meZ, àW‘ g§ñH$aU&
(2) S>m°. à^mH$aZ Ho$. Or. (2015) H${d`m| Ho$ ~hmZo dV©‘mZ na ~hg, ZB© {X„r, dmUr àH$meZ g§ñH$aU&

BH$mB© 4 : B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr JÚ : à‘wI {dYmE±
AZwH«$‘
4.0 CÔoí¶
4.1 àñVmdZm
4.2 {df`-{ddaU
4.21 B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr CnÝ`mg
4.2.2 qhXr CnÝ`mg H$s {deofVmE±
4.2.3 B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr H$hmZr
4.2.4 qhXr H$hmZr H$s {deofVmE±
4.2.5 B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr ZmQ>H$
4.2.6 qhXr ZmQ>H$ H$s {deofVmE±
4.5 gmam§e
4.6 ñdmÜ`m`
4.7 joÌr` H$m`©
4.0 CÔoí¶
· B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr JÚ go n[a{MV hmo gH|$Jo&
· B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr CnÝ`mg, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$ H$m {ddoMZ H$a gH$moJo&
· B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr CnÝ`mg, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$ H$s {deofVmAm| H$mo ñnï> H$a nmAmoJo&
4.1 àñVmdZm
h‘ OmZVo h¢ {H$, ar{VH$mb VH$ A{^ì`{³V H$m ‘mÜ`‘ nÚ hr Wm& JÚ AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s XoZ h¡& A§J«oOr emgZ,
{ejm Ho$ gmW BgmB© {‘eZ[a`m| Ho$ g§nH©$, àog VWm N>mnImZo H$s ewéAmV, {d{dY g‘mOm| VWm ì`{³V`m| Ho$ `moJXmZ go
A{^ì`{³V H$s ZB© e¡br Ho$ ê$n ‘| JÚ H$m CØd hþAm& Bg‘| ’$moQ>© {d{b`‘ H$m°boO H$m `moJXmZ {deof ahm& ^maV|Xw h[aü§Ð
VWm CZH$s ‘§S>br Zo JÚ {dH$mg H$mo J{V àXmZ H$s& {Z~§Y, ZmQ>H$, ì`§½`, g‘rjm, OrdZr, AmË‘H$Wm, CnÝ`mg Am{X
{dYmAm| H$m A{d^m©d ^maV|Xw `wJ ‘| hþAm& {ÛdoXr `wJ ‘| BgH$m {dH$mg hþAm& N>m`mdmXr `wJ ‘| JÚ àm¡T> ~Zm& ào‘M§X,
Oè§H$a àgmX, {Zambm, ‘hmXodr d‘m©, Ako`, O¡Z|ÐHw$‘ma, ènmb, d¥ÝXmdZbmb d‘m©, AmMm`© am‘M§Ð ewŠb, amhþb
gm§H¥$Ë`m`Z, Am{X Zo JÚ Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| `moJXmZ {X`m& ñdmV§Í`moÎma `wJ ‘| CnÝ`mg, H$hmZr, {Z~§Y, ZmQ>H$, EH$m§H$s,

AmbmoMZm, OrdZr, AmË‘H$Wm, aoIm{MÌ, g§ñ‘aU, `mÌm d¥Vm§V, gmjmËH$ma Am{X {dYmE± {dH${gV hþB©& Ako`, O¡Z|Ð,
BbmM§X Omoer, A‘¥Vbmb ZmJa, d¥§XmdZbmb d‘m©, ZmJmOw©Z, AíH$ Am{X CnÝ`mgH$mam| Zo ì`mnH$ n[aàoú` ‘| AnZo g‘`
H$s g‘ñ`mAm| H$mo CnÝ`mgm| go A{^ì`³V {H$`m& H$hmZr {dYm OrdZ Ho$ gmW Ow‹S> J`r& `h H$B© gmao Am§XmobZm| go {dH${gV
hþB©& BgHo$ {dH$mg ‘| Ako`, nagmB©, Y‘©dra ^maVr, amO|Ð `mXd, ‘mohZ amHo$e, H$‘boœa, A‘aH$m§V Am{X H$m `moJXmZ ahm&
Bg `wJ Ho$ Cn|ÐZmW, AíH$, bú‘rZmamÙ bmb, OJXreM§Ð ‘mWwa, ‘mohZ amHo$e, e§H$a eof, gwa|Ð d‘m© Am{X ZmQ>H$H$mam|
Zo ZmQ>H$ H$mo à`moJY‘u ~Zm`m& {Z~§Y H$s H$B© e¡{b`m± {dH${gV hþB©& AmË‘H$Wm H$mo X{bV VWm ór gm{hË`H$mam| Zo ZB©
nhMmZ {XbmH$a à{V{ð>V ~Zm`m& JÚ H$s AÝ` {dYmE± ^r Bg H$mb ‘| {dH${gV hþB©&
gyMZm àm¡Úmo{JH$s VWm g§Mma H«$m§{V Ho$ Bg `wJ ‘| gm{hË` H$s ^y{‘H$m ‘hÎdnyU© ~Zr J`r h¡& ^y‘§S>brH¥$V {dœ ‘| ny±Or
`m ‘wZmµ’$m H$‘mZm hr OrdZ H$m bú` ~Z J`m h¡, Eogo g‘` gm{hË` H$m Xm{`Îd ~ZVm h¡ {H$ Eogo g‘mO H$mo `WmW© go AdJV
H$am`m OmE VWm `§ÌdV ì`dhma H$m {damoY H$a ‘mZdVm H$m àMma H$ao§& B¸$sgdt gXr H$m JÚ gm{hË` AnZr {dYmAm| H$m
{dH$mg H$aVo hþE Bg gXr H$s MwZm¡{V`m|, {dg§J{V`m|, {df‘VmAm| H$mo `WmW©Vm go {M{ÌV H$a ahm h¡& J{V `m ~Xbmd Bg `wJ
H$s {deofVm h¡& bo{H$Z O~ ‘Zwî` AnZo AmMaU, ì`dhma, M[aÌ go ‘wH$a OmVm h¡; ‘mZdVm, gm‘m{OH$Vm, g§doXZerbVm,
n{dÌVm H$s AZXoIr H$aVm h¡ V~ Bg `wJ H$m gm{hË`H$ma ~oM¡Z hmo CR>Vm h¡& dh AnZr boIZr go ’$Q>H$ma bJmVm h¡& Bg
gXr Ho$ JÚ H$s bJ^J g^r {dYmE± {dH$mg Ho$ Ma‘ na h¡& JÚ Bg `wJ H$s A{Zdm`©Vm h¡& B§Q>aZoQ> VWm OZg§Mma ‘mÜ`‘m|
Zo BgHo$ àMma ‘| ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m {Z^m`r h¡& "‘mo~mBb Zmdob' O¡gr ZB© {dYmE± {dH${gV hmo ahr h¡§& Bg gXr Ho$ JÚ H$s
à‘wI {dYmE±, CZH$m {dH$mg VWm ‘hÎdnyU© JÚH$ma `m aMZmAm| H$m {dûcofU àñVwV BH$mB© ‘| {H$`m OmEJm&
4.1 {df`-{ddaU
4.2.1 B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr CnÝ`mg
qhXr CnÝ`mg H$s 135 dfm] H$s `mÌm (àW‘ CnÝ`mg bmbm lr{Zdmg Xmg H$m narjm Jwê$ 1882 B©.) na ZOa S>mb|
Vmo dV©‘mZ g‘` CgH$s bmoH${à`Vm Ho$ gmW CËH$f© H$m ahm h¡& CnÝ`mg ‘| dh ì`mnH$Vm VWm JhamB© h¡ Omo dV©‘mZ {dH$amb
g‘` VWm n[adoe H$mo A{^ì`³V H$a gHo$& dV©‘mZ g‘` ‘| àH$m{eV CnÝ`mgm| H$s g§»`m go ^r h‘| BgH$m Ahgmg hmoJm&
BgHo$ nyd© ào‘M§X, àgmX, d¥§XmdZbmb d‘m©, Ako`, ènmb, ’$UrœaZmW aoUw, ^rî‘ gmhZr, amO|Ð `mXd, ‘Þy ^§S>mar, ‘¡Ìo`r
nwînm, Amo‘àH$me dmë‘r{H$, a‘{UH$m Jwám, Am{X CnÝ`mgH$mam| Zo Bgo g‘¥Õ {H$`m& B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ CnÝ`mg ‘| dñVw VWm
e¡br Ho$ ñVa na {d{dYVm h¡& BgH$m EH$ H$maU `h ^r h¡ {H$ BgHo$ boIZ ‘| EH$ gmW H$B© nr{‹T>`m± OwS>r h¡§& H¥$îUm gmo~Vr,
{J[aamO {H$emoa, ‘Zmohaí`m‘ Omoer, H$m{eZmW qgh Am{X H$s nhbr nr‹T>r h¡ Omo 1950 go CnÝ`mg go OwS>r h¡& ‘¡Ìo`r nwînm,
Zm{gam e‘m©, adtÐ H$m{b`m, am‘Ymarqgh {XdmH$a, g§Ord, {ed‘y{V© Am{X H$m OÝ‘ 1950 Ho$ Xaå`mZ h¡& ZB© nr‹T>r 1980-
90 Ho$ Xaå`mZ gm{hË` g¥OZ go OwS>r h¡& ‘mohå‘X A[a’$, aU|Ð, Hw$Umb qgh, AO` Zmd[a`m Am{X& ha nr‹T>r H$m AnZm
AZw^d, gmoM VWm ZO[a`m AbJ h¡& `hr dOh h¡ {H$ ^y‘§S>brH$aU go à^m{dV ha BH$mB© BZ CnÝ`mgm| ‘| XO© h¡& Bg gXr
Ho$ ‘hÎdnyU© CnÝ`mg VWm CnÝ`mgH$ma {ZåZm§{H$V h¢-
H¥$îUm gmo~Vr (1925)

nMmg Ho$ XeH$ go {Za§Va qhXr H$Wm gm{hË` H$mo AnZr {dbjU à{V^m go VmOJr Am¡a ñ’y${V© àXmZ H$aZodmbr H¥$îUm
Or H$mo 2017 ‘| kmZnrR> nwañH$ma go ZdmOm J`m h¡& CZH$s H$hm{Z`m± VWm CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ {df` ~S>o {ddmXmñnX aho h¡§& BZ‘|
‘m§gbVm H$mo ^mar C^ma {X`m J`m h¡& BZH$s aMZmAm| ‘| nm[adm[aH$-gm‘m{OH$ {df‘VmAm| H$m àIa {damoY {‘bVm h¡&
"qOXJrZm‘m'(1979), "{‘Ìmo ‘aOmZr'(1967), "gyaO‘wIr A§Yoao Ho$'(1972), "{Xbmo Xm{Ze'(1993)Am{X à{gÕ CnÝ`mgm|
Ho$ gmW "g‘` gaJ‘' (2002) CnÝ`mg d¥ÕmdñWm H$s gmar ‘mZ{gH$, emar[aH$, nm[adm[aH$ {dg§J{V`m| H$m Am»`mZ h¡&
"JwOamV nm{H$ñVmZ go JwOamV qhXwñVmZ'(2017) {ZOr OrdZ H$mo ñne© H$aVr Am¡nÝ`m{gH$ H¥${V h¡&
adtÐ d‘m© (1936)

d‘m© Or AnZo CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go gm‘«mÁ`dmXr emofU Am¡a Hw$emgZ {dûco{fV H$aVo h¢ gmW hr ^y‘§S>brH$aU go

n¡Xm hþB© Ang§ñH¥${V H$m {damoY ^r H$aVo h¡§& dV©‘mZ ^maVr` g‘mO ‘| {df H$s Vah ’¡$b ahr gm§àXm{`H$Vm H$s ‘Zmod¥{Îm VWm
CgHo$ Xwîn[aUm‘m| H$mo nmR>H$m| Ho$ gm‘Zo bmVo h¡§& CZHo$ "‘¢ AnZr Pm±gr Zht Xy±Jm' (2000), "Xg ~ag H$m ^±da'(2007),
"AmpIar ‘§{Ob' (2008), "H«$m§{V H$¸$m'(2010) Am{X CnÝ`mgm| H$s H$Wm^y‘r Pm±gr h¡ {Og‘| nyao Xoe H$s ZJar` H$ñ~mB©
g§ñH¥${V ZOa AmVr h¡& do AnZo "{ZÝ`mÝd|' Am¡a "‘¢ AnZr Pm±gr Zht Xy±Jm' CnÝ`mgm| ‘| EH$ hr n[adma H$s H$Wm H$mo AmJo
~T>mVo h¡§& Xg ~ag H$s ^±da H$s H$Wm ~m~ar ‘pñOX Üd§g Am¡a am‘ ‘§{Xa H$s amOZr{V Ho$ ê$n ‘| CâVr h¡& BgH$s Ma‘
n[aU{V JwOamV Ho$ JmoYam H$m§S> go hmoVr h¡& EH$ àH$ma go g‘H$mbrZ n[adoe `WmW© ~ZH$a BZ CnÝ`mgm| ‘| {M{ÌV h¡&
H$m{eZmW qgh (1937)

CnÝ`mg, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$, g§ñ‘aU, AmbmoMZm Am{X {dYmAm| H$mo g‘¥Õ H$aZodmbo H$m{eZmW Or Ho$ CnÝ`mg AnZo
g‘` Am¡a `WmW© H$s ghr g‘P h¡& "H$mer H$m Añgr' (2002), "aohZ na a½Kw' (2008), "‘hþAmM[aV' (2014),
"Cng§hma' (2016) Am{X CnÝ`mgm| ‘| ^y‘§S>brH$aU, Cn^mo³VmdmX, Cn{ZdoedmX VWm {dñWmnZ Ho$ à^m{dV nmÌ h¡& "H$mer
H$m Añgr' gZ 1962 Ho$ ^maV MrZ `wÕ go boH$a A`moÜ`m-H$m§S> VH$ Q>H$amVr hþB© ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s ha gr‘m go Q>H$amVm h¡&
"aohZ na a½Kw' g‘H$mbrZ OrdZ H$m ‘hmH$mì`mË‘H$ Am»`mZ h¡& "‘hþAmM[aÌ' bKw CnÝ`mg h¡ {Og‘| Apñ‘Vm-~moY H$mo
Xem©`m h¡& ‘hþAm Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go Apñ‘Vm H$s ImoµO ‘| ~oM¡Z BÝgmZ H$s ^Q>H$Z H$mo {XIm`m h¡& VrZm| CnÝ`mg {eën H$s Ñ{ï>
go ZdrZV‘ h¡§&
{J[aamO {H$emoa (1937)

CnÝ`mg, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$, {Z~§Y, g§nmXZ, gmjmËH$ma Am{X JÚ {dYmAm| ‘| boIZ H$aZodmbo {J[aamO H$mo "T>mB© Ka'
CnÝ`mg Ho$ {bE "gm{hË` AH$mX‘r' go (2011) nwañH¥$V {H$`m J`m& CZHo$ "nhbm {Ja{‘{Q>`m' (2001) Am¡a "ñdU© ‘¥J'
(2012) B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ CnÝ`mg h¡§& "nhbm {Ja{‘{Q>`m' ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr Ho$ OrdZ na AmYm[aV ~¥hV CnÝ`mg h¡& BgH$s
H$WmdñVw X{jU Am{’«$H$m ‘| ‘OXyam| Ho$ A{YH$ma Ho$ {bE ‘mohZXmg Ûmam {H$E JE g§Kf© H$s H$Wm h¡& "ñdU©‘¥V' gmB~a
H«$mB‘ na H|${ÐV h¡&
adtÐ H$m{b`m (1939-2016)

CnÝ`mgH$ma, H$hmZrH$ma, g§ñ‘aU boIH$ Ho$ gmW g§nmXH$ aho H$m{b`m ^maVr` kmZnrR> Ho$ {ZXoeH$ ^r Wo& CZHo$
"E~rgrS>r' (2002) VWm "17 amZS>o amoS>' (2010) B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ CnÝ`mg h¡§& "E~rgrS>r' CnÝ`mg àdmgr OrdZ H$s
g‘ñ`mAm| na H|${ÐV h¡& A‘arH$m Am¡a H$ZmS>m ‘| ah ah| ^maVr`m| H$s g‘ñ`mE± BgHo$ H|$Ð ‘| h¡§& "17 amZS>o amoS>' H$s H$Wm
‘w§~B© Ho$ Eoœ`© Am¡a {dbmg ‘| OrdZ`mnZ H$aZodmbo bmoJm| Ho$ Ûmam d¡{œH$ ny±OrdmXr g‘mO H$m {MÌU h¡& ‘w§~B© H$m ‘hmZJar`
OrdZ Am¡a g§ñH¥${V AnZr Ord§VVm Ho$ gmW XO© hþB© h¡&
‘¡Ìò r nwînm (1944)

Ymam Ho$ {dnarV OmH$a gmoMZm Am¡a ~Zr-~ZmB© YmaUmAm| H$mo ÜdñV H$aVo hþE ZE qMVZ H$mo J{V XoZodmbr ‘¡Ìo`r H$m
gm{hË` {ddmXmñnX ahm h¡& CZHo$ "BXÞ‘‘', "MmH$', "Ab‘m H$~yVar' CnÝ`mgm| H$mo ór H$s ñdmYrZVm Ho$ {bE gmhgnyU©
H$X‘ Ho$ ê$n ‘| XoIm J`m h¡& gZ 2000 Ho$ ~mX CZHo$ Mma CnÝ`mg àH$m{eV hþE - "{dOZ' (2002), "{Ì`m hR>' (2005),
"JwZmh Ho$ JwZmh' (2011) Am¡a "’$[aíVo {ZH$bo' (2016)& "{dOZ' ‘| ehar OZOrdZ H$m {deofV… S>m°ŠQ>ar noeo go g§~§{YV
Xw{Z`m {M{ÌV h¡& "{Ì`m hR>' EH$ Eogr hR>rbr {dYdm H$m {MÌU h¡ Omo gmao gm‘m{OH$ [aíVm| H$s na§nam H$mo MwZm¡Vr XoVr h¡&
"’$[aíVo {ZbHo$' J«m‘rU ^maV H$m XñVmdoO h¡& Bg‘| ~obm ~hÿ M[aÌ Ûmam AmOmXr Ho$ AW© H$mo ì`mnH$ AW© ‘| g‘Pm`m h¡&
gab VWm ì`§OH$ ^mfm ‘| a{MV `h CnÝ`mg CZH$s ZdrZV‘ A{^ì`{³V h¡&
am‘Ymarqgh {XdmH$a (1945)

AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX Ho$ ^maVr` J«m‘ g‘mO Ho$ ~XbVo n[aÑí` H$m {MÌU {XdmH$a Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ H|$Ð ‘| h¡& "Qy>Q>Vo Xmào'
(2002), "AH$mb g§Ü`m' (2005) CZHo$ CnÝ`mg h¡§& "Qy>Q>Vo Xmào' ‘| {~hma Ho$ gwanVJZ Jm±d Ho$ X{bV-emo{fV g‘mO H$s
H$Wm {M{ÌV h¡ Omo ^y{‘n{V, O‘tXmam| Ho$ emofU go nr{‹S>V h¡& AmOmXr Ho$ ~mdOyX AmO ^r Cno{jV h¡& eha Ho$ g§nH©$ go Jm±d
‘| AmE ~Xbmd {M{ÌV h¡& "AH$mb g§Ü`m' {~hma Ho$ OZ-OrdZ Ho$ gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOZr{VH$ gƒmB`m| H$mo COmJa
H$aVm h¡&
g§Ord (1947)
H$WmH$ma g§Ord g‘mO H$s ‘w»` Ymam go H$Q>o {df`m|, joÌm| VWm dJm] Ho$ OrdZ H$mo boH$a JhZ emoYnaH$ H$WmboIH$
h¡§& CZHo$ Hw$b Xg CnÝ`mg àH$m{eV h¡& ZB© gXr Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| ‘| "O§Jb Ohm± ewê$ hmoVm h¡' (2000), "gyÌYma' (2002),
"AmH$me Månm' (2008), "ah JB© {XemE± Bg nma' (2011), "’$m±g' (2015) Am{X {deof h¡§& "O§Jb Ohm± ewê$ hmoVm h¡'
‘| O§Jb AnZo {d{dY ê$nm| VWm AW© N>{d`m| Ho$ gmW àH$Q> hþAm h¡& CnÝ`mg Ho$ H|$Ð ‘| "{‘Zr Må~b' Ho$ Zm‘ go OmZm
OmZodmbm n{ü‘r MånmaU h¡ Ohm± AnamY, emofU KZm h¡& OZOm{V`m| Am¡a O§Jbr Ordm| Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go AaÊ`JmWm hr àñVwV
H$s h¡& "gyÌYma' H$s H$Wm Ho$ H|$Ð ‘| ^moOnwar JrV-g§JrV Am¡a bmoH$ZmQ>ç Ho$ gyÌYma {Îmar R>mHw$a h¡& "AmH$meMånm'
‘moh^§J H$m CnÝ`mg h¡& `h ‘moh^§J AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX Qy>Q>Vo gnZm| VWm ^y‘§S>brH$aU Ho$ ~S>o-~S>o Xmdm| go Qy>Q>Vo gm‘mÝ` AmX‘r
H$s AmH$m§jmAm| H$m h¡& "ah JB {XemE± Bg nma' O¡{dH$s na {bIm J`m qhXr H$m nhbm CnÝ`mg h¡& `h g¥{ï> Am¡a g§hma,
OrdZ Am¡a ‘¥Ë`w Ho$ ~rM IS>o AmX‘r go grYm gmjmËH$ma H$aVm h¡& "’$m±g' H¥$fH$ OrdZ H$s H$ê$U H$hmZr h¡& Bg‘| {H$gmZm|
H$s AmË‘hË`mAm| na gdm{b`m {ZemZ h¡&
Zm{gam e‘m© (1948)

amï´>r` VWm A§Vaamï´>r` n[aÑí` ‘| ‘wgb‘mZm| H$s pñW{V, g‘ñ`mE± VWm g§^mdZmAm| H$mo Xem©Zodmbr Zm{gam Or Ho$
CnÝ`mg ^maV hr Zht ~pëH$ {dœ g‘ñ`mAm| H$mo {M{ÌV H$aVo h¡§& "AjadQ>' (2003), "Hw$B`m±OmZ' (2005), "Oramo amoS>'
(2008), "nm[aOmV' (2011), "AOZ~r OOram' (2012), "H$mJO H$s Zmd' (2014) Am{X CnÝ`mg g‘gm‘m{`H$ `wJ Ho$
nhMmZ ~Zo h¡§& "AjadQ>' H$s H$WmdñVw Bbmhm~mX ‘| K{Q>V h¡& Bg‘| ^«ï>mMma, nw{bg AË`mMma, Mmoar, S>H¡$Vr, hË`m§E±,
~bmËH$ma Am{X g‘ñ`mE± {M{ÌV h¡§& "Hw$B`m§OmZ' ‘| {JaVo Ob ñVa H$s J§^ra g‘ñ`m H$mo CR>m`m h¡ Omo d¡{œH$ h¡& "Oramo amoS>'
Xw~B© na H|${ÐV CnÝ`mg h¡ {Og‘| gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dñWmnZ Ho$ gmW Xw~B© Ho$ AmYw{ZH$V‘ ê$n Ho$ amoMH$ B{Vhmg H$mo Xem©`m h¡&
"nm[aOmV' CZH$s AjÊU H$s{V© H$m AmYma h¡& Bg‘| Bbmhm~mX H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ ‘| ~rVo g‘` H$s qhXy-‘wpñb‘ g§ñH¥${V H$m
{MÌU h¡& "H$mJO H$s Zmd' CnÝ`mg {~hma ‘| ahZodmbo CZ n[admam| H$m d¥Îmm§V h¡, {OZHo$ Ka H$m H$moB© EH$ nwê$f ImS>r Xoem|
‘| Zm¡H$ar hoVw J`m h¡& Bg‘| n¡gm| H$s Im{Va ~ƒm|, ~yT>m| VWm Am¡aVm| H$mo N>mo‹S>Zodmbm| H$mo ’$Q>H$mam h¡& ^mfm Ord§V VWm amoMH$
h¡& (XoI| BH$mB© 6.2.3)
AbH$m gamdJr (1960)

CÎma AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ ge³V CnÝ`mg "H${bH$Wm-dm`m ~mBnmg' H$s bopIH$m AbH$m Or H$m H$Wm gm{hË`
‘Ü`dJu` OrdZ H$mo g‘PZo H$m ge³V ‘mÜ`‘ h¡& "eof H$mX§~ar' (2001), "EH$ ~«oH$ Ho$ ~mX' (2008) Am{X CnÝ`mg
CÎma AmYwZH$Vm Ho$ à{V{~å~ h¡§& "eof H$mXå~ar' ór {d‘e© Ho$ gmW-gmW ‘mZdr` AY‘Vm H$m ê$nH$ h¡& Am¡nÝ`m{gH$
g§aMZm ‘| H$Wm `w{³V`m| H$m g‘mdoe h¡& "EH$ ~«oH$ Ho$ ~mX' ‘| Iwbr AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n CÚmoJ OJV ‘| n[ad{V©V
pñW{V`m| H$mo Xem©`m h¡& emBqZJ B§{S>`m, ~«m°S> B§{S>`m Ho$ Zmam| go Am¡Úmo{JH$ KamZm| Ûmam {H$gmZm|, ‘OXyam| H$s ZmaH$s` qOXJr
H$mo Xem©`m h¡&
^JdmZXmg ‘moadmb (1960)

‘odmS> joÌ Ho$ Amgnmg Ho$ hm{eE Ho$ g‘mO H$mo AnZr H$Wm H$m AmYma ~ZmZodmbo ^JdmZXmg Ho$ bJ^J g^r
CnÝ`mg {nN>‹S>o g‘mO na H|${ÐV h¡§& "~m~b Voam dog' (2004),' aoV' (2008) Am{X CnÝ`mg ^r "H$mbm nhm‹S>' CnÝ`mg H$s
Vah hr ñWmZr` OZOm{V H$mo aoIm±{H$V H$aVo h¡§& "~m~b Voam Xog' ‘wpñb‘ n[adoe H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a {deofV… ‘wpñb‘ ór
Ho$ XwIm| H$s A{^ì`{³V h¡& "aoV' Ho$ H|$Ð ‘| "H§$Oa' OZOm{V H$s ar{V-Zr{V`m±, OrdZ M`m©, AmMma-ì`dhma {M{ÌV h¡&
AZm{‘H$m (1961)
ór {d‘e© H$s ge³V bopIH$m AZm{‘H$m CnÝ`mg, H${dVm, AZwdmX Ho$ gmW g‘rjm Ho$ joÌ ‘| AJ«oga h¡& CZHo$
CnÝ`mgm| ‘| ~mOmadmX go à^m{dV ór H$s N>{d `WmW© ê$n {M{ÌV h¡& gZ 2008 ‘| "Xg Ûmao H$m ntOam' Am¡a "{VZH$m {VZHo$
nmg' CnÝ`mg àH$m{eV h¡§& "Xg Ûmao H$m ntOam' ‘| ‘wOâ’$anwa H$s OmoJ{Z`m H$moR>r H$mo H|$Ð ‘| aIH$a n§{S>V a‘m~mB© Am¡a
doí`m T>obm~mB© O¡go àIa g‘mO gwYmaH$ Zm[a`m| Ho$ ór CÕma g§~§Yr à`mgm| H$mo {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡& "{VZH$m {VZHo$ nmg' H$s
H$WmdñVw ì`mnH$ h¡& Bg‘| doí`m Ho$ gmW gmW {X„r VWm A‘arH$m H$s H$m°bJb© Ho$ {d{^Þ AZw^d {M{ÌV h¡& (XoI| BH$mB©
6.2.8)
‘mohå‘X A[a’$ Zo "Cn`mÌm' (2005) CnÝ`mg ‘| ~m~ar ‘pñOX àH$aU Ho$ nümV ‘wpñb‘ g‘mO ‘| AmE n[adV©Zm| H$mo
aoIm§{H$V {H$`m h¡& à»`mV {MÌH$ma AemoH$ ^m¡{‘H$ H$m "‘moZm{bgm h±g ahr Wr' (2007) H$bm OJV na {bIm J`m loð>
CnÝ`mg h¡& ‘§Oya EhVoem‘m H$m "nha T>bVo' (2007) bKw CnÝ`mg h¡ Omo ~m~ar ‘pñOX Ho$ hmXgo Ho$ ~mX CƒdJu` ‘wpñb‘
g‘mO H$s qMVm H$mo dmUr àXmZ H$aVm h¡& AãXwb {~pñ‘„mh H$m "An{dÌ Am»`mZ' gm§àXm{`H$Vm na MmoQ> H$aVm h¡& ‘Yw
H$m§H$[a`m "goO na g§ñH¥$V' (2008) CnÝ`mg ‘| Y‘© Am¡a AÜ`mË‘ Ho$ Zm‘ na Mb aho Y±Ym| na MmoQ> H$aVo h¡§& bVm e‘m© H$m
"ghr Zmn Ho$ OyVo' (2009) ^y‘§S>brH$aU à^m{dV AW©, g§ñH¥${V ‘| Zmn ahr ór Xoh go g§~§{YV àým| na Jham {d‘e© h¡& aU|Ð
Zo "½bmo~b Jm±d Ho$ XodVm' (2010) ‘| ~hþamï´>r` H$ån{Z`m| Ûmam N>ÎmrgJT>, PmaI§S> VWm Amo{S>em ‘| O{‘Z H$m XmohZ H$a
dhm± H$s OZOm{V`m| VWm CZH$s g§ñH¥${V na {H$`m J`m ^`mdh h‘bm {M{ÌV h¡& àXrn gm¡a^ H$m "‘wÞr ‘mo~mBb' [anmoVm©O
e¡br ‘| {bIm J`m CnÝ`mg h¡& BgH$m H|$Ð {X„r-EZ.gr.Ama. Ho$ g‘rn gm{h~m~mX h¡& Bg‘| AnamY-OJV, Xoh-ì`mnma,
S´½O, H$m°b g|Q>a H$m ghOrdZ, ~mOmadmX Ho$ ~‹T>Vo MaU {M{ÌV h¡& Hw$Umb qgh H$m "Am{XJ«m‘ Am»`mZ' (2010) CnÝ`mg
n{ü‘ ~§Jmb Ho$ Jm±d Am{XJ«m‘ Ho$ AVrV Am¡a dV©‘mZ H$mo g‘oQ>Vm hþAm BñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZr Ho$ emofU go boH$a dV©‘mZ
amOZr{V VH$ Ho$ n[aÑí` H$mo g‘oQ>Vm h¡& 1857 go boH$a 2007 VH$ H$m g‘` H$Wm Ho$ H|$Ð ‘| h¡& gwa|Ð d‘m© H$m "H$mQ>Zm e‘r
H$m d¥j nÙ n§Iwar H$s Yma go' (2011) {eën H$s Ñ{ï> go ZmQ>çemór` na§nam H$m h¡& boIH$ Bgo CnÝ`mg Z H$hH$a "EH$
Ñí` H$m Am»`mZ' H$hVo h¡§& BgH$m H$Ï` g§ñH¥$V H${d H$m{bXmg Ho$ ì`{³VÎd Am¡a H¥${VÎd na H|${ÐV h¡& a‘oeM§Ð emh H$m
"H$Wm gZmVZ' (2012) CnÝ`mg d¥ÕmdñWm H$mo H|$Ð ‘| aIH$a "AmË‘ VÎd' H$s Vbme H$aVm hþAm d¥ÕmdñWm H$s g‘ñ`mAm|
H$mo B§{JV H$aVm h¡& kmZ MVwd}Xr H$m "h‘Z Z ‘a~' (2014) ì`§½`mË‘H$ CnÝ`mg h¡ {Og‘| ‘¥Ë`w, ~w‹T>mnm Am¡a ‘¥Ë`wnam§V
bmoH$mMma H$mo ~S>o hr ‘m{‘©H$ ê$n ‘| àñVwV {H$`m h¡& BgHo$ ~mdOyX gwf‘m ~oXr- ‘¢Zo ZmVm VmoS>m (2010), VoqOXa-gr{T>`m|
na MrVm (2010), {dO` e‘m©-{X‘mJ ‘| Km|gbo (2010), kmZàH$me {ddoH$- Mm` H$m Xygam H$n (2010), Z{‘Vm qgh-
boS>rO Šb~ (2011), ‘odmam‘- gwëVmZ a{O`m (2011), Zrboe aKwd§er - EH$ H$ñ~o Ho$ ZmoQ>g (2012), erb|Ð gmJa-
EH$ gw~h `h ^r (2012), J§JmàgmX {d‘b- ‘mZwfImoa (2013), a§OZm Om`gdmb Am¡a ‘oK ~agVo aho (2013), aU|Ð-
Jm`~ hmoVm Xoe (2014), h[a ^Q>ZmJa- EH$ Wr ‘¡Zm EH$ Wm Hw$åhma (2014), Am{X CnÝ`mg ^r {deof h¡§&
Cn`w©³V {ddoMZ go ñnï> h¡ {H$ B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr CnÝ`mg {df` VWm e¡br Ho$ ñVa na à`moJerb VWm ZdrZV‘
h¡& à{gÕ CnÝ`mgH$mam| Ho$ gmW `wdm CnÝ`mgH$mam| Zo ^r ~S>r ge³VVm go AnZo g‘` VWm n[adoe H$mo A{^ì`³V {H$`m h¡&
"ah JB© {XemE± Bg nma', "’$m±g', "½bmo~b Jm§d Ho$ XodVm', "Am{ÐJ«m‘ Am»`mZ', "h‘ Z ‘a~', "goO na g§ñH¥$V', "‘wÞr
‘mo~mBb', "nm[aOmV', "boS>rO Šb~' Am{X CnÝ`mg {df` VWm e¡br H$s Ñ{ï> go {d{dY h¡§&
4.2.2 qhXr CnÝ`mg H$s {deofVmE±

O¡gm {H$ h‘ OmZVo h¢, qhXr CnÝ`mg Ho$ àma§^ ‘| Omgygr, Eo`mar-{Vbñ‘r CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ gmW Hw$N> ‘mÌm ‘| gm‘m{OH$,
Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mg ^r {bIo JE& ào‘M§X Ho$ AmJ‘Z Zo qhXr CnÝ`mg H$mo ‘Zmoa§OZ H$s n[a{Y go ~mha {ZH$mbH$a Am‘
AmX‘r Ho$ gwI-XwI Ho$ gmW Omo‹S> {X`m& {df` Ho$ gmW ^mfm-e¡br ‘| ~Xbmd hþE& VËnümV Eo{Vhm{gH$, gm‘m{OH$,
‘Zmod¡km{ZH$, Am±M{bH$, à`moJerb VWm AmYw{ZH$Vm-~moY Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| H$m g¥OZ hmoVm ahm& BgHo$ H|$Ð ‘| ^maVr` hr Zht
~pëH$ A§Vaamï´>r` n[adoe ahm h¡& e¡br Ho$ ñVa na {d{dYVm ahr h¡& B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr CnÝ`mg Bgr H$S>r H$mo AmJo
~T>mVo hþE {df` VWm e¡br Ho$ ñVa na ~hþ{dY VWm à`moJerb aho h¡§& BgHo$ boIZ ‘| EH$ gmW VrZ nr{‹T>`m± Ow‹S> JB© h¡§& nwamZr
nr‹T>r `WmW©~moY go OwS>r h¡, Z`r nr‹T>r {dÐmoh Ho$ ñda H$mo AnZmVr h¡& Bg `wJ ‘| Eogo {df`m| H$mo AnZm`m h¡ Omo gd©Wm ZE
h¡§& Bg `wJ Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| H$s {deofVmE± {ZÝ‘m§{H$V h¢-
(1) ZB© gXr Ho$ qhXr CnÝ`mg dñVw Am¡a {eën Ho$ ñVa na AË`m{YH$ à`moJerb h¡§& Bg `wJ H$m CnÝ`mgH$ma AnZr
g§doXZm H$mo Ho$db amï´>r` hr Zht ~pëH$ A§Vaamï´>r` KQ>ZmAm| VWm àg§Jm| Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>Vm hþAm ^y‘§S>brH$aU VWm
~mOmadmX, Cn^mo³VmdmX, AmV§H$dmX, n`m©da àXyfU go OyPZo dmbo ‘mZd H$mo AnZo CnÝ`mg H$m H|$Ð ~ZmVm h¡& BZ
CnÝ`mgm| ‘| ^y‘§S>br` Ang§ñH¥${V, n`m©daU, AmV§H$dmX, {dñWm{nV g‘ñ`m, H¥$fH$ XyamdñWm, gm§àXm{`H$Vm,
OmVr`Vm, àemg{ZH$ ^«ï>mMma, amOZr{VH$ JR>Omo‹S>, ‘hmZJar` VWm J«m‘rU ~moY, ór-X{bV-Am{Xdmgr {d‘e©,
`wdm AmH«$moe, d¥ÕmdñWm, Iob, {gZo‘m OJV go Ow‹S>o {df` dñVw ~ZH$a Câo h¡§&
(2) ^y‘§S>brH$aU VWm ~mOmadmX Zo ZB© gXr H$mo g~go A{YH$ à^m{dV {H$`m h¡& ‘wZmµ’$m H$‘mZm hr O~ OrdZ H$m ‘w»`
bú` ~ZVm h¡ V~ ‘mZdVm H$m hZZ hmoZo bJVm h¡& Eogo ‘| ‘m±, ~hZ, nËZr ^r ~oMZo H$s MrO| ~Z OmVr h¡§& g§doXZm
gyI OmVr h¡& AbH$m gdmaJr, AZm{‘H$m, g§Ord, bVm e‘m©, aU|Ð, àXrn gm¡a^, a‘oeM§Ð emh Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| "EH$

~«oH$ Ho$ ~mX', "Xg Ûmao H$m ntOam', "AmH$meMånm', "ghr Zmn Ho$ OyVo', "‘wÞr ‘mo~mBb', H$Wm gZmVZ' ‘|
^y‘§S>brH¥$V n[adoe AnZo g‘ñV {deofVmAm| Ho$ gmW {M{ÌV h¡&
(3) ZB© gXr Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| ‘| hm{eE H$m g‘mO `WmW© ê$n ‘| {M{ÌV h¡& BZ CnÝ`mgm| ‘| X{bV, Am{Xdmgr, J«m‘rU, {nN>‹S>o
dJ©, ‘OXya, N>moQ>o {H$gmZ nmÌ Ho$ gmW dJ© H$m à{V{Z{YÎd H$a aho h¡§& Am{Xdmgr OrdZ, emofU VWm g§ñH¥${V Ho$
gmW-gmW ‘wZmµ’$mImoar Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n n`m©daU H$m hmo ahm hZZ Bg‘| {M{ÌV h¡& à{V^m am`, VoqOXa, ^JdmZXmg
‘moadmb, h[aam‘ ‘rUm, aU|Ð, ‘hþAm Am{X Ho$ "Am{X^y{‘', "H$mbm nmXar', "YyUr Vno Vra', "½bmo~b Jm±d Ho$ XodVm',
"‘a§JJmoS>m ZrbH§$R> hþAm'CnÝ`mg BgHo$ à{V{Z{Y h¡§& X{bV CnÝ`mgm| H$s gmR> Ho$ XeH$ go Mbr Am`r l¥§Ibm ZB© gXr
‘| H$m`‘ h¡& X{bV OrdZ, ì`dñWm Ho$ à{V AmH«$moe VWm {dÐmoh, Am§~oS>H$admXr {dMmaYmam Ho$ gmW g‘mO n[adV©Z
‘| {dœmg H$mo boH$a ‘mohZXmg Z¡{‘fam`, gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ, gw{ebm Q>mH$^moao, am‘Ymarqgh {XdmH$a, H§$db ^maVr,
Vwbgram‘, Am{X H$m boIZ {deof h¡& Bg gXr H$s ÌmgXr {H$gmZ emofU VWm CZH$s AmË‘hË`mE± ahr h¡§& g§Ord,
{ed‘y{V© VWm n§H$O gw~ra Am{X CnÝ`mgH$mam| Zo Z Ho$db CZHo$ emofU H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡ ~pëH$ CZHo$ ^{dî` H$s
g§^mdZmAm| H$mo ^r Xem©`m h¡&
(4) ZB© gXr H$m CnÝ`mg ór {d‘e© H$m àMmaH$, g‘W©H$ VWm à{Vq~~ ahm h¡& ‘¡Ìo`r nwînm, AbH$m gamdJr, AZm{‘H$m,
‘Þy ^§S>mar, ‘‘Vm H$m{b`m, gy`©~mbm, H¥$îUm gmo~Vr, à^m IoVmZ, ‘¥Xwbm JJ©, H${dVm Am{X ‘{hbm CnÝ`mgH$mam| Zo
Zmar nr‹S>m, ÌmgXr Ho$ gmW-gmW B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ ^maVr` g‘mO H$s Zmar Ho$ à{V XoIZo H$s Ñ{ï> {M{ÌV H$s h¡& ‘¡Ìo`r
Ho$ "{Ì`m hR>' H$s {dYdm gm‘m{OH$ na§nam H$mo MwZm¡Vr XoVr h¡& AZm{‘H$m "{VZH$m {VZHo$ nmg' ‘| gm‘mÝ` doí`m go
boH$a {X„r VWm A‘arH$m ‘| Xoh H$m ì`mnma H$a ahr H$m°bJb© H$m OrdZ {M{ÌV H$aVr h¡& Cfm {à`d§Xm Ho$ "A§Vad§er'
Am¡a "^`m H$~ra CXmg' ‘| àdmgr ^maVr` ór Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ {d{^Þ nhbw g‘J«Vm Ho$ gmW {M{ÌV h¡§& {MÌm ‘wXJb Ho$
"Amdm§' ‘| Zmar emofU Ho$ H$B© ê$n XoIZo H$mo {‘bVo h¡§& Zm{gam e‘m©, gw{ZVm O¡Z, Hw$gw‘ A§gb Am{X Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| ‘|
`m¡Zew{MVm, n[adma, Am{W©H$ AmË‘{Z^©aVm, {ZU©` boZo H$s ñdmYrZVm Ho$ gmW {dYdm go g§~§{YV g‘ñ`mAm| H$m
{MÌU h¡&
(5) ZB© gXr Ho$ CnÝ`mgH$mam| H$m Ü`mZ gm§àXm{`H$Vm, OmVr`Vm Ho$ gmW h‘oem eH$ H$s {ZJmh go XoIo OmZodmbo ‘wpñb‘
g‘mO H$s ÌmgXr na ^r J`m h¡& Zm{gam e‘m© H$m g‘J« gm{hË` ‘wgb‘mZm| H$s pñW{V, g‘ñ`mE± VWm g§^mdZmAm| H$mo
Xem©Vm h¡& adtÐ e‘m© AnZo CnÝ`mgm| Ûmam g‘mO ‘| Oha H$s Vah ’¡$b ahr gm§àXm{`H$Vm H$s ‘Zmod¥{Îm VWm CgHo$
Xwîn[aUm‘m| H$mo {M{ÌV H$aVo h¡§& ‘§Oya EhVoem‘m "nha ‹T>bVo' CnÝ`mg ‘| ~m~ar ‘pñOX hmXgo Ho$ ~mX H$s ‘wpñb‘
g‘mO H$s qMVm H$mo dmUr XoVo h¡§& AãXwb {~pñ‘„mh AnZo "An{dÌ Am»`mZ' ‘| gm§àXm{`H$Vm na MmoQ> H$aVo h¡§&
‘mohå‘X A[a’$ Zo "Cn`mÌm' ‘| ~m~ar ‘pñOX àH$aU Ho$ nümV ‘wpñb‘ g‘mO ‘| AmE n[adV©Zm| H$mo {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡&
(6) Bg `wJ Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| ‘| {dfdñVw Ho$ g‘mZ e¡br ‘| ^r n[adV©Z XoIo JE& H$merZmW qgh Ho$ "H$mer H$m Añgr' Am¡a
"‘hþAmM[aV' XmoZm| bKw CnÝ`mg h¡§& Agb ‘| `h H$WmAm| H$m g§J«h h¡& gwa|Ð d‘m© H$m "H$mQ>Zm e‘r H$m d¥j nÙn§Iwar
H$s Yma go' CnÝ`mg erf©H$ go boH$a e¡br Va ZmQ>çemór` na§nam H$m h¡& `h EH$ gmW CnÝ`mg Am¡a ZmQ>H$ H$m
AmñdmX XoVm h¡& ZmQ>H$ H$s Ñí``moOZm H$mo "Ñí`moÀN>dmg' erf©H$ XoH$a nm±M I§S>m| ‘| H$Wm H$m {dVmZ aMm h¡& Hw$Umb
qgh "Am{XJ«m‘ Am»`mZ' ‘| B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H$ånZr Ho$ AË`mMmam| H$m B{Vhmg àñVwV H$aVo h¢ Omo dm{MH$ na§nam H$m
B{Vhmg h¡& aU|Ð Zo "½bmo~b Jm§d Ho$ XodVm' ‘| Z¥VÎdemó VWm B{Vhmg Ho$ AÜ``Z àñVwV H$a Agwa OZOm{V Ho$
emofU H$s H$Wm H$hr h¡& adtÐ H$m{b`m Ho$ "17 amZS>o amoS>' ‘| ZB© H$Wm `w{³V go H$Wm H$m àma§^ h¡& {’$ë‘m| H$s Vah
A{V{W H$bmH$ma (nmÌ) H$m g¥OZ H$a Cgo EH$, Xmo, VrZ, Mma, nm±M Z§~a XoH$a N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o AÜ`m` {XE h¡§& {’$ë‘m|
Ho$ Zm‘m| H$s Vah AÜ`m`m| Ho$ erf©H$ ^r {XE h¡§& H$B© CnÝ`mgm| ‘| g§ñ‘aU, AmË‘H$WmË‘H$, S>màr Am{X e¡{b`m| H$m
^r à`moJ hþAm h¡&
ñnï> h¡ {H$ B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr CnÝ`mg ‘| dñVw VWm {eën Ho$ ñVana {d{dYVm ahr h¡& ^y‘§S>brH$aU VWm
~mOmadmX go à^m{dV gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌ, AmV§H$dmX, n`m©daU àXyfU, amOZr{V VWm àemgZ ‘|
ì`má ^«ï>mMma, hm{eE H$m g‘mO, ór H$s ~XbVr N>{d, gm§àXm{`H$Vm, {dkmZ VWm VH$ZrH$s, H$bm OJV, Jm±d Ho$ gmW
‘hmZJa Ho$ {MÌU go g‘ñV B¸$sgdt gXr H$m à{V{Z{YÎd BZ CnÝ`mgm| ‘| ZOa AmVm h¡& Bg `wJ Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| ‘| {eën H$s
Ñ{ï> go {OVZo à`moJ {H$E JE em`X hr BgHo$ nhbo H$^r {H$E Jò hmo&

4.2.3 B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr H$hmZr
AmYw{ZH$ qhXr H$hmZr ^maV|Xw `wJ ‘| {bIr J`r& Cgo H$bmË‘H$ ~ZmZo H$m H$m‘ "gañdVr n{ÌH$m' Ho$ gmW ào‘M§X-
àgmX OmoS>r Zo {H$`m& `h H$hmZr AnZo Amg-nmg Ho$ g‘mO go Ow‹S> JB©& Bg‘| Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm Ho$ gmW ‘Zmodk¡ m{ZH$Vm H$m ^r
{MÌU ewê$ hþAm& ènmb Zo ‘mŠg©dmXr Ñ{ï> go VWm Ako`, BbmM§X Omoer, O¡Z|Ð Zo ‘Zmo{dûcofUmË‘H$ H$hm{Z`m| H$m g¥OZ
{H$`m& aoUw Zo Bgo J«m‘m§Mb Ho$ OrdZ go Omo‹S> {X`m& ‘mohZ amHo$e H$s H$hm{Z`m| ‘| `wJrZ g§H«$‘U Ho$ gmW gm§àXm{`H$Vm H$m
VZmd h¡& amO|Ð `mXd Zo AmYw{ZH$ ^md~moY H$mo ì`mnH$ gm‘m{OH$Vm H$mo Omo‹S>Vo hþE qhXr H$hmZr H$mo ZB© C±MmB© na nhþ±Mm`m
h¡& ‘Þy ^§S>mar, H¥$îUm gmo~Vr, Cfm {à`§dXm, AbH$m gamdJr, ‘‘Vm H$m{b`m Am{X H$hm{ZH$mam| Zo Zmar-‘Zmo{dkmZ H$mo
AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ Ho$ Zò Am`m‘m| Ho$ gmW XoIZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s& X{bV-Am{Xdmgr VWm l{‘H$ OrdZ ^r H$hm{Z`m| H$s dñVw
ahr& ZB© gXr H$s H$hmZr Bgr na§nam H$mo AmJo bo Om ahr h¡& Bg gXr H$m H$hmZrH$ma gm§àXm{`H$ VmH$Vo VWm ~mOmadmX H$s
g‘ñ`m H$mo PobVm hþAm A{^ì`³V hmo ahm h¡& Z`r gXr Ho$ à{V{Z{Y H$hmZrH$mam| H$m n[aM` {ZåZm§{H$V h¡-
‘¥Xwbm JJ© (1938)

B¸$sgdt gXr H$s ge³V ‘{hbm bopIH$mAm| ‘| ‘¥Xybm JJ© H$m Zm‘ C„oIZr` h¡& CnÝ`mgH$ma, H$hmZrH$ma,
{Z~§YH$ma, ZmQ>H$H$ma Ho$ gmW-gmW ñV§^ boIH$ Ho$ ê$n ‘| H$m`©aV ahr h¡& BZHo$ AmR> CnÝ`mg, VrZ ZmQ>H$, VrZ {Z~§Y
g§J«h, `mÌmd¥Îmm§V, g§ñ‘aU Ho$ gmW ½`mah H$hmZr g§J«h h¡§& "{H$VZr H¡$Xo'(1975), "Qw>H$S>m-Qw>H$S>m AmX‘r'(1976),
"S>¡’$mo{S>b Ob aho h¢'(1978),"½bo{eà go'(1980),"C’©$ g¡‘'(1986),"eha Ho$ Zm‘'(1990)"M{M©V H$hm{Z`m±'(1993),
"g‘mJ‘'(1996), "‘oao Xoe H$s {‘Æ>r Ahm'(2001), "g§J{V {dg§J{V'(2003), "OyVo H$m Omo‹S> Jmo^r H$m VmoS>'(2006),'N>V
na XñVH$'(2006)Am{X H$hmZr g§J«hm| ‘| nm[adm[aH$ VWm Z¡{VH$ ‘yë`m| H$m {dKQ>Z, Zmar nr‹S>m, nwê$f àYmZ ‘mZ{gH$Vm Ho$
gmW ào‘ g§~§Yr ‘mÝ`VmAm| H$m {MÌU h¡& ò H$hm{Z`m± ‘Zwî` Ho$ gmao gamoH$mam| go Jhao VH$ OwS>r h¡§& g‘mO, Xoe, amOZr{VH$
‘mhm¡b, gm‘m{OH$ dV©ZmAm|, n`m©daU go boH$a ‘mZd ‘Z Ho$ aoeo-aoeo go nS>Vmb H$aVr ZOa AmVr h¡§& ‘¥Xb w m H$s H$hm{Z`m|
‘| nmR>H$ Ho$ {bE EH$ "ñnog' ahVm h¡& Bggo dh ~Zo-~ZmE ’$m°a‘oQ> go {~Zm C~o, nyar amoMH$Vm Am¡a H$m¡Vwhb go H$hmZr Ho$
A§V VH$ nhþ±MVm h¡& CZH$s H$hmZr ñd`§ {ZU©` XoVr h¡& `h CZH$s {H$ñgmJmoB© H$m H$‘mb h¡&
M§ÐH$m§Vm (1938)
H$í‘ra H$s A~mohdm ‘| nbr ~‹T>r M§ÐH$m§Vm H$s H$hm{Z`m| ‘| H$í‘r[a`V Am¡a H$í‘rar hmoZo H$m XX© gm’$ PbH$Vm h¡&
CZHo$ Voah H$hmZr g§J«h VWm VrZ CnÝ`mg h¡§& "gbmIm| Ho$ nrN>o', "JbV bmoJm| Ho$ ~rO', "nmoeZyb H$s dmngr', "XhbrO na
Ý`m`', "Amo gmoZ {H$gar', "H$moR>o na H$mJm', "gyaO CJZo VH$', "H$mbr ~’©$', "H$Wm ZJa'(2001)"~XbVo hmbmV
‘|'(2002), "Aã~y Zo H$hm Wm'(2005), "V¡Vr ~mB©'(2006) Am{X g§J«hm| H$s H$hm{Z`m| ‘| g‘mO H$s {dS>å~ZmAm|, g§Kfm]
VWm ~wamB`m| H$mo àË`j {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡& dV©‘mZ OrdZ H$s gmW©H$Vm, ñdmW©nZ VWm g§H$sU©VmAm| H$mo àH$Q> {H$`m h¡& T>bVo
hþE ‘mZdr` ‘yë`, àdmgr ^maVr Ed§ CZHo$ n[admam| H$s g‘ñ`mE± AmV§H$dmX, Zmar OrdZ H$s ÌmgXr g§doXZmË‘H$ YamVb na
àñVwV hþB© h¡&
{MÌm ‘wXJb (1944)

dV©‘mZ gXr H$s M{M©V ‘{hbm H$hmZrH$ma {MÌm Or Zo AnZo boIZ H$s ewéAmV "g’o$X goZmam' H$hmZr go H$s h¡&
BZHo$ gmobh H$hmZr g§J«h, VrZ CnÝ`mg, N>h ~mb H$Wm g§J«h VWm g§nmXZ Ho$ gmW Xmo d¡Mm[aH$ {Z~§Y g§J«h àH$m{eV h¡§&
BZH$m g§nyU© H$Wm gm{hË` ^y‘§S>brH$aU VWm Cggo à^m{dV ^maVr` g‘mO H$mo AnZr g‘ñV {dg§J{V`m| VWm {deofVmAm| Ho$
gmW A§{H$V H$aVm h¡&CZH$m àW‘ H$hmZr g§J«h "Oha R>ham hþAm'1980 ‘| àH$m{eV hþAm& Bg‘| na§namJV ê${‹T>`mo Ho$ {déÕ
g§Kf© H$aZodmbr Zmar H$s H$Wm {M{ÌV h¡& {deofV… gZ 2000 Ho$ ~mX H$s H$hm{Z`m± gyIVr ‘mZdr` g§doXZm VWm nmümË`
g§ñH¥${V Ho$ A§YmZwH$aU go OÝ‘r ZB© ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$mo Xem©Vr h¡& "H|$Mwb' (2001), "^yI' (2001), "bnQ>|' (2002),
"~`mZ' (2004), "bH$S>~½Km' (2006), "Mohao' (2007), "Xg à{V{Z{Y H$hm{Z`m±' (2007), Am{X g§J«hm| H$s H$hm{Z`m|
‘| ^«ï> ì`dñWm, Zmar emofU, ñdmWu amOZr{V, ~XbV| ‘yë` VWm ~mOmê$ g§ñH¥${V H$s CnO, d¥Õ g‘ñ`m, Jar~r, gm{hË`
joÌ H$s JwQ>~mOr, Ag’$b XmånË` OrdZ Ho$ gmW B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ ^maVr` g‘mO ‘| ì`má {df‘VmE± ~S>r H$bmË‘H$Vm Ho$
gmW {M{ÌV hþB© h¡§& CZH$s "H|$Mwb', "^yI', "O[a`m', "dmB’$ ñd¡nr', "~§X bnQ>o', "J|X', "g’o$X goZmam', "Vme‘hb',
"bH$S>~½Km', "ãboO' Am{X H$hm{Z`m± Vmo {df`, ^mfm, e¡br H$s Ñ{ï> go ~S>r H$bmË‘H$ VWm amoMH$ ~Zr h¡& (XoI| BH$mB©
6.2.2)
‘¡Ìo`r nwînm (1944)
‘¡Ìo`r H$s H$hm{Z`m| ‘| OrdZ `WmW© Ho$ {d{dY ê$n Câ gm‘Zo AmVo h¡& BÝhm|Zo AnZr H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go
gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ`mAm| Ho$ à{V Jham AmH«$moe àH$Q> {H$`m h¡& BZHo$ "{MÝhma', "bb‘{Z`m± VWm AÝ` H$hm{Z`m±', "{Ì`m hR>',
"’¡$gbm', "{gñQ>a', "g|Y', A~ ’y$b Zht pIbVo', "~moP', nJbm JB© h¡ ^mJdVr', N>m±h', "Vw‘ {H$grH$s hmo {~Þr' Am{X
H$hmZrg§J«h {deof h¡§& ‘¡Ìo`r Zo ór Apñ‘Vm Ho$ g§Kf© H$mo ~S>r `WmW©Vm go àñVwV {H$`m h¡&
g§Ord (1947)
Añgr Ho$ ~mX Ho$ ge³V H$WmH$ma g§Ord Zo AnZo H$Wm gm{hË` go Ho$db qhXr hr Zht ~pëH$ ^maVr` gm{hË` H$mo
à^m{dV {H$`m h¡& AmnmVH$mb go boH$a dV©‘mZ g‘mO VH$ H$mo `WmW© VWm dmñV{dH$Vm Ho$ gmW AnZr H$hm{Z`m| ‘| {M{ÌV
H$aZodmbo g§Ord ehar-J«m‘rU OrdZ Ho$ gmW-gmW ‘¡XmZ, nhm‹S>, nR>ma VWm H$mo`bar Ho$ OrdZ VH$ H$mo AnZr H$hm{Z`m|
‘| {M{ÌV H$aVo h¡§& CZHo$ Xg H$hmZr g§J«h àH$m{eV h¡§&"Vrg gmb H$m g’$aZm‘m', "Amn `hm± h¢', "^y{‘H$m Am¡a AÝ`
H$hm{Z`m±', "Xw{Z`m H$s g~go hgrZ Am¡aV', "ào‘‘w{³V', "àoaUmòmoV Am¡a AÝ` H$hm{Z`m±', "ãb¡H$ hmob'(1997), "S>m`Z
Am¡a AÝ` H$hm{Z`m±'(1999), "ImoOµ '(2000), "Jbr Ho$ ‘moS‹ > na gyZm-gm H$moB© XadmOm'(2008), "PyR>r h¡ VoVar XmXr'(2012)
Am{X g§J«hm| H$s H$hm{Z`m| ‘| ^maVr` g‘mO VWm Am{Xdmgr g§ñH¥${V H$m `WmW© {MÌ n[ab{jV hmoVm h¡& d¡go boIH$ H$m
gamoH$ma g§gma Ho$ g~go H$‘Omoa V~Ho$ Ho$ gmW Ow‹S>m h¡& CZH$s H$hm{Z`m| ‘| ^r CnÝ`mg H$s ^m±{V hr JhZ ImoµO VWm
AZwg§YmZ go ZE-ZE {df`m| VWm g‘ñ`mE± ZE e¡br ‘| àñVwV hþB© h¡& "CZH$s AnamY', "Ádma', "Xw{Z`m H$s g~go hgrZ
Am¡aV',"Q>rg', "{bQ>aoMa', "hm¡å`mon¡Wr', "Zm¡Q>§H$s', Am{X H$hm{Z`m± {deof h¡§& `WmW©dmXr Am¡a OZnjr` aMZmY‘u g§Ord
H$s H$hm{Z`m± H$Wm {eën, eãX gm¢X`© Am¡a A{^ì`{³V H$s gagVm H$m AZ‘mob Z‘yZm h¡&
kmZàH$me {ddoH$ (1949)

‘mZdr` g§doXZm Ho$ `WmW© {MVoao kmZàH$me µJµObH$ma, CnÝ`mgH$ma Ho$ gmW H$hmZrH$ma Ho$ ê$n ‘| n[a{MV h¡§& BZHo$
àH$m{eV H$hmZr g§J«hm| ‘| "AbJ-AbJ {XemE±', "Omogo’$ Mbm J`m', "eha Jdmh h¡', "CgH$s O‘rZ', "{nVm Or Mwn ahVo
h¢', "B¸$sg H$hm{Z`m±' (2000), "{eH$maJmQ>' (2003), "godm ZJa H$hm h¡' (2007), {deof h¡§& BZHo$ H$hm{Z`m| ‘| ~XbVo
OrdZ ‘yë`m| H$s ~oM¡Zr, g§~§Ym| Ho$ Û§Û go n¡Xm hþB© ì`mHw$bVm Ho$ gmW-gmW gm‘m{OH$ {dS>å~ZmAm| Ho$ {d{^Þ ‘§Oa CnpñWV
h¡§& ~mOmaV§Ì go CnOm VZmd, ~oM¡Zr VWm qMVmVwaVm BZHo$ nmÌm| Ûmam JhamB© go ì`³V hþB© h¡& BZH$s H$hm{Z`m± ‘Zwî` H$s
J[a‘m H$mo ~Mmò aIZo Ho$ ‘H$gX go {bIr JB© h¡&
CX` àH$me (1952)

M{M©V H${d, H$WmH$ma, nÌH$ma, {’$ë‘H$ma CX` àH$e H$s H$hm{Z`m± bJ^J g^r ^maVr` ^mfmAm| Ho$ gmW-gmW
A§J«oOr, O‘©Z, OmnmZr Am{X ^mfmAm| ‘| ^r AZy{XV hþB© h¡§& BZH$s H$hm{Z`m± AnZr {df`dñVw Ho$ gmW e¡br Ho$ {bE OmZr
OmVr h¡§& b§~r H${dVm H$s ^m±{V b§~r H$hm{Z`m| H$m l¥OZ CX` àH$me Ûmam {H$`m J`m& "X[a`m`r KmoS>m', "{V[aN>', "XÎmmÌo`
H$m XwI', "nm°bJmo‘am H$m ñHy$Q>a', "Aao~m nao~m', "Am¡a A§V ‘| àmW©Zm', "‘mohZXmg',"‘¢Jmo{bg', "nrbr N>Vardmbr bS>H$s'
Am{X g§J«hm| H$s H$hm{Z`m± g‘gm‘m{`H$ n[apñW{V`m|, g§doXZmAm| VWm gm‘m{OH$ Xm{`Îd~moY go n¡Xm hþB© H$hm{Z`m± h¡§& BZH$s
H$hm{Z`m| ‘| OrdZmZw^d AnZr ^m{fH$-e¡pënH$ nwZ-g¥OZ ‘| {d{dYVm Am¡a d¡^d Ho$ gmW COmJa hmoVm h¡& ò H$hm{Z`m±
Cn^mo³Vm g‘mO H$s {dS>å~ZmAm| go OwS>r h¡& ‘m¡OyXm ~mOmaV§Ì ‘| ’±go ~o~g, Qy>Q>Vo Am¡a X‘ZH$mar n[apñW{V`m| ‘| {Zame
bmoJm| H$s MoVZm go OwS>r h¡& BZH$s H$B© H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ ZmQ>çê$nm§Va Am¡a g’$b ‘§MZ hþE h¡§& "Cnam§V' Am¡a "‘mohZXmg' H$hmZr
na ’$sMa {’$ë‘ ^r ~Zr h¡ {Ogo A§Vaamï´>r` gå‘mZ ^r {‘bo h¡§& (XoI| BH$mB© 6.2.1)
^JdmZXmg ‘moadmb (1960)

gwà{gÕ H$hmZrH$ma VWm CnÝ`mgH$ma ^JdmZXmg ‘moadmb Ho$ "{gbm hþAm AmX‘r' (1986), "gy`m©ñV go nhbo'
(1990), "Añgr ‘m°S>b C’©$ gw~oXma (1994), "gr{T>`m±', "‘m± Am¡a CgH$m XodVm' (2008), "bú‘U aoIm' (2010), "Xg
à{V{Z{Y H$hm{Z`m±' (2014) Am{X H$hmZrg§J«h à{gÕ h¡§& CZH$s H$hm{Z`m| ‘| ‘odmV joÌ H$s J«m‘rU g‘ñ`mE± Câ H$a AmB©
h¡§& CZHo$ nmÌ qhXw-‘wpñb‘ gä`Vm Ho$ J§Jm O‘yZr {H$aXma hmoVo h¡§&

‘mohå‘X A[a’$ (1961)
‘mo. A[a’$ H$s A{YH$Va H$hm{Z`m± nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| ‘| àH$m{eV h¡§& ò A±J«oOr ‘| ^r H$hmZr {bIVo h¡§& CZHo$ "{’$a
H$^r' VWm "’y$bm| H$m ~mS>m' (2008) H$hmZr g§J«h h¡§& "by', "Mmoa-{gnmhr', "EH$ Xmo`‘ XO} H$m ào‘nÌ', "Vma Am¡a ‘m¡g‘'
Am{X {deof H$hm{Z`m± h¢ Omo {~ëHw$b ZE {df`m| H$mo ZB© ^mfm VWm e¡br ‘| A{^ì`³V H$aVr h¡§& "’y$bm| H$m ~mS>m' H$hmZr
‘| ór emofU, àVmS>Z, n{V-nËZr Ho$ ~rM g§Xoh, nm[adm[aH$ {dKQ>Z, ^«yU hË`m, nwÌ H$m‘Zm, S>m°ŠQ>a H$m M[aÌ, ór H$m
à{VamoY {M{ÌV h¡& ‘mo. A[a’$ ~S>r ghOVm go gm‘m{OH$ {dS>å~ZmAm| Ed§ Am§V[aH$ ahñ`m| H$mo àñVwV H$aVo h¡§&
n§H$O {‘Ì (1965)

1996 go AnZr H$hmZr-`mÌm H$s ewéAmV H$aZodmbo n§H$O {‘Ì Ho$ A~ VH$ Mma àH$m{eV H$hmZrg§J«h h¢-"{¹$O
‘mñQ>a Am¡a AÝ` H$hm{Z`m±' (2004), "hþS>H$„x„x' (2008), "{OÔr ao{‹S>`mo' (2010) Am{X& n§H$O {‘Ì Cg nr‹T>r Ho$
H$hmZrH$a h¢ {OÝhm|Zo {bIZm ewê$ {H$`m V~ Xw{Z`m ‘| {d‘em] H$m CÎma H$mbrZ Xm¡a ewê$ hþAm Wm& Bg Xm¡a ‘| ~hþV Hw$N> IË‘
hmoZo H$s KmofUmE± hmo MwH$s Wr& ~hþV Hw$N> H$mo ~MmZo H$s H$mo{eeo H$s Om ahr Wr& bo{H$Z n§H$O AnZr H$hm{Z`m| ‘|
B§gm{Z`V, ‘mZdr` J[a‘m VWm MoVZm H$mo ~MmZm MmhVo h¡§& bmoH$V§Ì H$mo gwa{jV XoIZm MmhVo h¡§& g~go ~‹T>H$a do ^maVr`
Jm±d, H$ñ~m Am¡a g‘mO-amOZr{V H$m gM H$hZm MmhVo h¡§& n§H$O Ho$ A§{V‘ H$hmZrg§J«h H$s H$hm{Z`m± J«m‘rU Am¡a H$ñ~mB©
n[adoe H$mo {M{ÌV H$aVr h¡§&
d§XZm amJ (1967)

AnZr {d{eï> aMZm Ñ{ï> VWm {eën H$s ZdrZVm Ho$ {bE nhMmZr OmZodmbr d§XZm amJ ‘{hbm H$WmH$mam| ‘| g{H«$`
h¡& CZHo$ "`yQ>mo{n`m', "{hOaV go nhbo' VWm "»`mbZm‘m' Am{X g§J«hm| H$s H$hm{Z`m± gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ`mAm| H$s ge³V
A{^ì`{³V h¡§&
AënZm {‘l (1969)

qhXr H$m "AZH$Ýd|eZb amB©Q>a' ‘mZr OmZodmbr AënZm {‘l Zo {d{eï> {eën à`moJm| VWm Jhao gm‘m{OH$ gamoH$mam|
go qhXr H$Wm OJV H$mo ZB© D$±MmB© àXmZ H$s& CZHo$ H$hmZrg§J«hm| ‘| "^rVa H$m d³V' (2006), "N>mdZr ‘| ~oKa', (2008),
"H$~« ^r H¡$X Am¡ O§Orao ^r' (2011), "ñ`mhr ‘| gwaIm~ Ho$ n§I' Am{X {deof h¡§& CZH$s H$hm{Z`m| ‘| amOZr{VH$, Am{W©H$,
Z¡{VH$-AZ¡{VH$ ‘yë`m| Ho$ {dH¥$V ê$n àH$Q> hþE h¡§& "H$~« ^r H¡$X Amo O§Orao ^r' H$s Hw$N> H$hm{Z`m| ‘| Jmo[a„m VH$ZrH$ H$m
BñVo‘mb {H$`m h¡& "Jw‘ewXm' H$hmZr gnmQ> ~`mZr e¡br ‘| {bIr h¡& "‘h~y~ O‘mZm Am¡a O‘mZo ‘| do' H$hmZr [anmoQ>© hr
bJVr h¡&
H${dVm (1973)
dV©‘mZ ‘{hbm H$hmZrH$mam| ‘| `wdm H$hmZrH$ma Ho$ ê$n ‘| H${dVm n[a{MV h¡& "‘oar Zmn Ho$ H$n‹S>o' (2007),
"CbQ>~m±gr' (2008), "ZXr Omo A~ ^r ~hVr h¡' (2011) Am{X H$hmZrg§J«hm| ‘| AmYw{ZH$ `wJ~moY H$m {MÌU {‘bVm h¡&
Om{VJV, Y‘©JV VWm g‘mO Ho$ ~XbVo n[adoe H$mo do ~S>o `WmW© ê$n go àñVwV H$aVr h¡& CZH$s H$hm{Z`m| ‘| ór OrdZ Ho$
gË` H$m {MÌU ^r {‘bVm h¡& BÝh| 2003 ‘| "A‘¥Vbmb ZmJa H$hmZr à{V`mo{JVm nwañH$ma' àmá hþAm h¡&
à^mV a§OZ (1978)

Q>obr{dOZ boIZ, E§H$a [anmoQ>©a, g§nmXH$, AZwdmXH$ ah| à^mV a§OZ Ho$ Xmo H$hmZrg§J«h "OmZH$s nwb' (2008) Am¡a
"~moboamo Šbmg' (2011) àH$m{eV h¡§& à^mV Zo Jm±dm|, H$ñ~m| Am¡a eham| ‘| ì`má Cn^mo³VmdmXr n[adV©Zm| H$mo JhamB© go
naIm Am¡a {bIm h¡& Jm±d-eha VWm Z`r-nwamZr nr‹T>r Ho$ g§~§Y ‘yë`JV VZmdm| H$mo aoIm§{H$V {H$`m h¡& CZHo$ "OmZH$s
nwb',"~XZm‘ ~ñVr',"B§Or‘Zr'Am¡a"{S>ßQ>r gmh~'Am{X C„oIZr` H$hm{Z`m± h¡§& "OmZH$s nwb' H$hmZr Ho$ {bE "ào‘M§X H$Wm
gå‘mZ', "ghmam g‘` H$Wm gå‘mZ' àmá h¡& do "OmZH$s nwb' ãbm°J na {Za§Va {bIVo ahVo h¡§&
Zrbmjr qgh (1973)

à{V^membr `wdm H$WmH$ma Zrbmjr qgh H$s H$hm{Z`m| ‘| CÎma AmYw{ZH$ g‘mO H$s AJ§^ra {OkmgmE±, `wdm nr‹T>r H$m

OrdZ`mnZ, M§Mb YmaUmE±, g§~§Ym| ‘| AmE {dIamd {M{ÌV h¡& CZHo$ "n[a¨Xo Ho$ B§VOma gm Hw$N>', "{OZH$s ‘w{Æ>`m| ‘| gwamI
Wm', "{Ogo Ohm± Zht hmoZm Wm',"BpãVXm Ho$ AmJo Imbr hmo' Am{X g§J«hm| H$s H$hm{Z`m± ^mfm Ho$ gmW-gmW e¡br Ho$ ñVa na
{^Þ h¡&
AO` Zmd[a`m (1972)

qhXr X{bV Am§XmobZ Ho$ à‘wI `wdm hñVmja h¡& CZH$s H$hm{Z`m± X{bV OrdZ H$s Xmê$U XemAm| H$m {MÌU H$aVr h¡&
"nQ>H$Wm VWm AÝ` H$hm{Z`m±' g§J«h H$s H$hm{Z`m± gdU© g‘mO H$s emofU àUmbr VWm Om{VJV Ah§H$ma na MmoQ> H$aVr h¡&
AO` Zmd[a`m gwYm ñ‘¥{V gm{hË` gå‘mZ Ho$ gmW qhXr AH$mX‘r go ^r nwañH¥$V h¡&
C‘me§H$a Mm¡Yar (1978)

H${d, AmbmoMH$ Ho$ gmW H$hmZrH$ma aho C‘me§H$a H$s H$hm{Z`m± "H$hVo h¡ V~ eh§emh gmo aho Wo' g§J«h ‘| g‘m{hV h¡&
"ñdrQ> hmo‘', "eoŠgnrà Š`m Vw‘ Cggo {‘bZm MmhmoJo', "A`moÜ`m ~m~y gZH$ JE h¢' Am{X H$hm{Z`m± ^y‘§S>brH¥$V g‘mO Ho$
‘yë`hrZ `wdm ^md~moY H$mo ì`³V H$aVr h¡&
Hw$Umb qgh (1980)

B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ `wdm H$hmZrH$ma Hw$Umb qgh H$m H$hmZr boIZo H$m hþZa, ^mfm Am¡a AZmoImnZ, {d{eï> h¡& "gZmVZ
~m~y H$m Xm§nË`' (2006), "amo{‘`mo Oy{b`Q> Am¡a A§Yoam' (2010), "BVdma Zht' (2013) Am{X H$hmZr g§J«hm| H$s
H$hm{Z`m± H$Ï` Ho$ gmW {eën ‘| ^r ZE ê$n ‘| àñVwV hþB© h¡& BZ H$hm{Z`m| ‘| Eogr {H$ñgmJmoB© h¡ Omo nmR>H$ H$mo ~m±Yo aIVr
h¡&
Cn`w©³V à{V{Z{Y H$hmZrH$mam| Ho$ gmW B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr H$hmZr H$mo g‘¥Õ H$aZodmbo H$hmZrH$ma h¢- ApIboe,
{ed‘y{V©, Jm¡V‘ gMXod, n§H$O {‘Ì, AgJa dgmhV, JrVm§Obr, amHo$e {‘l, Za|Ð ZmJXod, Jm¡arZmW, Vê$U ^Q>ZmJa, Ho$ed
Xy~o, OJXre àgmX qgh, Xm‘moXa IS>go, {à`Xe©Z, e{e^yfU {ÛdoXr, j‘m e‘m©, gwXe©Z d{eð>, gwf‘m OJ‘mohZ, AmewVmof,
{dO` Jm¡S>, g{dVm nmR>H$, Á`mo{V Mmdbm, d§XZm ewŠb, Amo‘m e‘m©, n§H$O {‘Ì, aKwZ§XZ {ÌdoXr Am{X&
4.2.4 qhXr H$hmZr H$s {deofVmE±

ào‘M§X, àgmX Zo qhXr H$hmZr H$mo Am‘ AmX‘r VWm g‘H$mbrZ n[adoe Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>H$a AnZo g‘` H$mo aMZo H$s
H$bm {dH${gV H$s, dh AmO ^r AJ«oga h¡& "ZB© H$hmZr' Am§XmobZ Zo ^mfm, {eën hr Zht ~pëH$ {df` ‘| ^r Am‘yb
n[adV©Z {H$E& N>R>| VWm gmVd| XeH$ H$s H$hmZr ZE VWm ~XbVo ^maV Ho$ gnZm| Ho$ gmW emofU ‘w³V g‘mO Ho$ {bE g§Kf©
H$m AmdmhZ h¡& gmVd| XeH$ ‘| bKwn{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ C^ma, OZdmXr Am§XmobZ H$s Vrd« J{V VWm CR>H$-nQ>H$ amOZr{V Zo Omo
gnZm {XIm`m Wm, ò H$hm{Z`m± Cg gnZo Ho$ à{V AQy>Q> {dœmg H$s H$hm{Z`m± h¡§& Zã~o Ho$ ~mX Ho$ H$hmZrH$mam| Ho$ gm‘Zo g~go
~S>r MwZm¡Vr gm§àXm{`H$ C^ma VWm ^y‘§S>brH$aU, ~mOmadmX go à^m{dV ^maVr` g‘mO h¡&
ZB© gXr J{V‘mZ h¡& OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ ‘| ~Xbmd H$s J{V VoO h¡& ~mOmadmX VWm CgH$s VmH$V| g‘mO VWm g§ñH¥${V
H$mo à^m{dV H$a ahr h¡§& gm§àXm{`H$ VmH$V| Y‘© VWm amOZr{V H$m hmW nH$S>H$a g‘mO ‘| hmdr hmo ahr h¡&§ ‘mZdr` g§doXZmE±
gyI ahr h¢ VWm ‘Zwî` ‘erZ ~ZH$a ah J`m h¡& n[adma Qy>Q> aho h¡§& n`m©daU Ho$ g§H$Q> Ho$ gmW gmW AmV§H$dmX VWm KmVH$
~r‘m[a`m± {dœ g‘ñ`m ~Zt h¡§& Eogo n[adoe H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$aZo H$s MwZm¡Vr B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ H$hmZrH$ma Zo ñdrH$ma H$s h¡&
CgZo AnZr Vah go Z`r ^mfm, ZE {eën Am¡a ZE H$Ï` JT> {bE h¡§& Bg gXr Ho$ H$hmZr H$s {deofVmE§ {ZåZm§{H$V h¢-
Bg gXr H$m H$hmZrH$ma Z {H$gr {deof Am§XmobZ go Ow‹S>m h¡ `m Z {H$gr amOZr{VH$ {dMmaYmam go& "g{H«$` H$hmZr' Am§XmobZ
Ho$ ~mX H$m `h `wJ ì`{³V à{Vð>m `m ì`{³V H|${ÐV H$hm{Z`m| H$m ahm h¡& AndmX ñdê$n Hw$N> H$hmZrH$ma h¢ Omo dm‘n§Wr
{dMmam| go Ow‹S>o h¡§& X{bV H$hmZr Am§~oS>H$admX na {Q>H$s h¡&
Bg `wJ Ho$ H$hmZrH$ma Ho$ gm‘Zo gm§àXm{`H$Vm, Om{VdmX, AmV§H$dmX, ^y‘§S>brH$aU VWm ~mOmadmX go à^m{dV
g‘mO H$mo A{^ì`³V H$aZo H$s MwZm¡Vr h¡& Bg‘| dh g’$b ^r hþAm h¡& CXmarH$aU H$m ^`mdh ê$n amOHw$‘ma amHo$e H$s
H$hmZr "XmXm{Jar' ‘| {Og ê$n ‘| {XIm`m h¡ dh ^`mdh h¡& godm{Zd¥Îm A{YH$mar am‘ZmW H$s H$Wm Ho$ Ûmam A§Vaamï´>r`
ì`mnma, ‘m{’$`mAm| H$m Omb, ^«ï>mMma H$mo Xem©`m h¡& M§XZ nm§S>o`, Ho$ed, amO|Ð amOZ H$s H$hm{Z`m± Bgr VO© na {bIr h¡&
CX` àH$me H$s H$hm{Z`m± ‘m¡OyXm ~mOmaV§Ì ‘| ’±go, ~o~g, Qy>Q>Vo Am¡a X‘ZH$mar n[apñW{V`m| ‘| {Zame bmoJm| H$s MoVZm go

OwS>r h¡§& {MÌm ‘wXJb H$s nm§M dmŠ`m| H$s bKwH$Wm "AmV§H$dmX' ‘| AmV§H$dmX H$m Im¡’$ {M{ÌV hþAm h¡& g§O` ImoVr H$s
"~mha Hw$N> Zht Wm', "ñdJm©amohU-2' Am{X H$hm{Z`m± Cn^mo³VmdmXr g§ñH¥${V H$s ‘r‘m§gm H$aVr h¡§&
ZB© gXr Ho$ H$hmZrH$mam| Zo ~mOmarH$aU, CXmarH$aU go CnOr ~hþAm`m‘r {d^r{fH$mAm| H$mo {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡& Bg‘|
Qy>Q>Vo ‘yë`, n[adma VWm [aíVo, Hw$ÊR>m, AHo$bmnZ, goŠg H$mo Xem©`m h¡& {MÌm ‘wXJb H$s H$hmZr "dmB’$ ñd¡nr' ‘| ~S>o-~S>o
Šb~m| ‘| AmYr amV Ho$ g‘` eam~ Ho$ Zeo ‘| AnZr npËZ`m| H$mo EŠgM|O H$aVo AmYw{ZH$ bmoJm| Ho$ Iob H$mo Xem©`m h¡&
amOHw$‘ma Jm¡V‘ H$s "H$~«' H$hmZr Xån{V OrdZ Ho$ OmZdamZm ^moJ na H|${ÐV h¡& ñdÀN>§X ^moJ H$mo hr OrdZ H$m A§{V‘ bú`
‘mZZodmbo e¡bOm Am¡a añVmoJr AnZo ~ƒm| H$mo EH$-Xygao H$mo ^moJVo XoI hmQ>©AQ>°H$ H$m {eH$ma hmoVo h¡§& am‘Xae {‘l, JmoqdX
{‘l, M§ÐH$m§Vm, H$‘b Hw$‘ma, ‘‘Vm H$m{b`m, g§O` ImoVr, {MÌm ‘wXJb H$s H$hm{Z`m±, Cn{ZdoedmXr g§ñH¥${V H$mo Xem©Vr
h¡& H$‘a Hw$‘ma Ho$ "‘gu H$qbJ' H$hmZr H$s Cfm AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$s n[ad{V©V ór h¡ Omo Anm{hO n{V H$s godm go C~ OmVr
h¡& AnZo `m¡dZ H$mo `y± hr Z JdmH$a gÎmm Am¡a n¡go nmZm MmhVr h¡& JmoqdX {‘l H$s "emnJ«ñV', H¡$bmg dZdmgr H$s
"àVrjm', amHo$e {‘l H$s "~mH$s YwAm± ahZo {X`m', am‘Xae {‘l H$s "{‘g{’$Q>', M§ÐH$m§Vm H$s "Bg Xm¡‹S> ‘|' Am{X H$hm{Z`m±
^r dV©‘mZ n[adoe H$mo A{^ì`³V H$aVr h¡&
CÎma AmYw{ZH$ `wJ ‘| g~go A{YH$ M{M©V {df` h¢ - ór, X{bV VWm Am{Xdmgr& bJ^J g^r bopIH$mAm| Zo ^maVr`
n[adoe ‘| AnZr AmOmXr Ho$ {bE N>Q>nQ>mVr Zmar H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡& bopIH$mAm| EH$ dJ© Eogm ^r h¡ Omo `m¡Z g§~§Ym| H$m
H$m’$s Iwbm Am¡a gmh{gH$ {MÌU H$aVm h¡& Bg Ñ{ï> go amOr goR>, H¥$îUm gmo~Vr, ‘¡Ìo`r nwînm Am{X H$s H$hm{Z`m§ {deof h¡§&
Bg `wJ H$s H$hm{Z`m| ‘| ‘Ü`dJ© H$s {ó`m| Ho$ gmW-gmW doí`mE±, ‘ohZV, ‘OXyar H$aZodmbr VWm bS>{H$`m| H$m Y§Ym
H$aZodmbr {ó`m± ^r {M{ÌV h¡§& X{bV OrdZ H$m g§Kf©, ÌmgXr VWm {dÐmoh H$s H$hm{Z`m± ZB© gXr ‘| Iy~ {bIr JB©&
Amo‘àH$me dmë‘r{H$, gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ, H§$db ^maVr, í`m¡amOqgh ~oM¡Z, ^JdmZXmg ‘moadmb, AO` Zmd[a`m H$s
H$hm{Z`m| ‘| X{bV MoVZm H$mo dmUr {‘br h¡& g§Ord, à{V^m am`, amHo$eHw$‘ma qgh, VoqOXa, aU|Ð, A{OV Jwám H$s
H$hm{Z`m± Am{Xdmgr g§ñH¥${V, àH¥${V VWm ÌmgXr H$m {MÌU H$aVr h¡§&
Bg gXr Ho$ H$B© gm{hË`H$ma Jm§d go eha AmH$a ~go h¡§& BÝhm|Zo J«m‘rU g§ñH¥${V, OZOrdZ Ho$ gmW J«m‘rU OZ H$s
g‘ñ`mAm| H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡& {deofV… ^JdmZXmg ‘moadmb, H$merZmW qgh, n§H$O {‘l, H$s H$hm{Z`m± Jm±d H$s ~XbVr
N>{d Ho$ gmW {M{ÌV h¡§& Zm{gam e‘m© VWm M§ÐH$m§Vm H$s H$hm{Z`m± àdmgr ^maVr` VWm CZHo$ n[admam| H$s g‘ñ`mE± {M{ÌV
H$aVrh¡§&
ZB© gXr H$s H$hmZr ‘| ^mfm VWm e¡br H$s Ñ{ï> go {d{dYVm ahr h¡& CX` àH$me Zo H$hmZr g§aMZm H$mo VmoS>H$a
"‘mohZXmg' H$hmZr Ûmam bå~r H$hmZr H$m g¥OZ {H$`m& dht {MÌm ‘wXJb H$s "AmV§H$dmX' bKwH$Wm ‘hO nm±M dmŠ`m| ‘|
{bIr JB© h¡& H$B© H$hmZrH$mam| Zo ’¢$Q>gr {eën H$mo AnZm`m h¡& `wdm H$hmZrH$mam| H$s ^mfm ^y‘§S>brH¥$V g‘mO Ho$ ~hþV {ZH$Q>
H$s ^mfm bJVr h¡& BZ H$hm{Z`m| ‘| ì`§½` H$s Yma ~S>r n¡Zr VWm ‘maH$ h¡& H$ht-H$ht ZmQ>H$s`Vm H$mo ^r XoIm J`m h¡&
ñnï> h¡, B¸$sgdt gXr H$s H$hmZr AnZo g‘` VWm n[adoe H$s g‘ñV g‘ñ`mAm| H$mo EH$ MwZm¡Vr Ho$ ê$n ‘| XoIVr h¡& Bgo
~S>r ge³VVm go A{^ì`³V H$aVr h¡& dñVw H$s Ñ{ï> go Vmo BVZr {d{dYVm em`X hr {H$gr `wJ ‘| XoIZo H$mo {‘br hmo& {eën
VWm g§aMZm Ho$ ñVa na ^mar ‘mÌm ‘| ~Xbmd hþE h¡§&
4.2.5 B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr ZmQ>H$

qhXr ZmQ>H$m| H$s na§nam ~S>r ge³V VWm ì`mnH$ ahr h¡& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ nyd© ^r ZmQ>H$ VWm a§J‘§M à~moYZ H$s
‘hÎdnyU© BH$mB©`m± ahr h¡§& ^maV|Xw, àgmX Ho$ gmW gmW AÝ` ZmQ>H$H$mam| Zo Bg {dYm H$mo à{Vð>m {Xbm`r& ñdmV§Í`moÎma `wJ ‘|
`h {dH${gV hþB© VWm AmO B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ àW‘ n±Ðh gmbm| H$s Amoa dh AmdmJ‘Z H$a ahr h¡& ‘ybV… 1990 Ho$ ~mX Bg
{dYm Ho$ {dH$mg H$s J{V Yr‘r nS> J`r& Bg g‘` H$moB© ^r ge³V ZmQ>H$H$ma h‘mao gm‘Zo Zht h¡& BgHo$ nyd© ^maV|Xw h[aíM§Ð,
Oè§H$a àgmX, ^rî‘ gmhZr, ‘mohZ amHo$e, e§H$a eof, Y‘©dra ^maVr, gd}œaX`mb gŠgoZm, ñdXoe XrnH$ Am{X
ZmQ>H$H$mam| Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$m| go qhXr a§J‘§M H$mo g‘¥Õ ~Zm`m& ñVar` ZmQ>H$m| H$m {Z‘m©U {H$`m& ZB© gXr Ho$ ‘hÎdnyU©
ZmQ>H$H$mam| VWm CZH$s aMZmAm| H$m n[aM` {ZåZm§{H$V h¡&
H¥$îU ~bXod d¡X (1927)

CnÝ`mg, H$hmZr, AZwdmX, S>màr Ho$ gmW ZmQ>H$ {dYm ‘| `moJXmZ XoH$a {nN>bo bJ^J gmR> gmbm| go qhXr gm{hË` H$s
godm ‘| H$m`©aV H¥$îU ~bXod d¡X Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| ‘| AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$s {dS§>~ZmE± {M{ÌV h¡§& "h‘mar ~w{T>`m' (2000), "n[adma-
AImS>m' (2002), "‘moZm{bOm H$s ‘wñH$mZ' (2003), "H$hVo h¡ {OgH$mo ß`ma' Am{X ZmQ>H$m| ‘| ‘mZdr` g§~§Ym| H$s Jhar
N>mZ~rZ Ho$ gmW-gmW ‘mZdr` ‘yë`m| H$mo nwZ:n[a^m{fV {H$`m h¡& ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ g§dmX ñVar` VWm {Okmgm H$mo ~ZmE aIZodmbo
h¡§&
Za|Ð ‘mohZ (1935)

Añgr Ho$ XeH$ go qhXr ZmQ>ç boIZ H$mo à^m{dV H$aZodmbo Za|Ð ‘mohZ Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| ‘| "A^§J JmWm' (2000), "{‘ñQ>a
{OÞm' (2005), "‘§M A§Yoao ‘|' (2009), "hX hmo JB© `mamo' (2013) Am{X B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ ZmQ>H$ h¡§& "A^§J JmWm' ‘amR>r
g§V H${d VwH$mam‘ Ho$ OrdZ na H|${ÐV h¡& Bg‘| ‘Ü``wJrZ ^md~moY H$mo AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ g§X^m] ‘| T>mbZo H$m à`mg h¡&"{‘ñQ>a
{OÞm' ZmQ>H$ ‘| {OÞm Ho$ à{V nyd©J«hm| H$mo VmoS>Zo VWm CZHo$ ì`{³VÎd H$mo ZE ê$n ‘| g‘PmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s h¡& "‘§M A§Yoao
‘|' H$s H$WmdñVw ‘| AmnmVH$mb H$s ÌmgXr h¡ gmW hr a§JH$‘u n[adma H$s nr‹S>m ^r& BZHo$ g^r ZmQ>H$ a§J‘§Mr` h¡§& BZ‘|
ì`§½`, bmoH$ZmQ>ç, bmoH$JrV Am{X e¡{b`m| H$m à`moJ h¡& (XoI| BH$mB© 6.2.4)
h~r~ VZdra (1923-2009)

nQ>H$Wm boIH$, ZmQ>ç {ZX}eH$, H${d, A{^ZoVm aho h~r~ qhXr a§J‘§M Ho$ ebmH$m nwê$f Wo& CÝhm|Zo bmoH$Y‘u a§JH$‘©
H$mo nyar Xw{Z`m ‘| à{V{ð>V {H$`m& Z`r gXr Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| ‘| "~hmXwa Šbm[aZ' (2004), "MaZXmg Mmoa' (2009), "EH$ Am¡aV
{hno{e`m Wr' (2009) {deof à{gÕ h¡§& "~hmXwa Šbm[aZ' H$s H$Wm H$m AmYma N>ÎmrgJT> Ho$ ~ñVa {Obo Ho$ Am{Xdm{g`m|
H$s bmoH$H$Wm h¡& Bg‘| ‘m±-~oQ>o Ho$ AmË‘r` g§~§Ym| na àý {M• h¡& Bg‘| ~ƒm| Ho$ A{V ß`ma, bmS>-Xybma Ho$ n[aUm‘m| H$mo
{M{ÌV {H$`m h¡& "MaZXmg Mmoa' H$s H$Wm dmñV{dH$ ^r h¡ Am¡a H$mën{ZH$ ^r& MaUXmg Eogm Mmoa h¡ Omo Mmoar Ho$ n¡go Jar~m|
‘| ~m±Q>H$a CZgo ào‘ Am¡a lÕm nmVm h¡& "EH$ Am¡aV {hno{e`m Wr' H$s H$WmdñVw amOZr{VH$ ñdmW© go gm§àXm{`H$Vm H$mo
’¡$bmH$a Y‘© Ho$ Zm‘ na ~±Q>dmam H$aZodmbo ñdmWu amOZoVm H$s h¡& BZHo$ ZmQ>H$ a§J‘§M H$s Ñ{ï> go à`moJerb h¡§&
à^mH$a lmo{Ì` (1938)

à{gÕ AmbmoMH$, {Z~§YH$ma, g§nmXH$ VWm ZmQ>H$H$ma aho lmo{Ì` ~hþAm`m‘r ì`{³VÎd Ho$ YZr h¡§& CZHo$ ZmQ>H$
g‘H$mbrZ n[adoe VWm CgH$s g§doXZmAm| H$s ge³V A{^ì`{³V h¡& "Bbm' ZmQ>H$ h‘mao g‘` Ho$ ór g§Kf© H$mo JhamB© VH$
aoIm§{H$V H$aVm h¡& "{’$a go Ohm±nZmh' (2009) ‘| ‘Zwî` H$s ^`mdh ÌmgXr {M{ÌV h¡ {Og‘| gÎmm ‘| ~Xbmd Ho$ ~mdOyX
Am‘ AmX‘r {Za§Va XwIr h¡& Xmo A§H$m| Ho$ Bg ZmQ>H$ ‘| AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ ^{dî` H$m {dñVma h¡ gmW hr ‘Ü`H$mb go AVrV
VH$ H$m dU©Z& "gm§M H$Ry>§ Vmo' (2009) amOñWmZr amgmo H$Wm na AmYm[aV ór-nwê$f g§~§Ym| H$m brbm ZmQ>H$ h¡&
AgJa dOmhV (1946)

ZmQ>H$, H$Wm, CnÝ`mg, `mÌm-d¥Îmm§V, AmË‘H$Wm, AZwdmX Am{X {dYmAm| ‘| boIZ H$aZodmbo AgJa dgmhV Ho$
ZmQ>H$ {df`, e¡br VWm a§J‘M H$s Ñ{ï> go à`moJerb h¡& CZHo$ g^r ZmQ>H$m| H$m Xoe {dXoe ‘| ‘§MZ hþAm h¡& "JmoS>goJm§Yr.H$m°‘
Bg à{gÕ ZmQ>çH¥${V Ho$ gmW-gmW "{Og bmhm¡a Zht do»`m Am¡ OÝ‘mB ZB©' (2009) Am¡a "g~go gñVm JmoíV' (2009)
‘hÎdnyU© H¥${V`m± h¡§& "{Og bmhm¡a Zht do»`m... H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ {d^mOZ H$s ÌmgXr VWm gm§àXm{`H$Vm go OwS>r h¡& `h ZmQ>H$
Xem©Vm h¡ {H$ Bg Xoe ‘| Am‘ AmX‘r Ho$ {bE Y‘© `m Om{V g‘ñ`m Zht h¡& ~pëH$ g‘ñ`m h¡ amOZr{Vkm| H$s `m CZH$s Omo
gm§àXm{`H$Vm H$mo AnZm Y‘© ‘mZVo h¡§& `h ZmQ>H$ {d^mOZ H$s ÌmgXr go nr{‹S>V bmoJm| Ho$ ‘Zmo^mdm| H$mo g‘PZo Am¡a
g§dmoXZmAm| H$mo gwa{jV aIZo H$m à`mg H$aVm h¡& "g~go gñVm JmoíV' Zw¸$S> ZmQ>H$m| H$m g§J«h h¡&
F$frHo$e gwb^ (1955)

bKw H$WmAm| Am¡a {dXo{e`m e¡br Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ {bE nhMmZo OmZodmbo F${fHo$e d[að> nr‹T>r Ho$ ge³V gm{hË`H$ma h¡§&
BÝhm|Zo ‘m¡{bH$ ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ gmW g§ñH¥$V ZmQ>H$m| H$m ê$nm§VaU VWm ’$UrœaZmW aoUw Ho$ "‘¡bm Am±Mb' CnÝ`mg H$m ZmQ>çê$nm§Va
{H$`m h¡& BZHo$ ZB© gXr Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| ‘| "A‘br' (2010), "YaVr Am~m' (2010) a§J‘§M H$s Ñ{ï> go {deof h¡§& "A‘br'
{dXo{g`m e¡br ‘| {bpIV ZmQ>H$ AmYw{ZH$ ^r h¡ VWm AnZr O‹S>m| go Ow‹S>m hþAm ^r& {~hma go OwS>r "A‘br' nmÌ Ûmam
g‘H$mbrZ g‘mO ‘| ì`má {dg§J{V`m± A{^ì`³V hþB© h¡§& "YaVr Am~m' {~agm ‘w§S>m Ho$ OrdZ na H|${ÐV ZmQ>H$ h¡& Ob,
O‘rZ, O§Jb na ß`ma H$aZodmbo Am{Xdmgr g‘mO na A§J«oOm| Ûmam AË`mMma {H$E OmZo na nhbm g§Kf© {~agm ‘w§S>m Ûmam
{H$`m J`m& do BZ OZOm{V`m| ‘| A§J«oOm| Ho$ {˜bmµ’$ g§Kf© H$aZo H$s MoVZm {Z‘m©U H$aVo h¡§& F$frHo$e Ho$ XmoZm| ZmQ>H$ a§J‘§Mr`
h¡§&
‘ram H$m§V
‘ram H$m§V H$m "ZonÏ` amJ' (2004) Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am¡a nm¡am{UH$ Am»`mZ Ho$ Ûmam Cg am{JZr H$s H$Wm H$mo ‘§{MV
H$aVm h¡ Omo `wJmo-`wJm| go g‘mOê$nr a§J‘§M Ho$ H|$Ð ‘| AmZo Ho$ {bE g§Kf©aV h¡&
4.2.6 qhXr ZmQ>H$ H$s {deofVmE±

Oè§H$a àgmX go ewê$ hþB© qhXr ZmQ>H$m| H$s na§nam ñdmV§Í`moÎma `wJ Ho$ ‘mohZ amHo$e, ^rî‘ gmhZr, ‘wÐmamjg, ‘{U
‘YwH$a, gwa|Ð d‘m©, h‘rXw„m Am{X Zo {dH${gV H$s& bo{H$Z O~ h‘ B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr ZmQ>H$ VWm a§J‘§M H$s MMm© H$aVo
h¢ Vmo WmoS>r {Zamem ZOa AmVr h¡& Bg gXr Ho$ AgJa dgmhV VWm Za|Ð ‘mohZ O¡go ZmQ>H$H$ma ñd`§ `h ‘mZVo h¢ {H$ qhXr ‘|
ZmQ>H$ boIZ {dYm IË‘ hmoZo H$s H$Jma na h¡& BgHo$ H$B© H$maUm| ‘| go Xmo ge³V H$maU h¢- 1. ZE gm{hË`H$mam| H$m Bg
boIZ Ho$ à{V ZH$mamË‘H$ ZO[a`m Am¡a 2. g§Mma gmYZm| Q>rdr, ‘ëQ>rßboŠg H$s Xw{Z`m ‘| ZmQ>H$m| H$m {nN>S>Zm& `h ~mV
{~ëHw$b gM h¡ {H$ CnÝ`mg, H$hmZr, g§ñ‘aU, `mÌmd¥Îm Am{X {dYmAm| H$s VwbZm ‘| B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s g§»`m
~hþV H$‘ h¡& BZo-{JZo AmR>-Xg hr ZmQ>H$H$ma h¢ Omo AnZr à{V^m H$mo ZmQ>ç g¥OZ ‘| bJm aho h¡§& d¡go ^y‘§S>brH$aU VWm
~mOmadmX go à^m{dV Bg n[adoe ‘| ì`{³V, n[adma, g‘mO VWm g§ñH¥${V ‘| BVZo ì`mnH$ ~Xbmd AmE h¢, bo{H$Z BÝh|
ZmQ>H$ {dYm ‘| {M{ÌV H$aZo Ho$ à{V gm{hË`H$mam| H$s gH$mamË‘H$ Ñ{ï> ZOa Zht AmVr& AÝ` {dYmAm| Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| ZE
gm{hË`H$mam| Zo {deof `moJXmZ {X`m h¡, ZmQ>H$ Ho$ ~mao ‘| ‘mÌ AndmX ahm h¡&
{df`dñVw H$s Ñ{ï> go Bg H$mb Ho$ ZmQ>H$ {d{dYVm H$mo Xem©Vo h¡§& H¥$îU~bXod d¡X Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| ‘| AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$s
{dS§>~ZmE± h¡§& h~r~ VZdra Zo ñdmWu amOZoVm Ho$ gmW ~ƒm| Ho$ A{V bmS>-ß`ma go {~JS>Vo ~ƒm| H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡& BZH$s
H$WmdñVw H$mën{ZH$ VWm Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm go g§~§Y aIVr h¡& Za|Ð ‘mohZ Ho$ ZmQ>H$ AmnmVH$mb H$s ÌmgXr VWm
gm§àXm{`H$Vm H$mo Xem©Vo h¡§& à^mH$a lmo{Ì` amOZr{VH$ ‘moh^§J VWm AgJa dgmhV {d^mOZ H$s ÌmgXr H$m {MÌU H$aVo h¡§&
Bg gXr Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s H$WmdñVw H$m AmYma B{Vhmg, nwamU, bmoH$H$Wm, {‘WH$m| Ho$ gmW-gmW dmñV{dH$ OrdZ ahm h¡&
ZB© gXr ‘| Zò ZmQ>çê$nm| H$mo OÝ‘ {X`m h¡& Zw¸$S> ZmQ>H$ Ho$ gmW-gmW EH$m§H$s ZmQ>H$ Am¡a ao{‹S>`mo ZmQ>H$ H$m g¥OZ
{H$`m J`m& dg§VHw$‘ma n[ahma H$m "B§{S>`m JoQ> H$m ‘wH$X‘m' (2001), AMb e‘m© Ho$ "n[a¨Xo' (2000), "Š`m MmhVr h¡
{edmZr' (2000) Am{X ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$ h¡§&
H$hm{Z`m| H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a ZmQ>ç boI V¡`ma H$aZo H$s àd¥{Îm ^r Bgr `wJ ‘| XoIr JB© h¡& {MÌm ‘wXJb, Za|Ð ‘mohZ,
Am{X`m| Zo à{gÕ gm{hË`H$mam| H$s H$hm{Z`m| VWm CnÝ`mgm| H$m ZmQ>çê$nm§Va {H$`m h¡& {MÌm Or Zo ào‘M§X H$s H$hm{Z`m| Ho$
ZmQ>çê$nm§Va H$a VrZ I§S>m| ‘| (2005) Cgo àH$m{eV {H$`m h¡& bmoH$‘§Mr` e¡br Ho$ gmW-gmW ’§$Vmgr, àVrH$mË‘H$,
ì`§½`mË‘H$ VWm H$ht-H$ht EH$m{YH$ e¡{b`m| H$m {‘lU H$a EH$ ZB© e¡br ^r {Z‘m©U H$s h¡&
ñnï> h¡ B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr ZmQ>H$ {df`dñVw Ho$ gmW e¡br Ho$ ñVa na à`moJerb VWm {d{dYVmnyU© ahm& ZmQ>H$ Ho$
gmW EH$m§H$s, ao{S>`mo EH$m§H$s H$s ^r {bIo JE& AÝ` ^mfmAm| Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ AZwdmX {H$E JE& à{gÕ H$hm{Z`m±, CnÝ`mgm|,
Ord{Z`m| VWm AmË‘H$WmAm| Ho$ ^r ZmQ>çê$nm§Va g’$b ê$n ‘| {H$E JE h¡§&

(1) H¥$îUm gmo~Vr H$mo ........... ‘| kmZnrR> nwañH$ma àmá hþAm&
(2) H$m{eZmW qgh H$m "aohZ na a½Kw' ........... A»`mZ h¡&
(3) {J[aamO {H$emoa H$m ........... CnÝ`mg ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr Ho$ OrdZ na AmYm[aV h¡&
(4) g§Ord H$m "ah JB© {XemE± Bg nma' ........... na {bIm J`m nhbm CnÝ`mg h¡&
(5) ‘¥Xybm JJ© H$s H$hm{Z`m| ‘| nmR>H$ H$mo ........... ahVm h¡&
(6) CX` àH$me H$s "‘mohZXmg' ........... h¡&
(7) AënZm {‘l H$s H$hm{Z`m| ‘| ........... VH$ZrH$ H$m BñVo‘mb {H$`m h¡&
(8) Za|Ð ‘mohZ H$m "A^§JJmWm' ZmQ>H$ ........... Ho$ OrdZ na H|${ÐV h¡&
(9) ........... ZmQ>H$ {~agm ‘w§S>m Ho$ OrdZ na H|${ÐV h¡&

(1) Zm{gam e‘m© Ho$ "Hw$B`m§OmZ' CnÝ`mg ‘| H$m¡Z gr g‘ñ`m {M{ÌV h¡?
(2) am‘Ymarqgh {XdmH$a Ho$ "Qy>Q>Vo Xmào' CnÝ`mg ‘| {H$gHo$ emofU H$s H$Wm h¡?
(3) g§Ord Ho$ "’$m±g' H$s H|$Ðr` g‘ñ`m Š`m h¡?
(4) AënZm {‘l H$s H$hmZr "Jw‘ewXm' {H$g e¡br ‘| {bIr h¡?
(5) à^mV a§OZ {H$g ãbm°J na {bIVo h¢?
(6) "‘moZm{bOm H$s ‘wñH$mZ' {H$gH$m ZmQ>H$ h¡?
(7) "{’$a go Ohm±nZmh' ZmQ>H$ {H$VZo A§H$m| H$m h¢?

gm{hË`H$ma aMZm
(1) à^mH$a lmo{Ì` (A) Oramo amoS>
(2) AbH$m gamdJr (Am) {’$a go Ohm±nZmh
(3) {MÌm ‘wXJb (B) ‘mohZXmg
(4) Zm{gam e‘m© (B©) eof H$mXå~ar
(5) ‘Yw H$m§H$[a`m (C) aoV
(6) ^JdmZXmg ‘moadmb (D$) H|$Mwb
(7) CX` àH$me (E) goO na g§ñH¥$V

(1) Am»`mZ : H$Wm, d¥Îmm§V
(2) {Ja{‘{Q>`m : ~§YwAm ‘OXya
(3) Z¥VÎdemó : dh emó Omo Am{X‘ Om{V`m| Ho$ ñdê$n, {dH$mg, g§ñH¥${V, H$bm H¥${V`m|, {H«$`m ì`mnmam| H$s gyMZm
nwamVÎd{dXm| H$mo àXmZ H$aVm h¡&
(4) Zw¸$S> ZmQ>H$ : na§namJV a§J‘§Mr` ZmQ>H$m| go {^Þ& `h a§J‘§M na Zht Iobm OmVm&

(A)
(1) 2017 (6) bå~r H$hmZr
(2) ‘hmH$mì`mË‘H$ (7) Jmo[a„m
(3) nhbm {Ja{‘{Q>`m (8) g§V VwH$mam‘
(4) O¡{dH$s (9) YaVr Am~m
(5) ñnog

(Am)
(1) {JaVo Ob ñVa H$s g‘ñ`m
(2) X{bV emofU
(3) H¥$fH$ OrdZ VWm AmË‘hË`m
(4) gnmQ>~`mZr e¡br
(5) OmZH$s nwb
(6) H¥$îU ~bXod d¡X
(7) Xmo A§H$
(B)
(1) Am, (2) B©, (3) D$, (4) A, (5) E, (6) C, (7) B.
4.5 gmam§e
B¸$sgdt gXr H$m JÚ gm{hË` dñVw VWm e¡br H$s Ñ{ï> go {d{dYVmnyU© VWm à`moJerb ahm h¡& Bg `wJ ‘| EH$ gmW
VrZ nr{‹T>`m± boIZ go OwS>r h¡& VrZm| Zo AnZo AZw^d, Ñ{ï> VWm à{V^m go B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ n[adoe VWm g‘` H$mo CnÝ`mg,
H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$ Ho$ Ûmam A{^ì`³V {H$`m h¡& ^y‘§S>brH$aU VWm ~mOmadmX go à^m{dV `wJ ‘| ‘Zwî` H$m `§ÌdV ~ZZm, [aíVo-
ZmV|-n[adma H$m Qy>Q>Zm, nmümË` g§ñH¥${V VWm ~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ à^md go ^m¡{VH$Vm VWm ‘wZm’o$ H$s àm{á H$mo OrdZ H$m
A§{V‘ bú` ‘mZZm, Bggo AmE AHo$bonU, AnamY~moY, {d{dY ~r‘m[a`m| go ÌñV hmoZm, gm§àXm{`H$Vm, AmV§H$dmX,
n`m©daU àXyfU H$s g‘ñ`m, ór-X{bV-Am{Xdmgr OrdZ H$m `WmW© VWm emofU âm {MÌU, {H$gmZ AmË‘hË`mE±,
‘Ü`dJ©, amOZr{VH$, gm‘m{OH$ VWm Am{W©H$ joÌ go OwS>r g‘ñV g‘ñ`mE±, `wJrZ CnÝ`mgm|, H$hm{Z`m| VWm ZmQ>H$m| ‘|
{M{ÌV h¡§&
e¡br H$s Ñ{ï> go `h `wJ à`moJerb ahm h¡& CnÝ`mgm| ‘| g§ñ‘aUmË‘H$, S>màr, AmË‘H$WmË‘H$ e¡{b`m| Ho$ gmW-gmW
H$Wm g¥OZ ‘| AbJ Q>oH$ZrH$ H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡& H$m{eZmW qgh H$m "H$mer H$m Añgr' CnÝ`mg H$WmAm| H$m g§J«h h¡& gwa|Ð
d‘m© H$m "H$mQ>Zm e‘r H$m d¥j nÙn§Iwar H$s Yma go' ‘| ZmQ>çemór` na§nam H$m AmYma boH$a erf©H$, AÜ`m`, VWm g§dmXm|
H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡& adtÐ H$m{b`m, Hw$Umb qgh, aU|Ð, AO` Zmd[a`m, CX` àH$me, ApIboe, {MÌm ‘wXJb, g§Ord Am{X
H$s H$hm{Z`m± e¡br H$s Ñ{ï> go à`moJerb h¡& Za|Ð ‘mohZ, VZdra h~r~, à^mH$a lmo{Ì`, gy`©H$m§V, AgJa dOmhV Ho$ ZmQ>H$
a§J‘§Mr` VWm à`moJerb h¡§&
4.6 ñdmÜ`m`
(1) B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr CnÝ`mgH$mam| H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OE&
(2) B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr H$hmZr H$s {deofVmAm| H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE&
(3) B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr Ho$ ‘hÎdnyU© ZmQ>H$H$ma VWm ZmQ>H$m| H$m n[aM` Xr{OE&
(4) B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr CnÝ`mg H$s {deofVmE± ñnï> H$s{OE&

4.7 joÌr` H$m`©
(1) ‘amR>r ^mfm Ho$ à‘wI JÚ {dYmAm| H$s OmZH$mar nmH$a CZH$m AÜ``Z H$s{OE&

(1) qgh nwînnmb (2013) 21 dt gXr H$m qhXr CnÝ`mg, ZB© {X„r, amYmH¥$îU àH$meZ, àW‘ g§ñH$aU&
(2) AJ«dmb Zrê$ (g§nm.) (2015) ^y‘§S>brH$maU Am¡a qhXr CnÝ`mg, {X„r, AZÝ` àH$meZ, àW‘ g§ñH$aU&
(3) {‘l g§. adtÐZmW, (2015) B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË`, Bbmhm~mX, bmoH$^maVr àH$meZ, àW‘ g§ñH$aU&
(4) g§. ZJ|Ð (2017) qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg, B§{Xamnwa‘, ‘`wa nona~¡H$, 58 dm§ g§ñH$aU&
(5) nm§S>o` g§. aVZHw$‘ma (2009) AZ^¡ (Ì¡‘m{gH$), ‘w§~B©, g§`w³Vm§H$ 23-24, OwbmB©-{Xg§~a&

BH$mB© 5 : B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr JÚ : Jm¡U {dYmE±
AZwH«$‘
5.0 CÔoí¶
5.1 àñVmdZm
5.2 {df`-{ddaU
5.2.1 B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr AmbmoMZm
5.2.2 B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr {Z~§Y
5.2.3 B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr AmË‘H$Wm
5.2.4 B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr g§ñ‘aU
5.2.5 B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr `mÌmd¥Îmm§V
5.2.6 B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ JÚ H$s AÝ` {dYmE±
5.5 gmam§e
5.6 ñdmÜ`m`
5.7 joÌr` H$m`©
5.0 CÔoí¶
· B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ JÚ Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo ñnï> H$a gH|$Jo&
· B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ JÚ H$s {d{dY {dYmAm| H$m {ddoMZ H$a gH$moJo&
· B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ JÚ H$s {deofVmAm| H$mo ñnï> H$a nmAmoJo&
5.1 àñVmdZm
BgHo$ nyd© H$s BH$mB© ‘| h‘Zo CnÝ`mg, H$hmZr VWm ZmQ>H$ {dYm H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m h¡& ò JÚ H$s à‘wI {dYmE± ahr h¡§&
h‘ OmZVo h¢ {H$ qhXr AmbmoMZm VWm {Z~§Y H$m CØd ^maV|Xw `wJ ‘| hþAm h¡& {ÛdoXr VWm ewŠb `wJ ‘| ò {dH${gV hþE&
ñdmV§Í`moÎma `wJ ‘| BÝhm|Zo Z`r-Z`r e¡{b`m| H$mo AmË‘gmV H$a AnZm {dH$mg {H$`m& qhXr gm{hË` H$mo ^r {dH${gV {H$`m&
Añgr Ho$ XeH$ H$s AmË‘H$WmAm| Zo qhXr AmË‘H$Wm H$mo ZB© nhMmZ {XbmB©& ‘hmXodr d‘m©, am‘d¥j ~oZrnwar Zo g§ñ‘aU VWm
aoIm{MÌ H$mo g‘¥Õ ~Zm`m& Ako`, amhþb gm§ñH¥$Ë`m`Z Zo `mÌm gm{hË` H$mo {dYm Ho$ ê$n ‘| à{V{ð>V ~Zm`m& nÌ, S>màr,
gmjmËH$ma Am{X {dYmE± ^r {dH${gV hmoVr JB©& B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ ^y‘§S>brH¥$V VWm ~mOmadmXr n[adoe Zo OrdZ Ho$ g^r joÌm|
H$mo {Og àH$ma go à^m{dV {H$`m h¢ CgH$s `WmW© VWm ge³V A{^ì`{³V BZ {dYmAm| ‘| ^r XoIr J`r h¡§& {dH$mg H$s Ñ{ï>

go XoIm Omò Vmo {Z~§Y, aoIm{MÌ, OrdZr Am{X {dYmE§ AnZm n`m©á {dH$mg H$aVr Zht {XImB© Xo ahr h¡§& BZH$s VwbZm ‘|
g§ñ‘aU, `mÌmd¥Îm, S>màr, gmjmËH$ma O¡gr {dYmE± ‘mÌ H$m’$s bmoH${à` ZOa Am ahr h¡§& AmbmoMZm Ho$ ~mao ‘| g§^«‘ h¡&
à{V{ð>V VWm gmR> Ho$ XeH$ go H$m`©aV AmbmoMH$ hr Bg {dYm na à^md O‘mE ~¡R>o h¡§& {Z~§Y Am¡a AmbmoMZm H$mo N>mo‹S> X|
Vmo bJ^J g^r {dYmAm| Zo AnZo dñVw VWm e¡br ‘| n[adV©Z {H$E h¡§& {eën VWm g§aMZm H$mo Z`r gXr Ho$ AZwê$n T>mb {X`m
h¡& B§Q>aZoQ> na qhXr ^mfm Ho$ à`moJ Zo `mÌmd¥Îm, g§ñ‘aU, S>màr Ho$ gmW gmW Am°{S>`mo dr{S>`mo gmjmËH$mam| Ho$ àgma ‘| ‘XX
H$s& H$B© gmao ãbmo½g VWm do~gmBQ>mo Zo ZE {df`m| H$mo ZB© e¡br Ûmam A{^ì`³V {H$`m& dV©‘mZ ‘| BboŠQ´m°{ZH$ gm{hË` H$m
g¥OZ VWm àgma Omoam| na h¡&
5.2 {df`-{ddaU
B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr JÚ H$mo g‘¥Õ H$aZo ‘| H$hmZr, CnÝ`mg VWm ZmQ>H$ H$m {OVZm `moJXmZ ahm h¡ CVZm hr {Z~§Y,
AmbmoMZm, OrdZr, AmË‘H$Wm, g§ñ‘aU, S>màr, `mÌmd¥Îm H$m ^r ahm h¡& BZ {dYmAm| Ho$ ‘hÎdnyU© aMZmH$ma VWm CZH$s
{deofVmAm| H$m {ddoMZ àñVwV BH$mB© ‘| {H$`m OmEJm&
5.2.1 B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr AmbmoMZm

^maV|Xw `wJ ‘| nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go Ama§^ hþB© AmbmoMZm AmMm`© ewŠb `wJ ‘| àm¡‹T> ~Zr& ‘hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr,
AmMm`© am‘M§Ð ewŠb, Z§XXwbmao dmOno`r, am‘{dbmg e‘m©, hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr, Jwbm~am`, Zm‘da qgh, à^mH$a ímo{Ì`
Am{X Zo g‘rjm H$s {d{dY nÕ{V`m± VWm e¡{b`m± {dH${gV H$s& B¸$sgdt gXr ‘| ^r `h AnZo {dH$mg ‘mJ© na H$m`©aV h¡&
Bg gXr Ho$ ZE g‘rjH$ n{ÌH$mAm| VWm B§Q>aZoQ> na boI Ho$ ê$n ‘| AnZr g‘rjm H$mo A{^ì`³V H$aVo ZOa AmE h¡§& à‘wI
AmbmoMH$ VWm CZH$s aMZmAm| H$m {díbofU {ZåZm§{H$V h¡-
Zm‘da qgh (1927)

1950 go qhXr AmbmoMZm go Ow‹S>o Zm‘da qgh AmO ^r AnZr AmbmoMZm VWm g§nmXZ go qhXr gm{hË` ‘| godmaV h¡§&
AmMm`© am‘M§Ð ewŠb Ho$ ~mX do qhXr Ho$ ‘hVÎdnyU© AmbmoMH$ h¢ {OÝhm|Zo gm{hË` H$s H$bmË‘H$ {d{eï>VmAm| H$m gyú‘
{ddoMZ {H$`m h¡& "N>m`mdmX' (1954) go boH$a "AmbmoMH$ Ho$ ‘wI go'(2005) (ì`m»`mZ Ho$ g§J«h H$m g§nmXZ IJ|ÐZmW
R>mHw$a) VH$ H$s CZH$s `mÌm qhXr AmbmoMZm H$m B{Vhmg h¡& CÝh| qhXr AmbmoMZm H$s dm{MH$ na§nam Ho$ AmMm`© H$hm OmVm
h¡§&
a‘oe Hw$§ Vb ‘oK (1931)

qhXr Ho$ d[aï> AmbmoMH$ a‘oe Hw§$Vb ‘oK Zo àJ{VdmXr AmbmoMZm H$m {dñVma {H$`m& gm¢X`© Ñ{ï> Am¡a gm‘m{OH$
^y{‘H$m BZH$s AmbmoMZm Ho$ ~rO eãX h¡§& ‘mŠg©dmX Ho$ A{V[a³V BÝhm|Zo g‘mOemó, gm¢X`©emó, {‘WH$emó, ‘Zmo{dkmZ
Am{X H$mo AmbmoMZm H$m AmYma ~Zm`m& ZB© gXr ‘| CZH$s àH$m{eV aMZmE± h¢ - "H$m‘m`Zr na ZB© {H$Vm~' (2000),
"pIS>{H$`m| na AmH$me Xrn' (2002), "erb Am¡a gm¢X`©' (2005), "‘mZd Xoh Am¡a h‘mar ^mfmE±' (2015),
"{díd{‘WH$g[aËgmJa' (2014) Am{X& CZHo$ "{díd {‘WH$ g[aËgmJa' H$mo df© 2017 H$m gm{hË` AH$mX‘r nwañH$ma àmá
h¡& Bg aMZm ‘| 35 Xoem| H$s {‘WH$ JmWmE± em{‘b h¡§& gmW hr {díd Yamoha H$s 9 g§ñH¥${V`m| H$s {‘WH$ {MÌ AmboIH$mar,
{‘WH$- ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ‘mZ{MÌ em{‘b h¡§& `h {‘WH$m| H$m {dídH$mof hr h¡&
am‘ñdê$n MVwdX} r (1931 - 2003)

Añgr Ho$ XeH$ go qhXr AmbmoMZm go Ow‹S>o MVwd}Xr Or H$s J«§W g§»`m H$m’$s h¡& "qhXr JÚ: {dÝ`mg Am¡a {dH$mg'
(1996), "AmYw{ZH$ H${dVm `mÌm' (1998), "AmMm`© am‘M§Ð ewŠb: AmbmoMZm H$m AW© Am¡a AW© H$s AmbmoMZm'
(2001), "^{³V H$mì` `mÌm' (2002) Am{X AmbmoMZmË‘H$ H¥${V`m± h¡§& "AmMm`© am‘M§Ð ewŠb: AmbmoMZm H$m AW© Am¡a
AW© H$s AmbmoMZm' ‘| ewŠb H$s H$mì` AmbmoMZm Am¡a CZHo$ ~m¡{ÕH$ M[aÌ na Ñ{ï> H|${ÐV h¡& do gm{hË` H$mo g§gma H$s
nwZa©MZm ‘mZVo h¡§& do B{Vhmg boIH$ Ho$ {bE B{Vhmg go H$B© Á`mXm ZB© Ñ{ï> H$mo Amdí`H$ ‘mZVo h¡§&
Jmonmb am` (1932)
Jmonmb am` H$s bJ^J g^r nwñVH|$ CnÝ`mg H$s AmbmoMZm go g~§{YV h¡§& qhXr ‘| em`X hr H$moB© AÝ` AmbmoMH$
hmoJm {OÝhm|Zo CnÝ`mg {dYm na BVZr nwñVH|$ {bIr hmoJr& "CnÝ`mg H$s nhMmZ' e¥§Ibm Ho$ A§VJ©V "‘¡bm Am±Mb'
(2000), "{Xì`m' (2001), "‘hm^moO' (2002), "qhXr CnÝ`mg H$m B{Vhmg' (2003), "CnÝ`mg H$s g§aMZm' (2005),
"Ako` Am¡a CZH$m H$Wm gm{hË`' (2010), "qhXr H$hmZr H$m B{Vhmg ^mJ 1 Am¡a 2' (2008,2011), "qhXr H$hmZr H$m
B{Vhmg ^mJ 3' (2014) Am{X aMZmE± àH$m{eV h¡§& {H$gr CnÝ`mg H$s AmbmoMZm H$aVo g‘` do Xmo MrOm| H$s Amoa Ü`mZ
AmH${f©V H$aVo h¡§& 1.CnÝ`mg H$s g‘rjm ‘| ‘mŠg©dmXr Ñ{ï> H$mo AnZmZm VWm, 2. CnÝ`mg Ho$ {eën {ddoMZ ‘| Ñ{ï> q~Xw
H$mo ‘hÎd XoZm& CZ‘| VQ>ñWVm BVZr h¡ {H$ do {H$gr H$s gh‘{V Agh‘{V H$s qMVm Zht H$aVo h¡§&
Z§X{H$emoa Zdb (1937)

àJ{Verb H$mì`mbmoMH$ Z§X{H$emoa Zdb AmbmoMZm H$s gmW©H$Vm Ho$ {bE AmbmoMH$ H$s AmOmXr A{Zdm`© ‘mZVo h¡§&
CÝh| bJVm h¡ {H$ Eogm AmbmoMH$ gm{hË` H$s àH¥${V Am¡a CgHo$ {Z`‘m| H$m ~marH$s go AÜ``Z H$a aMZm H$m Agbr ê$n
nmR>H$ Ho$ gm‘Zo CnpñWV H$a nmEJm& CÝhm|Zo ào‘M§X, ‘w{³V~moY, {Zambm, gyaXmg H$s H$mì` g‘rjm Ho$ gmW gmW ZB© gXr
‘| "aMZm H$m nj' (2000), "eVmãXr H$s H${dVm' (2001), "nmí©dN>{d' (2002), "{Zambm: H$mì` H$s N>{d`m±', "H${dVm
Ho$ Ama nma' (2003), "AmYw{ZH$ qhXr H${dVm H$m B{Vhmg' (2012), "gyaXmg' (2013), "ar{VH$mì`' (2013) "qhXr
H${dVm: A^r {~bHw$b A^r' (2014) H$m g¥OZ {H$`m h¡& Zdb Or aMZm H$s dñVw Am¡a A{^ì`{³V XmoZm| H$mo g‘mZ ‘hÎd
XoVo h¡§& AnZo gyú‘ {ddoMZ Ûmam aMZm Ho$ A§Va§J ‘| àdoe H$a Eogo {ZîH$f© {ZH$bVo h¢ Omo {dMmamoÎmoOH$ VWm gd©Wm ZE hmoVo
h¡§& {ddmXmñnX ^r hmoVo h¡§& "gyaXmg' Am¡a "ar{VH$mì`' AmñdmXnaH$ AmbmoMZm H$s {H$Vm~| h¡§&
à^mH$a jmo{Ì` (1938)

~hþAm`m‘r ì`{³VÎd Ho$ YZr à^mH$a jmo{Ì` Zo AmbmoMZm, ZmQ>H$, {Z~§Y, g§nmXZ Am{X {dYmAm| ‘| g¥OZ {H$`m&
ZmQ>H$ Am¡a AmbmoMZm Ho$ joÌ ‘| CZH$m `moJXmZ C„oIZr` ahm h¡& BÝh| "AmbmoMZm H$s Vrgar na§nam' H$m AmbmoMH$ ‘mZm
OmVm h¡& CZH$s AmbmoMZm ‘| g¥OZmË‘H$Vm h¡§& ZB© gXr ‘| "àgmX gm{hË` ‘| ào‘ VÎd' (2000), "Zaoe ‘hVm' (2003),
"qhXr H$b AmO Am¡a H$b' (2006), "gm{hË` Ho$ ZE àíZ' (2014), "^maV ‘| ‘hm^maV' (2014) Am{X J«§W àH$m{eV
h¡§&
‘Ywaoe (1939)
àma§^ go hr H$hmZr Am¡a CnÝ`mg H$s g‘rjm go Ow‹S>o ‘Ywaoe AmbmoMZm Ho$ joÌ ‘| ^r J§^ra VWm qMVZerb ì`{³VÎd
aho h¡§& CZH$s AmbmoMZm g§Vw{bV Ñ{ï>H$moU, {ddmX a{hV {díbofU VWm ghO g§àofU e¡br ‘| ahr h¡& CZHo$ ‘m¡{bH$
AmbmoMZmË‘H$ J«§Wm| Ho$ gmW g§nm{XV J«§Wm| H$s gyMr ^r b§~r h¡& ZB© gXr Ho$ J«§Wm| ‘|- "A‘¥Vbmb ZmJa: ì`{³VÎd Am¡a aMZm
g§gma' (2000), "^¡adàgmX Jwá' (2000), "{Xì`m H$m ‘hÎd' (2000), "qhXr CnÝ`mg: gmW©H$ H$s nhMmZ' (2002),
"H$hmZrH$ma O¡Z|Ð Hw$‘ma' (2003), "‘oao AnZo am‘{dbmg' (2004), "qhXr AmbmoMZm H$m {dH$mg' (2005), "ènmb:
aMZmË‘H$ nwZdm©g H$s EH$ H$mo{ee' (2006) "AmbmoMZm: à{VdmX H$s g§ñH¥${V' (2011), "g‘`, g‘mO Am¡a CnÝ`mg'
(2013), "{eZm»V' (2013), "AmbmoMH$ H$m AmH$me' (AmË‘H$WmË‘H$) Am{X em{‘b h¡§& bJ^J Mmbrg gmbm| go qhXr
AmbmoMZm ‘| H$m`©aV ‘Ywaoe Or H$s EH$ gw{Z{íMV g‘P h¡& do `WmW©dmXr Am¡a dñVw{Zð> Ñ{ï> go {ddoMZ, {díbofU H$a
{ZîH$f© VH$ nhþ§MVo h¡§& AnZo g‘` H$s aMZmË‘H$ à{V^m Ho$ à{V Z‘« ahH$a g§doXZerbVm ‘| hñVjon H$aVo h¢ Am¡a g‘` AmZo
na d¡Mm[aH$ g§Kf© go ^r K~amVo Zht h¡§&
‘¡ZO
| a nmÊS>o` (1941)
gm‘m{OH$Vm Am¡a à{V~ÕVm Ho$ njYa ah| nmÊS>o` Or H$m AmbmoMZm g§gma ì`mnH$ h¡& ‘m¡{bH$ J«§Wm| Ho$ gmW AZy{XV
VWm g§nm{XV J«§Wm| H$s g§»`m 30 go A{YH$ h¡§& ‘mŠg©dmXr AmbmoMZm Ho$ hñVmja aho nmÊS>o` Or H$s AmbmoMZm ‘| gm{hË`
Am¡a OrdZ go Ow‹S>Zo H$s g§doXZerbVm Am¡a AmË‘r`Vm Jhao ñVa na h¡& "AmbmoMZm H$s gm‘m{OH$Vm' (2005), "gyaXmg'
(2003), "CnÝ`mg Am¡a bmoH$V§Ì' (2013), "qhXr H${dVm H$m AVrV Am¡a dV©‘mZ' (2013), "AmbmoMZm ‘| gh‘{V Am¡a
Agh‘{V' (2013), "^maVr` gm{hË` ‘| à{VamoY H$s na§nam' (2013) "gm{hË` Am¡a B{Vhmg Ñ{ï>' (2014) Am{X CZH$s
aMZmE± àH$m{eV h¡§& (XoI| BH$mB© 6.2.6)

H¥$îUXÎm nmbrdmb (1943)
CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm EH$ ½bmo~b Iob h¡, {Og‘| h‘ g~ earH$ h¡& dV©‘mZ g‘` VWm n[adoe na qMVm ì`³V H$aVo
nmbrdmb {bIVo h¢, "`h ‘¡Z|O‘|Q> `wJ H$m hr à^md h¡ {H$ gm{hË`- H$bm, Xe©Z, B{Vhmg Am¡a g‘mOemó H$m H$X EH$X‘
N>moQ>m hmo J`m h¡& {dMma VWm ‘yë`m| na gmYm[aV ì`dñWm H$m A§V hþAm h¡& Eogo ‘| AmbmoMZm H$m Xm{`Îd h¡ {H$ Xoe Am¡a
H$mb ‘| {Za§Va ~XbVo ‘Zwî` Am¡a g§X^© H$mo n[a^m{fV H$ao§& do AnZo g‘` H$mo AmbmoMZm Ûmam n[a^m{fV H$aVo h¡§&"qhXr
Ambmo M Zm Ho $ ZE d¡ Mm[aH$ gamoH $ma'(2002), "{J[aOmHw$ ‘ma ‘mWw a'(2003),"‘mIZbmb MVwd } Xr VWm AÝ`
{Z~§Y'(2004),"CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s Amoa' (2005),'Ako` hmoZo H$m AW©' (2007),"Ako`: H${d H$‘© H$m g§H$Q>'
(2009), "Ako` {dMma H$m ñdamO' (2010),"Ako` H$s CnpñW{V' (2011),"qhXr AmbmoMZm nd©'(2011),"CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm
Am¡a X{bV gm{hË`' (2011),Am{X aMZmE± àH$m{eV h¡§&
e§^Zw mW (1948)
dV©‘mZ g‘` ‘| ^maVr`Vm H$mo ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ {bE {’$a EH$ ZdOmJaU H$s ‘m±J H$aZo dmbo e§^wZmW H$s AmbmoMZm
g‘H$mbrZ MwZm¡{V`m| H$mo nhMmZZo Ho$ gmW Cggo OyPZo H$s H$mo{ee h¡& g‘Vm‘ybH$ g‘mO H$m gnZm XoIZodmbo gm{hË` Ho$
{bE `h Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ Am§V[aH$ Am¡a ~mø e{³V`m| Ho$ na§namAm| Ho$ ~rM g§dmX ñWm{nV H$a aMZmË‘H$ g§Kf© H$ao§& `h
g§Kf© eå^yZmW H$s AmbmoMZm ‘| ì`má h¡& CZH$m aMZmË‘H$ H$m`© h¡- "Y‘© H$m XwIm§V' (2000), "Xwñg‘` ‘| gm{hË`'
(2002), "qhXr ZdOmJaU Am¡a g§ñH¥${V' (2004), "AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s nwZì`m©»`m' (2002), "gm‘m{OH$ H«$m§{V Ho$ XñVmdoO'
(2004) "^maVr` Apñ‘Vm Am¡a qhXr' (2012), "CnÝ`mg Am¡a qhXr AmbmoMZm' (2017) Am{X&
Cn`w©³V {ddoMZ go ñnï> h¡ {H$, B¸$sgdt gXr H$s AmbmoMZm ‘| ‘mŠg©dmXr, AñdmX naH$, ‘Zmo{díbofUmË‘H$
nÕ{V`m| H$s A{YH$Vm ahr& H${dVm: CnÝ`mg, ZmQ>H$ VWm H$hmZr Ho$ AmbmoMZm H$s ZB© nÕ{V`m± ^r {dH${gV H$s J`r&
Jmonmb am` Zo CnÝ`mg H$mo H|$Ð ‘| ‘mZH$a hr AmbmoMZm {bIr& BZ AmbmoMH$m| H$s aMZmE± B¸$sgdt gXr H$s hmoH$a ^r
BÝhm|Zo {OZ J«§Wm|, H${d`m| VWm {dYmAm| H$s AmbmoMZm H$s h¡ do Am{YH$Va ~rgdt gXr Ho$ aho h¡§& ^{³VH$mb Ho$ H$~ra, gya,
Vwbgr ^r BZHo$ AmbmoMZm Ho$ {df` ah| h¡§& BZ AmbmoMH$m| Zo AmbmoMZm H$mo O{Q>bVm go ~mha {ZH$mb H$a gm‘mÝ` ^mfm ‘|
Bgo A{^ì`³V {H$`m& ^y‘§S>brH¥$V VWm ~mOmadmX go à^m{dV Xoe Am¡a H$mb H$mo gab ^mfm ‘| bmoJm| VH$ nhþ§MmH$a BgHo$
n[aUm‘m| go n[a{MV H$amZo H$m H${R>Z H$m‘ Bg `wJ Ho$ AmbmoMH$m| H$mo H$aZm nS>m h¡& BZH$s g§Vw{bV Ñ{ï>, {ddmX a{hV
{díbofU, VQ>ñWVm Ho$ gmW g§àofU e¡br Ho$ H$maU `h g§^d ~Z nS>m h¡& bo{H$Z EH$ ~mV `h ^r ZOa AmVr h¡ {H$ Bg `wJ
H$s AmbmoMZm ‘| nwamZr hr Xmo VrZ nr{T>`m| Ho$ AmbmoMH$ N>mE aho§& ZE AmbmoMH$ ñ’w$Q> boIZ VH$ hr gr{‘V aho§& EH$ {df`
H$mo H|$Ð ‘| aIH$a boIZ H$s àd¥{Îm`m| Ho$ AÜ``Z H$m Xm¡a {Zîà^ ahm h¡&
5.2.2 B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr {Z~§Y

{Z~§Y JÚ H$s H$gm¡Q>r h¡& `h AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s {dYm h¡& ^maV|Xw h[aíM§Ð VWm ‘hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr `wJ ‘| BgH$m
CØd VWm {dH$mg ^r hþAm& {d{dY {df`m| VWm e¡{b`m| ‘| {Z~§Y {bIo JE& AmMm`© am‘M§Ð ewŠb Zo Bgo CËH$f© H$s Ma‘
C§MmB© VH$ nhþ±Mm`m& ì`{³Vì`§OH$, ‘Zmo{dH$ma g§~§Yr, {dMmamË‘H$, g‘rjmË‘H$ {Z~§Ym| H$m g¥OZ hþAm& Z§XXwbmao dmOno`r,
hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr, O¡Z|ÐHw$‘ma, em§{V{à` {ÛdoXr, am‘Ymarqgh {XZH$a, Ako`, S>m°. ZJ|Ð, ènmb, à^mH$a ‘mMdo,
{dÚm{Zdmg {‘l Am{X Zo qhXr {Z~§Y H$mo àm¡‹T> ~Zm`m& h[ae§H$a nagmB©, eaX Omoer, írbmb ewŠb, aqdÐZmW Ë`mJr, Za|Ð
H$mohbr Am{X Zo hmñ`-ì`§½`mË‘H$ {Z~§Ym| H$m {dH$mg {H$`m& Añgr Ho$ XeH$ ‘| Eo{Vhm{gH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~moYnaH$,
g¥OZmË‘H$, b{bV, g‘rjmË‘H$, g§ñ‘aUmË‘H$, d¡Mm[aH$, ì`§½`mË‘H$,AmË‘naI, ì`{³Vì`§OH$ {Z~§Y {bIo JE&
O~ h‘ B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ {Z~§Ym| H$s MMm© H$aVo h¢ Vmo Bg‘| {Z~§YH$mam| H$s EH$m{YH$ nr{‹T>`m± gH«$s` ZOa AmVr h¡§&
{deof ê$n go gmR>-gÎma Ho$ XeH$ ‘| H$m`©aV nwamZr nr‹T>r hr A{YH$ H$m`©aV ZOa AmVr h¡& Bg gXr Ho$ {Z~§Ym| ‘| {df` VWm
e¡br Ho$ ñVa na {d{dYVm h¡& BgH$m {díbofU {ZåZm§{H$V h¡-
am‘Xae {‘l (1924-2005)

H${dVm, H$hmZr, AmbmoMZm, `mÌm d¥Vm§V, g§ñ‘aU Ho$ gmW {Z~§Y boIH$ Ho$ ê$n ‘| n[a{MV h¡§& CZHo$ {Z~§Ym| ‘|
dV©‘mZ H$m Û§Û VWm ‘Zwî` H$s qMVm h¡& A{YH$Va b{bV {Z~§Y h¡§& ^y‘§S>brH$aU go à^m{dV Jm§d, g‘mO VWm n[adma
ì`dñWm, gyIVr g§doXZm go do N>Q>nQ>mVo h¢, na {Zame Zht h¡§& CZHo$ {Z~§Ym| ‘| bmoH$OrdZ, J«m‘m§Mb H$s àH¥${V VWm g§ñH¥${V
{M{ÌV h¡& CZ‘| AmË‘H$WmË‘H$ VÎd à‘wI h¡& "~m~wb'(1998),'Ka-n[adma' (2003) Am{X {Z~§Y g§J«h h¡§&
{dÚm{Zdmg {‘l (1926-2005)
{‘l Or Ho$ {Z~§Ym| H$m g§gma ~hþAm`m‘r VWm ì`mnH$ h¡& g§»`m H$s Ñ{ï> go BÝhm|Zo g~go A{YH$ {Z~§Y {bIo Am¡a
g§J«h àH$m{eV {H$E& CZHo$ {Z~§Ym| ‘| àH¥${V, bmoH$VÎd, ~m¡{ÕH$Vm, H$ënZmerbVm, gO©ZmË‘H$Vm Ho$ gmW g§àof{Z`Vm XoIZo
{‘boJr& do ñd^md go J§^ra Wo& BZHo$ {Z~§Ym| H$s ^mfm ghO, àdmherb, IS>r~mobr h¡& CZHo$ {Z~§Ym| ‘| CZH$s
qMVZerbVm, ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V, na§nam, AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` Am¡a nmíMmË` {dMmaYmam ZOa AmVr h¡& CZHo$ "ZXr, Zmar Am¡a
g§ñH¥${V' (1993),'~y§X {‘bo gmJa ‘|'(1994), "{earf H$s `mX Am`r' (1995), "{Ja ahm h¡ AmO nmZr' (2001),
"ñdén- {d‘e©' (2001), "Jm§Yr H$m H$éU ag' (2002) Am{X g§J«h àH$m{eV h¡§& nÙ^yfU {dÚm{Zdmg {‘í Or amÁ` g^m
g§gX Ho$ ê$n ‘| H$m`©aV Wo&
{Z‘©b d‘m© (1929-2005)

kmZnrR> nwañH¥$V {Z‘©b d‘m© ~hþAm`m‘r ì`{³VÎd Wo& CÝhm|Zo H$hmZr, CnÝ`mg, `mÌm d¥Vm§V, {Z~§Y, AZwdmX Am{X
{dYmAm| ‘| boIZ {H$`m& CZHo$ {Z~§Ym| ‘| gm{hË` Am¡a H$bm g§~§Yr {df`m| na ‘m¡{bH$ T>§J go {dMma ZOa AmVm h¡& CZ‘|
^maVr`Vm H$s ~mV ZOa AmVr h¡& CÝhm|Zo A{YH$Va ì`{³Vì`§OH$ {Z~§Ym| H$s aMZm H$s h¡& ZB© gXr H$s aMZmAm| ‘| "Am{X-
A§V Am¡a Ama§^' (2001), "gm{hË` H$m AmË‘H$Ï`' (2005), "gO©Zm nW Ho$ gh`mÌr' (2005), em{‘b h¡§& BZ g§J«hm| H$s
aMZmAm| ‘| AmbmoMZmË‘H$ {Z~§Ym| H$s g§»`m A{YH$ h¡§& CÝhm|Zo gm{hË`H$ma, gm{hpË`H$ H¥${V`m±, ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V, àH¥${V
Am{X {df`m| na boIZr Mbm`r& CZH$s e¡br J§^ra VWm ~mo{Pb h¡&
{dîUwH$m§V emór (1929-2005)

amOZr{Vk VWm gm{hË`H$ma aho {dîUwH$m§V Or ^{³V gm{hË` Ho$ A{YH$mar {dÛmZ Wo& CZHo$ b{bV VWm AmbmoMZmË‘H$
{Z~§Ym| ‘| ~m¡{ÕH$ nj H$s à~bVm h¡& CZHo$ "AZwqMVZ', "AmYw{ZH$ qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ {d{eï> nj' (2004) Am{X {Z~§Y
g§J«h àH$m{eV h¡§&
amO|Ð `mXd (1929-2013)

~hþ‘wIr à{V^m VWm JÚ H$s bJ^J g^r {dYmAm| ‘| boIZ H$aZo dmbo amO|Ð Or Ho$ {Z~§Y g‘rjmË‘H$ aho h¡§& BZHo$
{Z~§Ym| ‘| {dMmam| H$s gwñnï> VWm ì`{³VÎd H$m ~o~mH$s nU gmµ’$ PbH$Vm h¡& "AmX‘r H$s {ZJmh ‘| Am¡aV' (2001), "do
XodVm Zht h¢'(2001), "‘wS>- ‘wS> Ho$ XoIVm hÿ±'(2002), "A~ do dhm± Zht ahVo'(2007),"H$me, ‘¡ amï´>Ðmohr hmoVm' (2008)
Am{X g§J«hm| Ho$ {Z~§Y ór- nwéf g§~§Y, gm§àXm{`H$Vm, ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V VWm amOZr{V, amï´>r`Vm Ho$ gmW AnZo g‘` H$s
V‘m‘ {df‘VmAm| H$mo {M{ÌV H$aVo h¡§&
Za|Ð H$mohbr (1940)

H$mbO`r aMZmH$ma VWm ì`§½` Ho$ nwamoYm Za|Ð H$mohbr H$s 78 nwñVH|$ àH$m{eV h¡§& CÝhm|Zo CnÝ`mg, ZmQ>H$, {Z~§Y,
g§ñ‘aU, AmbmoMZm, ì`§½` Ho$ Ûmam gË`, AmñWm, ‘`m©Xm, Z¡{VH$Vm, g§ñH¥${V VWm Y‘© go g§~§{YV ~w{Z`mXr àíZm| H$mo CR>m`m
h¡& CZHo$ ì`§½` H$R>moa VWm n¡Zo h¢ Omo ZíVa Ho$ gm‘mZ Mw^Vo h¡§& g‘mOì`má {dg§J{V`m| VWm {df‘VmAm| na CÝhm|Zo AnZo
ì`§½` {Z~§Ym| ‘| H$R>moa {Q>ßnUr H$s h¡& CZHo$ "‘oao ‘wh„o Ho$ ’y$b' (2000), "dh H$hm§ h¡' (2003), "g~go ~S>m gË`' (2003)
Am{X ì`§½` {Z~§Y g§J«h h¡§& CZHo$ {Z~§Y d¡Mm[aH$, AmbmoMZmË‘H$, g‘rjmË‘H$, {díbofUmË‘H$ Ho$ gmW ì`§½` H$s àYmZVm
{bE hþE h¡§&
lram‘ n[ahma (1952)

gXr Ho$ ‘hÎdnyU© {Z~§YH$ma n[ahma Or b{bV VWm g‘rjmË‘H$ {Z~§Ym| Ho$ {bE OmZo OmVo h¡§& CÝhm|Zo AnZo
g‘rjmË‘H$ {Z~§Ym| ‘| gm{hË`, g‘mO, Y‘©, ^mfm, g§ñH¥${V H$mo dV©‘mZ g§X^© ‘| àñVwV {H$`m h¡& CZHo$ b{bV {Z~§Ym| ‘|
Jm±d, àH¥${V {M{ÌV h¡& do àH¥${V H$s gw§XaVm Ho$ gmW CgH$s hm{Z na ^r MMm© H$aVo h¡§& ^y‘§S>brH¥$V g‘mO ‘| OrdZ`mnZ H$a
aho bmoJm| Ho$ M[aÌ H$s An{dÌVm, ImoIbmnZ, gyIVr ‘mZdr` g§doXZm Ho$ gmW dV©‘mZ gXr H$s V‘m‘ g‘ñ`mE± CZHo$ {Z~§Ym|
‘| {M{ÌV h¡§& CZHo$ {Z~§Y g§J«h h¢-"{R>R>Ho$ nb nm°Iwar na' (2000), "aMZmË‘H$Vm Am¡a CÎma na§nam'(2000),"agd§Vr

~mobmo Vmo'(2002), "h§gm H$hmo nwamVZ ~mV' (2006),"^` Ho$ ~rM âmogm' (2010), "na§nam H$m nwZam»`mZ' (2012),
"eãX- eãX PaVo AW©' (2010) Am{X&
Ho$XmaZmW qgh
»`mV{H$V© H${d Ho$XmaZmW qgh H$s EH$‘mÌ {Z~§Y aMZm "H${~«ñVmZ ‘| n§Mm`V' (2003) h¡& `h b{bV {Z~§Ym| H$m
g§J«h h¡& erf©H$ go ì`§½`mË‘H$ bJZo dmbr Bg aMZm ‘| CZH$s gmoM, AZw^d Am¡a nyao n[adoe H$s ‘m{‘©H$ N>{d`m± {‘boJr& Bg
aMZm ‘| {df`m| H$s {d{dYVm h¡& g‹S>H$ na nS>r Km`b {M{‹S>`m go boH$a X{bV H${d Xod|Ð Hw$‘ma VH$ `m X{jU Ho$ Hw$N>
H$mbO`r aMZmH$mam| na {bIr JB© {Q>ßn{U`m| VH$& nmaXeu VWm H$gr hþB© ^mfm H$m à`moJ h¡&
Cn`w©³V {ddoMZ go ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$, AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ ^maV|Xw `wJ ‘| CØd hmoH$a Bgr `wJ ‘| `wdm ~Zm {Z~§Y
gm{hË` B¸$sgdt gXr ‘| ‘mÌ ~oOmZ gm ZOa AmVm h¡& `{X nyd© nr‹T>r Ho$ {Z~§YH$mam| {dÚm{Zdmg {‘l, am‘Xae {‘l, {Z‘©b
d‘m©, Hw$~oaZmW am`, íram‘ n[ahma H$mo N>mo‹S> X| Vmo {Z~§Y {dYm Ho$ {bE Câ H$a AmZo dmbm| H$s g§»`m Z Ho$ ~am~a h¡& `h
EH$ àH$ma go {ZameOZH$ pñW{V h¡& EH$ ~mV `h ^r h¡ `wdm nr‹T>r Ho$ H$B© gm{hË`H$ma AnZo g‘mO VWm n[adoe Ho$ à{V Iy~
{bI aho h¡§& OZg§Mma VWm gmoeb ‘r{S>`m Zo A{^ì`{³V H$mo AmgmZ VWm ghO ~Zm`m h¡& bo{H$Z CZH$s `h A{^ì`{³V
Xoe ‘| K{Q>V KQ>Zm, àg§J, n[apñW{V na {bIo Jò boI ZOa AmVo h¡§& S>m°. Amo‘àH$me qghb BgH$m ‘w»` H$maU Z`r nr‹T>r
Ho$ aMZmH$mam| Ho$ ì`{³VÎd H$m Xm[aX«` ‘mZVo h¡§& CZH$s Ñ{ï> go Bg gXr Ho$ A{YH$m§e aMZmH$ma EH$m`m‘r ì`{³VÎd Ho$ h¡§&
CÝhm|Zo ^maVr` na§nam, g§ñH¥${V Am¡a gm{hË` n[adoe H$mo AmË‘gmV Zht {H$`m h¡& CZ‘| A{^ì`{³V H$s g§nÞVm Zht h¡&
nmR>H$ aMZm n‹T>Vo g‘` A{^^yV hmo Eogr e¡br CZHo$ nmg Zht h¡§& ~mdOyX BgHo$ Z`r gXr Ho$ {Z~§Ym| ‘| {df`dñVw Ho$ gmW
e¡br H$s {d{dYVm Ho$ gmW ZdrZVm ^r XoIr J`r h¡§&
5.2.3 B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr AmË‘H$Wm

B¸$sgdt gXr ‘| Ord{Z`m| H$s VwbZm ‘| AmË‘H$WmE± A{YH$ {bIr JB©& amOZoVm, gm{hË`H$ma, g‘mOgwYmaH$,
ñdV§ÌVmgoZmZr, d¡km{ZH$, pIbmS>r, {gZo‘m OJV H$s hpñV`m| Zo AnZo OrdZ H$s ‘hÎdnyU© KQ>ZmAm| H$m e¥§Ibm~Õ {ddaU
H$a AmË‘H$Wm H$mo g‘¥Õ ~Zm`m&
gm{hË`H$mam| H$s AmË‘H$WmAm| ‘| X{bV Am¡a ‘{hbm gm{hË`H$mam| H$s AmË‘H$WmE± AÝ`m| H$s VwbZm ‘| g§»`m go
A{YH$ h¡§& X{bV gm{hË`H$mam| Zo AnZr AmË‘H$WmAm| Ûmam AnZo `wJ VWm g‘` H$s ~mV H$hVo hþE X{bV OrdZ H$s ì`Wm,
doXZm, VmZm-~mZm `WmW© ê$n go àH$Q> {H$`m h¡& Amo‘àH$me dmë‘r{H$- OyR>Z, ‘mohZXmg Zo{‘eam`- AnZo AnZo qnOao
(2000), gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ- {VañH¥$V (2002), X{bV d¡km{ZH$ S>m°. EZ. E‘. {Z‘JS>o- Yyb H$s n§N>r `mXm| Ho$ n§I
(2003), ê$nZmamÙ gmoZH$a- ZmJ’$Zr (2007), S>m°. gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ- g§Vá (2006), í`m¡amOqgh ~oM¡Z- ‘oam ~MnZ
‘oao H§$Yo na(2009),S>m°. Y‘©dra- ‘oar nbr Am¡a ô{S>`m(2009), àmo. Vwbgram‘- ‘wX©{h`m (2010), ‘{UH${U©H$m(2013),
gw{ebm Q>mH$^m¡ao- {eH§$Oo H$m XX© (2012), Zmd|Ðx ‘h{f©- ‘oam ~MnZ ‘oam g§Kf© (2012), ~bdra ‘mYmonwar- N>§½~`méI
(2012), BZ AmË‘H$WmAm| ‘| X{bV CËnrS>Z H$s {d{^Þ n[apñW{V`m± {‘bVr h¢ gmW hr g§OrXJr H$m Ahgmg ^r& BZ
AmË‘H$WmAm| ‘| Zm`H$ Jm¡U h¡& CgH$m n[adoe VWm CgH$s n[apñW{V`m± àYmZ h¡§&
‘{hbm bopIH$mAm| Zo AnZr AmË‘H$WmAm| Ûmam AnZo {ZOr gwI- Xw…I, Amem- AmH$m§jmAm|, OrdZ Am¡a OJV Ho$
à{V Ñ{ï> H$mo AnZr AmË‘H$Wm ‘| àñVwV {H$`m h¡& ò AmË‘H$WmE± {dMmamoÎmoOH$ Vmo h¢ hr gmW hr Zmar {d‘e© Ho$ ZE Am`m‘m|
H$m CÓmQ>Z ^r H$aVr h¡§& BZ AmË‘H$WmAm| ‘| g‘mO, g§ñH¥${V, n[adoe, Zmar Ho$ à{V XoIZo H$m Ñ{ï>H$moU VWm bopIH$mAm| H$s
A{^ì`{³V H$s j‘Vm VWm Amdí`H$Vm A{^ì`³V hþB© h¡& ZB© gXr H$s ‘hÎdnyU© ‘{hbm AmË‘H$WmE± - nÙm gMXod- ~y§X
~mdS>r (1999), ‘¡Ìo`r nwînm- H$ñVyar Hw§$S>b ~go (2002), Jw{S>`m ^rVa Jw{S>`m (2008), H$m¡eë`m ~¡g§Ìr- Xmoham
A{êmn( 2000), gw{ZVm O¡Z- eãX H$Wm (2005), a‘{UH$m Jwám- hmXgo (2005), à^m IoVmZ- AÝ` go AZÝ`m , ‘Þy
^§S>mar- EH$ H$hmZr `h ^r( 2008), M§Ð{H$aU am¡ZaoŠgm- qnOao H$s ‘¡Zm& ‘¡Ìo`r H$s AmË‘H$Wm Xmo ^mJm| ‘| {d^m{OV h¡&
àW‘ "H$ñVyar Hw§$S>b ~go' ‘| ‘m± H$s H$Wm go boH$a AnZr Xygar nwÌr Ho$ OÝ‘ VH$ H$s Amn~rVr gƒmB© Am¡a B‘mZXmar go
{M{ÌV h¡& Xygao ^mJ "Jw{S>`m ^rVa Jw{S>`m' ‘| AmJo ~‹T>Zo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVo hþE OrdZ Ho$ H$m’$s {hñgo H$m {MÌU h¡& XmoZm|
^mJm| ‘| g§Kf© hr h¡& nhbm g§Kf© ‘m± H$m h¡ dhr± Xygao {hñgo ‘| AmË‘gå‘mZ H$s àm{á Ho$ ~mX R>mog ì`{³VÎd H$m AmH$ma J«hU
H$aZodmbr Jw{S>`m H$m g§Kf© h¡& à^m IoVmZ H$s "AÝ`m go AZÝ`m' ‘| OÝ‘, {nVm H$s Ag‘` ‘¥Ë`w, ‘m± H$m H$R>moa emgZ,
A‘arH$s `mÌm, emXrewXm S>m°.gam’$ go ^|Q> VWm CZgo emXr Am{X ~mVm| H$m `WmW© ê$n ‘| {MÌU {H$`m h¡& ‘Þy ^§S>mar H$s

"EH$ H$hmZr `h ^r' CZHo$ OrdZ pñW{V`m| Ho$ gmW-gmW CZHo$ g‘` H$s gm{hpË`H$, gm‘m{OH$ VWm amOZr{VH$
n[apñW{V`m| H$mo ^r {M{ÌV H$aVr h¡&
g‘H$mbrZ gm{hË`H$mam| H$s AmË‘H$WmAm| ‘| amO|Ð `mXd H$s "‘wS> ‘wS> H$a XoIVm hÿ±' (2001) {deof h¡& amO|Ð `mXd
Bgo A§VX©e©Zm| H$m AmË‘H$Ï`m§e ‘mZVo h¡§& ^rî‘ gmhZr H$s "AmO Ho$ AVrV' (2003) AnZo g‘` H$s gm{hpË`H$ VWm
gm‘m{OH$ n[adoe H$m XñVmdoO h¡& ñdXoe XrnH$ H$s "‘¢Zo ‘m§Sy> Zht XoIm' (2004) gmV IÊS>m| H$s {H$Vm~ h¡ {Og‘| gmV
gmb H$s b§~r ~r‘mar Ho$ AZw^dm| H$m XñVmdoO h¡& {‘{Wboída H$s AmË‘H$Wm VrZ {hñgm| ‘| àH$m{eV h¡& "nmZr {n` {‘Z
{n`mgr'(2010),'H$hm± VH$ H$h| `wJ H$s ~mV' (2011), "OmJ MoV Hw$N> H$am¡ CnmB©' (2015)& ò AmË‘H$WmAm| go H$B©
Á`mXm `wJ {deof H$s A{^ì`{³V A{YH$ h¡&
5.2.4 B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr g§ñ‘aU

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s `h {deofVm ahr h¡ {H$, Bg `wJ H$s JÚ {dYmE± EH$ Xygao ‘| Kwb {‘b JB© h¡§& H$ht-H$ht do {dYm
Z hmoH$a A{^ì`{³V H$s e¡br ~Zr h¡& CnÝ`mg g§ñ‘aU e¡br ‘| {bIm Om ahm h¢, AmË‘H$WmË‘H$ e¡br ‘| CnÝ`mgm| H$m
g¥OZ hmo ahm h¡§& [anmoVm©O e¡br ‘| H$hmZr {bIr Om ahr h¡& g§ñ‘aU Am¡a aoIm{MÌ ^r EH$ Xygao ‘| BVZo Kwb {‘b JE h¢ {H$
XmoZm| H$mo n¥WH$ H$a {ddoMZ H$aZm g§^d Zhr§& H$ht- H$ht Vmo g§ñ‘aU e¡br Ho$ ê$n ‘| à`w³V hþAm h¡& `h ~mV ^r gM h¡
{H$ ZB© gXr ‘| aoIm{MÌm| H$s VwbZm ‘| g§ñ‘aU A{YH$ {bIo JE h¡§& à‘wI g§ñ‘aU {ZåZm§{H$V h¢-
nÙm gMXod Ho$ "A‘amB©' (2000), "Oå‘y Omo H$^r eha Wm' (2002), "BZ {~Z' (2006) Am{X g§ñ‘aU g§J«h
àH$m{eV h¡§& BZHo$ "BZ {~Z' g§J«h ‘| Ka Ho$ Zm¡H$am| H$s ñ‘¥{V`m± H¡$X h¡§& bopIH$m ‘mZVr h¢ {H$ BZHo$ {gdm` Ka- J¥hñVr Ho$
g§gma go nma hmoZm ~S>m ‘w{íH$b Wm& BZ ñ‘¥{V`m| ‘| AmË‘r`Vm Ho$ gmW Jhar g§doXZerbVm VWm ^mdyH$Vm ì`má h¡& am‘ Xae
{‘í Ho$ "AnZo- AnZo amñVo' (2001), EH$ Xw{Z`m AnZr (2008) "~y§X-~y§X Zht, XX© H$s h§gr' VWm "H$ƒo amñVm| H$m
h‘gµ’$a' Am{Xg§ñ‘aUm| ‘| d[aï> boIH$m|, JwéAm|, {‘Ìm| VWm n[adma dmbm| na g§ñ‘aU {bIo JE h¡§& adtÐ H$m{b`m H$m "µJm
{b~ Nw>Q>r eam~' (2000) AmË‘H$WmË‘H$ g§ñ‘aU h¡& `h CZHo$ ñ‘¥{V gm‘Ï`© Am¡a gmhg H$m XñVmdoO h¡& J§^ra ~r‘mar go
OyPVo hþE ‘w§hbJr eam~ H$mo Nw>S>mZo H$m d¥Vm§V, XmoñVm| Ho$ gmW eam~ {nZo H$m amoMH$ dU©Z adtÐ H$m{b`m H$mo N>mo‹S> em`X hr
H$moB© Am¡a H$a nmE& Bg‘| CZHo$ ì`{³VÎd H$s ì`mnH$Vm VWm ~hþAm`m{‘Vm ñnï> PbH$Vr h¡& ‘Zmoha í`m‘ Omoer Ho$
"bIZD$ ‘oam bIZD$' (2002) ‘| boIZ Ho$ {bE ào[aV H$aZodmbo {‘Ì, gaXma {ÌbmoH$ qgh Ho$ gmW A‘¥Vbmb ZmJa H$m Jwé
Ho$ ê$n ‘| C„oI H$a ñ‘¥{V`m± {bIr h¡§& adtÐZmW Ë`mJr Ho$ dg§V Ho$ nVPa VH$ (2005) ‘| CZHo$ OrdZ Ho$ ‘m{‘©H$ g§ñ‘aU
h¡§& ò hmñ` ì`§½`mË‘H$ e¡br ‘| {bIo h¡§&
H$merZmW {gh§ Ho$ g§ñ‘aU "`mX hmo {H$ Z `mX hmo' (1992), "AmE {XZ nmE JE' (2004), " Ka H$m OmoJr OmoJS>m'
(2006) ‘| g‘H$mbrZ gm{hË`H$mam| go OyS>r ñ‘¥{V`m± {M{ÌV h¡§& BZ g§ñ‘aUm| ‘| Zm‘da qgh, {ÌbmoMZ, Yy{‘b, adtÐ
H$m{b`m, kmZa§OZ, XyYZmW qgh, {dO` ‘mohZ qgh Ho$ gmW- gmW H$‘bm àgmX, à»`mV H$moe {dkmZr S>m°. Ama.E. qgh
Am{X gm{hË`H$mam| H$s ñ‘¥{V`m± {M{ÌV h¡& ‘‘Vm H$m{b`m Ho$ " {H$VZo eham| ‘| {H$VZr ~ma' (2010) g§J«h ‘| ZmJnwa, ‘w§~B©,
nwUo, B§Xm¡a, Bbmh~mX, {X„r, H$mobH$mÎmm Am{X eham| H$s gm§ñH¥${VH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$, ^m¡Jmo{bH$, àmH¥${VH$ ñ‘¥{V`m± {M{ÌV
H$s h¡§& ‘wÐmamjg Ho$ "H$mbmVrV'(2010) ‘| g§nH©$ ‘| AmE ì`{³V`m| VWm Amg nmg H$s Xw{Z`m H$s {ddoMZm ñ‘¥{V`m| Ho$ O[aE
{M{ÌV hþB© h¡& Bg‘| AnZo g‘H$mbrZ gm{hË`H$mam| na AmbmoMZmË‘H$ {Q>ßn{U`m§ ^r h¢ {Og H$maU `h AgmYmaU Am¡a
g~go AbJ ^r h¡& ‘‘Vm H$m{b`m Ho$ "H$b nagm| ~agm|' (2011) ‘| KQ>ZmAm|, `mXm| Ho$ Abmdm ì`{³VÎd Am¡a {H$ò Yao na
Imgr {Q>ßn{U`m§ h¡& ‘mHª$S>o`, {edmZr, kmZa§OZ, {dîUwH$m§V emór Ho$ gmW-gmW Bbmhm~mX H$mo ~ma- ~ma `mX {H$`m h¡&
gw‘Z Ho$ear Ûmam g§nm{XV "Oo. EZ. `y ‘| Zm‘da qgh (2010) N> IÊS>m| ‘| àH$m{eV g§ñ‘aU h¡& OoEZ`y ‘| Zm‘da Or H$m
AmJ‘Z VWm CZHo$ ghH${‘©`m| VWm g‘H$m{bZm| na IwbH$a {bIm h¡& A‘aH$m§V Ho$ "Hw$N> `mX| Hw$N> ~mV|' (2014) ‘| CZH$m
n[adoe VWm g¥OZ g§~§Yr n[apñW{V`m| Am¡a g§Kf© H$Wm Ho$ gmW CZHo$ {ejH$ ~m~w amOoe àgmX, S>m°. am‘{dbmg e‘m© H$s ^r
ñ‘¥{V`m± {M{ÌV h¡§& ^¡ad àgmX Jwá, àH$me M§Ð Jwá, e‘eoa, ‘mohZ amHo$e, A‘¥V am`, Zm‘da qgh, amO|Ð `mXd Am{X Ho$
AZyR>o g§ñ‘aU ^r h¡& amO|Ð amd Ho$ "Cg ahJwOa H$s Vbme' (2014) ‘| gmohZbmb {ÛdoXr, H$WmH$ma {ed‘y{V© Ho$ gmW CZHo$
Jm±d Hw$a§J H$s ‘mohH$ `mÌm H$m [anmoVm©O ^r {‘boJm&
Cn`w©³V g§ñ‘aUm| Ho$ gmW ZB© gXr Ho$ Hw$N> ‘hÎdnyU© g§ñ‘aU {ZåZm§{H$V h¡§& ‘mohZ{H$emoa XrdmZ- "ZonÏ` Zm`H$',
"bú‘r M§Ð O¡Z' (2000), am‘ZmW AdñWr - "`mX AmVo h¢' (2000), Xod|Ð gË`mWu- "`mXm| Ho$ H$m{’$bo' (2000),
{dídZmW àgmX {Vdmar- "EH$ Zmd Ho$ `mÌr' (2001), H¥$îU {~hmar {‘l - "Zoh Ho$ ZmVo AZoH$' (2002), {dÚm{Zdmg
{‘í- "{M{‹S>`m a¡Z ~goam' (2002), S>m°. {dídZmW {ÌnmR>r -"Z§Jm VbmB© H$m Jm±d' (2004), ‘Ywaoe- "ò Omo AmB©Zm h¡'
(2006), M§ÐH$m§Vm- "‘oao ^moO nmÌ' (2009), A{OV Hw$‘ma- "A§Yoao ‘| OwJZy' (2010), ~bam‘- "‘mµ’$ H$aZm `ma'
(2012), Xod|Ð ‘odmS>r - "‘oar `mXm| H$m nhm‹S>' (2013)&
Cn`w©³V g§ñ‘aUm| Ho$ AÜ``Z go `h ñnï> h¡ {H$ A{YH$Va g§ñ‘aUm| ‘| à{gÕ VWm g‘H$mbrZ gm{hË`H$mam| H$s hr
H¥${V`m± d{U©V h¡§& BgHo$ gmW AnZo n[adma, JwéOZ, Amg-nmg Ho$ bmoJ VWm Ka Ho$ Zm¡H$am| H$mo ^r OJh {‘br h¡& Hw$N>
g§ñ‘aUm| ‘| Jm±d H|${ÐV h¡& e¡br H$s Ñ{ï> go XoIm OmE Vmo dU©Z, {ddaU Ho$ gmW aoIm{MÌmË‘H$Vm H$s àYmZVm h¡& Hw$N>
g§ñ‘aU X¡Z§{XZ [anmoVm©O VWm ì`§½` e¡br ‘| ^r CnbãY h¡§&
5.2.5 B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr `mÌm d¥Vm§V

ZB© gXr ‘| H$m’$s ‘mÌm ‘| `mÌm d¥Vm| H$m boIZ hþAm& BgH$m EH$ H$maU ‘Zwî` H$s Kw‘¸$S> àd¥{Îm h¡ gmW hr `mVm`mV
Ho$ gmYZm| H$s gw{dYm VWm g§Mma àUmbr ^r& ZB© gXr Ho$ `mÌmd¥Îmm| ‘| àH¥${V, Ym{‘©H$ VWm e¡{jH$ ñWb, {dkmZ g§ñWmE±
{deof h¢ Omo Xoe- {dXoe ‘| ~go h¡§& àmH¥${VH$ VWm Ym{‘©H$ ñWbm| H$s Ñ{ï> go {h‘mb` Zo g~ H$mo AmH${f©V {H$`m h¡& dh
àmH¥${VH$ gm¢X`© go ânya h¡ gmW hr V‘m‘ VrW© ñWbm| go ânya ^r h¡§& ^maV Ho$ ~mha A‘arH$m, `yamon, MrZ, OmnmZ,
‘bo{e`m, B§S>moZo{e`m,‘mo[aeg, qgJmnwa Am{X Xoem| Ho$ `mÌm d¥Vm§V A{YH$ ‘mÌ ‘| CnbãY h¡&
ZB© gXr Ho$ `mÌm d¥Îm boIH$m| ‘| H¥$îUZmW H$m Zm‘ AJ«Ur ahm h¡& CZH$s `mÌmAm| H$m H|$Ð ahm h¡ "{h‘mb`'& {h‘mb`
na BVZm g‘¥Õ `mÌm d¥Îm em`X hr {H$gr AÝ` ^mfm ‘| CnbãY hmo&"Hw$‘m`y§ `mÌm' (2001), "{h‘mb` `mÌm' (2001),
"{H$Zm¡a `mÌm' (2001), "AéUmMb `mÌm' (2001), O¡gr Mma `mÌm d¥Îmm| H$s {H$Vm~| EH$ gmW CZHo$ nMhÎma df© nwao hmoZo
Ho$ Adga na àH$m{eV hþB©& "ZmJmOw©Z H$m|S>m H$s nhMmZ' ‘| do Ho$db nd©V `mÌm H$s ~mV Zht H$aVo ~pëH$ Xme©{ZH$ ZmJmOw©Z
H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$ N>{d Ho$ gmW-gmW ‘hm`mZ ~wÕY‘© Ho$ Xya {dXoem| VH$ µ’$¡bZo H$s H$Wm gwZmVo h¡§& Zaoe ‘ohVm Zo "{H$VZm
AHo$bm AmH$me' (2003) ‘| `yamonr` OrdZYmam H$mo naIZo H$s Moï>m H$s h¡& dhm± Ho$ bmoJm| H$m OrdZ`mnZ, ‘mZ{gH$Vm,
ór-nwéfm| H$s J{V{d{Y`m±, àH¥${V Ho$ gmW g§ñH¥${V H$m {MÌU ^maVr` H${d Ûmam gO©H$ Ñ{ï> go {H$`m J`m h¡& ñd`§ àH$me
H$m "h‘gµ’$a Zm‘m' (2000) àH$me Xw~o H$m "Jho g‘` Zo nm±d' (2000),Zaoe ^maVr`- {g‘Q> JB© YaVr (2000), à^mV
CàoVr- {h‘mb` ‘| nX `mÌm (2000), ñdm‘r VnmodZ- {h‘mb` Xe©Z (2000), a‘oeM§Ð emh ~hþdMZ (1998) VWm EH$
b§~r N>mh' (2000), àH$m{eV h¡§& {dídZmW àgmX {Vdmar Ho$ A§VhrZ AmH$me (2005), ‘| b§XZ, ‘m°[aeg Am¡a ê$g `mÌm
Ho$ g§ñ‘aUmË‘H$ d¥Vm§V h¢ {OZ‘| XoIo JE ñWmZm| H$m ^yJmob, B{Vhmg, g‘mO, gm{hË` Ho$ gmW dhm§ Ho$ bmoJm| H$s AmH¥${V-
àH¥${V, g§ñH¥${V {M{ÌV h¡&
H$s{V© Ho$ga Ho$ "àdmg H$m àg§J' (2006), gm§da‘b gm§JmZo[a`m Ho$ "~«÷nwÌ Ho$ {H$Zmao-{H$Zmao'(2006) à{gÕ `mÌm
d¥Vm§V h¡§& H$d{`Ìr JJZ {Jb H$m "AdmH$' (H¡$bme- ‘mZgamoda; EH$ A§V`mÌm) 2008 qhXr H$m EH$ AZmoIm XñVmdoO h¡,
{Og‘| àH¥${V, ‘Zwî`, {h‘mb`, R>ÊS>, Prb|, Z{X`m±, Ob, dm`w Ho$ {MÌU Ho$ gmW gmW dhm§ Ho$ ì`{³V`m| go g§dmX VWm
CZH$s {H«$`m-à{V{H«$`mE± h¡§& Zya Ohra H$m n{H$ñVmZ H$s `mÌm na {bIm J`m "gyI© H$madm± Ho$ h‘gµ’$a' (2008) à{gÕ `mÌm
d¥Vm§V h¡&
H¥$îUm gmo~Vr Ho$ "~wÕ H$m H$‘§S>b bÔmI'(2008) ‘| bÔmI H$s OrVr OmJVr N>{d`m| Ho$ gmW bopIH$m Zo dhm± {~VmE
Hw$N> {XZm| H$s `mX| VmOm H$s h¡§& dhm± H$s àmH¥${VH$ gwf‘m Ho$ gmW bÔmI H$m Zm‘H$aU,~wÕ Ho$ H$‘§S>b H$m B{Vhmg, g§ñH¥${V
Ho$ gmW à{gÕ {MÌH$ma {gÕmW© Ho$ H¡$‘ao go {bE JE {MÌm| go `h {H$Vm~ AmH$f©H$ VWm gOrd ~Zr h¡& df© 2012 ‘| `mÌm
d¥Îmm§V H$s VrZ {H$Vm~m| H$m àH$meZ hþAm& d[að> H$WmH$ma AgJa dOmhV H$s "amñVo H$s Vbme', n§H$O {~ï> H$s "Iam‘m-
Iam‘m' VWm A{Zb `mXd H$s "dh ^r H$moB© Xoe h¡ ‘hmamO'& "amñVo H$s Vbme' ‘| "AOa ~{hOmZ: ‘wpñb‘ Xoe ‘| qhXy
‘§{Xa', "H$m|H$U go {e‘moJm VH$ ; EH$ AnZm {dXoe', "{‘Omoa‘, å`m§‘ma Am¡a ~m§½bmXoe Ho$ ~rM' Am{X `mÌmAm| Ho$ amoMH$
VWm AØxV d¥Îmm§V àñVwV {H$E h¡§& n§H$O {~ï> Ho$ "Iam‘m-Iam‘m' ‘| CÎmamI§S> Am¡a JwOamV H$s Mmbrg gmbm| H$s `mÌmE± h¡§&
BZ `mÌmAm| ‘| CÝhm|Zo qOXJr Ho$ g§Kf© H$mo nH$S>Zo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡& nÌH$ma A{Zb `mXd H$s aMZm "dh ^r H$moB© Xoe h¡
‘hmamO' ‘| nyd© amÁ`m| {deofV… Ag‘ H$s `mÌm h¡& àVmn ghJb H$m "ha ~ma ‘wgm{’$a hmoVm hÿ±' (2013) `mÌm d¥Îmm§V
^maVr` n`©Q>Z ñWbm| ‘| ^maVr`Vm H$s ImoµO H$aVm hþAm ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$s nhMmZ H$aVm h¡&
nÌH$ma h[ad§e H$s "{Xb go ‘¢Zo Xw{Z`m XoIr' (2018) ‘| A‘arH$m, qgJmnwa, hm§H$m§J, X{jU A‘arH$m, `yamon,
OmnmZ, nm{H$ñVmZ H$s `mÌmAm| H$m Ord§V {MÌU d¥Îmm§V Ûmam {H$`m J`m h¡& Bg‘| do n`©Q>H$ go H$B© Á`mXm à~wÕ {dMmaH$ H$s
Vah Xw{Z`m H$mo XoIZodmbo VÏ` Am¡a {ddaUm| Ho$ gmW ‘mZdr` àg§Jm| H$m ^r Iw~gyaV dU©Z H$aVo h¡§& S>m°. AOw©Z MìhmU H$s
"‘m°[aeg ; EH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ `mÌm' (2016) ‘| ‘m°[aeg H$s g§ñH¥${V, dhm§ Ho$ {ejm g§gWmZ, àH¥${V, A§Vaamï>«©r` g§Jmoð>r H$m

d¥Îmm§V, {H$dX§{V`m±, gmBŠbmoZ AZw^d, Am{X H$m {MÌU h¡& ñnï> h¢ {H$ ZB© gXr Ho$ `mÌm d¥Vm§Vm| ‘| {df`m| H$s ì`mnH$Vm
Ho$ gmW gmW e¡br H$s {d{dYVm ^r h¡&
5.2.6 B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ JÔ H$s AÝ` {dYmE±

qhXr S>màr boIZ H$m àma§^ ^maV|Xw `wJ go hr hþAm h¡& S>màr ‘ybV… {H$gr ì`{³V H$m {ZOr XñVmdoO h¡& AnZo OrdZ
go g§~§{YV ‘hÎdnyU© KQ>ZmE±, àg§J, AZw^d, gmoM-{dMma, `mÌm, ôQ> Am{X H$m {ddaU e¥§Ibm ê$n ‘| S>màr ‘| ahVm h¡&
qhXr H$s A{YH$Va S>m`[a`m± g§nm{XV H$a boIH$ H$s ‘¥Ë`w Ho$ níMmV àH$m{eV hþB© h¡& S>màr O¡go {dYm Ho$ ê$n ‘| nhMmZr
OmVr h¡ d¡go dh A{^ì`{³V H$s EH$ e¡br ^r h¡& S>màr e¡br Ho$ à`moJ go S>m°. XodamO Zo "AO` H$s S>màr' (CnÝ`mg),
"‘w{³V~moY- EH$ gm{hpË`H$ H$s S>màr' (AmbmoMZm), "dg§V nmoVXma `m`mda H$s S>màr' ({Z~§Y g§J«h) H$m boIZ {H$`m h¡&
B¸$sgdt gXr H$s ‘hÎdnyU© S>m`[a`m± VWm CZH$m {ddoMZ {ZåZm§{H$V h¡&
S>m°. Zm‘da qgh Ûmam g§nm{XV "‘bÒ H$s S>màr' Mma I§S>m| (2000-2005)‘| àH$m{eV h¡& ‘bÒ Zo S>màr boIZ
H$s ewéAmV 1951 ‘| H$s Wr, O~ do ‘hO 16 gmb H$ Wo& `h {gb{gbm 1982 VH$ `mZo 32 gmb VH$ Mbm& 47 gmb H$s
qOXJr ‘| 32 gmb H$s qOXJr S>màr ‘| H¡$X h¡& `h qhXr S>màr boIZ ‘| {‘b H$m nËWa {gÕ hþB© h¡& "AmñWm H$s S>màr'
(2001) AmñWm Zdb H$s g~go H$‘ Am`w bopIH$m H$s S>màr h¡& S>màr àH$meZ Ho$ g‘` do {X„r {díd{dÚmb` H$s N>mÌm
Wr& Ka ‘| gm{hpË`H$ dmVmdaU ahZo go ~MnZ go hr boIZ Ho$ à{V ê${M ahr& CZH$s S>màr go kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ do àH¥${V
ào‘r VWm OrdZ Am¡a OJV Ho$ ‘m¡{bH$ àíZm| Ho$ à{V qMVZ H$aVr Wr& {~eZ Q>§S>Z H$s "AmnmVH$mb: EH$ S>màr' ^mJ-1
(2002) VWm ^mJ-2 (2005) ‘| àH$m{eV h¡& Bg‘| B§{Xam Or Ûmam bmJy AmnmVH$mb VWm Cggo OwS>r KQ>ZmE± H«$‘e…
{bpIV h¡§& àYmZ‘§Ìr H$m`m©b` VWm Cggo Xr OmZodmbr gyMZmE±, B§{Xam Or H$m X~§J ì`{³VÎd, g§Ord Jm±Yr go g§~§{YV
`WmW© VÏ` VWm ^maVr` amOZr{V {M{ÌV h¡& Za|Ð ‘mohZ H$s "gmW-gmW ‘oam gm`m' (2003) à{gÕ S>màr h¡&
H¥$îU ~bXod d¡X H$s "»dm~ h¡ XrdmZo H$m' (2005) VWm e‘ A ha a§J ‘|' (2008) Xmo S>m`[a`m± àH$m{eV h¡&§ nhbr
S>màr ‘| AnZo b§~o A‘arH$s àdmg H$m dU©Z h¡ Vmo Xygar ‘| gm{hpË`H$ OrdZ H$m gµ’$a h¡& am‘Xae {‘í H$s S>màr H«$‘e…
"AmVo- OmVo {XZ' (2008), "Amg-nmg' (2010), "~mha-^rVa' (2012) Zm‘ go à{gÕ h¡& a‘oeM§Ð emh H$s "AHo$bm
‘obm' (2009) S>màr ‘| 1980-86 VH$ H$s ~mV| XO© h¡§& Bg‘| Ako`, {Z‘©b d‘m© O¡go gm{hË`H$mam| go dmVm©bmn VWm à^md
H$mo XO© {H$`m h¡&
^maV|Xw `wJ go ewê$ hþE OrdZr gm{hË` H$m ñdmV§Í`moÎma `wJ ‘| ~hþAm`m‘r {dH$mg hþAm& g§V- ‘hmË‘mAm|,
gm{hË`H$mam|, g‘mOgwYmaH$m|, d¡km{ZH$m|, pIbm{S>`m|, CÚmoJn{V`m|, amOZr{Vkm| go g§~§{YV Ord{Z`m± A{YH$ ‘mÌ ‘| {bIr
JB©& B¸$sgdt gXr H$s Ord{Z`m| ‘| ^r Eo{Vhm{gH$, amOZr{VH$, Am{W©H$ VWm gm‘m{OH$ joÌ go Ow‹S>o à{V{ð>V VWm ‘hZr`
ì`{³V`m| H$s Ord{Z`m± {bIr JB© h¡§& H¥$îUm {~hmar {‘l Ûmam {bpIV "am‘H¥$îU na‘ h§g: H$ënVé H$s CËgd brbm'
(2004) ‘hÎdnyU© OrdZr h¡& Amo‘àH$me XrnH$ Am¡a AaqdX ‘mohZ H¥$V bmo{h`m: EH$ OrdZr (2006) C„oIZr` OrdZr h¡&
gm{hpË`H$ joÌ go Ow‹S>o ì`{³V`m| go g§~§{YV Ord{Z`m| ‘| amO‘b ~moam H$s AmMm`© am‘M§Ð ewŠb H$s OrdZr qMVm‘{U
{MÝVH$: am‘M§Ð ewŠb (2000), ‘wHw$X ZmJa Ûmam A‘¥Vbmb ZmJa H$s OrdZr "dQ>d¥j H$s N>m`m ‘|' (2004) àH$m{eV hþB©&
BZ‘| {dídmg, AmË‘r`Vm Ho$ gmW g§ñ‘aUmË‘H$Vm Ho$ VÎd {dÚ‘mZ h¡§& gm{hË`H$mam| H$s npËZ`m| Ûmam CZH$s Ord{Z`m±
{bIZo H$s àd¥{Îm ^r Bg H$mb ‘| ~aH$ama h¡& q~Xw AJ«dmb Ûmam ^maV^yfU AJ«dmb H$s {bIr "ñ‘¥{V Ho$ PamoIo go'
(2000), ‘{h‘m ‘hoVm Ûmam "CËgdnwéf: Zaoe ‘ohVm (2003), Jm`Ìr H$‘boída H$s "H$‘boída: ‘oao h‘gµ’$a' Bgr àH$ma
H$s Ord{Z`m± h¡§& BZ Ord{Z`m| ‘| boIH$m| Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ CZ njm| VWm VÏ`m| H$s ~mV H$s h¡ Omo AÝ`m| Ûmam {bIr Ord{Z`m|
‘| Zht {‘b nmE±Jo&
Ñí¶ : ímì` g§Mma ‘mÜ`‘m| go àgm[aV hmoZo dmbo gmjmËH$mam| Ho$ gmW- gmW {bpIV gmjmËH$mam| H$m gm{hpË`H$ VWm
Eo{Vhm{gH$ ‘hÎd hmoVm h¡& gmjmËH$ma {dYm Ho$ àgma ‘| nmÌ- n{ÌH$mAm| H$m {deof `moJXmZ h¡& nwñVH$ ê$n ‘| àH$m{eV
gmjmËH$ma g§nm{XV {H$E hmoVo h¡§& dmUr àH$meZ Zo 1998-2008 Ho$ ~rM "‘oao gmjmËH$ma' Zm‘ go qhXr Ho$ H${d, JÚH$ma,
AmbmoMH$m| H$s EH$ bå~r e¥§Ibm àH$m{eV H$s h¡& JÚH$moe do~gmB©Q> na 35 gmjmËH$ma CnbãY h¡§&
Z`r gXr ‘| nÌ : gm{hË` ^r g§H${bV ê$n ‘| CnbãY h¡& ~mb gm{hË` ^r H$B© {dYmAm| ‘| CnbãY h¡& H$moe,
n{ÌH$mE±, g§nm{XV J«§W, AZwdm{XV J«§W, {dkmZ, AW©emó, amOZr{V, dm{UÁ`, Xe©Z emó, B{Vhmg, g§ñH¥${V, bmoH$gm{hË`,
{ejm, ‘Zmo{dkmZ Am{X kmZ go g~§{YV gm{hË` ^r H$m’$s ‘mÌ ‘| {bIm J`m h¡&

(1) H$~«ñVmZ ‘| n§Mm`V ...........H$m EH$‘mÌ {Z~§Y g§J«h h¡&
(2) Z§X{H$emoa Zdb H$s "gyaXmg Am¡a "ar{VH$mì`.........AmbmoMZm H$s {H$Vm~| h¡§&
(3) CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm Am¡a X{bV gm{hË`........H$s aMZm h¡&
(4) "‘¢Zo ‘m§Sy> Zht XoIm'........ H$s AmË‘H$Wm h¡&
(5) "gy`© H$madm± Ho$ h‘gµ’$a'........H$m `mÌmd¥Îm h¡&
(6) H$b, nagm|, ~agm|......H$m g§ñ‘aU g§J«h h¡&

(1) {Z‘©b d‘m© Zo {H$g àH$ma Ho$ {Z~§Y g§»`m ‘| A{YH$ ‘mÌm ‘| {bIo?
(2) ‘¡Z|Oa nm§S>o` Ho$ AmbmoMZm H$s à‘wI {deofVmE± H$m¡Zgr h¢?
(3) CnÝ`mg Ho$ AmbmoMH$ Ho$ ê$n ‘| {H$go nhMmZm OmVm h¡?
(4) am‘ñdê$n MVwd}Xr H$s gm{hË` H$s n[a^mfm Š`m h¡?
(5) B¸$sgdt gXr H$s nm±M X{bV AmË‘H$WmAm| Ho$ Zm‘ {bpIE?
(6) {dídZmW àgmX {Vdmar Ho$ "A§VhrZ AmH$me' ‘| {H$Z Xoem| H$s `mÌmAm| H$m dU©Z h¡?
(7) adtÐ H$m{b`m H$m "µJm{b~ Nw>Q>r eam~' g§ñ‘aU {H$g e¡br ‘| {bIm h¡?

(A) (~)
gm{hË`H$ma aMZm
(1) ‘Þy ^§S>mar (A) {díd {‘WH$ g[aËgmJa(AmbmoMZm)
(2) íram‘ n[ahma (Am) gmW-gmW ‘oam gm`m (S>màr)
(3) a‘oe Hw§$Vb‘oK (B) ^maVr` Apñ‘Vm Am¡a qhXr(AmbmoMZm)
(4) Za|Ð ‘mohZ (B©) EH$ H$hmZr `h ^r (AmË‘H$Wm)
(5) e§^y ZmW (C) dg§V Ho$ nVPa (g§ñ‘aU)
(6) àVmn ghJb (D$) ^` Ho$ ~rM âmogm ({Z~§Y)
(7) adtÐZmW Ë`mJr (E) ha ~ma ‘wgm{’$a hmoVm hÿ± (`mÌmd¥Îm)

(1) Yamoha : A‘mZV, nyd©Om| go àmá gm§ñH¥${VH$ Yamoha
(2) {‘WH$ : àmMrZ nwamH$WmAm| H$m VÎd Omo ZdrZ pñW{V`m| ‘| ZE AW© H$m dhZ H$aVm h¡&
(3) Xme©{ZH$ : Xe©Zemó H$m kmVm&

5.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
(A)
(1) Ho$XmaZmW qgh
(2) AmñdmXnaH$ AmbmoMZm
(3) H¥$îUXÎm nmbrdmb
(4) ñdXoe XrnH$
(5) Zya Ohra
(6) ‘‘Vm H$m{b`m
(Am)
(1) AmbmoMZmË‘H$ {Z~§Y
(2) AmbmoMZm H$mo gm{hË` Am¡a OrdZ go OmoS>m h¡&
(3) Jmonmb am`
(4) gm{hË` g§gma H$s nwZì`m©»`m h¡&
(5) {VañH¥$V, ZmJ’$Zr, ‘oar nËZr Am¡a ô{‹S>`m, ‘wX©{h`m
(6) b§XZ, ‘m°[aeg Am¡a ê$g H$s `mÌm
(7) AmË‘H$WmË‘H$ e¡br
(B)
(1) B© , (2) D$, (3) A , (4) Am , (5) B, (6) E, (7) C
5.5 gmam§e
B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| AmbmoMZm, {Z~§Y,AmË‘H$Wm,OrdZr, g§ñ‘aU, `mÌmd¥Îm, S>màr,gmjmËH$ma
Am{X {dYmAm| H$m {deof `moJXmZ ahm h¡& ZB© gXr H$s AmbmoMZm H$mo Añgr Ho$ XeH$ Ho$ AmbmoMH$m| Zo g‘¥Õ {H$`m h¡&
Zm‘da qgh, Jmonmb am`, à^mH$a jmo{Ì`, ‘¡Z|Oa nm§S>o`, H¥$îUXÎm nmbrdmb Am{X AmbmoMH$m| Zo ‘mŠg©dmXr,AmñdmXnaH$,
‘Zmo{díbofZmË‘H$ nÕ{V`m| go VËH$mbrZ g‘`, n[adoe, gm{hË`H$ma,J«§W, VWm {dYmAm| H$s Om±M-naI H$s h¡& {Z~§Y Ho$
{bE Amdí`H$ d¡Mm[aH$Vm VWm A{^ì`{³V H$s g§nÞVm H$s H$‘r Bg gXr Ho$ ZE `wdm {Z~§YH$mam| ‘| {XImB© XoVr h¡&
n[aUm‘ñdê$n amO|Ð `mXd, Hw$~oaZmW am`, {Z‘©b d‘m©, lram‘ n[ahma Am{X nwamZr nr‹T>r na hr {Z^©a ahZm n‹T>m h¡& A{YH$
Va b{bV VWm AmbmoMZmË‘H$ {Z~§Y {bIo JE& X{bV, ‘{hbm gm{hË`H$mam| H$s AmË‘H$WmE± g§»`m go A{YH$ VWm ñVar`
ahr& g§ñ‘aU {dYm Zo AnZo {eën ‘| n[adV©Z Ho$ gmW à`moJ {H$E& AmË‘H$WmË‘H$, dU©ZmË‘H$, aoIm{MÌmË‘H$, ì`§½` e¡br
H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m& `mÌmd¥Vm§Vm| ‘| Xoer VWm {dXoer `mÌmAm| H$m g¥OZ A{YH$ ‘mÌ ‘| hþAm& àmH¥${VH$ gm¢X`©, Ym{‘©H$ ñWb
VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ `mÌmE± A{YH$ ‘mÌ ‘| {bIr JB©& S>màr, OrdZr, gmjmËH$ma, H$moe, g§nm{XV J«§W, AZwdm{XV J«§Wm| Ho$ gmW
kmZ g§~§Yr gm{hË` H$m ^r g¥OZ ~S>r ‘mÌ ‘| hþAm&

5.6 ñdmÜ`m`
(1) B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr AmbmoMZm Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE&
(2) B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr {Z~§YH$mam| VWm CZH$s aMZmAm| H$m n[aM` Xr{OE&
(3) B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr g§ñ‘aUm| H$m {dH$mg ñnï> H$s{OE&
(4) B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr `mÌm d¥Îmm§V H$s {deofVmE± {bpIE&
(5) B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr S>màr na àH$me S>m{cE&
(6) B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr AmbmoMZm H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OE&
5.7 joÌr¶ H$m¶©

(1) B¸$sgdt gXr H$s AmË‘H$WmAm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE&

(1) g§nm. S>m°. ZJ|Ð (2017) qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg, B§{Xamnwa‘, ‘`ya nona ~¡H$, 57 dm§ g§ñH$aU&
(2) g§nm. {‘í adtÐZmW (2011) B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË`: g‘`, g‘mO Am¡a g§doXZm, Bbmhm~mX, bmoH$^maVr
àH$meZ, àW‘ g§ñH$aU&

BH$mB© 6 : B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ à{V{Z{Y gm{hË¶H$ma
AZwH«$‘
6.0 CÔoí¶
6.1 àñVmdZm
6.2 {df`-{ddaU
6.2.1 CX` àH$me (1952)
6.2.2 {MÌm ‘wXJb (1944)
6.2.3 Zm{gam e‘m© (1948)
6.2.4 Za|Ð ‘mohZ (1935)
6.2.5 lram‘ n[ahma (1952)
6.2.6 ‘¡Z|Oa nmÊS>o` (1941)
6.2.7 amOoe Omoer (1946)
6.2.8 AZm{‘H$m (1961)
6.2.9 gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ (1955)
6.2.10 {Z‘©bm nwVwb (1972)
6.5 gmam§e
6.6 ñdmÜ`m`
6.7 joÌr` H$m`©
6.0 CÔoí¶
· B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ à{V{Z{Y aMZmH$mam| go n[a{MV hmo gH|$Jo&
· B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ à{V{Z{Y aMZmH$mam| Ho$ gm{hË` H$m {ddoMZ H$a gH$moJo&
· B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ à{V{Z{Y JÚH$mam| VWm H${d`m| Ho$ ì`{³VÎd, H¥${VÎd H$mo ñnï> H$a nmAmoJo&
6.1 àñVmdZm
BgHo$ nyd© H$s BH$mB`m| ‘| h‘Zo XoIm h¡ {H$ Bg gXr H$m gm{hË` ^y‘§S>brH¥$V g‘mO, g§ñH¥${V, d¡{œH$ AmV§H$dmX,
n`m©daU g‘ñ`m, OmVrdmX, gm§àXm{`H$Vm Ho$ gmW ‘mZdr` g§doXZm H$mo `WmW©Vm go A{^ì`³V H$a ahm h¡& Bg `wJ Ho$
gm{hË` Zo g‘mO Ho$ ha {hñgo `m joÌ go OwS>r g‘ñ`m, {df‘Vm, {dg§J{V `m hbMb H$mo AnZr {df`dñVw ~Zm`m h¡&

"gm{hË` g‘mO H$m Xn©U h¡' H$s àVr{V Bg gm{hË` na ghr ‘m`Zo ‘| bmJy hmoVr h¡& ‘Zwî` M[aÌ ‘| AmE ñdmW©, ^«ï>mMma,
An{dÌVm, AHo$bmnU VWm EH$mH$snU Ho$ gmW gyIVr ‘mZdr` g§doXZmE±, Qy>Q>Vo [aíVo-ZmVo-n[adma, ór H$s ~XbVr N>{d
VWm g§ñH¥${V Ho$ joÌ ‘| AmE V‘m‘ ~Xbmdm| H$mo Bg `wJ H$m gm{hË` A{^ì`³V H$a ahm h¡& Jm±d-eha, Xog-naXog, ór-
X{bV-Am{Xdmgr, n`m©daU-àH¥${V, Iob-g§JrV, KmVH$ ~r‘m[a`m±, {dkmZ-VH$ZrH$s Ho$ gmW-gmW {ejm VWm gm{hË`
OJV AnZr AÀN>r-~war àd¥{Îm`m| Ho$ gmW A{^ì`³V hþE h¡§& Bg `wJ H$m gm{hË`H$ma AUw~‘ `m hmBS´moOZ ~‘ go CVZm
Zht S>aVm {OVZm ‘Zwî` M[aÌ ‘| AmE {dnarV ~Xbmdm| go S>aVm h¡& Cgo "gyIVr hþB© ‘mZdr` g§doXZm' Bg `wJ H$s g~go
^`mdh ÌmgXr bJVr h¡&
Bg gXr Ho$ gm{hË` H$mo {dH${gV H$aZo ‘| JÚ VWm nÚ H$s g^r {dYmAm| H$m `moJXmZ {deof ahm h¡& ZB© gXr H$m
gm{hË` {df`dñVw Ho$ gmW-gmW e¡br Ho$ ñVa na ^r {d{dYVm go âm h¡& Bg `wJ H$s H${dVm AnZo nyd©dVu H${dVm go
Ame`, e¡br, {~å~, àVrH$, ^mfm Ho$ ñVa na {^Þ h¡& bå~r H$hmZr, ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$, bKw H$Wm, AmË‘H$WmË‘H$, S>màr,
g§ñ‘aUmË‘H$ e¡br Ho$ CnÝ`mg, aoIm{MÌmË‘H$ g§ñ‘aU, JÚmË‘H$ H${dVm Zo {dYm Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo hr ~Xb {X`m h¡& JÚ
{dYmAm| ‘| {Z~§Y, aoIm{MÌ VWm ZmQ>H$ boIZ ‘| ZB© à{V^mAm| H$s H$‘r ZOa Am ahr h¡& AÝ` {dYmAm| Ho$ {dH$mg ‘|
àM{bV gm{hË`H$mam| Ho$ gmW `wdm nr‹T>r ~S>r ge³V VWm à^mdr ZOa Am ahr h¡& Bg gXr Ho$ gm{hË` VWm CgH$s àd¥{Îm`m|
H$mo g‘PZo Ho$ {bE à{V{Z{Y gm{hË`H$mam| H$m AÜ``Z Amdí`H$ h¡&
6.2 {df`-{ddaU
6.2.1 CX` àH$me (1952)
qhXr H$hmZr H$s g§aMZm H$mo Z`m ê$n XoH$a gm‘m{OH$ {dg§J{V`m|, amOZr{VH$ ^«ï>mMma, ^y‘§S>brH$aU VWm ~mOmadmX
Ho$ nümV ‘Zwî` VWm g‘mO OrdZ ‘| AmE ~Xbmdm| H$mo AnZr H$hm{Z`m| Ûmam {M{ÌV H$aZodmbo CX` àH$me H$m OÝ‘ 1
OZdar, 1952 H$mo ‘Ü`àXoe Ho$ eh‹S>mob {Obo Ho$ grVmnwa Jm±d ‘| hþAm& O‘tXma KamZo go g§~§Y hmoZo go ~MnZ gwIH$maH$
{~Vm& gmJa {dœ{dÚmb` go ~r.Eñgr. Ho$ gmW E‘.Eñgr. H$s Cnm{Y`m± àmá H$s& ^maVr` H$å`y{ZñQ> nmQ>u go Ow‹S>o aho§&
Oo.EZ.`y. ‘| emoY H$m`© Ho$ gmW-gmW AÜ`mnZ H$m`© {H$`m& {dXoer ^mfmAm| H$m kmZ àmá H$aZo ‘| {deof ê${M& qhXr Ho$
gmW-gmW ’«|$M, O‘©Z, A§J«oOr Am{X ^mfmAm| na nyUm©{YH$ma aIVo h¡§& gZ 1982 go 1990 VH$ "X Q>mB©åg Am°’$ B§{S>`m'
nm{jH$ Ho$ Cn g§nmXH$ aho§& 1990 go 2000 VH$ "E‘rZoÝg' A§J«oOr ‘m{gH$ n{ÌH$m Ho$ g§nmXH$ aho§& dV©‘mZ ‘| nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm|
Am¡a {’$ë‘m| Ho$ {bE ñdV§Ì boI Am¡a nQ>H$Wm boIZ H$m H$m`© H$a aho h¡§& CZHo$ gm{hpË`H$ `moJXmZ hoVw CÝh| "^maV^yfU
AJ«dmb nwañH$ma' (1980), ê$g H$m à{V{ð>V "A§Vaamï´>r` nw{íH$Z gå‘mZ' (2007) VWm "‘mohZXmg' bå~r H$hmZr Ho$ {bE
df© 2010 H$m "gm{hË` AH$mX‘r nwañH$ma' àmá hþE h¡§&
H¥${VÎd
H$hmZr g§J«h : X[a`mB© KmoS>m (1882), {V[aN> (1990), Am¡a A§V ‘| àmW©Zm (1996), nm°b Jmo‘am H$m ñHy$Q>a
(1997), nrbr N>Var dmbr bS>H$s (b§~r H$hmZr) 2001, XÎmmÌo` H$mo XwI (2002), ‘mohZXmg (b§~r H$hmZr) 2006,
‘§Jmo{gb (2008), Aao~m-nao~m (2008).
H${dVm g§J«h : gwZmo H$marJa (1980), A~yVa-H$~yVa (1984), amV ‘| hma‘mo{Z`‘ (1998), EH$ ^mfm hþAm H$aVr
h¡ (2008), H${d Zo H$hm (2010)
{Z~§Y VWm AmbmoMZm : B©œa H$s Am±I (1999), ZB© gXr H$m n§MV§Ì (2008), Voar ‘oar ~mV (gmjmËH$ma g§J«h)
AZwdmX : The Art of Experience H$m "H$bm AZw^d', Bíue Horses on Red Coíours H$m "bmb Kmg na
Zrbo KmoS>o', amoå`m amobm H$m ^maV, BVmbmo H$mpëdZmo, Zoê$Xm, ’$ZmªXmo ngmodm, Am{X aMZmH$mam| Ho$ AZwdmX&
{deofVmE±
CX` àH$me H$s H$hm{Z`m± {df` VWm e¡br H$s Ñ{ï> go {d{dY h¡& do AnZr H$hm{Z`m| ‘| hm{eò Ho$ bmoJm| go boH$a
ny±Orn{V dJ© VH$ H$s ~mV H$aVo h¡§& àemgZ ì`dñWm ‘| ì`má ^«ï>mMma VWm ny±Orn{V`m| Ûmam Jar~m| H$m emofU CZH$s H$hmZr

Ho$ H$Ï` h¡§& do ^y‘§S>brH$aU, CXmarH$aU, {ZOrH$aU, ~mOmadmX, Cn^mo³VmdmX VWm gyMZm V§Ì go CnOr pñW{V Am¡a CgHo$
à^mdm| H$mo AnZr H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ Ûmam A{^ì`³V H$aVo h¡§& AnZo gmV H$hmZr g§J«hm| Ûmam CÝhm|Zo qhXr H$hmZr H$s g§aMZm H$mo
Z`m ê$n XoH$a bå~r H$hmZr H$m g¥OZ {H$`m& CZH$s H$hmZr ‘| H$hmZrH$ma go Á`mXm nmÌ IwX g§dmX H$aVo h¡§& CZH$s H$hmZr
H$mo n‹T>Vo g‘` EH$ "gñn|g' ~Zm ahVm h¡& CZH$s H$hmZr d¡œrH$aU go à^m{dV ‘Ü`dJ© H$s g‘ñ`mAm| VWm {deofVmAm| H$mo
`WmW©Vm go àH$Q> H$aVr h¡& dh AnZo g‘` H$m {Z‘©‘ gM ~`mZ H$aVr h¡& BZ H$hm{Z`m| ‘| Am¡nÝ`m{gH$ Ñ{ï> Ho$ gmW CØxV
{H$ñgmJmoB© h¡&
"X[a`mB© KmoS>m' (1982) H$s "‘y±Jm YmJm' H$hmZr ‘| nm[adm[aH$ {dKQ>Z, J¥{hUr H$m A^md VWm {Zame {nVm go
à^m{dV n[adma H$s ‘Zmod¡km{ZH$ N>{d ì`³V hþB© h¡& "X[a`mB© KmoS>m' ‘mZdr` g§doXZm go `w³V H$hmZr h¡ {Og‘| ‘mVm-{nVm Ho$
à{V Jhar g§doXZm VWm bJmd ì`³V h¡& "‘m¡gmOr' H$hmZr OrdZ H$s dmñV{dH$VmAm|, g‘ñ`mAm| VWm {df‘VmAm| go ‘w±h
VmoS>H$a H$mën{ZH$ g§gma ‘| OrdZ`mnZ H$aZodmbo ì`{³V H$s H$hmZr h¡& "nwVbm' H$hmZr ‘| gm‘§Vr àd¥{Îm, Bggo nr{‹S>V
‘Ü`dJ© Am{X H$m {MÌU h¡& "Q>onMy' ‘OXya H$s H$hmZr h¡ Omo ha OJh g§Kf© H$a OrVVm h¡& "{V[aN>' g§J«h H$s Hw$N> H$hm{Z`m±
CZHo$ OrdZ go OwS>r N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r KQ>ZmE± h¡§& "Am¡a A§V ‘| àmW©Zm' g§J«h ‘| Mma AmË‘H$WmE±, Xmo N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o {H$ñgo VWm Xmo
H$hm{Z`m± g§H${bV h¡§& {’$ë‘, ghm`H$, I§{S>V {ó`m±, Zohê$Or Am¡a AñVmMb, Xmonha Am{X AmË‘H$Ï` h¡& BZ AmË‘H$Ï`
‘| ào‘, ‘¥Ë`w, g§^moJ, ~r‘mar, Zm¡H$ar, YmoIm, Xoe H$s gm§ñH¥${VH$ Pm±H$s, {nVmOr, Zohê$ H$s ‘¥Ë`w Am{X H$m {MÌU h¡&
"nmb Jmo‘am H$m ñHy$Q>a' (1997) H$s g^r H$hm{Z`m± AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY go g§nÞ h¡§& Bg g§J«h H$s Mmam| H$hm{Z`m± H$Ï` VWm
{eën H$s Ñ{ï> go à`moJerb h¡§& "N>V[a`m±' ‘| Ag’$b ào‘ H$hmZr H$mo ’¢$Q>gr Am¡a {~å~m| Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go àñVwV {H$`m h¡& "^mB©
H$m gË`mJ«h' H$hmZr amï´>{nVm ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr Ho$ AmXem] Ho$ namO` H$m Am»`mZ h¡& "nmb Jmo‘am H$m ñHy$Q>a' CZH$s M{M©V
H$hmZr h¡& Bg‘| ny±OrdmX, ~mOmadmX, Cn^mo³VmdmX go à^m{dV ‘Ü`dJ© H$s ÌmgXr {M{ÌV hþB© h¡& Zm`H$ nmb Jmo‘am EH$
gmYmaU nÌH$ma h¡ Omo ~mOma Am¡a {dkmnZ go à^m{dV hmoH$a ñHy$Q>a IarXVm h¡& Bggo CgHo$ OrdZ ‘| AmE g^r Vah Ho$
~Xbmd H$hmZr ‘| {M{ÌV h¡§& "dmaoZ hopñQ>§½O H$m gm±S>' H$hmZr B{Vhmg Ho$ AmYma na g‘H$mbrZ `WmW© H$mo COmJa H$aVr h¡&
"‘¢Jmo{bg' g§J«h ‘| VrZ H$hm{Z`m± h¢ {Og‘| go "{V[aN>' Am¡a "{X„r H$s Xrdma' BgHo$ nyd© àH$m{eV h¡& "‘¢Jmo{bg' ‘hmamï´> Ho$
X{bV M§ÐH$m§V Am¡a CgH$s nËZr emo^m Ho$ CËnrS>Z Am¡a g§Kf© H$s JmWm h¡& emo^m Ho$ nhbo n{V Ho$ {bE dh ‘mÌ EH$ dñVw
h¡ {Oao ha í`m‘ dh XamoJm Am¡a {~ëS>a H$mo ~oMVm h¡& emo^m Ho$ {bE ha amV ^`mdh Am¡a `§ÌUmXm`H$ h¡& dh {~ëS>a Ho$
S´mBìha M§ÐH$m§V Ho$ gmW ^mJ OmVr h¡ {OgH$s ‘±Jmo{bg ~r‘mar go ‘m¡V hmo OmVr h¡& Bg H$hmZr ‘| emo^m Ho$ gmW Omo
Xwì`©dhma hþAm h¡ dh Cn^mo³VmdmXr g§ñH¥${V H$m Ma‘ ê$n h¡&
"nrbr N>Var dmbr bS>H$s' (2001) Am¡nÝ`m{gH$ H$hmZr h¡& `h H$hmZr Zd-Am¡n{Zdo{eH$ H$mbrZ g‘ñ`mAm| H$mo
COmJa H$aVo hþE Xoe H$s gm‘m{OH$, Ym{‘©H$, Am{W©H$, amOZr{VH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌ H$mo {M{ÌV H$aVr h¡& Bg‘| ~mOmadmX
H$m AmV§H$ {M{ÌV h¡& {ejm joÌ ‘| ì`má ^«ï>mMma, Xoe ‘| ’¡$br gm§àXm{`H$Vm Ho$ gmW OmVr`Vm ^r {M{ÌV h¡& "‘mohZXmg'
(2006) ‘hmH$mì`mË‘H$ H$hmZr h¡, {Og‘| ^«ï> àemgZ ì`dñWm, XmofnyU© Ý`m` àUmbr Ho$ gmW dV©‘mZ H$mb H$s {dg§J{V`m|
H$mo Xem©`m h¡& CX` àH$me "‘mohZXmg' H$hmZr Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go ^«ï> àemg{ZH$ ì`dñWm ‘| g§Kf©aV {e{jV `wdmAm| H$s gƒr
Vñdra àñVwV H$aVo h¡§& `h H$hmZr Ho$ ‘w»` {H$aXma X{bV VWm {e{jV ‘mohZXmg, CgH$s nËZr H$ñVyar, Q>r~r Ho$ ‘arO
{nVm, AmIm| H$s amoeZr Imo MwH$s ‘m±, ~ƒo Am¡a CgHo$ OrdZ Ho$ gM Ho$ BX©-{JX© Ky‘Vr h¡& {eën H$s Ñ{ï> go `h b§~r
H$hmZr h¡&
CX` àH$me {OVZo ‘hmZ H$WmH$ma h¡ CVZo hr g§doXZerb H${d ^r h¡& CZH$s H${dVm ‘| {df`m| H$s ì`mnH$Vm h¡&
Zm¡H$a VWm í{‘H$ dJ© H$mo gMoV H$a Cgo g§Kf© Ho$ {bE ào[aV H$aZm BZH$s H${dVm H$s {deofVm ahr h¡& BZH$s H${dVm ‘mZmo
EH$ Zmam gr àVrV hmoVr h¡ Omo g‘mO H$mo OmJ«V H$aZm MmhVr h¡& ~mOmadmX, Cn^mo³Vm VWm {dkmnZ go à^m{dV g‘mO,
g§ñH¥${V BZH$s H${dVm ‘| {M{ÌV h¡§&
6.2.2 {MÌm ‘wXJb (1944)

‘mZdr` ‘yë`m|, g§doXZmAm| Am¡a Zmar Apñ‘Vm Ho$ {d{dY nhbwAm| H$mo AnZo H$Wm gm{hË` ‘| ~o~mH$s Ho$ gmW
A{^ì`³V H$aZodmbr {MÌm Or H$m OÝ‘ 10 {gV§~a, 1944 H$mo MoÞB© Ho$ {‘{bQ´r AñnVmb ‘| hþAm& {nVm ír àVmn qgh
^maVr` Ob goZm ‘| A{YH$mar Wo& BZH$s àma§{^H$ {ejm CZHo$ n¡Ì¥H$ Jm§d âVrnwa ‘| hþB©& gmo‘¡`m H$m°boO ‘w§~B© go ñZmVH$
VWm Eg.EZ.S>r.Q>r. ‘{hbm {dœ{dÚmb`, ‘w~B© go nÌmMma Ûmam ñZmVH$moVa {ejm àmá H$s& ~MnZ go hr gm{hË`, g§JrV,
Z¥Ë` Am{X H$bmAm| ‘| ê${M ahr h¡& BZH$s ‘mZdVmdmXr VWm g‘mOgwYma H$s Ñ{ï> BZHo$ gm{hË` Ho$ gmW gm‘m{OH$ H$m`© ‘|

ZOa AmVr h¡& ò ‘w§~B© Ho$ í{‘H$ ZoVm XÎmm gm‘§V Or Ho$ gmW í{‘H$m| Ho$ Am§XmobZ H$m {hñgm ~Zr h¡& Kam| ‘| H$m‘ H$aZodmbr
Zm¡H$am{Z`m| Ho$ A{YH$mam| Ho$ {bE "OmJaU' Zm‘H$ g§ñWm H$s g{Md ~ZH$a 1965-1972 VH$ H$m`© {H$`m& BÝhm|Zo
PmonS>n{Å>`m| ‘| ZaH$ gÑe OrdZ`mnZ H$aZodmbo bmoJm| ‘| ZmH$ na ê$‘mb aIH$a Zht ~pëH$ ‘mZdr` Cî‘m Am¡a AmË‘r`Vm
go Kwb {‘b H$a CZH$s ÌmgXr H$mo g‘Pm& `hr dOh h¡, do g‘mO Ho$ {d{^Þ dJ© g‘yhm| H$m `WmW© dU©Z H$a gH$s& do
gm‘m{OH$ gamoH$ma H$mo AnZo boIZ H$m AmYma ‘mZVr h¡& CZH$s aMZm Ym{‘©Vm Ho$ {bE CÝh| àkm gå‘mZ (1986), qhXr
AH$mX‘r H$m "gm{hË`H$ma gÝ‘mZ' (1996), Amdm§ CnÝ`mg Ho$ {bE "Ho$. Ho$. {~S>bm H$m ì`mg gÝ‘mZ' (2003), "H$ënZm
Mmdbm EdmS>©' (2007) Am{X go gÝ‘m{ZV {H$`m J`m&
H¥${VÎd
H$hmZr g§J«h : Oha R>ham hþAm (1980), bmjmJ¥h (1982), AnZr dmngr (1982), Bg h‘m‘ ‘| (1986), ½`mah
bå~r H$hm{Z`m± (1987), OJXå~m ~m~y Jm±d Am aho h¢ (1992), M{M©V H$hm{Z`m± (1994), ‘m‘bm AmJo ~‹T>oJm A^r
(1994), {OZmda (1996), H|$Mwb (2001), ^yI (2001), bnQ>| (2002), ~`mZ (2004), bH$S>~½Km (2006), Mohao
(2007), Xg à{V{Z{Y H$hm{Z`m± (2007)&
CnÝ`mg : EH$ O‘rZ AnZr (1990), Amdm§ (1999), {J{bJSw> (2002)&
~mb CnÝ`mg : ‘mYdr H$ÞJr (1993), ‘{U‘¡Ib¡ (2002), OrdH$ (2002), ~y‹T>r H$mH$s VWm AÝ` ZmQ>Š&
boI g§J«h : {dMma g§J«h (1988), ~`ma CgH$s ‘wÆ>r ‘| (2004)&
g§nmXZ : Ag’$b XmånË` H$s H$hm{Z`m± (1987), Qy>Q>Vo n[admam| H$s H$hm{Z`m± (1987), Xygar Am¡aV H$s H$hm{Z`m±
(1987), ^rJr hþB© aoV (1988), nwañH¥$V H$hm{Z`m± (1999), Xoh Xohar (2003) Am{X&
{deofVmE±
H$WmH$ma {MÌm ‘wXJb Zo AnZo boIZ H$s ewéAmV "g’o$X goZmam' Zm‘H$ H$hmZr go H$s, Omo Cg g‘` "Zd^maV
Q>mBåg' ‘| N>nr Wr& AmO VH$ CZHo$ Voah H$hmZr g§J«h àH$m{eV hþE h¡§& {Og g‘` H$mo h‘ ^maVr` amOZr{V, g‘mO VWm
g§ñH¥${V H$s Ñ{ï> go gdm©{YH$ CWb-nwWb H$m H$hVo h¡ Cgr g‘` go CÝhm|Zo AnZo boIZ H$s ewéAmV H$s& CZH$m àW‘
H$hmZr g§J«h "Oha R>ham hþAm' (1980) na§namJV ê${‹T>`mo Ho$ {dê$Õ g§Kf© H$aVr Zm[a`m| H$s JmWm h¡& "bmjmJ¥h' (1982)
H$s H$hm{Z`m± Zmar ‘Z H$s Am§V[aH$ g§doXZm H$mo COmJa H$aVr h¡& "AnZr dmngr' (1982) ‘| nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ go g§~§{YV
g‘ñ`mAm| H$m {MÌU h¡& "½`mah bå~r H$hm{Z`m±' (1957) g§J«h H$s "eyÝ`' H$hmZr {ddmhoVa g§~§Ym| na AmYm[aV h¡ Vmo
"XeaW H$m dZdmg' {nVm-nwÌ Ho$ {~KS>Vo g§~§Ym| n&© "{OZmda' (1996) ‘| ‘Zwî` Am¡a OmZda Ho$ ~rM ñWm{nV Jhao [aíVo
H$mo Xem©`m h¡& "ñQ>onZr' ‘| Zm¡H$ar noem Zmar H$s {ddeVm H$mo ì`³V {H$`m h¡&
{MÌm Or H$s gZ 2000 Ho$ ~mX H$s H$hm{Z`m± ^y‘§S>brH$aU VWm Cggo à^m{dV ^maVr` g‘mO, g§ñH¥${V, na§nam,
{dMmaYmam H$m gQ>rH$ {MÌU H$aVr h¡& BZ H$hm{Z`m| ‘| {deofVm ór Ho$ à{V g‘mO H$m X{H$`m~ygr ZO[a`m `m ór H$mo dñVw
‘mZH$a CgH$m Cn^moJ boZodmbr nwê$f àYmZ g§ñH¥${V na H$amam ì`§½` h¡& CZH$s "~`mZ', "H|$Mwb', "S>mo{‘Z H$mH$s', "dmB’$
ñd¡nr', "bH$S>~½Km' Am{X H$hm{Z`m± dV©‘mZ g‘mO H$s ór Ho$ à{V XoIZo H$s Ñ{ï> H$m {ddaU H$aVr h¡& "~`mZ' H$hmZr H$s
H$Wm `hr Xem©Vr h¡ {H$, H$m‘mg³V nwê$f Ho$ {bE nm±M df© H$s ~ƒr Am¡a Añgr gmb H$s d¥Õm g~ "‘mb' h¡& ór BZHo$
{bE "amV' h¡& "bH$S>~½Km' ‘| {nV¥gÎmmH$ g‘mO Ho$ {dê$Õ Q>H$amZodmbr {dYdm Zmar H$s Xem H$m {MÌU h¡& "dmB’$ ñd¡nr'
H$hmZr AmO Ho$ ^m¡{VH$dmXr `wJ ‘| ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V Ho$ ~XbVo Mohao H$mo Xem©Vr h¡& Bg‘| nmümË` g§ñH¥${V Ho$ {dH¥$V Am¡a
{KZm¡Zo `WmW© H$mo àH$Q> {H$`m h¡& Bg‘| Cƒ dJu` bmoJm| Ûmam Iobo OmZo dmbo Iob "dmB’$ ñd¡nr' H$m dU©Z h¡& Bg Iob ‘|
bmoJ AnZr-AnZr Jm{‹S>`m| H$s Mm{~`m± EH$ OJ ‘| S>mb XoVo h¢ Am¡a {’$a CÝh| CR>mVo h¡§& {OgH$s JmS>r H$s Mm~r {OgHo$ hmW
‘| Am OmVr h¡ CgH$s nËZr Ho$ gmW dh amV {~VmVm h¡& Bg H$hmZr H$s g^r npËZ`m± a§Ja§Jo{b`m± ~ZmZo H$mo V¡`ma h¡&
"Mohao' H$Wm g§J«h Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go do nmR>H$m| Ho$ g‘j g‘mO Ho$ {d{^Þ Mohao gm‘Zo bmVr h¡ Omo AbJ ZH$m~ nhZH$a
g‘mO H$mo byQ> aho h¡§& "bnQ>|', "nmR>', "~§X' Am{X ‘| dV©‘mZ ^maVr` amOZr{V H$mo Xem©`m h¡& "J|X' ^y‘§S>brH$aU go à^m{dV
Eogo n[adma H$s H$hmZr h¡ {Og‘| H$m‘H$mOr ~oQ>o AnZo d¥Õ ‘mVm-{nVm H$mo ~moP g‘P d¥Õmí‘ ‘| N>mo‹S> XoVo h¡§& dht Zm¡H$ar H$s
^mJXm¡‹S> ‘| ì`ñV ahH$a AnZo ~ƒm| H$m ~MnZ N>rZ boVo h¡§& "^yI' ‘| Jar~r VWm {^jmd¥{Îm {M{ÌV h¢ dhr "ñQ>onZr' ‘| ZJar
OrdZ H$s gƒmB`m± ~`mZ H$s h¡& Cn`w©³V {ddoMZ go ñnï> h¡ {H$ {MÌm Or Zo AnZo g‘` H$mo AnZr H$hm{Z`m| Ûmam
A{^ì`³V {H$`m h¡&

H$hm{Z`m| H$s ^m±{V {MÌm Or Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| H$s {df` dñVw ^r ì`mnH$ VWm {d{dYVm go `w³V h¡§& "EH$ O‘rZ AnZr' ‘|
^y‘§S>brH$aU VWm Cggo OwS>r g‘ñ`mAm| H$m {MÌU h¡& `h CnÝ`mg A§{H$V Am¡a ZrVm BZ Xmo Zmar nmÌm| Ho$ BX©-{JX© Kw‘Vm
h¡& Bg CnÝ`mg ‘| `h Xem©`m h¡ {H$, ór H$s e{³V à{V^m ‘| h¡ Z {H$ Xoh àXe©Z ‘o§& {MÌm Or H$m "Amdm§' CnÝ`mg ór
{d‘e© H$m ‘hm»`mZ h¡& `h ‘w§~B© H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ VWm QóS> `y{Z`Z Am¡a í{‘H$ OrdZ na {bIm J`m qhXr H$m nhbm CnÝ`mg h¡&
Bg‘| ny±Orn{V`m| go í{‘H$m| Ho$ g§Kf© H$mo {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡& d¥Õm| Ho$ OrdZ H$mo H|$Ð ‘| aIH$a {bIo JE "{J{bJ‹Sw>' Bg bKw
CnÝ`mg ‘| ^y‘§S>brH$aU go à^m{dV ^maVr` g‘mO ‘| d¥Õm| H$s X`Zr` pñW{V H$mo Xem©`m h¡&
CnÝ`mg Ho$ gmW-gmW {MÌm Or Zo VrZ ~mb CnÝ`mgm| H$m í¥OZ {H$`m h¡& CZHo$ Mma ~mb H$Wm g§J«h ^r àH$m{eV
h¡§& CZHo$ XmoZ boI g§J«h àH$m{eV h¡§& "~`ma CZH$s ‘wÆ>r ‘|' g§J«h ‘| g‘H$mbrZ amOZr{V, {ejm, g‘mO, ^«ï>mMma Am{X na
‘m¡{bH$ {dMma àñVwV {H$E h¡§& "VhImZm| ‘| ~§X AŠg' CZH$m EH$‘mÌ H$WmË‘H$ [anmoVm©O h¡&
{MÌm Or H$hmZr CnÝgmg Ho$ gmW ZmQ>H$ {dYm H$mo ^r AnZmVr ZOa AmVr h¡& CZHo$ VrZ ZmQ>H$ H«$‘e… "n§Mna‘oœa
VWm AÝ` ZmQ>H$', "gÒ{V VWm AÝ` ZmQ>H$' Am¡a "~y‹T>r H$mH$s VWm AÝ` ZmQ>H$' ào‘M§X H$s à{gÕ H$hm{Z`m| na AmYm[aV
h¡§& {MÌm Or qhXr Ho$ gmW ‘amR>r, JwOamVr, A§J«oOr ^mfm H$s kmVm h¡& Bgr H$maU CZHo$ Ûmam BZ ^mfmAm| H$s íoð> H¥${V`m|
Ho$ AZwdmX ^r {‘bVo h¡§& CZHo$ Ûmam a{MV H$hm{Z`m| na Q>obr {’$ë‘, {’$ë‘ VWm Ymamdm{hH$m| H$m ^r {Z‘m©U hþAm h¡& CZH$s
à{gÕ H$hmZr "àoV`mo{Z' na qhXr ’$sMa {’$ë‘ "Am~ê$' H$m {Z‘m©U hþAm h¡& {MÌm Or Zo JÚ Ho$ gmW H$mì` joÌ H$mo ^r
AmO‘m`m h¡& do nÌH$ma Ho$ gmW-gmW g§nmXH$ Ho$ ê$n ‘| ^r H$m`©aV ahr h¡&
ñnï> h¡, {MÌm ‘wXJb Zo AnZr ~hþ‘wIr à{V‘m go JÚ H$s bJ^J g^r {dYmAm| ‘| boIZ {H$`m& AnZr ‘mZdVmdmXr
VWm g‘mOgwYma H$s Ñ{ï> Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n hr do g‘mO Ho$ {d{^Þ dJ© g‘yhm| H$m à{V{Z{YÎd AnZo gm{hË` ‘| H$a gH$s&
6.2.3 Zm{gam e‘m© (1948)

ór {d‘e© H$s ‘hÎdnyU© H$WmH$ma Ho$ ê$n ‘| à{gÕ Zm{gam e‘m© H$m OÝ‘ CÎma àXoe Ho$ Bbmhm~mX ‘| 22 AJñV,
1948 H$mo hþAm& BZH$s H$hmZr Ho$ H|$Ð ‘| Am¡aV Ho$ gmW-gmW ór-nwê$f g§~§Y, A§Vaamï´>r` amOZr{V, ‘wpñb‘ g‘mO ‘|
{ó`m| H$s Xem Ho$ gmW g‘gm‘m{`H$ g‘ñ`mAm| H$m {MÌU àmá h¡& Zm{gam H$m n[adma {e{jV, g§nÞ VWm g§ñH$mar Wm&
{nVm CXy© Ho$ àmo’o$ga VWm àJ{Verb {dMmam|dmbo H${d Wo& boIH$s` {damgV Yamoha Ho$ ê$n ‘| {‘br Wr& Odmhabmb Zohê$
{dœ{dÚmb`, {X„r go ’$magr gm{hË` ‘| E‘.E. H$s Cnm{Y àmá H$s& qhXr, CXy©, A§J«oOr, ’$magr, níVm| Am{X ^mfmAm| na
O~aXñV nH$S> h¡& ñd^md go ’$¸$S> VWm ñnï> d³Vm ahr Zm{gam Or AÜ`mnH$, ao{‹S>`mo ñQ>oeZ na àmoJ«m‘ Am°{’$ga Ho$ gmW
nÌH$ma Ho$ ê$n ‘| ^r H$m`©aV ahr& AmO ‘mÌ dh ñdV§Ì boIZ H$a ahr h¡& CZHo$ gm{hpË`H$ `moJXmZ Ho$ hoVw CÝh| qhXr
AH$mX‘r {X„r H$m "An©Z gå‘mZ' (2002), {~hma emgZ H$m "‘hmXodr d‘m©' nwañH$ma, CZHo$ "Hw$B`m±OmZ' CnÝ`mg H$mo
2008 ‘| `y.Ho$. H$Wm gå‘mZ go ZdmOm J`m& "nm[aOmV' CnÝ`mg Ho$ {bE CÝh| df© 2016 H$m "gm{hË` AH$mX‘r nwañH$ma'
{X`m J`m& BÝhm|Zo JÚ H$s H$B© {dYmAm| ‘| AnZr boIZr MbmB©&
H¥${VÎd
H$hmZr g§J«h : nËWa J„r (1986), g§Jgma (1993), BãZo ‘[a`‘ (1994), em‘r H$mJO (1997), g~rZm Ho$
Mmbrg Mmoa (1997), IwXm H$s dmngr (1999), BZgmZr Zñb (2000), Xygam VmO‘hb (2002), ~wVImZm (2002)&
CnÝ`mg : gmV Z{X`m± : EH$ g‘§Xa (1984), emë‘br (1989), R>rH$ao H$s ‘±JZr (1989), qOXm ‘whmdao (1992),
Aj` dQ> (2003), Hw$B`m±OmZ (2005), Oramo amoS> (2008), nm[aOmV (2011), AOZ~r OOram (2012), H$mJO H$s
Zmd (2014)&
boI g§J«h : {H$Vm~ Ho$ ~hmZo (2001), amï´> Am¡a ‘wgb‘mZ (2003), Am¡aV Ho$ {bE Am¡aV (2003)&
[anmoVm©O : Ohm§ ’$m¡ìdmao bhÿ amoVo h¢ (2003)&
g§nmXZ : BH$moO Am°’$ B©am{Z`Z [admoë`yeZ : àmoQ>oñQ> nmo`Q>ar, {j{VO nma&
{deofVmE±
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s ‘{hbm H$WmH$mam| ‘| erf©ñW ahr Zm{gam Or Zo AnZo CnÝ`mgm| VWm H$hm{Z`m| Ûmam Añgr Ho$
XeH$ Ho$ ~mX Ho$ ^maVr` VWm A§Vaamï´>r` n[adoe H$mo AnZr H$WmdñVw H$m AmYma ~Zm`m& CZH$s H$hmZr `mÌm ‘| S>o‹T> gm¡ go
A{YH$ H$hm{Z`m± h¡§& BZ‘| go A{YH$m§e H$hm{Z`m± ‘wpñb‘ n[adoe VWm Zmar g§doXZm H$mo A{^ì`³V H$aVr h¡& BZ H$hm{Z`m±

‘| Ym{‘©H$ Ed§ gm‘m{OH$ ê${‹T>`mo H$m I§S>Z h¡ gmW hr g‘mO OmJ«{V H$m AmdmhZ ^r& do AnZr H$hm{Z`m| Ûmam AmV§H$ go
nr{‹S>V Xoe-{dXoe ‘| ~go bmoJm| H$s nr‹S>m VWm g‘ñ`mAm| H$mo àH$Q> H$aVr h¡§&
CZH$s "Vm~yV', "H$ƒr Xrdma|', "Ame`mZm', "{‘Å>r H$m g’$a', "Mm±X-Vmam| H$s eVa§O', "IwXm H$s dmngr',
"XhbrO', "Mma ~hZo ere ‘hb H$s', "Xygam H$~yVa', "’$ZrO ~ƒm' Am{X Hw$N> à{V{Z{Y H$hm{Z`m± h¢ {OZ‘| ‘wpñb‘
g‘mO ‘| ì`má A{Zï> ê${‹T>`mo, g‘ñ`mAm|, na§namAm| VWm A^mdJ«ñV OrdZ H$m {MÌU h¡& "~S>o naXo H$m Iob' ‘| AmYw{ZH$
`wJ ‘| ào‘ Ho$ Zm‘ na {KZm¡Zo H¥$Ë` H$aZodmbm| H$s nmob Imob Xr h¡& "Agbr ~mV', "Am‘mo»Vm' ‘| qhXy-‘wgb‘mZ X§Jm| H$m
`WmW© {MÌU h¡& "nVPS>' H$m ’y$b {dYdm Zmar H$s g‘ñ`m H$m ~`mZ h¡& "{M‘JmX‹S>o' ‘| {ejm joÌ ‘| Mb ahr AamOH$Vm
H$m {MÌU h¡& Zm{gam Or Zo H$hmZr H$s g§aMZm ‘| ~Xbmd H$a H$B© b§~r H$hm{Z`m| H$m ^r boIZ {H$`m h¡& CZH$s "H$ƒr
Xrdma|', "em‘r H$mJO', "Ame`mZm' Am{X b§~r H$hm{Z`m± h¡§& CZH$s H$hm{Z`m| ‘| ì`§½`mË‘H$, AmË‘H$WmË‘H$, dU©ZmË‘H$,
nmÌmË‘H$, g§dmXmË‘H$ Am{X e¡{b`m| H$m à`moJ {‘bVm h¡& do Aa~r-’$magr eãXm| H$m à`moJ ~hþbVm Ho$ gmW H$aVr h¡& ñnï>
h¡, CZH$s H$hm{Z`m± Ame` Ho$ gmW e¡br H$s Ñ{ï> go ^r ZdrZVm H$m à`moJ h¡&
Zm{gam Or H$s H$hm{Z`m| H$s Vah CZHo$ CnÝ`mgm| H$m H¡$Zdmg ^r ~hþV ~S>m h¡& CZHo$ ha CnÝ`mg ‘| {dœ g‘mO H$s
qMVmAm| H$mo aoIm§{H$V {H$`m J`m h¡& Zm{gam e‘m© ñd`§ EH$ nÌH$ma hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CZHo$ CnÝ`mgm| ‘| Jhao emoY H$s N>m`m
ZOa AmVr h¡& "CZH$m gmV Z{X`m± EH$ g‘§Xa' (1984) BamZ H«$m§{V na {bIm Xw{Z`m H$m nhbm CnÝ`mg h¡& "R>rH$ao H$s
‘§JZr' (1989) ‘| AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX H$s g§Kf©erb bS>H$s H$s H$hmZr h¡ Omo AnZr ‘ohZV Am¡a j‘Vm go `h gm{~V H$aVr
h¡ {H$ Bg {nV¥gÎmmH$ g‘mO ‘| Am¡aV AnZr EH$ nhMmZ ~Zm gH$Vr h¡& "emë‘br' (1987) ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX H$s dh
n[an¹$ ‘{hbm h¡ Omo d¡dm{hH$ OrdZ ‘| ào‘ na {dœmg aIVr h¡&
"qOXm ‘whmda|' (1994) ‘| {d^mOZ H$s nr‹S>m, X§Jo, Agwajm, ñdmWu amOZr{V, Y‘©, {ejm VWm g§ñH¥${V H$m {MÌU
h¡& "Hw$B`m§OmZ' (2005) Ob g‘ñ`m na H|${ÐV h¡& "Oramo amoS>' (2008) H$s H$WmdñVw Bbmhm~mX go Xw~B© VH$ {dñV¥V h¡
{Og‘| Ho$db ^maVr` n[admam| H$s Am{W©H$ XwX©em hr Zht ~pëH$ gm§àXm{`H$Vm Am¡a AmV§H$dmX go OyPVr Xw{Z`m H$mo EH$ gyÌ
‘| Jw§Wm h¡& nm[aOmV (2011) CnÝ`mg AmO H$s `wdm nr‹T>r Ho$ gnZm|, CgHo$ {ZU©`m|, ‘mVm-{nVm ào‘, ór H$s ^maVr` VWm
nmümË` N>{d Ho$ gmW Jwê$-{eî` g§~§Ym| H$mo ^maVr` VWm nmümË` g§X^m] ‘| COmJa H$aVm h¡& CnÝ`mg ‘| nm[aOmV ‘mÌ ’y$b
`m ê$nH$ Zht ~pëH$ ZE-nwamZo [aíVm| H$s XmñVmZ h¡& CnÝ`mg ‘| n[aOmV ’y$b B{Vhmg Zht {H$aXma ~ZH$a CâVm h¡ Vmo
H$ht dV©‘mZ Am¡a AVrV Ho$ ~rM H$m gyÌH$ma& CnÝ`mg ‘| H$B© gmar H$hm{Z`m± EH$ gmW MbVr h¡§& BgHo$ H|$Ðr` nmÌ amohZ
VWm ê$hr h¡§& Bbmhm~mX Am¡a bIZD$ H$s O{‘Z na H$WmZH$ ~wZm J`m h¡& CnÝ`mg H$s g~go ~S>r {deofVm gm§àXm{`H$
gX^md h¡ {OgH$m àH$Q>rH$aU VrZ {‘Ì àëhmX XÎm, ~emaV hþg¡Z, Owpë’$H$ma Abr Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go {H$`m h¡& ò gmao ha
g‘ñ`m ‘| EH$ Xygao H$m gmW XoVo hþE ^mdZmAm| H$mo ‘hÎd XoVo h¡§&
Zm{gam Or ñdV§Ì nÌH$ma ^r ah MwH$s h¡& BamH$, A’$Jm{UñVmZ, nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ H$B© amOZr{Vkm| go ‘wbmH$mV ^r H$a
MwH$s h¡& CZH$s ImoµO d¥{Îm H$m hr n[aUm‘ h¡ {H$ CZHo$ gm{hË` H$s H$WmdñVw Ho$db ^maVr` Cn‘hmÛrn hr Zht ~pëH$ nyao
n{ü‘ E{e`mB© nÅ>r VH$ ’¡$br h¡& CZH$m "Ohm± ’$m¡ìdmao bhÿ amoVo h¡' B©amZ ‘| hþB© IyZr H«$m§{V na {bIm J`m [anmoVm©O h¡& CZHo$
VrZ boI g§J«h àH$m{eV h¡& "amï´> Am¡a ‘wgb‘mZ' ‘| amï´> na {dMma ì`³V h¡ Omo dV©‘mZ g§X^© ‘| ~hþV hr àmg§{JH$ h¡& Zm{gam
Or ~ƒm| Ho$ {bE H$hm{Z`m± ^r {bI MwH$s h¡& CZH$s H$hm{Z`m| VWm CnÝ`mgm| na Q>obr{’$ë‘ Ho$ gmW Q>rdr gr[a`b ^r
{Z‘m©U hþE h¡§& CZH$s H$hm{Z`m| H$m ZmQ>ç ê$nm§Va ^r {H$`m J`m h¡&
6.2.4 Za|Ð ‘mohZ (1935)

ZmQ>H$H$ma, {Z~§YH$ma, H${d, H$hmZrH$ma VWm AmbmoMH$ ah| Za|Ð ‘mohZ Or H$m OÝ‘ nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ bmhm¡a eha ‘|
30 OwbmB©, 1935 H$mo hþAm& {nVm ê$nbmb e‘m© AÜ`mnH$ Wo& Za|Ð Or H$s àmW{‘H$ {ejm bmhm¡a ‘| hþB©& {d^mOZ H$s nr‹S>m
H$mo ghVo hþE do bmhmoa go A‘¥Vga AmE& Bg XheV âo ‘mhm¡b ‘| nm±Mdt H$jm ‘| XmpIb hþE& ~MnZ ‘| XoIr hþB© X§Jm| H$s
^`mdh KQ>ZmAm| H$m à^md AmO ^r CZH$s H${dVm na XoIm OmVm h¡& A‘¥Vga Ho$ Eg. S>r. H$m°boO go E‘.E. VWm n§Om~
{dœ{dÚmb`, M§XrJS> go nrEM.S>r. H$s Cnm{Y àmá H$s& H$m°boO OrdZ go hr H${dVmE± {bIVo Wo& ‘w{³V~moY H$s b§~r
H${dVmE± n‹T>H$a H$mì` boIZ H$s Ama§{^H$ àoaUm {‘br& Oè§H$a àgmX VWm ‘mohZ amHo$e H$s ZmQ>çH$bm go ào[aV hmoH$a
g’$b ZmQ>H$H$ma ~Z nmE& CZHo$ gm{hpË`H$ H$‘© Ho$ hoVw CÝh| 1995 ‘| n§Om~ gaH$ma Ûmam "gdm}ƒ gm{hË`H$ma {eamo‘{U'
nwañH$ma, CÎma àXoe qhXr g§ñWmZ Zo "gm{hË` ^yfU' (1999), qhXr AH$mX‘r {X„r H$m "gm{hË`H$ma gå‘mZ' (2003)
Am{X nwañH$ma àmá h¡§&

H¥${VÎd
ZmQ>H$ : H$h| H$~ra gwZmo ^mB© gmYmo (1988), gtJYmar (1988), H$bÝXa (1991), Zmo ‘|g b¢S> (1994), A^§JJmWm
(2000), {‘ñQ>a {OÞm (2005), ‘§M A§Yoao ‘| (2008), hX hmo J`r `mamo (2010), ‘{bH$ A§~a (2016)
AmbmoMZm : aMZm H$m gM
H${dVm g§J«h : Bg hmXgo ‘| (1975), gm‘Zm hmoZo na (1979), EH$ A{¾H$m§S> OJh ~XbVm (1983), hWobr na
A§Jmao H$s Vah (1990), g§H$Q> Ñí` H$m Zht (1993), EH$ gwbJVr Im‘moer (1997), EH$ pIS>H$s Iwbr h¡ A^r
(2005)&
S>màr : gmW-gmW ‘oam gm`m (2003)
g§ñ‘aU : {JaOmHw$‘ma ‘mWwa: ’«o$‘ go ~mha AmVr Vñdra, {dîUw à^mH$a : gmXJr H$m g§JrV, gM H$s IZH$ dmbr `h
AmdmO, Am{X&
{deofVmE±
Za|Ð ‘mohZ H${d, AmbmoMH$ go A{YH$ ZmQ>H$H$ma Ho$ ê$n ‘| n[a{MV h¡§& CZHo$ ZmQ>H$m| H$m `WmW© g‘gm‘m{`H$
{dg§J{V`m|, A§V{d©amoYm| Ho$ gmW ‘mZdr` {dS>å~Zm, g§àXm`dmX, AmV§H$dmX go Ow‹S>m h¡& do AnZo ZmQ>H$m| H$mo Am‘ AmX‘r Ho$
g§Kf© go Omo‹S>Vo h¡§& `h g§Kf© gÎmm, Y‘©, g§àXm` Ho$ gmW-gmW g§ñH¥${V Ho$ gmW h¡& CZH$m nhbm ZmQ>H$ "H$h| H$~ra gwZmo ^mB©
gmYmo' ‘| gm‘m{OH$ VWm Ym{‘©H$ OrdZ ‘| ì`má {dg§J{V`m| H$s IwbH$a AmbmoMZm H$aZodmbo H$~ra na H|${ÐV h¡& do MmhVo
h¡ {H$ B¸$sgdt gXr H$m Am‘ AmX‘r ^r H$~ra H$s ^m±{V {Z{^©H$Vm go gÎmm Ho$ {˜bmµ’$ AmdmO CR>mE& Bg ZmQ>H$ ‘| Xmohm,
nX Ho$ gmW JrV ^r h¡§& "grJYmar' (1988) ZmQ>H$ H$s H$Wm Xmo ñVam| na MbVr h¡§& EH$ h¡ bmoH$H$Wm Am¡a Xygar h¡ dV©‘mZ
amOZr{V H$m H«y$a Moham& Bg ZmQ>H$ H$m {eën Zw¸$S> ZmQ>H$ O¡gm h¡& "H$b§Xa' (1991) Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$ h¡& Voahdt gXr ‘|
VmH$V Ho$ ê$n ‘| Câo CZ ‘wpñb‘ Xadoem| Ho$ amOZr{VH$ CWb-nwWb, Ym{‘©H$, gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ n[apñW{V`m| ‘|
H$b§Xam| Ho$ CâZo H$s H$Wm H$m ZmQ>H$s` VmZm-~wZm h¡& "Zmo ‘|g b¢S>' (1994) ZmQ>H$ H$s H$WmdñVw ‘§Q>mo H$s H$hmZr "Q>mo~m
Q>oH$qgh' Ho$ Zm`H$ {~eZqgh na AmYm[aV h¡& Bg‘| ‘§Q>mo H$s "Imob Xmo' Am¡a "R>§S>m JmoíV' H$hmZr H$s KQ>ZmAm| H$mo em{‘b
{H$`m J`m h¡& ZmQ>H$ ‘| àñVwV {d^mOZ H$s ÌmgXr, gm§àXm{`H$ X§Jo, H«y$a A‘mZdr` KQ>ZmAm| Ûmam ZmQ>H$H$ma ‘mZdr` g§doXZm
H$mo OmJ«V H$aVm h¡&
‘amR>r g§V VwH$mam‘ na H|${ÐV "A^§JJmWm' (2002) ‘| VwH$mam‘ H$s gM Ho$ à{V {Zð>m Am¡a H${d Ho$ ê$n ‘| AmñWm H$m
{MÌU h¡& Bg‘| Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm Ho$ gmW H$sdX§{V`m| H$m AmYma {b`m h¡& ZmQ>H$ H$m Zm`H$ T>m|J, nmI§S>, AÝ`m`, AË`mMma,
AmV§H$, ~mømS§>~a Ho$ {˜bmµ’$ bS>Vm h¡& "{‘ñQ>a {OÞm' (2005) ImoµOàYmZ Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$ h¡ Omo ~o[añQ>a ‘mohå‘X Abr
{OÞm Ho$ OrdZ na AmYm[aV h¡& "‘§M A§Yoao ‘|' (2008) AmnmVH$mb VWm ì`{³V ñdV§ÌVm H$s ~§{Xe H$m {MÌU h¡& gmao
nmÌ à{VH$mË‘H$ h¡& "hX hmo J`r `mamo' (2010) ‘| hmñ` ì`§½`mË‘H$ e¡br ‘| g‘mOì`má {dg§J{V`m| H$mo Xem©`m h¡& "‘{bH$
A§~a' (2011) ‘| B{W`mo{n`m Ho$ Am’«$sXr hãer Am¡a Jwbm‘ ‘{bH$ A§~a H$s H$hmZr h¡ Omo dhm± H$s X‘Z Am¡a `mVZmâr
qOXJr go ~MH$a AmOmX B§gmZ ~ZZo Ho$ {bE qhXwñVmZ ‘| AmVo h¡§& `hm± AmH$a ‘{bH$ A§~a {ZOm‘emhr H$m dOrao AmO‘
~ZVm h¡& EH$ AmXe© amOm Ho$ ê$n ‘| CgH$m {MÌU hþAm h¡&
Za|Ð ‘mohZ Ho$ g^r ZmQ>H$m| H$m ‘§MZ ^r hþAm h¡& CZHo$ ZmQ>H$ Eo{Vhm{gH$, à`moJY‘u VWm g‘ñ`màYmZ h¡§& CÝhm|Zo
AnZo ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go qhXr ZmQ>H$ Am¡a a§J‘§M Ho$ ~rM ghO, ñdm^m{dH$ g‘Ýd` àñVwV {H$`m h¡&
Za|Ð ‘mohZ H$s H${dVm ‘| g‘H$mbrZ OrdZ H$m `WmW© CgH$s g‘ñV {dg§J{V`m±, {dS§>~ZmAm| VWm {dÐznVmAm| Ho$ gmW
ì`³V hþAm h¡& gm§àXm{`H$Vm, Om{VJV g§H$sU©Vm, g§nÞ dJ© Ûmam bmoJm| Ho$ emofU go H${d {dM{bV hmoVm h¡& CZH$s H${dVm
Ho$ H|$Ð ‘| AmX‘r h¡& AmX‘r H$s Iwehmbr CZH$s H${dVm H$m bú` h¡& CZH$s S>màr "gmW-gmW ‘oam gm`m' EH$ boIH$ Ho$
g§Kf© H$s, OrdZ Ho$ AÀN>o-~wao AZw^dm|, Adgam|, XmoñVm| go Ow‹S>md H$s JmWm h¡& CÝhm|Zo 1967 go 2004 VH$ Ho$ OrdZ g’$a
H$mo AnZr S>màr ‘| g§Omo`m h¡& S>màr H$s ewéAmV ‘| {hgma go {X„r ‘| AmH$a dhm± Ho$ boIH$m| ‘| ñWm{nV hmoZo H$m dU©Z h¡&
1985 Ho$ ~mX {bIr S>màr ‘| Za|Ð ‘mohZ H$m ZmQ>H$H$ma ê$n CâZo bJVm h¡& Bg S>màr H$s ^mfm ghO, gwb^ VWm ì`§½`
{dZmoX go ânya h¡&
CZH$s g¥OZerbVm H$m n[aM` g§ñ‘aU boIZ ‘| ^r ZOa AmVm h¡& {JaOmHw$‘ma ‘mWwa, {dîUw à^mH$a, a‘oe ~jr,
‘hrn qgh, àVmn ghJb Am{X Ho$ ì`{³VÎd go boH$a CZHo$ gm{hpË`H$ qMVZ Ho$ g^r njm| H$mo gm‘Zo bmZo H$m à`mg {H$`m

h¡& BZH$s "aMZm H$m gM' {H$Vm~ ‘| AmbmoMZmË‘H$ {Z~§Y, boI VWm {Q>ßn{U`m± h¡§& Bg‘| CnÝ`mg, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$ H$s
aMZm à{H«$`m Ho$ gmW-gmW {d^mOZ Am¡a gm§àXm{`H$Vm go g§~§{YV AmbmoMZmË‘H$ {Z~§Y h¡§&
6.2.5 lram‘ n[ahma (1952)

AnZo {Z~§Ym| ‘| g§ñH$ma, g§doXZm Am¡a g§~moY H$s {ÌdoUr H$m {‘lU àñVwV H$aZodmbo S>m°. lram‘ n[ahma Or H$m OÝ‘
16 OZdar, 1952 H$mo ‘Ü`àXoe Ho$ I§S>dm ZJa Ho$ "’o$’$[a`m' Jm±d Ho$ {H$gmZ n[adma ‘| hþAm& `h Jm±d Z‘©Xm ~m§Y à^m{dVm|
H$s gyMr ‘| em{‘b h¡ Am¡a Sy>~ ‘| g‘m`m Om ahm h¡& àma§{^H$ {ejm Jm±d ‘| hr VWm a{de§H$a {dœ{dÚmb`, am`nwa go
nrEM.S>r. H$s Cnm{Y àmá H$s& Bgr {dœ{dÚmb` Zo S>r.{bQ>. Cnm{Y go gå‘m{ZV {H$`m& emgH$s` ‘hm{dÚmb` IÊS>dm ‘|
qhXr AÜ`mnH$ VWm Bgr ‘hm{dÚmb` go àmMm`© nX go (2016) godm {Zd¥Îm hþE& ñd^mdV… àH¥${V ào‘r VWm `m`mdar àd¥{Îm
Ho$ gmW àIa d³Vm h¡& g§Kf©erb VWm {ZûH$ ñd^md Ho$ h¡§& CZHo$ gm{hË` H$s àoaUm CZH$m g§Kf©erb ì`{³VÎd, Jm±d H$s
àH¥${V VWm XodmOr n[ahma Omo CZHo$ {nVm h¡§& do H$jm Xgdt go H${dVmE± {bIVo h¡§& bo{H$Z ~mX ‘| CZH$m ‘Z {Z~§Y {dYm H$s
Amoa AmH${f©V hþAm& gm{hË`H$ma Ho$ gmW do Hw$eb àemgH$, g‘mOgodr, g§JR>H$, emoY {ZX}eH$, g§nmXH$, ì`m»`mVm Ho$
ê$n ‘| n[a{MV h¡§& CZHo$ b{bV {Z~§Ym| Ho$ {bE qhXr gm{hË` gå‘obZ ^monmb H$m "dm{Jœar nwañH$ma', "‘mIZbmb MVwd}Xr
amï´>r` nwañH$ma', "A{^Zd eãX {eënr gå‘mZ' àmá h¡§&
H¥${VÎd
{Z~§Y g§J«h : Am±M Abmd H$s (1989), A§Yoao ‘| Cå‘rX , Yyn H$m AdgmX (1998), ~Oo Vmo d§er, Jy±Oo Vmo e§I
(1999), {R>R>Ho$ nb nm±Iwar na (2000), aMZmË‘H$Vm Am¡a CÎma na§nam (2000), agd§Vr ~mobmo Vmo (2002), h§gm H$hmo
nwamVZ ~mV (2006), ^` Ho$ ~rM âmogm (2010), na§nam H$m nwZam»`mZ (2012), eãX-eãX PaVo AW©&
emoY Ed§ g‘rjm : b{bV {Z~§Y : ñdê$n Ed§ na§nam, {Z‘mS>r gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg (2008)&
ZdJrV : Mm¡H$g ahZm h¡&
bmoH$ gm{hË` : H$ho OZ qgJm (1996)&
`mÌm d¥Îmm§V : g§ñH¥${V g{bbm Z‘©Xm (2006)&
{deofVmE±
{Z~§Y JÚ H$s H$gm¡Q>r h¡ Am¡a Bgr H$gm¡Q>r na Iao CVao íram‘ n[ahma Ho$ {Z~§Ym| ‘| àH¥${VJV gm‘m{OH$Vm Ho$ gmW
{dœ H$ë`mU H$s {Züb Ymam A~mY ~hVr h¡& CZHo$ {Z~§Ym| ‘| {df`m| Ho$ gmW e¡br H$s {d{dYVm h¡& àH¥${V Ho$ gm{ZÜ` ‘|
nbo-~‹T>o n[ahma Or CgH$s gw§XaVm Ho$ gmW hm{Z na ^mî` H$aVo h¡§& àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| H$s gr‘m Ho$ gmW BgH$s ajm VWm
C{MV Cn`mo{JVm H$mo ^r g‘PmVo h¡§& IoVr H$s XyamdñWm, {H$gmZm| H$s ÌmgXr, ~oamoOJmar, Jm±dm| Am¡a eham| Ho$ {dH$mg H$s
Ag‘mZVm, Jar~r, A{Zï> àWm-na§namAm| na CZHo$ ‘m¡{bH$ {dMma àmá h¡§& "~Oo Vmo d§er Jy±Oo Vmo e§I' ‘| gm§àXm{`H$Vm
emofH$m| H$s nr‹S>m, Jm±d H$s N>m±d Ho$ dU©Z h¡§& "{R>R>Ho$ nb nm±Iwar na' Ho$ {Z~§Ym| ‘| àH¥${V Ed§ g§ñH¥${V Ho$ à{V ào‘ Ho$ gmW
gm‘m{OH$ ~wamB`m| na Hw$R>mamKmV h¡& "agd§Vr ~mobmo Vmo' ‘| àH¥${V, ‘Zwî` Am¡a ‘mZdr` àH¥${V`m| H$mo ZE ^md, AW© VWm
{eën Ho$ ê$n ‘| CÓm{Q>V {H$`m h¡& "h§gm H$hmo nwamVZ ~mV' ‘| àmMrZ Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ Ho$ ~rM g‘mZVm ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m
à`mg {H$`m h¡& CZHo$ AÝ` {Z~§Y g§J«hm| ‘| AmV§H$dmX, AmOmXr go CËnÞ ‘moh^§J, g§ñH¥${V ‘| ~S>r ‘mÌm ‘| hmoVm n[adV©Z,
AgË` H$m ~mob~mbm, ^m¡{VH$Vm VWm {df` dmgZm, gyIVr ‘mZdr` g§doXZm na ‘m¡{bH$ {dMma ì`má h¡§&
CZHo$ g‘rjmË‘H$ {Z~§Ym| ‘| gm{hË`, g‘mO, g§ñH¥${V, ^mfm, Y‘© Am{X H$mo dV©‘mZ g§X^© ‘| àñVwV {H$`m h¡&
g‘H$mbrZ g‘ñ`mAm| Ho$ {MÌU Ho$ gmW CgH$s g§^mdZmAm| H$m ^r {MÌU h¡& CZHo$ {Z~§Ym| H$s ‘hÎdnyU© {deofVm CZH$s
"^mfm' ahr h¡& do gab, ghO VWm gOrd ^mfm H$m à`moJ H$aVo h¡§& CZH$s ^mfm ‘| Am±M{bH$ eãXm|, JrVm|, ‘whmdam|-
H$hmdVm| H$m à`moJ A{YH$ h¡&
ñd^md go Kw‘¸$S> àd¥{Îm Ho$ n[ahma Ho$ `mÌm d¥Îmm§Vm| ‘| Z‘©Xm Ho$ CÒ‘ go boH$a gmJa ‘| {d{bZ hmoZo VH$ Ho$ AZoH$
ñWmZm| Ho$ d¥Îmm§V h¡§& BZ‘| àH¥${V gm¢X`© noS>-nm¡Yo, new-n{j`m| H$s {d{dYVm, Z‘©Xm Ho$ Amgnmg Ho$ bmoJm| H$m OrdZ`mnZ,
ImZ-nmZ, ì`dgm`, Om{VJV {deofVmAm| H$m {MÌU h¡& "{Z‘mS>r gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg' ‘| {Z‘mS> Am±Mb Ho$ gm{hË`H$mam|
VWm CZH$s H¥${V`m| H$s OmZH$mar h¡& "H$ho OZ qgJm' ‘| g§V qgJmOr Ho$ ÔZm| H$m g§H$bZ h¡& n[ahma Or Ho$ JrVm| H$m
^mdnj {d{dYVm go âm h¡& Cg‘| àH¥${V, Am‘ AmX‘r H$s nr‹S>m, ^«ï> VWm ñdmWu amOZr{V, gm§àXm{`H$Vm, ^yI, ~oH$mar,

AHo$bmnZ, àXyfU, {H$gmZ g‘ñ`m Ho$ gmW-gmW B¸$sgdt gXr ‘| OrdZ`mnZ H$aZodmbo ‘Zwî` H$s V‘m‘ g‘ñ`mE± {M{ÌV
h¡§& n[ahma Ho$ JrV Bg ‘Zwî` H$mo ^Q>H$md go amoH$Vo h¢ VWm gmW©H$ OrdZ H$s nhb H$aVo h¡§& CZH$s JrVm| H$s ^mfm b`mË‘H$;
g§JrVmË‘H$ VWm amoMH$ h¡§& Cg‘| Ab§H$mam|, àVrH$m| VWm {~å~m| go {ZIma Am`m h¡&
ñnï> h¡ AnZo d¡Mm[aH$ VWm g§emoYZmË‘H$ {Z~§Ym| go ^maVr`Vm H$mo ~ZmE aIZo VWm AnZo JrVm| Ûmam g‘gm‘m{`H$
g‘ñ`mAm| H$mo A{^ì`³V H$aZodmbo n[ahma B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ ‘hÎdnyU© gm{hË`H$ma h¡&
6.2.6 ‘¡ZoOa nmÊS>o` (1941)

{nN>bo VrZ XeH$m| go qhXr AmbmoMZm Ho$ à‘wI hñVmja ah| nmÊS>o` Or H$m OÝ‘ 23 {gV§~a, 1941 H$mo JmonbJ§O
OZnX Ho$ Jm±d "bmohQ>r' ({~hma) ‘| hþAm& Ama§{^H$ {ejm Jm§d ‘| VWm Cƒ {ejm H$mer qhXy {dœ{dÚmb` go hþB©& `ht go
BÝhm|Zo nrEM.S>r. H$s Cnm{Y àmá H$s& AmOr{dH$m Ho$ {bE AÜ`mnZ joÌ H$mo AnZm`m& ewéAmV ‘| ~aobr H$m°boO Ho$ gmW-
gmW OmoYnwa {dœ{dÚmb` ‘| H$m`© {H$`m& ~mX ‘| Odmhabmb Zohê$ {dœ{dÚmb` Ho$ ^mfm g§ñWmZ Ho$ ^maVr` ^mfm H|$Ð Ho$
àmo’o$ga aho§& CZH$s AmbmoMZm gm‘m{OH$Vm Am¡a à{V~ÕVm H$m n`m©` h¡& do J§^ra VWm {dMmamoÎmoOH$ AmbmoMH$ h¢ {OÝhm|Zo
{nN>bo VrZ XeH$m| ‘| Xoe ‘| amOZr{VH$ VWm d¡Mm[aH$ CWb-nwWb Ho$ ~mdOyX Z AmbmoMZm Ñ{ï> ‘| ~Xbmd {H$`m h¡ Am¡a Z
hr gm‘m{OH$ à{V~ÕVm H$s ‘m±J go ‘wH$a JE h¡§& CZH$m AmbmoMZm g§gma ~S>m ì`mnH$ h¡& ‘m¡{bH$ J«§Wm| Ho$ gmW AZy{XV VWm
g§nm{XV J«§Wm| H$s g§»`m ^r A{YH$ h¡§& CZHo$ gm{hË` H$‘© hoVw CÝh| qhXr AH$mX‘r, {X„r H$m "ebmH$m gå‘mZ' (2017),
"amï´>r` {XZH$a gå‘mZ', X{jU ^maV qhXr àMma g^m H$m "gw~«÷Ê` ^maVr gå‘mZ' go ZdmOm J`m h¡&
H¥${VÎd
‘m¡{bH$ AmbmoMZmË‘H$ aMZmE± : eãX Am¡a H$‘© (1981), gm{hË` Am¡a B{Vhmg (1981), ^{³V Am§XmobZ Am¡a
gyaXmg H$m H$mì` (1982), gm{hË` Ho$ g‘mOemó H$s ^y{‘H$m (1989), AmbmoMZm H$s gm‘m{OH$Vm (2005), gyaXmg
({Z~§Y) 2008, CnÝ`mg Am¡a bmoH$V§Ì (2013), qhXr H${dVm H$m AVrV Am¡a dV©‘mZ (2013), AmbmoMZm ‘| gh‘{V-
Agh‘{V (2013), ^maVr` g‘mO ‘| à{VamoY H$s na§nam (2013) gm{hË` Am¡a B{Vhmg Ñ{ï> go (2014)&
AZwdmX Ed§ g§M`Z : ‘¡ZoOa nmÊS>o` : g§H${bV {Z~§Y (2008), g§H$Q> Ho$ ~mdOyX (2013), AZ^¡ gmoMm (2010)&
gmjmËH$ma g§dmX : ‘oao gmjmËH$ma (1998), ‘¢ ^r ‘w±h ‘| O~mZ aIVm hÿ± (2003) g§dmX-n[ag§dmX (2013)&
g§nm{XV : Xoe H$s ~mV, ‘w{³V H$s nwH$ma, grdmZ H$s H${dVm, ZmJmOw©Z : M`{ZV H${dVmE± , gya g§M{`Vm , nam{YZm|
H$s {dO` `mÌm (2014), AmMm`© {ÛdoXr H$s ñ‘¥{V ‘| (2015), ‘wJb ~mXemhm| H$s qhXr H${dVm (2016)&
{deofVmE±
‘¡ZoOa nmÊS>o` ‘ybV… ‘mŠg©dmXr AmbmoMH$ h¡§& CZH$s AmbmoMZm ‘| gm{hË` Am¡a OrdZ Ho$ Ow‹S>Zo H$s g§doXZerbVm
Am¡a AmË‘r`Vm Jhao ñVa na h¡& do ‘mZVo h¢ {H$, "AÀN>r AmbmoMZm Ho$ {bE aMZm H$s g‘P Ho$ gmW-gmW g‘mO ^r
Amdí`H$ h¡, {Oggo `h aMZm n¡Xm hþB© h¡&' CZH$s Ñ{ï> go AmbmoMZm aMZm H$‘© H$s Vah gm‘m{OH$ H$‘© h¡ gmW hr
{dMmaYmamË‘H$ g§Kf© H$m gmYZ ^r& do AmbmoMZm H$mo gm‘m{OH$ ì`dhma VWm {dMma Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>Vo h¡§& dV©‘mZ gXr ‘| `h
{dMma Bg{bE Amdí`H$ ~Z OmVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ AmO ^y‘§S>brH$aU VWm ~mOmadmX go à^m{dV VWm AmV§{H$V g‘mO ‘| ha
H$moB© g‘mO go ZmVm VmoS>Vm hþAm AnZo Amn VH$ gr{‘V ahm h¡& ha H$moB© "‘¢' Ho$ Xmào ‘| {g‘Q> J`m h¡& nmÊS>o` Or H$s
AmbmoMZm ì`{ï> H$mo g‘{ï> go Omo‹S>Vr h¡ gmW hr g‘mO ‘| ì`má {dnarV n[apñW{V`m| go bmohm boZo Ho$ {bE ào[aV H$aVr h¡&
do "AmbmoMZm H$s gm‘m{OH$Vm' {H$Vm~ ‘| gm‘m{OH$Vm Ho$ àý H$mo aMZmË‘H$ gm{hË` Ho$ ‘yë`m§H$Z H$m AmYma ~ZmVo h¡§&
CZH$s "gm{hË` Am¡a B{Vhmg Ñ{ï>' aMZm g‘mO Am¡a gm{hË` Ho$ Amngr g§~§Ym| H$mo AYmoaopIV H$aVr h¡& `h H¥${V CZH$s
‘mŠg©dmXr AmbmoMZm Ñ{ï> H$hr OmEJr& Bg‘| CÝhm|Zo gm{hËò{Vhmg boIZ H$m EH$ T>m±Mm V¡`ma {H$`m h¡& {Og‘| aMZm,
B{Vhmg, B{Vhmg ~moY Ho$ gmW dV©‘mZ go CgH$m g§~§Y Xem©`m h¡& CZH$s "CnÝ`mg Am¡a bmoH$V§Ì' aMZm VrZ I§S>m| ‘|
{d^m{OV h¡& nhbo I§S> ‘| CnÝ`mg H$s g¡Õm§{VH$s h¡& Bg‘| CnÝ`mg Ho$ B{Vhmg, g‘mOemó Ho$ gmW ny±OrdmX VWm g‘mO go
CgHo$ [aíVm| H$s nS>Vmb H$s h¡& CZH$m ‘mZZm h¡ {H$, CnÝ`mg Zo Cn{ZdoedmX go ‘w{³V Ho$ ~mX g‘mO ‘| ñdV§ÌVm Am¡a
bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ {bE g§Kf© H$mo gm‘Zo bmZo ‘| ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m {Z^mB© h¡& Bg{bE do CnÝ`mg H$mo Vrgar Xw{Z`m H$s à{V{Z{Y
{dYm H$m XOm© XoVo h¡§& nwñVH$ Ho$ Vrgao I§S> ‘| Hw$N> CnÝ`mgm| H$s ì`mdhm[aH$ g‘rjm h¡& "AmbmoMZm ‘| gh‘{V-Agh‘{V'
aMZm ‘| AmO H$s qhXr AmbmoMZm ‘| g¡Õm§{VH$ gmoM H$s X`Zr` {Xem na qMVm ì`³V H$s h¡& gmW hr AmbmoMZm Ho$ gm‘Zo

‘m¡OyX Hw$N> gdmbm| na ^r {dMma ì`³V {H$`m h¡& "CÎma AmYw{ZH$ `wJ ‘| ‘Ü``wJrZVm H$s dmngr' ‘| g‘H$mbrZ gm§ñH¥${VH$
g§X^m] H$s N>mZ~rZ H$s h¡& ar{VH$mb H$mo amJ Am¡a a§J H$m gm{hË` H$hm J`m, Cg‘| ^r do g‘H$mbrZ MoVZm Ho$ ~rO VbmeVo
h¡§& CZHo$ Ûmam g§nm{XV "Xoe H$s ~mV' aMZm ‘ybV… gImam‘ XoCñH$a H$s ~§½bm nwñVH$ "Xoeoa H$Wm' (1904) H$m qhXr
AZwdmX h¡& Bgo gm¡ gmb nyam hmoZo Ho$ Cnbú` ‘| {dñV¥V ^y{‘H$m Ho$ gmW àH$m{eV {H$`m J`m& Bgr àH$ma go ‘hmdra àgmX
{ÛdoXr Or H$s g§n{Îmemó (1908) H$mo ^r àH$m{eV {H$`m& BZ `wJm§VH$mar aMZmAm| Ho$ gmW "‘mYdamd gào H$m ‘hÎd'
erf©H$ boI {bIH$a ZdOmJaU Ho$ ‘hmZ ì`{³VÎd H$mo nwZ… Or{dV {H$`m& BZ {H$Vm~m| H$m g§nmXZ ‘mZmo g‘H$mbrZ OZ-
OrdZ Ho$ gmW CZHo$ g§~§Y H$m nwZ…g§YmZ h¡&
CZH$s AmbmoMZm H¥${V`m| ‘| nhbr eVmãXr Ho$ H${d ^V¥©h[a go boH$a H$WmH$ma ^JdmZXmg ‘moadmb H$s aMZmAm| na
gå`H$ {dMma {dícofU h¡& "qhXr H${dVm H$m AVrV Am¡a dV©‘mZ' aMZm ‘| ‘Ü`H$mb Ho$ H$~ra, XmXy, ‘ram, ahr‘ go
AmYw{ZH$ H${d ‘hoe ZmamÙ, ZmWyam‘ e‘m© "e§H$a', ‘¡{WbreaU Jwá, am‘Ymarqgh {XZH$a, ZmJmOw©Z, e¡b|Ð, nr. gr.
Omoer H$s H${dVmAm| H$m {ddoMZ VWm ‘yë`m§H$Z h¡& gmW hr g‘H$mbrZ H${dVm H$s {d{^Þ g‘ñ`mAm| H$m {MÌU ^r h¡&
CZH$s AmbmoMZm ‘| OJh-OJh na YmaXma ì`§½` ZOa AmVm h¡& Mmho ì`{³V, g‘mO `m n[adoe hmo `m boIH$,
g‘rjH$ CZH$s MmoQ> go H$moB© Zht ~M nm`m h¡& ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ ‘O~yV ~ZZo ‘| ^y‘§S>brH$aU, CXmarH$aU Am¡a
~mOmadmX Ho$ ‘hÎd H$s dH$mbV H$aZodmbm| na do {bIVo h¢- Hw$N> bmoJ Bg A{^`mZ H$mo ^maV Ho$ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$m
am‘~mU H$h ah| h¢ Vmo Hw$N> Bgr à{H«$`m go ^maV ‘| am‘-amÁ` bmZo H$s KmofUmE± H$a aho h¡§& CZ bmoJm| Ho$ ~mao ‘| Bgm‘grh
H$s Vah `h ^r Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm {H$ do Zht OmZVo {H$ do Š`m H$a aho h¡§& bo{H$Z ì`mnH$ OZg‘wXm` BZ Zmam| go ^«{‘V
Oê$a hþAm h¡& Eogr pñW{V ‘| BZ ‘mohH$ Zmam| H$s H$bB© ImobZm Am¡a CZHo$ {N>no IVam| go g‘mO H$mo gmdYmZ H$aZm gƒo
~w{ÕOrdr H$m nhbm H$V©ì` h¡&
ñnï> h¡ {H$ nmÊS>o` Or H$s AmbmoMZm gm‘m{OH$ ì`dhma Ho$ à{V à{V~Õ ahVr hþB© ì`{ï> H$mo g‘{ï> go OmoS‹ >Vr h¡&
6.2.7 amOoe Omoer (1946)

g‘H$mbrZ H${dVm Ho$ ge³V hñVmja amOoe Omoer H$m OÝ‘ 18 OwbmB©, 1946 H$mo ZaqghJT>, ‘Ü` àXoe ‘| ~«m÷U
n[adma ‘| hþAm& BZH$s gmar {ejm ^monmb ‘| hr hþB©& àmUremó {df` ‘| E‘.Eñgr. VWm g‘mOemó ‘| E‘.E. {H$`m&
ewadmVr Xm¡a ‘| ñHy$b ‘mñQ>ar VWm AÜ`mnH$ H$s Zm¡H$ar H$s, ~mX ‘| ñQ>oQ> ~¢H$ Am°’$ B§{S>`m ‘| Zm¡H$ar H$a AdH$me J«hU
{H$`m& Hw$N> g‘` VH$ "dV©‘mZ gm{hË`' n{ÌH$m H$m g§nmXZ {H$`m& AmO H$b "Z`m nW' Ho$ g§nmXH$ Ho$ ê$n ‘| H$m`©aV h¡§&
do H${dVm, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$, Zw¸$S> ZmQ>H$, g§nmXH$, AZwdmXH$, {’$ë‘ nQ>H$Wm boIH$ Ho$ gmW A{^Z` ‘| ^r ê${M aIVo h¡§&
g¥OZmË‘H$ boIZ Ho$ hoVw BÝh| "‘w{³V~moY nwañH$ma'(1978), "‘mIZbmb MVwd}Xr nwañH$ma'(1985), "írH$m§V d‘m© gå‘mZ'
(1986) Ho$ gmW "Xmo n§{³V`m| Ho$ ~rM' H$mì` g§J«h H$mo "gm{hË` AH$mX‘r nwañH$ma' (2002) go ZdmOm J`m h¡& BZH$s
H${dVmAm| ‘| g‘H$mbrZ n[adoe {Od§V ê$n ‘| CâH$a Am`m h¡&
H¥${VÎd
H$mì` g§J«h : {‘Å>r H$m Moham (1989), EH$ {XZ ~mob|Jo noS> (1989), Z¡nÏ` ‘| h±gr (1994), Xmo n§{³V`m| Ho$ ~rM
(2002), Mm±X H$s dV©Zr (2006), g‘aJmWm (b§~r H${dVm), Yyn KS>r (2002)&
H$hmZr g§J«h : gmo‘dma Am¡a AÝ` H$hm{Z`m±, H${nb H$m noS> (2001)&
ZmQ>H$ : OmXy O§Jb (1982), h‘| Odm~ Mm{hE (1984), Q>§H$mam H$m JmZm (1989)&
ZmoQ>~wH$ : EH$ H${d H$s ZmoQ>~wH$ (2004)&
nQ>H$Wm : Ka, EH$ AZma gm¡ ~r‘m©&
{deofVmE±
AnZo g‘` H$s ZãO H$mo nhMmZH$a g‘H$mbrZ gm‘m{OH$ qMVmAm| H$mo AnZr H${dVm Ho$ Ûmam A{^ì`³V H$aZodmbo
H${d`m| ‘| amOoe Omoer H$m ñWmZ erf©ñW h¡& CZH$s H${dVm Ho$db gm‘m{OH$ qMVmAm| H$m Am^mg Zht H$aVr ~pëH$
g‘mYmZ ^r ImoµOVr h¡& CÝhm|Zo AnZr H${dVm ‘| g‘mO na nS> aho ~mOma Ho$ X~md H$mo VWm CgHo$ n[aUm‘m| H$m {MÌU {H$`m
h¡& ~mOma Am‘ AmX‘r H$s {ddoH$ MoVZm H$mo Zï> H$a Cgo Cn^mo³Vm ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE H$m`©aV h¡& Cn^mo³VmdmX H$m bú` h¡
Xygam| H$mo byQ>H$a ‘wZmµ’$m H$‘mZm& amOoe Omoer H$s H${dVm BgHo$ {damoY ‘| EH$ ge³V h{W`ma h¡& {dkmnZ PyR> H$m ghmam

boH$a Cn^mo³VmAm| H$mo dñVw IarXZo Ho$ {bE bmMma ~ZmVm h¡& Eogo ‘| amOoe Omoer H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ g‘mO PyR> na hr {Q>H$m
h¡& AmO Mmam| Va’$ PyR> ZOa Am ahm h¡& AmO pñW{V Eogr h¡ {H$ Omo PyR> H$m gmW Zht XoJm dh ‘mam OmEJm&
do {bIVo h¢ -
"g~go ~S>m AnamY h¡ Bg g‘`
{ZhËWo Am¡a {ZanamY hmoZm
Omo AnamYr Zht hm|Jo
‘mao Om`|Jo&' (ZonÏ` ‘| h±gr)
do ^mfm`r g§H$Q> H$mo boH$a ^r AnZr H${dVm ‘| H$m’$s J§^ra ZOa AmVo h¡§& CÝh| bJVm h¡ {H$ dV©‘mZ qhXr ~mOma Ho$
‘m`m bmoH$ ‘| Imo JB© h¡& dh ~mOma VWm {dkmnZm| Ho$ AZwgma ~Xb ahr h¡& ~mOmadmX go à^m{dV n[adma ì`dñWm VWm
g‘mOì`dñWm na Omoer Or J§^ra {ddoMZ H$aVo h¡§& do {bIVo h¢ {H$ ~mOma Zo ~ƒm| H$m ~MnZ {N>ZH$a CÝh| qhgm Am¡a
H«y$aVm grImZo H$s R>mZ br h¡& Š`m|{H$ dV©‘mZ ~mOma ‘| V¡`ma hmoZodmbr ~§XyH$, {nñVm¡b, ‘erZJZ VWm H§$ß`yQ>a `m ‘mo~mBb
na Iobo OmZodmbo Joåg ‘| Vmo gm‘Zodmbo H$mo ‘maH$a hr AmJo ~T>m OmVm h¡ Am¡a OrV {‘bVr h¡& ~mOma ‘| CnbãY ^m¡{VH$
gw{dYmAm| H$s àm{á Ho$ hoVw ‘Zwî` A{YH$ YZ àm{á Ho$ hoVw nmJbm| H$s Vah Mm¡{~gm| K§Q>o H$m`©aV h¡§& CgH$m n[adma gr‘Q> J`m
h¡& dh AnZr ^mfm, gä`Vm, ahZ-ghZ, ImZ-nmZ, AmMaU H$mo ^ybH$a nm{ü‘ H$m AZwH$aU H$a ahm h¡& H${d {JÕ Ho$
ê$n ‘| nyao {dœ na ‘§S>am aho ~mOmadmX H$mo `hm± go hH$mb XoZm MmhVm h¡-
"Mm±X H$s Amoa nrR> {H$E
eha H$s N>V na ~¡R>m h¡ {JÕ
A~ Bg Xw{Z`m H$s I¡a Zht
EH$-EH$ H$a A~ Kam| go AmEJr amoZo H$s AmdmO
{’$a ewê$ hmoJm H$m¡Am| H$m gm‘y{hH$ H$H©$e emoa
CS>mAmo {JÕ H$mo CS>mAmo
~MmAmo, hmo gHo$ Vmo ~MmAmo&
Bg Xw{Z`m H$mo&' (Yyn KS>r)
amOoe Omoer H$m Z`m g§H$bZ "Mm±X H$s dV©Zr' ‘| gZ 2001 go 2005 Ho$ ~rM {bIr J`r CZMmg H${dVmE± h¡§& BZ
H${dVmAm| ‘| H${d CZ bmoJm| H$m èmoJmZ H$aVo h¢ Omo {Za§Va g§Kf© H$aVo hþE OrdZ H$mo ~XbZo H$m Vmd aIVo h¡§& AW©ì`dñWm
go boH$a h‘mar agmoB© VH$ ì`má gÎmm Ho$ g^r nm`XmZm| H$mo CZH$s H${dVmE± nma H$aVr h¡§& Cn{ZdoedmXr-gm‘«mÁ`dmXr VmH$Vm|
Ho$ {˜bmµ’$ AmdmO CR>mVr hþB© CZH$s "`h ñdmñW Ho$ {bE hm{ZH$maH$ h¡' H${dVm amï´>r`Vm H$s Jwhma bJmVr h¡& "Zht
H$hZm', "a¡br ‘| {ó`m±' Am{X H${dVmAm| ‘| ór H$s ~Xm©íV H$aZo H$s j‘Vm H$mo A{^ì`³V {H$`m h¡& "H$m¡dm Am¡a ‘y{V©' ‘|
VWmH${WV Jm§YrdmXr ZoVmAm| H$s H$aVyVm| na ì`§½` {H$`m h¡& "{H$ñgm Cg Vmbm~ H$m' H${dVm ‘| {‘Zab dmQ>a Ûmam nmZr H$m
Y§Ym H$aZodmbo bmoJm| VWm ~mOma Ûmam "Ob' na A{YH$ma O‘mZo H$s Zr{V na ì`§½` {H$`m h¡& ‘hmZJar` OrdZ H$s A{V
^m¡{VH$Vm, n¡gm| H$m bmbM, ñdmW© VWm AZ¡{VH$Vm H$mo "{dbwá Om{V`m±' VWm "EH$ go ‘H$mZm| H$m ZJa' H${dVm ‘|
AOZ~rnZ VWm EH$mH$snZ H$s g‘ñ`m H$m {MÌU h¡& "amV {H$gr H$m Ka Zht' H${dVm ‘| ~w‹T>mno Ho$ Ama{jV Am¡a Cno{jV
OrdZ H$s g§doXZm H$m {MÌU h¡& ~oQ>m| Ûmam ‘maH$a Ka go {ZH$mbm J`m ~y‹T>m AmX‘r ê$Am±gm hmoH$a AnZr nrR> na ‘ma Ho$
{ZemZm {XImVm H$hVm h¡-
"H$hVm h¡ CgZo ~MnZ ‘| ^r AnZo ~ƒm| na
H$^r hmW Zht CR>m`m
bo{H$Z CgHo$ ~ƒo Cgo ha {XZ nrQ>Vo h¡§&'
A{^ì`{³V H$s Ñ{ï> go CZH$s H${dVm ‘| Am»`mZ, H$WmonH$WZ, bmoH$H$WmAm| Ho$ ñdßZ-d¥Îmm§V, OmVr` {‘WH$,
gnmQ>~`mZr, ’±Vmgr Am{X g~ {‘bH$a EH$ Z`m agm`Z {Z‘m©U hþAm h¡&
Hw$b{‘bmH$a `hr H$h|Jo {H$ amOoe Omoer H$s H${dVm h‘mao g‘` H$m J{R>V XñVmdoO h¡& CZH$s H${dVmE± g‘`, ñWmZ,
J{V`m| Ho$ ANy>Vo g§X^m] go ânya h¡& do ñd`§ Om{ha H$aVo h¡ {H$ ò aMZmE± AnZo ‘Zwî` hmoZo Ho$ Ahgmg Am¡a Cgo ~MmE aIZo
H$s OÔmoOhX h¡&

6.2.8 AZm{‘H$m (1961)
g‘H$mbrZ gm{hË`H$mam| H$s gyMr ‘| erf©ñW ahr AZm{‘H$m H$m OÝ‘ 17 AJñV, 1961 H$mo ‘wOâ’$anwa ({~hma) ‘|
hþAm& Ka ‘| nT>Zo, {bIZo H$m AÀN>m ‘mhm¡b VWm {H$Vm~m| H$s CnbãYVm Zo ~MnZ go hr n‹T>mB© ‘| ê${M ahr& àma§{^H$ {ejm
‘wOâ’$anwa ‘| hr A§J«oOr ñHy$b ‘| hþB©& ñZmVH$ VH$ H$s n‹T>mB© A§J«oOr gm{hË` go nyar H$s& nrEM.S>r. Ho$ gmW-gmW S>r.{bQ.
H$s Cnm{Y ^r àmá H$s& AÜ`mnZ H$s ê${M Ho$ H$maU hr do gË`dVr H$m°boO ‘| A§J«oOr H$s gr{Zà arS>a Ho$ nX na H$m`©aV
ahr h¡§& do ~S>r {‘bZgma, AZwemgZ {à`, àoaUmË‘H$, J«må` OrdZ Ho$ à{V Amg{³V aIZodmbr, Cƒ gm‘m{OH$Vm H$s
{h‘m`Vr h¡§& CZHo$ gm{hË` ‘| AnZo g‘` H$s amOZr{V, g‘mO, Y‘©, AW©, g§ñH¥${V AnZr AÀN>r-~war {deofVmAm| Ho$ gmW
{M{ÌV h¡& do gË` H$mo g‘J«Vm go A{^ì`³V H$aZo H$m à`mg H$aVr h¡§& AnZo g‘` Ho$ g‘mO H$mo "ór' H$s Am±Im| go XoIZo
naIZo H$s dh h‘oem H$mo{ee H$aVr ahr h¡& CZHo$ gm{hpË`H$ H$m`© Ho$ hoVw CÝh| "^maV-^yfU gå‘mZ' (1996),
"{J[aOmHw$‘ma ‘mWwa gå‘mZ' (1998), "na‘h§g gå‘mZ' (2001) VWm "gm{hË` `{Wï>m gå‘mZ' (2004) Am{X nwañH$mam| go
ZdmOm J`m&
H¥${VÎd
H$mì` g§J«h : erVb ñne© EH$ Yyn H$mo (1975), JbV nVo H$s {MÆ>r (1979), g‘` Ho$ eha ‘| (1990), ~rOmja
(1993), AZwïw>n (1998), H${dVm ‘| Am¡aV (2004), IwaXwar hWo{b`m± (2005), Xy~YmZ (2007), Q>moH$ar ‘| {XJ§V, Woar
JmWm (2015)&
H$hmZr g§J«h : à{VZm`H$ (1979)&
CnÝ`mg : na H$m¡Z gwZoJm (1983), ‘Z H¥$îU ‘Z AOw©Z (1984), Adm§Va H$Wm (2001), Bg Ûmao H$m ntOam
(2008), {VZH$m-{VZHo$ nmg (2008), {~„z eoŠg{nà : nmoñQ> ~ñVa (2014)&
g‘rjm J«§W : órÎd H$m ‘mZ{M• (2001), nmZr Omo nËWa nrVm h¡ (2005), ‘Z ‘m§PZo H$s Oê$aV (2006), ‘m¡g‘
~XbZo H$s AmhQ> (2012), ór {d‘e© H$s CÎma JmWm (2012)&
g§ñ‘aU : EH$ R>mo eha EH$ Jmo bS>H$s (2005), EH$ Wo eoŠgnrà : EH$ Wo Mmëg© {S>’o$Ýg (2009)&
{deofVmE±
AZm{‘H$m Ho$ H¥${VÎd na ZOa S>mbVo hr EH$ ~mV Ü`mZ ‘| AmVr h¡ {H$ BÝhm|Zo qhXr H$s bJ^J g^r {dYmAm| ‘|
AnZr boIZr Mbm`r h¡& Ohm± CZH$s H${dVmE± ^mdmË‘H$ `m g§doXZm H$s A{^ì`{³V h¡ dht CZHo$ emoY, AmbmoMZm VQ>ñWVm
H$s nhMmZ H$amVo h¡§& CZH$s "órÎd H$m ‘mZ{M•' ór-{d‘e© na {bIr qhXr H$s nhbr {H$Vm~ h¡& do ‘mZVr h¢ {H$ ór
{d‘e© H$m H$m‘ Xw{Z`m H$mo ZE {gao go XoIZm VWm naIZm h¡& Bg ZB© Ñ{ï> go ór g§doXZmAm| H$mo g‘PZm h¡& AmO ^bo hr
AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$s ór {ejm Ho$ H$maU Mma Xrdmar Ho$ ~mha {ZH$br hmo {’$a ^r dh gå‘mZ VWm A{YH$mam| go d§{MV h¡&
Bg{bE AZm{‘H$m Am¡aV hmoZo Ho$ àý na qMVZ H$aVr hþB© AnZo H$mì` ‘| ór H$mo bbH$maVr h¡, Cgo ào[aV H$aVr h¡& CZHo$
"H${dVm ‘| Am¡aV' (2002) H$mì` g§J«h H$s "Vrgar Xw{Z`m : EH$ ór H$m A§VO©JV ~Zm‘ ~{hO©JV', "~y±X-~y±X [aVgr
‘{hbmE± : EH$ dJ© nhobr', "EH$ n[aV³V`m H$s ‘m¡V', "OmZm ~r‘mar', "Š`m ‘¢ A§Xa Am gH$Vr hÿ±', "Ky±KQ> Ho$O nQ> Imob
Xo', "Mm¡Xh ~ag H$s Xmo goŠg dH©$g©' Am{X H${dVmAm| ‘| ór H$s {dS§>~Zm, ^moJ, ÌmgXr H$m dU©Z h¡& ór H$s emo{fV pñW{V,
CgH$s gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ nam{YZVm, g{X`m| go Mbo Am aho ór-nwê$f g§~§Ym|, gm‘§Vr ‘yë`m| Am¡a ‘mÝ`VmAm| go bS>Vr VWm
g§Kf© H$aVr ór H$m OrdZ M[aV CZH$s H${dVm ‘| {M{ÌV h¡& "J¥hbú‘r' H${dVm ‘| ór OrdZ H$m {MÌU nyao `WmW© Ho$ gmW
A§{H$V hþAm h¡-
"O¡go {H$ ‘OXyaZr
VmoS>Vr h¡ nËWa
‘¢Zo VmoS>m IyX H$mo
Qy>Q>-Qy>Q>H$a!
Yyb-Yyb H§$H$S>r H§$S>r hþB©
EH$ MmanmB© Ho$ nmE Ho$ ZrMo
‘wPH$mo X~mH$a
~T>m`m J`m CgH$m H$X&
(IwaXar hWo{b`m± 2005)
AZm{‘H$m ór OrdZ H$mo XwI H$m Ka ‘mZVr h¡& ór Ho$ Bg XwI H$mo g‘PZo Ho$ {bE Bg Ka ‘| àdoe H$aZm A{Zdm`©
h¡& AnZr "XadmOm' H${dVm ‘| do {bIVr h¢-
"‘¢ XadmOm Wr
‘wPo {OVZm nrQ>m J`m
‘¢ CVZr IwbVr JB©&'
ór {d‘e© H$s Hw$N> bopIH$mE± ^y‘§S>brH$aU VWm CgHo$ ‘mÜ`‘ ah| ‘r{S>`m, {dkmnZ, VH$ZrH$s VWm ~mOma H$mo ór
‘w{³V Ho$ nj ‘| XoIVr h¡§& bo{H$Z AZm{‘H$m ‘mÌ Bgo ór H$mo dñVw `m CËnmX ~ZmZo H$m gmYZ ‘mZH$a BgH$m {damoY H$aVr
h¡& do "A~bm OrdZ, hbmo, Vwåhmar `hr H$hmZr' H${dVm ‘| {bIVr h¢ -
Omb {~N>m hr ah OmEJm Š`m ^mB©?
gmao Mw½Jo
IwX hr ImE|Jo Š`m MwZH$a
^yIo ~ho{b`m?
A~bm OrdZ, hbmo, Vwåhmar `hr H$hmZr
‘wI na S>ma¡ N>moQ>r Cgr ‘wñH$mZ
gwZmo g~ AmZr-~mZr&
nwê$fàYmZ g§ñH¥${V ‘| g^r Amoa go X~r Hw$Mbr ór emofU H$s {eH$ma Vmo h¡ hr bo{H$Z AmO dh Bg ì`dñWm Ho$ à{V
AmH«$‘H$ ^r ~Zr h¡& CgH$s AmH«$‘H$Vm g{X`m| go X~r AmH$m§jmAm|, BÀN>mAm| Ho$ à~b hmoZo go n¡Xm hþB© h¡& A~ ‘mÌ dh
AnZo D$na bJmE JE à{V~§Ym| H$mo Ry>H$amH$a AnZo ApñVÎd H$s bS>mB© bS> ahr h¡& AZm{‘H$m AnZr H${dVm ‘| {bIVr h¢-
"Yrao-Yrao
‘oao H§$Yo go
CVa ahm h¡ ‘oam Ka
Yrao-Yrao CVa ahr h¡ M‘S>r
‘oao ò H$n‹S>o
KwQ>Zm| Ho$ ~b ~¡R>o
H$h aho h¢ {H$ A~ ~hþV hþAm&'
AZm{‘H$m H$s H${dVm H$m H|$Ðr` {df` Zmar MoVZm h¡& {’$a ^r CZH$s H${dVm AnZo g‘H$mbrZ n[adoe H$s amOZr{V,
g‘mO, Y‘©, g§ñH¥${V ‘| ì`má {dg§J{V`m| VWm {df‘VmAm| H$s ^r IwbH$a A{^ì`{³V H$aVr h¡& do Eogr e¡br H$m M`Z H$aVr
h¢ {Oggo `h H${dVm Zht ~pëH$ H$Wm hr ‘hgyg hmoVr h¡& do JÚ H$s O‘rZ go eãXm| H$mo CR>mVr h¡ Am¡a CÝh| H$WZ H$s Cgr
e¡br S>mbVr h¡ {Oggo nT>Zodmbm| H$mo dh H${dVm Zht ~pëH$ H$Wm bJo& CZH$s H$mì` ^mfm AnZo n[adoe go {dMaVr ahVr
h¡& ~mobMmb `m JÚ H$s O‘rZ go CnOo eãXm| go CZH$s ^mfm h‘| h‘mao Amgnmg H$s `m h‘mao g‘` H$s bJVr h¡&
6.2.9 gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ (1955)

X{bV gm{hË` ‘mZdVm H$m gm{hË` h¡& `h ‘mZdVm H$s ^bmB© Ho$ {bE {bIm OmVm h¡& `h gm{hË` Xn©U Zht ObVm
hþAm XrnH$ h¡ {OgH$s amoeZr go amh ^Q>H$m nmR>H$ AnZo C{MV ‘mJ© na Mb nS>Vm h¡& X{bV gm{hË` H$mo ZB© nhMmZ `m
n[a^mfm XoZodmbo gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ H$m OÝ‘ 20 Aà¡b, 1955 H$mo CÎma àXoe Ho$ AbrJT> {Obo Ho$ "nwgmdbr' Jm±d Ho$ X{bV
n[adma ‘| hþAm& ~MnZ ~S>m hr A^mdnyU© VWm g§Kf©nyU© ahm& Jar~r BVZr {H$ hmoQ>b Ho$ Zm¡H$a amVâ H$s OyR>Z O~ gw~h
~mha ’|$H$Vo Vmo Cg‘| go ~Mo amoQ>r Ho$ Qy>H$S>o ImZo nS>Vo& ~MnZ go hr S>m°. ~m~mgmh~ Am§~oS>H$a H$s {dMmaYmam H$m à^md&
A^mdJ«ñV VWm Jar~r Ho$ ~mdOyX ~r.E. VH$ H$s {ejm& gm’$-g’$mB© H$m H$m‘ {H$`m& AmO ^maV gaH$ma Ho$ CnH«$‘
Eg.Q>r.gr. Am°’$ B§{S>`m {b. ZB© {X„r ‘| àemg{ZH$ à~§YH$ Ho$ nX na H$m`©aV h¡§& CZHo$ gm{hË` H$s àoaUm S>m°. ~m~m gmh~
Am§~oS>H$a H$m gm{hË` VWm {dMmaYmam ahr h¡& BÝhm|Zo H${dVm, H$hmZr, CnÝ`mg Ho$ gmW-gmW X{bV gm{hË` H$s g‘rjm
g§~§Yr boIZ {H$`m h¡& BZHo$ gm{hpË`H$ H$m`© Ho$ hoVw "a‘mH$m§V ñ‘¥{V H$hmZr nwañH$ma' (2002), "qhXr godr gå‘mZ'
(2006) go ZdmOm J`m h¡&

H¥${VÎd
H$mì` g§J«h : à`mg (1994), Š`m| {dœmg H$ê$ (2004), H$~ hmoJr dh ^moa (2007), YmoIm (2011), dh {XZ
Oê$a AmEJm (2014)&
H$hmZr g§J«h : h¡ar H$~ AmEJm (1999), Z`m ~«m÷U (2009)&
AmË‘H$Wm : {VañH¥$V (2002), g§Vá (2006)&
bKw Zm{Q>H$m : Ny> Zht gH$Vm (2000)&
OrdZr : ‘mVmXrZ (2007) &
g‘rjm : g‘H$mbrZ qhXr X{bV gm{hË` : EH$ {dMma {d‘e© (2017)&
{deofVmE±
dV©‘mZ X{bV H${d`m| ‘| í`m¡amOqgh ~oM¡Z, ‘mohZXmg Z¡{‘fam`, gw{ebm Q>mH$^m¡ao, AO` Zmd[a`m, H±db ^maVr,
O`àH$me H$X©‘, {d{nZ {~hmar Ho$ gmW gyaOnmb H$m Zm‘ ~S>o AmXa Ho$ gmW {b`m OmVm h¡& H$hmZr, H${dVm, AmË‘H$Wm,
g‘rjm Am{X {dYmAm| Ûmam X{bV {d‘e© H$mo ZB© nhMmZ XoZodmbo gyaOnmb H${d Ho$ gmW AmË‘H$WmH$ma Ho$ ê$n ‘| n[a{MV
h¡§& CZH$s H${dVm ^moJo hþE XwI `m nr‹S>m H$s ge³V A{^ì`{³V h¡& do AnZo VrZ H$mì`g§J«hm| Ûmam X{bVm| H$s g‘ñ`mAm|,
AZw^y{V`m|, gm‘m{OH$ `WmW© H$mo ~S>r ~o~mH$s go àñVwV H$aVo h¡§& do X{bVm| H$s g‘ñ`mAm| Ho$ gmW CgHo$ g‘mYmZ ^r àñVwV
H$aVo h¡§& CZH$s H${dVm ‘| ~m~mgmh~ Am§~oS>H$a H$s {dMmaYmam Ho$ gmW CZHo$ H$m`© H$m JwUJmZ {‘bVm h¡& do ‘mZVo h¢ {H$
~m~mgmho~ Ho$ AWH$ gm‘m{OH$ H$m`© go hr X{bV g‘mO ‘| OmJ«{V n¡Xm hþB© h¡& AmË‘gå‘mZ, {ejm H$m ‘hÎd, AnZo
A{YH$mam| Ho$ à{V gMoV H$aZodmbo ~m~mgmh~ H$mo H${d eV eV Z‘Z H$aVm h¡-
"‘mZdVm Ho$ àVrH$
Vw‘Zo
Bg ^maV ^y{‘ na AmH$a
^yIo Z§Jo
Am¡a emo{fVm| H$mo OJm`m
Xoe Ho$ Zd{Z‘m©Vm
Vwåh| eV-eV Z‘Z&'
H${d H$mo Bg ~mV go ~hþV XwI hmoVm h¡ {H$ B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ g‘mO ‘| AmO ^r OmVr`Vm `m dU©ì`dñWm
~Zr hþB© h¡& H${d AZw^d H$aVm h¡ {H$ X{bV AmX‘r n‹T>-{bIH$a H$S>r ‘ohZV H$a {H$VZo ~S>o AmohXo na nhþ±Mo {’$a ^r CgH$s
h¡gr`V ^§Jr `m M‘ma VH$ hr gr{‘V h¡& qhXy Y‘© Ho$ R>oHo$Xma X{bVm| H$mo qhXy H$hVo h¢ bo{H$Z CgHo$ gmW ì`dhma ‘mÌ ~yam
H$aVo h¡§& H${d qhXy Y‘© Ho$ Bg T>m|J H$s nmob ImobVm h¡-
Am¡a ‘¢
n‹T> {bIH$a
~Z J`m-
‘{OñQóQ>, S>mŠQ>a, B§Or{Zà
{’$a ^r H$hbmVm hÿ± ^§Jr-M‘ma
dmh ao qhXy Y‘©
Voam
AO~ M‘ËH$ma&
X{bV g‘mO AmO ^r AnZo nwíV¡Zr H$m`© O¡go, PmSy> ‘maZo, Zmbm `m J§XJr gm’$ H$aZo Am{X H$aZo Ho$ {bE ‘O~ya h¡&
H${d BgHo$ {bE dV©‘mZ g‘mO VWm {ejm ì`dñWm H$mo Xmofr ‘mZVm h¡& `h g‘mO hr MmhVm h¡ {H$ X{bV g{X`m| go Omo H$m‘
H$aVm Am`m h¡ dht H$m‘ H$ao§& ~oamoOJmar VWm A{ejm Ho$ MbVo `h H$m‘ H$aZodmbo g‘mO H$m `WmW© "`h X{bVm| H$s ~ñVr
h¡' H${dVm ‘| {M{ÌV hþAm h¡-
`hm± OZ‘Vo ha ~mbH$ H$mo
nH$S>m XoVo h¡ PmSy>,
Amo ~oQ>m, A~o bmbo H$hVo h¢ bmby-H$mby

JmoqdXm Am¡a {‘WwZ ~ZH$a
Imob aho h¢ do Zmbr
XyOm H$m‘ BÝh| Z ^mVm
Bgr H$m‘ ‘| h¡ ‘ñVr
`h X{bVm| H$s ~ñVr&
H${d ^«ï> amOZr{V Ho$ gmW-gmW dmoQ> Ho$ {bE Om{V-nm±{V `m Y‘© H$s amOZr{V H$aZodmbo T>m|Jr ZoVmAm| H$s nmob
ImobVo h¡§& H${d H$mo B{VhmgH$mam| H$s ñdmWu d¥{Îm IbVr h¡ O~ do {d{eï> Om{V Ho$ H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| `m ‘hmnwê$fm| H$mo B{Vhmg
‘| ñWmZ Zht XoVo& H${d "Š`m| {dœmg H$ê$' H${dVm ‘| {~agm ‘w§S>m Am¡a PbH$mar ~mB© H$mo `mX H$aVm h¡& X{bV MoVZm Ho$
gmW-gmW CZH$s H${dVm ‘| amï´>r` MoVZm VWm J«m‘rU n¥ð>^y{‘ H$s ñ‘¥{V`m± ^r PbH$Vr h¡§& {eën H$s Ñ{ï> go BZH$s ^mfm
ghO h¡& A{YH$m§e aMZmE± Jo` e¡br ‘| h¡§& BZH$s H${dVmAm| H$s àH¥${V ‘| EH$ àH$ma H$s H$Qy>Vm A§Vì`m©á h¡ Omo X{bV OrdZ
Ho$ H$Qy> AZw^dm| go Am`r h¡&
6.2.10 {Z‘©bm nwVb

w (1972)
dV©‘mZ gXr H$s Am{Xdmgr gm{hË` Am¡a {d‘e© H$s ge³V bopIH$m {Z‘©b nwVwb H$m OÝ‘ 6 ‘mM©, 1972 H$mo PmaI§S>
Ho$ Xw‘H$m {Obo Ho$ XwYZr H$ê$dm Jm±d ‘| hþAm& CÝhm|Zo àma§{^H$ {ejm Qw>‘H$m ‘| VWm amOZr{V emó go ñZmVH$ ñVa H$s {ejm
B¾y go (IGNOU) àmá H$s& Z{gªJ {S>ßbmo‘m ^r {H$`m& g§Wmbr g‘mO go OwS>r h¡& Am{Xdmgr OrdZ Ho$ AZNy>E nhbwAm| H$mo
~S>r H$bmË‘H$Vm VWm dmñV{dH$Vm Ho$ gmW CHo$am h¡& BZH$s H${dVm H$m ‘yb ñda Am{Xdmgr OZOrdZ hmoH$a ^r BÝhm|Zo ór,
X{bV, n`m©daU, ^y‘§S>brH$aU, amOZr{VH$ hñVjon, ì`dñWm H$m ImoIbmnZ, {ejm, ~oamoOJmar Am{X {df`m| H$mo ^r
AnZr H${dVm ‘| OJh Xr h¡& CÝhm|Zo ewéAmV ‘| "g§Vmbr' ^mfm ‘| H${dVm {bIr ~mX ‘| qhXr ‘o§& CZH$m OrdZ ~S>m g§Kf©nyU©
VWm gmhgnyU© ahm h¡& CZHo$ OrdZ na AmYm[aV ~Zr {’$ë‘ "~wê$ Jmam' H$mo 2010 ‘| "amï´>r` {’$ë‘ nwañH$ma' {‘bm h¡& CZHo$
boIZ hoVw CÝh| gm{hË` AH$mX‘r H$m "gm{hË` gå‘mZ' (2001), PmaI§S> gaH$ma H$m "amOH$s` gå‘mZ (2006), àXmZ
{H$`m J`m& gmW hr CÝh| ‘hmamï´> amÁ` qhXr gm{hË` AH$mX‘r (2008) VWm {h‘mMb àXoe qhXr gm{hË` AH$mX‘r Ûmam
gå‘m{ZV (2008) {H$`m J`m&
H¥${VÎd
H$mì` g§J«h : ZJm‹S>o H$s Vah ~OVo eãX (2005), AnZo Ka H$s Vbme (2004), ’y$Q>oJm EH$ Z`m {dÐmoh, ~oKa gnZo
(2014)& BZH$s H${dVmE± A±J«oOr, ‘amR>r, CXy©, H$ÞS>, ZmJnwar, n§Om~r, Zonmbr Am{X ^mfmAm| ‘| AZy{XV hþB© h¡§&
{deofVmE±
{Z‘©bm Or Zo ‘w»`V… H${dVm Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go hr Am{Xdmgr g‘mO OrdZ Ho$ A§V{d©amoYm| H$mo aoIm§{H$V {H$`m h¡& CZH$s
H${dVm O¡go Am{Xdmgr ór OrdZ H$m Am»`mZ hr h¡& do AnZr H${dVm Ûmam Am{Xdmgr ór g§Kf© Am¡a à{VamoY H$mo EH$ Z`m
AW© XoZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVr h¡& CZH$s H${dVm Am{Xdmgr ór Ho$ emofU VWm A{YH$ma H$s MMm© H$aVr h¡& Am{Xdmgr ór H$m
emar[aH$ emofU hmoVm h¡& hb MbmZo go boH$a H$^r-H$^r ~¡b Ho$ ñWmZ na IwX H$mo OmoVZo VH$ H$m H$m‘ Bg ór H$mo H$aZm
nS>Vm h¡& n`©Q>Z VWm ì`mnma Ho$ hoVw AmZodmbo ~mhar bmoJm| H$s ~war ZOa go Cgo ~MZm hmoVm h¡& ‘hO ~moVb â Xmê$ Ho$ {bE
CgH$m n{V Cgo Xwï> dher X[a¨Xm| Ho$ hdmbo H$a XoVm h¡& X¡{hH$ emofU ‘mZmo Bg ór H$s ñdrH¥$V {Z`{V hr h¡& {H$gr ^r àH$ma
H$s MrI-nwH$ma Z H$a dh Bg AÝ`m` H$mo gh boVr h¡-
"H¡$go ^yb OmD$± dh amjgr amV
{Og‘| Xw{Z`m H$s gmar g§doXZmE±
‘oam g~go D$±Mm {dœmg
n{dÌ [aíVo H$s AmñWm
g~ Hw$N> byQ> J`m&
{Og gä` `m A‘ra g‘mO H$mo Am{Xdmgr g‘mO {nN>S>m, O§Jbr, Agä`, Jar~ `m hm{eE H$m g‘mO bJVm h¡ Cgr
dJ© H$s ZOa ‘mÌ Am{Xdmgr ór H$mo ‹Ty>±‹T>Vr h¡& H$d{`Ìr {bIVr h¢-
"‘oam gw~Hw$N> A{à` h¡ CgH$s ZOa ‘|,

CÝh| {à` h¡
‘oar JXamB© Xoh
‘oam ‘m±g {à` h¡ CÝho§&'
bo{H$Z `h ^r gM h¡ {H$ {Z‘©bm Or AnZr H${dVm H$s ór H$mo Ho$db emo{fV, nr{‹S>V `m nwê$f àYmZ g§ñH¥${V
Ûmam àVm{‹S>V hr aIZm Zht MmhVr h¡& dh A~ ha ~ma Mwn Zht ahZm MmhVr& dh AmdmO bJmVr h¡ {H$-
"Bg ~ma ‘¢ Mwn Zht ahÿ±Jr
N>rZ H$a VmoS> Xy±Jr Vwåhmar ~m±gwar
{H$ XoImo Bg ~ma
dmo ‘wPo CR>mZo Am aho h¡§&'
h‘ `h OmZVo h¢ {H$ Ob-O§Jb-O‘rZ Am{Xdm{g`m| Ho$ ApñVÎd VWm CZH$s g§ñH¥${V H$m {hñgm ahm h¡& bo{H$Z
^y‘§S>brH$aU VWm {dH$mg Ho$ Zm‘ na hmoZodmbo hñVjon go àH¥${V Ho$ gmW g§ñH¥${V H$m ^r Zme hmo ahm h¡& {Z‘©bm Or"gÝWmb
naJZm', "~y‹T>r n¥Ïdr H$m XwI' Am{X H${dVmAm| ‘| n`m©daU Ho$ à{V gOJVm Ho$ gmW gmW Bgo ~MmZo H$m AmdmhZ ^r H$aVr
h¡& BÝhm|Zo àH¥${V H$m ‘mZdrH$aU ê$n ‘| {MÌU {H$`m h¡-
Š`m Vw‘Zo H$^r gwZm h¡
gnZm| ‘o M‘H$Vr Hw$ëhm{S>`m| Ho$ ^` go
no‹S>m| H$s MrËH$ma?
{Z‘©bm Or H$s H${dVm ‘| Am{Xdmgr OZ g‘mO H$s draVm H$m B{Vhmg {M{ÌV h¡& {VbH$m ‘mPr, {gÕmo H$mÝhÿ, {~agm
‘w§S>m, CbJwbmZ H$s Am¡aV| Am{X`m| Zo A§J«oOr gm‘«mÁ` go Q>¸$a br Wr& {Z‘©bm Or AnZo gm{hË` ‘| Bg draVm H$m dU©Z H$a
AmË‘{dœmg Imo MwHo$ OZ-g‘mO H$mo àoaUm XoVr h¡& Am{Xdm{g`m| H$s ~XÎma qOXJr Ho$ {bE do dV©‘mZ amOZr{V H$mo
{Oå‘oXma R>hamVr h¡§& Š`m|{H$ dh ‘mZVr h¡ {H$ ha g‘` amOZr{V VWm àemgZ Zo ZŠgbdmX `m H$moB© AÝ` Zm‘ XoH$a BZH$s
AmdmO H$mo X~m`m h¡, ‘wO[a‘ H$ama {X`m h¡& do {bIVr h¢-
Z OVmE± H$^r Agh‘{V
Z H$a| H$^r H$moB© {damoY
hñVjon Z H$a| AZoH$ H$m‘m| ‘|
AnZr n[a{Y ‘| ah| haX‘
{~Zm BOmOV Pm±Ho$ Zht BYa CYa& (IyZ H$mo nmZr H¡$go {bI Xy±)
CZH$s A{YH$m§e H${dVmAm| H$m ñda AmH«$moe go âm CJ« VWm {dÐmohr h¡& gm‘m{OH$ {dg§J{V`m|, ~møm§S>~a, ñdmWu
amOZr{V, ~mOmadmX, Cn^mo³VmdmX Am{X go X~o-n‹S>o Am{Xdmgr g‘mO H$mo dh ^rVar Am¡a ~mhar A±Yoam| H$mo VmoS>H$a nwZ…
EH$ ~ma ZE OrdZ H$mo AnZmZo H$s ~mV H$aVr h¡& Bg {dÐmoh H$mo ì`³V H$aZodmbo "YaVr H$s N>mVr ’$moS> {ZH$bVo A§Hw$a',
"Yrao-Yrao ’¡$bVr O§Jb H$s AmJ', "~S>o hmoVo ~ƒo' Am{X {~å~m| Ûmam ì`³V {H$`m h¡&
{Z‘©bm Or H$s àm`… g^r H${dVmE± nhbo g§Vmbr ‘| {bIr JB© {’$a qhXr ‘o§& BZH$s H${dVmE± bå~r h¡& ha H${dVm ‘|
EH$ H$hmZr h¡& ñd`§ bopIH$m {MH$Zr-MwnS>r ^mfm H$m AmJ«h Zht H$aVr gmW hr N>§X, VwH$, b` na ^r A{V[a³V Ü`mZ
Zht XoVr h¡& CZH$s H${dVm H$m CÔoí` ñnï> h¡-
ZJm‹S>o H$s Vah ~Oo
‘oao eãX
Am¡a {ZH$b n‹S>o bmoJ&'
Hw$b{‘bmH$a `hr H$h|Jo {H$, {Z‘©bm Or H$s H${dVm Am{Xdmgr OrdZ, g§ñH¥${V, g‘ñ`mAm| Ho$ gmW-gmW ór {d‘e©
H$s ge³V A{^ì`{³V h¡&

(A) EH$ dmŠ` ‘| CÎma Xr{OE&
(1) CX` àH$me H$s {H$g H$hmZr H$mo df© 2010 H$m gm{hË` AH$mX‘r nwañH$ma {‘bm?
(2) {MÌm ‘wXJb Zo Zm¡H$am{Z`m| Ho$ A{YH$mam| Ho$ {bE {H$g g§ñWm H$s ñWmnZm H$s?
(3) Zm{gam Zo "~S>o naXo H$m Iob' ‘| {H$g na ì`§½` {H$`m h¡?

(4) Za|Ð ‘mohZ Ho$ "Zmo ‘|g b¢S>' ZmQ>H$ H$s H$WmdñVw H$m AmYma Š`m h¡?
(5) lram‘ n[ahma Zo AnZo boIZ H$s ewéAmV {H$g {dYm go H$s h¡?
(6) amOoe Omoer "H$m¡Am Am¡a ‘y{V©' H${dVm ‘| {H$g na ì`§½` H$aVo h¢?
(7) AZm{‘H$m H$s H${dVm H$m H|${Ð` {df` Š`m h¡?
(8) {Z‘©bm nwVwb H$s H${dVm H$m àYmZ {df` Š`m h¡?
(Am) [a³V ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE&

(1) CX` àH$me ............ nmQ>u go Ow‹S>o aho§&
(2) {MÌm ‘wXJb Zo AnZo boIZ H$s ewéAmV ............ H$hmZr go H$s&
(3) Za|Ð ‘mohZ H$s S>màr H$m erf©H$ ............ h¡&
(4) lram‘ n[ahma Ho$ "H$ho OZ qgJm' ............ Ho$ ÔZm| H$m g§J«h h¡&
(5) ‘¡ZoOa nmÊS>o` H$s AmbmoMZm ì`{ï> H$mo ............ go Omo‹S>Vr h¡&
(6) gyaOnmb Mm¡hmZ ............ {dMmaYmam go à^m{dV h¡&
(7) {Z‘©bm nwVwb Zo ewéAmV ‘| ............ ^mfm ‘| H${dVm {bIr&
(8) AZm{‘H$m H$s ............ aMZm ór {d‘e© na {bIr qhXr H$s àW‘ aMZm h¡&

aMZmH$a (aMZm) nwañH$ma
(A) Zm{gam e‘m© (nm[aOmV) (1) Ho$. {~S>bm ì`mg gå‘mZ (2003)
(Am) CX` àH$me (‘mohZXmg) (2) ^maV ^yfU gå‘mZ
(B) {MÌm ‘wXJb (Amdm§) (3) gm{hË` AH$mX‘r (2016)
(B©) amOoe Omoer (Xmo n§{³V`m| Ho$ ~rM) (4) qhXr AH$mX‘r {X„r "ebmH$m gå‘mZ'
(C) AZm{‘H$m (5) gm{hË` AH$mX‘r (2010)
(D$) ‘¡ZoOa nmÊS>o` (6) gm{hË` AH$mX‘r (2002)

(1) X{H$`mZygr : nwamZ n§Wr, ê${T>dmXr
(2) g§àXm`dmX : {H$gr Ym{‘©H$ g§àXm` H$s {hV qMVm H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZm&
(3) Jwbm~ ‘{bH$ A§~a : EH$ hãer Jwbm‘ Omo Ah‘XZJa ‘| {ZOm‘ H$m àYmZ ^mJ
(4) {Z‘mS>r ^mfm : ‘Ü`àXoe Ho$ {Z‘mS> àm§V H$s ~mobr& `h ‘mbdm Ho$ X{jU ‘| ‘hmamï´> go gQ>m gr‘mdVu joÌ h¡§&
(5) g§V qgJmOr : ‘Ü`àXoe ‘| Zr‘ma Ho$ à{gÕ g§V& BÝh| newajH$ Xod Ho$ ê$n ‘| nyOm OmVm h¡&
(6) {‘WH$ : àmMrZ nwamH$WmAm| H$m VÎd Omo ZdrZ pñW{V`m| ‘| ZE AW© H$m dhZ H$aVm h¡&

(A)
(1) ‘mohZXmg
(2) OmJaU
(3) ào‘ Ho$ Zm‘ na {KZm¡Zo H$aZodmbm| H$s nmob Imob Xr h¡&
(4) ‘§Q>mo H$s "Vmo~m Q>oH$ qgJ' H$hmZr
(5) H${dVm
(6) Jm§YrdmXr ZoVmAm| H$s H$aVyVm| na
(7) Zmar MoVZm
(8) Am{Xdmgr g‘mO
(Am)
(1) ‘mŠg©dmXr (5) g‘{ï>
(2) g’o$X gomam (6) Am§~oS>H$dmXr
(3) gmW-gmW ‘oam gm`m (7) g§Vmbr
(4) g§V qgJmOr (8) {óÎd H$m ‘mZ{M•
(B)
(A) 3, (Am) 5, (B) 1, (B©) 6, (C) 2, (D$) 4
6.5 gmam§e
B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| H${dVm Ho$ gmW JÚ H$s {d{dY {dYmAm| H$m `moJXmZ ahm h¡& Bg `wJ H$m
gm{hË` ^y‘§S>brH¥$V g‘mO VWm g§ñH¥${V, ~XbVo ‘mZdr` g§~§Y, AmV§H$dmX, n`m©daU àXyfU H$s g‘ñ`m Ho$ gmW Om{VdmX,
gm§àXm{`H$Vm, Jar~r, ~oH$mar, ^«ï> amOZr{V VWm àemgZ ì`dñWm H$mo A{^ì`³V H$aVm h¡ Omo Bg gXr Ho$ g§H$Q> h¡§& Bg‘|
Hw$N> à{V{Z{Y JÚH$ma VWm H${d h¢ {OÝhm|Zo AnZo gm{hË` go h‘| à^m{dV {H$`m h¡& CX` àH$me Zo H$hmZr H$s g§aMZm H$mo
~Xbm, gmW AnZr {df` dñVw H$mo AmYw{ZH$ VWm {d{dY ~Zm`m& {MÌm Or Zo JÚ H$s bJ^J ha {dYm ‘| boIZr MbmH$a
^y‘§S>brH$aU go à^m{dV g‘mO, g§ñH¥${V VWm {dMmaYmam H$mo {M{ÌV {H$`m& Zm{gam Or ‘wpñb‘ n[adoe Ho$ gmW Zmar
Apñ‘Vm go OwS>r h¡& CZHo$ gm{hË` ‘| Añgr Ho$ ~mX H$m ^maVr` VWm A§Vaamï´>r` n[adoe g‘ñV ~Xmbmdm| Ho$ gmW {M{ÌV
h¡& Za|Ð ‘mohZ Ho$ ZmQ>H$ ‘§Mr` h¡ gmW hr à`moJY‘u ^r& íram‘ n[ahma Zo b{bV VWm g‘rjmË‘H$ {Z~§Ym| ‘| gm{hË`, g‘mO,
Y‘©, ^mfm, g§ñH¥${V, n`m©daU Ho$ gmW g‘H$mbrZ g‘ñ`mAm| H$mo ~S>r H$bmË‘H$Vm go A{^ì`³V {H$`m h¡& ‘¡Z|Oa nmÊS>o` H$s
AmbmoMZm ì`{ï> H$mo g‘{ï> go Omo‹S>Vm h¡ gmW hr g‘mO ‘| ì`má {dnarV n[apñW{V`m| go bmohm boZo Ho$ {bE ào[aV ^r H$aVr
h¡&
Bg `wJ H$s H${dVm ~mOmadmX, gm§àXm{`H$Vm, OmVr`Vm VWm CZ V‘m‘ IVam| go g§Kf© H$aVr h¡ Omo ‘Zwî`, g‘mO VWm
g§ñH¥${V H$mo hmZr nhþ±MmVo h¡§& H${d amOoe Omoer H$s H${dVm gm‘m{OH$ qMVmAm| H$m {MÌU hr Zht H$aVr ~pëH$ BgHo$
g‘mYmZ ^r ImoµOVr h¡& "AZm{‘H$m' Ho$ H${dVm H$s ór namYrZ ^r h¡ VWm gm‘§Vr ‘yë`m| VWm ‘mÝ`VmAm| go bS>Vr VWm g§Kf©
^r H$aVr h¡& gyanmb Mm¡hmZ X{bVm| H$s g‘ñ`mAm|, AZw^y{V`m| VWm gm‘m{OH$ `WmW© H$mo ~o~mH$s go àñVwV H$aVo h¡§& `wdm
H$d{`Ìr {Z‘©bm nwVwb H$s H${dVm Am{Xdmgr OZOrdZ, g§ñH¥${V, g‘ñ`mAm| Ho$ gmW ór {d‘e© H$s ge³V A{^ì`{³V h¡&

6.6 ñdmÜ`m`
(1) "Zm{gam e‘m© H$m gm{hË` ‘wpñb‘ n[adoe VWm Zmar g§doXZm H$s A{^ì`{³V h¡&' H$WZ H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE&
(2) lram‘ n[ahma Ho$ {Z~§Ym| H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OE&
(3) ‘¡ZoOa nmÊS>o` H$s AmbmoMZm H$s {deofVmE± {bpIE&
(4) "AZm{‘H$m H$s H${dVm Zmar MoVZm H$s A{^ì`{³V h¡' H$WZ H$s gmW©H$Vm H$mo ñnï> H$ao§&
(5) {Z‘©bm nwVwb H$s H${dVm ‘| {M{ÌV Am{Xdmgr OrdZ H$mo g‘PmBE&
(6) H${d amOoe Omoer H$m ì`{³VÎd Ed§ H¥${VÎd {bpIE&
6.7 joÌr` H$m`©

(1) ‘amR>r Ho$ à‘wI H${d VWm JÚH$mam| H$s OmZH$mar àmá H$a CgH$m AÜ``Z H$ao§&

(1) g§nm. S>m°. nr. a{d (2011) H${dVm H$m dV©‘mZ, ZB© {X„r, dmUr àH$meZ, àW‘ g§ñH$aU&
(2) g§nm. S>m°. ZJ|Ð (2017) qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg, B§{Xamnwa‘, ‘`wa nona~¡H$, 58 dm§ g§ñ‘aU&
(3) g§nm. qeXo, Mmd‹S>m (2012) B¸$sgdt gXr ‘| qhXr gm{hË`, O`nwa, amO npãbqeJ hmD$g, àW‘ g§ñH$aU&

èd§Vamd MìhmU ‘hmamï´> ‘w³V {díd{dÚmc¶>, Zm{gH$
kmZJ§JmoÌr n[aga, J§Jmnya ~m§Y Ho$ nmg, Zm{gH$-422 222
Xya^mf (0253 ) 2231475, 2231714
Website: https://ycmou.digitaluniversity.ac Email: dir_shu@ycmou.digitaluniversity.ac

’$sS>~¡H$
Bg nwñVH$ Ho$ ~mao ‘o Amn nmR>çM¶m© aMZm, Ame¶ H${R>ZmB© ñVa, ^mfme¡cr, {df¶ ì¶m»¶m Am{X Ho$ g§X^© ‘|, ñdmÜ¶m¶ Ho$
àíZm| Ho$ gmW-gmW qhXr gm{hË¶ go g§~§{YV AmnH$m AZw^d, àñVwV gm{hË¶ Ho$ g§X^© H$moB© gwPmd h¡, Vmo H¥$n¶m h‘| {ZåZ{c{IV nVo
na ¶m ZrMo {XE JE B©-‘oc Ûmam gy{MV H$a| &
AnZo gyPmd ôOZo H$m nVm

{ZXoeH$, ‘mZ{dH$s Ed§ g‘mO{dkmZ g§H$m¶
èd§Vamd MìhmU ‘hmamï´> ‘w³V {díd{dÚmc¶>, kmZJ§JmoÌr n[aga, J§Jmnwa ~m§Y Ho$ nmg, Zm{gH$$-422 222
Amn Bgo dir_shu@ycmou.digitaluniversity.ac, hindi.ycmou@gmail.com Bg B©-‘oc na ôO gH$Vo h¡ &
AnZo$~mao ‘| …
(1) Zm‘ …
(2) nyam nVm :
(3) ‘mo~mB©b : ..................................... B©-‘ob : ..........................................................................

(4) {ejm : ì¶dgm¶ :
(5) AmnH$s à{V{H«$¶m/gwPmd {ZåZ{c{IV g§X^© ‘o …
(i) nmR>çM¶m© aMZm
(ii) Ame¶ H${R>ZmB© ñVa
(iii) ^mfme¡cr
(iv) {df¶ ì¶m»¶m
(v) AÝ¶
DB/AB21-154 (HIN)

HIN 201-Book-4

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COURSE CODE : HIN201

BOOK CODE : HIN2014

B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶

BH$mB© 1 : B¸$sgdt gXr H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ 1

`ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {díd{dÚmb¶, Zm{gH$

nmR>çH«$‘ gbmhH$ma g{‘{V (PAC)

`ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {díd{dÚmb¶, Zm{gH$

AZwXoeZ V§Ì Ed§ ^mfm g§nmXH$

© 2021, ¶ed§Vamd MìhmU ‘hmamï´> ‘w³V {díd{dÚmb¶, Zm{gH$

qhXr gm{hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg (AmYw{ZH$ H$mb) (HIN201)

nwñVH$ 2 : ñdV§ÌVmnyd© qhXr gm{hË¶

nwñVH$ 3 : ñdmV§Í¶moÎma qhXr gm{hË¶ (2000 VH$)

nwñVH$ 4 : B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶

B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶ : 1

1.2.1 amOZr{VH$ n[apñW{V

B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶ : 2

1.2.2 Am{W©H$ n[apñW{V

B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶ : 3

B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶ : 4

1.2.4 Ym{‘©H$ n[apñW{V

B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶ : 5

1.2.5 gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñW{V

B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶ : 6

ñd`§-AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE àíZ

(Am) EH$ dmŠ` ‘| CÎma Xr{OE&

1.3 eãXmW© Ed§ {Q>ßn{U`m±

B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶ : 7

1.4 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma

1.7 joÌr` H$m`©

1.8 A{V[a³V AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE

B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶ : 9

B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶ : 11

2.2.2 ^y‘S§ >brH$aU H$s AdYmaUm

^y‘S§ >brH$aU H$m Am{W©H$ nj

B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶ : 12

^y‘S§ >brH$aU H$m gm§ñH¥${VH$ nj

2.2.3 ^y‘S§ >brH$aU H$m {dH$mgH«$‘

B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶ : 14

2.2.4 ^maV ‘| ^y‘§S>brH$aU

2.2.5 ^y‘S§ >brH$aU go à^m{dV {d{dY joÌ

B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶ : 16

B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶ : 19

ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE àíZ

(~) [a³V ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE&

(H$) gw‘o{bV H$s{OE

2.3 eãXmW© Ed§ {Q>ßn{U`m±

B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶ : 21

2.7 joÌr` H$m`©

2.8 A{V[a³V AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE

B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶ : 23

B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶ : 24

Ho$XmaZmW qgh (1934-2018)

M§ÐH$m§V XodVmbo (1936-2017)

^JdmZ amdV (1939-2012)

draoZ S§>Jdmb (1947-2015)

B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶ : 26

Ohra Hw$a¡er (1950)

Aê$U H$‘b (1954)

B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶ : 27

nwpînVm AdñWr (1960)

ndZ H$aU (1964)

B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶ : 28

n§H$O amJ (1964)

EH$m§V lrdmñVd (1964)