HIN 201-Book-1

COURSE CODE : HIN201
BOOK CODE : HIN2011
HIN201
qhXr gm{hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg
(AmYw{ZH$ H$mb)
gÌ-2
nwñVH$ … 1
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘
èd§Vamd HIN201
MìhmU qhXr gm{hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg (AmYw{ZH$ H$mb)
Book Code : HIN2011
_hmamï´>
_wŠV {díd{dÚmb¶
nwñVH$ 1
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^{y ‘
boIH$ : S>m.° àH$me H$m§~io
BH$mB© 1 … AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s AdYmaUm 1
BH$mB© 2 … AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n[apñW{V¶m± 12
BH$mB© 3 … JÚ e¡br H$m {dH$mg 23
BH$mB© 4 … AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m àd¥{Îm¶m| Ho$ AmYma na H$mb{d^mOZ 36
BH$mB© 5 … amï´>r¶ Ymam 51
BH$mB© 6 … ZdOmJaU 63
Course Code : HIN201 Book Code : HIN2011 : AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘
èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {díd{dÚmb¶, Zm{gH$

Hw$bn{V : S>m°. nr. Or. nmQ>rc
‘mZ{dH$s Ed§ g‘mO{dkmZ g§H$m¶ n[afX
S>m°. àdrU KmoS>oñdma ZmJmOw©Z dmS>oH$a S>m°. g§OrdZr ‘hmco
à. {ZXoeH$ gh¶moJr àmÜ¶mnH$ gh`moJr àmÜ¶mnH$
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S>m°. gwZrbHw$‘ma bdQ>o S>m°. Xm‘moXa IS>go S>m°. gy¶©Zmam¶U aUgwô
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{díd{dÚmb¶, Am¡a§Jm~mX Zm§XSo >
Course Code : HIN201 Book Code : HIN2011 : AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘
èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {díd{dÚmb¶, Zm{gH$

Hw$bn{V : S>m°. nr. Or nmQ>rc
n«. {ZXoeH$ … S>m°. n«drU KmoS>oñdma, ‘mZ{dH$s Ed§ g‘mO{dkmZ g§H$m¶
boIH$ g§nmXH$
S>m°. àH$me H$m§~io S>m°. gwZrbHw$‘ma bdQ>o
qhXr {d^mJ "{Zem§Hw$a', A¶moÜ¶m H$m°bZr
‘hmdra ‘hm{dÚmb¶ amOrd Jm§Yr [a¨J amoS>, gwd}ZJa
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S>m°. M§Xm gmoZH$a M§ÐH$m§V Vmê$
g§Mm{bH$m, AZwdmX goVw ‘mZ{dH$s Ed§ g‘mO{dkmZ g§H$m¶
H$moëhmnwa ¶.M.‘.‘w.{d., Zm{gH$
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lr. AmZ§X ¶mXd
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© 2021, ¶ed§Vamd MìhmU ‘hmamï´> ‘w³V {díd{dÚmb¶, Zm{gH$

 àW‘ g§ñH$aU … {Xg§~a 2021  àH$meZ g§»¶m …
 ‘wIn¥ð> ê$naoIm … lr. A{dZme âUo
 Aja g§¶moOZ … na’o$³Q> H$m°åß¶wQ>a, {Ì‘yVu Mm¡H$, {gS>H$mo, Zm{gH$ - 8
 ‘wÐH$ VWm àH$meH$ … S>m°. {XZoe ^m|S>o, Hw$cg{Md, ¶ed§Vamd MìhmU ‘hmamï´> ‘w³V {díd{dÚmb¶, Zm{gH$
ISBN
B21-22-114
Hw$bn{V H$m ‘§Vì¶
{à¶ {dÚmWu {‘Ìmo§,
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Hw$bn{V
ñZmVH$moÎma (E‘.E.) qhXr {ejmH«$‘ (M51)
qhXr gm{hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg (AmYw{ZH$ H$mb) (HIN201)
nmR>çH«$‘
nwñVH$ 1 : AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘
BH$mB© 1 … AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s AdYmaUm
BH$mB© 2 … AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n[apñW{V¶m±
BH$mB© 3 … JÚ e¡br H$m {dH$mg
BH$mB© 4 … AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m àd¥{Îm¶m| Ho$ AmYma na H$mb{d^mOZ
BH$mB© 5 … amï´>r¶ Ymam
BH$mB© 6 … ZdOmJaU
nwñVH$ 2 : ñdV§ÌVmnyd© qhXr gm{hË¶

BH$mB© 1 … ñdV§ÌVmnyd© qhXr H$mì¶
BH$mB© 2 … ñdV§ÌVmnyd© qhXr H$mì¶ H$s {deofVmE§
BH$mB© 3 … ñdV§ÌVmnyd© qhXr Ho$ à‘wI H${d
BH$mB© 4 … ñdV§ÌVmnyd© qhXr JÚ
BH$mB© 5 … ñdV§ÌVmnyd© qhXr JÚ H$s {deofVmE§
BH$mB© 6 … ñdV§ÌVmnyd© qhXr JÚ Ho$ à‘wI aMZmH$ma
nwñVH$ 3 : ñdmV§Í¶moÎma qhXr gm{hË¶ (2000 VH$)

BH$mB© 1 … ñdmV§Í¶moÎma qhXr H$mì¶
BH$mB© 2 … ñdmV§Í¶moÎma qhXr H$mì¶ H$s {deofVmE±
BH$mB© 3 … ñdmV§Í¶moÎma qhXr H$mì¶ Ho$ à‘wI H${d
BH$mB© 4 … ñdmV§Í¶moÎma qhXr JÚ gm{hË¶
BH$mB© 5 … ñdmV§Í¶moÎma qhXr JÚ gm{hË¶ H$s {deofVmE±
BH$mB© 6 … ñdmV§Í¶moÎma qhXr JÚ gm{hË¶ Ho$ à‘wI aMZmH$ma
nwñVH$ 4 : B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶

BH$mB© 1 … B¸$sgdt gXr H$s n¥ð>^y{‘
BH$mB© 2 … ^y‘§S>brH$aU g§H$ënZm Ed§ à{H«$¶m
BH$mB© 3 … B¸$sgdt gXr H$s qhXr H${dVm
BH$mB© 4 … B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr JÚ : à‘wI {dYmE±
BH$mB© 5 … B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr JÚ : Jm¡U {dYmE±
BH$mB© 6 … B¸$sgdt gXr Ho$ à{V{Z{Y gm{hË¶H$ma
qhXr gm{hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg (AmYw{ZH$ H$mb) (HIN201)
àñVmdZm
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nwñVH$m| ‘| H$aZodmbo h¡ -
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AÜ``Z {H$¶m J`m h¡&
Mm¡Wr nwñVH$ "B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË`' ‘| B¸$sgdt gXr H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ H$mo g‘PZo hoVw Bg gXr Ho$ àW‘ n§Ðh
gmbm| H$s {d{dY n[apñW{V`m| H$m {ddoMZ {H$`m J`m h¡& ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$s g§H$ënZm Am¡a à{H«$`m H$mo ñnï> H$aVo hþE qhXr
gm{hË` Ho$ à^md H$mo Xem©`m J`m h¡ & Bg gXr Ho$ JÚ H$s {d{dY {dYmAm| Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo Xem©Vo hþE H${dVmAm| H$s àd¥{Îm`m|
H$m {ddoMZ {H$`m h¡ & à{V{Z{Y gm{hË`H$mam| Ho$ ì`p³VËd Ed§ H¥${VËd go n[a{MV H$am`m h¡&
nwñVH$ 1 … AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘
àñVmdZm
"qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg' (AmYw{ZH$ H$mb) Bg {df` H$m AÜ``Z h‘ Mma nwñVH$m| ‘| H$aZodmbo h¡§& Bg‘| go nhbr
h¡- "AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘'& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg H$mo g‘PZo Ho$ {bE AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s
n¥ð>^y{‘ H$mo g‘PZm ‘hÎdnyU© h¡& gm{hË` AnZo g‘` `m `wJ H$s CnO hmoVm h¡& EH$ Amoa `wJ H$s n[apñW{V`m± gm{hË`H$ma
H$mo à^m{dV H$aVr h¡ dht gm{hË` AnZo g‘` H$mo A{^ì`³V H$a g‘mO H$m `WmW© Xe©Z H$amVm h¡ VWm g‘mO H$m ‘mJ©Xe©H$
^r ~ZVm h¡& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m AÜ``Z H$aVo g‘` h‘ `h XoIVo h¡§ {H$ `h gm{hË` Ho$db
amï´>r` hr Zht ~pëH$ A§Vaamï´>r` KQ>ZmAm| go ^r à^m{dV h¡& Bg gm{hË` Zo H$B© gmao {d‘em], {dMmaYmamAm| VWm Am§XmobZm|
H$mo OÝ‘ {X`m h¡& `h AnZo nyd©dVu gm{hË` go Z`m VWm AbJ h¡& {df`, e¡br, {eën, ^mfm, CÔoí` Ho$ gmW A{^ì`{³V
Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ ^r ZE h¡§& BZ g^r H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo Ho$ hoVw "AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘' H$mo g‘PZm AË`§V Amdí`H$ h¡&
BH$mB© 1: AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s AdYmaUm ‘| ^maV ‘| gZ 1651 Ho$ ~mX hr AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$m Ama§^ ‘mZm J`m h¡,
Agb ‘| AmYw{ZH$Vm EH$ g§km h¡ Omo d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>, ~m¡{ÕH$Vm, `WmW©~moY, àJ{VerbVm, àíZmHw$bVm Am{X VËdm| go ~Zr
h¡& Amn Bg nwñVH$ Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go AmYw{ZH$ qhXr gm{hË` H$s {deofVmAm| H$mo g‘P gH|$Jo& gmW hr AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË` AnZo
nyd©dVu gm{hË` go {H$Z AWm} ‘| {^Þ h¡, Bgo ^r n‹T> gH|$Jo&
BH$mB© 2 : AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n[apñW{V¶m± ‘o§ AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s amOZr{V Zo ì`{³V VWm g‘mO OrdZ H$s ha BH$mB©
H$mo à^m{dV {H$`m h¡& Bg `wJ H$s amOZr{V ‘w»`V: A§J«oOr emgZ H$s X‘Z Zr{V VWm AË`mMma go à^m{dV Wr& A§J«oOm| Zo
^maVr` OZVm na AZ{JZV AË`mMma {H$E& n[aUm‘ñdê$n ^maVr` OZ‘mZg ‘| amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm Ho$ gmW gm‘m{OH$
gwYma g§~§Yr MoVZm OmJ«V hþB©& BZ g^r H$m à^md qhXr gm{hË` na hþAm& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s amOZr{VH$, gm‘m{OH$,
Ym{‘©H$, Am{W©H$ VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ AÜ``Z go Amn Bg `wJ go n[a{MV hmo gH|$Jo&
BH$mB© 3 : JÚ e¡br H$m {dH$mg AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$s ‘hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm ahr h¡& `h AmYw{ZH$ qhXr gm{hË` H$s àYmZ
àd¥{Îm ^r ahr h¡& JÚ e¡br Ho$ {Z‘m©U ‘| A§J«oOr {ejm, àog VWm g‘mMma nÌ Ho$ gmW N>mnImZo H$s ewê$dmV, BgmB©
{‘eZ[a`m| Ho$ gmW-gmW H$B© ì`{³V VWm g§ñWmAm| H$m `moJXmZ ahm h¡& `h ^r gË` h¡ {H$ AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ nyd© ^r ’w$Q>H$a
ê$n ‘| JÚ aMZmE± {bIr JB© Wr& Bg nwñVH$ Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go Amn qhXr JÚ Ho$ CØd, {dH$mg Ho$ gmW àoaH$ BH$mB`m| go
n[a{MV hmo gH|$Jo&
BH$mB© 4 : AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m àd¥{Îm¶m| Ho$ AmYma na H$mb{d^mOZ ‘| AÜ``Z H$s gw{dYm Ho$ {bE {H$gr H$mb `m
g‘` H$mo H$B© I§S>m|, {d^mJm| ‘| {d^m{OV {H$`m OmVm h¡& qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$mo àd¥{Îm`m| Ho$ AmYma na
{d^m{OV {H$`m J`m h¡& gmYmaU Am¡a ZB© àd¥{Îm H$mo XoIH$a `wJ H$s {deofVm H$mo aoIm§{H$V {H$`m OmVm h¡& Bg Ñ{ï> go
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ ZdOmJaUH$mb, OmJaUH$mb, N>m`mdmX, àJ{VdmX, à`moJdmX, ZB© H${dVm, gmR>moÎmar `wJ, g‘H$mbrZ,
AmYw{ZH$ VWm CÎma AmYw{ZH$ `wJ {ZYm©[aV {H$E JE h¡§&
BH$mB© 5 : amï´>r¶ H$mì¶Ymam ‘| AmYw{ZH$ H$mb AnZo nyd©dVu H$mb go AbJ hmoZo H$m ‘w»` AmYma Bg `wJ ‘| OÝ‘r
amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm& ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maVr` gm{hË` H$s `h àYmZ àd¥{Îm ahr h¡§& ^yJmob, ^mfm, Y‘©, g§ñH¥${V Ho$ gmW
amOZr{VH$ EH$Vm H$s AmH$m§jm O¡go VËd {H$gr amï´> H$s EH$Vm H$mo ~ZmE aIVo h¡& Bg nwñVH$ ‘| Amn ^maV ‘| amï´>r`Vm H$m
{dH$mg H¡$go hþAm VWm qhXr gm{hË` ‘| amï´>r` MoVZm go g§~§{YV gm{hË` Ho$ CØd VWm {dH$mg H$mo n‹T>|J&o
BH$mB© 6 : ZdOmJaU H$m AW© h¡-ZB© MoVZm& 19 dt gXr ‘| A§J«oOr emgZ, {ejm, BgmB© {‘eZ[a`m| go g§nH©$ àog VWm
N>mnImZo H$s ewê$AmV `mVm`mV H$s gw{dYmAm| Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n ^maVr` OZ‘mZg ‘| ZB© MoVZm OmJ«V hB©& OmJ«V g‘mO
‘Ü``wJrZ ‘mZ{gH$Vm go ~mha {ZH$bH$a ZE {dMma VWm X¥{ï> H$mo AnZmVm XoIm J`m& `h ZB© Ñ{ï> OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ ‘| XoIr
JB©& Bg ZB© MoVZm Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n ^maVr` gm{hË` ‘| ^r ZB© {dYmAm|, e¡{b`m| VWm A{^ì`p³V H$s ^mfmAm| Zo OÝ‘
{X`m& Bg nwñVH$ ‘| Amn ZdOmJaU go à^m{dV {d{dY joÌm| Ho$ gmW qhXr gm{hË` ‘| AmE ~Xbmdm| H$mo n‹T> gH|$Jo&
BH$mB© 1 : AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s AdYmaUm
AZwH$« ‘
1.0 CÔoí`
1.1 àñVmdZm
1.2 {df` - {ddaU
1.2.1 AmYw{ZH$ : AW© VWm ñdê$n
1.2.2 na§nam Am¡a AmYw{ZH$Vm
1.2.3 AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ VËd
1.2.4 AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m Zm‘H$aU
1.2.5 AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË` H$s {deofVmE±
1.3 eãXmW© Ed§ {Q>ßn{U¶m±
1.4 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
1.5 gmam§e
1.6 ñdmÜ¶m¶
1.7 joÌr¶ H$m¶©
1.8 A{V[a³V AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.0 CÔoí`
Bg BH$mB© H$mo n‹T>Zo Ho$ ~mX Amn-
· AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s AdYmaUm ñnï> H$a gH|$Jo&
· AmYw{ZH$Vm Am¡a na§nam Ho$ g§~§Y H$mo OmZ gH|$Jo&
· AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ VËdm| go n[a{MV hmo gH|$Jo&
· AmYw{ZH$ {hÝXr gm{hË` H$s {deofVmAm| go AdJV hmo OmE±Jo&
· AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m ñdê$n Ed§ g§H$ënZm (AmYw{ZH$ eãX) H$m ~moY hmoJm&
1.1 àñVmdZm
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ gm{hË` Ho$ AÜ``Z ‘| AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ H$mo g‘P boZm AË`§V ‘hÎdnyU© h¡& Š`m|{H$ O~
VH$ h‘ "AmYw{ZH$' {deofU, CgH$s {deofVmE±, {d{^Þ AW© N>Q>mE± Am{X H$mo g‘P Zht gH|$Jo V~ VH$ AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË`
H$m gQ>rH$ AÜ``Z Zht H$a nmE±Jo& h‘ `h OmZVo h¡ {H$ H$moB© ^r gm{hË` VWm CgH$s àd¥{Îm`m± Cg `wJ H$s Am{W©H$,
gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, amOZr{VH$, Ym{‘©H$ Am{X n[apñW{V`m| go à^m{dV ahVr h¡& AmYw{ZH$ eãX ‘ybV… H$mbdmMH$ h¡&
gZ 1857 Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m‘ Ho$ ~mX Omo amOZr{VH$ gÎmm§Va hþAm VWm ^maV na A§J«oOr hþHy$‘V H$m A§‘b ewê$ hmoZo Ho$
n[aUm‘ñdê$n {d{dY joÌm| ‘| Omo n[adV©Z hþE, Cggo ^maV ‘| AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$m Ama§^ ‘mZm OmVm h¡& BZ n[adV©Zm| ‘|
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ : 1

gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[adV©Z {deof ‘hÎdnyU© aho& gm{hË` g§ñH¥${V H$m dmhH$ h¡ VWm Bg‘| VËH$mbrZ `wJrZ
n[adoe H$s `WmW© A{^ì`{³V hmoVr h¡& `h AmYw{ZH$Vm ZdOmJaU Ho$ ê$n ‘| gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$, Ym{‘©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌm|
‘| ^r {dH${gV hþB©& gm{hË` ZE {dMmam|, e¡{b`m|, ^mfm Ho$ gmW àd¥{Îm`m| H$mo AnZmVm hþAm XoIm J`m& Bg gm{hË` H$m
ñdê$n XoIZo go nhbo AmYw{ZH$, AmYw{ZH$Vm H$mo OmZZm ‘hÎdnyU© hmoJm& AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ na§nam Am¡a g‘H$mbrZVm Ho$ g§~§Ym|
H$mo ^r g‘PZm hmoJm&
1.2 {df`-{ddaU
AmYw{ZH$ {deofU H$mb `m g‘`gyMH$Vm Ho$ gmW-‘yë`dmMH$ ^r h¡& Bgo H$B© AWm] ‘| Xem©`m J`m h¡& bo{H$Z BgHo$
‘yb AW© H$mo g‘PH$a CgHo$ ^md~moY H$mo OmZZm VWm qhXr gm{hË` ‘| BgH$m Am{d^m©d H$~ Am¡a {H$g àH$ma go hþAm Bgo
g‘PZm Amdí`H$ h¡& AmYw{ZH$ ^md~moY go à^m{dV gm{hË` AnZo nyd©dVu gm{hË` go AbJ Wm& Bgo aoIm§{H$V H$aVo hþE
AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË` H$s {deofVmAm| H$mo {ZYm©[aV H$aZm ‘hÎdnyU© h¡& AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ AW© H$mo gm{hË` H$s Ñ{ï> go g‘PZm
VWm AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË` H$s àd¥{Îm`m|, {deofVmAm| H$mo g‘PZm Bg BH$mB© H$m CÔoí` ahm h¡&
1.2.1 AmYw{ZH$ : AW© VWm ñdê$n

O¡gm h‘ H$h MwHo$ h¡, AmYw{ZH$ {deofU H$mb `m g‘` Ho$ gmW ^md VWm {dMma H$mo ^r Xem©Vm h¡& `h A§J«oOr Ho$
‘m°S>Z© (Modern) eãX H$m qhXr ê$nm§Va h¡& ì`wËn{Îm Ho$ AmYma na "Omo AYwZm hmoVm h¡ dhr AmYw{ZH$ h¡&' AmYw{ZH$ H$m
AW© h¡ - AmO H$b H$m, dV©‘mZ H$mb H$m, Zò O‘mZo H$m, A~ H$m, hmb H$m VWm dV©‘mZ go g§~§{YV & AmYw{ZH$ go g‘m§Va
Hw$N> AÝ` eãX ^r h¢ O¡go - àñVwV, dV©‘mZ, g‘H$mbrZ, g‘H$m{bH$ `m g‘gm‘{`H$& g‘mZmW©H$ hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX BZ eãXm|
Ho$ AW© ‘| Wmo‹S>m ~hþV A§Va ZOa AmVm h¡& BZ‘| go A{YH$Va eãX "AmYw{ZH$' Ho$ g§Hw${MV AW© H$mo A{^ì`³V H$aVo h¡§&
AmYw{ZH$ {deofU go "AmYw{ZH$Vm' `h ^mddmMH$ g§km ~Zr h¡&
AmYw{ZH$ eãX H$m nhbm Am¡a àmW{‘H$ AW© Vmo H$mb `m g‘` go g§~§{YV h¡& g‘` gmnoj Ñ{ï> go `h EH$ {deof
g‘` H$m ÚmoVH$ h¡& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb AnZo {nN>bo `wJ go Bg H$maU AmYw{ZH$ h¡ {H$ dh CgH$s VwbZm ‘| g‘` H$s Ñ{ï> go Z`m
h¡ & Bg Ñ{ï> go ^{³VH$mb go ar{VH$mb AmYw{ZH$ h¡& VWm Am{XH$mb go ^{³VH$mb AmYw{ZH$ h¡& `h AW© B{Vhmg H«$‘ ‘|
{ZYm©[aV hmoVm h¡&
AmYw{ZH$ eãX H$m EH$ AW© "{dMmanaH$' ^r h¡& Bg AmYma na AmYw{ZH$ H$m AW© h¡ - "‘Ü``wJrZ - {dMma nÕ{V
go {^Þ VWm ZdrZ OrdZ Ñ{ï>&' Bg‘| B{Vhmg H«$‘ Zht ~pëH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ ~moY ‘hÎdnyU© hmoVm h¡& Bg Ñ{ï> go "AmYw{ZH$'
eãX B{Vhmg Ho$ {dH${gV MoVZm H$m ÚmoVH$ h¡& AmO ~m¡ÕH$mb ^bo hr àmMrZ ~Z J`m hmo na§Vw {dMma Ho$ joÌ ‘| dh AmO
^r AmYw{ZH$ h¡& ar{VH$mb ^bo hr H$mb H$s Ñ{ï> go AmYw{ZH$ ahm hmo na {dMma H$s Ñ{ï> go ^{³VH$mb hr AmYw{ZH$ h¡&
Bggo ñnï> h¡ {H$ Omo dV©‘mZ H$m Zht h¡ dh ^r {dMmanaH$ AW© ‘| AmYw{ZH$ h¡& Bg g§X^© ‘| `h ñnï> h¡ {H$ {OgH$m Ñ{ï>H$moU
{ddoH$`w³V, ì`mdhm[aH$ VWm d¡km{ZH$ h¡, Omo na§nam H$mo pñWa Z ‘mZH$a g‘` Ed§ n[apñW{V Ho$ AZwgma CÝh| ~XbVm h¡,
AnZo g‘` H$s KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ à{V OmJê$H$, à~wÕ, ì`mnH$ VWm Jham gamoH$ma aIZodmbm ì`{³V VWm H$mb AmYw{ZH$ h¡& Bg
ZdrZ `m AmYw{ZH$ à^md go nyd©dVu gm{hË` go {^Þ àd¥{Îm`m|, e¡{b`m|, {df`dñVw VWm ^mfm ‘| ZdrZ gm{hË` H$m g¥OZ
hmoVm h¡ Vmo Cgo AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË` H$hm OmEJm& AmYw{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moUdmbm ì`{³V à`moJ Ho$ à{V bJmd aIVm h¡ VWm A{Zï>
ê$T>r Ed§ na§namAm| Ho$ à{V {dÐmoh H$m ê$I AnZmVm h¡&
AmYw{ZH$Vm ^mddmMH$ g§km h¡& `h AmYw{ZH$ hmoZo H$s pñW{V `m ‘mZ{gH$Vm H$s ÚmoVH$ h¡& `h EH$ à{H«$`m ^r h¡
Omo EH$ go A{YH$ Xm¡am| go JwOar h¡& BgH$s gd©‘mÝ` `m gd©g‘mdoeH$ n[a^mfm XoZm g§^d Zht h¡& {’$a ^r EH$ à{H«$`m `m
g§aMZm Ho$ ê$n ‘| Bgo g‘PZo Ho$ {bE {dÛmZm| H$s ‘mÝ`VmAm| H$m {ddoMZ H$aZm Amdí`H$ àVrV hmoVm h¡&
am‘Ymarqgh {XZH$a
""AmYw{ZH$Vm EH$ à{H«$`m H$m Zm‘ h¡& `h à{H«$`m A§Y{dídmg go ~mha {ZH$mbZo H$s à{H«$`m h¡& `h à{H«$`m Z¡{VH$Vm
‘| CXmaVm ~aVZo H$s à{H«$`m h¡& `h à{H«$`m ~w{ÕdmXr ~ZZo H$s à{H«$`m h¡& `h à{H«$`m Y‘© Ho$ ghr ê$n na nhþ§°MZo H$s à{H«$`m
h¡&''
S>m.° bú‘rH$m§V d‘m©
AmYw{ZH$Vm Bg{bE H$moB© ê$T>r Zht h¡, dh EH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ n[a{Y h¡ Omo EH$ `wJ Ho$ ‘mZ{gH$ YamVb H$mo Hw$N> ZB©
CnbpãY`m| Ho$ AZwgma H$m±Q>Vr-N>m±Q>Vr h¡ AWdm ZE g§X^© OmoS>Vr h¡ Am¡a nwamZo H$mo `m š Eogm| H$mo Omo gVV J{Verb Zht ah
nmVo, AnZo go n¥WH$ ^r ahVo h¡&
S>m.° OJXre Jwá

AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m AW© ‘oao {ZH$Q> nwamVZ H$mo Jmbr XoZm Zht h¡, daZ gmaJ«m{hUr VËd Ñ{ï> Ho$ gmW {dJV gm§ñH¥${VH$
g‘¥{Õ H$mo AmË‘gmV H$aVo hþE ‘mZd H$s dV©‘mZ {Z`{V Ed§ CgHo$ ^mdr {dH$mg Ho$ à{V AnZo Xm{`Ëd H$m {d{eï> Ed§ g{H«$`
AZw^d H$aZm h¡&
S>m.° {dZ`
""AmYw{ZH$Vm EH$ Eogr AdYmaUm Am¡a à{H«$`m h¡ {OgHo$ VhV gO©H$ qMVH$ nwamZo H$m {díbofU H$aVo hþE Cgo AnZo
dV©‘mZ Ho$ àg§J ‘| Om±MVm h¡ Am¡a ^{dî` H$m ê$nm`Z ^r H$aVm h¡& Bg nyar à{H«$`m ‘| H$mb~ÕVm g‘má hmo OmVr h¡&
Cn`w©³V n[a^mfmAm| Ho$ {ddoMZ, {díbofU Ho$ AmYma na AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s, {deofVmE± {ZåZm§{H$V h¡&
(1) AmYw{ZH$Vm g‘`gmnoj Ho$ gmW {dMmagmnoj ^r h¡&
(2) {dMmagmnoj H$m g§~§YZ`r OrdZ go h¡& Bg‘| B{Vhmg H«$‘ Zht hmoVm, ~pëH$ B{Vhmg ~moY H$s àYmZVm ahVr h¡&
(3) `h EH$ {Za§Va MbZodmbr à{H«$`m h¡&
(4) AmYw{ZH$Vm AVrV H$s à{V{H«$¶m, dV©‘mZ go à{V~Õ Am¡a ^{dî` Ho$ à{V àJV hmoVr h¡&
(5) AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m AVrV VWm na§nam Ho$ gmW Jham [aíVm ahm h¡&
(6) n[apñW{V VWm g‘` Ho$ AZwgma `h ~XbVr `m J{Verb ahVr h¡& AmYw{ZH$Vm na AmO Ho$ ‘Zwî` H$m hr EH$m{YH$ma
Zht h¡&
(7) AmYw{ZH$Vm EH$ {ddoH$erb VWm d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU h¡& Bg‘| A~m¡{ÕH$ YmaUmAm|, {‘Ï`m ‘mÝ`VmAm| H$mo H$moB© ñWmZ
Zht hmoVm&
(8) ì`mdhm[aH$Vm, `WmW©Vm, ‘mZd àJ{V ‘| AmñWm, à`moJY{‘©Vm VWm Ñ{ï>H$moU H$s d¡km{ZH$Vm BgHo$ JwU aho h¡§&
(9) ~m¡{ÕH$Vm, ‘mZd H$s ‘mZd Ho$ ê$n ‘| à{Vð>m, ZJa gä`Vm H$m àmYmÝ`, àOmVm§{ÌH$ ‘yë`, dV©‘mZ Ho$ à{V gOJVm,
na§nam g§emoYZ BgHo$ bjU h¡&
(10) n[adV©Z go AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m Jham [aíVm h¡&
Cn`w©³V {ddoMZ Ho$ AmYma na `h ñnï> h¡ {H$ AmYw{ZH$Vm EH$ ^md, {dMma, OrdZ Ñ{ï> Ho$ gmW à{H«$`m ^r h¡&
AmYw{ZH$Vm gm{hË` ‘| H$B© ê$nm| ‘| ì`³V hmoVr h¡& BgH$m g§~§Y aMZmH$ma Ho$ g§nyU© ì`{³VËd Ed§ CgH$s aMZm à{H«$`m go h¡&
1.2.2 na§nam Am¡a AmYw{ZH$Vm

AmYw{ZH$ {deofU go "AmYw{ZH$Vm' `h ^mddmMH$ g§km ~Z OmVr h¡& A§J«oOr ‘| Bgo ‘mS>{Z©Q>r (Modernity) H$hm
OmVm h¡& BgH$m gab AW© "AmYw{ZH$ hmoZo H$s pñW{V `m ^md h¡&' Bg‘| AmYw{ZH$ n[adoe, dñVwE±, J{V{d{Y`m|, pñW{V`m|
VWm ^mdZm Ed§ {dMmam| H$m g‘mdoe hmoVm h¡& EZgmBŠbmonr{S>`m {~«Q>m{ZH$m Ho$ AZwgma, "ZdrZ n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ g§X^© ‘|
AnZo Amn H$m g§ñH$ma H$aZm hr AmYw{ZH$Vm h¡&' ZJ|Ð VWm Hw$~oaZmW am` O¡go {dÛmZ Bgo OrdZ Ñ{ï> ‘mZVo h¡§& bú‘rH$m§V
d‘m© Bgo n[aàoú` ‘mZVo h¢ {OgHo$ AmYma na AbJ go ‘yë` {ZYm©[aV hmoVo h¡§& Agb ‘| AmYw{ZH$Vm n[adV©Zerb VWm
XoeH$mb gmnoj h¡& dh {H$gr ^r ~§YZm| ‘| OH$‹S>r hB© Zht h¡& n[apñW{V Am¡a g‘` Ho$ AZwgma CgH$m ê$n h‘oem ~XbVm
ahVm h¡& AmO Omo AmYw{ZH$ h¡ H$b dh nwamZm hmo OmEJm& AmYw{ZH$Vm ha Xoe VWm H$mb ‘| ahr h¡& Eo{Vhm{gH$ MoVZm
BgH$m ‘yb AmYma h¡& Cn`w©³V {deofVmAm| Ho$ AmYma na `hr H$h|Jo {H$ AmYw{ZH$Vm g‘` Ho$ gmW {dMmagmnoj ^r h¡ Omo
‘Ü``wJrZ {dMma nÕ{V go {^Þ VWm Z`r OrdZ nÕ{V H$m n[aMm`H$ h¡& Bg‘| B{Vhmg H«$‘ Zht, B{Vhmg ~moY H$s àYmZVm
h¡& AmYw{ZH$ ì`{³V AnZo g§nyU© AVrV H$mo g‘oQ>H$a dV©‘mZ H$s qMVZVm Ho$ gmW ^{dî` {Z‘m©U H$m gnZm XoIVm h¡&
O~ h‘ na§nam Am¡a AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ ñdê$n H$m AÜ``Z H$aVo h¡, Vmo `h VÏ` gm‘Zo AmVm h¡ {H$ na§nam Am¡a

AmYw{ZH$Vm AbJ Z hmoH$a XmoZm| EH$ hr VËd h¡& Š`m|{H$ àmMrZ VWm na§nam go ZmVm Vmo‹S>H$a H$moB© AmYw{ZH$ Zht ~Z
gH$Vm& `h Vmo ‘mZmo O‹S>m| go Qy>Q>Zm hr h¡& AmYw{ZH$Vm Vmo àmMrZ VWm AVrV Ho$ J^© OÝ‘ boVr h¡& ^{dî` H$m {Zdm©h H$aVr
h¡& AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m g§~§Y AVrV, dV©‘mZ Ho$ gmW ^{dî` go ^r Ow‹S>m h¡& AmYw{ZH$Vm AVrV Ho$ g§~§Y, dV©‘mZ go à{V~Õ
VWm ^{dî` Ho$ à{V CÝ‘wI hmoVr h¡& (S>m°. ZJ|Ð) AmñWm Ho$ MaU-n¥. 218) na§nam go hr AVrV go Mbr Am ahr àWmAm|,
ar{V [admOm| Ho$ gmW-gmW {dMmaYmamAm| H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡& `h {H$gr g‘mO Ho$ {bE `wJ-`wJ go g§{MV Eogr {Z{Y hmoVr h¡
{OgHo$ ‘mÜ`‘ go Cg g‘mO H$mo nhMmZm OmVm h¡& gmW hr BÝht na§namAm| H$m AmH$bZ H$aHo$ Cg g‘mO `m amï´> H$s
g§^mdZmAm| H$mo ^r ì`³V {H$`m OmVm h¡& S>m°. {dÚm{Zdmg {‘l AmYw{ZH$Vm Am¡a na§nam Ho$ [aíVo H$mo ñnï> H$aVo hþE {bIVo
h¡§, O~ VH$ H$moB© na§nam ñdñW, J{Verb Am¡a {ZË` ZyVZ ahVr h¡-`h AmYw{ZH$Vm hr H$hbmVr h¡& qH$Vw O¡go hr CgHo$ Hw$N>
VËd pñWa Ed§ O‹S> ~ZH$a ê${‹T> ~Z OmVo h¢ `h AmYw{ZH$Vm go H$Q> OmVr h¡, nrN>o Ny>Q> OmVr h¡&'' `h Omo VËd O‹S> Ed§ pñWa
~ZVo h¡ BZH$m ‘mZdr` Cn`mo{JVm H$s Ñ{ï> go H$moB© ‘hÎd `m ‘yë` Zht ahVm& {OgH$m H$moB© Cn`moJ Zht hmoVm Cgo N>mo‹S>Zm hr
n‹S>Vm h¡& àËòH$ `wJ BgHo$ {bE à`moJ VWm narjU H$aVm h¡& na§nam ‘| ñdrH$ma Am¡a Ë`mJ XmoZm| àd¥{Îm`m± H$m‘ H$aVr h¡&
^maVr` gm‘m{OH$ VWm Ym{‘©H$ Am§XmobZm| Zo ê${‹T>`m| Ho$ ‘¡bonZ H$mo Xya H$a na§nam H$mo h‘oem {Z‘©b ~ZmE aIm h¡& ñnï> h¡ {H$
na§nam ‘| CÝht ~mVm| H$mo ñdrH$mam OmVm h¡, Omo ‘mZd OrdZ Ho$ bú` H$s Amoa OmZo ‘| H$m‘ H$a gH$Vr h¡& ~oH$ma, {ZaW©H$
VWm {Z:gma H$m Ë`mJ hr {H$`m OmVm h¡&
Bggo ñnï> h¡ {H$ Ord§V na§nam AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ ‘mJ© H$m amo‹S>m Zht ~ZVr ~pëH$ Cgo {Xem XoH$a AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s
‘m¡{bH$ CnbpãY`m| H$mo {dídgZr`Vm àXmZ H$aVr h¡& Bg AW© ‘| AmYw{ZH$Vm na§nam H$s {damoYr Z hmoH$a AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m
n`m©` hmo OmVr h¡&
1.2.3 AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ VËd

AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s n[a^mfm, ñdê$n H$m {ddoMZ H$aVo hþE h‘ `h OmZ MwHo$ h¡ {H$ AmYw{ZH$Vm EH$ {ddoH$erb X{ï>H$moU
`m OrdZ X¥{ï> h¡& ‘mZd ^{dî` Ho$ à{V qMVm AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m ‘w»` {df` h¡& ‘mZd Ho$ gwIH$a OrdZ `m ^{dî` Ho$ {bE
nwamZr `m {‘Ï`m ‘mÝ`VmAm|, YmaUmAm|, AmñWmAm|, ‘yë`m| Ho$ gmW ê${‹T>`m| H$mo Ë`mJZm AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s A{Zdm`© eV© h¡& `h
H$m`© `WmW©dmXr ~ZH$a, d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU H$mo AnZmH$a, dV©‘mZ Ho$ à{V gOJ ahH$a hr g§^d ~Zm`m Om gH$Vm h¡&
gm{hË` Agb ‘| g‘mO Ho$ {hV Ho$ {bE {bIm OmVm h¡& g‘mO H$m {hV Cgr aMZm ‘| ZOa AmEJm {OgH$m aMZmH$ma ñd`§
AmYw{ZH$ Ñ{ï>dmbm hmo& aMZm ‘| AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY VbmeZo Ho$ {bE AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ VËdm| H$m {ddoMZ H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡&
(H$) d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>

‘Ü`H$mb VH$ H$m ‘Zwî` X¡ddmX na âmogm H$a AnZo OrdZ ‘| K{Q>V AÀN>r ~war KQ>Zm Ho$ {bE B©ída `m {Z`{V H$mo
{Oå‘oXma ‘mZVm Wm& bo{H$Z n§Ðhdt eVr Ho$ Amgnmg {dH${gV d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï> Zo Bg ‘mÝ`Vm H$mo MmoQ> nhþ±MmH$a EH$ ZB©
MoVZm OmJ«V H$s& {dkmZ Zo ~mhar OJV Ho$ gmW h‘mar ‘mZ{gH$Vm H$mo ^r à^m{dV {H$`m {OgHo$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n h‘mao OrdZ
‘| K{Q>V AÀN>r ~war KQ>ZmAm| H$mo {Z`{V Z ‘mZH$a CgHo$ Vh VH$ OmH$a H$m`©-H$maU g§~§Ym| H$mo Vamem Om ahm h¡& Bgr
H$maU ^JdmZ JUoe Or Ho$ Xw½Y àmeZ H$mo ^³V `m ^mdwH$ ~ZH$a ñdrH$maZo go H$B© Á`mXm VQ>ñW ahH$a, g‘rjm H$a BgH$s
pI„r C‹S>mB© OmVr h¡& Ñ{ï>H$moU Ho$ Bg ~Xbmd go AmO H$m ‘Zwî` A{YH$ gOJ, gMoVZ VWm {Oå‘oXma ~Zm h¡& dh VQ>ñW
ahH$a {ZarjU-narjU H$a C{MV-AZw{MV H$s Om±M H$aVm h¡& AnZo g‘` Ho$ à{V gOJ ahH$a A{Zï> ê${‹T>`m| àWmAm|,
{‘Ï`mMmam| VWm Agm‘m{OH$ VËdm| H$m {ZS>aVm go gm‘Zm H$a BZH$s AmbmoMZm H$aVm h¡& ‘mZd {dH$mg Ho$ VËdm| H$s gamhZm
H$aVm h¡& d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï> go ~Zr àíZmHw$bVm H$s àd¥{Îm Cgo {H$gr ^r gË` {gÕm§V H$mo A§{V‘ ‘mZZo go amoH$Vr h¡& AmYw{ZH$Vm
àíZmHw$b ~ZH$a ha ~§Yr-~§YmB© ì`dñWm VWm YmaUm H$mo Vmo‹S>Vr h¡&
(I) ~m¡{ÕH$Vm
"~w{ÕdmX' dV©‘mZ `wJ H$s {deofVm ahr h¡& AmO {H$gr ^r gË`, VÏ` `m {gÕm§V H$mo ^mdZm Ho$ ñVa na J«hU Z H$a
~w{Õ Ho$ ghmao Vamem OmVm h¡& ~w{Õ hr C{MV-AZw{MV H$m Ý`m` H$aVr h¡& `h H$mì` `m gm{hË` H$m ‘hÎdnyU© VËd h¡&
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m gm{hË`H$ma `m ‘Zwî` Bgr Ho$ AmYma na gË` go gmjmËH$ma H$aVm h¡& ~w{Õ H$s H$gm¡Q>r na Iam CVaZo
na hr Bgo ñdrH$mam OmVm h¡& AmYw{ZH$Vm go CËnÞ ~m¡{ÕH$Vm `WmW© go gmjmËH$ma H$amVr h¡& `h ~m¡{ÕH$Vm OrdZ H$s
hVmem, {Zamem `m Qy>Q>o hþE ì`{³V`m| H$s Zht h¡& dh VQ>ñW ^md go AnZo n[adoe go OwPVr hþB© OrdZ Am¡a gm{hË` H$mo
g¥OZmË‘H$ ~ZmVr h¡&
(J) dV©‘mZ Ho$ à{V gOJ
AmYw{ZH$Vm AVrV go {OVZm g§~§Y aIVr h¡ CVZm hr ^{dî` go ^r& bo{H$Z `h Z hr AVrV Ho$ ^wb^wb¡`m go {X½^«{‘V
hmoVr h¡ Am¡a Z hr ^{dî` H$s gwIX H$ënZm go C‹S>mZ âVr h¡& dh grYo dV©‘mZ go Ow‹S>H$a MwZm¡{V`m| H$m gm‘Zm H$aVr hþB©
^{dî` H$s g§^mdZmAm| H$mo OVmVr h¡& MwZm¡{V`m| Ho$ g‘mYmZ hoVw dh na§nam H$m ^r AmYma boVr h¡& AmYw{ZH$ ì`{³V `m
gm{hË`H$ma gOJ ~ZH$a à{V{XZ AnZo n[adoe Ho$ X~mdm| H$mo PobVm hþAm g§Kf© H$aVm h¡& dh AnZo n[adoe go Z ‘w±h ‘moS>Vm
h¡ Am¡a Z hr ^mJVm h¡& n[adoe go Ow‹S>H$a AmX‘r VWm g‘mO H$s ì`Wm H$mo g‘PZm, AZw^d H$a A{^ì`³V H$aZm hr
AmYw{ZH$Vm h¡& H$~ra, Vwbgr, ào‘MX, àgmX, CJ«, ZmJmOw©Z, ‘mohZ amHo$e, ‘§Q>mo, H$‘boída VWm g§Ord H$m gm{hË` CZH$s
dV©‘mZ Ho$ à{V gOJVm H$mo hr Xem©Vm h¡& Bgr gOJVm Ho$ n[aUm‘ ñdê$n ì`{³V VWm g‘mO OrdZ H$s gyú‘V‘ A{^ì`{³V
gm{hË` Ho$ Ûmam g§^d hþB© h¡&
(K) `WmW©~moY
AmYw{ZH$ ‘Zwî` AnZo n[adoe go ‘w±h Zht MwamVm ~pëH$ Cggo b‹S>Vm h¡& AnZo n[adoe VWm `wJrZ n[apñW{V`m| H$mo
H$ënZm VWm AmXe©‘ybH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU go XoIZo H$s Anojm dh `WmW©dmXr ~ZH$a H$Qy> gÀMmB`m| Ho$ ê$n ‘| CÝh| ñdrH$maVm h¡&
`hr `WmW©Vm gmhg ~ZH$a CgH$m gmW XoVr h¡& AnZr Am±Im| Ho$ gm‘Zo {XImB© XoZodmbr KQ>ZmAm|, n[apñW{V`m| H$m dh hÿ-
~-hÿ dU©Z H$aVm h¡& Bg dU©Z ‘| "Am±Im|-XoIr' ~mVm| H$mo B§{Ð` àË`j g§~§Yr {gÕm§V Ho$ AmYma na hr XoIm `m AZw^d
{H$`m OmVm h¡& `h AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m š ‘hÎdnyU© VËd h¡ Š`m|{H$ O~ VH$ OrdZ Am¡a OJV Ho$ à{V h‘mar Ñ{ï> ‘| aMZmË‘H$
`WmW© H$m A^md ahoJm, V~ VH$ h‘ AmYw{ZH$ Zht hmo gH$Vo&
(S>) àJ{VerbVm
na§nam O~ g‘mO Ho$ {hV H$s ~ZH$a g‘` Ho$ AZwgma AnZo Amn ‘| g§emoYZ H$a ~Xbmd H$mo AnZmVr h¡ Vmo dh
AmYw{ZH$ ~Z OmVr h¡& g§emoYZ Ho$ H$maU Cg‘| ì`má O‹S>Vm g‘má hmo OmVr h¡& g‘mO ^r A{Zï> àWm-na§namAm| Ho$ à{V
{dÐmoh H$a Cg‘o§ ì`má Agm‘m{OH$ VËdm| H$mo Zht {ZH$mbVm, V~ VH$ dh AmYw{ZH$ Zht H$hbmVm & OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ ‘|
g‘` Ho$ AZwgma, g‘mO{hV H$mo Ü`mZ ‘| aIH$a ~Xbmd H$aZo H$s Ñ{ï> hr àJ{VerbVm h¡& gƒo gm{hË`H$ma Ho$ nmg Bg Ñ{ï>
H$m hmoZm AË`§V Amdí`H$ h¡&
àíZmHw$bVm
AmYw{ZH$ ~moY go `w³V ‘Zwî` {H$gr ^r gË` {gÕm§V H$mo A§{V‘ Zht ‘mZVm h¡& dh àíZmHw$b ~ZH$a g§Xoh H$m AmYma
boH$a hr AmJo J{V‘mZ ahVm h¡& `hr àíZmHw$bVm CgH$s àoaUm {gÕ hmoVr h¡& AmYw{ZH$Vm EH$ àíZmHw$b ‘mZ{gH$Vm hr h¡,
Omo ha ~§Yr-~§YmB© ì`dñWm, ‘`m©Xm `m YmaUm H$mo Vmo‹S>Vr h¡& `h Eogr ‘mZ{gH$Vm h¡ Omo {H$gr ^r ‘yë`, YmaUm, {gÕm§V `m
VÏ` H$mo g§Xoh H$s Ñ{ï> go XoIVr h¡& Om±M-n‹S>Vmb Ho$ ~mX hr Cgo AnZmVr h¡& gm{hË`H$ma ^r g‘mO H$m {ZarjU `m
narjU H$aVo g‘` g‘mOì`má ‘yë`m|, YmaUmAm| VWm ê${‹T>-àWm- na§nam H$mo àíZmHw$b Ñ{ï> go XoIVm h¡& `hr àíZmHw$b
‘mZ{gH$Vm Cgo C{MV-AZw{MV H$m ~moY H$amZo ‘| ghmæ`H$ hmoVr h¡& gm{hË`H$ma EH$ Amoa g‘mOì`má {dg§J{V`m| VWm
{df‘VmAm| H$s H$‹S>r AmbmoMZm H$aVm h¡& dht OZVm ‘| àíZmHw$b `m dñVw{Zð> Ñ{ï> Ho$ {Z‘m©U H$m ^r H$m`© H$aVm h¡&
Cn`w©³V {ddoMZ go ñnï> h¡ {H$ AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ {Z`m‘H$ VËd Agb ‘| aMZm Ho$ gmW aMZmH$ma Ho$ ì`{³VËd Ho$ KQ>H$
VËd h¡& BÝht VËdm| Ho$ AmYma na {H$gr aMZm Ho$ gmW aMZmH$ma ‘| AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY H$mo Vbmem Om gH$Vm h¡& qhXr
gm{hË` ‘| AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s ewê$AmV ^bo hr CÞrgdt gXr ‘| hþB© hmo bo{H$Z {dMma `m OrdZ Ñ{ï> Ho$ AmYma na qhXr
gm{hË` ‘| AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s ewê$AmV g§V H$~ra Ho$ gm{hË` go hr ‘mZZr n‹S>oJr&
1.2.4 AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m Zm‘H$aU

H$mb AI§S>, AZ§V, A{daV àdmh na§nam h¡& ‘Zwî` Zo AnZo {ZOr gw{dYm Ho$ hoVw Cgo H$B© I§‹S>m| VWm {d^mJm| ‘|
{d^m{OV {H$`m h¡& H$mb {d^mOZ H$s gm‘mÝ` nÕ{V Ho$ AmYma na Cgo Am{X-‘Ü` VWm AmYw{ZH$ ê$n ‘| {d^m{OV {H$`m
OmVm h¡& CgHo$ A{V[a³V ‘mZd-‘Zmo{dkmZ Am¡a VËH$mbrZ gm{hË` H$s à‘wI àd¥{Îm H$mo ^r Zm‘H$aU H$m AmYma ~Zm
{b`m OmVm h¡& BÝht Xmo AmYmam| na AmMm¶© am‘M§Ð ewŠb Or Zo CÎma ‘Ü` `wJ Ho$ ~mX (g§. 1900 go g§. A~ VH$) Ho$ H$mb
H$mo AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$hm VWm Bg `wJ H$s {deof àd¥{Îm Ho$ AmYma na "JÚH$mb' Zm‘ go g§~mo{YV {H$`m& A{YH$Va {dÛmZ
VWm B{Vhmg H$ma Bgo hr à‘mU ‘mZVo h¡&
S>m°. ~ƒZ qgh Ho$ "AmYw{ZH$ qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg' J«§W ‘| AmYw{ZH$ eãX Xmo AWm] H$s gyMZm XoVm h¡ -
"‘Ü`H$mb go {^ÞVm' Am¡a "ZdrZ Bhbm¡{H$H$ Ñ{ï>H$moU' & ‘Ü`H$mb H$s amOZr{V Zo g‘mO, Y‘© VWm g§ñH¥${V H$mo à^m{dV
{H$`m Wm& '`Wm amOm VWm àOm' H$s àd¥{ÎmZwgma gm‘m{OH$ OrdZ ‘| ^moJ VWm {dbmg H$s ‘mÌm ~‹T>r Wr& gm{hË` ‘| nm§{S>Ë`
àXe©Z H$m ~mob~mbm ahm& amOm H$mo [aPmZo Ho$ {bE Zm{`H$m H$m ZI{eIm§V VWm l¥§Jmanyd©H$ dU©Z hr H${d Ho$ OrdZ H$m
bú` ahm& AË`§V l¥§Jm[aH$Vm, Amb§H$m[aH$Vm, Xmohm N>§X H$m à`moJ VWm àM{bV na§nam Ho$ AmYma na ar{VJ«§Wm| H$m {Z‘m©U
Am{X Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n `h gm{hË` OZnW H$m Z hmoH$a amOnW H$m gm{hË` ahm& Bg‘| Am‘ AmX‘r H$m {MÌU Z Ho$ ~am~a
ahm& ‘Ü`H$mb H$s Bg O‹S>Vm VWm ê${‹T>dm{XVm H$mo AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s EH$ {d{eï> Eo{Vhm{gH$ à{H«$`m Zo VmoS>H$a Cgo
J{V‘mZ ~Zm`m& gm{hË` ‘| AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$s Amdí`H$VmAm|, g‘ñ`mAm| H$mo {M{ÌV {H$`m J`m& {deof H$a AmYw{ZH$
H$mb H$m JÚ gm{hË` OrdZ H$m `WmW© {MÌU H$m à‘wI ‘mÜ`‘ ~Zm& gm{hË` ‘| OrdZ H$m ì`mnH$ VWm `WmW© {MÌU hmoZo
go dh AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ Ho$ A{YH$ {ZH$Q> Am gH$m& JÚ e¡br H$m {dH$mg, I‹S>r~mobr H$m gm{hpË`H$ ^mfm ~ZZm, amï´>r`
MoVZm H$s A{^ì`{³V Ho$ gmW-gmW Am‘ AmX‘r Ho$ gwI-XwI Ho$ gmW grYo Ow‹S> OmZo H$s àd¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU hr AmYw{ZH$
H$mb AnZo {dJV ar{VH$mb go {^Þ R>haVm h¡&
AmYw{ZH$ eãX H$m Xygam AW© h¡- ZdrZ Bhbm¡{H$H$ Ñ{ï>H$moU & bo{H$Z S>m°. {edHw$‘ma e‘m© O¡go B{VhmgH$ma Y‘©àYmZ
VWm nwê$fmW© na {dídmg aIZodmbo ^maVr` g‘mO OrdZ H$mo Bhbm¡{H$H$ VWm nabm¡{H$H$ Ho$ H$Q>Kao ‘| gr{‘V H$a XoZm C{MV
Zht ‘mZVo& AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ V¡`ma H$aZo ‘| {OZ CÞm`H$m|-amOm am‘‘mohZ am` go {ddoH$mZ§X Ed§ `moJr AaqdX O¡go
Xme©{ZH$m|, {dMmaH$m| VWm g‘mOgwYmaH$m| Zo {Og amï´>r` Ed§ gm§ñH¥${VH$ OmJaU H$s Ztd S>mbr Cg‘| Bhbm¡{H$H$Vm,
AmÜ`mpË‘H$Vm Ho$ gmW na‘m{W©H$Vm ^r Ow‹S>r hþB© h¡& gmW hr `h Bhbm¡{H$H$Vm ar{VH$mbrZ gm{hË` ‘| ^r XoIr JB© h¡&
bo{H$Z `h ^r gM h¡ {H$ AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ‘| hr Y‘©, Xe©Z, gm{hË`, g§ñH¥${V Am{X joÌm| ‘| ZE VWm AmYw{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU H$m
A{d^m©d hþAm Wm& ar{VH$mb H$m gm{hË`H$ma VWm gm{hË` OZ gmYmaU H$s AdñWm Ho$ à{V ‘m¡Z Wm& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m
gm{hË` VWm g‘mO XmoZm| ^r AnZo g‘` VWm n[adoe Ho$ à{V gOJ VWm gVH©$ Wo & ~w{ÕdmX H$s àYmZVm Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n
Y‘© VWm Xe©Z H$s àM{bV ‘mÝ`VmAm| na àíZ{MÝh I‹S>o {H$E JE& g‘mO ‘| ì`má {df‘VmAm| VWm {dg§J{V`m| H$s
AmbmoMZm hmoZo bJr& "gm‘m{OH$ gwYma' Ho$ gmW "amï´>ào‘ H$s ^mdZm' gm{hË` H$m H|$Ðr` {df` ~Zm& gmao Xoe ‘| EH$ àH$ma
go ZdOmJaU H$s bha gr n¡Xm hþB© Omo ì`{³V VWm g‘mO OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ H$mo à^m{dV H$aVr ahr & AmYw{ZH$ H$m 'AW©'
AmYw{ZH$ {dMmaYmam Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>m J`m h¡&
h‘ `h ^r XoIVo h¢ {H$ AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ H$mbgyMH$ VWm {dMma gyMH$ AW© Ho$ gmW Ow‹S>o Hw$N> AÝ` Zm‘ ^r gm‘Zo
AmE h¡§& O¡go S>m°. í`m‘gw§XaXmg Zo Bgo "ZdrZ {dH$mg H$m H$mb' VWm {‘l~§YwAm| Zo "n[adV©Z H$mb' `m "dV©‘mZ H$mb' H$hm&
amOZmW e‘m© Bgo "nwZOm©JaU H$mb' H$mb H$hH$a g§~mo{YV H$aVo h¡§&
Cn`w©³V AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ Zm‘m| go ñnï> h¡ {H$ ò Zm‘ H$mb VWm {dMma `m ^mdgyMH$ h¡& BZgo AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s
‘hÎdnyU© àd¥{Îm`m| H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡&
1.2.5 AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË` H$s {deofVmE±

qhXr gm{hË` ‘| Omo AmYw{ZH$Vm AmB© CgH$m H$maU ^maV H$s ~Xbr hþB© n[apñW{V`m± Wr& AmYw{ZH$ n[adoe Zo Ohm±
g‘mO, Y‘©, AW© VWm g§ñH¥${V H$mo à^m{dV {H$`m dht gm{hË` Zo ^r Bg ~Xbo hþE n[adoe H$mo `WmW©Vm go A{^ì`³V {H$`m&
Bg ~Xbo hþE n[adoe H$mo A{^ì`³V H$aZo Ho$ {bE gm{hË` H$mo ^r AnZo {df`, e¡br VWm A{^ì`{³V H$s ^mfm H$mo ~Xbo
hþE n[adoe Ho$ AZwHy$b aIZm n‹S>m& Bg AmYw{ZH$ n[adoe Zo gm{hË`H$mam| ‘| d¡km{ZH$ VWm `WmW©dmXr Ñ{ï>, n[adoe Ho$ à{V
gOJVm, à`moJerbVm, ~m¡{ÕH$Vm, gm‘y{hH$ H$ë`mU H$s ^mdZm Ho$ gmW ‘mZd ApñVËd ‘| {dídmg VWm AmñWm O¡go VËd
XoH$a gm{hË` H$mo OZ‘mZg H$s AmdmO ~Zm`m& gm{hË` H$mo OZ-OZ VH$ nhþ±Mm`m& C{MV-AZw{MV H$s VO© na g‘mOì`má
{dg§J{V`m| VWm {df‘VmAm| H$s H$‹S>r AmbmoMZm H$a OZVm H$mo g‘mOì`má `WmW© go AdJV H$am`m VWm b‹S>Zo H$s àoaUm ^r
àXmZ H$s& AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$m gm{hË` AnZo nyd©dVu ar{VH$mb go ^md, dñVw, AZw^d VWm A{^ì`{³V Ho$ gmW-gmW {dMma,
^mfm VWm CÔoí` H$s Ñ{ï> go ^r {^Þ h¡& qhXr gm{hË` ‘| AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s ewê$AmV ^maV|Xw `wJ go ‘mZr JB© h¡& Bg `wJ Ho$
gm{hË` : H$s (JÚ Am¡a nÚ) à‘wI {deofVmE± {ZåZm§{H$V ahr h¡ -
(A) amï´>r`Vm
ar{VH$mbrZ gm{hË` ‘| ‘hmamUm àVmn, amOm {edmOr VWm amOm N>Ìgmb O¡go joÌr` amOmAm| H$s draVm H$m n[aM`
VËH$mbrZ ^yfU Am{X H${d`m| Ûmam {H$`m J`m Wm& bo{H$Z `h g§H$sU© amï´>r`Vm go D$na Z CR> gH$m& Bg‘| dra ag Vmo Wm hr
bo{H$Z A{YH$Va AnZo emgH$m| H$mo `wÕ Ho$ {bE ào[aV H$aZo H$s ^mdZm Wr& ò emgH$ qhXw Wo& B.g. 1857 Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm
g§J«m‘ Ho$ níMmV hr ì`mnH$ ê$n ‘| amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm ^maVr` OZ‘mZg ‘| n¡Xm hþB©& A§J«oOr emgH$m| H$s XmgVm VWm
AmV§H$ Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n ^maV|Xw Am{X H${d`m| Zo amï´>^{³VnyU© H${dVmAm| H$m {Z‘m©U {H$`m& Omo joÌr`Vm go Cna CR>H$a
g§nyU© amï´> H$s ZãO H$mo Q>Q>mobZodmbr ahr& Xoe H$s CÞ{V VWm AdZ{V Ho$ {bE {Oå‘oXma n[apñW{V`m| H$m `WmW© dU©Z H$a
OZ‘mZg ‘| amï´>r` ^mdZm Ho$ ~rOdnZ H$m ‘hÎdnyU© H$m`© gm{hË` Zo {Z^m`m& ^maV|Xw `wJ H$s H${dVm VWm ZmQ>H$ A§J«oOr
hwHy$‘V H$m {damoY H$a Xoe^{³V H$mo OmJ«V H$a aho Wo dht gm‘m{OH$ Am§XmobZm| H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoH$a gm‘m{OH$ gwYma H$s nhb
H$a aho Wo& {ÛdoXr `wJrZ gm{hË` H$s àYmZ "amï´>r`Vm' `h {deofVm hr ahr h¡& àgmX Ho$ ZmQ>H$ amï´>ào‘ H$s ^mdZm Ho$ gmW
AVrV H$m Jm¡adnyU© JwUJmZ H$aZodmbo aho h¡§& N>m`mdmX `wJ ‘| ‘mIZbmb MVwd}Xr, {g`mam‘eaU Jwá, ~mbH¥$îU e‘m©
"ZdrZ', gw^ÐmHw$‘mar Mm¡hmZ Am{X H${d`m| Zo Vmo Bgo gm{hË` H$m H|$Ðr` {df` ~Zm`m VWm "amï´>r`-gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ymam' Ho$ ê$n
‘| Bgo ‘mÝ`Vm ^r Xo Xr& Xoe H$s AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX AmO VH$ ^maVr` g§K H$s EH$Vm, AI§S>Vm VWm ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ gmW
Y‘©{ZanojVm O¡go VËdm| H$s gwajm, qhXw ‘wpñb‘ EoŠ`, Agm‘m{OH$ VWm AYm{‘©H$ VËdm| Ed§ ^«ï>mMma O¡go ‘yë`m| H$m {damoY
H$aVm hwAm qhXr gm{hË` amï´>r` ^mdZm H$mo CÎmamoÎma {dH${gV H$aVm XoIm J`m h¡&
(Am) JÚ H$m {dH$mg

ar{VH$mb VH$ gm{hË` H$s ^mfm ~«O Wr VWm H$mì` hr gm{hË` H$m n`m©` Wm& AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ nyd© VWm Voahdt VWm
Mm¡Xhdt gXr go hr ~«O, amOñWmZr VWm ‘¡{Wbr ^mfmAm| ‘| Wmo‹S>r ~hþV ‘mÌm ‘| JÚ H$m {Z‘m©U hþAm Wm Omo AmJo OmH$a
{dH${gV Z hþAm & I‹S>r~mobr ‘| ^r A§J«Om| Ho$ nyd© Ny>Q>nyQ> ‘mÌm ‘| JÚ H$m boIZ hþAm Wm& A§J«oOr {ejm Zr{V, ’$moQ>© {d{b`‘
H$mboO, BgmB© {‘eZ[a`m| H$m Y‘© Ho$ àMma-àgma hoVw ‘mÜ`‘ Ho$ ê$n ‘| Bgo AnZmZm, AZwdmX, Am`© VWm ~«m÷mo g‘mO Ûmam
à~moYZ VWm ‘wÐU`§Ìm| Ho$ gmW g‘mMma nÌm| Ho$ `moJXmZ Zo JÚ H$m ~hþ‘wIr {dH$mg hþAm& Bgo hr gm{hË` H$s à‘wI àd¥{Îm
‘mZH$a Am. am‘M§Ð ewŠb Or Zo Bgo "JÚH$mb' H$hH$a g§~mo{YV {H$`m& ^maV|Xw H$mb ‘| ^maV|Xw VWm BZH$s ‘§S>br Zo {Z~§Y,
ZmQ>H$, CnÝ`mg, H$hmZr VWm g‘rjm Am{X {dYmAm| H$mo JÚ e¡br ‘| A{^ì`³V {H$`m& Bg `wJ Ho$ g‘mMma nÌm| Zo ^r JÚ
Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| `moJXmZ {X`m& "gañdVr' n{ÌH$m Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go ì`mH$aU gå‘V ^mfm Ho$ gmW JÚ H$s {d{^Þ e¡{b`m| H$mo
{dH${gV {H$`m& N>m`mdmX Ho$ níMmV Vmo "JÚ' boIZ H$s àm¡‹T> VWm à‘wI e¡br ~ZH$a AZoH$mZoH$ {dYmAm| H$mo AnZmVr
J`r& AmO {Z~§Y, ZmQ>H$, EH$m§H$s, CnÝ`mg, H$hmZr, aoIm{MÌ, g§ñ‘aU, OrdZr, AmË‘H$Wm, `mÌm gm{hË`, nÌ, S>màr,
[anmoVm©O, gmjmËH$ma, AmbmoMZm Am{X {dYmE± AnZo {dH$mg H$s Ma‘ gr‘m na h¡&
(B) gm{hË` H$s ^mfm : I‹S>r~mobr

I‹S>r~mobr {h§Xr H$m {dH$mg VWm JÚ Ho$ ê$n ‘| àmá hþB© ‘mÝ`Vm AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$s ‘hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm h¡& H$^r {X„r VWm
‘oaR> Ho$ Amgnmg H$s OZgmYmaU H$s ~mobMmb H$s ^mfm ahr I‹S>r~mobr AnZr A§V[a‘ j‘VmAm| VWm `wJ H$s ‘m§J Ho$
AZwgma gm{hË` H$s ^mfm ~Zr& Bgo H$B© g§Kfm] H$mo PobZm n‹S>m h¡& A§J«oO, BgmB© {‘eZar, ^maV Ho$ Ym{‘©H$, gm‘m{OH$ VWm
amï´>r` Am§XmobZm| Ho$ gmW gm{hË` Zo Bgo ^maV H$s à‘wI ^mfm Ho$ ê$n ‘| AnZm`m& AmOmXr Ho$ Am§XmobZ H$mo OZ-OZ VH$
nh±MmZo ‘| `hr ^mfm ‘mÜ`‘ ~Zr& gZ 1823 Ho$ ~mX Bgo hr {h§Xr' ^mfm H$hm OmZo bJm& ^maV|Xw h[aíM§Ð Zo qhXr VWm CXy©
Ho$ PJS>o H$mo g‘má H$a BgHo$ ñdê$n H$mo pñWa ~Zm`m& ^maV|Xw VH$ JÚ H$s ^mfm I‹S>r~mobr ahr& {ÛdoXr `wJ ‘| JÚ VWm nÚ
XmoZm| H$s h¡ A{^ì`{³V I‹S>r~mobr ‘| hþB©& {ÛdoXr Or Zo 'gañdVr' Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go BgH$s ewÕVm H$s Amoa Ü`mZ {X`m VWm
H${d`m| H$mo ewÕ VWm ì`mH$aU gå‘V qhXr Ho$ boIZ Ho$ hoVw ào[aV {H$`m& ^maVr` g§{dYmZ Zo Bgo 'amO^mfm' Ho$ ê$n ‘|
à{V{ð>V {H$`m& AmO {díd ‘| qhXr gm{hË` AnZr àJ{VerbVm VWm à`moJerbVm Ho$ H$maU nhMmZm OmVm h¡& qhXr
gm{hË` Ho$ JmoqdX {‘l, ‘§Jboe S>~amb, ‘¡Ìo`r nwînm, ‘‘Vm H$m{b`m, S>m°. Vwbgram‘, CX` àH$me, g§Ord Ho$ gmW
AZoH$mZoH$ gm{hË`H$ma qhXr H$mo A{^ì`{³V H$m ‘mÜ`‘ ~Zm aho h¡§ gmW hr Cgo {dH${gV ^r H$a aho h¡§& AmO qhXr EH$
‘mZH$, n[a{Z{ð>V VWm ^maV H$s à‘wI ^mfm Ho$ ê$n ‘| à{g{Õ Ho$ {eIa na h¡&
(B©) gm‘m{OH$ MoVZm

AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË` H$s `h {deofVm ahr {H$ Bg‘| gm‘m{OH$ OrdZ H$s Cnojm Z hmoH$a OZVm H$s g‘ñ`mAm| H$mo
ì`mnH$ n[aàoú` ‘| A{^ì`³V {H$`m J`m& BgHo$ nyd© ar{VH$mbrZ gm{hË` ‘| amOmAm| VWm gm‘§Vm| Ho$ Aml` ‘| {bpIV
Xa~mar H$mì` ‘| gm‘m{OH$ n[adoe H$m {MÌU Z Ho$ ~am~a hAm h¡& AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ àW‘ MaU ‘| (^maV|Xw `wJ) {dYdm
XX©em, Añn¥í`Vm, emofU, Xoe H$s XwamdñWm. XhoO àWm, ~mb{ddmh Am{X H$m {damoY àH$Q> hþAm& ào‘M§X Zo {H$gmZ, ‘OXya
VWm X{bVm|-nr{S>Vm| H$s XwamdñWm H$mo ghmZw^y{VnyU© {M{ÌV {H$`m& {Zambm Zo Zmar ‘w{³V H$m AmdmhZ {H$`m & N>m`mdmXr
gm{hË` Vmo "‘mZdVmdmX' na hr {Q>H$m hþAm h¡& àJ{VdmX Zo emo{fVm| H$m H$ê$U JmZ H$a emofH$m| Ho$ à{V K¥Um VWm amof ì`³V
{H$`m& ^rî‘ gmhZr, ‘mohZ amHo$e, ènmb "gm§àXm{`H$Vm' go b‹S>Vo aho§& ñdmV§Í`moÎma `wJ ‘| "X{bV', "ór' VWm "Am{Xdmgr'
AnZr nr‹S>m ge³VVm go A{^ì`³V H$a gm{hË` Ho$ H|$Ð ‘| aho§& Bgr H$mb H$s amOZr{V Zo g‘mO OrdZ Ho$ ha n¡hby H$mo
à^m{dV {H$`m& Añgr Ho$ XeH$ ‘| CXmarH$aU, {ZOrH$aU VWm ^y‘§S>brH$aU go à^m{dV AW© àYmZ g§ñH¥${V AnZr g‘ñV
{defVmAm| Ho$ gmW gm{hË` ‘| A{^ì`³V hþB©&
(C) {df`m| H$s {d{dYVm

AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË` ‘| {d{dYVm Ho$ gmW ZdrZVm ^r ahr h¡& ar{VH$mb H$m gm{hË` Ohm± Zm{`H$m Ho$ ZI{eIm§V dU©Z
Ho$ gmW ar{VJ«§Wm| Ho$ {Z‘m©U VH$ gr{‘V ahm Wm (Zr{V, ^{³V , Á`mo{Vf, {dkmZ `m `wÕ Am{X {df`m| H$mo H$‘ A{YH$ ‘mÌm
‘| boIZ) dht AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË` {df` dñVw H$s Ñ{ï> go ì`mnH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU H$mo AnZmVm h¡& Bg `wJ Zo AnZo nyd©dVu gm{hË`
{df`m| H$s Cnojm Z H$aVo hþE ZE {df`m| H$mo AnZm`m& ^maV|Xw `wJ Zo ar{V-l¥§Jma-Zr{V Ho$ gmW ñdXoe ào‘, gm‘m{OH$
gwYma, CnXoemË‘H$Vm, àH¥${V {MÌU Ho$ gmW AmMaU g§~§Yr {df`m| H$mo AnZm`m& Ë`mJ, draVm, CXmaVm VWm g{hîUwVm Ho$
gmW ‘mZdVm H$mo N>m`mdmX ‘| OJh {‘br& AH$mb, ~oH$mar, ‘h§JmB© VWm gm§àXm{`H$Vm Ho$ gmW VËH$mbrZ `wJ Ho$ AZwê$n
gm‘{`H$ g‘ñ`mAm| H$m {MÌU ñdmV§Í`moÎma `wJ ‘| ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| hþAm& à`moJdmX Vmo ^mfm, e¡br, àVrH$m| Ho$ gmW {df`dñVw
Ho$ ê$n ‘| ^r à`moJerb ahm& qMQ>r go boH$a {h‘mb` VH$ Ho$ g^r àH$ma Ho$ N>moQ>o-~‹S>o {df`m| H$mo J«hU H$aVo hþE "g§gma H$s
H$moB© ^r dñVw ho` Zht h¡' H$m Zmam hr CÝhm|Zo bJm`m& AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX H$s amOZr{V, g‘mO, Y‘©, {ejm, gm{hË`, g§ñH¥${V,
{dkmZ AnZr g‘ñV {deofVmAm| Ho$ gmW gm{hË` Ho$ {df` Ho$ ê$n ‘| A{^ì`³V hþB©&
(D$) àH¥${V {MÌU ‘| ZdrZVm

ar{VH$mbrZ gm{hË` ‘| Zmar Am¡a àH¥${V H$m gm¢X`©nyU© dU©Z {‘bVm h¡& Bg `wJ Ho$ H${d`m| Zo emgH$m| VWm Xa~ma H$s
‘m§J Ho$ AZwgma àH¥${V H$mo CÔrnZ ê$n ‘| AnZm`m & Š`m|{H$ Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m Ho$ l¥§Jma `m a{V gwI ‘| àH¥${V, AnZo gm¢X`©
VWm {d{dY {bbmAm| Ho$ Ûmam XmoZm| H$mo C{Ôá H$aVr XoIr JB© h¡& ^maV|Xw `wJ Ho$ H${d`m| Zo àH¥${V {MÌU ‘| ar{VH$mbrZ na§nam
H$m hr {Zdm©h {H$`m& {ÛdoXr `wJ Ho$ H${d`m| Zo Bg na§nam H$mo {dH${gV H$aVo hþE Amb§~Z ê$n H$mo AnZm`m & N>m`mdmX Ho$
H${d`m| Zo àH¥${V go AbJ-AbJ àVrH$ MwZH$a CZHo$ Ûmam Xoe^{³V, Ë`mJ Ed§ ~{bXmZ H$s ^mdZm H$mo A{^ì`³V {H$`m&
Bg `wJ ‘| àH¥${V H$m ‘mZdrH$aU ê$n ‘| ^r {MÌU hþAm& ‘mIZbmb MVwd}Xr, A`moÜ`mqgh CnmÜ`m` Am{X H${d`m| Zo ’y$b,
nd©V, Johÿ±, H$mo{H$b H$m JmZ Am{X Ûmam ‘mZdr` ^mdm| H$mo A{^ì`³V {H$`m& Bg `wJ ‘| àH¥${V Ho$ H$mo‘b ê$n Ho$ gmW
A{Ve`mo{³VnyU© dU©Z ^r hþE& `h EH$ Vah go àH¥${V {MÌU H$m `m¡dZ H$mb ahm h¡& Bg‘| ahñ`dmX H$m nwQ> ^r PbH$Vm h¡&
(E) {d{dY dmXm| H$s àYmZVm

qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ ‘Ü`H$mb H$m g‘` bJ^J 525 dfm} (g§. 1375 go g§.1700 VH$) H$m hmoH$a ^r gm{hpË`H$ Ñ{ï> go
Bg `wJ ‘| ^{³V, ar{V VWm l¥§Jma Am{X {df`m| VWm àd¥{Îm`m| H$s hr àYmZVm ahr& bo{H$Z O¡go-O¡go h‘ AmYw{ZH$ ~ZVo JE
n[adV©Z H$s ‘mÌm VoO hþB©& n[aUm‘ñdê$n AmYw{ZH$ qhXr gm{hË` Omo {H$ AmO 200 dfm] H$m ^r Zht hþAm bo{H$Z Bg‘| H$B©
àd¥{Îm`m± VWm dmXmo§ H$m {Z‘m©U hþAm& BZ dmXm| VWm {dMmaYmamAm| Zo gm{hË` H$mo Adamo{YV Z H$a {dH${gV {H$`m &
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ nhbo Xmo MaUm| na dmXm| go H$B© Á`mXm ì`{³V {deof H$m à^md ahm {Og H$maU BÝh| ^maV|Xw `wJ VWm
{ÛdoXr `wJ H$hm J`m& N>m`mdmX {OgH$m nma§n[aH$ Zm‘ ñdÀN>§XVmdmX go Bg qhXr gm{hË` ‘| dmXm| H$s ewê$AmV hwB© h¡& `h
Xmo ‘hm`wÕm| Ho$ ~rM H$s H${dVm h¡ {OgH$s àYmZ {deofVm h¡-‘mZdVm & BgHo$ níMmV hmbmdmX VWm ahñ`dmX H$m Xm¡a
Am`m& ‘mŠg©dmX H$s {dMmaYmam go n„{dV VWm à^m{dV àJ{VdmX Ho$ Cnam§V ^mfm e¡br VWm {df` H$s Ñ{ï> go ZE à`moJ
H$aZodmbo à`moJdmX H$s ewadmV nhbo Vma gáH$ (1941) go hþB©& ñdmV§Í`moÎma `wJ ‘| àVrH$dmX, A{^ì`§OZmdmX, g§aMZmdmX,
AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ gmW CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm dmX ^r àMma ‘| Am`m& AmO CÎma-CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm dmX H$m Xm¡a Mb ahm h¡& BZ
dmXm| Ho$ gmW qhXr H${dVm VWm H$hmZr ‘| H$B© Am§XmobZ ^r hþE& H$hmZr {dH$mg ‘| Z`r H$hmZr, gMoVZ H$hmZr, AH$hmZr
Ho$ gmW-gmW g‘mZm§Va H$hmZr, OZ H$hmZr, OZdmXr H$hmZr VWm MmoQ>Y‘u H$hmZr Am{X H$m `moJXmZ ahm& H${dVm Ho$ joÌ
‘| à`moJdmX Ho$ ~mX Z`r H${dVm, g‘H$mbrZ H${dVm, AH${dVm, A{VH${dVm, AñdrH¥$V H${dVm, H$~ra nr‹T>r, ^yIr nr‹T>r,

CÎma AmYw{ZH$ H${dVm N>m`r ahr& g‘H$mbrZ VWm ñdmV§Í`moÎma `wJ Ho$ qhXr gm{hË` {d{dY {d‘em] O¡go, X{bV, ór,
Am{Xdmgr, ‘hmZJar`, VH$ZrH$, ‘wpñb‘ Am{X ‘| {d^m{OV h¡&
(Eo) JÚ-nÚ H$s ZB© e¡{b`m±

AmYw{ZH$ qhXr gm{hË` ‘| A{^ì`{³V H$s ZB©-ZB© e¡{b`m| H$m {dH$mg XoIm J`m h¡& nÚ Ho$ joÌ ‘| g{X`m| go Mbr Am
ahr `m `m| H$h| {H$ na§namJV e¡{b`m| ‘w³VH$ VWm à~§Y Ho$ gmW bmoH$àM{bV N>§Xm| O¡go. H$Obr, {dahm, aoIVm, ‘bma,
bmdZr, R>w‘ar, hmobr, Io‘Q>m, gm¢Pr, JOb H$m à`moJ hwAm& {ÛdoXr `wJ na 'B{Vd¥VmË‘H$' e¡br N>m`r ahr& N>m`mdmXr
H${dVm ‘| ‘w³V Jr{V, àVrH$mË‘H$ e¡br Ho$ gmW ‘mZdr`H$aU, {deof {dn`©` VWm {damoYm^mg Am{X Ab§H$mam| H$m à^md
ahm& Cn‘mZm| H$s ZdrZVm, ê$nH$m| H$m {dYmZ VWm Ab§H$m[aH$Vm Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| à`moJdmX Zo Abm¡{H$H$ ZdrZVm H$s ImoO H$s&
ZB© H${dVm ‘| ZB© ^mfm (bmoH$ ^mfm), ZdrZ eãXm|, ZdrZ Cn‘mZm|, àVrH$m| H$mo AnZm`m J`m& JÚ Zo Vmo AnZr AZoH$mZoH$
{dYmAm| H$mo {dH${gV H$aZo Ho$ hoVw dU©ZmË‘H$, {ddoMZmË‘H$, ^mdmË‘H$, AmbmoMZmË‘H$, hmñ`-ì`§½`mË‘H$, AmË‘H$WmË‘H$,
ì`m»`mË‘H$, ê$nmË‘H$, H${dËdnyU© Am{X e¡{b`m| H$mo AnZm`m& BZ e¡{b`m| H$s ZdrZVm VWm à`moJerbVm Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n
AmYw{ZH$ qhXr gm{hË` g‘` Ho$ gmW AÚVZ h¡&
Cn`w©³V {ddoMZ go ñnï> h¡ {H$ AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË` Zo na§nam VWm AVrV go Mbr Am ahr gm{hpË`H$ na§nam H$mo Z
Rw>H$amVo hþE ZdrZVm H$mo AnZm`m h¡& `hr dOh h¡ {H$ ar{VH$mb H$s l¥§Jm[aH$Vm, Zr{V VWm CnXoe, ~«O ^mfm H$s àYmZVm
O¡gr {deofVmE± ^maV|Xw `wJ VH$ XoIr JB© h¡& {ÛdoXr `wJ ‘| JÚ Am¡a nÚ XmoZm| H$s ^mfmE± I‹S>r~mobr ahr& {df`dñVw, ^mfm,
e¡br, q~~, àVrH$ Am{X joÌm| ‘| ZdrZVm H$mo AnZm`m J`m& Bgr `wJ ‘| JÚ H$s H$B© gmar {dYmAm| H$m ^r OÝ‘ hþAm h¡&
ñd`§-AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ

(A) [a³V ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE&
(1) "AmYw{ZH$,' eãX> A§J«oOr Ho$ ................. eãX H$m qhXr ê$nm§Va h¡&
(2) "AmYw{ZH$Vm' EH$ ..................... g§km h¡&
(3) am‘Ymarqgh {XZH$a Or Ho$ AZwgma AmYw{ZH$Vm EH$ à{H«$`m H$m Zm‘ h¡& ¶h à{H«$`m ................ go ~mha
{ZH$bZo H$s à{H$`m h¡&
(š4) .................. qhXr H$m {dH$mg VWm JÚ Ho$ ê$n ‘| àmá hþB© ‘mÝ`Vm AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$s ‘hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm h¡&
(5) ^maVr` g§{dYmZ ‘| qhXr H$mo....................ê$n ‘| à{V{ð>V {H$¶m h¡&
(6) Am. am‘M§Ð ew³b Zo AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$mo.............. H$hH$a g§~mo{YV {H$¶m&
(7) AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ {ÛdoXr ¶wJ na............ Bg boIZ e¡br H$m à^md ahm&
(Am) EH$ dm³¶ ‘| CÎma {b{IE&

(1) "AmYw{ZH$' eãX H$m AW© ³¶m h¡?
(2) EZgm¶³bmonr{S>¶m Am°’$ {~«Q>m{ZH$m Ho$ AZwgma AmYw{ZH$Vm ³¶m h¡?
(3) AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ Zm‘H$aU Ho$ H$m¡Z go AmYma h¡?
(4) AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ níMmV dV©‘mZ Xm¡a H$mo ³¶m H$hm OmVm h¡?
(5) ar{VH$mb VH$ gm{hË¶ H$s ^mfm H$m¡Z gr Wr?
1.3 eãXmW© Ed§ {Q>ßn{U`m±

· Bhbm¡{H$H$ : Bg bmoH$ go g§~§Y aIZodmbm, gm§gm[aH$
· nmabm¡{H$H$ : nabmoH$ g§~§Yr
· {X½^«{‘V : {Xem ^ybm hþAm
· ZI{eIm§V : n¡a Ho$ ZmIyZ go {ga Ho$ ~mb VH$
· ‘mZdrH$aU : ‘Zwî` ê$n XoZm, ‘mZdr` ^mdm| H$mo àH¥${V na Amamo{nV H$aZm

(A)
(1) (1) Modron , (2) ^mddmMH$ (3) A§Y{dídmg (4) IS>r~mobr (5) amO^mfm (6) JÚH$mb (7) B{Vd¥ÎmmË‘H$
(Am)
(1) AmYw{ZH$ eãX H$m AW© h¡ AmO H$b H$m, dV©‘mZ H$mb H$m Z¶o O‘mZo H$m, hmb H$m VWm dV©‘mZ go g§~§{YV&
(2) EZgm¶³bmonr{S>¶m Am°’$ {~«Q>m{ZH$m Ho$ AZwgma, ""ZdrZ n[apñW{V¶m| Ho$ g§X^© ‘| AnZo Amn H$m g§ñH$ma H$aZm hr
AmYw{ZVm h¡&''
(3) AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ Zm‘H$aU Ho$ AmYma AÜ¶¶Z H$s gw{dYm Ho$ A{V[a³V ‘mZd ‘Zmo{dkmZ Am¡a VËH$mbrZ gm{hË¶
H$s à‘wI àd¥{Îm¶m± h¢&
(4) AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ níMmV dV©‘mZ Xm¡a H$mo CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm H$hm OmVm h¢&
(5) ar{VH$mb VH$ gm{hË¶ H$s ^mfm ~«O Wr&
1.5 gmam§e
Bg BH$mB© ‘| h‘Zo XoIm h¡ {H$ ^maV ‘| 1857 Ho$ ~mX VWm A§J«oOr hþHy$‘V Ho$ H$m`‘ hmoZo go AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$m Ama§^
hmoVm h¡& AmYw{ZH$ {deofU H$mb~moYH$ Ho$ gmW ^md VWm {dMmagyMH$ ^r h¡& BgH$m EH$ g{Q>H$ AW© "‘Ü``wJrZ {dMma
nÕ{V go {^Þ VWm ZdrZ OrdZ Ñ{ï>' ahm h¡& AmYw{ZH$ go AmYw{ZH$Vm `h ^mddmMH$ g§km ~Zr h¡& `h {Za§Va à{H«$`m h¡
Omo ha H$mb ‘| K{Q>V hþB© h¡& AmYw{ZH$Vm na§nam H$s {damoYr Z hmoH$a XmoZm| EH$ VËd hr h¡& na§nam ‘| ñdrH$ma Am¡a Ë`mJ ò
XmoZm| àd¥{Îm`m± ahVr h¡& àËòH$ `wJ BgHo$ {bE à`moJ VWm narjU H$aVm h¡&
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ gm{hË` ‘| "JÚ' H$s àYmZ àd¥{Îm H$mo AmYma ‘mZH$a Am. am‘M§Ð ewŠb Or Zo Bgo "AmYw{ZH$
H$mb' VWm "JÚ H$mb' H$hm & í`m‘gw§XaXmg VWm {‘l ~§YwAm| Zo H«$‘e: "ZdrZ {dH$mg H$m H$mb' VWm "n[adV©Z' H$mb ^r
H$hm h¡& AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ VËdm| ‘| Ñ{ï> H$s d¡km{ZH$Vm, ~m¡{ÕH$Vm, dV©‘mZ Ho$ à{V gOJ, à`moJerbVm, ‘mZdVmdmX Ho$ gmW
`WmW©dmX H$s àYmZVm ahr h¡& AmYw{ZH$ qhXr gm{hË` AnZo nyd©dVu ar{VH$mb go nyU©V… {^Þ `m ZdrZ Zht h¡& ^maV|Xw `wJ
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m g§{Y gm{hË` h¡& Bg‘| àmMrZ VWm ZdrZ gm{hË` na§namAm| H$m g§ajU hþAm h¡& Bg `wJ ‘| amï´>r`Vm, JÚ
e¡br Ho$ gmW IS>r~mobr qhXr H$mo à{Vð>m {‘br& {ÛdoXr `wJ ^mfm gwYma VWm n[aîH$ma H$s Ñ{ï> go OmJaU H$m `wJ ahm {Og‘|
àH¥${V H$m {MÌU Amb§~Z ê$n ‘| hþAm& N>m`mdmX H$s gm‘m{OH$ VWm ‘mZdr` MoVZm gm{hË` Ho$ H|$Ð ‘| ahr& JÚ H$s
AZoH$mZoH$ {dYmAm| H$m {dH$mg hþAm & gm{hË` H$mo ZE dmXm| VWm Am§XmobZm| Zo g‘Po ~Zm`r& JÚ nÚ H$s ZB© e¡{b`m±
{dH${gV hþB©& g§jon ‘| `hr H$h|Jo {H$ AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m qhXr gm{hË` ^md, e¡br, ^mfm, CÔoí` H$s Ñ{ï> go ZdrZ VWm
à`moJerb ahm h¡&

1.6 ñdmÜ¶m¶
(1) "AmYw{ZH$ eãX' H$m AW© ñnï> H$aVo hþE AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ VËdm| H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE&
(2) AmYw{ZH$ eãX H$m AW© {deX H$aVo hþE CgHo$ ñdê$n H$mo AYmoao{IV H$s{OE&
(3) AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ gm{hË¶ H$s {deofVmAm§o H$mo AYmoao{IV H$s{OE&
(4) "AmYw{ZH$Vm' eãX H¡$go ~Zm? CgH$m gm‘mÝ` AW© Š`m h¡&
(5) "AmYw{ZH$Vm Am¡a na§nam' H$m g§~§Y g§jon ‘| {bIo&
(6) "AmYw{ZH$ H$mb' Ho$ Zm‘H$aU H$s g§jon ‘| MMm© H$ao§&
1.7 joÌr¶ H$m¶©

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s ‘amR>r gm{hË` H$s {deofVmAm| H$m AÜ``Z H$a qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ gmW VwbZm H$s{OE&

(1) S>m°. {‘l am‘Xae, qhXr H${dVm : AmYw{ZH$ Am`m‘, {X„r, dmUr àH$meZ, àW‘ g§ñH$aU 1978
(2) S>m.° e‘m© Amo‘àH$me, AmYw{ZH$ qhXr H$mì` H$s àd¥{Îm`m±, O`nwa, ~moham àH$meZ, àW‘ g§ñH$aU 1989

BH$mB© 2 : AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n[apñW{V`m±
AZwH$« ‘
2.0 CÔoí`
2.1 àñVmdZm
2.2 {df` - {ddaU
2.2.1 amOZr{VH$ n[apñW{V
2.2.2 gm‘m{OH$ n[apñW{V
2.2.3 Am{W©H$ n[apñW{V
2.2.4 Ym{‘©H$ n[apñW{V
2.2.5 gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñW{V
2.5 gmam§e
2.6 ñdmÜ¶m¶
2.7 joÌr¶ H$m¶©
2.0 CÔoí`
Bg BH$mB© H$mo n‹T>Zo Ho$ ~mX Amn -
· AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s gm‘m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{X n[apñW{V`m| H$mo ñnï> H$a nm¶|Jo&
· AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s {d{dY n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ Cnam§V VËH$mbrZ gm{hË` H$s àd¥{Îm`m±, ZB© e¡{b`m±,
^mfm Ho$ gmW {df`dñVw H$s {d{dYVm H$mo g‘P nmE±Jo&
· AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go VËH$mbrZ g‘ñV n[adoe go AdJV hm|Jo&
2.1 àñVmdZm
gm{hË` AnZo g‘` `m `wJ H$s CnO hmoVm h¡& EH$ Amoa `wJrZ n[apñW{V`m± gm{hË`H$ma H$mo à^m{dV H$a Cgo boIZ
Ho$ hoVw ~mÜ` H$aVr h¢ dht gm{hË` AnZo g‘` H$mo A{^ì`³V H$a g‘mO H$m `WmW© Xe©Z H$amVm h¡& g‘mOì`má {dg§J{V`m|
VWm {df‘VmAm| H$m `WmW© dU©Z H$a, H$‹S>r AmbmoMZm H$a ñdñW g‘mO H$s ñWmnZm H$aVm h¡& qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg Ho$
AdbmoH$Z go kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Am{XH$mb Ho$ `wÕOÝ¶ n[adoe Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n draJmWmË‘H$ gm{hË` H$m {Z‘m©U hþAm&
^{³VH$mb ‘| ^{³VnaH$, ar{VH$mb ‘| l¥§Jma VWm ar{V {Zê$nU J«§Wm| H$s aMZm hwB©& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m gm{hË` AnZo
nyd©dVu H$mb Ho$ gm{hË` Ho$ g‘mZ {H$gr EH$ {d{eï> àd¥{Îm H$mo Zht Xem©Vm & gZ 1857 H$m ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m‘, A±J«oOr hþHy$‘V
H$m EH$N>Ìr A§‘b, ^maVr` OZVm ‘| ZdOmJaU {df`H$ {d{dY Am§XmobZ, amï´>r` H$m±J«og H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ gmW AmOmXr H$m

Am§XmobZ, A±J«oOr {ejm H$s ewê$AmV, g‘mMma nÌm| H$s ewê$AmV, A±J«oOm| Ûmam H$mZyZ gwYma, Xmo {díd`wÕ, 1 AJñV,
1947 H$mo ^maV VWm nm{H$ñVmZ BZ Xmo amï´>m| H$s AmOmXu, 26 OZdar, 1950 ‘| ^maVr` g§{dYmZ H$m {Z‘m©U, Am{W©H$
gwYmaZmE± amOZr{V ‘| CWb-nwWb H$m `wJ, {ejm H$m àgma, 1980 ‘| CXmarH$aU H$s Zr{V, {‘br-Owbr gaH$mam| H$m
~mob~mbm, {ZOrH$aU, CXmarH$aU VWm ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$m Xm¡a& BZ g^r go ì`{³V VWm gm‘m{OH$ OrdZ à^m{dV hþAm&
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ qhXr gm{hË` H$mo g‘PZo VWm BgHo$ AÜ``Z Ho$ hoVw AmYw{ZH$ H$mb (gZ 1817 go gZ 2000) H$s
{d{^Þ n[apñW{V`m| H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm ‘hÎdnyU© {gÕ hmoJm&
2.2 {df`-{ddaU
{H$gr ^r g‘mO ì`dñWm Ho$ gm‘m{OH$, Ym{‘©H$, amOZr{VH$, Am{W©H$, gm{hpË`H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{X ‘hÎdnyU©
Am`m‘ hmoVo h¡§& gm{hË` Am¡a g‘mO EH$ Xygao Ho$ nyaH$ hmoVo h¡§& {H$gr ^r H$mb Ho$ gm{hË` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE Cg `wJ Ho$
gm‘m{OH$ Am`m‘m| H$m AÜ``Z AË`§V ‘hÎdnyU© h¡& qhXr gm{hË` ‘| AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s g‘` gr‘m gZ 1943 go AmO VH$
‘mZr J`r h¡& `h H$mb ^maVr` amOZr{V H$s Ñ{ï> go gdm©{YH$ CWb-nwWb H$m ahm h¡& Bg `wJ H$s amOZr{V ‘| B©ñQ> B§{S>`m
H§$nZr Ûmam g§nyU© ^maV na AnZm EH$N>Ì A§‘b gZ 1857 H$m ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m‘, 1885 ‘| H$m±J«og H$s ñWmnZm, 1920 ‘|
Jm§Yrnd© H$s ewê$AmV, 1947 ‘| Xoe H$s AmOmXr, 1950 ‘| g§{dYmZ H$s KmofUm, 1975 ‘| AmnmV²H$mb, {‘br Owbr gaH$ma§o
Am{X {deof C„oIZr` h¡& Bg `wJ Ho$ {d{dY Ym{‘©H$ Am§XmobZm| Zo gm‘m{OH$ gwYma H$s nhb H$a VËH$mbrZ g‘mO ‘|
ZdOmJaU H$s MoVZm OmJ«V H$s& CÞrgdt gXr ‘| Y‘© H$mo VH©$ewÕ VWm H$‘©H$m§S> go a{hV ~ZmZo H$m à`mg hþAm& ~rgdt gXr
‘| Om{Vì`dñWm na H$R>moa àhma H$a dU©, Y‘© VWm Om{V{da{hV g‘mO aMZm H$m à`mg hþAm& A±J«oOm| Zo AnZo {ZOr ñdmW©
Ho$ hoVw `hm± H$s ñdm`Îm AW©ì`dñWm H$mo S>mdm±S>mob H$a ^maV H$mo Ho$db ~mOmanoR> (AnZm n¸$m ‘mb ~oMZo H$s) hr ~Zm`m&
^maVr`m| na Owb‘r H$a {~R>mE& ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mb ‘| n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZmE±, ~¢H$m| H$m amï´>r`rH$aU, Am¡Úmo{JH$aU, Am{W©H$
CXma Zr{V H$mo AnZm`m J`m& ~mdOyX BgHo$ ^yI, Jar~r, ‘h§JmB© ~aH$ama h¡& `h H$mb ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$s Ñ{ï> go
ZdOmJaU H$m H$mb ahm& ^maVr` ^mfm, gm{hË`, g§JrV, {gZo‘m, Z¥Ë`, b{bV H$bmAm| Ho$ gmW-gmW bmoJm| H$s {dMmaYmam
‘| ^r EH$ ZdOmJaU H$s MoVZm OmJ«V hþB© Omo amï´>ào‘, Xoe H$s AmOmXr Ho$ gmW-gmW gm‘m{OH$, Ym{‘©H$ VWm Am{W©H$
gwYmaZmAm| go g§~§{YV Wr&
Bg {df` {ddoMZ ‘| h‘ AmYw{ZH$ H$mb (gZ 1843 go gZ 2000 VH$) H$m n[aM` gm‘m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, Ym{‘©H$,
Am{W©H$ VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌm| Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| H$a|Jo& BZ joÌm| Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ níMmV Amn Bg `wJ Ho$ {d{dY gm{hpË`H$
Am§XmobZm|, àd¥{Îm`m| H$mo A{YH$ gabVm go g‘P nmE§Jo&
2.2.1 amOZr{VH$ n[apñW{V

qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s ewê$AmV gZ 1943 (g§ 1900) go ‘mZr JB© h¡& Hw$N> B{VhmgH$ma, gm{hpË`H$
VWm g‘rjH$ 1857 Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m‘ go AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s ewê$AmV ‘mZVo h¡§& ^maVr` amOZr{V H$mo AmYma ‘mZH$a XoI|
Vmo ^maV Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ ~ZZo H$s ewê$AmV ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m‘ Ho$ EH$ gXr nyd© gZ 1751 ‘| hþB©& O~ B©ñQ> H§$nZr Zo ~§Jmb Ho$
Zdm~ {gamOwÔm¡bm H$mo ßbmgr Ho$ `wÕ ‘| ham`m Wm& 1764 ‘| ~Šga `wÕ ‘| ‘wJb g‘«mQ> emh Amb‘ ^r nam{OV hþAm Wm& gZ
1803 Am¡a 1849 ‘| H«$‘e: ‘amR>m Am¡a {gIm| H$mo nam{OV H$a A±J«oOm| Zo bJ^J g§nyU© ^maV H$mo AnZm gm‘«mÁ` ~Zm`m&
A±J«oOm| H$s AÝ`m`r Zr{V VWm X‘Z H$s à{V{H«$`m ñdê$n Ag§Vwï> Xoer amOmAm|, {gnm{h`m|, {H$gmZm| Zo EH$OyQ> hmoH$a gZ
1764 ‘| ì`mnH$ ñVa na {dÐmoh {H$`m& A±J«oOm| Zo gÎmm VWm g¡Ý` ~b go Bg {dÐmoh H$mo IË‘ {H$`m& B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZr H$s
gÎmm g‘má hmoH$a ^maVdf© {~«Q>re gm‘«mÁ` H$m Cn{Zdoe ~Zm&
gZ 57 Ho$ ~mX A±J«oOm| Zo AnZr emgZ ì`dñWm, ì`mnma VWm {ejm ì`dñWm ‘| ì`mnH$ ~Xbmd {H$E& bm°S>© H¡$qZJ
àW‘ dmBgam` Am¡a JdZ©a OZab {Z`w³V {H$E JE& 1857 Ho$ nyd©H$mb ‘| H§$nZr H$s Zr{V à‘wI ê$n go Am{W©H$ Am¡a
gm‘«mÁ`dmX Ho$ nyaH$ Wr bo{H$Z 1857 Ho$ ~mX gm‘«mÁ`dmX hr à‘wI bú` ahm Am¡a OZVm H$m Am{W©H$ emofU Bg
gm‘«mÁ`dmX H$m A§J ~Zm& A±J«oOm| Zo 1857 H$s H«$m§{V H$m ~Xbm `hm± H$s gm‘mÝ` OZVm go ânya ‘mÌm ‘| {b`m& {H$VZo hr
{ZanamYm| H$mo ’$m±gr Xr, Vmon go C‹S>m {XE JE, Ag§»` bmoJm| H$mo Oob ‘| ~§Xr ~Zm`m& OZVm Ho$ ‘Z ‘| A±J«oOm| Ho$ à{V ^` `m
AmV§H$ n¡Xm {H$`m& AnZr g¡{ZH$ ì`dñWm H$mo à~b H$a gm‘«mÁ`dmX H$s g’$b n[aU{V Ho$ hoVw aob, Vma VWm S>mH$ O¡go
`mVm`mV Ho$ gmYZm| ‘| {deof J{VerbVm bmZo H$m à`mg {H$`m& gmao ^maVdf© ‘| A±J«oOr {ejm Ho$ àMma-àgma hoVw ñHy$b VWm
H$m°bOm| H$s ñWmnZm H$s& Xoer ^mfmAm| (qhXr `m IS>r~mobr) H$mo H$m‘H$mO H$s ^mfm Ho$ ê$n ‘| Z AnZmH$a CXy© H$mo
AnZm`m& `ht go A±J«oOm| H$s ôXZr{V H$s ewédmV hmoVr h¡&
gZ 1885 ‘| ^maVr` amï´>r` H$m±J«og H$s ñWmnZm Bg `wJ H$s ‘hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm h¡& ga A°bZ øy‘ H$s AÜ`jVm ‘| ~Zr
Bg g§ñWm H$m ‘w»` CÔoí` ^maVr` OZVm Ho$ Ag§Vmof H$mo emgH$m| VH$ nhþ±MmZm Wm& bo{H$Z AmJo MbH$a `hr g§JR>Z Xoe H$m
amï´>r` g§JR>Z ~Zm, Omo OZ-OZ VH$ nhþ±Mm & ^maV H$mo A±J«oOm| H$s XmgVm go ‘w³V H$aZm Bg g§JR>Z H$m àYmZ H$V©ì` ~Zm&
1905 ‘| bm°S>© H$O©Z Zo ~§Jmb H$m {d^mOZ H$a qhXy-‘wpñb‘ EH$Vm Ho$ gmW amï´>r`Vm H$mo ^r AmKmV nhþ±Mm`m& H$m±J«og AnZo
‘§M go BgH$m {damoY H$aVr ahr& VWm {damoY H$s Bg Ymam ‘| OZ gm‘mÝ` H$m ^r àdoe hþAm& 1906 Ho$ H$m±Jog« A{YdoeZ ‘|
ñdamÁ` H$s ‘m±J CR>mB©& A±J«oOm| Zo AnZr "’y$Q> S>mbmo Am¡a amÁ¶ H$amo' H$s Zr{V Ho$ AmYma na ‘mb}-q‘Q>mo gwYma Ho$ Ûmam
^maVr`m| H$mo gr{‘V ñdm`ÎmVm àXmZ H$s bo{H$Z qhXy-‘wgb‘mZm| ‘| gm§àXm{`H$Vm H$s AmJ n¡Xm H$s& n[aUm‘ñdê$n ga g¡æ`X
Ah‘X Im± Zo ‘wpñb‘ brJ H$s ñWmnZm H$s& gZ 1920 ‘| ‘. Jm§Yr H$m ^maVr` amOZr{V ‘| àdoe go amï´>r` Am§XmobZ OZ-
OZ VH$ nhþ±Mm& 1914-1918 Ho$ ~rM g§gma H$m àW‘ {díd`wÕ hwAm& `h ^maV Ho$ amOZr{VH$, gm‘m{OH$ VWm Am{W©H$
joÌm| ‘| H«$m§{VH$mar n[adV©Z bmZodmbm ahm& A±J«oOm| Ho$ am¡bQ> EoŠQ>, Om{b`Z dmbm ~mJ hË`mH$m§S> Ho$ {damoY ‘| Agh`moJ
Am§XmobZ ewê$ hwAm& 1937 ‘| g‘ñV Xoe ‘| {Zdm©MZ g§nÞ hwE& 1942 ‘| "^maV N>moS>mo' Am§XmobZ Vrd« hwAm& Bg Am§XmobZ
go amï´>r`Vm Am¡a ñdV§ÌVm H$s bha Vrd«Vm go nyao ^maVdf© ‘| ’¡$b J`r& 1939 ‘| B§½b¢S> ‘| ‘OXya Xb gÎmm ‘| Am`m& 1946
‘| ^maV ‘| A§V[a‘ gaH$ma H$s ñWmnZm hwB©& 20 ’$adar, 1947 H$mo ‘wpñb‘ brJ H$s ‘m±J na ñdV§Ì nm{H$ñVmZ XoZo H$mo
ñdrH¥${V {‘br& Xoe ‘| {dfmXnyU© dmVmdaU V¡`ma hmoH$a ^`§H$a gm§àXm{`H$ X§Jmo§ VWm Zag§hma Ho$ gmW 15 AJñV, 1947 H$mo
^maV AmOmX hþAm&
ñdV§Ì ^maV ‘| 26 OZdar, 1950 ‘| g§{dYmZ H$mo AnZmH$a àOmV§Ì H$s KmofUm H$s& ^maVr` g§{dYmZ Zo g^r
ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo AnZo ‘m¡{bH$ A{YH$mam| Ho$ Cn`moJ H$m nyU© A{YH$ma àXmZ {H$`m& 1952 Ho$ àW‘ MwZmd go Xoe Zo bmoH$V§Ì
H$m ñdmJV {H$`m VWm n§. Zohê$ Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd ‘| n§Merb {gÕm§V, n§Mdm{f©H `moOZmE±, ^mfm AmYma àm§V aMZm Am{X H$s nhb
H$s& 1962 Ho$ MrZ AmH«$‘U Ho$ ~hþV J§^ra Am¡a XyaJm‘r n[aUm‘ Xoe H$s ‘mZ{gH$Vm na hþE& 1965 ‘| nm{H$ñVmZ AmH«$‘Z
H$m ‘w±h-Vmo‹S> O~m~ XoH$a h‘Z| OrV hm{gb H$s& Zohê$ VWm bmb ~hmXya emór H$s ‘m¡V Ho$ ~mX ^maVr` amOZr{V ‘|
ñdmWmªYVm, OmVr`Vm, Y‘mªYVm Am{X H$m àdoe hþAm& ^maVr` g§{dYmZ Ho$ loð> ‘yë`m| na hr AmKmV ewê$ hþAm& 25 OyZ,
1975 H$mo VËH$mbrZ àYmZ‘§Ìr B§{Xam Or Zo AmnmVH$mb H$s KmofUm H$a A{^ì`{³V ñdV§ÌVm H$mo IË‘ H$aZo H$m à`mg
{H$`m& n[aUm‘ ñdê$n O`àH$me ZmamÙ Or Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd ‘| OZVm g§J{R>V hmoH$a 'Xygar AmOmXr' H$m Zmam bJm`m& H|$Ðr`
gaH$ma ‘| "OZVm nmQ>u' gÎmm ‘| AmB©& bo{H$Z Xoe ‘| H$moB© JwUmË‘H$ ~Xbmd Zht hþE& 1980 Ho$ ‘Ü`md{Y MwZmd ‘| B§{Xam H$mo
gÎmm qghmgZ na ñWmZ {‘bm& 1989 Ho$ JR>~§YZ H$s gaH$ma Zo {dídZmW àVmn qgh H$mo Hw$gu na AmgrZ {H$`m {OÝhm|Zo
‘§S>b Am`moJ H$mo ñdrH¥${V Xr& Bgr ~rM ^maVr` OZVm nmQ>u Zo Y‘© H$mo gÎmm Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>Vo hþE "am‘OÝ‘ ^y{‘' VWm "aW
`mÌm' O¡gr J{V{d{Y`m| H$mo AnZm`m& n[aUm‘ñdê$n Xoe ‘| gm§àXm{`H$ X§Jo hþE& amOrd hË`m Ho$ ~mX nr. ìhr. Zaqghamd
Xoe H$mo pñWa gaH$ma XoZo ‘| g’$b aho§& gZ 1992 go AmO VH$ Xoe ‘| JR>~§YZ H$s gaH$ma| H$m`©aV h¡§&
{deofV: 1970 Ho$ ~mX H$s ^maVr` amOZr{V ‘| ^«ï>mMma, ñdmW©, Xb~XbynZ, ^mB©-^VrOmdmX, AnamYrH$aU,
Om{V`Vm Ho$ gmW Y‘mªYVm H$mo ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| XoIm J`m h¡& Bg `wJ Ho$ ZoVm H$m bú` gÎmm `m g§n{Îm ahm h¡ {OgH$s àm{á Ho$
hoVw dh Agm§{dYm{ZH$ VËdm| H$mo AnZmVm J`m& bo{H$Z `h ^r gM h¡ {H$ T>oam| gr‘mAm| Ho$ ~mdOyX Bg Xoe H$m bmoH$V§Ì {díd
Ho$ g~go ~‹S>o bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ ê$n ‘| ñWm{nV hþAm h¡& gaH$ma Ûmam Am‘ AmX‘r Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ {dH$mg hoVw H$B© gmd©O{ZH$ `moOZmE±
H$m`©aV h¡& {d{Ynm{bH$m, Ý`m`nm{bH$m VWm H$m`©nm{bH$m bmoH$V§Ì H$s ge³VVm H$mo ~ZmE hþE h¢& g‘mMma nÌ VWm
nÌH$m[aVm bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ Mm¡Wo AmYmañV§^ Ho$ ê$n ‘| AnZr ^y{‘H$m AXm H$a ahr h¡& BZ g^r H$m à{Vq~~ VËH$mbrZ qhXr
gm{hË` ‘| XoIm J`m h¡&
2.2.2 gm‘m{OH$ n[apñW{V

h‘ OmZVo h¢ {H$ Bg Xoe H$s g‘mO aMZm H$m ~±Q>dmam nhbo dUm] ‘| Am¡a ~mX ‘| Om{V`m| ‘| {H$`m J`m& ~«m÷U,
j{Ì`, d¡í` VWm eyÐ Zm‘H$ BZ dJm] H$mo ì`{³V Ho$ OÝ‘ Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>m J`m & Bg dU©ì`dñWm ‘| A§{V‘ dU© Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ g^r
‘mZdr` A{YH$ma N>rZ {bE JE VWm Cna Ho$ VrZ dJm] H$s godm H$aZm hr BZH$m H$‘© ‘mZm J`m& Bg H«y$a gm‘m{OH$ ì`dñWm
H$mo emó VWm Y‘©Ûmam ^r ‘mÝ`Vm Xr JB©& dU©ì`dñWm Ho$ H$mbm§Va ‘| Om{Vì`dñWm H$m OÝ‘ hþAm VWm EH$ Om{V ‘| AZoH$
Om{V`m±, CnOm{V`m± V¡`ma hþB©& Bg dU© VWm Om{Vì`dñWm H$m n[aUm‘ `h hþAm {H$ g‘mO H$m ha V~H$m AnZo-AnZo
gm‘m{OH$ Ûrn ‘| ~§X Wm& g‘mO ‘| H$‘©H$m§S>, Nw>AmNy>V, A{Zï> ê${‹T>, àWm-na§namAm| H$m ~mob~mbm ewê$ hþAm& ~«m÷U dU©
Zo AÝ` VrZm| dUm] H$mo {ejm Ho$ joÌ go ~{hîH¥$V hr H$a {X`m& Bg Om{V VWm dU©ì`dñWm Ho$ {damoY ‘| nhbr {dÐmoh H$s -
AmdmO Jm¡V‘ ~wÕ Zo bJmB©& CÝhm|Zo dU©ì`dñWm H$mo ZH$maH$a gå`H$ g‘mOì`dñWm na ~b {X`m& bo{H$Z ~m¡Õ Y‘© Ho$
AZw`m{``m| Ho$ gmW H«y$aVm go ì`dhma {H$`m J`m VWm {’$a go dU© VWm Om{Vì`dñWm H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& 17 dt gXr ‘| Vmo `h
Am¡a ^r H$R>moa, ~§{XñV VWm H«y$a ~Zr h¡& 19 dt gXr Ho$ ‘Ü` VH$ ^maVr` g‘mO AnZr àM{bV na§namAm| H$m AZwH$aU
H$aVm nm`m h¡& Bg g‘mO H$mo AnZr na§namAm| Ho$ JwU-Xmofm| H$s AmbmoMZm H$aZm Amdí`H$ Zht bJm&
A±J«oOr amÁ` H$s ñWmnZm go ^maV Ho$ gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$, e¡{jH$ VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZ ‘| H$B© gmao ~Xbmd AmE&
gZ 1757 Ho$ ßbmgr Ho$ `wÕ go ^maV ‘| A±J«oOr amÁ` H$s ñWmnZm hþB© & gZ 1818 VH$ A±J«oOm| Zo H$ar~Z g§nyU© ^maV na
AnZm A{YH$ma àmá {H$`m Wm& 19 dt gXr VH$ Bg Xoe ‘| Xe©Z, J{UV, Á`mo{Vf, Y‘©emó, H$mìèmó VWm ì`mH$aU
Am{X joÌm| ‘| A^yVnyd© àJ{V H$s Wr& bo{H$Z `h kmZ g‘mO Ho$ EH$ {d{eï> dJ© VH$ hr gr{‘V Wm & B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZr Zo
AnZo A{YH$m[a`m| H$mo ^maVr` ^mfmAm| H$mo grIZo Ho$ hoVw 1800 ‘| H$bH$Îmm ‘| ’$moQ>© {d{b`‘ H$m°boO H$s ñWmnZm H$s&
BgHo$ nyd© 1780 ‘| "H$bH$Îmm ‘Xagm', 1791 ‘| '~Zmag g§ñH¥$V H$m°boO' H$s ñWmnZm ^r hmo MwH$s Wr& 1823 ‘| AmJam
ñHy$b VWm AmJam H$m°boO, 1830 Ho$ Amgnmg {X„r H$m°boO ñWm{nV hþE Wo& `h ^r Ü`mZ XoZo `mo½` h¡ {H$ {~«Q>re amÁ` H$s
ñWmnZm Ho$ nyd© BgmB© {‘eZar Y‘© àgma Ho$ CÔoí` Ho$ hoVw {ejm Am{X H$m`m] H$mo AnZm MwHo$ Wo& A±J«oOr {ejm ì`dñWm, àog,
Vma, S>mH$, aob Am{X Zo ^maVr` g‘mOì`dñWm ‘| hbMb ewê$ hþB©& g§nÞ n[adma AnZo ~ƒm| H$mo Cƒ {ejm hoVw {dbm`V
ôOZo bJo& dhm± g‘mOì`dñWm na Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V H$m n[aUm‘ do AZw^d H$a aho Wo& dhm± H$s àOmV§Ìr` ì`dñWm ‘| ‘Zwî`
H$mo ‘Zwî` Ho$ ê$n ‘| à{V{ð>V XoIH$a do ^maVr` g‘mOì`dñWm H$s Amoa J§^raVm go XoIZo bJo & `hm± H$s Om{V VWm
dU©ì`dñWm ‘| OH$‹S>r hB© g‘mOì`dñWm Ho$ à{V BZHo$ ‘Z ‘| MrT> CËnÞ hmoZo bJr& ~mb{ddmh, g{V àWm, Nw>AmNy>V,
OmVr`Vm O¡gr A{Zð> ê${‹T>-na§namAm| H$m {damoY ewê$ hmoH$a ^maV ‘| gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z H$s MoVZm OmJ«V hþB©& ^maVr`
ZdOmJaU Ho$ AJ«XyV amOm am‘‘mohZ am` Zo (1772-1833) g‘mO gwYma Ho$ joÌ ‘| ‘hÎdnyU© H$m`© {H$`m& ò A±J«oOr {ejm
Ho$ {h‘m`Vr Wo& BZHo$ à`ËZm| go hr A±J«oO gaH$ma Zo g{VàWm ~§Xr H$m H$mZyZ nm[aV {H$`m& ‘hmamï´> ‘| ‘hmË‘m Omo{Vamd ’w$bo
VWm nËZr gm{dÌr~mB© ’w$bo Zo gËèmoYH$ g‘mO H$s ñWmnZm H$a Om{V VWm dU©ì`dñWm H$m nyaOmoa {damoY {H$`m& ór
{ejm, {dYdm nwZ{d©dmh, ~mb gwYmaJ«h Am{X Ho$ Ûmam gm‘m{OH$ g‘Vm H$m H$m`© {H$`m&
BYa H$m±J«og Ho$ ‘§M go `hr H$m‘ ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr H$a aho Wo& Jm§YrOr OmZVo Wo {H$ ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Ho$ {bE š g‘mO H$m
g§JR>Z Amdí`H$ h¡ & ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Ho$ {bE g‘mO Ho$ g^r V~Ho$ O~ VH$ g§J{R>V Zht hm|Jo V~ VH$ A±J«oOm| H$mo Bg Xoe
go IXoS>Zm ‘w{íH$b h¡& gm‘m{OH$ {dôX VWm {df‘Vm Ho$ H$maU hr {dXoer e{³V`m± Bg Xoe ‘| AnZo n¡a O‘mZo ‘| g’$b ahr
h¡& Bgr g‘` S>m°. ~m~mgmh~ Am§~oS>H$a ^maV H$s Om{V VWm dU©ì`dñWm H$s Ad¡km{ZH$Vm H$mo AZoH$ à‘mUm| go hr {gÕ
H$aVo hþE X{bVm|, nr{‹S>Vm|, {ó`m|, Am{Xdm{g`m| VWm Cno{jVm| H$mo AmË‘gÝ‘mZ Ho$ gmW I‹S>o ahZo H$s àoaUm Xo aho Wo&
Bg H$m`© ‘| ~«÷g‘mO, àmW©Zmg‘mO, Am`©g‘mO, {WAmogmo{’$H$b gmogm`Q>r, am‘H¥$îU {‘eZ Am{X g§JR>Zm| H$m H$m`©
^r C„oIZr` ahm h¡&
ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX ^maVr` g§{dYmZ Zo g^r ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo boIZ VWm A{^ì`{³V H$s AmOmXr Xr& {ejm na ~b {X`m
VWm {nN>‹S>o Om{V VWm dJ© H$s CÞ{V Ho$ hoVw "AmajU' H$s gw{dYm Xr& n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZmE±, H$ë`mUH$mar `moOZmAm| Ho$ gmW
gm‘m{OH$ gwYma g§~§Yr Amdí`H$ H$mZyZ ^r ~Zmò & n[aUm‘ñdê$n g‘mO Ho$ àËòH$ V~Ho$ ‘| {ejm, Zm¡H$ar, ì`dgm` Am{X
Ho$ à{V OmJê$H$Vm n¡Xm hþB© h¡&
ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maVr` amOZr{V ‘| ì`{³V, g‘mO VWm amï´> H$s ha BH$mB© H$mo à^m{dV {H$`m h¡& ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Ho$ gmW
Am‘ AmX‘r H$mo Bg ~mV H$m ‘moh hwAm Wm {H$ Xoer emgH$m| Ho$ AmZo go Jar~r, ~oH$mar VWm ‘h§JmB© go {ZOmV nmH$a ‘Zwî`
H$s ‘yb^yV Amdí`H$VmAm| H$s ny{V© hmoJr& bo{H$Z Xoer emgH$m| Zo Am‘ AmX‘r H$mo ‘moh^§J H$m {eH$ma ~Zm`m& emgH$ gÎmm
àm{á H$mo hr AnZm bú` ‘mZ ~¡R>o& n[aUm‘ñdê$n Am‘ AmX‘r ^r BgH$m AZwH$aU H$aVm XoIm J`m& ñdV§ÌVmnyd© H$mb Ho$
Ë`mJ, g‘n©U, Xoeào‘, Xygam| Ho$ {bE Hw$N> H$aZo H$s àd¥{Îm Zo ñdmV§Í`moÎma `wJ ‘| ñdmW©, AmË‘H|${Ð`Vm, g§Hw${MVVm, ^«ï>mMma
H$m ñWmZ {b`m& n¡gm VWm gÎmm hr OrdZ H$m bú` ~Zm & n¡gm H$‘mZo Ho$ gmYZm| H$s n{dÌVm H$s AZXoIr H$s JB©&
ny±OrdmXr VWm A‘ra dJ© {dXoer gä`Vm H$m AZwH$aU H$a ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$mo X{H$`mZwgr Kmo{fV H$aVm ahm& ñdmV§Í`moÎma
^maVr` g‘mO ‘| ‘Ü`dJ© H$s g§»`m Yrao-Yrao ~T>Vr JB© Omo A§{V‘ XeH$ VH$ 40% go Á`mXm ahr h¡& Ohm± EH$ Amoa Jar~r,
~oH$mar, ‘h§JmB© go OZVm ÌñV h¡ VWm Xmo d³V H$s amoQ>r OwQ>mZo ‘| {XZâ OÔmoOhX H$aVr h¡ dhr Xygar Amoa A‘ra Am¡a ^r
A‘ra hmoVo XoIo JE h¢& Jar~r Am¡a A‘rar Ho$ ~rM H$s ImB© ~‹T> ahr h¡& g‘mO ‘| AmO ^r Om{V`Vm, gm§àXm{`H$Vm,
^«ï>mMma, {‘bmdQ>, ^mB©-^VrOm dmX, ~møm§S>~a, XhoO O¡gr A{Zð> àWm na§namE± ‘m¡OyX h¢&
1980 Ho$ ~mX H$m ^maVr` g‘mO Cn^mo³VmdmX, ~mOmadmX, AmYw{ZH$Vm VWm ^y‘§S>brH$aU go à^m{dV h¡& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb
H$m gm{hË` ghr ‘m`Zo ‘| OZMoVZm H$m gm{hË` h¡ {Og‘| g‘mO H$s ha BH$mB© AnZo M[aÌJV {deofVmAm| VWm {dg§J{V`m|
Ho$ gmW A{^ì`³V hþB© h¡&
2.2.3 Am{W©H$ n[apñW{V

gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg ~XbVr hwB© A{^ê${M`m| VWm g§doXZmAm| H$m B{Vhmg hmoVm h¡, {OgH$m grYm g§~§Y Am{W©H$ Am¡a
qMVZmË‘H$ n[adV©Z go hmoVm & h‘| nVm h¡ {H$ Xoe H$s Am{W©H$ g§nÞVm Ho$ H$maU hr {dXoer e{³V`m± Bg Xoe na ~ma-~ma
AmH«$‘U H$aVr Wr& ‘gmbo, Am^yfU, emo^m H$s dñVwE± VWm Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZm| Ho$ H$maU {dídâ Ho$ Xoem| H$s ZOa ^maV na
Wr& ha {dXoer AmH«$m§VmAm| Zo Bg Xoe H$m Am{W©H$ emofU {H$`m h¡&
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ nyd© VH$ ^maVr` Jm§dm| H$m T>m±Mm àm`… An[adV©Zerb VWm pñWa Wm& ha Jm§d AnZo Amn ‘|
ñdV:nyU© Am{W©H$ BH$mB© Wr& Jm§d H$s Amdí`H$VmE± Jm§d ‘| hr nyar hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ~mhar Xw{Z`m go g§nH©$ Z Ho$ ~am~a hmoVm
Wm& ^maV na H$B© gmao {dXoer AmH«$‘U hþE, BZH$s gÎmm H$B© dfm] VH$ ~Zr ahr bo{H$Z Jm§d d¡go Ho$ d¡go ~Zo aho§& Jm§d ‘| noem
Om{V Ho$ AmYma na {ZpíMV hmoVm Wm& Bgo Y‘© Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>m J`m Wm VWm EH$ Om{V H$m ì`{³V Xygar Om{V H$m noem Zht
H$aVm Wm& Jm§d Am¡a ZJa EH$ Xygao go Ag§~§Y Wo& ZJa VrZ àH$ma Ho$ Wo-amOZr{VH$ ‘hÎd aIZodmbo, Ym{‘©H$ VWm
ì`mnm[aH$ T>mH$m, gyaV VWm ‘{e©Xm~mX O¡go ZJa dómoÚmoJ Ho$ {bE {dídà{gÕ Wo& ‘yë`dmZ dñVwAm| H$m {Z‘m©U, aËZO{‹S>V
Am^yfU, hmWr Xm§V H$s {‘ZmH$mar, dóm| H$s a§JmB© Am{X Ho$ {bE Xoe H$s A§Vam©ï´>r` »`m{V Wr& Jm§d Ho$ Kaoby CÚmoJ AbJ
Wo VWm ZJam| Ho$ {deof dñVwAm| Ho$ {Z‘m©U Ho$ CÚmoJ AbJ Wo& {~«Q>rem| Ho$ nyd© {OVZo ^r emgH$m| Zo ^maV na emgZ {H$`m
CÝhm|Zo Xoe Ho$ Am{W©H$ T>m±Mo ‘| H$moB© ~w{Z`mXr n[adV©Z Zht {H$E& {H$gmZ, XñVJma VWm ì`mnmar AnZr-AnZr qOXJr
na§namJV nÕ{V go hr Or aho Wo& A±J«oOm| Zo ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ na§namJV T>m±Mo H$mo nyU©V… Vhg-Zhg H$a {X`m&
A±J«oOm| Zo ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo {~«Q>re AW©ì`dñWm H$s Oê$aVm| Ho$ AZwgma ~Zm`m& Bggo ^maVr`
AW©ì`dñWm à^m{dV hwB©& ^maV ‘| V¡`ma aoe‘r VWm CZr dó, hñV {eën B§½b¢S> go Am`mV H$s OmZodmbr VWm ‘{eZm| Ûmam
~ZmB© OmZodmbr dñVwAm| Ho$ gm‘Zo {Q>H$ Z nmB© & `hr hmbV bmohm, {‘Å>r Ho$ ~V©Z, erem, H$mJO, YmVy, ~§XwH|$, OhmOamZr,
VobKmZr, M‘S>m emoYZ VWm a§JmB© CÚmoJm| H$s ^r ahr& ^maV H$m gñVm H$ƒm ‘mb {~«Q>Z ‘| nhþ±MmZo VWm {~«Q>Z H$m n¸$m ‘mb
^maVr` ~mOma ‘| bmZo Ho$ hoVw A±J«oOm| Zo aob-bmB©Zo {~N>mB©& gmW hr gS>H$m| VWm ~§Xam| H$m ^r {Z‘m©U `m {dH$mg {H$`m&
1820 Ho$ ~mX Vmo A±J«oOm| Zo `yamonr` ~mOmam| Ho$ XadmOo ^maVr` {d{Z‘m©VmAm| Ho$ {bE ~§X hr {H$E& T>mH$m, gyaV, ‘{e©Xm~mX
O¡go g‘¥Õ Am¡Úmo{JH$ H|$Ð Omo hñV {eënm| Ho$ {bE {díd à{gÕ Wo, O¡go I§S>ha hr ~Z JE& 19 dt gXr Ho$ A§V VH$ BZ ZJam|
H$s OZg§»`m Hw$b OZg§»`m H$m Xg à{VeV hr ah JB©& BZ eham| H$s X[aÐVm na JdZ©a-OZab {d{b`‘ ~¡qQ>H$ {bIVo h¢-
Bg X[aÐVm Ho$ g‘mZ X[aÐVm dm{UÁ` Ho$ B{Vhmg ‘| em`X hr H$^r ahr h¡& ~wZH$am| H$s h{È>`m| ^maV Ho$ ‘¡XmZm| Zo {da§{OV
H$a ahr h¢& (Xo. AmYw{ZH$ ^maV H$m B{Vhmg - {d{nZ M§Ð, n¥.175) A§J«Om| H$s Bg Am{W©H$ emofU H$s Zr{V go V~mh hñV
{eënr Am¡a XñVH$mam| Ho$ gm‘Zo amoOJma H$m EH$‘mÌ gmYZ Wm-H¥${f&
A±J«oOm| Zo eham| H$s Vah hr Jm±dm| Ho$ Am{W©H$ OrdZ Ho$ g§VwbZ H$mo ^r {~Jm‹S> {X`m& EH$ Amoa Jm§d Ho$ bmIm| VWm
H$amo‹S>mo§ {H$gmZ Omo A§eH$m{bH$ H$Q>mB©, ~wZmB© O¡go H$m‘ H$a AnZr Am` H$mo nyam H$aVo Wo CÝh| ^r A~ ‘w»` ê$n go IoVr na
{Z^©a ahZm nS>m& gaH$mar IM© H$mo {ZnQ>mZo Ho$ {bE IoVr na bJmZ `h gaH$ma H$s Am` H$m ‘hÎdnyU© ómoV Wm & bJmZ ~S>r
H«y$aVm Ho$ gmW dgwb {H$`m OmVm Wm& ^bo hr ’$gb H$s n¡Xmdma gm‘mÝ` go H$‘ hmo, AH$mb `m ~m‹T> go {~bHw$b ^r Z hþB©
hmo, V~ bJmZ H$mo MwH$mZo Ho$ hoVw {H$gmZ gmhÿH$ma `m ‘hmOZ Ho$ nmg AnZr O‘rZ {Jadr aI ã`mO H$s D±$Mr Xam| na H$O©
boVm Wm& EH$ ~ma H$O© ‘| ’±gZo Ho$ ~mX Cggo {ZH$b ~‹S>m ‘w{íH$b Wm& AZn‹T> bmoJm| go H$O© H$s dmñV{dH$ aH$‘m| go A{YH$
na XñVIV boH$a Cgo ’±gm`m OmVm Wm, n[aUm‘ñdê$n Cgo AnZr O‘rZ go hmW YmoZm nS>Vm Wm&
CÞrgdt gXr Ho$ CÎmamY© ‘§o ^maV ‘| ~‹S>o n¡‘mZo na ‘{eZm| na AmYm[aV CÚmoJm| H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& nhbr H$nS>m {‘b
1853 ‘| H$mdgOr ZmZm ^mB© Zo ‘w§~B© ‘| ewê$ H$s& Bgr g‘` OyQ> Am¡a H$mo`bm ImU CÚmoJ ^r ewê$ hE & bH$‹S>r, H$mJO VWm
MrZr H$s {‘b|, bmohm Am¡a BñnmV Ho$ H$maImZo, Z‘H$ VWm A^«H$ O¡go I{ZO CÚmoJ Ho$ gmW ~rgdt gXr ‘| gr‘|Q>,
{X`mgbmB© VWm erem CÚmoJ {dH${gV hþE& BZ CÚmoJm| ‘| H$m‘ H$aZodmbm EH$ Z`m "‘OXya dJ©' Yrao-Yrao CâZo bJm& Bg
dJ© ‘| A{YH$Va {H$gmZ VWm {eënr Wo Omo ZdrZ Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm Ho$ H$maU Or{dH$m{dhrZ hmo JE Wo& H¥${f H$m n[aË`mJ
H$a ‘erZm| H$s eaU ‘| OmZo na ^r ^maVr` H¥$fH$ H$m emofU g‘má Zht hþAm ~pëH$ A~ dh ny±Orn{V`m| Ho$ emofU H$m
bú` ~Zm& A±J«oOr {ejm, gaH$mar H$m`m©b`m| H$s ñWmnZm VWm ì`mdgm{`H$ g§ñWmAm| ‘| H$m`©aV {e{jV dJ© "‘Ü`dJ©' Ho$

ê$n ‘| nhMmZm J`m& Bgr ‘Ü`dJ© Zo ~mX ‘| {ejm, amOZr{V, nÌH$m[aVm, g‘mOgwYma gm{hË` Am{X joÌm| ‘| H$m‘ H$aZm
ewê$ {H$`m&
A±J«oOm| H$s Am{W©H$ Zr{V Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n g‘ñV Xoe ‘| ny±Orn{V`m| H$m ZdrZ dJ© {Z‘m©U hwAm Omo nmíMmË`,
gä`Vm, {ejm Ho$ H$maU ñdV§ÌVmnyd© H$mb ‘| A±J«oOm| Ho$ gmW ahm VWm ñdmV§Í`moÎma `wJ ‘| namoj VWm àË`j ê$nm| ‘| Xoe Ho$
amOZr{VH$ Xbm| go AnZm g§~§Y ñWm{nV H$a AnZo {hVm| Ho$ g§ajU Ho$ {bE H$m`©aV h¡& Cn`w©³V Xmo dJm} ‘| g§Kf© Omar h¡& Omo
{ZH$Q> ^{dî` ‘| ^r BgHo$ g‘má hmoZo H$s g§^mdZmE± Zht {XImB© n‹S>Vr& Vrgam emo{fV dJ© ^yI, Jar~r VWm ‘h±JmB© H$s ImB©
‘| ~war Vah go ’±gm hþAm h¡&
2.2.4 Ym{‘©H$ n[apñW{V

Y‘© ‘| ‘mZd Ed§ g‘ñV {díd Ho$ Ordm| Ho$ ‘§Jb H$s H$m‘Zm ahVr h¡& Y‘© H$m dmñV{dH$ AW© h¡-"AmË‘m H$m eÕ ê$n,
ew^ê$n, Z¡{VH$‘yë`, gË`, gXmMma, AMm¡`©, ~«hM`©, An[aJ«h H$m nmbZ H$aZm&' Bg AmYma na Y‘© H$s H$B© gmar
n[a^mfmE± ^r Xr OmVr h¡ bo{H$Z h‘ `hm± ì`mdhm[aH$ AW© ‘| 'Y‘©' eãX H$m à`moJ H$a aho h¡& qhXy, ~m¡Õ VWm O¡Z Y‘© H$s
CnO ^maVr` ^y{‘ na hþB© h¡ VWm H$mbm§Va ‘| ò Y‘© AZoH$ emImAm| ‘| VWm CnemImAm| ‘| {d^m{OV hþE& ^maV Ho$ X{jU
VQ> go ‘w»`V: ì`mnma Ho$ CÔoí` go Amò BgmB© Y‘© H$m g§nH©$ Xygar VWm Vrgar eVr ‘| VWm Bñbm‘ H$m g§nH©$ N>R>r gXr ‘|
Am`m & Bñbm‘ Zo amOml` H$m AmYma boH$a ^maVr` Y‘© ì`dñWm na AmKmV H$a Bgo ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| à^m{dV {H$`m VWm ~mX
Ho$ Hw$N> emgH$m| H$s g{hîUw Zr{V Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n g‘Ýd` H$s à{H«$`m ^r ewê$ hþB©& Bgr H$mb ‘| ^{³V Am§XmobZ H$s
ewê$dmV hþB© & BgmB© Y‘© Ho$ àMma ‘| A±J«oOm| Ho$ gmW BgmB© {‘eZ[a`m| H$m `moJXmZ ahm h¡&
1857 Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m‘ ‘| em{‘b§ qhXy-‘wpñb‘ OZVm VWm XmoZm| Y‘m] Ho$ g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ g§JR>Z go A±J«oO emgH$ Bg ~mV
H$mo OmZ JE {H$ Bg Xoe na b§~o g‘` VH$ emgZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE qhXy Am¡a ‘wgb‘mZm| ‘| AbJmd Am¡a Z’$aV H$mo ~Zm`m
aIZm Amdí`H$ h¡& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ Xoe H$s AmOmXr VH$ {h§Xÿ-‘wpñb‘ EH$Vm go H$B© Á`mXm ‘wpñb‘-A±J«oO EH$Vm ~Zr
ahr§& 1885 ‘| H$m±J«og H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ Hw$N> df© ~mX 1906 ‘| T>mH$m ‘| "‘wpñb‘ brJ' H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& 1908 ‘| "qhXy
‘hmg^m' H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& XmoZm| H$s gZmVZr àd¥{Îm`m± EH$ Xgao Ho$ à{V Oha ’¡$bmZo H$m H$m‘ H$aVr ahr& A±J«oO ‘mÌ BZ
XmoZm| H$mo àmoËgmhZ XoVo aho§& 1920 ‘| ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr Ho$ ^maVr` amOZr{V ‘| ~‹T>Vo à^md Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n ~°. OrZm
amOZr{VH$ g§Ý`mg boH$a dH$mbV H$aZo H$m {ZU©` H$a b§XZ ‘| Om ~go & bo{H$Z {b`mH$V Abr Ûmam g‘PmZo na 1931 ‘|
^maV ‘| bm¡Q>o& Bg g‘` CZH$s amï´>r` ^mdZm nyar Vah go gm§àXm{`H$Vm ‘| n[ad{V©V hþB© Wr& Bgr dOh go CÝhm|Zo {Ûamï´>
{gÕm§V' H$m g‘W©Z H$a ñdV§Ì nm{H$ñVmZ H$s ‘m§J H$s& BgH$s ny{V© ^`mdh gm§àXm{`H$ X§Jm| Ho$ Ûmam hþB&© bo{H$Z h‘ `h ^r
XoIVo h¡ {H$ ñdV§Ì ^maV ‘| ‘wgb‘mZm| H$s g§»`m nm{H$ñVmZ H$s Hw$b OZg§»`m go ^r A{YH$ h¡& ^maVr` g§{dYmZ, XmoZm|
Y‘m] Ho$ ~w{ÕOr{d`m| VWm gm‘m{OH$ g§JR>Zm| Ûmam BZ XmoZm| H$s EH$Vm H$mo ~ZmE aIZo ‘| Ah‘ ^y{‘H$m ahr h¡& ~mdOyX BgHo$
ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maVr` amOZr{V A±J«oOm| H$s ^m±{V hr qhXy-‘wgb‘mZm| Ho$ Amngr gh`moJ Ho$ g§~§Ym| H$mo "AbJmd' VWm
"A{dídmg' ‘| ~XbZo ‘| bJr hþB© h¡& AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX {deof ê$n go 1990 Ho$ ~mX Bg g‘ñ`m Zo {’$a go O{Q>b ê$n YmaU
{H$`m h¡& ~oamoOJmar, gm‘m{OH$ Agwa{jVVm, Y‘mªYVm VWm XmoZm| Amoa H$s à{V{H«$`mdmXr e{³V`m| Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n Xoe ‘|
gm§àXm{`H$ X§Jm| H$s AmJ ‘| gm‘mÝ` OZVm {ngVr Om ahr h¡& AmO Y‘© ‘mZmo gÎmm àm{á H$m ‘mÜ`‘ hr ~Zm hþAm h¡&
h‘ `h ^r XoIVo h¡ {H$ AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ nyd© VH$ {deof H$a qhXy Y‘© ‘| ~møm§S>~a, Y‘mªYVm Ho$ gmW Nw>AmNy>V O¡gr
àd¥{Îm`m± ñWm`r ~Z MwH$s Wr& BZ‘| n[adV©Z `m ~Xbmd H$s Anojm g‘mO H$mo Zht Wr& bo{H$Z A±J«oOr {ejm VWm BgmB© Y‘©
Ho$ àMma-àgma Ho$ gmW {dXoer ^y{‘ na hþE gm‘m{OH$ VWm Ym{‘©H$ Am§XmobZ Ho$ à^mdñdê$n ^maV Ho$ Cƒ VWm Zd{e{jV
`wdH$m| Zo qhXy Y‘© ‘| ì`má H$‘©H$m§S>m|, A{Zï> ê${‹T>, àWm, na§namAm| Ho$ gmW dU©ì`dñWm H$s g‘rjm ewê$ H$s& CÝhm|Zo VH©$dmX
Am¡a ~w{ÕdmX Ho$ AmYma na B©ída Ho$ ApñVËd na hr àíZ{MÝh I‹S>o H$a ZdOmJaU H$mo AnZm`m& Bg Ñ{ï> Ho$ ~«÷ g‘mO,
Am`© g‘mO, àmW©Zm g‘mO, {WAmogmo{’$H$b gmogm`Q>r, ñdm‘r am‘H¥$îU na‘h§g, ‘. ’w$bo, AaqdX Ho$ doXm§V Xe©Z,
{ddoH$mZ§X, Jm§YrOr H$m ‘mZdVmdmX Am{X H$m {deof `moJXmZ ahm h¡& BÝhm|Zo qhXy Y‘© H$mo ZE gm±Mo ‘| T>mbZo H$m H$m`© {H$`m&
qhXy Y‘© H$s ZB© ì`m»`m H$s OmZo bJr& `h à{H«$`m qhXy Y‘© Ho$ gmW Bñbm‘ ‘| ^r ewê$ hþB©& ga gæ`X Ah‘X VWm CZHo$
AZw`m{``m| Zo ‘w„m-‘m¡b{d`m| H$s gZmVZr àd¥{Îm na H$R>moa àhma {H$E VWm A±J«oOr {ejm H$m ‘hÎd ‘wpñb‘ g‘mO H$mo
g‘PmZo bJo& Y‘© na VQ>ñWVm go gmoMZo H$s Ñ{ï> {dH${gV hþB©& Y‘©à‘wIm| H$m ñWmZ Jm¡U ~Zm VWm AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX Vmo
'Y‘©{ZanojVm' H$mo g§{dYmZ Zo AnZmH$a g^r Y‘© Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo g‘mZ A{YH$ma àXmZ {H$E& ~mdOyX BgHo$ gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZ
‘| Y‘© H$m hñVjon AmO ^r ~Zm hþAm h¡& Y‘© AmO ^r gÎmm Ho$ gmW OwS>m hþAm h¡& gm§àXm{`H$Vm, Y‘mªYVm VWm Om{V`Vm
H$s ‘mÌm H$‘ hþB© h¡ bo{H$Z BZH$m nyar Vah go {ZOmV Zht hmo nm`m h¡§&
2.2.5 gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñW{V
g§ñH¥${V `h ì`mnH$ eãX h¡, {Og‘| g‘mOì`dñWm H$mo {Z`§{ÌV, à^m{dV VWm ào[aV H$aZodmbr BH$mB©`m| H$m g‘mdoe
hmoVm h¡& Bg Ñ{ï> go amOZr{V, g‘mO, Y‘©, AW©, g§ñH¥${V H$s hr BH$mB©`m± gm{~V hmoVr h¡& `hm± g§ñH¥${V Ho$ gr{‘V AW©
(H$bm, gm{hË`, {ejm, ^mfm Am{X) H$m AÜ``Z `m {ddoMZ {H$`m OmEJm& gZ 1800 Ho$ ~mX H$s ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V ‘|
AmE ~Xbmdm| H$mo g‘PZo VWm OmZ boZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m OmEJm& h‘ `h OmZVo h¡ {H$ A±J«oO Bg Xoe ‘| ì`mnma Ho$ CÔoí`
go AmE Wo& bo{H$Z `hm± H$s H$‹S>r Y‘mªYVm, dU© VWm Om{Vì`dñWm Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n g‘mO H$m Qy>H$‹S>m| ‘| ~±Q>Zm, {ejm H$m
A^md VWm Y‘© H$m à^md, AkmZVm, N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r [a`mgVm| ‘| Xoe H$m ~§Q>dmam VWm ‘wJb emgH$m| H$s H|$Ðr` gÎmm S>mdm±S>m¡b
hmoZo Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n A±J«oOm| Zo emgH$ Ho$ ê$n ‘| Bg Xoe ‘| n¡a O‘mZm ewê$ {H$`m& CÝhm|Zo gZ 1757 ‘| ~§Jmb àm§V OrVH$a
AnZo emgZ H$s Ztd n¸$s H$s VWm gZ 1849 VH$ g§nyU© ^maV na AnZm A{YH$ma OVm`m& A±J«oO O~ Bg Xoe ‘| AmE V~
CZHo$ gm‘Zo g~go ~‹S>r g‘ñ`m "^mfm' H$s Wr& ì`mnma Ho$ gmW Bg {demb Xoe na emgZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$gr EH$ ^mfm go
H$m‘ MbZo dmbm Zht Wm& H$maU ~hþ^m{fH$Vm Bg Xoe H$s {deofVm ahr h¡& Bg àíZ Ho$ g‘mYmZ hoVw A±J«oOm| Zo Xmo nÕ{V`m|
H$mo AnZm`m -
(1) ^maVr` bmoJm| H$mo A±J«oOr {ejm XoZm&
(2) A{YH$m§e ^maVr` bmoJ g‘P VWm ~mob gHo$ Eogr ^maVr` ^mfm H$s ImoO H$aZm&
A±J«oO A{YH$m[a`m| H$mo ^maVr` ^mfmAm| go n[a{MV H$amZo Ho$ CÔoí` go gZ 1801 ‘| H$bH$Îmm ‘| ’$moQ>© {d{b`‘
H$m°boO H$s ñWmnZm H$s JB©& Bg H$m°boO ‘| ^maVr` ^mfmAm| Ho$ AÜ``Z H$m H$m`© ewê$ hþAm VWm nmR>çnwñVH$m| H$m {Z‘m©U
hþAm& `ht na A±J«oOr A{YH$m[a`m| H$mo ^maVr` ^mfmE± {gIbmZo H$m H$m‘ ewê$ hþAm& I‹S>r~mobr Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| H§$nZr gaH$ma
VWm BgmB© {‘eZ[a`m| H$m `moJXmZ {deof ‘hÎdnyU© ahm& Bgr I‹S>r~mobr ‘| JÚ e¡br H$m A{d^m©d hþAm& VËH$mbrZ nÌ-
n{ÌH$mAm| Zo ^r Bgo hr A{^ì`{³V Ho$ hoVw ‘mÜ`‘ Ho$ ê$n ‘| AnZm`m& ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr Zo Xoe Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m‘ Ho$ gmW Bgo
Omo‹S> {X`m& AmO JÚ e¡br Vmo boIZ H$s A{Zdm`© eV© gr ~Zr h¡&
^mfm VWm gm{hË` joÌ Ho$ gmW hr A±J«oOm| Zo ^maVr` B{Vhmg VWm nwamVËd H$m AÜ``Z VWm AZwg§YmZ ewê$ {H$`m&
Bggo ^maVdm{g`m| ‘| AnZo Jm¡adnyU© AVrV Ho$ à{V ào‘ VWm AmXa H$m g§Mma hþAm& H$Z©b H$qZK‘ Ho$ à`ËZm| go gZ 1857
‘| nwamVËd {d^mJ H$s ñWmnZm hþB© {Og‘| AZwg§YmZ go amOJ¥h, Zmb§Xm, Vj{ebm, hS>ßnm VWm ‘mohZ OmoXS>mo Am{X H$s IwXmB©
go ^maV Ho$ Jm¡adnyU© AVrV H$m kmZ hþAm& `h ZdmoËWmZ H$m EH$ ‘hÎdnyU© àoaH$ VËd gm{~V hþAm& Bgr H$mb ‘| b{bV
H$bmAm| Ho$ joÌ ‘| ^r ^maVr`m| H$s ê${M AmH¥$ï> hþB©& emór` g§JrV Ho$ joÌ ‘| {dîUw {XJ§~a nbwgH$a VWm lr. ^mVI§S>o Or
H$m `moJXmZ {deof ‘hÎdnyU© ahm& BZ XmoZm| Zo ^maVr` g§JrV Ho$ nwZê$Õma H$m A{^`mZ MbmH$a g§JrV H$mo gm‘mÝ` ‘Zwî` go
Omo‹S> {X`m& bmoH$H$bmAm| H$mo g‘mOà~moYZ H$m ‘mÜ`‘ ‘mZH$a Bgo bmoH$ml` Ho$ gmW amOml` ^r àmá hþAm& {deofV…
ñdmV§Í`moÎma `wJ ‘| Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>ç, g§JrV, {eën, {MÌH$bm, ‘y{V©H$bm Am{X Ho$ à{V ‘Ü`dJ© Ho$ gmW ~w{ÕOrdr dJ© ~‹S>r ‘mÌm
‘| Ow‹S> J`m& VH$ZrH$s Ho$ à^md ñdê$n ao{S>`mo (AmH$medmUr), XyaXe©Z, {gZo‘m, Q>o{b’$moZ Am{X Zo ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maVr`
OZ‘mZg H$mo ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| à^m{dV {H$`m& ha joÌ ‘| "à`moJ' H$s ‘mÌm ~‹T> JB©&
ñdmV§Í`nyd© VWm ñdmV§Í`moÎma `wJ Ho$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌ ‘| "qhXr gm{hË`' H$m {deof `moJXmZ ahm h¡& ar{VH$mb VH$ (gZ
1843) gm{hË` H$‘© H$m AW© Ho$db "H$mì`' `m H${dVm VH$ hr gr{‘V Wm& A±J«oOr {ejm H$m àgma, BgmB© {‘eZar ñHy$b
VWm àog H$s ewê$AmV Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n {e{jV ^maVr` ~w{ÕOrdr dJ© d¡Mm[aH$ boIZ Ho$ à{V AmH¥$ï> hþAm& BgmB©
{‘eZ[a`m| Zo ~m`~b H$m AZwdmX "Xoer ^mfm' ‘| {H$`m& g§ñH¥$V Ho$ H$B© J«§Wm| H$m ^r AZwdmX Bgr H$mb ‘| hþAm& A±J«oOr
{ejm Ho$ hoVw Amdí`H$ nmR>çnwñVH|$ JÚ e¡br ‘| {bIr OmZo bJr& Ym{‘©H$ VWm gm‘m{OH$ gwYma Am§XmobZm| VWm VËH$mbrZ
g‘mOgwYmaH$m| Ûmam g‘mOà~moYZ Ho$ hoVw g‘mMmanÌ VWm n{ÌH$mAm| H$s ewê$AmV H$s& gm{hË` g~go nhbr ~ma ‘Zwî` Ho$
gwI-XwI Ho$ gmW Ow‹S> J`m& ^maV|Xw h[aíM§Ð Ho$ AmJ‘Z go gm{hË` Xoeào‘, Xoe^{³V VWm amï´>r` Am§XmobZ H$m dmhH$ ~Zm&
AmJo OmH$a ào‘M§X, àgmX, {Zambm, n§V, ‘hmXodr, ènmb, amhÿb gm§H¥$Ë`m`Z, Ako` O¡go gm{hË`H$mam| Zo gm‘m{OH$
{df‘VmAm| H$m I§S>Z H$aZodmbm VWm A±J«oOr gÎmm Ho$ {damoY ‘| b‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE àoaUm àXmZ H$aZodmbm gm{hË` {bIm &
ñdmV§Í`moÎma qhXr gm{hË` Ohm± EH$ Amoa X{bV, ór VWm Am{Xdmgr OrdZ `m {d‘e© Ho$ H|$Ð ‘| ahm dht Xygar Amoa
ñdmV§Í`moÎma `wJ H$s gm‘m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ VWm Am{W©H$ {df‘VmAm| H$m `WmW© dU©Z H$aVm hþAm XoIm J`m&
ñdmV§Í`moÎma `wJ g§ñH¥${V`m| Ho$ AmXmZ-àXmZ H$m `wJ ahm h¡& d¡km{ZH$ OrdZ nÕ{V, {ejm H$m àgma VWm g§nH©$ Ho$
gwb^ gmYZm| go g§ñH¥${V`m| H$m AmXmZ-àXmZ ~T> MwH$m h¡& Bggo g§ñH¥${V`m± à^m{dV hþB© h¡& ~mOmadmX, Cn^mo³VmdmX,
{ZOrH$aU Zo ^maVr` gä`Vm VWm g§ñH¥${V H$mo Bg hX VH$ à^m{dV {H$`m h¡ {H$ dh AnZr ‘yb nhMmZ ImoH$a Z`r nhMmZ

~Zm MwH$s h¡& ’¡$eZnañVr, ñdÀN>§X^moJ, Cn^mo³Vm VWm ~mOma Zo {dMma, dñVw, ^mfm, doe^yfm, ImZ-nmZ, ar{V-nÕ{V,
nd©, CËgd, g§ñH$mam| H$mo Z`m ê$n àmá hþAm h¡& dV©‘mZ `wJ H$s g§ñH¥${V 'AW©' na H|${ÐV hmoH$a BgZo àmMrZ ^maVr`
g§ñH¥${V Ho$ ‘yë`m| na AmKmV H$a "AW©' go g§~§{YV ZE VËd `m ‘yë` ñWm{nV {H$E h¡§&

(1) ................. Am¡a g‘mO EH$ Xþgao H$o$ nyaH$ hmoVo h¡§&
(2) qhXr gm{hË¶ ‘| AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s g‘¶ gr‘m gZ ........... go AmO VH$ ‘mZr J¶r h¡&
(3) gZ 1995 ‘| ^maVr¶ amï´>r¶.............. H$s ñWmnZm Bg ¶wJ H$s ‘hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm h¢&
(4) nhbr H$nS>m {‘b 1853 ‘|...............Zo ‘w§~B© ‘| ewê$ H$s&
(5) Xoe Ho$ ñdmV§Í¶nyd© VWm ñdmV§Í¶moÎma ¶wJ Ho$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌ ‘|............ H$m {deof ¶moJXmZ ahm h¡&

(1) A§J«oO O~ ^maV AmE V~ CZHo$ gm‘Zo g~go ~‹S>r H$m¡Zgr g‘ñ¶m Wr?
(2) H$m±J«og H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ níMmV² H$m¡Zgr Xmo Ym{‘©H$ g§ñWmAm| H$m {Z‘m©U hþAm?
(3) ^maV Ho$ Jm¡adnyU© AVrV H$m kmZ H$m¡Zgr KQ>Zm go hþAm?
(4) ^maVr¶ emór¶ g§JrV ‘| {H$gH$m ¶moJXmZ ‘hÎdnyU© ahm h¡?
(5) ’$moQ>© {d{b¶‘ H$m°boO H$s ñWmnZm H$hm± H$s JB©&

· Am`m‘ : {dñVma, A{YH$Va gr‘m, {dñVrU©Vm
· X{H$`mZygr : nwamZo {dMmam| H$m g‘W©H$
· [a`mgV : amÁ`
· A^«H$ : EH$ nmaXe©H$ I{ZO nXmW©
· ZdOmJaU : ZdrZ MoVZm (ZdOmJaU H$m {dñVma ^maV|Xw `wJ Ho$ AÜ``Z ‘| XoI|)
· Cn{Zdoe : dh OrVm hþAm Xoe {Og‘| {dOoVm amï´> Ho$ bmoJ AmH$a ~g JE hmo&

(A)
(1) (1) gm{hË¶ (2) 1943 (3) H$m±J«og (4) H$mdgOr ZmZm ^mB© (5) qhXr gm{hË¶
(Am)
(1) A§J«oO O~ ^maV AmE O~ CZHo$ gm‘Zo g~go ~S>r g‘ñ¶m ^mfm H$s Wr&
(2) H$m±J«og H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ níMmV² "‘wpñb‘ brJ' Am¡a "qhXÿ ‘hmg^m' BZ Xmo g§ñWmAm| H$m {Z‘m©U hþAm&
(3) gZ 1957 ‘| AZwg§YmZ go amOJ¥h, Zmb§Xm, Vj{ebm, hS>ßnm VWm ‘mohZ OmoXS>mo Am{X H$s IwXmB© go ^maV Ho$ Jm¡adnyU©
AVrV H$m kmZ hþAm&

(4) ^maVr¶ emór¶ g§JrV ‘| {dîUy {XJ§~a nbwgH$a Ed§ lr. ^mVI§S>o Or H$m ¶moJXmZ ‘hÎdnyU© ahm h¡&
(5) ’$moQ>© {d{b¶‘ H$m°boO H$s ñWmnZm H$bH$Îmm ‘| H$s JB©&
2.5 gmam§e
XmoñVm|, Bg BH$mB© Ho$ A§VJ©V AmnH$mo AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s {d{^Þ n[apñW{V`m| go n[a{MV H$amZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m J`m
h¡& {df` {ddoMZ ‘| AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s amOZr{V, g‘mO, Y‘©, AW© Ho$ gmW g§ñH¥${V H$mo {d{dY nhbwAm| VWm ~Xbmdm| Ho$
gmW {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡ {OgHo$ AÜ``Z go AmnH$mo Bg H$mb Ho$ gm{hË` H$mo g‘PZo ‘| AmgmZr hmoJr& Bg {ddoMZ ‘| h‘Zo
g~go nhbo amOZr{VH$ n[apñW{V go n[a{MV H$am`m h¡& BgH$m EH$ ‘hÎdnyU© H$maU ^r h¡ {H$ O¡go ‘Ü`H$mb 'Y‘©' go
à^m{dV Wm Cgr àH$ma go AmYw{ZH$ H$mb "amOZr{V' go à^m{dV h¡& ^maV ‘| ì`mnma Ho$ CÔoí` go H$m`©aV B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZr
gZ 1757 ‘| ~§Jmb àm§V OrVH$a AnZo emgZ H$s Ztd S>mbVr h¡ VWm gZ 1857 VH$ g§nyU© ^maV na AnZm A{YH$ma
O‘mVr h¡& 1857 Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm Am§XmobZ H$mo Hw$MbZo ‘| A±J«oOm| H$mo g’$bVm {‘bVr h¡ VWm `ht go ^maVdf© {~«Q>re gm‘«mÁ`
H$m Cn{Zdoe ~Zm h¡& 1885 ‘| H$m±J«og H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ gmW AmOmXr H$m Am§XmobZ OZ-OZ VH$ nhþ±Mm& ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr Ho$
ZoV¥Ëd ‘| Bg Am§XmobZ H$mo e{³V {‘br& H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| Zo Xoeào‘ VWm Xoe^{³V Ho$ hoVw ~{bXmZ H$m AmdmhZ {H$`m& A±J«oOm|
H$s "’y$Q> S>mbmo Am¡a amÁ` H$amo' H$s Zr{V Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n qhXy-‘wpñb‘m| ‘| gm§àXm{`H$Vm H$mo ~‹T>mdm {‘bm& AbJ
nm{H$ñVmZ H$s {Z{‘©{V Ho$ gmW 15 AJñV, 1947 H$mo Xoe AmOmX hþAm& ñdmV§Í`moÎma amOZr{V ‘| 1970 Ho$ ~mX ^mar
~Xbmd AmE& àmXo{eH$ nm{Q©>`m| H$m ~mob~mbm ahm VWm H|$Ð H$s amOZr{V ‘| BÝh| ‘hÎdnyU© ñWmZ àmá hmoZo bJm& 1975 ‘|
B§{Xam Or Ûmam AmnmVH$mb H$s KmofUm Vmo ‘mZmo A{^ì`{³V ñdV§ÌVm na AmKmV hr Wm& ^«ï>mMma, ñdmW©, Xb~XbynZ,
AnamYrH$aU Ho$ gmW Y‘mªYVm Zo amOZr{V H$m M[aÌ hr ~Xb {X`m& BZ gr‘mAm| Ho$ ~mdOyX Xoe ‘| bmoH$V§Ì {XZ-~-{XZ
‘O~yV ~ZVm Om ahm h¡& Bg {Xem ‘| Ý`m`nm{bH$m Zo AË`§V ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m {Z^mB© h¡&
gm‘m{OH$ Am`m‘ Ho$ A§VJ©V 19 dt gXr Ho$ nyd© H$s g‘mO ì`dñWm H$m g§jon ‘| {ddoMZ H$a gZ 1857 go gZ 2000
VH$ Ho$ ^maVr` g‘mO H$mo g‘PmZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡& BgHo$ A§VJ©V h‘Zo XoIm h¡ {H$ A±J«oOr {ejm, àog, S>mH$, Vma VWm
`mVm`mV Ho$ gmYZm| H$s gw{dYm go hr ^maVr` g‘mO ì`dñWm ‘| ~Xbmd H$s ewaAmV hwB© & Om{V VWm dU©ì`dñWm ‘| OH$‹S>o
hE ^maVr` g‘mO ‘| n[adV©Z H$s MoVZm {Z‘m©U H$aUo H$m à`mg àmW©Zm g‘mO, Am`© g‘mO O¡go gm‘m{OH$ Am§XmobZm| Ho$
gmW-gmW ‘hmË‘m ’w$bo, amOmam‘ ‘mohZ am`, ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr, X{jU ‘| no[aà am‘ñdm‘r VWm S>m°. ~m~mgmh~ Am§~oS>H$a Ho$
Ûmam {H$`m J`m& qhXy Y‘© ‘| ì`má A{Zï> - ê${‹T>-na§namAm| Ho$ H$maU g‘mO N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o V~H$m| ‘| ~§Q>Zo Ho$ hoVw A{êá Wm&
AmOmXr Ho$ Am§XmobZ ‘| g‘mO H$m g§JR>Z ~ZmE aIZo VWm gm‘m{OH$ gwYma Ho$ gmW-gmW Xoe H$mo AmOmX H$aZo H$m H$m`©
VËH$mbrZ g§JR>Z Mbm aho Wo& Bg Ñ{ï> go S>m°. ~m~mgmh~ Am§~oS>H$a Or H$m `moJXmZ {deof ‘hÎdnyU© ahm h¡& do gm‘m{OH$
g‘Vm H$s EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>r bS>mB© bS>o Wo& Cno{jVm|, emo{fVm| VWm X{bVm| H$mo {XE JE "{e{jV hmo OmAmo, g§K{R>V hmo OmAmo
VWm g§Kf© H$amo' Ho$ Zmamo ‘| EH$ àH$ma go g‘mO n[adV©Z H$m ‘yb‘§Ì hr Wm& AmO ^r g§d¡Ym{ZH$ ì`dñWm Ho$ ~mdOyX ^maVr`
g‘mO ‘| Agm‘m{OH$ VËd ‘m¡OyX h¡§&
Am{W©H$ Am`m‘ ‘| h‘Zo XoIm h¡ {H$ A±J«oOm| Zo nma§n[aH$ AW©ì`dñWm H$mo Zï> H$a ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo
{~«Q>re AW©ì`dñWm H$s Oê$aVm| Ho$ AZwgma ~Zm`m& AnZo Amn ‘| ñdV:nyU© Am{W©H$ BH$mB© ~Zo Jm§d VWm dó, aËZO{‹S>V
Am^yfU Ho$ gmW ‘yë`dmZ dñVwAm| H$mo {Z‘m©U H$aZodmbo eha B§½b¢S> go Am`mV H$s OmZodmbr VWm ‘{eZm| Ûmam ~ZmB© JB©
dñVwAm| Ho$ AmZo go ~oH$mar H$s g‘ñ`m go OwPZo bJo& {H$gmZ go "bJmZ' ~S>r H«y$aVm Ho$ gmW dgyb {H$`m OmZo bJm&
H$maImZm| VWm ‘{eZm| Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n ny§OrdmX H$m ~mob~mbm ahm VWm emofU H$s ‘mÌm ^r ~‹T>r& ‘Ü`dJ© H$m OÝ‘ ^r Bg
`wJ H$s ‘hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm ahr h¡& ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX {‘{lV AW©ì`dñWm H$mo AnZmH$a H¥${f {dH$mg H$mo ghH$ma joÌ Ho$ gmW
Omo‹S>H$a BgHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ à`mg hþE& 1980 B©. g. Ho$ ~mX "‘w³V AW© ì`dñWm' H$m ñdrH$ma {H$`m {Oggo ‘Ü`dJ© H$s g§»`m
Vmo ~T>r bo{H$Z AmO ^r A‘ra Am¡a Jar~ Ho$ ~rM H$s ImB© H$‘ Zht hþB©& ^maV ‘| AmO ^r Jar~r aoIm Ho$ {ZMo ahZodmbo
bmoJm| H$s g§»`m 30 à{VeV go H$‘ Zht h¡&
Ym{‘©H$ n[apñW{V Ho$ {ddoMZ ‘| h‘Zo XoIm h¡ {H$ qhXy, ~m¡Õ VWm O¡Z Y‘© H$s CnO ^maVr` ^y{‘ ahr h¡& H$mbm§Va ‘|
Bñbm‘ VWm BgmB© Y‘© H$m AmJ‘Z Bg ^y{‘ na hþAm& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ nyd© VH$ qhXy Am¡a Bñbm‘ Y‘© ‘| AamOH$Vm H$s
pñW{V Wr& XmoZm| Y‘© AZoH$ g§àXm`m| ‘| {d^³V Wo VWm H$‘©H$m§‹S> Ed§ ê${‹T>`m| go OH$‹S>o hþE Wo& ^maVr`Vm H$s ^mdZm H$m A^md
Wm& A±J«oO Bgr H$mo AmYma ~Zm H$a AnZr gÎmm H$mo ‘O~yV H$a aho Wo& A±J«oOr {ejm VWm BgmB© Y‘© MwZm¡{V Ho$
n[aUm‘ñdê$n qhXy VWm Bñbm‘ Y‘© ‘| AmË‘narjU VWm ew{ÕH$aU H$s ewê$AmV hþB©& A±J«oOm| Zo ewê$AmV go qhXy Am¡a
‘wgb‘mZm| ‘| AbJmd' VWm "Z’$aV' n¡Xm H$s {OgHo$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n Xoe H$m ~§Q>dmam hþAm& AmOmX ^maV ‘| ^r A±J«oOm| H$s
Bg Zr{V Ho$ n[aUm‘ qhXy-‘wpñb‘' gm§àXm{`H$ X§Jm| ‘| XoIZo H$mo {‘bVo h¡& H$Å>a Ym{‘©H$ g§JQ>Z, Xoe H$s amOZr{V Ho$ gmW
A§Vaamï´>r` amOZr{V gm§àXm{`H$Vm H$mo ~ZmE aIZodmbr à{V{H«$`mdmXr e{³V`m| H$mo g§ajU Xo aho h¡& AmO "Y‘©' MwZmd H$m
‘hÎdnyU© gmYZ ~Zm h¡&
gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ñ{ï> go `h `wJ g§H«$‘U Ho$ gmW ^mar CWb-nwWb H$m ahm& ^maVr` OZVm nhbr ~ma A±J«oOr g§ñH¥${V Ho$
gmW A±J«oOr ^mfm Ho$ g§nH©$ ‘| AmB©& Bgr `wJ ‘| I‹S>r~mobr Ho$ JÚ e¡br H$m {dH$mg hþAm& H§$nZr gaH$ma VWm BgmB©
{‘eZ[a`m| Zo JÚ ‘| nmR>çnwñVH$m| H$s aMZm H$s VWm àog H$s ñWmnZm H$a ^maVr`m| H$mo g‘mOà~moYZ H$m ‘mÜ`‘ ^r CnbãY
H$am`m& bmoH$ H$bmAm| H$mo ~‹T>mdm {‘bm VWm ^maVr` g§JrV VWm {MÌH$bm H$m ^r nwZê$Ûma hþAm& b{bV H$bmAm| Ho$ à{V
‘Ü`dJ© VWm ~w{ÕOrdr dJ© AmH${f©V hþAm VWm ao{S>`mo, XyaXe©Z, Q>o{b’$moZ Am{X Ho$ àMma-àgma ñdê$n Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>ç, g§JrV,
{gZo‘m Am{X H$bmE± Vmo Ka-Ka VH$ nhþ±Mr& ñdmV§Í`moÎma `wJ Ho$ {deofV… Añgr Ho$ XeH$ Ho$ ~mOmadmX, Cn^mo³VmdmX,
{ZOrH$aU Zo ‘mÌ ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$mo ~war Vah go à^m{dV {H$`m& Bg "AW©àXmZ g§ñH¥${V Zo AnZo ZE VËd VWm ‘yë`
ñWm{nV {H$E h¡§&
Hw$b {‘bmH$a h‘ `h XoIVo h¡ {H$ AmYw{ZH$ H$mb AnZr g‘ñV BH$mBAm| ‘| A§Va{damoY VWm n[adV©Zm| H$mo boH$a
AmJo ~‹T>Vm h¡& Bg H$mb H$s g^r n[apñW{V`m| H$mo A±J«oOr gÎmm, A±J«oOr {ejm, Am{W©H$ Zr{V VWm ^maVr`m| H$m emofU
H$aZo H$s àd¥{Îm`m| Zo à^m{dV {H$`m h¡& ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maV H$mo ^r A±J«oOr Ho$ gmW A±J«oOm| H$s ZB© Zr{V`m± à^m{dV H$a ahr
h¡& bo{H$Z `h ^r gM h¡ {H$ A±J«oOr {ejm, àog H$s ñWmnZm VWm BgmB© Y‘© Ho$ g§nH©$ Ho$ H$maU hr h‘ ZdOmJaU H$s Amoa
AJ«oga hþE&
2.6 ñdmÜ¶m¶
(1) AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s gm‘m{OH$ n[apñW{V H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OE&
(2) AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s amOZr{VH$ n[apñW{V H$m dU©Z H$s{OE&
(3) AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñW{V H$m g§jon ‘| {ddaU H$s{OE&
(4) ñdV§ÌVmnyd© Ym{‘©H$ pñW{V`m| H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OE&
(5) ñdV§ÌVmnyd© ^maVr` Jm±dm| H$s AW©ì`dñWm H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE&
(6) ñdV§ÌVmnyd© ^maVr` eha H$m {ddaU H$s{OE&
2.7 joÌr` H$m`©

(1) AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s (gZ 1857 go gZ 2000 VH$) ‘hmamï´> H$s {d{^Þ n[apñW{V`m| H$m AÜ``Z H$a| VWm CgH$s
VwbZm Xoe H$s n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ gmW H$ao§&
(2) gZ 1857 go gZ 2000 VH$ Ho$ ‘hmamï´> Ho$ gm‘m{OH$ Am§XmobZm| H$m AÜ``Z H$a CgHo$ Xoeì`mnr à^md H$mo ñnï>
H$ao§&
(3) AmYw{ZH$ H$mb {d{^Þ n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ g§X^© ‘| A{YH$ n{‹T>E&

2.8 A{V[a³V AÜ¶¶Z Ho$ {bE
(1) {d{nZ M§Ð, AmYw{ZH$ ^maV H$m B{Vhmg, ZB© {X„r, Amo[a`§Q> ìh¡H$gmZ àmBdoQ> {b{‘Q>oS>, g§ñH$aU, 2008.
(2) d‘m© g§. Yra|Ð, qhXr gm{hË` (V¥Vr` I§S>), à`mJ, ^maVr` ^mfm n[afX, àW‘ g§ñH$aU, 1969
(3) e‘m© amOZmW, qhXr gm{hË` H$m {ddoMZmË‘H$ B{Vhmg, AmJam, {dZmoX nwñVH$ ‘§{Xa, V¥Vr` g§ñH$aU, 1973.

BH$mB© 3 : JÚ e¡br H$m {dH$mg
AZwH$« ‘
3.0 CÔoí`
3.1 àñVmdZm
3.2 {df` - {ddaU
3.2.1 JÚ : n[a^mfm VWm ñdê$n
3.2.2 AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ nyd© H$m JÚ
3.2.3 IS>r~mobr JÚ H$m CØd
3.2.4 IS>r~mobr JÚ H$m Ama§{^H$ {dH$mg
3.2.5 BgmB© {‘eZ[a`m| H$m `moJXmZ
3.2.6 A§J«oOr {ejm, àog VWm g‘mMma nÌ
3.2.7 ^maV|Xw nyd© `wJ Ho$ ‘hÎdnyU© gm{hË`H$ma
3.2.8 qhXr JÚ H$m {dH$mg
3.5 gmam§e
3.6 ñdmÜ¶m¶
3.7 joÌr¶ H$m¶©
3.0 CÔoí`
Bg BH$mB© H$mo nT>Zo Ho$ ~mX Amn -
· IS>r~mobr JÚ Ho$ {Z‘m©U Ho$ H$maUm| VWm n[apñW{V`m| H$mo g‘P gH|$Jo&
· JÚ H$s n[a^mfm VWm ñdê$n H$mo g‘PH$a I‹S>r~mobr JÚ Ho$ CØd H$s OmZH$mar àmá H$a gH|$Jo&
· AmYw{ZH$ JÚ H$s {dH$mg `mÌm go n[a{MV hmoH$a JÚ H$s {d{^Þ {dYmAm| H$mo OmZ gH|$Jo&
3.1 àñVmdZm
AmMm¶© am‘M§Ð ewŠb Or Zo qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg Mma H$mbmo§ ‘| {d^m{OV H$a ha EH$ H$mo Xmohao Zm‘m| go g§~mo{YV
{H$`m h¡& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s à‘wI àd¥{Îm "JÚ' Ho$ AmYma na CÝhm|Zo Bgo "JÚH$mb' Zm‘ go g§~mo{YV {H$`m& Bg Zm‘H$aU
go hr ñnï> h¡ {H$ qhXr gm{hË` ‘| JÚ e¡br VWm JÚ {dYmAm| H$m CØd VWm {dH$mg AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ‘| hr hþAm& JÚ H$s
Bg `mÌm H$mo g‘PZo Ho$ {bE JÚ Ho$ CØd H$s n[apñW{V`m± VWm H$maUm| H$mo g‘PZm Amdí`H$ hmoJm& Š`m|{H$ O¡gm ~Vm`m
OmVm h¡ {H$ qhXr JÚ H$m CØd AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s XoZ h¡ bo{H$Z `h ^r XoIZo ‘| Am`m h¡ {H$ AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ nyd© ar{V

VWm ^{³VH$mb ‘| ^r JÚ H$s aMZmAm| H$m {Z‘m©U hþAm h¡& ar{VH$mb VH$ ‘w»`V… gm{hË` H$s ^mfm ~«O Wr VWm H$mì` hr
A{^ì`{³V H$m à‘wI ‘mÜ`‘ Wm&
3.2 {df`-{ddaU
`Ú{n JÚ H$m Ama§^ Vmo Cgr {XZ go ‘mZm OmVm h¡ O~ ‘Zwî` ~mobZo bJm Wm& bo{H$Z CgH$m {dH$mg Am¡a gm{hpË`H$
à`moJ n`m©á {db§~ go hþAm, Bg‘| H$moB© g§Xoh Zhr§& `h ^r gM h¡ {H$ g§gma H$s g^r ^mfmAm| Ho$ gm{hË` ‘| JÚ go nhbo nÚ
H$m hr {dH$mg hþAm h¡, ~mdOyX BgHo$ {H$ ha H$moB© ~mobMmb Ho$ ê$n ‘| JÚ H$mo hr AnZmVm Wm& ^mfm d¡km{ZH$ Vmo `hm± VH$
Xmdm H$aVo h¡ {H$ ~ƒm ^bo hr EH$ hr eãX ~mobo, CgHo$ {bE dh dmŠ` Ho$ g‘mZ hmoVm h¡ VWm dh JÚ‘` hr h¡ & gm{hË`
aMZm ‘| JÚ go nhbo nÚ H$mo AnZmZo Ho$ H$B© H$maU ~VmE OmVo h¡§-
(1) ‘mZd Ama§^ ‘| A{YH$ ^mdZmË‘H$ Wm& àH¥${V Ho$ gm{ZÜ` ‘| ahVo hE CgHo$ ahñ`mË‘H$Vm go à^m{dV hmoH$a AnZo-
öX` na n‹S>o à^md H$mo ñdm^m{dH$ ê$n go nÚ ‘| A{^ì`³V H$aVm Wm&
(2) gm¢X`© Ho$ à{V AmH${f©V hmoZm ‘Zwî` H$s ghO àd¥{Îm h¡& AnZr ~mV H$mo gw§Xa T>§J go A{^ì`³V H$aZo Ho$ hoVw dh JÚ
Zht ~pëH$ nÚ H$mo AnZmVm h¡& AmZ§X, C„mg VWm ì`Wm-doXZm Ho$ jUm| ‘| dh JwZJwZmVm h¡, BÝht ^mdZmAm| Ho$
CÐoH$ Ho$ jUm| ‘| H${dVm H$m hr OÝ‘ hmoVm h¡& ‘Zwî` H$s g§JrV {à`Vm ^r Cgo nÚ H$s Amoa AmH$f©H$ H$aVr h¡&
(3) gä`Vm Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ gmW-gmW ‘Zwî` OrdZ ‘| {dMmam| VWm ^mdm| H$s O{Q>bVm ^r ~‹T>Vr JB©& Bg O{Q>bVm H$s
A{^ì`{³V Ho$ hoVw gm{hË` ‘| nÚ Ho$ gmW-gmW JÚ H$m ^r A{d^m©d hþAm& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ‘| Vmo àog H$s ñWmnZm,
A§J«oOr {ejm, {dXoer gm{hË` go n[aM` VWm ZdOmJaU Ho$ à^mdñdê$n JÚ e¡br Ho$ nZnZo ‘| Cd©a ^y{‘ V¡`ma hwB©&
’$moQ>© {d{b`‘ H$m°boO H$s ñWmnZm H$a A§J«oOm| Zo Bgo ~‹T>mdm {X`m& VËH$mbrZ gm‘m{OH$ Am§XmobZm| Zo BgHo$ {dH$mg
H$s nhb H$s& ^maV|Xw h[aíM§Ð Ho$ AmJ‘Z go Vmo qhXr JÚ `wdm ~Zm, {ÛdoXr VWm ewŠb `wJ ‘| dh àm¡‹T> hþAm& AmO
JÚ boIZ H$s A{Zdm`© eV© ~Zm hþAm h¡& Bg BH$mB© ‘| h‘ JÚ H$s n[a^mfm VWm {deofVmE±, qhXr JÚ Ho$ {dH$mg ‘|
BgmB© {‘eZar, ’$moQ>© {d{b`‘ H$m°boO, àog VWm gm‘m{OH$ Am§XmobZm| H$m `moJXmZ, JÚ Ho$ àdV©H$m| Ho$ gmW JÚ Ho$
{dH$mg H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$aZodmbo h¡&
3.2.1 JÚ : n[a^mfm VWm ñdê$n

O¡gm {H$ àñVmdZm ‘| h‘Zo H$hm h¡, JÚ AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s CnO h¡& bo{H$Z h‘ `h ^r XoIVo h¡ {H$ "JÚ' g§ñH¥$V
gm{hË` ‘| lì`H$mì` H$m EH$ ôX ^r h¡& g§ñH¥$V gm{hËèmó ‘| JÚ H$mo "JÚH$mì`' Ho$ AW© ‘| J«hU H$a ^m‘h, XÊS>r, dm‘Z
VWm {dídZmW Am{X AmMm`m] Zo JÚ Ho$ àôXm| ‘| H$Wm, Am»`m{`H$m, d¥Îm, ì`m»`mZ Am{X H$m C„oI {H$`m h¡& bo{H$Z BZHo$
A{V[a³V d¡Mm[aH$ boIZ, emór` VWm d¡km{ZH$ boIZ Ho$ gmW ì`mdhm[aH$ Cn`moJ Ho$ ~mao ‘| H$moB© g§Ho$V Zht {XE h¡&
g§ñH¥$V AmMm`m] Ûmam {Og JÚH$mì` Ho$ {ZX}e {XE JE h¡§ dh AmYw{ZH$ JÚ e¡br go {^Þ VWm nÚ `m H$mì` Ho$ ñdê$n VWm
àd¥{Îm`m| Ho$ ~hþV ZOXrH$ àVrV hmoVo h¡§& Bg AmYma na h‘ `h H$h gH$Vo h¡ {H$ g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` ‘| Ho$db "JÚ' eãX Ho$
{‘bZo go JÚ H$m CØd g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` go ‘mZZm C{MV Zht hmoJm&
JÚ eãX g§ñH¥$V Ho$ "JX²' YmVw go ~Zm h¡ {OgH$m AW© h¡ ñnï> H$aZm& qhXr eãXH$moe Ho$ AZwgma, "Eogr aMZm {Og‘|
ag, N>§X, VwH$ Am{X H$m {dYmZ Z hmo&' AmMm¶© {dídZmW {bIVo h¡ {H$, JÚ dh eãXmW© `moOZm h¡ Omo N>§Xmo~Õ Zht hmoVr&
‘m¡pIH$ Am¡a {bpIV ê$n go gmYmaU T>§J go H$hr JB© ~mV JÚ h¡§& qhXr gm{hË` H$moe (I§S> 1) Ho$ AZwgma JÚ H$s g~go
gab, ì`mnH$ VWm gd©‘mÝ` n[a^mfm `hr hmo gH$Vr h¡ & {H$, ""{Og eãXmW©`w³V ^mfm H$m gmYmaU ~mVMrV ‘| à`moJ {H$`m
OmVm h¡ dhr JÚ h¡&'' Cn`w©³V n[a^mfmAm| go ñnï> h¡ {H$ JÚ boIZ H$s VWm A{^ì`{³V H$s EH$ Eogr e¡br h¡ Omo gmYmaU
~mVMrV ‘| à`w³V ^mfm H$mo AnZmH$a b`, Vmb VWm N>§Xm| Ed§ AgmYmaU ^mfm go ‘w³V hmoH$a ~S>r gab VWm ghOVm go
AnZo bú` H$mo àmá H$aVr h¡& nÚ ‘| ‘mÌ AgmYmaU ^mfm Ho$ gmW-gmW {deof àH$ma Ho$ H«$‘~Õ, Vmb, gya VWm b` H$s
`moOZm Ho$ {bE dmŠ`JV eãXm| Ho$ gmYmaU H«$‘ ‘| n[adV©Z H$aZm nS>Vm h¡&
à`moJ H$s Ñ{ï> go JÚ H$m gmYmaU ê$n dh h¡ Omo ì`dhma ‘| à`w³V hmoVm h¡& Xmo ì`{³V`m| Ho$ ~rM gmYmaU dmVm©bmn,
ZoVmAm| Ho$ à^mdr ^mfUm| Ho$ gmW-gmW kmZ-{dkmZ g§~§Yr {d{dY joÌm| Ho$ {ddoMZ, {díbofU VWm AZwerbZ VH$ JÚ Ho$

à`moJ H$s {d{dYVm VWm AZoH$ê$nVm ZOa AmVr h¡& JÚ Ho$ BZ {d{dY joÌm| Ho$ à`moJm| ‘| nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr Cgo {deofVm
àXmZ H$aHo$ CgHo$ àofU joÌ H$mo gr{‘V H$aVr h¡ dht JÚ Ho$ ì`mdhm[aH$ joÌ ‘| Ab§H¥$V nXmdbr VWm gm{hpË`H$ e¡br H$m
à`moJ Cn`mo{JVm Ho$ gmW-gmW gm¢X`© go g‘pÝdV H$a XoVm h¡& Bggo JÚ Ho$ àofUr`Vm Ho$ joÌ ‘| {dñVma Am OmVm h¡& JÚ H$m
Bgr àH$ma H$m {bpIV à`moJ AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ‘| gm{hË` H$s EH$ e¡br Ho$ ê$n ‘| ewê$ hþAm& Bg e¡br Zo CnÝ`mg, H$hmZr,
ZmQ>H$, EH$m§H$s, {Z~§Y, aoIm{MÌ, g§ñ‘aU, OrdZr, AmË‘H$Wm, `mÌmdU©Z, nÌ, S>màr Am{X {dYmAm| H$mo AnZm`m&
3.2.2 AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ nyd© H$m JÚ

BgHo$ nyd© h‘ XoI MwHo$ h¡ {H$ ar{VH$mb VH$ gm{hË` H$s ^mfm ~«O^mfm hr ahr VWm A{^ì`{³V H$s e¡br H$mì` &
ar{VH$mb VH$ H$mì` hr gm{hË` Ho$ AW© ‘| à`w³V Wm& {’$a ^r AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ H$B© df© nyd© H$B© ^maVr` ^mfmAm| ‘| Nw>Q>nyQ>
`m ’w$Q>H$b ‘mÌm ‘| JÚ aMZmAm| H$mo ^r XoIm J`m h¡& ~«O, ‘¡{Wbr VWm amOñWmZr ^mfmAm| ‘| Hw$N> Eogo J«§W ^r àmá h¡
{OZH$s e¡br JÚ-nÚ {‘{lV h¡& AmMm`© am‘M§Ð ewŠb VWm AÝ` B{VhmgH$mam| ‘| Bg ~mV H$mo boH$a ‘VôX Adí` ZOa
AmVo h¡§ {H$ JÚ H$s nhbr aMZm H$m¡Z-gr h¡?
~«O^mfm JÚ H$m g~go àmMrZ Z‘yZm Mm¡Xhdt gXr Ho$ "JmoaIgma' Zm‘H$ J«§W ‘| {‘bVm h¡ {Ogo Hw$N> B{VhmgH$ma
JmoaIZmW H$s aMZm ‘mZVo h¡ VWm Hw$N> CZHo$ AZw`m`r Ûmam {bpIV ‘mZVo h¡& bo{H$Z ~«O^mfm H$m gwì`dpñWV ê$n {d.g§.
17dt gXr Ho$ CÎmamY© ‘| JmogmB© JmoHw$bZmW Ûmam {bpIV "Mm¡amgr d¡îUdm| H$s dmVm©' VWm "Xmo gm¡ ~mdZ d¡îUdZ H$s dmVm©' BZ
J«§Wm| ‘| {‘bVm h¢& AmMm`© am‘M§Ð ewŠb Ho$ AZwgma BZ J«§Wm| H$s ^mfm ì`dpñWV VWm MbVr h¡& g§. 1660 Ho$ Amgnmg
Zm^mXmg Ûmam {bpIV' Aï>`m‘' VWm g§.1767 ‘| gya{V {‘l Ûmam {bpIV "~¡Vmbn{Mgr VWm g§. 1852 ‘| bmbm hrambmb
Ûmam {bpIV "AmB©Zo AH$~ar' H$s ^mfm "dM{ZH$m' O¡gr aMZmE± ~«O^mfm JÚ H$s aMZmE± h¡§& BgHo$ ~mdOyX gÌhdt-
AR>mahdt gXr ‘| Hw$N> aMZmH$mam| Zo JÚ-nÚ XmoZm| H$m {‘{lV ê$n AnZmH$a ^r aMZmE± {bIr& Bg‘| èd§Vqgh H$m {gÕm§V
~moY', {à`m Xmg H$m 'godH$M§{ÐH$m' Am{X J«§W C„oIZr` h¡§& Bgr H$mb ‘| ~«O^mfm ‘| Q>rH$m-gm{hË` Ho$ gmW H$mìèmór`
J«§Wm| H$m {Z‘m©U ^r JÚ e¡br ‘| hwAm Wm& bo{H$Z BZ‘| à`w³V JÚ Aì`dpñWV, {e{Wb Am¡a Añnï> ahm & gm{hË`H$ma
H$^r-H$^r hr JÚ ‘mÜ`‘ H$mo AnZmVo, Bgr H$maU ~«O^mfm JÚ H$s H$moB© gw{ZpíMV na§nam {dH${gV Zht hþB©&
amOñWmZr ^mfm ‘| JÚ-gm{hË` H$m ApñVËd Vmo Voahdt gXr Ho$ CÎmamY© go {‘bVm h¡& g§J«m‘qgh Zm‘H$ boIH$ Ho$
"AmamYZm', "A{Vgma' VWm "~mb{ejm' BZ VrZ J«§Wm| H$m aMZm H$mb gZ 1273 go 1283 Ho$ ~rM ‘mZm J`m h¡& BÝh|
amOñWmZr JÚ H$s gd©àW‘ aMZm ‘mZr JB© h¡§& AJaM§X ZmhQ>m hr Zo ^r H$B© Eogo JÚ aMZmAm| H$s ImoO H$s h¡ Omo àm`:
AàH$m{eV h¡& `h ^r XoIm J`m h¡ {H$ amOñWmZr ‘| Omo JÚ {bIm J`m h¡ dh àYmZV: »`mb, ~mV, dM{ZH$m Ho$ ê$n ‘|
{‘bVm h¡&
‘¡{Wbr ^mfm ‘| ^r JÚ boIZ H$s na§nam Mm¡Xhdt gXr Ho$ Ama§^ go {‘bVr h¡& S>m°. amOZmW e‘m© Zo gZ 1324 ‘|
Á`mo{Varída Vam {bpIV 'dU©-aËZmH$a' H$mo ‘¡{Wbr H$m gd©àW‘ J«§W ‘mZm h¡& Bg‘| ^mfm H$m ‘yb T>m±Mm bmoH$-^mfm H$m ahm
h¡ VWm g§ñH¥$V Ho$ VËg‘ eãXm| H$m à`moJ àMya ‘mÌm ‘| hþAm h¡&
Cn`w©³V {ddoMZ go `h ñnï> h¡ {H$ amOñWmZr Am¡a ‘¡{Wbr ^mfm H$m JÚ gm{hË` ~«O H$s VwbZm ‘| Ý`yZ VWm
A{dH${gV ahm h¡& BZH$s VwbZm ‘| ~«O^mfm JÚ CÞV VWm g‘¥Õ ahm h¡& amOñWmZr Am¡a ‘¡{Wbr JÚ gm{hË` H$s Ymam
‘Ü`H$mb ‘| hr Adê$Õ hmo MwH$s Wr dht ~«O^mfm H$m JÚ AmYw{ZH$ `wJ VH$ ~Zm ahm& AmYw{ZH$ `wJ VWm n[apñW{V`m| Ho$
AZwHw$b ñd`§ H$mo ~XbZo VWm {dH${gV H$aZo H$s j‘Vm ~«O^mfm Ho$ gmW ~«O Ho$ gm{hË`H$mam| ‘| Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ~«O^mfm
H$m JÚ AmJo {dH$mg Z H$a nm`m& 18 dt gXr Ho$ nydm©Y© ‘| IS>r~mobr H$m CØd hwAm VWm AmJo OmH$a JÚ Ho$ joÌ ‘| Bg
^mfm Zo EH$m{YH$ma ñWm{nV {H$`m& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ‘| JÚ VWm nÚ XmoZm| joÌm| ‘| BgH$m EH$N>Ì A§‘b ~Zm ahm&
3.2.3 IS>r~mobr JÚ H$m CØd

IS>r~mobr Ho$ JÚ H$m CØd XoIZo go nyd© IS>r~mobr H$m Zm‘H$aU, joÌ VWm CgHo$ {Z‘m©U Ho$ H$maUm| Ho$ g§jon ‘| XoIZm
‘hÎdnyU© ahoJm& h‘ `h OmZVo h¡ {H$ ^maV H$s bJ^J g^r ^mfmAm| VWm ~mo{b`m| Ho$ Zm‘ CZHo$ àm§Vm| `m àXoem| Ho$ Zm‘m| go
Ow‹S>o hþE h¢& bo{H$Z O~ h‘ "I‹S>r~mobr' eãX H$m Cƒma H$aVo h¡ Vmo Bggo ñnï> ê$n go {H$gr àm§V `m àXoe H$m nVm Zht
MbVm& I‹S>r~mobr Zm‘H$aU Ho$ g§X^© ‘| Hw$N> ‘Zmoa§OH$ H$WmE± ~VmB© OmVr h¡§& I‹S>r~mobr Ho$ Ama§{^H$ AW©, Zm‘H$aU, ê$n
VWm {dH$mg Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| {dÛmZm| ‘| ‘V{^ÞVm h¡& "I‹S>r~mobr' eãX H$s ì`m»`m {dÛmZm| Zo AbJ-AbJ ê$nm| ‘| H$s h¡&

(1) I‹S>r~mobr H$mo ~«O^mfm gmnoj ‘mZH$a `h à{VnmXZ {H$`m J`m {H$ gZ 1800 go ~hþV nyd© `h Zm‘ ~«O^mfm H$s
VwbZm ‘| Cg ~mobr H$mo {X`m J`m {Ogo H$mbm§Va ‘| n[aîH¥$V qhXr Am¡a CXy© H$m {dH$mg hþAm& ò {dÛmZ "IS>r' eãX H$m
AW© -H$H©$eVm, H$Qy>Vm VWm IamnZ Am{X boVo h¡&
(2) Hw$N> Bgo CXy© gmnoj ‘mZH$a BgH$m AW©-ewÕ, àH¥$V VWm J«m‘rU R>oR>~mobr ‘mZVo h¡&
(3) Hw$N> CÎmar ^maV H$s AmoH$mam§V ~«O Am{X ~mo{b`m| H$mo "n‹S>r~mobr' VWm CgHo$ {damoY ‘| "I‹S>r~mobr' ‘mZVo h¡&
Cn`w©³V {ddoMZ go `h ñnï> h¡ {H$ 'IS>r~mobr' ‘| à`w³V I‹S>r' eãX JwU~moYH$ {deofU h¡& ~mobr Ho$ AW© ‘| Bg eãX
H$m à`moJ CÞrgdt gXr Ho$ àW‘ XeH$ ‘| b„zbmb Or Zo gd©àW‘ {H$`m&
^mfm emó H$s Ñ{ï> go I‹S>r~mobr {X„r VWm ‘oaR> Ho$ Amgnmg H$s ~mobrMmb H$s ^mfm Wr& bo{H$Z AmO CgH$m Omo
ê$n gm{hË` VWm g§nH©$ ^mfm Ho$ ê$n ‘| à`w³V hmo ahm h¡, dh ~mobMmb H$s ^mfm go H$m’$s {^Þ h¡& Bg ~mobr Ho$ àMma VWm
àgma ‘| VËH$mbrZ amOZr{V, ì`mnma, Y‘© Ho$ gmW-gmW g‘` H$s ‘m§J H$m {deof ‘hÎd ahm h¡& `h ^mfm CXy© H$s Anojm
A{YH$ ewÕ Wr& BgH$m à`moJ g§ñH¥$V na§nam VWm ^maVr` na§nam go g§~{YV bmoJ H$aVo Wo& "IS>r~mobr' H$mo hr gZ 1823
Ho$ ~mX "qhXr' H$hm J`m Omo XodZmJar {b{n ‘| {bIr OmVr h¡& {JbH«$mBñQ> Ho$ ‘VmZwgma qhXr, qhXwñVmZr Am¡a CXy© eãX
g‘mZmW©H$ Wo bo{H$Z BZ‘| AbJVm Xem©Zo Ho$ {bE "ewÕ {deofU OmoS>H$a "IS>r~mobr' Zm‘ V¡`ma hþAm& Bg AmYma na
IS>r~mobr H$m AW© h¡-ewÕ, n[a{Z{ð>V VWm n[aîH¥$V ^mfm& CXy© ^r {X„r-AmJao H$s ~mobr Wr Omo `m{‘Zr {‘{lV Wr& BgH$m
‘yb T>m±Mm Am¡a àH¥${V I‹S>r~mobr H$s hr ahr na§Vw CgH$s e¡br Am¡a eãXmdbr Aa~r-’$magr H$s ahr&
I‹S>r~mobr ‘| JÚ boIZ H$s ewê$AmV H$~ hþB© VWm gd©àW‘ J«§W H$m¡Zgm h¡, Bg g§~§Y ‘| B{VhmgH$mam| ‘| H$m’$s {ddmX
h¡& A{YH$Va {dÛmZ AH$~a Ho$ g‘` (14 dt gXr H$m A§V) ‘| J§J H${d Ûmam {bpIV "M§X N>§X ~aZZ H$s ‘{h‘m' H$mo qhXr
H$m gd©àW‘ J«§W ‘mZVo h¡& Bg J«§W ‘| àMya ‘mÌm ‘| VËg‘ eãXm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m Omo AmYw{ZH$ I‹S>r~mobr Ho$ {ZH$Q> h¡&
`h ^mfm AH$~a Am¡a Ohm±Jra Ho$ g‘` ‘| {eï> g‘mO Ho$ ì`dhma H$s ^mfm ~Zr Wr& bo{H$Z S>m°. ~ƒZ qgh Bg J«§W H$mo
Ombr J«§W ~VmH$a BgH$s ^mfm AH$~a Ho$ g‘` H$s Z ‘mZH$a AR>mahdt gXr Ho$ ~mX H$s ‘mZVo h¡§&
{d. g§. 1798 ‘| am‘àgmX {Za§OZr Ûmam {bpIV "^mfm `moJd{gð>' gm’$-gwWar IS>r~mobr ‘| {bIm J`m J«§W h¡&
Am. am‘M§Ð ewŠb Bgo hr n[anm{O©V JÚ H$s àW‘ nwñVH$ VWm am‘àgmX {Za§OZr H$mo àW‘ àm¡T> JÚ boIH$ ‘mZVo h¢& do
{bIVo h¡§ {H$, Bg J«§W H$mo XoIH$a `h ñnï> hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ ‘w§er gXmgwIbmb Am¡a b„zbmb go ~mgð> df© nhbo I‹S>r~mobr
H$m JÚ AÀN>o n[a‘m{O©V ê$n ‘| nwñVH|$ Am{X {bIZo ‘| ì`³V hmoVm Wm& A~ VH$ nmB© JB© nwñVH$m| ‘| "^mfm `moJd{gð>' hr
g~go nwamZr h¡ {Og‘| JÚ AnZo n[aîH¥$V ê$n ‘| {XImB© nS>Vm h¡&' BgHo$ Cnam§V g§. 1818 ‘| n§. Xm¡bVam‘ Zo h[afoUmMm`©
Ho$ "O¡Z nÙnwamU' H$m ^mfmZwdmX {H$`m Omo 700 n¥ð>m| H$m EH$ ~‹S>m J«§W h¡& BgH$s ^mfm ‘| dh gm¢X`© Am¡a n[aîH¥$V Zht Omo
'{Za§OZr' H$s ^mfm ‘| h¡& `h ^r ñnï> h¡ {H$ Bg J«§W H$s ^mfm ’$magr, CXy© go g§nH©$ Z aIZodmbr VWm {eï> g‘mO Ho$
~mobMmb H$s I‹S>r~mobr hr h¡& Cn`w©³V Xmo J«§Wm| H$s ^mfmAm| Ho$ AmYma na Am am‘M§Ð ewŠb I‹S>r~mobr JÚ H$s àoaUm ewÕ
^maVr` ‘mZVo hþE {bIVo h¡§ {H$, AV: `h H$hZo H$s Jw§OmBe A~ Oam ^r Zht ahr {H$ IS>r~mobr JÚ H$s na§nam A§J«oOr
àoaUm go Mbr&' I‹S>r~mobr ñd`§ Eo{Vhm{gH$ Amdí`H$VmAm| Ho$ ’$bñdê$n {dH${gV hmoVr hþB© AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ ^mdm| Am¡a
{dMmam| H$s A{^ì`{³V H$m ‘mÜ`‘ ~Zt&
3.2.4 I‹S>r~mobr JÚ H$m Ama§{^H$ {dH$mg

’$moQ>© {d{b`‘ H$m°bO
o H$s ñWmnZm
gZ 1840 VH$ ^maV na A§J«oOm| H$m amÁ` nyU© ê$n go à{V{ð>V hþAm Wm& àemg{ZH$ gw{dYm VWm b§~o g‘` VH$ emgZ
H$aZo Ho$ {bE A§J«oOm| H$mo ^maVr` ^mfmAm| H$mo g‘PZm VWm grIZm Amdí`H$ Wm& ar{VH$mb Ho$ A§V VH$ A§J«oOm| Ho$ gm‘Zo
{X„r Ho$ Amgnmg Xmo à‘wI ^mfmE± ‘m¡OyX Wr-EH$ Wr IS>r~mobr H$m gm‘mÝ` ê$n Omo {X„r VWm ‘oaR> Ho$ Amgnmg H$s OZVm
H$s ~mobMmb H$s ^mfm VWm Xygar Xa~mar ^mfm Wr {Ogo ‘wJb CXy© H$hVo Wo& BZ XmoZm| ^mfmAm| H$mo grIZo Ho$ hoVw Cg g‘`
Z Vmo nmR>çnwñVH|$ Wr Am¡a Z hr H$moB© ì`dñWm & A§J«oOm| Zo gZ 1800 ‘| H$bH$Îmm ‘| ’$moQ>© {d{b`‘ H$m°boO H$s ñWmnZm H$s&
Bg H$m°boO ‘| gm{hË` Am¡a {dkmZ H$s {ejm H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m J`m& Bg H$m°boO ‘| qhXr-CXy© Ho$ AÜ`mnH$ Om°Z
{JbH«$mBñQ> Zo qhXr Am¡a CXy© H$s nmR>çnwñVH|$ V¡`ma H$aZo H$s AbJ-AbJ ì`dñWm H$s& Bg g‘` `h Ü`mZ ‘| ah| H$s ’$moQ>©
{d{b`‘ H$m°boO H$s Amoa go qhXr Am¡a CXy© H$s JÚ nwñVH|$ {bIZo Ho$ nhbo IS>r~mobr ‘| JÚ H$s H$B© nwñVH|$ {bIr Om MwH$s
Wr& ’$moQ>© {d{b`‘ H$m°boO Ho$ Aml` ‘| b„zbmb Or VWm gXb {‘l Zo JÚ H$mo n[aîH¥$V {H$`m dht ñdV§Ì ê$n go gXmgwI
bmb VWm B§emA„m Im± JÚ boIZ ‘| H$m`©aV aho§& qhXr JÚ Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| BZ Mma boIH$m| H$m `moJXmZ C„oIZr` ahm h¡&

‘we
§ r gXmgwIbmb "{Z`mO'
{X„r {Zdmgr gXmgwIbmb Or H$m OÝ‘ gZ 1746 ‘| hþAm& ò CXy©, ’$magr, g§ñH¥$V Ho$ gmW qhXr Ho$ {dÛmZ Wo& qhXr
Ho$ àma§{^H$ JÚ boIH$m| ‘| BZH$m Zm‘ erf©ñW h¡& gZ 1793 ‘| H§$nZr gaH$ma H$s godm ‘| MwZma ‘| VhgrbXma Ho$ nX na
H$m`©aV Wo& BÝhm|Zo CXy© Am¡a ’$magr ‘| emàr H$s VWm ~hþV gr {H$Vm~| ^r {bIr& gZ 1818 ‘| BÝhm|Zo '‘w§VI‘wÎmdmarI'
{bIr {Oggo CZHo$ g§{já OrdZ n[aM` H$m nVm MbVm h¡& Bg {H$Vm~ ‘| {bIr Amn ~rVr go `h nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ 65
df© H$s AdñWm ‘| Zm¡H$ar N>moS>H$a ò à`mJ Mbo JE Am¡a dhm± h[aÔZ ‘| eof Am`w {~Vm`r& BÝhm|Zo "{dîUwnwamU' Ho$ AmYma
na "gwI gmJa' H$s aMZm I‹S>r~mobr JÚ ‘| H$s& `h H¥${V AYwar àmá h¡& gZ 1799 ‘| "kmZmonXoe' Zm‘ H$s ^r JÚ aMZm
H$m {Z‘m©U {H$`m& BZ J«§Wm| ‘| à`w³V ^mfm H$s àm¡T>Vm H$mo Xem©Vo hþE Am am‘M§Ð ewŠb {bIVo h¡ {H$, ""BÝhm|Zo qhXr IS>r~mobr
JÚ Ho$ Cg ê$n H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$`m, Omo g‘ñV qhXr àXoe Ho$ {eï> qhXwAm|, H$WmdmMH$m|, n§{S>Vm| VWm gmYw g§Vm| ‘| àM{bV
Wm& ñWmZ-ñWmZ na VËg‘ g§ñH¥$V eãXm| H$m à`moJ H$a BÝhm|Zo CgHo$ ^mdr gm{hpË`H$ ê$n H$m nyU© Am^mg {X`m h¡&'' ‘w§er
hr Ho$ JÚ H$s àoaUm A§J«oO hmoH$a CZHo$ JÚ go `h à‘m{UV hmoVm h¡ {H$ CZHo$ g‘` qhXwAm| ‘| g§ñH¥$V-{‘{lV qhXr hr
nmañn[aH$ ì`dhma H$s ^mfm Wr& 78 df© H$s AdñWm ‘| gZ 1824 ‘o§ BZH$s ‘¥Ë`w hþB©&
B§em A„m Im±

B§em H$m OÝ‘ ‘w{e©Xm~mX ‘| hþAm& ò CXy©-’$magr Ho$ à{gÕ emà Wo& ò {X„r Ho$ Zdm~ ehmAmb‘ Xygao, bIZD$ ‘|
ehOmXm {‘Om© gwbo‘mZ Ho$ gmW-gmW Zdm~ ghmXV Abr Im± Ho$ Xa~ma ‘| H$m`©aV Wo& BÝhm|Zo "CXy© JObm| H$m XrdmZ',
"’$magr ‘Zgdr', "XrdmZo ’$magr' Am{X aMZmE± CXy©-’$magr ‘| àñVwV H$s& qhXr IS>r~mobr JÚ ‘| BZH$s gd©à{gÕ aMZm
"amZr Ho$VH$s H$s H$hmZr' `m "CX`^mZ M[aV' h¡& Bg aMZm H$m ‘hÎd ^mfm, e¡br, dÊ`© dñVw Am{X Ñ{ï>`m| go {deof
‘hÎdnyU© h¡& ñd`§ boIH$ Ho$ AZwgma Bg‘| qhXdr Nw>Q> Am¡a {H$gr ~mobr H$m nwQ> Z hmo&' B§em Or Zo VËH$mbrZ gm{hË` H$s
~«O, AdYr VWm g§ñH¥$V ^mfm Ho$ eãXm| H$mo ^r AbJ aIZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡& `mZo do Eogr ^mfm {bIZm MmhVo Wo Omo Cg
g‘` qhXy-‘wgb‘mZ XmoZm| H$s ~mobMmb H$s ^mfm Wr& S>m°. amOZmW e‘m© ‘mZVo h¡§ {H$, `hr ^mfm Am¡a e¡br ~hþV AmJo
MbH$a ào‘M§X gm{hË` ‘| à`w³V hþB© {Ogo "qhXwñVmZr' H$hm J`m& AmMm`© am‘M§Ð ewŠb H$mo Ama§^ H$mb Ho$ Mmam| boIH$m| ‘|
B§em H$s ^mfm g~go MQ>H$sbr, ‘Q>H$sbr, ‘whmdaoXma VWm MbVr ZOa AmB© h¡& R>oR> Kaobw eãXm| Ho$ H$maU dh ~S>r ß`mar ^r
ZOa AmVr h¡& B§em ‘| gmZwàmg {dam‘ XoZo H$s àd¥{Îm ^r XoIr JB© h¡&
BZH$s MbVr VWm MQ>nQ>r ^mfm H$m Z‘yZm XopIE -
""Bg ~mV na nmZr S>mb Xmo Zht Vmo nN>VmAmoJr Am¡a AnZm {H$`m nmAmoJr&
‘wPgo Hw$N> Z hmo gHo$Jm& Vwåhmar Omo Hw$N> AÀN>r ~mV hmoVr Vmo ‘oao ‘w±h go OrVo Or Z {ZH$bVr,
na `h ~mV ‘oao noQ> Zht nM gH$Vr''
B§em Or H$s ^mfm H$s Cn`w©³V g^r {deofVmAm| H$mo XoI ~m~y í`m‘gw§XaXmg Or Zo àma§{^H$ JÚ boIH$m| ‘| ‘hÎd H$s
Ñ{ï> go BÝh| nhbm ñWmZ {X`m h¡& B§em Zo ñd`§ CXy©, AdYr, ~«O VWm g§ñH¥$V Ho$ à^md go ~MZo H$s ~mV H$ht h¡ {’$a ^r
{dÛmZ ‘mZVo h¡ {H$ BZH$m PwH$md CXy© H$s Amoa A{YH$ ahm&
b„zbmb
BZH$m OÝ‘ AmJam Ho$ JmoHw$bnwam ‘wh„o ‘| JwOamVr ghó ~«m÷U n[adma ‘| gZ 1763 ‘| hþAm& AmOr{dH$m Ho$ {bE
BÝh| ~hþV ^Q>H$Zm nS>m & ò ~S>o AÀN>o V¡amH$s Wo& H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ H$bH$Îmo ‘| J§Jm ZXr ‘| Sy>~Zodmbo EH$ A§J«oO H$s BÝhm|Zo
OmZ ~Mm`r Wr& Bg H¥$Vk A§J«oO Zo BZH$s ~S>r ghm`Vm H$s VWm BZHo$ {bE EH$ àog Iwbdm Xr {OgH$m Zm‘ "g§ñH¥$V àog'
aIm J`m Wm& gZ 1800 ‘| Om°Z {JbH«$mBñQ> Zo BZH$s {Z`w{³V ’$moQ>© {d{b`‘ H$m°boO Ho$ I‹S>r~mobr J«§Wm| H$s aMZm H$aZo Ho$
{bE H$s & Bg H$m`© hoVw BÝh| Xmo ghmæ`H$ ^r {XE JE&
b„zbmb Ho$ Zm‘ na N>moQ>r-~S>r Mm¡Xh aMZmAm| H$m C„oI {‘bVm h¡& BZH$s A{YH$Va aMZmE± AZy{XV h¡§& BÝhm|Zo
qghmgZ ~Îmrgr (~«O^mfm J«§W H$m IS>r~mobr ‘| AZwdmX), ~¡Vmb nƒrgr (g§ñH¥$V H$m ~«O^mfm ‘| AZwdmX), ‘mYmoZb
(~«O^mfm H$m IS>r~mobr ‘| AZwdmX), amOZr{V ({hVmonXoe H$m ~«O^mfm JÚmZwdmX) Ho$ gmW Om°Z {JbH«$mBñQ> Ho$ AmXoe go
^mJdV Xe‘ ñH§$Y H$s H$Wm Ho$ AmYma na I‹S>r~mobr JÚ ‘| "ào‘gmJa' J«§W H$s aMZm H$s& b„zbmb Or IS>r~mobr, ~«O Ho$
gmW CXy© ‘| ^r {bIVo aho§& BZH$s ^mfm g§~§Yr YmaUm Ho$ ~mao ‘| am‘M§Ð ewŠb {bIVo h¡§ {H$, B§em Ho$ g‘mZ BÝhm|Zo Ho$db R>oR>
qhXr {bIZo H$m g§H$ën Vmo Zht {H$`m Wm na {dXoer eãXm| Ho$ Z AmZo XoZo H$s à{Vkm Adí` b{jV hmoVr h¡& BZH$s ^mfm
na ~«O H$m {deof à^md h¡& BZH$s ^mfm ‘| ‘whmdam| H$m à`moJ H$‘ hwAm h¡ {Oggo nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ CZH$s ^mfm ~mobMmb
H$s R>oR> ^mfm Z hmoH$a ~«O^mfm go à^m{dV (~«Oa§{OV) gm{hpË`H$ ^mfm h¡& BÝhmoZ| "ào‘gmJa' H$s aMZm ‘ybV… nmR>çnwñVH$
Ho$ ê$n ‘| H$s Wr& bo{H$Z Bg aMZm Ho$ JÚ H$mo EH$ gwì`dpñWV, n[a‘m{O©V VWm àm¡T> ê$n XoZo ‘| do Ag’$b aho§& BgH$s nw{ï>
H$aVo hþE AmMm`© hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr {bIVo h¡§, EH$ A§J«oO A’$ga Zo {Ogo "ào‘gmJa' nT>H$a qhXr nT>Zo H$m Adga {‘bm
Wm, Cg nwñVH$ Ho$ ~mao ‘| {bIm Wm {H$ "Eogr WH$m XoZodmbr ^mfm' CgZo H$ht Zht XoIr Wr&
n§{S>V gXb {‘l

{~hma àm§V Ho$ emhm~mX {Obo Ho$ Y«wdS>rhm Jm±d ‘| emH${Õnr` ~«m÷U n[adma ‘| AZw‘mZV… gZ 1767-68 ‘| BZH$m
OÝ‘ hþAm& ò ’$moQ>© {d{b`‘ H$m°boO Ho$ qhXwñVmZr {d^mJ ‘| AñWm`r AÜ`mnH$ Ho$ ê$n ‘| H$m`©aV Wo& BZH$s Xmo JÚ aMZmE±
à{gÕ h¡ -
"Zm{gHo$Vmonm»`mZ' `m "M§ÐmdVr' (gZ 1803) VWm "am‘M[aV' (gZ 1806)&
"Zm{gHo$Vmonm»`mZ' EH$ N>moQ>r-gr JÚ aMZm h¡& "am‘M[aV' am‘mÙ na AmYm[aV bJ^J 320 n¥ð>m| H$m ~S>m J«§W h¡
{OgH$s aMZm Om°Z {JbH«$mBñQ> H$s Amkm na H$s Wr& Bg‘| Aa~r-’$magr go a{hV ewÕ I‹S>r~mobr H$mo AnZm`m J`m Wm&
Am. am‘M§Ð ewŠb Ho$ AZwgma, BÝhm|Zo ì`dhmamon`moJr ^mfm {bIZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m h¡ Am¡a Ohm± VH$ hmo gH$Vm h¡,
I‹S>r~mobr H$m hr ì`dhma {H$`m h¡& BZH$s ^mfm ‘| b„zbmb Ho$ g‘mZ ~«O^mfm Ho$ ê$nm| H$s â‘ma h¡ Am¡a Z hr na§namJV
H$mì`^mfm H$s nXmdbr H$m ñWmZ-ñWmZ na g‘mdoe h¡& BZH$s ^mfm ‘| ì`mH$aU H$s Ìw{Q>`m| Ho$ gmW n§{S>VmD$Z go CËnÞ
{e{WbVm ^r XoIr JB© h¡& eãX g§KQ>Z VWm dmŠ`{dÝ`mg ‘| ~«O^mfm, nya~r ~mobr Am¡a ~m§Jbm H$m à^md ^r XoIm J`m h¡&
BZ g‘ñV Xw~©bVmAm| Ho$ ~mdOyX hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr Or ‘mZVo h¡ {H$, gXb {‘l H$s ^mfm ‘| ^mdr IS>r~mobr qhXr H$m
‘m{O©V ê$n ñnï> hþAm h¡& AmJo MbH$a gm{hË` ‘| Omo ^mfm hþB© CgH$m JR>Z ~hþV Hw$N> gXb {‘l H$s ^mfm Ho$ AmXe© na
hþAm&
qhXr JÚ Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| ‘hÎdnyU© H$m`© H$aZodmbo Cn`w©³V Mma AmMm`m] Ho$ `moJXmZ H$mo boH$a {ddmZm| ‘| H$m’$s ‘VôX
aho h¡§& AmMm¶© am‘M§Ð ewŠb H$mo AmYw{ZH$ qhXr H$m nyam-nyam Am^mg ‘w§er gXmgwIbmb Am¡a gXb {‘l H$s ^mfm ‘| {‘bVm
h¡& BZ XmoZm| ‘| ‘w§er gXm gwIbmb H$s ^mfm A{YH$ ‘hÎd H$s h¡& JÚ ^mfm H$s Ñ{ï> go ~m~y í`m‘gw§XaXmg nhbm ñWmZ B§em
A„m Im± H$mo VWm Xygam gXb {‘l H$mo XoVo h¢& S>m°. ~ƒZ qgh gXmgwIbmb Ho$ ‘hÎd H$mo AnojmH¥$V A{YH$ ‘mZVo h¡& A§VV:
`hr H$h|Jo {H$ qhXr JÚ Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| AnZo-AnZo T>§J go g^r H$m `moJ ahm h¡&
3.2.5 BgmB© {‘eZ[a`m| H$m `moJXmZ

h‘ `h XoI MwHo$ h¡ {H$ ^maV O¡go {demb Xoe na b§~o g‘` VH$ emgZ H$aZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm H$mo XoIH$a A§JoO « m| Zo
qhXr JÚ H$m {Z‘m©U VWm àgma ’$moQ>© {d{b`‘ H$m°boO Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go {H$`m& gZ 1810 VH$ qhXr JÚ H$mo Omo à{Vð>m {‘br
BgH$m bm^ BgmB© Y‘©àMmaH$m| Zo CR>m`m & BgmB© Y‘© H$mo OZVm VH$ nhþ±MmZo VWm ’¡$bmZo Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo OZgm‘mÝ` H$s ~mobr
I‹S>r~mobr VWm JÚ e¡br H$mo AnZm`m& Bg H$m`© Ho$ hoVw gZ 1779 ‘| H$bH$Îmm Ho$ {ZH$Q> lram‘nwa ‘| {d{b`‘ H¡$ao, ‘me©‘oZ
Am¡a dmS>© Zo S>o{Ze {‘eZ H$s ñWmnZm H$s& `ht go BgmB© Y‘© nwñVH$m| H$m AZwdmX {^Þ-{^Þ ^maVr` ^mfmAm| ‘| hmoZo bJm&
ñd`§ {d{b`‘ H¡$ao Zo "~mB{~b' H$m nhbm qhXr AZwdmX {H$`m Wm& dmS>© à{V^mg§nÞ ì`{³VËddmbo Wo& qhXy g‘mO H$mo g‘PZo
Ho$ CÔoí` go CÝhm|Zo ^maV ^«‘U {H$`m Wm& CZH$s "qhXyO' Zm‘ H$s nwñVH$ VËH$mbrZ qhXy g‘mO Ho$ g^r nhbwAm| H$mo
A{^ì`³V H$aVr h¡& ‘me©‘¡Z Vmo BgmB© Y‘©J«§Wm| Ho$ AZwdmX VH$ hr gr{‘V Zht ah| ~pëH$ kmZ-{dkmZ g§~§Yr nwñVHo$ ^r
{bIVo aho§& ^mfm H$s Ñ{ï> go BZ {dÛmZm| Zo gXmgwIbmb Am¡a b„zbmb H$s hr {dewÕ qhXr H$mo AnZmH$a, CXy©nZ H$mo Xya aIZo
H$s ~mV am‘M§Ð ewŠb Or ~VmVo h¢& do `h ^r {bIVo h¢ {H$, B©gmB`m| Zo AZwdmX H$s ^mfm ‘| Aa~r-’$magr Ho$ eãX Ohm± VH$
hmo gHo$ Zht {bE h¡, BgHo$ gmW R>oR> J«m‘rU eãX ~oYS>H$ aIo Jò h¢& CZH$m CÔoí` hr Y‘© àgma Wm& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo Eogr
^mfm H$mo AnZm`m {OgHo$ Ûmam gm‘mÝ` OZVm VH$ AmgmZr go nhþ±M gHo$§& CÝhm|Zo Xoe H$s {d{^Þ ^mfmAm| H$m AÜ``Z
{H$`m, CZH$s {b{n`m| Ho$ {bE Q>mBn T>bdmE, ñHy$b, H$m°boOm| VWm {M{H$Ëgmb`m| H$s ñWmnZm H$s& lram‘nwa àog go hr ñHy$b
VWm H$m°boOm| Ho$ {bE nmR>çnwñVH|$ N>nZo bJr& BZ nmR>çnwñVH$m| H$s qhXr ^mfm ^r d¡gr hr gab VWm ewÕ Wr O¡gr
"~mB{~b' Ho$ AZdmX H$s Wr& qhXr ^mfm H$s àH¥${V H$mo g‘PZo H$m H$m`© ^r {d{b`‘ H¡$ao Zo {H$¶m& "~mB©{~b' Ho$ qhXr
AZwdmX Ho$ Mm¡Wo g§ñ‘aU ‘| do {bIVo h¢- ""h‘ qhXwñVmZr H$s Cg ~mobr H$mo qhXwB© `m qhXr g‘PVo h¡ Omo ‘w»`V: g§ñH¥$V go
~Zr h¡ Am¡a Omo ‘wgb‘mZm| Ho$ AmZo Ho$ nyd© g§nyU© qhXwñVmZ ‘| ~mobr OmVr Wr& `h A~ ^r ~hwV ì`mnH$ joÌ ‘| g‘Pr OmVr
h¡, {deof H$a OZ gmYmaU Ho$ ‘Ü`'' (S>m°. ~ƒZ qgh, AmYw{ZH$ qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg, n¥.54) Bggo ñnï> h¡ {H$ ^bo

hr BgmB© àgmaH$m| H$m CÔoí` Y‘© H$m àgma H$aZm ahm hmo {’$a ^r I‹S>r~mobr JÚ Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| BZH$m `moJXmZ ‘hÎdnyU© ahm
h¡&
3.2.6 A§JO
o« r {ejm, àog VWm g‘mMma nÌ
A§J«oOr emgH$m| Zo àemgZ H$s gw{dYm VWm BgmB© {‘eZ[a`m| Zo Y‘© àgma Ho$ hoVw {ejm H$mo ‘mÜ`‘ ~ZmH$a H$B© ñHy$b
VWm H$m°boOm| H$s ñWmnZm H$s& Bg {demb VWm ~hw^m{fH$ Xoe na emgZ Ho$ CÔoí` go A§J«oOm| Zo Xmohar {ejm Zr{V H$mo
AnZm`m& EH$ Vmo ^maVr` bmoJm| H$mo A§J«oOr {ejm XoH$a àemg{ZH$ H$m`© Ho$ hoVw ŠbH$m] H$mo V¡`ma H$aZm VWm Xygam A{YH$m§e
^maVr` bmoJ ~mob VWm g‘P gHo$ Eogr ^maVr` ^mfm H$s ImoO H$a Bgo A§J«oOr A{YH$m[a`m| H$mo grImZm & ^maVr`m| H$mo
A§J«oOr nT>mZo Ho$ CÔoí` go H$bH$Îmm ‘| qhXy H$m°boO H$s ñWmnZm H$s J`r& gmW-gmW AmJam H$m°boO AmJam, Zm‘©b ñHy$b
AmJam, {X„r H$m°boO, B§Xm¡a qhXr ñHy$b ñWmnZm Ho$ gmW g§ñH¥$V nmR>embmAm| VWm Aa~r Ho$ ‘Xagm H$mo H§$nZr gaH$ma go
WmoS>r ~hþV Am{W©H$ ghmæ`Vm ^r {‘bVr Wr& BZ nmR>embmAm| VWm H$m°boOm| H$s nmR>çnwñVH$m| Ho$ {bE H$B© Q>oŠñQ> ~wH$
gmogmB{Q>`m± ^r Iwbr§& BZ‘| H$bH$Îmm ~wH$ gmogm`Q>r, ‘Ðmg ñHy$b ~wH$ gmogm`Q>r, AmJam ~wH$ gmogm`Q>r, AmJam ñHy$b ~wH$
gmogm`Q>r Am¡a ZmX©Z© B§{S>`Z {H«$píM`Z ~wH$ gmogm`Q>r AmJam-~Zmag à‘wI ahr h¡§& BZ JÚ nmR>çnwñVH$m| ‘| H$hm{Z`m±,
B{Vhmg, ^yJmob Am{X {df`m| H$s ‘m¡{bH$ VWm AZy{XV àmá {deof h¡§&
H§$nZr gaH$ma Zo 1813 ‘| EH$ EŠQ> ~ZmH$a g§ñH¥$V-’$magr H$s {ejm H$mo àmoËgm{hV {H$`m& 7 ‘mM© 1835 ‘| H§$nZr
gaH$ma Zo A§J«oOr {ejm Ho$ àMma H$m àñVmd nmg {H$`m& gZ 1836 ‘| AXmbVmo§ ‘| Xoer ^mfm Ho$ à`moJ H$m {ZXoe H$aZodmbm
BíVhmaZm‘m {ZH$mbm & Bg BíVhmaZm‘o ‘| `h KmofUm H$a Xr {H$ qhXr àXoem| ‘| AXmbV H$s ^mfm ’$magr Z hmoH$a Xoer ^mfm
ahoJr& bo{H$Z `h ì`dñWm MbZo Z nm`r& ‘wgb‘mZm| H$s Amoa go Xáam| ‘| qhXr ^mfm Z ah|, Bg Ñ{ï> go à`mg ewê$ hþE&
A§J«oOm| Zo qhXy-‘wgb‘mZm| Ho$ Bg ^m{fH$ g§Kf© H$m bm^ CR>mVo hþE EH$ df© ~mX hr (1837) CXy© H$mo Xáam| H$s ^mfm Kmo{fV
{H$`m&
A~ IS>r~mobr qhXr nT>Zodmbo J§dma VWm CXy© nT>o bmoJ {e{jV H$hbmZo bJo& CXy© AXmbVr ^mfm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
Or{dH$m àm{á Ho$ hoVw CXy© nT>Zm Amdí`H$ hmo J`m& Bg g‘` IS>r~mobr EH$gmW Xmo AdamoYm| H$m gm‘Zm H$a ahr Wr -
(1) emgH$ dJ© Zo BgH$s Cnojm Ho$ gmW {damoY H$aZm ewê$ {H$`m Wm&
(2) CXy© H$mo amOml` {‘bZo Ho$ H$maU EH$ g‘m§Va ^mfm H$m Cgo gm‘Zm H$aZm Wm& S>m°. ~ƒZ qgh A°J«oOm| H$s Bg
Hy$Q>Zr{VH$ H$m`©dmhr H$s ewê$AmV Om°Z {JbH«$mBñQ> go ‘mZVo h¢ {OÝhm|Zo ’$moQ>© {d{b`‘ H$m°boO ‘| qhXr Am¡a CXy© H$mo
AbJ {H$`m& AmMm`© am‘M§Ð ewŠb ‘mZVo h¢ {H$, Jmgm© X Vmgr Zo ^r ’«$m§g ‘| ~¡R>o-~¡R>o Bg PJ‹S>o ‘| `moJ {X`m & ~m~y
{edàgmX {gVmao qhX {bIVo h¢, "{X„r Ho$ ‘wgb‘mZ ~mXemhm| Zo ^mfm Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| Omo Hw$N> gmoMm ^r Zht Wm dh
A§J«oO gaH$ma A§J«oOr Ho$ gmW-gmW ’$magr {bnr ‘| CXy© H$mo, Omo EH$ Xygar {dXoer ^mfm h¡, bmX ahr h¡&'
qhXr VËH$mbrZ OZVm H$s ~mobMmb VWm A{^ì`{³V H$s ^mfm Wr& Bgr H$maU gaH$mar ñVa na Hw$N> H$mb VH$ ^bo
hr Cgo Cno{jV aIm J`m hmo bo{H$Z Yrao-Yrao BgZo A§V[a‘ e{³V Ho$ AmYma na AnZr à{Vð>m àmá H$s& qhXr-CX©y H$m `h
H¥${Ì‘ PJS>m A§J«oOm| Zo A§V VH$ ~Zm`m aIm VWm Xoe Ho$ Xmo I§S> hmoZo na hr g‘má hþAm& qhXr na Amò g§H$Q> ‘| H$B©
gm‘m{OH$ Am§XmobZm| VWm ì`{³V`m| Zo qhXr H$m gmW {X`m& VËH$mbrZ g‘mMma nÌm| H$s ^y{‘H$m ^r Ah‘² ahr h¡&
^maV ‘| A§J«oOr Ho$ gmW ~±Jbm O¡gr Xoer ^mfm ‘| 19 dt gXr Ho$ Ama§^ ‘| hr g‘mMma nÌ {ZH$bZo Ama§^ hþE Wo&
qhXr H$m nhbm g‘mMma nÌ "CX§V ‘mVªS>' 30 ‘B©, 1826 ‘| lr OwJb{H$emoa ewŠb Ho$ g§nmXZ ‘| àH$m{eV hþAm& Am{W©H$
gh`moJ Ho$ A^md ‘| `h nÌ EH$ gmb VH$ hr Mbm& Bg‘| I‹S>r~mobr H$m à`moJ ‘Ü`Xoer` ^mfm Ho$ ê$n ‘| hþAm h¡& 9 ‘B©,
1829 B. H$mo "~§JXyV' H$m àH$meZ H$mobH$Vm ‘| hþAm& `h A§J«oOr, ~±Jbm, qhXr Am¡a ’$magr ^mfmAm| ‘| {ZH$bVm Wm& gZ
1834 ‘| H$bH$Îmo go hr "àOm {‘Ì' Zm‘ H$m nÌ ewê$ hþAm& Cn`w©³V VrZm| AI~ma H$bH$Îmo go `mZo AqhXr àXoe ‘| hr ewê$
hþE Wo& gZ 1844 ‘| amOm {edàgmX {gVmao qhX Zo H$mer ‘| "~Zmag nÌ' H$s ewê$AmV H$s {OgHo$ g§nmXH$ Vmam‘mohZ {‘Ì
Wo& BgH$s ^mfm CXy© Wr VWm {b{n XodZmJar & BgHo$ níMmV "gwYmH$a‘mVªS>, ‘mbdm AI~ma, ~w{ÕàH$me' O¡go nÌ-
n{ÌH$mAm| H$s ewê$AmV hwB©& BZ nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| ‘| ^bo hr ewÕ qhXr H$m A^md ahm hmoJm bo{H$Z BÝht Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go gaH$ma
H$s qhXr {damoYr Zr{V H$s AmbmoMZm H$s JB© VWm OZVm ‘| ZdrZ `wJ MoVZm H$m àMma ^r hwAm&
O¡gm H$s BgHo$ nhbo h‘Zo XoIm h¡, A§J«oOm| Zo qhXr H$mo AXmbVm| go {ZH$mbH$a CXy© H$mo à{V{ð>V ~Zm`m Wm& A~
‘wgb‘mZm| Zo qhXr H$mo {ejmH«$‘ ‘| ^r ñWmZ Z {‘b|, Bg àH$ma Ho$ à`ËZ ewê$ {H$E& Xoer ^mfm H$s {ejm H$mo ‘wgb‘mZm| Zo

H$‹S>m {damoY {H$`m& BgHo$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n gZ 1848 ‘| gaH$ma Zo EH$ gyMZm Ho$ Ûmam dZm©Š`yba ñHy$bm| ‘| qhXr H$s {ejm na
amoH$ bJmB©& BgHo$ {damoY ‘| amOm {edàgmX {gVmao qhX Zo H$‹S>m g§Kf© {H$¶m&
3.2.7 ^maV|Xw nyd© `wJ Ho$ ‘hÎdnyU© gm{hË`H$ma

qhXr Ho$ àma§{^H$ Mma JÚ boIH$m| go h‘ n[a{MV hþE h¢& bo{H$Z ^maV|Xw Ho$ nyd© ^r qhXr ‘| Eogo Mma JÚ boIH$m| VWm
qhXr g‘W©H$m| H$m Am{d^m©d hþAm {OZH$s ^mfm Zr{V, qhXr JÚ H$m {dH$mg VWm gm{hpË`H$ aMZmAm| H$s Ñ{ï> go {deof h¡§&
ò Mma JÚ boIH$ h¡§ - amOm {edàgmX {gVmao qhX, amOm bú‘Uqgh, ~m~y ZdrZM§Ð Am¡a lÕmam‘ ’w$bm¡ar&
amOm {edàgmX {gVmao qhX

amOm {edàgmX H$m OÝ‘ gZ 1823 ‘| H$mer ‘| hþAm& ò CXy©, qhXr, ’$magr, g§ñH¥$V, A§J«oOr Ho$ gmW ~§Jbm Ho$ kmVm
Wo& gZ 1845 ‘| gaH$mar Zm¡H$ar ‘| AmE& BZH$m ì`{³VËd ~‹S>m {ddmXmñnX ahm h¡& EH$ Va’$ BÝhm|Zo {ejm nÕ{V ‘| qhXr
H$mo VWm gaH$mar H$m‘H$mO ‘| XodZmJar H$mo ñWmZ XoZo Ho$ {bE à`ËZ {H$E dht Xygar Amoa A§J«oOr emgZ Ho$ H$Å>a g‘W©H$ VWm
qhXr ‘| CXy©-àYmZ JÚ {bIZo Ho$ à‘wI {h‘m`Vr ‘mZo OmVo h¡§& BZH$s "‘mZd Y‘©gma', "Cn{ZfXgma', "^yJmob hñVm‘bH$',
"dm‘m ‘Za§OZ', "Amb{g`m| H$m H$moS>m', "amOm ^moO H$m gnZm' O¡gr aMZmAm| ‘| g§ñH¥$V {‘{lV qhXr ZOa AmVr h¡&
B{Vhmg {V{‘a ZmeH$, ~¡Vmb nƒrgr O¡gr aMZmE± CXy© ^mfm H$s h¡& gZ 1845 ‘| BZH$s àoaUm go ~Zmag AI~ma' H$m
àH$meZ hþAm {OgH$s ^mfm CXy© Wr Omo XodZmJar ‘| {bIr JB© Wr& gZ 1856 ‘| gaH$ma Zo BÝh| {ejm {d^mJ ‘| BÝgnoŠQ>a
~Zm {X`m Wm& ò qhXr H$m J±dmê$nZ Xya H$a Cgo {eï> ^mfm ~ZmZm MmhVo Wo& Š`m|{H$ Cg g‘` H$s gaH$mar Zr{V Ho$ AZwgma
qhXr J±dmê$ VWm CXy© {eï> ^mfm g‘Pr OmVr Wr& BÝhm|Zo AnZr Hw$N> aMZmAm| ‘| qhXr Am¡a CXy© Ho$ {‘{lV JÚ ê$n H$m ^r
à`moJ {H$`m h¡& ào‘YZ BZH$s e¡br Ho$ àe§gH$ Wo& am‘{dbmg e‘m© Vmo `hm± VH$ ‘mZVo h¡§ {H$, ""amOm {edàgmX O¡gr qhXr
{bI aho Wo Cgr H$mo ^maV|Xw Zo AnZm`m Wm&''
amOm bú‘Uqgh
amOm bú‘Uqgh H$m OÝ‘ 9 A³Vy~a, 1826 H$mo AmJam ‘| hþAm& ò H§$nZr ‘| bopâQ>Z§Q> JdZ©a Ho$ H$m`m©b` ‘|
AZwdmXH$ Wo VWm ~mX ‘| VhgrbXma {Z`w³V hþE & gZ 1861 ‘| AmJam go "àOm{hV¡fr' Zm‘H$ nÌ {ZH$mbm& 1863 ‘|
‘hmH${d H$m{bXmg H$s {díd-à{gÕ aMZm "A{^kmZ emHw$ÝVb' H$m "eHw§$Vbm ZmQ>H$' Zm‘ go AZwdmX {H$`m& Bg aMZm go
CÝh| n`m©á »`m{V {‘br VWm Bgo B§{S>`Z {g{db g{d©g H$s narjm ‘| nmR>çnwñVH$ Ho$ ê$n ‘| ñdrH$ma {H$`m J`m& `h aMZm
ewÕ IS>r~mobr H$m hr Z‘yZm ahr h¡& gZ 1877 ‘| "aKwd§e' ‘hmH$mì` H$m AZwdmX H$a AnZr ^mfm g§~§Yr Zr{V ñnï> H$s&
BZH$s Ñ{ï> go qhXr CXy© go AbJ VWm qhXwAm| H$s ^mfm h¡& CÝhm|Zo gVH©$Vmnyd©H$ Aa~r-’$magr Ho$ {Man[a{MV VWm gd©J«mø
eãXm| H$mo qhXr go AbJ {H$`m& AnZr aMZmAm| Ho$ Ûmam CÝhm|Zo `h ñnï> H$a {X`m {H$ Aa~r-’$magr eãXm| H$m à`moJ {H$E
{~Zm ^r qhXr gw§Xa T>§J go ~mobr VWm {bIr ^r OmVr h¡&
~m~y ZdrZM§Ð am`

~m~y ZdrZM§Ð am` Zo qhXr ^mfm Am¡a ~«m÷mo Y‘© H$m àMma n§Om~ ‘| {H$`m& ò CXy© Ho$ H$Å>a {damoYr Wo& CZH$s ‘mÝ`Vm
Wr {H$ ""CXy© Ho$ àM{bV hmoZo go Xoedm{g`m| H$mo H$moB© bm^ Zht hmoJm& Š`m|{H$ CXy© ‘| Am{eH$s H${dVm Ho$ A{V[a³V {H$gr
J§^ra {df` H$mo ì`³V H$aZo H$s j‘Vm Zht h¡&'' `h ~«m÷mo g‘mO Ho$ AZw`m`r Wo VWm BZHo$ {dMma Zd`wJ Ho$ gwYmadmXr
Ñ{ï>H$moU Ho$ AZwHy$b Wo& ór {ejm H$m nyU© g‘W©Z H$a bmhm¡a ‘| ’$s‘©b Zm‘©b ñHy$b H$s ñWmnZm H$s& gm‘m{OH$, Ym{‘©H$,
Xme©{ZH$ VWm d¡km{ZH$ {df`m| na H$B© nwñVH|$ {bIr& {Og‘| - "AmMmamXe©', "Y‘© Xr{nH$m', "VËd~moY', "Cn{ZfËgma',
"ObpñW{V Am¡a J{V' Am{X H$m {deof ‘hÎd h¡& gZ 1867 ‘| "kmZ àXm{`Zr' n{ÌH$m ^r àH$m{eV H$s& ewÕ qhXr Ho$
g‘W©H$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU qhXr H$mo CXy© H$s N>m`m go gX¡d Xya aIm&
lÕmam‘ ’w$bm¡ar
lÕmam‘ ’w$bm¡ar ì`m»`mZXmVm VWm H$WmH$ma Ho$ ê$n ‘| à{gÕ Wo& BÝhm|Zo n§Om~ ‘| Ym{‘©H$ CËgmh VWm ZdrZ
gm‘m{OH$ MoVZm H$m g§Mma H$a BgmB© Y‘© Ho$ à{V AmH${f©V hmoZodmbo qhXwAm| H$mo nW^«ï> hmoZo go ~Mm`m& "gË`m‘¥V àdmh'
Zm‘ H$m J«§W {bIm {OgH$s ^mfm ~hwV gm’$ VWm àm¡T> h¡& "AmË‘ {M{H$Ëgm', "VËd XrnH$', "Y‘© ajm', "CnXoe g§J«h' Ho$
gmW ^m½`dVr (1877) Zm‘H$ CnÝ`mg ^r {bIm& g§VmonXoe Zm‘ go EH$ Xmohm g§J«h ^r N>nm Wm&

3.2.8 qhXr JÚ H$m {dH$mg
qhXr JÚ {dH$mg Ho$ {d{dY gmonmZ, JÚ H$s {deofVmE±, {d{dY {dYmE± VWm JÚ boIH$ Ed§ CZH$s - aMZmAm| H$m
{deof AÜ``Z h‘ "ñdV§ÌVmnyd© qhXr gm{hË`'Bg {H$Vm~ ‘| H$aZodmbo h¡& AV: `hm± h‘ g§jon ‘| qhXr JÚ {dH$mg H$m
n[aM` XoIZodmbo h¡&
(1) ^maV|Xw `wJ

^maV|Xw `wJ qhXr JÚ Ho$ ~hþ‘wIr {dH$mg H$m `wJ h¡& ^maV|Xw nyd© `wJ ‘| h‘ XoI MwHo$ h¢ {H$ qhXr Ho$ gm‘Zo Xmo ‘w»`
g‘ñ`mE± Wr- ^mfm {Z‘m©U VWm ^mfm n[aîH$ma H$s& amOm {edàgmX VWm amOm bú‘Uqgh Zo qhXr Ho$ ñdê$n {ZYm©aU ‘|
AbJ-AbJ ‘mÝ`VmE± aIr Wr& {edàgmX‘o ewÕ g§ñH¥$V{Zð> qhXr H$m g‘W©Z {H$`m Wm dht bú‘Uqgh qhXr H$m J±dmê$nZ
Xya H$aVo-H$aVo Cgo CXy© Ho$ g‘rn bo AmE Wo& BZ XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM qhXr JÚ H$s à{Vð>m H$a qhXr gm{hË` H$s {d{dY {dYmAm|
Ho$ {dH$mg H$m Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$m`© ^maV|Xw `wJ ‘| hþAm&
^maV|Xw Ho$ g‘` ‘| g§nyU© Xoe ‘| gm§ñH¥${VH$ OmJaU H$s bha Xm¡S> MwH$s Wr& A§J«oOr {ejm H$m ì`mnH$ à^md Xoe Ho$
{e{jV g‘mO na n‹S>m Wm& Xoe ‘| ‘Ü`dJ© amï´>r` VWm gm‘m{OH$ {hVm| na {dMma H$aVm nm`m J`m& CÝh| g^r joÌm| ‘| gwYma
`m n[adV©Z H$s Amdí`H$Vm ‘hgyg hþB©& ^maV|Xw H$m gm{hË` Xoe ‘| Mb ahr Bgr àJ{Verb MoVZm H$m à{V{Z{Y ~Zm& EH$
Amoa CÝhm|Zo gm{hË` H$mo ZdrZ ‘mJ© {XImH$a OmJaU H$m g§Xoe XoZo Ho$ {bE JÚ H$s ZB© {dYmAm| H$mo AnZm`m VWm Xygar Amoa
‘±Or hþB© I‹S>r~mobr H$m ñdê$n pñWa ~Zm`m& Bg Ñ{ï> go CZHo$ gm{hË` Ho$ gmW CZH$s "H${ddMZ gwYm' VWm "h[aíM§Ð
M§{ÐH$m' Am{X n{ÌH$mAm| H$m `moJXmZ {deof ahm h¡& BÝht n{ÌH$mAm| ‘| ^mfm n[aîH$ma, ZmQ>H$, H$bm, B{Vhmg, JÚ VWm
nÚ Am{X {df`m| go g§~§{YV boI N>mno OmVo & ^mfm {dH$mg H$mo J{V XoZo Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo EH$ "‘§S>b' ^r J{R>V {H$`m Wm {Ogo
"^maV|Xþ‘§S>b' H$hm OmVm& Bg ‘§S>b ‘| ~XarZmamÙ Mm¡Yar "ào‘YZ', àVmnZmamÙ {‘l, ~mbH¥$îU ^Å>, R>mHw$a OJ‘mohZ
qgh, Apå~H$mXÎm ì`mg, amYmMaU Jmoñdm‘r, ‘mohZbmb {dîUwbmb n§S>çm, H$m{eZmW IÌr Am{X à‘wI Wo& `h ‘§S>b
^maV|Xw H$s ^mfm H$mo AmXe© ‘mZVm Wm&
^maV|Xw Ho$ gmW CZHo$ ‘§S>b Ho$ gm{hË`H$mam| Zo ZmQ>H$, {Z~§Y, H$hmZr, CnÝ`mg, AmbmoMZm, OrdZr Ho$ gmW-gmW
`mÌmd¥Îm O¡gr {dYmAm| H$m {dH$mg H$a JÚ H$mo à{Vð>m àmá H$s& ZmQ>H$ Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| Vmo `hm± VH$ H$hm J`m {H$, AmYw{ZH$
JÚ gm{hË` H$s na§nam H$m àdV©Z ZmQ>H$m| go hþAm& A§J«oOr T>§J H$m qhXr H$m nhbm CnÝ`mg "narjmJwê$' Ho$ {Z‘m©U Ho$ gmW
qhXr Ho$ ‘m¡{bH$ VWm AZy{XV CnÝ`mgm| H$s na§nam hr {dH${gV hþB©& Bg `wJ ‘| {Z~§Y boIZ ‘| boIH$m| H$mo {deof g’$bVm
àmá hþB©& {Z~§Ym| H$m Ama§^ ñd`§ ^maV|Xw go ‘mZm J`m h¡& ^maV|Xw `wJ ‘| ñWm{nV I‹S>r~mobr JÚ Ho$ ñdê$n {ZYm©aU ‘| VrZ
~mV| ‘hÎdnyU© ahr -
(1) qhXr Ho$ VØd Am¡a àM{bV eãXm| H$m à`moJ
(2) bmoH$ ì`dhma ‘| àM{bV Aa~r-’$magr eãXm| H$m à`moJ VWm
(3) Amdí`H$Vm Ho$ AZwgma g§ñH¥$V Ho$ ‘yb ómoV Ho$ eãXm| H$mo J«hU H$amZm&
Bg ^mfm Zr{V H$mo ^maV|Xw Ho$ gmW CZHo$ ‘§S>br Ho$ gm{hË`H$mam| Zo ^r AnZm`m & n[aUm‘ñdê$n IS>r~mobr qhXr H$m
EH$ {Z{íMV ñdê$n V¡`ma hþAm& Bg `wJ Ho$ gm{hË`H$mam| Zo {Og ^mfm H$s Ztd S>mbr, Cg‘| {H$gr àH$ma H$m ~§YZ Zht Wm
Am¡a Z hr dh {H$gr àH$ma go H¥${Ì‘ ê$n go J‹T>r Wr&
A§VV: `hr H$h|Jo {H$ Bg `wJ ‘| qhXr JÚ H$m ñdê$n Ho$db pñWa hr Zht hþAm VWm CgHo$ ewÕ gm{hË`mon`moJr Am¡a
ì`dhamon`moJr ê$nm| H$s nyU© à{Vð>m ^r hþB©& JÚ H$s ZB© YmamAm| VWm {dYmAm| H$m OÝ‘ hþAm Omo AmJo OmH$a àm¡T> VWm
{dH${gV hþB© & gm{hË` H$m {df`, A{^ì`{³V H$s e¡br H$s Ñ{ï> go ghr ‘m`Zo ‘| qhXr ZB© Mmb ‘| T>bVr hþB© ZOa Am¶r&
{ÛdoXr `wJ
^maV|Xw `wJ ‘| qhXr JÚ H$s {d{dY {dYmAm| Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ gmW I‹S>r~mobr H$mo ^r à{Vð>m àmá hþB© Wr& ~mdOyX BgHo$
Bg `wJ H$m JÚ An[a‘m{O©V VWm AewÕ hr Wm& AmMm`© ewŠb {bIVo h¢ {H$ ^maV|Xw Or Am¡a CZHo$ gh`moJr boIH$m| H$s Ñ{ï>
ì`mH$aU Ho$ {Z`‘m| na AÀN>r Vah O‘t Zht Wr& ‘hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr Zo "gañdVr' n{ÌH$m Ho$ g§nmXH$ ~ZH$a ^mfm ewÕVm
H$m joÌ ‘| ~hþV ~S>m H$m`© {H$`m& "gañdVr' Ho$ g§nmXH$ Ho$ ê$n ‘| AnZo nmg AmZodmbr nwñVH$m| Ho$ ^rVa ì`mH$aU Am¡a
^mfm H$s Aew{Õ`m± {XImH$a boIH$m| H$mo gmdYmZ {H$`m& CÝhm|Zo "gañdVr' n{ÌH$m ‘| boI VWm {Z~§Y {bIH$a ^mfm g§~§Yr

AamOH$Vm VWm ì`mH$aU ewÕr g§~§Yr AmdmhZ {H$`m& qhXr Ho$ eãX ^§S>ma H$mo g‘¥Õ H$aZo Ho$ hoVw CÝhm|Zo A§J«oOr, ~§Jbm VWm
‘amR>r Am{X ^mfmAm| H$m gh`moJ {b`m& qhXr JÚ Am¡a nÚ H$s ^mfm EH$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE à~b Am§XmobZ {H$`m&
^maV|Xw `wJ ‘| JÚ H$s {OVZr e¡{b`m| VWm {dYmAm| H$m OÝ‘ hþAm Wm, do {ÛdoXr `wJ ‘| {dH${gV hmoH$a ì`mnH$ hþB©&
Bg `wJ Ho$ ~mb ‘wHw§$X Jwá, ‘mYd àgmX {‘l, gaXma nyU©qgh, nÙqgh e‘m©, M§ÐYa e‘m© Jwboar, JmoqdX ZmamÙ {‘l,
~«OaËZXmg, ~mbH¥$îU ^Å>, àVmn ZmamÙ {‘l, ~m~y í`m‘gw§XaXmg Am{X Ho$ gm{hpË`H$ `moJXmZ go Bg `wJ H$m JÚ
n[a‘m{O©V VWm n[anwï> hþAm& ^maV|Xw go {dH${gV qhXr ZmQ>H$ H$s g‘¥Õ na§nam {ÛdoXr `wJ ‘| ~m{YV hþB©& CnÝ`mg Ho$ joÌ ‘|
Eo`mar-{Vbñ‘r, Omgygr Ho$ gmW gm‘m{OH$ CnÝ`mgm| Zo ào‘M§X `wJ Ho$ {bE AÀN>r n¥ð>^y{‘ V¡`ma H$s& H$hmZr H$m OÝ‘ Bgr
H$mb ‘| hþAm& ^maV|Xw `wJ ‘| à{V{ð>V {Z~§Y gm{hË` {dH$mg Ho$ ~Xbo Adê$Õ hþAm& AmbmoMZm Ho$ {bE `h d¡^d H$m H$mb
ahm& JÚ H$s {d{dY e¡{b`m| VWm {dYmAm| Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| AmbmoÀ` `wJ H$s n{ÌH$mAm| Zo {deof `moJXmZ {X`m&
g§jon ‘| `hr H$h|Jo {H$ qhXr JÚ Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| {ÛdoXr Or VWm CZH$s "gañdVr' n{ÌH$m Ho$ gmW VËH$mbrZ
gm{hË`H$mam| H$m {deof `moJXmZ ahm h¡&
N>m`mdmX `wJ
N>m`mdmX H$m g‘` Ohm± {díd H$s Ñ{ï> go Xmo ‘hm`wÕm| Ho$ ~rM H$m g‘` h¡& Cgr àH$ma go ^maV H$s Ñ{ï> go AmOmXr
Ho$ Am§XmobZ H$m CËH$f© ^r h¡& Jm§Yr Or Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd ‘| AmOmXr Ho$ Am§XmobZm| H$mo OZ-OZ VH$ nhþ±MmZo VWm bmoJm| ‘| Xoeào‘,
~{bXmZ H$s àoaUm {Z‘m©U H$aZo ‘| Bg `wJ Ho$ JÚ gm{hË` H$s {deof ^y{‘H$m ahr h¡& ‘hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr Or H$s àoaUm VWm
AWH$ n[al‘ go ^mfm ewÕr Ho$ Am§XmobZ go qhXr JÚ H$m Omo ì`mH$aU gå‘V ê$n pñWa hþAm Wm Cgr H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a
N>m`mdmX `wJ ‘| JÚ H$s {d{^Þ {dYmAm| H$m {dH$mg VWm A{dîH$ma ^r hþAm&
^maV|Xw Ûmam ñWm{nV ZmQ>H$ VWm a§J‘§M H$s na§nam H$mo Oè§H$a àgmX Zo Z`m OrdZ VWm Z`r {Xem àXmZ H$s& àgmX
Ho$ gmW h[aH¥$îU ào‘r, bú‘rZmamÙ {‘l Am{X ^r Bg joÌ ‘| H$m`©aV aho§& CnÝ`mg {dYm ‘| ào‘M§X H$m AmJ‘Z, qhXr
gm{hË` H$s EH$ ‘hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm ahr h¡& qhXr H$Wm gm{hË` H$mo ‘Zmoa§OZ H$s n[a{Y go ~mha {ZH$mbH$a Am‘ AmX‘r Ho$
OrdZ go OmoS>m J`m& CÝhm|Zo Eogr JÚ ^mfm H$mo AnZm`m Omo ‘wgb‘mZ H$mo CXy© bJo VWm qhXy H$mo qhXr& Bg {dYm Ho$ {dH$mg
‘| Oè§H$a àgmX, ~oMZ e‘m© CJ«, O¡Z|Ð, ^JdVrMaU d‘m© Am{X H$m ^r `moJXmZ ahm & CnÝ`mg Ho$ g‘mZ H$hmZr Ho$ joÌ
‘| ^r ào‘M§X Or H$m hr EH$N>Ì A§‘b ahm& {Z~§Y VWm AmbmoMZm Ho$ joÌ ‘| `h `wJ ‘mZmo ñdU©H$mb hr ahm& Am am‘M§Ð
ewŠb, S>m°. Jwbm~am` í`m‘gw§XaXmg, S>m°. am‘Hw$‘ma d‘m©, {dídZmWàgmX {‘l VWm S>m°. ZJ|Ð Am{X Zo qhXr AmbmoMZm H$mo ZB©
{Xem VWm J{V ^r àXmZ H$s&
Bg `wJ ‘| {Z~§Y aMZm Ho$ joÌ ‘| {df`m| H$s {d{dYVm, ^mfm H$s àm¡‹T>Vm VWm e¡brJV {d{dYVm Ñ{ï>JV hmoVr h¡& BgHo$
nyd© {ÛdoXr VWm ^maV|Xw `wJ ‘| OrdZr, `mÌmd¥Îm, g§ñ‘aU VWm nÌboIZ H$s na§nam {dÚ‘mZ Wr qH$Vw AmË‘H$Wm, aoIm{MÌ,
JÚH$mì` VWm ñ‘¥{V J«§Wm| H$s aMZm nhbr ~ma N>m`mdmX `wJ ‘| hr hþB©& Bg `wJ Ho$ JÚ ‘| kmZ-{dkmZ H$m ^r gm{hË`
A{YH$ ‘mÌm ‘| {bIm J`m & B{Vhmg, amOZr{V VWm àemgZ, AW©emó, ^yJmob, Y‘© VWm Xe©Z Ho$ gmW {ejm, ^mfm,
{b{n VWm H$moe J«§Wm| H$m ^r {Z‘m©U hþAm& "Mm§X', "à^m', "‘mYwar', "gwYm', "{demb ^maV', "h§g' Am{X ñVar` n{ÌH$mAm|
Zo VËH$mbrZ `wJ H$s n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ š AZwHy$b amOZr{V, Y‘©, g‘mO VWm gm{hpË`H$ {df`m| H$mo ge³V A{^ì`³V {H$`m&
g§jon ‘| `hr H$h|Jo {H$ N>m`mdmX `wJ JÚ gm{hË` H$s Ñ{ï> go AË`§V g‘¥Õ h¡&
ñdmV§Í`moÎma JÚ
gm{hË` g‘` Ho$ gmW MbVm h¡& Z`m `wJ AnZo gmW ZE OrdZ~moY H$s g‘ñV gO©ZmË‘H$ J{V{d{Y`m| H$mo A{^ì`³V
H$aVm h¡& ñdmV§Í`moÎma `wJ ‘| OrdZ Am¡a g‘mO Ho$ ~w{Z`mXr T>m±Mo ‘| n[adV©Z Ho$ gmW-gmW ZE {dMmam|, ‘yë`m| Ho$ gmW
g‘ñ`mAm| H$s A{^ì`{³V gm{hË` ‘| hmoZo bJr& Zò gm{hË` ê$n, Z`r A{^ì`{³V`m| Ho$ gmW ZB© e¡{b`m| Zo ^r OÝ‘ {b`m&
^maV|Xw, {ÛdoXr VWm N>m`mdmX `wJ go Mbr Am ahr gm{hpË`H$ {dYmAm| ‘| ^mfm H$s Ñ{ï> go àm¡T>Vm AmB© VWm ZB© e¡{b`m| Ho$
AnZmZo go ò AÚVZ ^r ~Zr&
Bg H$mb H$m qhXr ZmQ>H$ OrdZ Ho$ `WmW© Ho$ gmW Ow‹S>m & OJXreM§Ð ‘mWwa, Y‘©dra ^maVr, ‘mohZ amHo$e Ho$ ‘m¡{bH$
ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ gmW Xoer VWm {dXoer ^mfmAm| Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ AZwdmXm| Zo qhXr ZmQ>ç gm{hË` H$mo ZB© {Xem àXmZ H$s& gmVd|-
AmR>d| XeH$ à`moJY‘u ZmQ>ç na§nam H$s Ñ{ï> go ‘hÎdnyU© aho§& 80 Ho$ ~mX {bI| g‘H$mbrZ ZmQ>H$m| ‘| ^r {eën H$mo boH$a
Vah-Vah Ho$ à`moJ {H$E JE& BZ ZmQ>H$m| H$s H|$Ðr` dñVw amOZr{V VWm àemgZ H$s AmbmoMZm Ho$ gmW ór-nwê$f g§~§Y

ahr& g‘H$mbrZ ZmQ>H$H$mam| ‘| h‘rXw„m, e§H$a eof, {J[aamO {H$emoa, Z§X{H$emoa AmMm`©, à^mH$a lmo{Ì`, H¥$îU ~bXod d¡X,
Za|X ‘mohZ {deof C„oIZr` ah| h¢&
ào‘M§X `wJ ‘| {dH${gV, N>m`mdmX ‘| ’«$m`‹S> Am¡a ‘mŠg© H$s {dMmaYmam go à^m{dV CnÝ`mg ñdmV§Í`moÎma `wJ ‘| A{YH$
à`moJerb VWm AmYw{ZH$ hþAm& ‘Zmod¡km{ZH$, gm‘m{OH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$, àm`mo{JH$ VWm Am§M{bH$ CnÝ`mgm| Zo ñdmV§Í`moÎma
^maV H$m `WmW© àñVwV {H$`m& ènmb, ’$UrdaZmW aoUw, d¥§XmdZbmb d‘m©, Y‘©dra ^maVr, A‘¥Vbmb ZmJa, ZmJmOw©Z, am§Jo`
amKd, amhwb gm§H¥$Ë`m`Z, CXè§H$a ^Å>, Zaoe ‘ohVm, O¡Z|Ð bú‘rH$m§V d‘m©, ‘Þy ^§S>mar H$m {deof `moJXmZ ahm& 1980 Ho$
~mX H$m CnÝ`mg dñVw Am¡a {eën ‘| à`moJerbVm Ho$ gmW ZdrZVm H$mo AnZmVm h¡& Bg `wJ na ór, X{bV VWm Am{Xdmgr
{d‘e© H$m ~mob~mbm ahm& ny±OrdmXr, ~mOmadmXr VWm Cn^moJdmXr AW©ì`dñWm go à^m{dV ‘hmZJar` n[adoe, gm‘m{OH$
OrdZ ‘| AmE ~XbmAm| H$mo Bg `wJ Ho$ CnÝ`mgmo§ ‘| H|$Ðr` ñWmZ {‘bm& Bg `wJ ‘| H$hmZr Ho$ joÌ ‘| H$B© Am§XmobZ hþE&
H$WmdñVw Ho$ gmW ê$n~§Y ‘| ~Xbmd AmE& nhbr ~ma H$hmZr ‘| {Z~§Y, aoIm{MÌ, g§ñ‘aU, S>màr Am{X {dYmE± gpå‘{bV
hþB©& H$hmZrH$ma {~Zm {H$gr bmJ-bnoQ> Ho$ VQ>ñWVm Ed§ gƒmB© Ho$ gmW dmñV{dH$Vm H$mo A{^ì`³V H$aVm ahm& O¡Z|Ð,
Ako`, kmZa§OZ, ^rî‘ gmhZr, {dîUw à^mH$a, CX`àH$me, H$‘boída, {‘{Wboída Am{X H$hmZrH$mam| Zo H$hmZr H$mo J{V
àXmZ H$s&
AmMm¶© am‘M§Ð ewŠb Or Zo d¡Mm[aH$ {Z~§Ym| H$mo Ma‘ CËH$f© VH$ nhþ±Mm`m Wm& CZH$s {Z~§Y na§nam H$m {dH$mg Bg
`wJ ‘| hþAm& {dÚm{Zdmg {‘l, Hw$~oaZmW am`, {Z‘©b d‘m©, hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr, S>m°. XodamO, Zm‘da qgh Am{X Zo Z Ho$db
{Z~§Ym| H$m {dH$mg {H$`m ~pëH$ Hw$N> Eogo à`moJ {H$E Omo qhXr {Z~§Y H$s e{³V Ed§ g§^mdZmAm| Ho$ à{V AmídñV H$aVo h§¡&
d¡Mm[aH$, gm{hpË`H$, g‘rjmË‘H$, hmñ` ì`§½`mË‘H$ {Z~§Ym| Zo JÚ H$mo g‘Õ {H$`m& Bg `wJ H$s AmbmoMZm g¡Õm§{VH$ Am¡a
ì`mdhm[aH$ XmoZm| joÌm| ‘| g’$b hmoH$a g§^mdZmAm| H$s Amoa CÝ‘w³V hþB©& Jwbm~ am`, {dídZmW àgmX {‘l, S>m°. XodamO,
am‘{dbmg e‘m©, Zm‘da qgh, S>m°. ~ƒZ qgh, S>m°. ZJ|Ð, {dídZmW {ÌnmR>r, ‘¡ZoOa nm§S>o` Am{X AmbmoMH$m| H$m `moJXmZ
‘hÎdnyU© ahm&
N>m`mdmX `wJ H$s OrdZr, AmË‘H$Wm, `mÌmd¥Îm, g§ñ‘aU, aoIm{MÌ, [anmoVm©O, B§Q>aì`y Am{X {dYmAm| Zo A^yVnyd©
{dH$mg {H$`m& [anmoVm©O Am¡a B§Q>aì`y boIZ Bgr `wJ H$s XoZ h¡& AÝ` JÚ {dYmAm| Zo ^r H$Ï` {d{dYVm, e¡brJV ZdrZ
à`moJ {H$E JE& AmO JÚ AnZr AZoH$mZoH$ {dYmAm| Ho$ {dH$mg VWm {Z‘m©U Ho$ Ûmam gm{hË` H$s A{Zdm`© e¡br ~Zm hþAm
h¡&
g§jon ‘| `hr H$h|Jo {H$ JÚ H$m {dH$mg AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË` H$s ‘hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm h¡& dV©‘mZ gm{hË` ‘| JÚ ‘hÎdnyU©
e¡br ~ZH$a AnZr AZoH$mZoH$ {dYmAm| Ûmam {dH$mg Ho$ Ma‘ na h¡&

(1) "JÚ' eãX g§ñH¥$V Ho$............. YmVw go ~Zm h¡&
(2) ~«O^mfm JÚ H$m g~go àmMrZ Z‘wZm Mm¡Xhdt gXr Ho$ .............. Zm‘ J«§W ‘| {‘bVm h¡&
(3) S>m°. amOZmW e‘m© Zo gZ 1324 ‘| Á¶mo{Varída {b{IV........... H$mo ‘¡{Wbr H$m gd©àW‘ J«§W ‘mZm h¢&
(4) .................. n§{S>V gXb {‘l H$s aMZm h¡&
(5) qhXr H$m nhbm g‘mMma nÌ.............. 30 ‘B©, 1826 ‘| OwJb{H$emoa ew³b Ho$ g§nmXZ ‘| àH$m{eV hþAm&
(6) qhXr CnÝ¶mg {dYm ‘|............... H$m AmJ‘Z qhXr gm{hË¶ H$s ‘hÎdnyU© KQZm ahr h¢&
(7) ................. Ho$ ~mX H$m CnÝ¶mg dñVw Am¡a {eën ‘| à¶moJerbVm Ho$ gmW ZdrZVm H$mo AnZmVm h¢&

(1) qhXr eãXH$moe Ho$ AZwgma "JÚ' H$s n[a^mfm ³¶m h¢?
(2) amOñWmZr ^mfm ‘| gd©àW‘ {bIr qhXr JÚ H$s aMZmE± H$m¡Z-gr h¡?
(3) qhXr IS>r~mobr H$s nhbr aMZm H$m¡Z-gr h¡?
(4) qhXr JÚ {dH$mg ‘| H$m¡Zgo Mma boIH$m| H$m ‘hÎdnyU© ¶moJXmZ ahm h¡?
(5) ^maV|Xÿ nyd© ¶wJ Ho$ ‘hÎdnyU© Mma JÚ boIH$m| Ho$ Zm‘ {b{IE&

eãXmW©
· gmZwàmg : AZwàmg g{hV, dUm] H$s Amd¥{Îm Ho$ gmW
· àofU joÌ : Ohm± ôOZm h¡, dh joÌ
· nm[a^m{fH$ : n[a^mfm g§~§Yr
· AmoH$mam§V : {OgHo$ A§V ‘| Amo H$s ‘mÌm hmo
· BíVhmaZm‘m : gmd©O{ZH$ gyMZm Omhra gyMZm
· AXmbVr ^mfm : AXmbV g§~§Yr H$m‘H$mO H$s ^mfm
{Q>ßn{U`m±
IS>r~mobr : ^mfmemó H$s Ñ{ï> go {X„r VWm ‘oaR> Ho$ Amgnmg Ho$ J«m‘ g‘yXm` H$s ~mobr& 1823 Ho$ ~mX Bgo hr
"qhXr' H$hm J`m& AmO `h ^maVr` g§K H$s amO^mfm VWm amï´>^mfm Ho$ ê$n ‘| à`w³V hþB© h¡& Bgo XodZmJar {b{n ‘| {bIm
OmVm h¡&
JÚ : boIZ H$s Eogr e¡br {Og‘| ag, N>§X, VwH$ Am{X H$m {dYmZ Z hmo& ar{VH$mb VH$ A{^ì`{³V H$s e¡br nÚ hr
ahr Wr bo{H$Z qhXr gm{hË` ‘| ar{VH$mb Ho$ ~mX JÚ H$m CØd hþAm& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ‘| Bgo CnÝ`mg H$hmZr,
ZmQ>H$, {Z~§Y Am{X {d{dY {dYmAm| Zo AnZm`m & dV©‘mZ gm{hË` ‘| "JÚ' boIZ H$s& A{Zdm`© eV© ~Zm hþAm h¡&
ar{VH$mb : qhXr gm{hË` H$m CÎma‘Ü`H$mb (g§. 1700 go g§. 1900 VH$) ar{VH$mb h¡& H$mìèmór` J«§W, l¥§Jma H$s
A{YH$Vm VWm ~«O ^mfm H$s àYmZVm Bg `wJ H$s {deofVmE± ahr h¡§&

(A)
(1) JÚ (2) JmoaIgma (3) dU©aËZmH$a (4) Zm{gHo$Vmonm»¶mZ (5) CX§V ‘mVªS> (6) ào‘M§XOr (7) 1980
(Am)
(1) qhXr eãXH$moe Ho$ AZwgma "JÚ' H$m AW© h¡ - "Eogr aMZm {Og‘| ag, N>§X, VwH$ Am{X H$m {dYmZ Z hmo&'
(2) "AmamYZm', "A{Vgma' VWm "~mb{ejm' BÝh| amOñWmZr JÚ H$s gd©àW‘ aMZmE± ‘mZr J¶r h¢&
(3) "M§X N>§X ~aZZ H$s ‘{h‘m' ¶h IS>r~mobr H$s nhbr aMZm ‘mZr J¶r h¢&
(4) qhXr JÚ {dH$mg ‘| ‘w§er gXmgwIbmb "{Z¶mO', B§em A„m Im±, b„zbmb Or Am¡a n§. gXa {‘l BZ Mma boIH$m| H$m
‘hÎdnyU© ¶moJXmZ ahm h¢&
(5) ^maV|Xw nyd© ¶wJ ‘| amOm {edàgmX {gVmao qhX, amOm bú‘Uqgh, ~m~y ZdrZM§Ð am¶ Am¡¡a lÕmam‘ ’w$„m¡ar ¶h Mma
‘hÎdnyU© JÚboIH$ aho h¢&
3.5 gmam§e
qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$mo "JÚH$mb' ^r H$hm OmVm h¡& JÚ boIZ H$s EH$ e¡br h¡ {Og‘| ag, N>§X, VwH$
Am{X ~§YZm| go ‘w³V hmoH$a ~S>r gab VWm ghOVm go A{^ì`³V hmoH$a C{MV bú` H$mo àmá {H$`m OmVm h¡& ar{VH$mb VH$

gm{hË` na ~«O ^mfm VWm H$mì` H$m hr à^md ahm {’$a ^r Nw>Q>nyQ> ‘mÌm ‘| JÚ boIZ ^r hþAm h¡& `h boIZ ~«O, ‘¡{Wbr
VWm amOñWmZr ^mfm H$m ahm& IS>r~mobr Omo {X„r VWm ‘oaR> Ho$ Amgnmg Ho$ bmoJm| H$s ~mobMmb H$s ^mfm Wr, AmJo
{dH${gV hmoH$a "qhXr' H$hbmZo bJr& {d. g§.1798 ‘| am‘àgmX {Za§OZr Ûmam {bpIV '^mfm `moJd{gð>' J«§W IS>r~mobr JÚ
‘| {bpIV nhbm J«§W Wm& gZ 1800 ‘| A§J«oOm| Zo àemgZ H$s gw{dYm Ho$ hoVw ^maVr` ^mfmAm| Ho$ AÜ``Z VWm grIZo Ho$
CÔoí` go "H$bH$Îmm' ‘| ’$moQ>© {d{b`‘ H$m°boO H$s ñWmnZm H$s& JÚ nwñVH$m| H$m {Z‘m©U {H$`m& Bg `wJ Ho$ qhXr JÚ Ho$ àW‘
Mma boIH$- ‘w§er gXmgwIbmb {Z`mO, B§em A„m Im±, b„zbmb Or VWm gXb {‘l Or Zo JÚ {dH$mg ‘| `moJXmZ {X`m&
BgmB© {‘eZ[a`m| Zo Y‘©àgma Ho$ CÔoí` go ñHy$bm| VWm H$m°boOm| H$s ñWmnZm H$a qhXr H$mo AnZm`m& ~mB{~b H$m qhXr AZwdmX
^r hþAm& g‘mMma nÌm| Zo OZVm H$m à~moYZ H$aZo, Xoeào‘ VWm amï´>^{³V H$s ^mdZm ào[aV H$aZo hoVw OZVm H$s ^mfm qhXr'
H$mo AnZm`m& Am`© VWm ~«÷m| g‘mO Zo ^r gm‘m{OH$ VWm amï´>r` Am§XmobZ Ho$ ê$n ‘| qhXr H$m àMma-àgma {H$`m& ^maV|Xw
h[aíM§Ð H$m AmJ‘Z qhXr JÚ Ho$ {dH$mg H$s ‘hÎdnyU© BH$mB© ahr& ^maV|Xw Zo ZmQ>H$, {Z~§Y, H$hmZr, CnÝ`mg, AmbmoMZm,
OrdZr, `mÌmd¥Îm O¡gr {dYmAm| H$m {dH$mg H$a JÚ H$mo à{Vð>m {Xbm`r& AmMm¶© ‘hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr Or Zo "gañdVr'
n{ÌH$m Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go ^mfm VWm ì`mH$aU ewÕVm H$m H$m`© {H$`m& N>m`mdmX `wJ {Z~§Y, CnÝ`mg VWm š AmbmoMZm Ho$ joÌ ‘|
g‘¥Õ ahm& ñdmV§Í`moÎma `wJ ‘| JÚ H$s g^r {dYmAm| Zo A^yVnyd© {dH$mg {H$`m&
3.6 ñdmÜ¶m¶
(1) JÚ H$s n[a^mfm ~VmH$a AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ nyd© Ho$ JÚ H$m n[aM` Xr{OE&
(2) I‹S>r~mobr JÚ Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| BgmB© {‘eZar, A§J«oOr {ejm VWm g‘mMma nÌm| Ho$ `moJXmZ Ho$ ñnï> H$ao§&
(3) qhXr JÚ Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo {d{dY `wJm| Ho$ g§X^© ‘| {deX H$s{OE&
(4) I‹S>r~mobr Ho$ Zm‘H$aU H$mo g§jon ‘| {bIo§&
(5) gXmgwIbmb {Z`mO Ho$ ¶moJXmZ H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE&
(6) b„z bmb Ho$ H$m¶© na àH$me S>m{bE&
(7) B§em A„m Im± H$m n[aM¶ Xr{OE&
(8) gXb {‘l H$m qhXr JÚ Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| ³¶m ‘hÎd h¡?
3.7 joÌr¶ H$m¶©

qhXr JÚ Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo g‘PH$a ‘amR>r JÚ {dH$mg Ho$ gmW CgH$s VwbZm H$ao§&

(1) {ÛdoXr hOmaràgmX, qhXr gm{hË¶ : CX²^d Am¡a {dH$mg, ZB© {X„r, amOH$‘b àH$meZ àm. {b., N>R>m g§ñH$aU-
1990
(2) AmMm¶© ew³b am‘M§Ð, qhXr gm{hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg, ZmJnwa, {díd^maVr àH$meZ, g§ñH$aU-2005
(3) g§. S>m°. ZJ|Ð, qhXr gm{hË¶ H$m B{Vhmg, ZB© {X„r, Z°eZb npãbqeJ hmD$g, ~¶mbrgdm± nwZ‘w©ÐU g§ñH$aU-2010

BH$mB© 4 : AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m àd¥{Îm`m| Ho$
AmYma na H$mb{d^mOZ
AZwH«$‘
4.0 CÔoí`
4.1 àñVmdZm
4.2 {df` - {ddaU
4.2.1 ZdOmJaU ¶m nwZOm©JaU H$mb (^maV|Xþ ¶wJ) : gZ 1857 go 1900
4.2.2 OmJaU gwYma H$mb ({ÛdoXr `wJ) : gZ 1903 go 1918
4.2.3 N>m`mdmX : gZ 1918-1936
4.2.4 àJ{VdmX : gZ 1936 go 1943
4.2.5 à`moJdmX : gZ 1953 go 1960
4.2.6 Z¶r H${dVm
4.2.7 gmR>moÎmar H${dVm
4.2.8 CÎma AmYw{ZH$ `wJ : (gZ 1990 go AmO VH$)
4.5 gmam§e
4.6 ñdmÜ¶m¶
4.7 joÌr¶ H$m¶©
4.0 CÔoí`
· gm{hË` Ho$ H$mb{d^mOZ VWm Zm‘H$aU Ho$ AmYmam| H$mo g‘P gH|$Jo&
· AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ H$mb {d^mOZ VWm Zm‘aU go n[a{MV hm|Jo&
· AmYw{ZH$ H$mbrZ gm{hË` H$s àd¥{Îm`m| go AdJV hm|Jo&
· AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ gm{hË` H$s {deofVmAm| go n[a{MV hm|Jo&
· AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo OmZ gH|$Jo&

4.1 àñVmdZm
H$mb H$s Ymam AI§S> VWm {Za§Va h¡& Ho$db ~moY VWm AÜ``Z H$s gw{dYm Ho$ {bE CgH$m H${Vn` ^mJm|, Cn{d^mJm|,
I§‹S>m| VWm CnI§‹S>m| ‘| {d^mOZ {H$`m OmVm h¡& gmW hr ^yV-dV©‘mZ VWm ^{dî` Ho$ ê$n ‘| gr‘m-{ZYm©aU ^r {H$`m OmVm h¡&
~mV O~ gm{hË` Ho$ H$mb {d^mOZ VWm Zm‘H$aU H$s h¡ Vmo h‘mao gm‘Zo `h àíZ {Z‘m©U hmoVm h¡ {H$ "BgHo$ AmYma Š`m
h¡?' Š`m|{H$ {H$gr ^r ^mfm Ho$ gm{hË` H$m AÜ``Z {~Zm Cgo {d{^Þ H$mbm| ‘| {d^m{OV {H$E, gd©Wm Ag§^d h¡& AmMm`©
am‘M§Ð ewŠb Zo H$mb {d^mOZ H$m AmYma Cg `wJ ‘| nmB© OmZodmbr à‘wI àd¥{Îm`m| H$mo ‘mZm h¡& Bgr AmYma na qhXr
gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg H$mo H«$‘e: draJmWmH$mb, ^p³VH$mb, ar{VH$mb VWm JÚH$mb Ho$ Zm‘m| go {d^m{OV {H$`m h¡& bo{H$Z
gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ ‘| `h ^r XoIm J`m h¡ {H$ H$^r-H$^r EH$ hr H$mb ‘| EH$m{YH$ àd¥{Îm`m± ^r {‘bVr h¡& H$^r-H$^r Vmo
àd¥{Îm`m| go H$B© A{YH$ {d{eï> gm{hË`H$ma Cg `wJ na N>m`m ahVm h¡& qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ‘| gr{‘V g‘` ‘|
H$B© àd¥{Îm`m| H$m OÝ‘ hþAm h¡& Bg `wJ ‘| àmá gm{hpË`H$ àd¥{Îm`m| H$m g‘` H$^r nm±M-gmV dfm] {OVZm N>moQ>m ahm h¡ dht
amï´>r`-gm§ñH¥${VH$ O¡gr àd¥{Îm {Za§Va Mb ahr h¡& Bg BH$mB© ‘| h‘| AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s {d{^Þ àd¥{Îm`m± VWm BZHo$ AmYma
na {H$ò Jò Zm‘H$aU VWm gr‘m§H$Z H$m AÜ``Z H$a|Jo& gmW hr Bg ~mV H$s ^r MMm© H$a|Jo {H$ gm{hË` Ho$ Zm‘H$aU VWm
gr‘m§H$Z H$s Amdí`H$Vm Š`m h¡ VWm BgHo$ AmYma H$m¡Z go hm|Jo?
4.2 {df`-{ddaU
AmMm`© am‘M§Ð ewŠb Zo AmYw{ZH$ H$mb (g§.1900 go AmO VH$) H$s à‘wI àd¥{Îm "JÚ' Ho$ AmYma na Bgo "JÚ
H$mb' H$hm h¡& d¡go XoIm OmE Vmo ‘Ü`H$mb bJ^J 700 dfm] H$s Ad{Y H$m hmoH$a ^r Cg‘| ^p³V, ar{V, Zr{V Am{X
àd¥{Îm`m| H$s àYmZVm XoIr JB© h¡& bo{H$Z dV©‘mZ H$mb AmO bJ^J 200 dfm] H$m ^r Z hmoH$a Cg‘| gm{hË` H$s gdm©{YH$
àd¥{Îm`m± XoIZo {‘bVr h¡& BgH$m gab VWm grYm H$maU h¡ Bg `wJ Ho$ g‘mO H$s "n[adV©Zerb' àd¥{Îm & gm{hË` AnZo g‘`
VWm g‘mO Ho$ gmW MbVm ahVm h¡& g‘mO ‘| hmoZodmbo n[adV©Z A{Zdm`© ê$n ‘| gm{hË` H$mo ^r n[adV©Z Ho$ {bE ào[aV H$aVo
h¡& Bgr H$maU AmYw{ZH$ `wJ ‘| gm{hË` H$s H$B© àd¥{Îm`m± XoIr JB© h¢& àd¥{Îm`m| Ho$ {Z‘m©U H$s n¥ð>^{y ‘ H$m g§{já n[aM` Bgr
{H$Vm~ H$s Xygar BH$mB© "AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n[apñW{V`m±' ‘| XoI MwHo$ h¢& AV: Bg BH$mB© Ho$ A§VJ©V h‘ AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s
àd¥{Îm`m| H$m gm‘mÝ` AÜ``Z H$aZodmbo h¡& {Og AmYma na qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo h‘ g‘P gH|$Jo&
Bg g‘` h‘mao ‘Z ‘| `h àíZ ñdm^m{dH$ ê$n go CnpñWV hmoJm {H$ H$mb{d^mOZ H$s Amdí`H$Vm Š`m h¡? gm{hË`
H$mo H${Vn` I§S>m|, ^mJm| VWm {d^mJm| ‘| {d^m{OV H$aZo H$m CÔoí` Š`m h¡& S>m°. ZJ|Ð AnZo "qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg' J«§W
‘| {bIVo h¢, dñVw Ho$ g‘J« Xe©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE ^r CgHo$ A§Jm| H$m {ZarjU H$aZm nS>Vm h¡& h‘mar Ñ{ï> eara Ho$ {d{^Þ
Ad`dm| H$m AdbmoH$Z H$aVr hþB© g§nyU© ì`p³VËd H$m Xe©Z H$aVr h¡& gm{hË` H$m AÜ``Z `{X I§‹S>m| VWm {d^mJm| ‘| H$aVo
h¢ Vmo g‘`-g‘` na hþE {Xem VWm ê$n n[adV©Zm| `m ~Xbmdm| Ho$ AZwgma gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mgH«$‘ H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm AmgmZ
hmo OmVm h¡& `mZo gm{hË` H$mo H$mbm| VWm {d^mJm| ‘| {d^m{OV H$a h‘ CgHo$ g‘J« {dH$mg H$mo g‘P gH$Vo h¢&
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m àd¥{Îm`m| Ho$ AmYma na H$mb {d^mOZ H$aVo g‘` h‘| `h Ü`mZ ‘| aIZm hmoJm {H$ ha `wJ H$s
aMZmAm| ‘| Omo {deof àd¥{Îm àmá hmoVr h¡, dh Cg H$mb VH$ gr{‘V Z ahH$a AmJo H$B© dfm] VH$ MbVr ahVr h¡& {Og H$mb
‘| Cg àd¥{Îm H$m àm~ë` ahVm h¡ Cgr Ho$ AmYma na CgH$m Zm‘H$aU {H$`m OmVm h¡& O¡go ^p³VH$mb ‘| ar{V `m dra ag H$s
aMZmE± {‘bVr h¡ dht AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ‘| ^r l¥§Jma H$s aMZmE± àmá h¡ & gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| `h ~mV ^r Ü`mZ XoZo
`mo½` h¡ {H$ gm{hË` Ho$ H$mb{d^mOZ go `h VmËn`© Zht hmoVm {H$ EH$ H$mb Ho$ g‘má hmoVo hr Xygao {XZ `m df© Xygar àd¥{Îm
`m Ymam H$m OÝ‘ hþAm& Š`m|{H$ gm{hË` H$m n[adV©Z `m§{ÌH$ {H«$`m Zhr§& {Og àH$ma go g‘mO `m g§ñH¥${V Ho$ ~Xbmd H$s
à{H«$`m Yr‘r ahVr h¡ Cgr àH$ma go gm{hË` H$s àd¥{Îm`m± ^r g‘mO Ho$ gmW MbVr ahVr h¡& H$mb {d^mOZ VWm Zm‘H$aU
Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| H$B© AmYma ~VmE JE h¡§& bo{H$Z Zm‘H$aU H$m dmñV{dH$ AmYma Cg `wJ Ho$ gm{hË` H$s {deof àd¥{Îm`m± `m `wJ
{deof H$m ‘yb àoaUm ómoV hr h¡& Zm‘H$aU Eogm hmo {Oggo Cg `wJ H$s àd¥{Îm à{Vq~{~V hmo gHo$& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m
{d^mOZ VWm CgHo$ Cn-{d^mJm| H$m Zm‘H$aU ^r Bgr AmYma na {H$`m J`m h¡& bo{H$Z `h ~mV ^r gM h¡ {H$ EH$ hr H$mb
‘| EH$m{YH$ àd¥{Îm`m| H$s A{YH$Vm Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n EH$m{YH$ Zm‘ ^r XO© {H$E JE h¡& H${Vn` {dÛmZm| Ûmam {H$E JE
Zm‘H$aU H$mo g‘pÝdV ê$n ‘| {ZåZàH$ma go Xem©`m Om gH$Vm h¡
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb (JÚ H$mb) : g§. 1900 go AmO VH$ (gZ 1943 go AmO VH$)
nwZOm©JaU / ZdOmJaU H$mb (^maV|Xw `wJ) : gZ 1857 go 1900 VH$
OmJaU gwYma H$mb ({ÛdoXr `wJ) : gZ 1900 go 1918 VH$
N>m`mdmX H$mb : gZ 1918 go 1936 VH$
àJ{VdmX H$mb : gZ 1936 Vo 1943 VH$
à`moJdmX H$mb : gZ 1943 go 1953 VH$
ZB© H${dVm : gZ 1953 go 1960 VH$
gmR>mÎo mar H${dVm : gZ 1960 go AmJo ZrMo H$s n§p³V ‘| CÎma AmYw{ZH$ `wJ-gZ 1900 go
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ gm{hË` H$s à‘wI àd¥{Îm`m| Ho$ AmYma na {H$`m J`m Zm‘H$aU g§nyU© gm{hË` H$s àd¥{Îm`m± Z hmoH$a
A{YH$Va H${dVm H$s àd¥{Îm`m± ahr h¡§& Bgr H$maU AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s gm{hpË`H$ àd¥{Îm`m| H$m AÜ``Z H$aVo g‘` {OZ
{deofVmAm| H$m {ddoMZ {H$`m J`m h¡ dh H$mì` H$s hr h¡& JÚ H$m {dH$mg àd¥{Îm`m| go A{YH$ {dYm Ho$ ê$n ‘| {H$`m J`m
h¡&
4.2.1 ZdOmJaU `m nwZOm©JaU H$mb (^maV|Xw `wJ) : gZ 1857 go 1900

`h AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m àdoe Ûma h¡& gZ 1857 go 1900 VH$ Ho$ qhXr gm{hË` H$mo {deof àd¥{Îm Ho$ AmYma na
ZdOmJaU, nwZOm©JaU, ZdmoËWmZ, nwZê$ËWmZ Am{X Zm‘m| go g§~mo{YV {H$`m h¡& Bg H$mb Ho$ gm{hË` na "^maV|Xw h[aíM§Ð'
nwar Vah go N>mE aho§& CÝhm|Zo gm{hË` H$s bJ^J ha {dYm ‘| boIZ {H$`m& do H$B© ZB© {dYmAm| Ho$ OÝ‘XmVm ^r aho h¡§& CZHo$
Bg `moJXmZ H$mo Ü`mZ ‘| aIH$a {dÛmZm| Zo Bgo "^maV|Xw `wJ' H$s g§km Xr h¡& Bg `wJ H$s àYmZ àd¥{Îm Omo gm{hË` Ho$ gmW
g‘mO OrdZ H$s ha BH$mB© H$mo à^m{dV H$aVr XoIr JB© h¡, dh h¡-ZdOmJaU&
dmñVd ‘| ZdOmJaU dh à{H«$`m h¡ Omo ‘Zwî` `m g‘mO H$mo ‘Ü``wJrZ ‘mZ{gH$Vm go ~mha {ZH$mbH$a ZE {dMma `m
Ñ{ï> ‘| àdoe H$amVr h¡& `h EH$ Eogm ~m¡{ÕH$, gm{hpË`H$, H$bmË‘H$ VWm d¡km{ZH$ Am§XmobZ Wm {Oggo ‘Zwî` H$s {dMma
j‘Vm H$mo ì`mnH$Vm àmá hþB©& ^bo hr BgH$s ewédmV `yamon ‘| 13 dt gXr ‘| hþB© hmo, ^maV ‘| `h 19 dt gXr ‘| ewê$ hþAm&
BgHo$ àoaUm ómoV A§J«oOr emgZ, {ejm, BgmB© Y‘© H$m àMma VWm àog `m N>mnImZo H$s ewê$AmV Ho$ gmW `mVm`mV Ho$
AmYw{ZH$ gmYZ aho h¡§& Bg Am§XmobZ Zo g‘mO OrdZ H$s ha BH$mB© H$mo à^m{dV {H$`m& bmoJmo ‘| ~m¡{ÕH$ VWm d¡km{ZH$
OmJ«{V n¡Xm H$s& Y‘© VWm g‘mO ‘| ì`má {dg§J{V`m| VWm {df‘VmAm| H$s g‘rjm hmoZo bJr& àM{bV {dídmgm| VWm àWmAm|
H$mo VH©$ H$s H$gm¡Q>r na H$gm OmZo bJm& Bg Am§XmobZ H$mo VËH$mbrZ gm‘m{OH$ VWm Ym{‘©H$ gwYma g§~§Yr Am§XmobZm| Zo
~‹T>mdm {X`m& BZ g^r n[adV©Zm| VWm ~Xbmdm| go VËH$mbrZ gm{hË` ANy>Vm Zht ahm& Bg `wJ H$m gm{hË` àmMrZ VWm ZdrZ
gm{hË` na§namAm| H$m g§ajU H$aVm hþAm AmJo ~‹T>m& ghr ‘m`Zo ‘| `h gm{hË` AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$m g§{Y gm{hË` hr h¡&
{deofVmE±
(1) àmMrZ Am¡a ZdrZVm H$m g‘Ýd` Bg `wJ H$s àYmZ {deofVm ahr& Š`m|{H$ Bg `wJ Ho$ gm{hË` ‘| Ohm± AnZo nydd© Vu
^p³VH$mb VWm ar{VH$mb H$s ^p³V, l¥§Jma, Zr{V Am{X H$s H${dVm {bIr JB© dht amï´>r`Vm, Xoeào‘, ‘mZdVm Ho$
gmW gm‘m{OH$ MoVZm H$s H${dVm ^r {bIr JB©&
(2) BgHo$ nyd© H$s ar{VH$mbrZ H${dVm `m Vmo ‘§{Xam| ‘| Wr `m Xa~ma ‘| & Bg `wJ Ho$ H${d`m| Zo Bgo Xa~ma go ~mha
{ZH$mbH$a gd©gm‘mÝ` `m Am‘ OZVm Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>m& Bg H${dVm ‘| bmoH$VËd H$s àYmZVm ahr h¡&
(3) H${dVm ‘| `WmW© H$m g‘mdoe hAm& Xoe H$s X[aÐVm, Jar~r Am¡a Jwbm‘r H$m dmñV{dH$ {MÌU {H$`m J`m& Am‘
AmX‘r Ho$ gmW g‘mOì`má {dg§J{V`m| VWm {df‘VmAm| Ho$ à{V VQ>ñW `m d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï> go XoIm J`m&
(4) amï´>r`Vm H$s MoVZm Bg `wJ H$s à‘wI {deofVm h¡& ñdXoe, ñd^mfm, ñdY‘© VWm ñdOm{V H$m gm‘y{hH$ ñda qhXr ‘|
nhbr ~ma {XImB© {X`m& Bg‘| àmMrZ Jm¡ad H$m ñ‘aU VWm Eo{Vhm{gH$ dram| H$m {MÌU {H$`m J`m& Xoe H$s XwamdñWm
Ho$ {bE {Oå‘oXma A§J«oOr emgZ, ~oamoOJmar, Jar~r Ho$ gmW-gmW A{Zð> ê${‹T> na§namAm| na H$‹S>o ì`§½` {H$E JE& Bg
`wJ go hr ì`§½` H$mo à{Vð>m àmá hþB©& hmñ`-ì`§½¶ H$s A{^ì`p³V Bg `wJ H$s CnbpãY ahr h¡&

(5) Vrd« gm‘m{OH$ MoVZm Bg gm{hË` ‘| XoIr JB©& ZdOmJaU H$s àd¥{Îm g‘mO, Y‘©, amOZr{V, {ejm, g§ñH¥${V Ho$ joÌ
‘| Ama§^ hþB© Wr& n[aUm‘ñdê$n gm‘m{OH$ VWm Ym{‘©H$ gwYma g§~§Yr Am§XmobZm| H$m OÝ‘ hAm Wm& BÝht Am§XmobZm|
H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo VWm g‘mOì`má {dg§J{V`m| H$s AmbmoMZm H$m H$m`© Bg gm{hË` ‘| hþAm&
(6) H$mì` Ho$ {bE ~«O^mfm VWm JÚ H$s A{^ì`p³V I‹S>r~mobr ‘| H$s JB©& CnÝ`mg, {Z~§Y, `mÌmdU©Z, AmbmoMZm,
ì`§½` Am{X JÚ {dYmAm| H$m CØd Bgr `wJ ‘| hþAm&
(7) H$mì`mZwdmX ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| hþE&
(8) na§namJV H$mì` àd¥{Îm`m| Ho$ ^r Xe©Z Bg H$mì` ‘| {XImB© {XE & JÚ ‘| {Og àH$ma H$s {d{dYVm VWm ZdrZVm {XImB©
Xr dh nÚ ‘| Zhr§&
(9) ‘w³V e¡br H$m à`moJ A{YH$ ‘mÌm ‘| {H$`m J`m&
Bg `wJ Ho$ àUoVm ^maV|Xw h[aíM§Ð aho§& AnZr ~hþ‘wIr à{V^m Ho$ AmYma na BÝhm|Zo Bg `wJ H$m ZoV¥Ëd {H$`m& H${d,
{Z~§YH$ma, ZmQ>H$H$ma, AmbmoMH$ Ho$ gmW ì`§½`H$ma Ho$ ê$n ‘| CZH$s »`m{V ahr§& ^p³V^mdZm, Xoe^p³V, gm¢X`© Ed§ ào‘
ì`§OZm Ho$ gmW hmñ`- ì`§½` `w³V A{^ì`p³V CZHo$ gm{hË` H$s {deofVmE± ahr§& Xoe H$s XwamdñWm, A§J«oOm| H$m emofU,
Jar~r, g‘mOì`má A{Zð> àWm-na§namAm| na BÝhm|Zo H$‹S>o ì`§½` ~mU MbmE& CZH$m H$mì` àmMrZ Am¡a ZdrZVm H$m g‘Ýd`
h¡&
^maV|Xw ‘§S>b Ho$ gm{hË`H$mam| ‘| ~XarZmamÙ Mm¡Yar "ào‘YZ' H$m à‘wI ñWmZ h¡& OmVr`Vm, g‘mOXem Am¡a Xoeào‘
H$s A{^ì`p³V BZH$m à‘wI joÌ h¡& Xoe H$s XwamdñWm Ho$ H$maUm| Ho$ gmW XoemoÞ{V Ho$ Cnm` ^r BZHo$ gm{hË` ‘| XO© h¡&
g§nmXH$, {Z~§YH$ma Ho$ gmW H${d H$‘© go Ow‹S>o aho & ‘w»`V… ~«O^mfm ‘| H$mì` aMZm H$s h¡& "~«m÷U' n{ÌH$m Ho$ g§nmXH$
àVmnZmamÙ {‘l Or H$m aMZm joÌ H${dVm, {Z~§Y, ZmQ>H$ ahm& g‘gm‘{`H$ Xoe-Xem Am¡a amOZr{VH$ MoVZm H$m dU©Z
A{YH$ ahm& hmñ` ì`§½`mË‘H$ H${dVmAm| Ho$ joÌ ‘| ò AJ«Ur aho h¡§& ~mbH¥$îU ^Å> "qhXr àXrn' n{ÌH$m go Ow‹S>o Wo VWm
{Z~§Y, ZmQ>H$, CnÝ`mg, H$hmZr Ho$ gmW g‘rjm Ho$ joÌ ‘| ^r H$m`©aV aho§& I‹S>r~mobr H$mo {df`, ^mfm Am¡a e¡br H$s Ñ{ï>
go g§nÞ H$aZo H$m H$m`© BÝhm|Zo {H$`m & ~mb‘wHw§$X Jwá H${d Ho$ gmW loð> ì`§½` {Z~§YH$ma Ho$ ê$n ‘| »`mVH$sV© h¡& "{ede§^w
Ho$ {MR>o' Ho$ H$maU BÝh| {deof »`m{V àmá hþB©& Bg `wJ Ho$ OJÝ‘mohZ qgh, amYmH¥$îUXmg, A§{~H$mXÎm ì`mg, lrYa nmR>H$,
h[aAm¢Y, gwYmH$a {ÛdoXr, am‘H¥$îU d‘m© Am{X gm{hË`H$mam| Zo ZdOmJaU H$s àd¥{Îm Ho$ AZwê$n gm{hË` {Z‘m©U H$m H$m`©
{H$`m&
g§jon ‘| `hr H$h|Jo {H$ ^maV|Xw `wJ AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$m àdoeÛma ahm h¡& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s ~XbVr hþB© n[apñW{V`m| Ho$
AZwê$n Bg `wJ Ho$ gm{hË` ‘| {df`, ^mfm, e¡br Ho$ joÌ ‘| ñdm^m{dH$ n[adV©Z hE & amï´>r`Vm Ho$ ñda Ho$ gmW g‘mOì`má
ê${‹T>`m| VWm A§Y{dídmgm| H$mo Xya H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m J`m& Bg `wJ ‘| {OZ VËdm| H$m ~rOmamonU hþAm Wm do AmJo {dH${gV
hþE& JÚ e¡br H$m àma§^ VWm I‹S>r~mobr H$mo gm{hË` H$s ^mfm Ho$ ê$n ‘| ‘mÝ`Vm Bg `wJ H$s CnbpãY ahr h¡&
4.2.2. OmJaU gwYma H$mb ({ÛdoXr `wJ) gZ 1903 go 1918

^maV|Xw `wJ AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË` H$m àdoeÛma Wm& Bg‘| ZdrZVm Ho$ gmW nwamZo H$mo ^r AnZm`m J`m& Bg `wJ ‘| OrdZ
Ho$ g^r joÌm| ‘| ZdOmJaU H$s àd¥{Îm H$m`©aV ahr& gm{hË` ^r Bggo à^m{dV hþAm& Bg H$mb H$s gm‘m{OH$-Ym{‘©H$
g§ñWmAm|, g‘mOm| VWm gmogmB{Q>`m| H$m {dH$mg {ÛdoXr `wJ ‘| hþAm& ~w{ÕdmX H$s H$gm¡Q>r na dñVw, ì`p³V VWm Y‘© `m g‘mO
H$s ê${‹T>-na§namAm| H$mo H$gZo H$m à`ËZ ewê$ hþAm& amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm Vmo Bg `wJ H$s à‘wI {deofVm ahr h¡& H$m±J«og H$m
amï´>r` Am§XmobZ Omoam| na Wm& A§J«oOm| H$s emofU VWm X‘Z Zr{V H$s à{V{H«$`m ñdê$n g‘mO `m Xoe ‘| EH$Vm H$s ^mdZm
nZn ahr Wr& AmOmXr Ho$ Am§XmobZ H$mo OZ‘mZg VH$ nhw±MmZo H$m H$m`© ewê$ hwAm Wm& gm{hË` ‘| ^r ‘hmnwê$f VWm
‘hm‘mZd Ho$ gmW "gm‘mÝ` ‘Zwî`' H$mo ^r à{Vð>m àmá hwB©& gm‘mÝ` ‘Zwî` Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ gwI-XwI H$s A{^ì`p³V gm{hË` H$m
à‘wI {df` ~Zm& Bggo ‘Zwî` H$mo ‘Zwî` Ho$ ê$n ‘| ñWm{nV H$aZo `mZo "‘mZdVmdmX' H$s ñWmnZm H$s JB©& Y‘©, g‘mO VWm
g§ñH¥${V ‘| ì`má AmXe© `m àoaH$ VËdm| H$mo AnZm`m J`m& ‘Zwî` `m g‘mO Ho$ {bE {ZaW©H$ `m A{hVH$mar ~mVm| H$s H$‹S>r
AmbmoMZm ewê$ hþB©& Bg `wJ Ho$ gm{hË` H$mo VËH$mbrZ, gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am§XmobZm| Ho$ gmW amï´>r` `m ñdXoer Am§XmobZ
Zo ào[aV {H$`m&
Bg `wJ Ho$ àdV©H$ S>m°. ‘hmdraàgmX {ÛdoXr Or Zo "gañdVr' (1903-1918) n{ÌH$m Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go Bg ^mfm Ho$ gmW
gm‘m{OH$ gwYma H$m Am§XmobZ ewê$ {H$`m& AnZo g‘H$mbrZ gm{hË`H$mam| H$mo boIZ Ho$ hoVw do ào[aV H$aVo Cgr g‘` ^mfm
ewÕVm H$s Amoa {deof Ü`mZ ^r XoVo & ^mfm VWm ì`mH$aU H$s ewÕVm na CÝhm|Zo "gañdVr' n{ÌH$m ‘| H$B© boI VWm {Z~§Y
{bIo h¢& {ÛdoXr `wJ H$s `h g~go ~‹S>r {deofVm ahr {H$, I‹S>r~mobr JÚ Ho$ gmW nÚ H$s ^mfm ~Zr& ñd`§ {ÛdoXr Or Zo AnZo
Z¡{VH$VmdmXr àH¥${V go Bg `wJ go H${d`m| H$mo ào[aV {H$`m h¡&
OmJaU `m gwYma H$mb H$s {deofVmE±

(1) {ddoÀ` `wJ Ho$ gm{hË` ‘| amï´>r`Vm, Z¡{VH$Vm, ñdXoe ào‘ Ho$ gmW g‘mOgwYma Am{X {df`m| H$s àYmZVm ahr&
(2) I‹S>r~mobr H$m ì`mH$a{UH$ VWm ‘mZH$ ê$n pñWa hmoH$a JÚ Ho$ gmW nÚ ‘| ^r gm{hË` H$s ^mfm Ho$ ê$n ‘| Bgo
AnZm`m J`m& Bg H$m`© ‘| ‘hmdraàgmX {ÛdoXr VWm CZH$s "gañdVr' n{ÌH$m H$m `moJXmZ {deof ahm&
(3) H$mì` Ho$ joÌ ‘| Vmo MtQ>r go boH$a {h‘mb` VH$ N>moQ>o go boH$a ~‹S>o-go-~‹S>m {df` dÁ¶© Zht ahm& {d{^Þ H$mì`ê$nm|
VWm e¡{b`m| H$m à`moJ hþAm& ‘hmH$mì` Ho$ gmW I§S>H$mì` H$mo ^r Bg `wJ ‘| ~‹S>m ‘hÎd {‘b J`m& qhXr Ho$ ‘hÎdnyU©
I§S>H$mì` "{à`àdmg', "gmHo$V', "Ûmna', "èmoYam' Am{X Bgr `wJ ‘| {bIo JE&
(4) "H$hmZr' {ÛdoXr `wJ H$s XoZ h¡& Ama§^ ‘| `h KQ>Zm àYmZ VWm ‘Zmoa§OH$ ahr h¡& Yrao-Yrao M[aÌ àYmZVm H$s `mÌm
ewê$ H$a MwH$s h¡&
(5) "CnÝ`mg' boIZ H$s, ewê$AmV ^bo hr ^maV|Xw `wJ go hþB© hmo bo{H$Z Bg `wJ Ho$ CnÝ`mg {df`, ^mfm VWm e¡br H$s
Ñ{ï> go A{YH$ g’$b aho§& CnÝ`mg {dYm ‘| ào‘M§X H$m AmJ‘Z Bg `wJ H$s ‘hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm ahr h¡&
(6) Bg H$mb ‘| ~§Jmbr, A§J«oOr VWm ‘amR>r gm{hË` H$s à{gÕ aMZmAm| Ho$ AZwdmX hþE& BÝht AZwdmXm| Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go
^maVr` OZVm H$mo Xoe Ho$ AbJ-AbJ àm§Vm| Ho$ g‘mO, g§ñH¥${V, AW© VWm ‘mZdr` OrdZ H$s g‘ñ`mAm| H$mo g‘PZo
‘| AmgmZr hþB©& AZwdmXm| Zo amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm H$mo ~T>mdm hr {‘bm h¡&
(7) B{Vd¥ÎmmË‘H$Vm ‘mÌ Bg H$mì` H$s ~‹S>r ‘`m©Xm gm{~V hþB© h¡& `WmdV {MÌU Ho$ AmJ«h Ho$ H$maU Bg‘| EH$ àH$ma H$s
ZragVm gr Am JB© Wr& gmW ‘hmdraàgmX {ÛdoXr Or Ho$ ì`p³VËd H$s Z¡{VH$Vm VWm AmXe©dmX H$m X~md Vmo Wm hr&
Cn`w©³V {deofVmAm| VWm àd¥{Îm`m| H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a Bg `wJ Ho$ H${d`m| Zo gm{hË` H$s bJ^J ha {dYm ‘| boIZr
MbmB©& {deofH$a H${dVm Ho$ joÌ ‘| ‘¡{WbreaU Jwá, A`moÜ`mqgh CnmÜ`m` "h[aAm¡Y', J`màgmX ewŠb "gZohr', {JaYa
e‘m© Am{X H$m {deof `moJXmZ ahm h¡& Jwá Zo gmHo$V, èmoYam, {dîUw{à`m Am{X Ho$ Ûmam A‘a nmÌm| H$s g¥{ï> H$s& BZH$s
"^maV ^maVr' Vmo Xoe^p³V Am¡a amï´>r` OmJaU H$m à‘wI ñda {gÕ hþB© h¡& A`moÜ`mqgh CnmÜ`m` Zo Or "{à` àdmg'
‘hmH$mì` ‘| lrH¥$îU Ho$ M[aÌ Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go ‘Zwî` OrdZ H$s ì`m»`m àñVwV H$s& BgHo$ Abmdm BZH$s AÝ` n§Ðh H¥${V`m±
àH$m{eV h¡& amï´>r` ^mdZm H$mo OZ-OZ VH$ nhþ±MmZo H$s ^mdZm go H${d í`m‘bmb nmf©X Ûmam {bpIV "P§‹S>m C±Mm aho h‘mam,
{dO`r {díd {Va§Jm ß`mam' JrV Bgr H$mb ‘| {bIm J`m & Bg `wJ Ho$ H${d`m| Zo `wJ Ho$ AZwê$n AnZr H${dVm H$m Ame`,
{df`, e¡br H$mo aIm h¡&
nÚ Ho$ g‘mZ Bg `wJ Ho$ JÚ ‘| ^r gm‘m{OH$ gwYma VWm amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm hr A{^ì`p³V Ho$ à‘wI {df` aho§&
gm{hË` Am¡a g‘mO Ho$ A§Vamb H$mo H$‘ H$a gm{hË` nhbr ~ma ‘Zwî` Ho$ gwI-XwI Ho$ gmW OwS> J`m& gm{hË` H$m CÔoí` hr
ì`mnH$ OZg‘wXm` H$mo à^m{dV H$aZm VWm Cgo AmXe© OrdZ H$s Amoa ‘mo‹S>Zm ahm& CnÝ`mg, ZmQ>H$, H$hmZr, {Z~§Y,
AmbmoMZm, OrdZr, `mÌm, gm{hË`, g§ñ‘aU VWm nÌ Am{X {dYmAm| Zo AnZo gm‘m{OH$ CÎmaXm{`Ëd H$mo {Z^m`m&
I‹S>r~mobr H$mo nyU©V… à{Vð>m àmá H$amB©& Bg `wJ H$s n{ÌH$mE± ^r gm‘m{OH$ VWm ^m{fH$ gwYma H$m H$m`© H$aVr {XIr& BÝhm|Zo
gm{hË` VWm ^mfm H$mo {e{jV g‘mO VH$ gr{‘V aIH$a OZgm‘mÝ` VH$ nhþ±Mm`m& Bg‘| {ÛdoXr Or "gañdVr' n{ÌH$m H$m
`moJXmZ {deof h¡& Bg `wJ Ho$ JÚ gm{hË`H$mam| ‘| ‘hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr, ~mb‘wHw§$X Jwá, {H$emoarbmb Jmoñdm‘r, d¥§XmdZbmb
d‘m©, ‘mYdàgmX {‘l Am{X H$m H$m`© ‘hÎdnyU© ahm h¡&
g§jon ‘| `hr H$h|Jo {H$ g‘mO VWm ^mfm g§~§Yr OmJaU Bg gm{hË` H$s àYmZ àd¥{Îm ahr h¡& BgHo$ {Z‘m©U hoVw
VËH$mbrZ amOZr{VH$ XmgVm Ho$ gmW gm‘m{OH$ VWm Ym{‘©H$ gwYma g§~§Yr Am§XmobZm| H$s ^y{‘H$m àoaUm gm{~V hþB© h¡&
‘hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr Or Ho$ ì`p³VËd VWm H¥${VËd go `h `wJ à^m{dV ahm& n[aUm‘ñdê$n Bgo {ÛdoXr `wJ ^r H$hm J`m h¡&
4.2.3 N>m`mdmX (gZ 1918 - 1936)

gab eãXm| ‘| H$h| Vmo Xmo {díd`wÕm| Ho$ ~rM {bIr JB© qhXr H${dVm hr N>m`mdmX h¡& {ÛdoXr `wJrZ gm{hË` ‘| gm‘m{OH$
gwYma VWm amï´>r`Vm à‘wI ñda Wm& I‹S>r~mobr JÚ Ho$ gmW nÚ H$s ^r ^mfm ~Zr Wr& Bg gm{hË` na {ÛdoXr Or H$s
Z¡{VH$Vm, CnXoemË‘H$Vm VWm AmXe©dm{XVm H$m à^md Wm, gmW hr e¡br H$s B{Vd¥ÎmmË‘H$Vm BgH$s gr‘m ^r ~Zr hþB© Wr&
{Oggo EH$ àH$ma H$s dU©ZmË‘H$Vm VWm ZragVm Am MwH$s Wr& gZ 1918 Ho$ ~mX H$s nr‹T>r Zo ‘mÌ BZ g^r ~§YZm| H$mo
Vmo‹S>H$a ñdN>§X VWm ‘w³V ê$n go gm{hË` H$m g¥OZ {H$`m& `h nr‹T>r A§J«oOr {ejm Ho$ gmW A§J«oOr gm{hË` go ^r à^m{dV Wr&
ZdrZ ‘mÝ`VmAm| VWm ‘yë`m| H$m gå‘mZ H$aVr Wr& Bg nr‹T>r H$mo A§J«oOr H$s ñdÀN>§XVmdmXr H${dVm AnZr ‘mZ{gH$Vm Ho$
A{YH$ {ZH$Q> bJVr Wr& `h H${dVm ñdÀN>§X Am¡a ‘w³V-öX` H$s Wr& Bgr g‘` ~§Jbm ‘| adtÐZmW R>mHw$a H$s ‘mZdVmdmXr
VWm AmÜ`mpË‘H$Vm go ânya ‘w³V VWm ñdÀN>§X ‘Z H$s H${dVm Omoam| na Wr& BgH$m AZwdmX qhXr ‘| hmo MwH$m Wm& AmOmXr
Ho$ Am§XmobZ H$s ~mJ‹S>m¡a Jm§Yr Or H$s hmWm| ‘| AmB© Wr& CÝhm|Zo amï´>r` Am§XmobZ H$mo OZ-OZ VH$ nhþ±MmZo VWm gm‘m{OH$
gwYma H$m H$m`© hmW ‘| {b`m Wm& A§J«oOr emgZ Ho$ AË`mMma VWm emofU go ^maVr` OZVm {Zame VWm hVme ~Zr hþB© Wr&
Eogr n[apñW{V ‘| ZB© nr‹T>r Ho$ gm{hË`H$mam| H$mo EH$ Amoa hVme VWm {Zame OZVm ‘| CËgmh n¡XmH$a amï´>r`Vm H$s MoVZm
{Z‘m©U H$aZr Wr dht Xygar Amoa AnZo nyd©dVu `mZo {ÛdoXr `wJ go ^mfm, e¡br, Ame` VWm A{^ì`p³V H$s ZB© H${dVm
{bIZr Wr& Bg `wJ Ho$ H${d`m| Zo ì`p³VdmX H$mo H|$Ð ‘| aIH$a ‘w³V e¡br H$s H${dVm H$mo AnZm`m&
{deofVmE±
(1) "ì`p³VdmX' N>m`mdmX H$s nhMmZ h¡& "ñd' H$s MoVZm hr N>m`mdmX h¡& A§J«Om| Ho$ AmJ‘Z Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n ~‹T>Vm
ny±OrdmX VWm Bggo ì`p³VdmX H$mo ~‹T>mdm {X`m& ZB© {ejm VWm ZB© g§ñH¥${V Zo ì`p³V MoVZm H$mo {dH${gV {H$`m& Bgr
ì`p³VMoVZm Zo nwamZo Ho$ à{V {dÐmoh {H$`m& {Zambm Zo Bgo "‘¢' e¡br ‘| A{^ì`³V {H$`m h¡&
(2) {ddoÀ` H$mb ‘| àH¥${V H$s Amoa ZB© Ñ{ï> go XoIm J`m& àH¥${V Ho$ {Xì`, ^ì` VWm CXmÎm gm¢X`© H$mo A{^ì`p³V {‘br&
(3) àH¥${V ‘| AkmV gÎmm H$mo XoIm J`m Omo ahñ`dmX H$s Amoa bo MbVr h¡&
(4) Y‘©, Om{V, dJ© Am{X H$mo Ë`mJH$a ‘mZd H$ë`mU H$s H$m‘Zm H$s J`r& 1918 Ho$ àW‘ {díd`wÕ H$s g‘m{á Ho$ ~mX
nyao {dídâ ‘| Bgo AnZm`m J`m&
(5) Zmar H$mo EH$ ñdV§Ì ì`p³V MoVZm Ho$ ê$n ‘| XoIm J`m&
(6) ‘w³VH$ e¡br H$mo AnZm`m J`m&
(7) ZB© ^mfm (H$mì`) H$m {Z‘m©U hþAm Omo A{YH$ H$mo‘b, ‘mYw`©`w³V VWm ì`§OZm àYmZ ahr&
(8) {df`m| Ho$ ~§YZm| ‘| Z OH$S>H$a ñdÀN>§X H$mì` Ñ{ï> H$mo AnZm`m&
(9) {ÛdoXr H$mbrZ B{Vd¥ÎmmË‘H$Vm, Z¡{VH$Vm, AmXe©dm{XVm Ho$ ñWmZ na gab, gyú‘ VWm gm‘m{OH$, `WmW©dmXr
H$mì`Ymam H$mo AnZm`m&
Agb ‘| qhXr gm{hË` ‘| N>m`mdmX hr EH$ Eogm `wJ `m àd¥{Îm ahr h¡ {OgHo$ CƒmaU go CgHo$ AW© H$m ~moY Zht
hmoVm& Bgr H$maU ewê$AmVr Xm¡a ‘| BgH$s Iy~ AmbmoMZm ^r hþB©& g‘rjH$ ì`§½` H$aVo hþE `hr H$hVo {H$ Omo H${dVm Añnï>
Wr `m Omo AW©~moY go nao Wr dh N>m`mdmXr H${dVm& bo{H$Z O¡go-O¡go g‘` ~rVm, g‘rjH$m| Zo AZw^d {H$`m {H$ `h Ho$db
gyú‘ H$m {dÐmoh Zht h¡ ~pëH$ H$mì` H$m Am§XmobZ h¡&
gd©àW‘ ‘wHw$Q>Ya nm§S>o` Zo N>m`mdmX Ho$ ñdê$n H$m {ddoMZ H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m& do N>m`mdmX H$mo Eogr ahñ`‘`r VWm
‘m`m‘` gyú‘ dñVw ‘mZVo h¢ Ohm± eãX AnZo ñdm^m{dH$ ‘yë` H$mo ImoH$a, gm§Ho${VH$ {M• ‘mÌ hþAm H$aVo h¡& AmMm`© am‘M§Ð
ewŠb N>m`mdmX Ho$ Xmo AW© ~VmVo h¡- EH$ Vmo ahñ`dmX Ho$ AW© ‘|, Ohm± CgH$m g§~§Y H$mì` dñVw go hmoVm h¡ AWm©V Ohm± H${d
Cg AZ§V Am¡a AkmV {à`V‘ H$mo Amb§~Z ‘mZH$a AË`§V {MÌ‘`r ^mfm ‘| ào‘ H$s AZoH$ àH$ma go ì`§OZm H$aVm h¡&
N>m`mdmX eãX H$m Xygam à`moJ H$mìè¡br `m nÕ{V Ho$ AW© ‘| h¡& N>m`mdmXr H$mì` ‘| àH¥${V Ho$ ‘hÎd H$mo XoI {díd§â ‘mZd
"àH¥${V ‘| MoVZm Ho$ Amamon Ho$ N>m`mdmX H$hVo h¡§&' N>m`mdmX ‘| ñWyb Ho$ ñWmZ na gyú‘ H$s à{Vð>m h¡& `h EH$ àH$ma go
A§V‘w©Ir H$mì` h¡& Bgr AmYma na S>m°. ZJ|Ð N>m`mdmX H$mo 'ñWyb Ho$ à{V gyú‘ H$m {dÐmoh ‘mZVo h¡§&' N>m`mdmX eãX Ho$
AmYma na N>m`mdmX H$s n[a^mfm H$aZm ^«m‘H$ {gÕ hmoJm& N>m`mdmXr H$mì` ‘| ì`má {deofVmAm| Ho$ AmYma na `hr H$h|Jo
{H$, N>m`mdmX, ahñ`dmX, ñdÀN>§XdmX, ‘mZdVmdmX, àH¥${V, amï´>r`Vm, gyú‘ gm¢X`© ~moY Am{X H$m g‘J« ê$n h¡&
N>m`mdmX H$s àoaUm `m n¥ð>^y{‘ H$m AÜ``Z H$aVo g‘` h‘ XoI MwHo$ h¡§ {H$ Bg gm{hË` na nmíMmË` amo‘m§{Q>{gO‘ H$m
à^md ahm h¡& bo{H$Z `h ^r gM h¡ {H$ N>m`mdmX ‘| pñWV ñdÀN>§XVm ^maVr` àH¥${V Ho$ AZwHy$b ahr h¡& `yamonr` `m nmíMmË`
Xoe AmOmX Wo VWm ^maV A§J«oOm| H$m Cn{Zdoe `hm± Ho$ ‘Zwî` Ho$ gmW gm{hË`H$ma ^r d¡`p³VH$ nr‹S>m Ho$ gmW Xoe H$s
XwamdñWm H$mo XoI An‘m{ZV `m hrZVm H$s ^mdZm go nr{‹S>V Wm& Bg `wJ H$m ‘Zwî` g‘mO H$s ê${‹T>J«ñV ‘mZ{gH$Vm go ‘Zwî`
H$s VWm A§J«oOm| H$s XmgVm go Xoe H$s ‘wp³V MmhVm h¡& VËH$mbrZ gm{hË` Bgr ^mdZm go ào[aV h¡& Bg `wJ H$s H${dVm Zo
amï´>r` ^mdZm `m MoVZm H$mo Vrd« ~Zm`m VWm ^mfm, e¡br, àVrH$, q~~ Am{X Ho$ ~§YZm| go H${dVm H$mo ‘w³V H$am`m& Bg
H${dVm H$m CX` Oè§H$a àgmX H$s "B§Xw' n{ÌH$m (1913-14) go àH$m{eV ZB© e¡br H$s H${dVmAm| go hwAm& Oè§H$a
àgmX, gw{‘ÌmZ§XZ n§V, ‘hmXodr d‘m©, gy`©H$m§V {ÌnmR>r "{Zambm' N>m`mdmXr H$mì` Ho$ AmYma ñV§^ h¡& àgmX H$s H$mì`MoVZm
Ho$ VrZ AmYma h¡ - AmZ§XdmX, {Z`VrdmX Am¡a H$ê$Um& CZH$m H$mì` g‘agVm H$s ^mdZm go âm h¡& "H$m‘m`Zr' ‘hmH$mì`
AmYw{ZH$ qhXr H$m {eIa h¡ {Og‘| ahñ`dmX H$s A{^ì`p³V hþB© h¡& {Zambm N>m`mdmX Ho$ ‘hmàmU H${d h¡& "{dYdm',
"Vmo‹S>Vr nËWa', "gamoO ñ‘¥{V' Am{X H${dVmAm| VWm "VwbgrXmg' VWm "am‘ H$s ep³V nyOm' Am{X b§~r H${dVmAm| ‘|
N>m`mdmX Ho$ g^r VËd ‘m¡OyX h¢& BZH$s - H${dVm ‘| H$mì`^mfm H$s {d{dYVm, {dbjUVm Ho$ gmW-gmW AX^yV à`moJ ^r
{‘bVo h¢& "‘w³V N>§X' H$s ñWmnZm Vmo VËH$mbrZ H$mì` Ho$ joÌ ‘| {Zambm H$s g~go ~‹S>r CnbpãY ahr h¡& gm¢X`© Am¡a àH¥${V
Ho$ H${d H$ho OmZodmbo n§V Zo àH¥${V Am¡a Zmar H$m Omo "gyú‘ A§H$Z' AnZo H$mì` ‘| {H$`m h¡, dh {d{eï> h¡& "CÀN>dmg',
"~mXb', "‘m¡Z {Z‘§ÌU', "n[adV©Z' Ho$ gmW-gmW "`wJm§V', "`wJdmUr', "J«må`m' Am{X ‘| N>m`mdmX Ho$ amo‘m§{Q>H$ VËd àmá h¡&
BZHo$ H$mì` ‘| ahñ`dmX H$m ^r VËd àmá h¡ & ‘hmXodr d‘m© ahñ`dmXr AZw^y{V`m| H$s H$d{`Ìr h¢& BZH$s H${dVm H$m àmU
"doXZm' h¡& Bgr H$maU CZ‘| nr‹S>mdmX VWm {ZamemdmX Ho$ ñda {XImB© XoVo h¢& BZHo$ H$mì` ‘| nmíMmË` ñdÀN>§XVmdmX H$s
Anojm ^maVr` ahñ`dmX H$m {Zdm©h hþAm h¡& Zrhma, a{í‘, ZraOm, gm§Ü` JrV, Xrn{eIm, `m‘m Am{X à{gÕ H$mì`g§J«h
aho h¢& Bg `wJ Ho$ CXè§H$a ^Å>, ‘mohZbmb ‘hVmo, am‘Hw$‘ma d‘m©, Ho$XmaZmW {‘l "à^mV' Am{X H${d ^r {deof aho h¢&
Ohm± VH$ N>m`mdmXr JÚ H$s MMm© H$a|, gm‘m{OH$ VWm amOZr{VH$ n[adV©Zm| H$s ñnï> N>mn H$mì` H$s Anojm JÚ
gm{hË` ‘| {deof b{jV hþB© h¡& H$mì` Ho$ g‘mZ ZmQ>H$ {dYm H$mo àgmX Zo Z`m OrdZ VWm Z`r {Xem àXmZ H$s& Xoe Ho$
Jm¡ad‘`r AVrV H$mo ZmQ>H$m| Ûmam A{^ì`³V {H$`m& CZHo$ gmW am‘Hw$‘ma d‘m©, bú‘rZmamÙ {‘l, goR> JmoqdXXmg,
CXè§H$a ^Å>, Cn|ÐZmW AíH$ VWm OJXreM§Ð ‘mWwa Am{X ZmQ>H$H$mam| Zo ^r Bg {dYm Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| `moJXmZ {X`m& CnÝ`mg
VWm H$hmZr Ho$ joÌ ‘| ào‘M§X H$m AmJ‘Z Bg `wJ H$s àYmZ KQ>Zm ahr h¡& {df` dñVw Am¡a {eën {dYmZ H$s Ñ{ï> go BZH$m
gm{hË` AZwn‘ ~Z nS>m& CÝhm|Zo amOZr{VH$ emofU, gm‘m{OH$ Hw$ar{V`m| Am¡a Ym{‘©H$ ê${‹T>`m| na IwbH$a àhma {H$E&
CnÝ`mg H$mo Am‘ AmX‘r Ho$ gwI-XwI go grYm Omo‹S>m J`m& CZH$m "JmoXmZ' CnÝ`mg {H$gmZ OrdZ H$s ÌmgXr, nrS>m VWm
`WmW© H$m ‘hmH$mì` hr {gÕ hþAm& ào‘M§X O~ ^maV Ho$ J«m‘m| VWm H$ñ~m| H$mo H|$Ð ‘| aIH$a gm{hË` g¥OZ H$a aho Wo dht
O¡Z|Ð, ^JdVrMaU d‘m©, BbmM§X Omoer Am{X gm{hË`H$mam| Zo ZJam| ‘| ~go ‘Ü` dJ© H$mo AnZo {MÌU H$m {df` ~Zm`m& Bg
`wJ Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| Zo AmOmXr Ho$ Am§XmobZ VWm amï´>r`Vm H$s MoVZm Ho$ {Z‘m©U Ho$ hoVw Ë`mJ, ~{bXmZ, Xoeào‘, g‘mOgodm
Am{X VËdm| `m ^mdm| H$s A{^ì`p³V H$aZodmbo nmÌm| H$m g¥OZ {H$`m& Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgm| H$m {Z‘m©U ^r Bgr hoVw {H$`m
J`m& Bg `wJ ‘| {dMmamË‘H$ VWm ‘Zmod¡km{ZH$ {ddoMZ H$aZodmbo {Z~§Ym| H$s aMZm H$s J`r& EH$m§H$s, OrdZr, `mÌmd¥Îm,
g§ñ‘aU, aoIm{MÌ Ho$ gmW AmbmoMZm Am{X {dYmAm| Zo Bg `wJ ‘| ZE AmXmZ àmá {H$E&
Cn`w©³V {ddoMZ go `h ñnï> h¡ {H$ N>m`mdmX JÚ Am¡a nÚ Ho$ {df`m| ‘| {^ÞVm ZOa AmB© h¡& Bg `wJ H$s H${dVm ‘|
Ohm± ñdÀN>VmdmX Ho$ gmW àH¥${V Am¡a gm¢X`© H$mo A{YH$Vm {‘br, ahñ`dmX Ho$ gmW doXZm H$mo AnZm`m J`m, BgHo$ níMmV
JÚ ‘| gm‘m{OH$ VWm `WmW©dmXr ñda A{YH$ ahm& ahñ`dmX Ho$ H$maU Bg `wJ H$s H${dVm gm‘mÝ` OZVm VH$ nhþM ± Z nmB©
^bo hr Cg‘| Am‘ AmX‘r Ho$ OrdZ H$s doXZm H$s A{^ì`p³V hþB© hmo& BgHo$ ~Xbo CnÝ`mg, ZmQ>H$, EH$m§H$s, {Z~§Y VWm
AÝ` {dYmE± Am‘ AmX‘r H$m ñda ~Zr& BZ {dYmAm| Ho$ nmÌ AmOmXr H$s b‹S>mB© Ho$ g¡{ZH$ ~Zo§& gm‘m{OH$ {df‘VmAm| VWm
{dg§J{V`m| H$m Xya H$aZo H$m bú` aIVo {XImB© {XE& Hw$b {‘bmH$a N>m`mdmXr H$mì` ‘| AZw^y{V H$s gƒmB© Ho$ gmW {dMmam|
H$s àm¡T>Vm h¡& ^m¡{VH$Vm Ho$ gmW AmÜ`mpË‘H$Vm H$m g‘Ýd` h¡& AVrV H$s Jm¡ad JmWm Ho$ gmW-gmW `wJrZ g‘ñ`mAm| H$m
g‘mYmZ ImoOZo H$m à`mg h¡& Bg `wJ H$m JÚ nyd©dVu `wJm| H$s VwbZm ‘| A{YH$ g‘¥Õ VWm {dH${gV h¡&
4.2.4 àJ{VdmX : gZ 1936 go 1943

H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ amOZr{V ‘| Omo gmå`dmX h¡ dht gm{hË` ‘| àJ{VdmX h¡& `mZo àJ{VdmX {d{eï> amOZr{VH$
{dMmaYmam go ào[aV gm{hË` Ymam h¡& gZ 1917 H$s ê$g H$s H«$m§{V Zo gm‘«mÁ`dmX H$mo IË‘ H$a gd©hmam dJ© Ho$ hmWm| gÎmm
gm¡nr Wr& Bg H«$m§{V Ho$ ‘yb ‘| ‘mŠg© H$m Xe©Z - "dJ©{dhrZ g‘mO H$s ñWmnZm' hr Wm& bo{ZZ Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd go `h g‘mOXe©Z
`m g‘mOdmX nyao {dídâ ‘| à{V{ð>V hþAm& ny±OrdmX Ho$ IVam| Am¡a gm‘«mÁ`dmX Ho$ f‹S>`§Ìm| go bmoJ n[a{MV hmo Jò& ‘mŠg©
Zo {díd ‘mZdVm H$mo emofH$ Am¡a emo{fV dJ© ‘| {d^m{OV {H$`m h¡& BZ Xmo dJm] ‘| ~‹T>Vr ImB© H$mo {‘Q>mZo Ho$ {bE do dJ©hrZ,
emofU‘w³V VWm g‘Vm‘ybH$ g‘mOì`dñWm ñWm{nV H$aZm MmhVo h¢& Y‘©, A§YlÕm VWm Abm¡{H$H$Vm O¡gr nmabm¡{H$H$
ep³V`m| VWm A§Y{dídmgm| H$m I§S>Z H$a ‘mŠg© Zo ‘Zwî` H$s CÞ{V VWm {dH$mg H$mo ‘hÎd {X`m& CZH$s Ñ{ï> go ny±OrdmXr
ì`dñWm ‘Zwî` H$mo Jwbm‘ ~ZmVr h¡& Bg Jwbm‘r H$mo {‘Q>mZo hoVw do H«$m§{V H$m AmdmhZ H$aVo h¢& Bg{bE do l{‘H$m| H$s EH$Vm
H$m AmdmhZ H$aVo h¢& ‘mŠg© H$s Bg àJ{Verb VWm H«$m§{VH$mar {dMmaYmam go {dídâ Ho$ H$bmH$mam| VWm gm{hË`H$mam| H$m

à^m{dV hmoZm ñdm^m{dH$ Wm& ^maV ‘| 1936 ‘| ào‘M§X H$s AÜ`jVm ‘| "^maVr` àJ{Verb boIH$ g§K' H$m nhbm
A{YdoeZ bIZD$ ‘| hþAm& `ht go qhXr gm{hË` ‘| àJ{VdmX H$s ewéAmV ‘mZr JB© h¡&
àJ{VdmXr H${dVm ‘mŠg© Ho$ Xe©Z H$mo AmYma ‘mZVr h¡& Bg H${dVm H$s Jhar ghmZw^y{V l{‘H$m| Ho$ gmW h¢&
emo{fV, nr{S>V, X{bV, d§{MV, ‘ohZVH$e {H$gmZ go Bg H${dVm Zo ZmVm OmoS>m h¡& ^maV ‘| Bg {dMmaYmam Ho$ nZnZo
Ho$ {bE VËH$mbrZ n[apñW{V`m± ^r {Oå‘oXma Wr& A§J«oOm| H$s emofU‘w³V VWm X‘Z H$s Am{W©H$ Zr{V Zo Jar~r, ~oH$mar H$mo
OÝ‘ {X`m Wm& A§J«oO ny±OrdmX VWm gm‘§VdmX H$s emofH$ ep³V`m| H$mo Aml` Xo aho Wo& OZVm A{ejm, A§Y{dídmg Am{X
gm‘m{OH$ {dg§J{V`m| VWm {df‘VmAm| go ÌñV Wr& BZ {df‘VmAm| Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n Zd{e{jV `wdH$m| Ho$ ‘Z ‘| Ag§Vmof Ho$
gmW {dÐmoh H$m ^md n¡Xm hþAm Wm& Jm§YrOr Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd ‘| Mb aho AmOmXr Ho$ Am§XmobZ ‘| `wdm-öX` H$mo AnZo {dÐmohm| H$mo
A{^ì`³V H$aZo H$m Adga Zht {‘b ahm Wm& Eogo g‘` ‘o Bg nr‹T>r H$m Ü`mZ n{íM‘r Xoem| ‘| àMm[aV gmå`dmXr H«$m§{V H$s
Amoa OmZm ñdm^m{dH$ Wm& `h ^r gM h¡ {H$ nyd©dVu N>m`mdmX H$mb ‘| ñdÀN>§XVm, ahñ`mË‘H$Vm, AmË‘H|${ÐVVm,
gm§Ho${VH$Vm Ho$ gmW g§ñH¥$V àMwa `m ~mo{Pb ^mfm Am{X Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n `WmW©dmXr {dMmaYmam H$m ñdmJV hmoZm
n[apñW{V Ho$ AZwHy$b Wm& N>m`mdmX H$s ZB© nr‹T>r Ho$ H${d Kmoa AmË‘{Zð>, {ZamemdmXr VWm Ho$db H$ënZm VWm gm¢X`© bmoH$
‘| {dMaU H$aVo XoIo JE& n[aUm‘ñdê$n ~XbVo `wJ H$s ‘m§J H$mo do nyam Z H$a gH|$ & 1936 Ho$ bIZD$ A{YdoeZ go ào‘M§X,
aqdÐZmW R>mHw$a, Omoe Bbmhm~mXr Am{X AJ«Ur boIH$m| Zo Bg ZB© {dMmaYmam H$m ñdmJV H$a ZB© nr‹T>r H$mo Bgo AnZmZo H$m
AmdmhZ ^r {H$`m& qhXr gm{hË` ‘| EH$ Am§XmobZ Ho$ ê$n ‘| Bg {dMmaYmam `m gm{hË` H$m àgma hþAm&
{deofVmE±:
(1) gm‘m{OH$ `WmW©dmXr Ñ{ï> àJ{VdmX H$s AmYmaerbm h¡& Bg‘| OrdZ H$s dmñV{dH$Vm H$mo ‘hÎd {X`m h¡& OrdZ Ho$
AmXe© `m H$mën{ZH$ {MÌ Ho$ ñWmZ na OrdZ O¡gm h¡, Cgr àH$ma Cgo A{^ì`³V {H$`m J`m& N>m`mdmX Am¡a
àJ{VdmX ‘| `hr ‘yb^yV A§Va h¡ {H$ N>m`mdmX ‘| H$ënZm H$s A{YH$Vm Wr dht àJ{VdmX `WmW© na ~b XoVm h¡&
(2) AnZr Bgr `WmW©dmXr Ñ{ï> go BZ H${d`m| Zo Y‘©, B©ída VWm nabmoH$ Am{X H$m {damoY {H$`m& ny±OrdmX VWm
g‘mOì`má na§namAm| Ho$ {eH$ma ~Zo ‘OXya, {H$gmZ, X{bV, emo{fV VWm ór Am{X Ho$ à{V ghmZw^y{V àH$Q> H$s&
ê${‹T>`m| H$m H$‹S>o eãXm| ‘| {damoY {H$`m&
(3) dJ©hrZ VWm emofU‘w³V g‘mO aMZm Ho$ {bE `h H${d H«$m§{V H$m AmdmhZ H$aVm h¡&
(4) OZdmXr MoVZm H$s A{^ì`p³V Ho$ {bE OZVm H$s ^mfm H$mo AnZm`m J`m&
(5) VËH$mbrZ g‘` H$s amï´>r` VWm A§Vam©ï´>r` g‘ñ`mAm| H$s A{^ì`p³V ^r XoIr JB©&
(6) H$mì` ‘| ì`§½` ^md H$mo XoIm J`m&
(7) Bg H${dVm H$s `h ‘`m©Xm ^r ahr {H$ Yrao-Yrao `h gmå`dmX H$m àMmaH$ hr ~Zr&
(8) n[aUm‘ñdê$n nmQ>u àMmaH$m| N>mo‹S> AÝ` gm{hË`H$ma Bggo Xya aho§& àMma H$s àd¥{Îm ~‹T>Zo go H$bmË‘H$Vm H$s ‘mZmo
hË`m hr hþB©& ì`p³V go H$B© Á`mXm "g‘{ð>' H$m {MÌU hmoVm J`m& ì`p³V H$s ‘ZpñW{V Cno{jV ahr&
H$ënZm Ho$ n§Im| na C‹S> aho N>m`mdmX H$mo "gm‘m{OH$ `WmW©dmXr-Ñ{ï>' XoZo H$m H$m‘ àJ{VdmX Zo {H$`m h¡& Bg H$m`©
‘| {Zambm, n§V, ZmJmOw©Z, Ho$XmaZmW AJ«dmb, am‘{dbmg e‘m©, {ed‘§Jb qgh "gw‘Z', am§Jo` amKd, {ÌbmoMZ emór Am{X
H$m `moJXmZ {deof ahm & ZmJmOw©Z Ho$ "`wJYmar', "gVa§Jo n§Im§odmbr', "ß`mgr nWamB© Am±I|' Am{X H$mì` g§J«h VWm "^ñ‘m§Hw$a'
I§S>H$mì` à{gÕ h¡& AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX Ho$ ^maV H$s gƒr Vñdra BZHo$ H$mì` ‘| PbH$Vr h¡& Ho$XmaZmW AJ«dmb Ho$ H$mì` ‘|
gm‘m{OH$ {dg§J{V`m| Ho$ à{V K¥Um `m {dÐmoh H$m ^md Vrd« ê$n ‘| ì`³V hþAm h¡& am‘{dbmg e‘m© ‘ybV: ‘mŠg©dmXr g‘rjH$
Ho$ ê$n ‘| »`mVH$sV© h¢& CZH$s H${dVm emofU Ho$ à{V K¥Um Am¡a XwIr dJ© Ho$ à{V ghmZw^y{V Ho$ ^md Xem©Vr h¡& d¡go {ed‘§Jb
qgh "gw‘Z' Zo ào‘JrV A{YH$ {bIo na Ama§{^H$ H${dVmAm| ‘| Jar~m| H$s Xw{Z`m hr H|$Ð ‘| ahr& "bmb goZm', ‘mñH$mo A~
^r Xya h¡ Am{X H${dVmAm| ‘| gmå`dmX H$m àMma {H$`m h¡&
{ÌbmoMZ emór Ho$ "YaVr' H$mì`g§J«h ‘§o àH¥${V, ào‘ Ho$ gmW g‘mOdmX H$m dU©Z h¡& BZH$s H${dVmAm| Ho$ H|$Ð ‘|
{H$gmZ ahm h¡& {H$gmZm| ‘| Amem Am¡a CËgmh H$m ^md OJmZo H$m à`mg BZH$s H${dVm H$aVr h¡& am§Jo` amKd ‘mŠg©dmXr
{gÕm§V Am¡a H$mì`JV B©‘mZXmar Ho$ à{V {Zð>mdmZ H${d h¢& {XZH$a, ZdrZ Ho$ gmW {J[aOmHw$‘ma ‘mWwa Am{X ^r Bg
{dMmaYmam go à^m{dV aho& BZ H${d`m| Zo N>m`mdmX H$s g§ñH¥$V {Zð> VWm ahñ`‘` ^mfm Ho$ ñWmZ na ~mobMmb H$s ghO

^mfm H$mo AnZm`m& Xg-~mah dfm] Ho$ níMmV `h H$mì` Am§XmobZ ‘mŠg©dmX H$m àMmaH$ hr ~Zm& {’$a ^r gmR>moÎmar H$mì`
‘| à{Vq~{~V ì`mnH$ gm‘m{OH$ MoVZm `m g§doXZerbVm Bgr {dMmaYmam go à^m{dV hmoVr {XImB© Xr h¡&
A§VV: `hr H$h|Jo {H$ ^bo hr àJ{VdmX ‘mŠg© H$s {dMmaYmam H$m àMmaH$ ahm hmo, {’$a ^r Bg H$mì` Zo OZgmYmaU
H$s X`Zr` Xem Ho$ ~mao ‘| gmoMZo, Cg Amoa Ü`mZ XoZo H$s àoaUm Xr h¡& ê${‹T>`m| H$m {damoY H$aZo H$m gmhg OJm`m, ñdV§ÌVm
H$s ^mdZm OJmB© VWm H${dVm H$mo emó Ho$ H$‹S>o ~§YZm| go ‘w³V H$am`m&
4.2.5 à`moJdmX : gZ 1953 go 1960

N>m`mdmXmoÎma H$mb ‘| àJ{VdmX Ho$ g‘mZm§Va hr 1943 go Omo ZB© H$mì`Ymam {dH${gV hþB© Cgo "à`moJdmX' H$hm J`m&
Bgo ZHo$ZdmX, ànÚdmX Ho$ gmW ZB© H${dVm Ho$ ê$n ‘| ^r nhMmZm OmVm h¡& N>m`mdmX eãXmS>§~a ‘| ~hþV go eãXm| VWm q~~m|
Ho$ J{Verb VËdm| H$mo Zï> H$a {X`m Wm& ^mfm ^r bjUm àYmZ VWm g§ñH¥$V{Zð> ~Zr hþB© Wr& àJ{VdmX Zo gm‘m{OH$Vm Ho$
Zm‘ na eãXm| H$mo A{^YmË‘H$ ~Zm`m& Ho$db ‘w³VH$ e¡br H$m à`moJ {H$`m& OrdZ H$m ñWyb {MÌU hþAm& A{V `WmW© H$s
‘m±J Zo H$bmË‘H$Vm Ho$ Zm‘ na ‘mÌ {ddoMZ VWm {ddaU hr hmoVm ahm& Eogr pñW{V ‘| ZE ^md-~moY H$mo ì`³V H$aZo Ho$ {bE
Z Vmo eãXm| ‘| gm‘Ï`© Wm Am¡a Z hr e¡br ‘| H$bmË‘H$Vm & n[aUm‘V: ZE H${d`m| H$mo ZE ‘mÜ`‘m| H$m à`moJ H$aZm n‹S>m& BZ
H${d`m| Zo {Og ZB© {Xem H$mo AnZm`m dh kmV go AkmV VWm àmMrZVm go ZdrZVm H$s ahr& `h H${dVm na§namAm| H$m ‘mÌ
I§S>Z hr Zht H$aVr ~pëH$ gm{hË` ‘| {ZOud VËd Ho$ ñWmZ na ZE gOrd VËdm| H$mo ^r AnZmVr h¡& Bg‘| ZdrZ {df`m| H$m
dU©Z ZdrZ e¡br ‘| {H$`m J`m& AmO VH$ {Og AíbrbVm, Z¾Vm Am¡a H$m‘wH$Vm H$m H$mì` ‘| ~{hîH$ma {H$`m J`m Wm&
CgH$m {MÌU ^r à`moJdmX ‘| {H$`m J`m& `mZo à`moJdmX ‘| H${d`m| Ho$ {bE H$moB© ^r {df` Ë`mÁ` Zht ahm& Bg gm{hË` ‘|
^md go A{YH$ ~m¡{ÕH$Vm H$mo àYmZVm {‘br& n[aUm‘ñdê$n j{UH$ AZw^y{V`m| H$m ^r AmXa {H$`m J`m& g§jon ‘| `hr H$h|Jo
H$s à`moJdmX H$m OÝ‘ ZdrZ dñVw Am¡a ZdrZ e¡br Ho$ AmJ«h Ho$ ’$bñdê$n hwAm& Bg‘| ZdrZ Cn‘mZm| VWm àVrH$m| H$mo
AnZm`m J`m&
gm‘mÝ`V: Ako` Ûmam g§nm{XV àW‘ Vma gáH$ (gZ 1943) Ho$ àH$meZ go à`moJdmX H$s ewê$AmV ‘mZr OmVr h¡&
Bg‘| Ako` g{hV gmV H${d`m| H$s H${dVmE± d³Vì` Ho$ gmW g§H${bV h¢& ñd`§ Ako` Ho$ gmW JOmZZ ‘mYd ‘wp³V~moY,
Zo{‘M§Ð O¡Z, ^maV^yfU AmJ«dmb, à^mH$a ‘mMdo, {JarOmHw$‘ma ‘mWwa, am‘{dbmg e‘m© Bg‘| em{‘b Wo& ò g^r ZE ‘mJ©
Ho$ AÝdofr Wo& Bg g§H$bZ H$s g^r H${dVmE± na§nam~Õ H${dVmAm| go EH$X‘ AbJ Wr& Ako` Zo BgH$s ^y{‘H$m ‘| `h ñnï>
{H$`m Wm {H$ ò gmVm| H${d Z {H$gr EH$ g§àXm` `m Ymam Ho$ h¢& do AZw^y{V`m| Am¡a A{^ì`p³V`m| Ho$ Zò ‘mJ© ImoO aho Wo&
BÝhm|Zo ha ñVa na à`moJ H$mo AnZm`m h¡& Bg "à`moJ' eãX H$mo à`moJdmX H$m ‘yb ‘mZm OmVm h¡& 1951 ‘| àH$m{eV "Xygao Vma
gwáH$' H$s ^y{‘H$m ‘| Ako` Zo ‘mZm {H$ à`moJdmX H$moB© "dmX' Zht h¡, dh gmYZ h¡& {dkmZ H$s àJ{V, eham| H$m {dH$mg VWm
`§Ìm| go ‘Zwî` H$s O{Q>b hmoVr hþB© g§doXZm H$mo nwamZr n[anmQ>r `m ^mfm, àVrH$m| Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go A{^ì`p³V g§^d Z Wr& nwamZo
OrdZ ‘yë` Qy>Q> aho Wo& g§~§Ym| ‘| VZmd Am ahm Wm& `m¡Z J«§{W`m± Câ ahr Wr& ì`p³V Omo AZw^d H$a ahm Wm, g§doXZm Ho$ ñVa
na Pob ahm Wm, Cgo g‘{ï> VH$ nhþ±MmZo Ho$ {bE ZB© ^mfm, e¡br, àVrH$ VWm q~~ g‘` H$s ‘m±J Wr&
{deofVmE±
(1) AmË`§{VH$ d¡`p³VH$Vm à`moJdmX H$s {deofVm ahr h¡& ì`p³V H$s AZw^y{V H$mo g‘{ï> VH$ nhþ±MmZo H$s g‘ñ`m
à`moJdmXr H${d H$s h¡& Bg `wJ H$s H${dVm Zo ‘Zmo{díbofUdmX Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n ì`p³V ‘Z H$s JhamB© VH$ OmZo H$m
à`mg {H$`m h¡&
(2) Bg‘| ^mdmË‘H$ H$‘ VWm ~m¡{ÕH$ ì`m`m‘ H$s CN>bHy$X Amdí`H$Vm go A{YH$ h¡& A{V ~m¡{ÕH$Vm Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n
Bg H${dVm ‘| gmYmaUrH$aU H$m gd©Wm A^md h¡&
(3) Cno{jV Am¡a gm‘mÝ` ‘Zwî` H$mo CgH$s g‘J«Vm Ho$ gmW ñdrH$ma {H$`m& CgH$s X{‘V dmgZm, gwI-XwI, BÀN>m
AmH$m§jmAm| H$mo A{^ì`p³V {‘br&
(4) dÊ`© {df`m| H$mo AË`m{YH$ {dñVma {‘bm& `mVZm, KwQ>Z, Û§Û, {Zamem, AZmñWm, g§Xoh, OrdZ H$s j{UH$Vm Am{X
H$mì` {df` ~Zo§& N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o jU Ho$ AZw^d ^r H$mì` {df` ~Z| & BZHo$ {df`m| H$s n[a{Y AË`§V ì`mnH$ h¢&
(5) `h H${d AVrV H$s àoaUm Am¡a ^{dî` H$s C„mg ‘`r CÁdb AmH$m§jm XmoZm| go {dhrZ h¡, CgH$s Ñ{ï> Ho$db dV©‘mZ
na {Q>H$s ahZo Ho$ H$maU dh {Zamem go J«ñV h¡&
(6) g‘mO Am¡a OrdZ H$s {dg§J{V`m| H$mo ì`§½` Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go àH$Q> {H$`m J`m&
(7) ‘Zmod¡km{ZH$ VWm CbPr hþB© AZw^y{V`m| H$mo àH$Q> H$aZo Ho$ {bE ZB© ^mfm, ZE àVrH$m| VWm ê$nH$m| H$mo AnZm`m J`m&
(8) A{YH$Va Hw§$R>m, {Zamem Am¡a ‘ZmoJ«§{W`m| H$s A{^ì`p³V Ho$ H$maU `h H$mì` Xwê$h VWm H${R>Z ~Zm& n[aUm‘ñdê$n
OZ ‘mZg go Qy>Q>Vm-gm {XImB© {X`m&
à`moJdmX Ho$ Am§XmobZ H$m ZoV¥Ëd Ako` Zo {H$`m& CZ‘| g§doXZm Ho$ gmW EH$ gOJ ~m¡{ÕH$Vm h¢& "qMVm', "BË`b‘',
"~mdam Ahoar', "Am§JZ Ho$ nma Ûma' Am{X H$mì`g§J«hm| ‘| qOXJr H$s gyú‘ go gyú‘ AZw^y{V ì`³V hþB© h¡& d¡`p³VH$Vm H$s
A{^ì`p³V CZHo$ H$mì` H$s à‘wI {deofVm ahr h¡& ‘mWwa Or H$s H${dVm à`moJ Am¡a g§doXZm H$m gw§Xa gm‘§Oñ` h¡& BÝhm|Zo
N>§X, ^mfm Am¡a q~~ {dYmZ ‘| ^r à`moJ {H$E& à^mH$a ‘mMdo Or H$s {dMmaYmam Am¡a H${dVm H$mo boH$a H$^r CÝh|
àJ{VdmXr, H$^r à`moJdmXr, H$^r ZB© H${dVm H$m H$hm J`m h¡& do ñd`§ ^r Bg ~mV H$mo ñdrH$maVo h¢& CZHo$ H$mì` ‘| ì`p³V
ñdmV§Í` Ho$ gmW à`moJ H$s àd¥{Îm ^r Ñ{ï>JmoMa hþB© h¡& Zo{‘M§X O¡Z Zo N>m`mdmXr H$mì` MoVZm go AnZo H${d OrdZ H$s
ewê$AmV H$s Am¡a ‘mŠg©dmXr MoVZm H$mo ^r Cgr amo‘m§{Q>H$ Ñ{ï> go XoIm&
A§VV: `hr H$h|Jo {H$ 1943 Ho$ Ako` Ûmam àH$m{eV "àW‘ Vma gáH$' go à`moJdmX H$s ewê$AmV hþB©& {df`dñVw,
^mfm, e¡br, q~~ VWm àVrH$ Am{X joÌm| ‘| à`moJ H$mo AnZm`m J`m& "à`moJ' H$aZm hr Bg H${dVm H$s {deofVm ahr h¡&
4.2.6 Z`r H${dVm

Z`r H${dVm à`moJdmX H$s à{V{H«$`m Zht h¡& `h à`moJdmX H$m ñdñW g§Vw{bV {dH$mg h¡& à`moJdmXr H${dVm Vrgao
gáH$ VH$ AmVo-AmVo Z`r H${dVm H$hbmZo bJr& Bggo nyd© Bgo AH${dVm, Z H${dVm, AñdrH¥$V H${dVm, {dÐmohr H${dVm,
à{gÕ H${dVm, í‘emZr H${dVm Ho$ gmW ^yIr nr‹T>r H$s H${dVm Am{X n‹S>mdm| go JwOaZm n‹S>m h¡& Z`r H${dVm à`moJdmX go
A{YH$ g§`V, g§Vw{bV h¡& OrdZ Ho$ `WmW© H$mo Cn`w³V gab VWm ghO ^mfm-e¡br ‘| A{^ì`³V H$aVr h¡& Bg H${dVm H$s
n[apñW{V`m± ~hþV Hw$N> à`moJdmX H$s hr h¡& Bg‘| à`moJdmX H$s ^r H$B© {deofVmE± ‘m¡OyX h¡§& BgZo ZE {df`m| Ho$ gmW H$WZ
H$s ZB© e¡{b`m| H$mo J«hU {H$`m h¡& Bg‘| ^mfm H$mo OZ^mfm Ho$ {ZH$Q> aIm J`m h¡& Bg‘| à`moJ{à`Vm Zht h¡& ê$ndm{XVm Am¡a
~m¡{ÕH$Vm H$m ^r AmJ«h Zht & Bg H${dVm Ho$ AZoH$ {df` na§namJV Oê$a h¡ na CgHo$ ~mao ‘| gmoMZo VWm g‘PZo H$s H${d
H$s Ñ{ï> AmYw{ZH$ h¡& `hm± CÝht q~~mo§, àVrH$m| H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡ Omo `WmW© OrdZ H$s CnO h¡& Z`m H${d Hw§$R>m Am¡a KwQ>Z
H$mo à`moJdmXr H${d H$s Vah H${dVm ‘| CVmaZo go {hMH$Vm h¡& `h H${dVm AmñWm Am¡a {Zð>m H$m g§Xoe XoVr h¡& `hm± ‘mZd
ì`p³VËd H$mo C^maZo H$m à`ËZ hþAm h¡& ì`p³V ‘| gm‘m{OH$ Xm{`Ëd Ho$ gmW AmË‘{dídmg bmZo H$m à`ËZ hþAm h¡& `h
{Z`{VdmXr Zht, H$‘©R>dmXr h¡& dh ‘¥Ë`w H$s CnmgZm H$s ~Om` g‘mO H$ë`mU hoVw ~{bXmZ H$s ^mdZm H$s A{^ì`p³V
H$aVm h¡& Bg H${dVm ‘| eha Ho$ gmW J«m‘rU n[adoe H$m ^r {MÌU hþAm h¡&
1954 ‘| S>m°. OJXre Jwá Am¡a am‘ñdê$n MVwd}Xr Ho$ g§nmXH$Ëd ‘| "Z`r H${dVm' Zm‘H$ dm{f©H$ n{ÌH$m Ho$ àH$meZ
Ho$ gmW Bg H${dVm H$m OÝ‘ hþAm& "Z`r H${dVm' Bg eãX H$m nhbm à`moJ Ako` Zo hr {H$`m Wm& "Vrgao Vma gáH$' Ho$
àH$m{eV H${d`m| ‘| Omo ‘w³V Am¡a ghO H$mì`Ymam {dH${gV hþB© Cgo Ako` Zo "Z`r H${dVm' H$hm& Bg H${dVm Ho$ nZnZo ‘|
AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX H$s ñdmW©nyU© amOZr{V, ~T>Vm ny±OrdmX, ‘h§JmB©, [aídVImoar, ^«ï>mMma Am{X go {Z‘m©U ‘moh^§J H$s ^mdZm
^r àoaUm ahr h¡&
{deofVmE±
(1) AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY ZB© H${dVm H$s ‘hÎdnyU© nhMmZ h¡& ~m¡{ÕH$Vm, ‘mZdVmdmX, Y‘©{ZanojVm, d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï> Ho$
gmW-gmW ì`p³V H$s Apñ‘Vm O¡go AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ VËdm| H$mo Bg H${dVm Zo AnZm`m h¡&
(2) "jU H$s A{^ì`p³V' H$mo ‘hÎd {‘b J`m&
(3) g‘gm‘{`H$ {dídÑ{ï> H$mo Zò H${d Zo AnZm`m h¡& Bg H${dVm H$s Ztd dV©‘mZ na {Q>H$s hþB© h¡&
(4) Z`r H${dVm ‘| nwamVZ na§namAm| Ho$ à{V H$moB© AmñWm Zht h¡&
(5) Bg H${dVm Ho$ H|$Ð ‘| ‘mZd h¡& CgHo$ ì`p³VËd H$m {dH$mg, CgHo$ ‘Z H$s nhMmZ, CgH$s amJ-{damJmË‘H$ d¥{Îm`m|
H$mo g‘Pm J`m h¡& CgHo$ gm‘m{OH$ VWm Am{W©H$ g§~§Ym| H$s MMm© ì`mnH$ n[anmíd© ‘| H$s JB© h¡&
(6) Bg H${dVm Ho$ boIH$ àm`… ‘Ü`dJu` g‘mO go g§~§Y aIVo h¢&
(7) àH¥${V H$m Amb§~Z, CÔrnZ, Amb§H$m[aH$, ahñ`mZw^y{V VWm ‘mZdr` g§doXZm H$mo ào[aV H$aZodmbo ê$nm| ‘| {MÌU hþAm
h¡&

(8) ì`§½` H$mo à{Vð>m {‘br&
(9) àVrH$mË‘H$Vm, q~~mË‘H$Vm VWm gm§Ho${VH$Vm Ho$ H$maU `h H${dVm Xwê$h Am¡a CbPr hþB© ~Zr&
Bg H${dVm Ho$ à‘wI H${d aho JOmZZ ‘mYd ‘wp³V~moY& "Mm±X H$m ‘w±h Q>oT>m h¡' `h BZH$m EH$‘mÌ H$mì`g§J«h& CÝhm|Zo
H${d H$s VQ>ñWVm, dñVw{Zð>Vm H$m Xe©Z H$amVo hþE gM H$mo gM VWm PyR> H$mo PyR> H$hZo H$m IVam CR>m`m& "Z`r H${dVm H$m
AmË‘g§Kf©' {bIH$a CÝhm|Zo Z`r H${dVm H$s Amoa XoIZo H$s J§^ra Ñ{ï> n¡Xm H$s& e‘eoa ~hmXwa qgh H$mo ‘wp³V~moY H$s
H${dVm Xoe Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ B{Vhmg H$m XhH$Vm hþAm BñnmVr XñVmdoO bJVm h¡§&
Bg H$mì` na§nam Ho$ e‘eoa ~hmXwa qgh, aKwdra ghm`, Y‘©dra ^maVr, Ho$XmaZmW qgh, Hw±$Aa ZmamÙ, {dO`Xod
ZmamÙ gmhr Ho$ gmW gd}ídaX¶mb gŠgoZm Am{X ge³V hñVmja aho§& Y‘©dra ^maVr H$s H${dVmE± ‘yb ê$n ‘| JrVmË‘H$ h¡&
CZ‘| qMVZ, Xe©Z, ‘ñVr, C„mg, CXmgr Am¡a gyZmnZ h¢& gmW hr gm‘m{OH$ OrdZ H$s {dg§J{V`m| na ì`§J ^r h¡& BÝhm|Zo
A§Y na§namAm| H$mo Ë`mJ H$a ZdrZ A{^ì`§OZm àUmbr AnZmB© h¡& "A§Ym`wJ' ‘| {ÛVr` ‘hm`wÕ Ho$ ~mX OrdZ ‘| ì`má Qy>Q>Vr
hþB© ‘`m©XmAm|, gm‘m{OH$ {dg§J{V`m|, `wJOrdZ H$s Hw$ê$nVmAm| H$m {MÌU ì`§½`nyU© e¡br ‘| {H$`m h¡&
{J[aOmHw$‘ma ‘mWwa Or Zo H$mì` Ho$ gmW ZmQ>H$, EH$m§H$s VWm AmbmoMZmË‘H$ J«§W {bIo h¢& BZHo$ H$mì` ‘|
AmYw{ZH$Vm, à`moJerbVm, bmoH$OrdZ Ho$ à{V göX`Vm, AnZo n[adoe H$s gyú‘Vm VWm {df` d¡{dÜ` O¡gr {deofVmE±
{‘bVr h¡§& à`moJdmX, Zd JrV, Z`r H${dVm Am¡a AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s g‘ñV e¡{b`m| Ho$ à‘wI VËd BZHo$ H$mì` ‘| n[ab{jV hmoVo
h¡§&
^maV^yfU AJ«dmb Zo ‘Ü`dJ© Ho$ OZOrdZ H$s gƒmB© H$mo {b{n~Õ {H$`m& BZH$s Ama§{^H$ H${dVmAm| ‘| àU`, ê$n
H$s ß`mg, H$mën{ZH$ gnZo, XX©âr AZw^y{V`m± {‘bVr h¢& bo{H$Z ~hþV OëXr do gm‘m{OH$ ^y{‘ na CVa AmE& ‘Ü`dJ© H$s
~oM¡Zr, N>Q>nQ>mhQ>, {ddeVm CZHo$ H$mì` H$s {deoVmE± ahr h¡§& `wJ OrdZ ‘| ì`má ^«ï>mMma, AZmMma, {df‘Vm, MwZmdr
hWH§$S>mo§ VWm OZV§J Ho$ T>H$mogbo Am{X H$s {Z^©` ì`§OZm H$s h¡& Bg `wJ Ho$ AÝ` H${d`m| Zo ^r H$mì` {df`m| VWm
A{^ì`p³V {eën H$s Ñ{ï> go Z`r H${dVm H$mo g‘¥Õ {H$`m& {‘WH$m| H$mo ZE g§X^m} ‘| àñVwV H$aZo ‘| Bg H${d H$mo ~‹S>r
g’$bVm {‘br h¡& Y‘©dra ^maVr H$s "A§Ym`wJ', "H$Zw{à`m' VWm Hw§$da ZmamÙ H$s "AmË‘O`r', Zaoe ‘ohVm H$s "g§e` H$s
EH$ amV' ‘hÎdnyU© aMZmE± h¢&
g§jon ‘| `hr H$h|Jo {H$ à`moJdmX ‘| H${dVm Ho$ gmW pIbdm‹S> hþAm Wm dht Z`r H${dVm OrdZ go OwS>r hþB© h¡& `h
OrdZ H$s H${dVm h¡& BgH$m A{YH$Va H$Ï` AmO h¡& Bg AmO H$mo A{^ì`³V H$aZo Ho$ {bE Zò H${d`m| Zo {eën Ho$
CnH$aU AnZo Amgnmg go hr OwQ>mE h¡§& ^mfm OZ^mfm hr h¡& q~~mo§ Ho$ à`moJ ‘| ~hwV à`moJ {‘bVm h¡& `h H${dVm AZw^d
Am¡a g§doXZm H$mo ‘hÎd XoVr hþB© qhXr H${dVm H$mo ghr AWm} ‘| AmYw{ZH$ ~ZmVr h¡&
4.2.7 gmR>mÎo mar H${dVm

gmR>moÎmar H${dVm "Z`r H${dVm' H$m AJbm MaU h¡& `h H${dVm AZoH$ Zm‘m| H$s ^r‹S> ‘| hmoH$a Câr h¡& BgHo$
gZmVZ, gy`m}X`r H${dVm, A{^Zd H${dVm, dra H${dVm, `w`wËgmdmXr H${dVm, AñdrH¥$V H${dVm, ghO H${dVm Am{X Zm‘
^r ApñVËd Wo& Agb ‘| `h ‘moh^§J H$s H${dVm h¡& ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Ho$ ~mX Omo gnZo XoIo JE do Qy>Q> Jò& n§Mdm{f©H$
`moOZmAm| Am¡a CnbpãY`m| H$s KmofUmAm| Ho$ ~mdOyX Xoe Ho$ H$B© joÌm| ‘| {df‘Vm ~Zr ahr§& gm‘m{OH$ joÌ ‘| n[adV©Z `m
~Xbmd H$s J{V ~‹S>r Yr‘r ahr& ~‹T>Vr Am~mXr, Jar~r, ~oH$mar, ‘h§JmB© Am{X Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n Am‘ AmX‘r H$m OrdZ
Xþâ hmoVm J`m& A‘ra Am¡a Jar~ Ho$ ~rM H$s ImB© ~‹T>Vr JB©& amOZr{V ‘| Xb~Xb, ñdmW©, ^mB©-^{VOmdmX Ho$ VËd ñWm`r
~Z| & ‘hmZJam| ‘| àXyfU, J§XJr Ho$ gmW AnamY H$s g§ñH¥${V nZn J`r& MrZr AmH«$‘U Zo ^maV H$s n§Merb Zr{V H$mo Y¸$m
bJm`m& n§{S>V Zohê$ Or H$s AmñWm H$mo Jhar R>og nhþ§Mr& g‘mOdmX Ho$ gnZo ‘| ny±OrdmX amo‹S>m ~Zm & OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ ‘|
{dg§J{V`m|, {df‘VmAm| Ho$ gmW KwQ>Z, g§Ìmg, ‘yë`hrZVm Ho$ Xmào ~‹T>Zo bJo& gmR>moÎmar H${dVm Ho$ aM{`VmAm| Zo Bg nr‹S>m,
g§Ìmg, KwQ>Z H$mo ^moJm, AZw^d {H$`m VWm BgH$s ~o~mH$ A{^ì`p³V H$s& B§{Xam Or Ûmam AmnmVH$mb H$s KmofUm, ^maV-
nmH$ VWm ^maV MrZ `wÕ go CËnÞ n[apñW{V`m± ^r Bg H${dVm H$s àoaUmE± ahr h¡&
gZ 60 Ho$ ~mX H${d H$‘© H$m B©‘mZXmar go {Zdm©h H$aZodmbo XO©Zâ H${d qhXr H$mì` OJV na N>mE aho§& BZH$s
H${dVmE± AmO H$s pñW{V H$m ghr-ghr AmH$bZ H$amVr h¡ & `h H${dVm OO©a ‘yë`m| VWm dV©‘mZ ì`dñWm Ho$ à{V Ag§Vmof
H$s H${dVm h¡& `h H${dVm Eogr ì`dñWm H$s H$m‘Zm H$aVr h¡ {OgH$s Ztd ‘mZdVm na {Q>H$s hþB© hmo& Bg H${dVm H$m "‘¢'
d¡`p³VH$ Z hmoH$a gm‘m{OH$ h¡& `h VËH$mbrZ Ord§V g‘ñ`mAm| H$s A{^ì`p³V h¡& `h nma§n[aH$ AmXem} VWm ‘yë`m| H$m
{damoY ‘mÌ Zht H$aVr ~pëH$ Cg ì`dñWm H$mo hr ÜdñV H$aZo H$m gmhg aIVr h¡ {Og‘| `h {df‘Vm nZnVr hmo& `h H${dVm

{H$gr ’$m‘y©bo `m gm±Mo ‘| ~§Y H$a Zht ahr h¡& `h Zmam|, dmXm| `m {dMmaYmamAm| H$mo OÝ‘ Zht XoVr& A{^ì`p³V H$s e¡br `m
T>§J go H$B© Á`mXm H$mì` H$s g§àofUr`Vm na {dídmg H$aVr h¡& H${d Ho$db à`moJ Ho$ {bE à`moJ Zht H$aVm Am¡a Z ht
H$ënZm Ho$ Zm‘ na eãXm| H$m Omb ~wZVm h¡& `h H${dVm OZOrdZ H$s H${dVm h¡& `h `WmW© Ho$ g§JR>Z, d¡km{ZH$ {dH$mg
Am¡a ‘mZdr` ‘yë`m| ‘| {dídmg H$aVr h¡& "‘wp³V~moY' H$s H${dVm Zo Bg Z`r nr‹T>r Ho$ H${d`m| H$mo ~hþV Jhao VH$ à^m{dV
{H$`m& Bg `wJ Ho$ Yy{‘b, M§ÐH$m§V XodVmbo, lrH$m§V d‘m©, aKwdra ghm`, gd}ídaX`mb gŠgoZm, XyYZmW qgh, ‘bÒ,
H¡$bme dmOno`r Am{X H${d`m| Zo VËH$mbrZ n[apñW{V`m| H$s MmoQ> H$mo AZw^d H$a AmX‘r Ho$ ~mø VWm Am§V[aH$ OJV H$mo
Xmo Qy>H$ eãXm| ‘| COmJa H$a {X`m h¡&
‘mM© 1969 ‘| "CÝ‘of' n{ÌH$m Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go gmR>moÎmar H${dVm Ho$ {gÕm§V nj H$m àH$meZ hþAm& BZ H${d`m| Zo d³Vì`m|
H$s nw{ï> {ZemZ, A§JwR>o bJmH$a H$s& g{bb Jwá Zo BgH$m g§nmXZ {H$`m VWm AÝ` H${d`m| H$s aMZmAm| Ho$ gmW gmR>moÎmar
H${dVm H$s AmbmoMZm àñVwV H$s&
{deofVmE±
(1) gm‘m{OH$Vm H$s àd¥{Îm H$s njYa H${dVm & gm‘m{OH$ {df‘Vm VWm {dg§J{V`m| Ho$ à{V Ag§Vmof VWm {dÐmoh H$s
^mdZm & OZ{hV hr bú` h¡&
(2) OrdZ Ho$ `WmW© H$m grYm gmjmËH$ma gmR>moÎmar H${dVm ‘| hþAm&
(3) {d{dY H$mì` Am§XmobZ, {OZ‘| AH${dVm Am¡a {dMma H${dVm H$m ‘hÎd&
(4) {Zamem, CXmgr VWm KwQ>Z Ho$ ^md&
(5) ‘moh^§J Bg H${dVm H$s à‘wI àd¥{Îm VWm àoaUm ahr h¡&
(6) amOZr{VH$ MoVZm H$s A{YH$Vm VWm g‘mO eÌwAm| Ho$ {dê$Õ AmdmO&
(7) {díd Am¡a ^maV ‘| hmo ahr `wdm H«$m§{V Ho$ g‘m§Va {bIr OmZodmbr H${dVm&
(8) ì`§½` ^md H$s ge³V A{^ì`p³V&
(9) g‘mO OrdZ ‘| ì`má {dg§J{V`m|, {df‘VmAm| go CXmg Z hmoH$a Cggo g§Kf© H$aZo H$s àd¥{Îm &
(10) ^mfm H$mo OrdZ Ho$ {ZH$Q> bmZo H$m à`mg & q~~m| Am¡a àVrH$m| Ho$ à{V ‘moh Zhr§&
d¡go XoIm OmE Vmo 60 Ho$ XeH$ Ho$ ~mX Ho$ bJ^J g^r H${d`m| Zo Bg H$mì` H$m à{V{Z{YËd {H$`m h¡& BZH$s gyMr
~hþV b§~r h¡& bo{H$Z Bg‘| go Yy{‘b, brbmYa OJyS>r, M§ÐH$m§V XodVmbo, amOH$‘b Mm¡Yar, gm¡{‘Ì ‘mohZ, amOrd gŠgoZm,
AemoH$ dmOno`r Am{X {deof aho h¡§& BZ H${d`m| Zo AnZo g‘` H$s ÌmgXr, ^`mdhVm, AmV§H$ Am{X H$mo ~hþV ‘m{‘©H$Vm Ho$
gmW A§{H$V {H$`m h¡& Bg H${dVm Ho$ erf©ñW aho "Yy{‘b' & ^maV|Xw, {Zambm VWm ‘wp³V~moY H$s na§nam H$mo AmJo ~T>m`m &
ì`dñWm Ho$ à{V {dÐmoh H$m ñda CZH$s H${dVm H$m àmU h¡& BZH$s H${dVmE± gmR>moÎmar ^maVr` g‘mO H$s g‘ñ`mAm| H$m
boIm-OmoIm h¡& "nQ>H$Wm' VWm "‘moMram‘' H${dVm {deof h¢& M§ÐH$m§V XodVmbo Or H$s Ñ{ï>H$moU aMZmË‘H$ VWm ‘mZdr` ahm
h¡& BZH$s H${dVm ‘| Zmar H$mo gå‘mZ {‘bm h¡& dh ‘m±, ~hZ, nËZr VWm ào{‘H$m Ho$ ê$n ‘| {M{ÌV hþB© h¡& CZH$s Ñ{ï> go
H${dVm "g‘` H$s Am±I' h¡& BZH$s aMZmAm| ‘| AZw^y{V`m| H$s H$‹S>dmhQ>, Xoe H$s Vrd«Vm VWm {dg§J{V`m| Ho$ à{V C~mb VÏ`m|
Am¡a Ord§V AZw^dm| H$m gmW©H$ ê$nm§H$Z BZH$s H${dVm H$s {deofVm h¡&
brbmYa OJyS>r Zo g‘H$mbrZ VZmd VWm H$í‘H$e H$mo AnZo T>§J go ì`³V {H$`m h¡& Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm H$mo AnZo
{damoY H$m bú` ~Zm`m& am‘H$‘b Mm¡Yar H$s "‘wp³Vàg§J' Am¡a gm¡{‘Ì ‘moha H$s "bwH$‘mZ Abr' BZ b§~r H${dVmAm| Zo
»`m{V àmá H$s& S>m°. hwHw$‘M§X amOnmb Vmo ‘wp³Vàg§J H${dVm H$mo hr gmR>moÎmar H${dVm H$s gyÌYma ‘mZVo h¢& BZHo$ Abmdm
amOrd gŠgoZm, {dîUw Iao, à`mJ ewŠb, {JarYa amR>r, kmZ|Ðn{V, ~bXod d§er, {dZmoXHw$‘ma ewŠb, {dídZmWàgmX {Vdmar,
{dZmoX ^maÛmO O¡go ‘hÎdnyU© H${d Bgr g‘` H${d H$‘© ‘| H$m`©aV aho& amOZr{VH$ AmnmYmnr, PyR>o AmídmgZm| go OZVm H$mo
{X½^«{‘V H$aZodmbm| go OZVm H$mo AdJV H$amH$a, {dÐmoh H$m ^md AnZmH$a, ‘m¡OyXm ì`dñWm H$mo ~XbZo Ho$ {bE ào[aV
{H$`m&
g§jon ‘| `hr H$h|Jo {H$ gmR>moÎmar H${dVm AÝ` H$mì`YmamAm| go {deof h¡& `h `wJ g§X^© Am¡a AmO H$s qOXJr go OwS>r
hþB© h¡& ¶h OZVm H$s H${dVm h¡&

4.2.8 CÎma AmYw{ZH$ `wJ : (gZ² 1990 go AmO VH$)
CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm `h EH$ {Z{íMV {dMma `m Xe©Z go A{YH$ EH$ àd¥{Îm H$m Zm‘ h¡& BgH$m OÝ‘ ~rgdt gXr Ho$
CÎmamY© ‘| `yamon ‘| hþAm& `h EH$ ^y‘§S>br` AdñWm h¡& A§YmYw§Y Am¡Úmo{JH$aU Zo `yamonr` g‘mO go Omo ~hþV Hw$N> N>rZ {b`m
Wm, Cg‘| go Hw$N> àmá H$aZo H$s BÀN>m CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm ‘| XrI nS>Vr h¡& ’¡$eZ Ho$ {ZË` n[ad{V©V ê$n, BboŠQ´m°{ZH$ ‘r{S>`m
H$s ep³V, {dkmnZ H$s {d{dYVm VWm ZdCnXoedmXr MoVZm, d¡ídrH$aU, {ZOrH$aU Am{X {‘bH$a CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s
YamVb H$m g¥OZ H$aVo h¡§& BgZo Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm H$mo ZH$mam h¡& BgZo h‘mao gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOZr{VH$, Am{W©H$ OrdZ
Ho$ gmW ^mfm Am¡a gm{hË` H$mo ^r à^m{dV {H$`m h¡& BgZo AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ ‘yë`m| Ed§ {gÕm§Vm| H$mo ~hþV hX VH$ ZH$mam h¡
`m Hw$N> ‘yë`m| H$mo g§ñH$m[aV H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s h¡&
CÎma AmYw{ZH$ {deofU H$m nhbm à`moJ A‘arH$s CnÝ`mgH$ma Om°Z ~mW© Zo {H$`m& ^maVr` n[aàoú` ‘| 1970 ‘| `h
EH$ Zmam ~ZH$a Câm& ‘Zmoha í`m‘ Omoer Ho$ "Hw$ê$ Hw$ê$ ñdmhm' H$mo CÎma AmYw{ZH$ CnÝ`mg H$hH$a {dkm{nV {H$`m J`m&
~rgdt gXr Ho$ A§{V‘ XeH$ ‘| BgH$m àMbZ ~‹T>m&
CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s ‘yb MoVZm AmYw{ZH$ h¡& `h AmYw{ZH$sH$aU H$s à{H«$`m H$s g‘m{á Ho$ ~mX H$s pñW{V h¡&
AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ ~mX CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm V~ ewê$ hmoVr h¡, O~ bmoJ AnZo {dMma VWm ^mdZmAm| ‘| Vm{H©$H$Vm VWm g§J{V H$mo
Ë`mJH$a AVm{H©$H$Vm VWm Ag§J{V H$mo AnZmVo h¢& CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm ì`p³V VWm g‘mO H$s ñdV§ÌVm H$s njYa h¡& `h
AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ nyU©dmXr ad¡ò H$m {damoY H$aVr h¡& Bg‘| g‘J«Vm H$mo AñdrH$ma H$a Cn^moJ H$mo àmYmÝ` {‘bm h¡& Bg‘|
amOZr{VH$, Ym{‘©H$, gm‘m{OH$, àemg{ZH$ ‘yë`m| H$m A{VH«$‘U VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ ‘yë`m| go nbm`Z H$s àd¥{Îm ì`má h¡&
AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s BÝht {df‘ VWm noMrXm {deofVmAm| Ho$ H$maU CgH$s H$moB© g‘J« n[a^mfm Zht Xo gH|$Jo& Bg‘| {gÕm§V {Z‘m©U
Zht hmoVm& `h AVrV go ZmVm Vmo‹S>Vr h¡& g§ñH¥${V Ho$ Zm‘ na Mb aho emofU VWm AÝ`m` Ho$ à{V `h CXmgrZ h¡& Bg gm{hË`
H$s {deofVmE± {ZåZm§{H$V h¢ -
(1) CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m g§~§Y gm{hË` Ho$ gO©ZmË‘H$ Am¡a AmbmoMZmË‘H$ XmoZm| njm| ‘| h¡& qhXr gm{hË` ‘| CnÝ`mg ‘|
g~go A{YH$ CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm ì`má h¡& ‘Zmoha í`m‘ Omoer, H¥$îU~bXod d¡X, {d{nZHw$‘ma, gwa|Ð d‘m©, ‘¥Xb w m JJ©,
{MÌm ‘wX²Jb, AbH$m gamdJr, O`m OmXdmZr Am{X Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| ‘| CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ VÎd XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢&
(2) AË`m{YH$ YZmonmO©Z hr gm{hË` H$m CÔoí` ahm h¡& Zò Zò {df`m| H$mo ~hwV CÎmoOH$ VWm gZgZrIoO T>§J go àñVwV
{H$`m OmVm h¡& X‘Z, `m¡ZmMma, ì`{^Mma, ’¡$eZ, AmV§H$dmX Am{X {df`m| H$s A{YH$Vm h¡&
(3) CÎma AmYw{ZH$ X{‘V, emo{fV VWm Aëng§»`mH$m| go g§~§{YV ZdrZ gm{hË` H$s aMZm na Omoa XoVr h¡& X{bV
gm{hË`, Am±M{bH$ CnÝ`mg, Zmar {d‘e© H$s aMZmE± Bgr H$m n[aUm‘ h¡&
(4) CÎma AmYw{ZH$ H${d {H$gr {ZpíMV H$mì` àH$ma `m e¡br ‘| aMZm Zht H$aVm& ‘w³V ê$n go dh gO©Z H$aVm h¡& Ohm±
JÚ H$m ê$n ~XbH$a nÚmË‘H$ VWm nÚ H$m ê$n ~XbH$a JÚmË‘H$ ~Zm h¡& XmoZm| EH$ Xygao ‘| Kwb{‘b JE h¡&

(1) gZ 1918 go 1936 VH$ Ho$ gm{hpË¶H$ H$mb H$mo............ H$hm J¶m h¡&
(2) S>m°. ‘hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXrOr Zo ............. n{ÌH$m Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go ^mfm Ho$ Ûmam gm‘m{OH$ gwYma H$m Am§XmobZ ewê$
{H$¶m&
(3) ...................... hr N>m¶mdmX H$s nhMmZ h¡&
(4) amOZr{V ‘| Omo gmå¶dmX h¡ dhr gm{hË¶ ‘|...........h¡&
(5) ................. ¶h ‘hmH$mì¶ AmYw{ZH$ qhXr H$m {eIa ‘mZm J¶m h¡&
(6) gZ 1969 ‘|.................... n{ÌH$m Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go gmR>moÎmar H${dVm Ho$ {gÕm§V nj H$m àH$meZ hþAm&

(1) AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ Zm‘H$aU H$m dmñV{dH$ AmYma ³¶m h¡?
(2) AmYw{ZH$ ¶wJ H$mo "^maV|Xþ ¶wJ' H$s g§km ³¶m| Xr J¶r h¢?

(3) H${d gy¶©H$m§V {ÌnmR>r {Zambm H$s g~go ~S>r CnbpãY ³¶m h¡?
(4) à¶moJdmX Ho$ AÝ¶ Zm‘ H$m¡Zgo h¢?
(5) {H$g CnÝ¶mg H$mo CÎma AmYw{ZH$ CnÝ¶mg Ho$ ê$n ‘| {dkm{nV {H$¶m J¶m?

· ñdÀN>§XVmdmX : A§J«oOr amo‘mpÝQ>{gO‘ H$m n`m©` & H$ënZmep³V, ^mdyH$Vm, àH¥${V gm¢X`©, ào‘ VWm amo‘m§g Am{X
àd¥{Îm`m| H$s àYmZVm ahZodmbm gm{hË` `m H$mì`&
· B{Vd¥ÎmmË‘H$Vm : O¡gm h¡ d¡gm `m dñVw H$m hþ~hþ dU©Z H$aZodmbr e¡br& `h àm`: Zrag hmoVr h¡&
· ‘mŠg©dmX : O‘©Zr Ho$ à{gÕ Xme©{ZH$ H$mb© ‘mŠg© H$m g‘mOdmX H$m {gÕm§V& Bg‘| dJ©‘w³V g‘mO H$m Üò` aIm J`m&
BgHo$ hoVw H«$m§{V H$m AmdmhZ &
· gmå`dmX : ‘mŠg© H$s {dMmaYmam H$m g‘mO & Bg‘| g§n{Îm Am¡a CËnmXZ Ho$ gmYZm| na OZVm Ho$ g‘mZ hH$ VWm
ì`p³VJV ñdm{‘Ëd `m ny±OrdmX H$mo Zï> H$aZo H$s ~mV H$hr JB© h¡&
· N>m`mdmX : Xmo {díd`wÕm| Ho$ ~rM {bIr JB© H${dVm {Og‘| ‘mZd ‘Z, àH¥${V ào‘ Ho$ gmW gm¢X`© H$s AZw^y{V {‘bVr
h¡& Bgr ‘| hr ahñ`dmX Ho$ gmW amï´>r` gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ymam àdm{hV hþB© h¡&
· à`moJdmX : 1943 go àJ{VdmX Ho$ g‘mZm§Va MbZodmbr H$mì`Ymam& Ako` Ûmam g§nm{XV "àW‘ Vma gáH$' Ho$ àH$meZ
go BgH$s ewéAmV & ha ñVa VWm joÌ ‘| "à`moJ' H$mo AnZm`m J`m&

(A)
(1) N>m¶mdmX (2) gañdVr (3) ì¶p³VdmX (4) àJ{VdmX (5) H$m‘m¶Zr (6) CÝ‘of
(Am)
(1) AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ Zm‘H$aU H$m dmñV{dH$ AmYma Cg ¶wJ Ho$ gm{hË¶ H$s {deof àd¥{Îm¶m± ¶m ¶wJ {deof H$m ‘yb
àoaUmòmoV hr h¢&
(2) AmYw{ZH$ ¶wJ Ho$ gm{hË¶ H$s ha {dYm ‘| ^maV|Xþ Or Zo boIZ {H$¶m h¢& H$B© ZB© {dYmAm| Ho$ do OÝ‘XmVm h¢ Bgr{bE
AmYw{ZH$ ¶wJ H$mo ^maV|Xþ H$s g§km Xr J¶r h¢&
(3) VËH$mbrZ H$mì¶ joÌ ‘| "‘w³V N>§X' H$s ñWmnZm H${d gy¶©H$m§V {ÌnmR>r {Zambm H$s g~go ~S>r CnbpãY ahr h¢&
(4) ZHo$ZdmX Ed§ ànX¶dmX ¶h à¶moJdmX Ho$ AÝ¶ Zm‘ h¢&
(5) "Hw$ê$ Hw$ê$ ñdmhm' Bg CnÝ¶mg H$mo CÎmaAmYw{ZH$ CnÝ¶mg Ho$ ê$n ‘| {dkm{nV {H$¶m J¶m&
4.5 gmam§e
g‘` AI§S> VWm {Za§Va h¡& ‘Zwî` Zo AnZr gw{dYmAm| Ho$ hoVw Cgo H$B© ^mJm|, I§‹S>m| VWm {d^mJm| ‘| {d^m{OV {H$`m h¡&
gm{hË` Ho$ H$mb{d^mOZ VWm Zm‘H$aU H$m AmYma ‘mZd ‘Zmo{dkmZ Ho$ gmW Cg `wJ Ho$ gm{hË` H$s {deof àd¥{Îm hr ahVr
h¡& qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg H$mo Bgr AmYma na draJmWmH$mb, ^p³VH$mb, ar{VH$mb VWm JÚH$mb Zm‘m| go A{^{hV {H$`m

J`m h¡& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m {d^mOZ ^r gm{hpË`H$ àd¥{Îm`m| Ho$ gmW {deof gm{hË`H$ma Ho$ `moJXmZ H$mo H|$Ð ‘| aIH$a {H$`m
J`m h¡& ^maV|Xw `wJ {Ogo "ZdOmJaU `wJ' go OmZm J`m h¡ - AmYw{ZH$ qhXr gm{hË` H$m àdoeÛma ahm h¡&
nwamZo Ho$ gmW ZE H$mo AnZm`m J`m& {ÛdoXr `wJ ^mfm VWm gm{hË` H$s Ñ{ï> go gwYma H$m H$mb ahm& amï´>r`Vm H$s
^mdZm Ho$ gmW JÚ VWm nÚ ‘| I‹S>r~mobr H$m à`moJ Bg `wJ H$s {deofVm ahr§& {ÛdoXr Or H$mo "gañdVr' Zo VËH$mbrZ gm{hË`
VWm ^mfm H$mo ZB© {Xem Ho$ gmW ZB© MoVZm àXmZ H$s& N>m`mdmX Agb ‘| EH$ H$mì` Am§XmobZ ahm {OgZo amï´>r`Vm Ho$ gmW
{df`, ^mfm VWm e¡br Ho$ ñVa na qhXr ^mfm H$mo ZB© nhMmZ Xr& ‘mŠg© H$s {dMmaYmam go à^m{dV àJ{VdmX Zo gmå`dmX
Ho$ hoVw H«$m§{V H$s ^mdZm H$mo OJm`m& à`moJdmX Zo {df`, ^mfm, e¡br, àVrH$, q~~ `m H$h| Vmo ha joÌ ‘| à`moJ {H$E& ZB©
H${dVm Zo ZE {df`m| Ho$ gmW ZB© e¡br H$mo J«hU H$aVr h¡ bo{H$Z Bg‘| à`moJ {à`Vm Zht h¡& gmR>moÎmar H${dVm gZ 1960 Ho$
~mX Ho$ qhXr gm{hË` H$s n[aMm`H$ h¡&
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m àd¥{Îm`m| Ho$ AmYma na Zm‘H$aU H$aVo g‘` `h ~mV ñnï> {XImB© XoVr h¡ {H$ Bg `wJ H$s àd¥{Îm`m±
A{YH$Va H$mì` H$s àd¥{Îm`m± ZOa AmVr h¡&
4.6 ñdmÜ¶m¶
(1) ZdOmJaU H$mb Ho$ Zm‘H$aU, n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ gmW gm{hË` H$s {deofVmAm| H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OE&
(2) N>m`mdmX H$s n[a^mfm, àoaUm Ho$ gmW {deofVmAm| H$m n[aM` Xr{OE&
(3) àJ{VdmXr H$mì` Ho$ {Z‘m©U H$m {ddoMZ H$a CgH$s {deofVmAm| H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE&
(4) à`moJdmX Ho$ Zm‘H$aU Ho$ gmW CgH$s àoaUmAm| H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE&
(5) H$mb {d^mOZ H$s Amdí`H$Vm Š`m h¡?
(6) AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m H$mb {d^mOZ VWm Zm‘H$aU ñnï> H$s{OE&
(7) H$mb{d^mOZ Ho$ AmYma Š`m-Š`m hmoVo h¢?
4.7 joÌr¶ H$m¶©

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s ‘amR>r gm{hË` H$s {deofVmAm| H$m AÜ``Z H$a qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ gmW VwbZm H$s{OE&

(1) S>m°. ZJ|Ð, AmYw{ZH$ qhXr H${dVm H$s ‘w»` àd¥{Îm`m±, ZB© {X„r, 7 ZoeZb npãbqgJ hmD$g n§M‘ g§ñH$aU 1979
(2) Am. ewŠb am‘M§Ð, qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg, ZmJnwa, {díd^maVr àH$meZ, g§ñH$aU 2005
(3) XaJZ adtÐZmW, N>m`mdmXr H$mì` ‘| amï´>r`-gm§ñH¥${VH$ MoVZm, ZB© {X„r, dmUr àH$meZ, g§ñH$aU 1973

BH$mB© 5 : amï´>r` Ymam
AZwH$« ‘
5.0 CÔoí`
5.1 àñVmdZm
5.2 {df` - {ddaU
5.2.1 amï´> VWm amï´>r`Vm
5.2.2 amï´>r`Vm Ho$ VËd
5.2.3 ^maV ‘| amï´>r`Vm H$m {dH$mg
5.2.4 qhXr gm{hË` ‘| amï´>r` MoVZm
5.5 gmam§e
5.6 ñdmÜ¶m¶
5.7 joÌr¶ H$m¶©
5.0 CÔoí`
· amï´>r`Vm Š`m h¡, Bgo g‘P gH|$Jo&
· amï´>r`Vm Ho$ VËdm| go n[a{MV hmo gH|$Jo&
· ^maV ‘| amï´>r`Vm H$m {dH$mg {H$g àH$ma go hþAm Bgo g‘P gH|$Jo&
· qhXr Ho$ amï´>r` VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ gm{hË` go n[a{MV hmo gH|$Jo&
5.1 àñVmdZm
amï´>r` Ymam H$s g§H$ënZm H$mo g‘PZo Ho$ {bE "amï´>' VWm "amï´>r`Vm' H$mo g‘PZm Amdí`H$ h¡& ^maV ‘| amï´> eãX H$m
à`moJ àmMrZ H$mb go hmoVm ahm h¡& Òwd}X Ho$ Xe‘ AÜ`m` ‘| Bg g§~§Yr C„oI h¡& "eVnW ~«mhmU' ‘| ^r BgH$m à`moJ hþAm
h¡& bo{H$Z AmYw{ZH$ g§X^© ‘| h‘ {Og "amï´>' VWm "amï´>r`Vm' H$s MMm© H$aVo h¡ Bg ì`mnH$ AW© ‘| àmMrZ "amï´>' eãX H$m
à`moJ Zht hþAm h¡& "amï´>r`Vm' H$m g§~§Y ^mdZm go h¡ Omo {H$gr g‘yh ‘| nmañnm[aH$ EoŠ` {Z‘m©U H$a Cgo ~m§Y aIVr h¡&
^y{‘, OZVm, g§ñH¥${V, Y‘©, Om{V, ^mfm, amOZr{V Am{X amï´> {Z‘m©U Ho$ KQ>H$ VËd h¢& BZ KQ>H$ VËdm| ‘| Amngr ‘ob
{~R>mH$a Bgo EH$g§K ~ZmE aIZo H$m H$m`© amï´>r`Vm H$aVr h¡& Bg‘| g~go ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m g§ñH¥${V H$s hmoVr h¡& Bg BH$mB©
Ho$ A§VJ©V amï´>r` Ymam H$s H${dVm `m gm{hË` Ho$ AÜ``Z H$aZo Ho$ nyd© amï´>r`Vm H$s AdYmaUm H$mo g‘PZm h¡& gmW hr

amï´>r`Vm H$mo ~ZmE aIZodmbo àYmZ VËdm| go ^r n[a{MV hmoZm h¡& ^maV ‘| àmMrZ H$mb go hr "amï´>r`Vm' H$s ^mdZm XoIr JB©
h¡& Bg AmYma na Bg ^mdZm Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$aZm h¡& ^maV ‘| amï´>r`Vm Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ gmonmZm| go n[a{MV hmoZm h¡&
^maVr` gm{hË` Ho$ gmW CÞrgdt gXr ‘| qhXr gm{hË` ‘| {dH${gV "amï´>r` Ymam' Ho$ gm{hË` H$mo g‘PZm h¡&
5.2 {df` - {ddaU

O¡gm {H$ àñVmdZm ‘| H$hm h¡, amï´> eãX H$m à`moJ àmMrZ H$mb go hmoVm Am`m h¡& amï´> go ~Zr "amï´>r`Vm' `h EH$
^mdZm h¡& AV: BZ XmoZm| Ho$ ‘yb AWm] VWm CËn{Îm H$mo g‘PH$a CZHo$ ^md~moY H$mo OmZZm, amï´>r`Vm Ho$ VËdm| H$m g‘PZm
Amdí`H$ h¡& Š`m|{H$ amï´>r`Vm Ho$ VËdm| H$mo g‘Po {~Zm h‘ amï´>r` H$mì` `m gm{hË` H$mo g‘P Zht nmE§Jo& ^maVr` gm{hË`
‘| "amï´>r`Vm' àmMrZ H$mb go hr nmB© JB© h¡& bo{H$Z O~ h‘ "amï´>r`Vm' Bg ^mdZm `m àd¥{Îm H$mo A§J«oOm| Ho$ H$maU CËnÞ hmoZo
H$s ~mV H$hVo h¢, Vmo CgH$s CËn{Îm AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s Amoa {ZX}e H$aVr h¡& AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` gm{hË` Ho$ gmW qhXr
gm{hË` ‘| AmOmXr Ho$ Am§XmobZ Ho$ g‘` `h àYmZ àd¥{Îm ~ZH$a Câr Wr&
5.2.1 amï´> VWm amï´>r`Vm

amï´> eãX H$m AW© h¡ Xoe, amÁ` `m Om{V & amÁ` ‘| ~gZodmbm OZg‘yh & `h EH$ nwê$fdmMH$ g§km h¡ Omo amO + ï´>Z
BZ Xmo eãXm| Ho$ `moJ go ~Zr h¡& A§J«oOr ‘| amï´> Ho$ {bE ZoeZ (Nation) eãX à`w³V h¡ {OgH$s ì`wËn{Îm bo{Q>Z eãX ZoQ>g
(Natus) go hþB© h¡& BgH$m AW© "OÝ‘m' AWdm "CËnÞ hþAm' h¡&
amï´> H$m ñdê$n "ñd' go Ama§^ hmoVm h¡& ì`{³V, n[adma, g‘mO VWm amï´> Am{X "ñd' Ho$ {dñVma H$m n[aUm‘ h¡& Bg
AW© ‘| amï´> ‘| hr ñd, n[adma, g‘mO VWm ì`{³V g~ g‘m{dï> hmo OmVo h¢& amï´> {g’©$ {ZOud nhm‹S>m|, nËWam|, O§Jbm| VWm
g‘wÐ H$m ^y^mJ hr Zht hmoVm& Cg‘| g~go ‘hÎdnyU© VËd h¡ "ñd'& `h "ñd' VËd `m ‘mZ{gH$Vm H$m g§J{R>V ê$n "amï´>' h¡&
amï´> Ho$ {bE ^y{‘ H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡& ^y{‘, dhm± Ho$ bmoJ `m {Zdmgr VWm CZH$s OZ g§ñH¥${V amï´> Ho$ {Z‘m©U H$s ‘hÎdnyU©
BH$mB©`m± h¡§& ^y{‘ amï´> H$m eara h¡, OZ CgH$m àmU VWm OZg§ñH¥${V CgH$m ‘Z h¡& BZ VrZm| Ho$ gw§Xa {‘bZ go g§nyU©, gOrd
VWm CÞV amï´> {Z‘m©U hmoVm h¡&
amï´> Ho$ {d{^Þ KQ>H$ O¡go ^y{‘, OZVm, OZ g§ñH¥${V, ^mfm, Y‘© Am{X H$m g‘wƒ` ‘mÌ amï´> Zht h¡& BZ KQ>H$ VËdm|
‘| Amngr ‘ob VWm nañna gh`moJ Amdí`H$ h¡& amï´> Ho$ {bE "EH$mË‘Vm H$s ^mdZm' A{Zdm`© h¡& V^r ghr AWm} ‘| amï´> H$m
ñdê$n CâVm `m {ZIaVm h¡& `h EH$mË‘Vm H$s ^mdZm {d{eï> joÌ `m ^yàXoe ‘| ahZodmbo bmoJm| Ho$ ‘Z ‘| amï´>r`Vm H$mo OÝ‘
XoVr h¡& amï´> {Z‘m©U Ho$ VËdm| ‘| EH$ àXoe ‘| ahZm, amOm {deof H$s gÎmm H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aZm, Cg‘| amÁ`g§ñWm `m gwì`dñWm
H$m hmoZm, gwì`dpñWV AW©ì`dñWm, g¡Ý`~b, OZVm H$s gwajm Ho$ gmW Amdí`H$ ^m¡{VH$ VWm OrdZmdí`H$ MrOm| Ho$ gmW
amÁ`m| go gwg§~§Y ^r Amdí`H$ h¡&
19 dt gXr Ho$ ~mX "amï´>' g§H$ënZm ZE AW© ‘| gm‘Zo AmB©& ì`{³V H$s ñdV§ÌVm VWm CgH$s gwajm Ho$ {bE amï´> H$s
gmd©^m¡‘ gÎmm H$s AË`§V Amdí`H$Vm AZw^d H$s OmZo bJr& ñdV§ÌVm H$mo amï´> Ho$ Eo{hH$ d¡^d H$s OrdZ e{³V ~VmB© JB©&
Jm§Yr Or H$m ^r amï´> go A{^àm` "ñdV§Ì Xoe' hr Wm& Bg ñdV§Ì amï´> ‘| ha ì`{³V VWm OZ g‘yh H$mo {d{eï> CÔoí` H$mo àmá
H$aZo H$m Adga {‘bZm Mm{hE& gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ VWm amOZr{V H$s g‘mZVm hmoZr Mm{hE&
Cn`w©³V {ddoMZ Ho$ AmYma na `h H$h|Jo {H$ "amï´>' EH$ ì`mnH$ ~¥hV VWm MoVZmerb g§H$ënZm h¡& Bg‘| {ZpíMV
^y{‘, OZg§»`m, g§ñH¥${V, gä`Vm, B{Vhmg, na§namE±, Y‘©, Xe©Z, AYmË‘, gm{hË`, ^mfm Am{X ‘| g‘mZVm Ho$ gmW g‘Ýd`
VWm {d{dYVm ‘| EH$Vm H$s ^mdZm Am{X H$m ‘hÎdnyU© ñWmZ h¡&
amï´> Ho$ ñdê$n na {dMma H$aVo g‘` h‘Zo `h XoIm h¡ {H$ amï´>r`Vm H$m g§~§Y ^mdZm go h¡& amï´>r`Vm {Ogo A§J«oOr ‘|
Nationality H$hVo h¡, {Og‘| amï´>m{^‘mZ VWm amï´> ào‘ H$m ^md n[ab{jV hmoVm h¡& Bgo Nationalism AWm©V amï´>dmXr VWm
amï´>^{³V ^r H$hm J`m h¡& amï´> Ho$ à{V lÕm, ào‘, Ë`mJ VWm g‘n©U H$s ^mdZm amï´>r`Vm H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoVr h¡& àËòH$ Ñ{ï> go
AnZo amï´> H$s CÞ{V VWm EH$mË‘Vm `m "EoŠ` ^mdZm' H$mo ~Zmò aIZodmbr nwZrV ^mdZm H$s "amï´>r`Vm' h¡&
amOZr{V Ho$ {deofk Vmo `hm± VH$ ‘mZVo h¢ {H$ amï´>r`Vm H$m OÝ‘ ‘mZdVm Ho$ gmW hr hþAm h¡& `h ^mdZm ‘mZd Ho$
gmW new-n{j`m| ‘| ^r nm`r OmVr h¡& CZHo$ Pw§S> `m g‘yh Ohm± ahVo-ImVo VWm OrdZ ì`VrV H$aVo h¢, Cgr ñWmZ VWm
dmVmdaU H$mo AnZm ‘mZH$a Cgr Ho$ gmW AnZonZ H$s ^mdZm ‘| Sy>~ OmVo h¢& `hr ~mV ‘Zwî` ‘| Vmo A{YH$ {dñV¥V ê$n ‘|
{XImB© XoVr h¡& Š`m|{H$ O~ ~hþV go bmoJ EH$ O¡gm Z hmoVo hþE ^r EH$ gmW ahH$a EH$ hr ar{V-[admO, Y‘© H$s ‘mÝ`VmE±,
gm‘m{OH$, na§namAm|, ^mfm, g§ñH¥${V Am{X H$mo AnZmVo hþE EH$ hr àH$ma H$m AmMaU H$aVo h¢ dht amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm
{Z‘m©U hmoVr h¡& ^maV ‘| Vmo amï´>r`Vm H$mo AmÜ`mpË‘H$Vm go Omo‹S>m J`m h¡& Š`m|{H$ `hr AmÜ`mpË‘H$Vm ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo
^mdZmË‘H$ ê$n go gm‘y{hH$ EH$Vm Ho$ {bE ào[aV H$aVr h¡& amï´> Ho$ à{V Bg AmË‘r`Vm Ho$ H$maU amï´> na O~ H$moB© Amn{Îm
AmVr h¡, Vmo Cg g‘` h‘ Om{V, Y‘©, dJ© g~Hw$N> ^ybH$a EH$ hmo OmVo h¢ Am¡a Bg AmnXm go amï´> H$mo ~MmZo ‘| H$moB© ^r
H$ga ~mH$s Zht N>moS>Vo & `h Xoe h‘mam h¢, h‘ BgHo$ {Zdmgr h¢ VWm BgH$s ajm H$aZm h‘mam Y‘© h¡ `h ^mdZm hr amï´>r`Vm
Ho$ ‘yb ‘| h¡§&
Cn`w©³V {ddoMZ Ho$ AmYma na h‘ `hr H$h|Jo {H$, amï´>r`Vm {d{eï> ‘mZd g‘yh ‘| nmB© OmZodmbr dh MoVZm h¡ {OgHo$
H$maU dh g‘yh AnZr Om{V, Y‘©, ^mfm, g§ñH¥${V Am{X H$s {d{^ÞVm Ho$ ~mdOyX nmañnm[aH$ EoŠ` ^mdZm go g§`w³V hmoH$a
AnZr AbJ VWm n¥WH$ gÎmm H$s AZw^y{V H$aVm h¢& ^maV Ho$ gmW Am¡a H$B© Eogo amï´> h¢ Ohm± {d{dY Om{V, Y‘©, ^mfm,
g§ñH¥${V, ar{V-[admOm| Ho$ ~rM OrZodmbo g‘yh h¡ {’$a ^r "EH$Vm' VWm "EoŠ` ^mdZm' Ho$ H$maU do amï´> H$hbmVo h¢&
5.2.2 amï´>r`Vm Ho$ VËd

amï´>r`Vm ‘| {Og "EoŠ` ^mdZm' H$mo h‘Zo amï´> H$m àmU ‘mZm h¡ CgHo$ AmYma {ZpíMV H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡&
amOZr{Vemó ‘| BÝh| hr amï´>r`Vm Ho$ VËd ~VmE JE h¢& g‘` Ho$ gmW BZ VËdm| ‘| WmoS>o ~Xbmd Adí` hmoVo h¢ bo{H$Z Hw$N>
VËd Eogo h¢ Omo AnZr {deofVm Ho$ {bE hþE h¡§& S>m°. amYm‘wHw§$X ‘wIOu "^m¡Jmo{bH$ EH$Vm' H$mo àYmZVm XoVo h¢& {JbH«$mBñQ>
^mfm, Y‘©, AmMma, {dMma Am{X H$s g‘mZVm H$m g§Ho$V XoVo h¢& àmo. hog Zo gm§ñH¥${VH$ EH$Vm H$mo amï´>r`Vm H$m AmYma
~Vm`m h¡& àmo. {‘b àemgZ H$s g‘mZVm VWm ey‘¡Z Zo OmVr` g‘mZVm H$mo A{YH$ ‘hÎd {X`m h¡& dñVwV… amï´> H$mo EH$ gyÌ
‘| ~m§YZodmbo VËdm| H$m {d{^Þ amï´>m| Ho$ g§X^© ‘| g‘mZ ê$n go ‘hÎdnyU© hmoZm A{Zdm`© Zht h¡& {’$a ^r amï´>r`Vm Ho$ ñdê$n
H$mo g‘PZo Ho$ {bE BZ VËdm| na g§jon ‘| MMm© H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡&
^m¡Jmo{bH$ EH$Vm
amï´>r`Vm Ho$ {bE {ZpíMV ^y^mJ H$m hmoZm Amdí`H$ h¡& amï´>r` ^mdZm H$s CËn{Îm H$m AmYma hr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ EH$Vm h¡&
{ZpíMV ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gr‘m Ho$ A§VJ©V ~gZodmbo bmoJm| Ho$ ‘Z ‘| hr EH$ Xygao Ho$ à{V `m Xoe Ho$ à{V {Zð>m `m ào‘ H$s ^mdZm
CËnÞ hmo gH$Vr h¡& ñWm`r ^y{‘ Ho$ A^md ‘| amï´>r`Vm Cgr Vah go {ZaW©H$ h¡ O¡go eara Ho$ {~Zm H$n‹S>m & amï´> H$s ^m¡Jm{bH$
gr‘mE± {H$gr amï´> Ho$ ^m¡{VH$ VWm ñWm`r gån{Îm Ho$ ApñVËd Ho$ àVrH$ h¡& AnZo amï´> H$s gr‘m, BgHo$ àmH¥${VH$ gm¢X`© H$m
JwUJmZ VWm BgHo$ à{V AnZonZ H$s ^mdZm amï´>r`Vm H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoVr h¡& ^maV ‘| Vmo YaVr H$mo ‘m±, ñdJ©, Xod^y{‘ Am{X
g§kmE± àmá h¢¡& ^maVr` Apñ‘Vm H$m àVrH$ ah| "amï´>JrV' ‘| amï´> H$m dU©Z H$aVo g‘` "n§Om~, qgY, JwOamV, ‘amR>m, Ð{dS>
CËH$b ~§J, qdÜ` {h‘mb` `‘wZm J§Jm' Ho$ dU©Z ‘| ñnï> ê$n go amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm hr ào{fV hmoVr h¡& Bggo ñnï> h¡ {H$
amï´>r`Vm H$s CËn{Îm Ed§ {dH$mg H$m ge³V AmYma Xoe H$s ^y{‘ hr h¡&
^mfm H$s EH$Vm

^mfm AmXmZ-àXmZ H$m ge³V ‘mÜ`‘ h¡& amï´>dm{g`m| H$mo AnZr ^mdZmAm|, {dMmam| H$mo nmañn[aH$ AmXmZàXmZ VWm
g§~§Y {Z‘m©U Ho$ {bE ^mfm A{Zdm`© gmYZ ahm h¡& EH$ hr ^mfm H$mo g§nyU© amï´> ‘| ~mobm `m g‘Pm OmZm amï´>r` ^mdZm H$mo
gÑT> `m ge³V aIZo ‘| ghm`H$ hmoVm h¡& ^mfm H$m g§~§Y g§ñH¥${V go hmoVm h¡ VWm g§ñH¥${V H$s A{^ì`{³V gm{hË` `m H$bm
‘| hmoVr h¡& Bg Ñ{ï> go gm{hË` amï´>r` na§nam H$m Jm¡adembr A§J h¡& {H$gr amï´> H$s EH$ hr ^mfm ‘| {bIm J`m gm{hË` `m
B{Vhmg amï´> Ho$ g‘ñV ì`{³V`m| Ho$ {bE àoaUm H$m ómoV hmoVm h¡& amï´>r` ^mdZm H$mo OmJ«V H$aZo VWm amï´>r` g§ñH¥${V Ho$
{dH$mg ‘| gm{hË` VWm Cg amï´> H$s ^mfm ‘hÎdnyU© gmYZ hmoVr h¡& Bgr H$maU {dÛmZ ^mfm H$mo amï´>r`Vm H$m ‘hÎdnyU© A§J
‘mZVo h¢&
{’$a ^r ^mfm H$s EH$Vm amï´>r`Vm hmo, Eogm ñdrH$ma Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm& Š`m|{H$ Xw{Z`m ‘| H$B© gmao Xoe Eogo h¢ Ohm±
AZoH$ ^mfmE± ~mobr OmVr h¢& ñdrËPab¢S> ‘| ’«|$M, O‘©Z VWm BVm{b`Z BZ VrZm| amï´>r` ^mfmAm| H$m Jm¡ad àmá h¡& ^maV O¡go
~hþ^m{fH$ Xoe ‘| Vmo 24 ^mfmAm| H$mo amï´>r` ^mfmAm| H$m XOm© {X`m J`m h¡& ^bo hr "qhXr' g§nH©$ ^mfm VWm amO^mfm Ho$ ê$n
‘| ñdrH¥$V hmo & Bggo `h ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ ^mfm H$s EH$Vm H$m ‘hÎd Ag§{X½Y hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX amï´>r`Vm ‘| ^mfm H$s EH$Vm
`h VËd A{Zdm`© Zht bJVm&

Ym{‘©H$ EH$Vm
`hm± Y‘© go A{^àm` qhXy, ‘wpñb‘, O¡Z `m ~m¡Õ Y‘© go Zht h¡& Y‘© Vmo ‘mZd ‘Z H$s "MoVZm' h¡ Omo Cgo gä`Vm H$s
Amoa bo OmVr h¡& h‘| {dH¥${V`m| go ~MmVr h¡& Cg‘| ì`{³VJV ñdmW© H$s àoaUm Zht ahVr& `hm± Y‘© go ‘Vb~ amï´>r` Y‘© h¡&
{Og‘| ì`{³V H$s AmË‘m g‘J« amï´> H$s AmË‘m Ho$ gmW A{^Þ hmo OmVr h¡& amï´> Ho$ H$ë`mU `m CÞ{V H$m H$moB© ^r H$m`©
amï´>r` ~ZVm h¡& `hm± Y‘© amï´> Y‘© `m amï´>r` Y‘© Ho$ ê$n ‘| ‘mZm J`m h¡& `h amï´>r` Y‘© amï´>r`Vm H$s MoVZm H$m àoaUm ómoV
h¡&
àmMrZ H$mb go ‘Ü`H$mb VH$ Y‘© H$s àYmZVm OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ ‘| ì`má Wr& `h Y‘© MM©, ‘pñOX, ‘§{Xa, ‘R> VWm
{JaOmKam| ‘| ~go R>oHo$Xmam| H$s Om{Ja ~Zm Wm& Bg g‘` amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm Y‘© go X~r hþB© Wr& Ym{‘©H$ gm‘y{hH$Vm H$s
^mdZm à~b Wr& H${Vn` amï´>m| H$m JR>Z hr Y‘© Ho$ AmYma na hr hþAm h¡& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ ZdOmJaU Zo ‘mÌ Y‘© H$mo
d¡`{³VH$ ~Zm`m VWm amï´> H$m ñWmZ gdm}nar hmo J`m& n[aUm‘ñdê$n EH$ hr amï´> ‘| AZoH$ Y‘© Ho$ bmoJ ahVo h¢ Omo AnZr-
AnZr nÕ{V Ho$ AZwgma Y‘© H$m nmbZ ^r H$aVo h¢& bo{H$Z O~ amï´> na g§H$Q> AmVm h¡ V~ do d¡`{³VH$ Y‘© go H$B© Á`mXm
amï´>r` Y‘© H$mo {Z^mVo h¢& `hr amï´>r` Y‘© amï´>r`Vm H$m ‘hÎdnyU© A§J h¡&
amOZr{VH$ AmH$m§jm H$s EH$Vm

{deofk `h ‘mZVo h¢ {H$ ^m¡Jmo{bH$ EH$Vm AJa amï´>r`Vm H$m ~mø AmH$ma h¡ Vmo amOZr{VH$ EH$Vm CgH$m àmU VËd
h¡& ha amï´> Ho$ {Zdmgr `h MmhVo h¢ {H$ CZHo$ amï´> ‘| EH$ àH$ma H$s emgZ ì`dñWm hmo VWm emgZ ì`dñWm h‘mao hmW ‘| hmo&
bo{H$Z `hm± ^y{‘ AnZr Am¡a Cg na A{YH$ma namB© emgZ gÎmm H$m hmo, dhm± ^y{‘ Ho$ à{V ào‘ Vmo ahVm hr h¡ bo{H$Z namB©
emgZ gÎmm Ho$ à{V EH$ àH$ma H$m jmo^ ~Zm ahVm h¡& `hm± ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Ho$ {bE g§Kf© A{Zdm`© hmo OmVm h¡& namB© gÎmm
g‘má hmoH$a Xoe ñdV§Ì hmo VWm Xoe ‘| Xoe Ho$ hr {Zdm{g`m| H$m emgZ `m gÎmm hmo Bg ~mV H$mo ~b {‘bVm h¡& ñdV§ÌVm
àm{á Ho$ ~mX AnZr ^y{‘ na AnZr hr gmd©^m¡‘ gÎmm H$s AmH$m§jm OmJ«V hmoVr h¡& Š`m|{H$ Eogr emgZ ì`dñWm ‘| hr ì`{³V
ñdmV§Í`, A{^ì`{³V ñdmV§Í`, Y‘© ñdmV§Í`, Am{W©H$ VWm gm‘m{OH$ {dH$mg Am{X H$s Iwehmbr àmá hmoVr h¡& namB© emgZ
ì`dñWm ‘| BgH$m A^md ahVm h¡& AnZr ^y{‘ na namB© gÎmm ñWm{nV hmoZm `h amï´>r`Vm Ho$ {dê$Õ h¡ na§Vw `hr ~mV amï´>r`
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^mdZm H$m {dñVma H$aZm&
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Am¡a Om{V Ho$ à{V CËWmZ Ho$ {bE AmH$f©U ~‹T>Zo bJm& OZVm ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ‘hÎd H$mo AZw^d H$aZo bJr& 1920 ‘| ^maVr`
amOZr{V ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr H$m AmJ‘Z B{Vhmg H$s ‘hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm ahr§& Jm§Yr Or Ho$ AmJ‘Z Ho$ nyd© amï´>r`Vm g‘mO Ho$ Cƒ
VWm ‘Ü` dJ© VH$ gr{‘V Wr& CÝhm|Zo ^maVr` amï´>r` Am§XmobZ H$mo OZ-OZ VH$ nhþ±Mm`m& do EH$ gmW amOZr{VH$ VWm
gm‘m{OH$ joÌm| ‘| H$m`©aV Wo& gË` Am¡a Aqhgm H$m nmbZ H$a {dXoer gaH$ma H$s emofH$ Zr{V`m| H$m {damoY ewê$ hþAm& Bg
{damoY Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n OZVm H$mo H$‹S>o H$ï> ghZ H$aZo n‹S>o& gmB‘Z H${‘eZ H$m {damoY H$aZodmbo ZoVmAm| VWm OZVm na
Z¥e§g AË`mMma {H$E JE& Bgr g§Kf© ‘| bmbm bmOnVam` H$s ‘¥Ë`w hþB©& n[aUm‘ñdê$n H«$m§{VH$mar Xb A{YH$ g{H«$` ~Zm&

Jm§YrOr Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd ‘| H$B© gmao Am§XmobZ hþE& Jmob‘oO n[afX go ^r ^maVr` OZVm H$mo Hw$N> Img gw{dYmE± VWm A{YH$ma Zht
{‘bo & ~pëH$ A§J«oOm| Zo Bgr ‘mÜ`‘ go amï´>r`Vm Ho$ Am§XmobZ H$mo {d^m{OV H$aZo Ho$ CÔoí` go ‘wpñb‘ g‘mO H$mo ‘mÌ {deof
ghw{b¶Vo§ àXmZ H$s&
Jm§YrOr Ho$ g{dZ` Adkm Am§XmobZ AnZo {dñVma Ho$ H$maU g‘ñV Xoe H$s OmJê$H$Vm H$mo g{H«$` ~Zm ahm Wm&
H¥$fH$, l{‘H$, ‘Ü`dJ© Ho$ gmW g‘mO H$m ha V~H$m amï´>r` ^mdZm go `w³V hmo J`m Wm& Xoe H$s AmOmXr Ho$ hoVw Ë`mJ,
g‘n©U VWm ~{bXmZ H$s ^mdZm OmJ¥V hmoH$a ^maVr` g‘mO Xoe H$s AmOmXr H$mo OrdZ H$m bú` ‘mZZo bJm& 1942 Ho$
"Mbo Omd' Am§XmobZ go A§J«oOm| H$mo Bg ~mV H$m nVm Mbm {H$ ^maV df© na AnZo emgZ H$m A§{V‘ nd© ewê$ hwAm h¡& Bgr
g‘` ^r CÝhm|Zo {Ûamï´>dmX H$s Zr{V H$mo àmoËgmhZ {X`m& n[aUm‘ñdê$n AbJ nm{H$ñVmZ H$s ‘m±J Zo Omoa nH$‹S>m& 15
AJñV, 1947 H$mo ^maV ñdV§Ì hþAm&
AmOmX ^maV Zo ^maVr` g‘mO, Y‘©, AW©ì`dñWm, g§ñH¥${V Am{X H$s {d{dYVm H$mo Ü`mZ ‘| aIH$a bmoH$V§Ì emgZ
ì`dñWm H$mo AnZm`m& 26 OZdar, 1950 H$mo g§{dYmZ H$s KmofUm H$s JB©& ^maV ‘| ahZodmbo ha ì`{³V H$mo gm‘m{OH$,
Am{W©H$ VWm amOZr{VH$ Ý`m` Ho$ gmW {dMma, A{^ì`{³V, lÕm VWm CnmgZm H$s AmOmXr àXmZ H$s& Xoe H$m ha ZmJ[aH$
AnZr j‘Vm Ho$ ~b CÞ{V àXmZ H$a| Bg{bE Adga àXmZ {H$E JE& BZ g^r go EH$ Xoe, EH$ emgZ ì`dñWm ^maV ‘| ewê$
hþB©& AmOmX Xoe Ho$ ê$n ‘| ^maV Zo AnZr ZB© nhMmZ ~ZmB©& bmoH$V§Ì H$mo ge³V ~ZmH$a Xoe ‘| ì`má g^r àH$ma H$s
{dg§J{V`m| VWm {df‘VmAm| na g‘mYmZ ImoOo JE& `h à{H«$`m AmO ^r Mb ahr h¡& AmO ^r gm§àXm{`H$Vm, àmXo{eH$Vm
VWm Y‘©àYmZ amOZr{V amï´>r`Vm H$mo ~m{YV H$aZo H$s Moï>m H$aVr XoIr JB© h¡& bo{H$Z ^maVr` g§{dYmZ VWm àmMrZ
gm§ñH¥${VH$ ‘yë` Ed§ AmÜ`mpË‘H$ ^maVr` amï´>r`Vm H$mo ~ZmE hþE h¢ `m CÎmamoÎma ge³V `m ‘O~yV ~Zm aho h¢&
Cn`w©³V {ddoMZ go ñnï> h¡ {H$ ^maV ‘| amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm A§J«oOr emgZ Ho$ {damoY ‘| àñ’w${Q>V hB©& Bg {damoY H$mo
OJmZo ‘| A§J«oOm| H$s Am{W©H$ emofU H$s Zr{V Ho$ gmW ^maVr` gm§ñH¥${VH$ VWm gm‘m{OH$ Am§XmobZm| Ûmam H$s JB© gm‘m{OH$
gwYma g§~§Yr OmJ¥{V ‘hÎdnyU© ahr& A§J«oOr {ejm Ho$ gmW-gmW àog VWm N>mnImZo, `mVm`mV H$s AmYw{ZH$ gw{dYmE± ^r
‘hÎdnyU© ahr§& ^maV ‘| Cg g‘` Câr hþB© amï´>r`Vm ‘| VrZ ‘w»` ~mV| b{jV hmoVr h¢&
(1) ^maVr` namYrZVm H$s `mVZm H$m Ahgmg VWm Bggo ‘w{³V nmZo H$m à`mg&
(2) npíM‘r gä`Vm VWm g§ñH¥${V Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n Qy>Q>Vr Ed§ AmH«$m§V hmoVr hþB© ^maVr` MoVZm Ho$ CÕma Ho$ {bE àmMrZ
g§ñH¥${V Ed§ gä`Vm Ho$ CXmÎm ê$n H$m àñVw{VH$aU&
(3) Cn`moJr AmYw{ZH$ ‘yë`m| Ho$ AZwgma amOZr{VH$, gm‘m{OH$ VWm Ym{‘©H$ ì`dñWm H$m nwZ©{dMma `m nwZJ©R>Z&
5.2.4 qhXr gm{hË` ‘| amï´>r` MoVZm

amï´>r`Vm g‘yhJV VWm gm‘y{hH$ A§VMoVZm h¡& BgH$s AZw^y{V gd©àW‘ ì`{³V Ho$ ‘Z ‘| hmoVr h¡& `h amï´>r`Vm Agb
‘| "ñd' H$m {dñVma h¡ & gm{hË` ì`{³V H$s Bg "ñd' MoVZm H$mo OZ g‘yh VH$ nhþ±MmVm h¡& Bggo gm‘y{hH$ amï´>r` MoVZm H$m
ñdê$n {dH${gV hmoVm h¡& amï´>r`Vm Am¡a g§ñH¥${V EH$ Xygao Ho$ A{^Þ h¢& gm{hË` g§ñH¥${V H$m dmhH$ h¡& g§ñH¥${V VWm gä`Vm
‘| ì`má {dg§J{V`m| H$s g‘rjm H$aZm VWm CgHo$ AmXe© ñdê$n H$mo ñWm{nV H$aZm gm{hË` H$m H$m`© h¡& gm{hË` g‘mO ‘|
CËgmh H$m g§Mma H$aVm h¡ VWm OZVm H$mo g‘`-g‘` na ‘mJ©Xe©Z ^r H$aVm h¡& Bg Ñ{ï> go amï´>r`Vm Ho$ g§Mma VWm {dH$mg
‘| gm{hË` H$s ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m ahr h¡& gm{hË` g‘mO H$m gOJ àhar ~ZH$a amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm H$m {dñVma H$aVm h¡ VWm
g‘mO ‘| ì`má {df‘VmAm| VWm {dg§J{V`m| H$s H$‹S>r AmbmoMZm H$a ñdñW VWm gw§Xa g‘mO Ho$ {Z‘m©U H$s ^y{‘H$m AXm
H$aVm h¡&
h‘ `h XoI MwHo$ h¢ amï´>r`Vm Ho$ gd©àW‘ ~rO `wZmZ Ho$ ZJa-amÁ`m| ‘| àmá hþE h¡& ñnmQ>m© VWm EWoÝg Am{X H$s gä`Vm
VWm g§ñH¥${V Zo dhm± Ho$ g‘mO ‘| àmMrZVm H$m AmXe© VWm amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm H$mo CÎmamoÎma {dH${gV {H$`m& Bg amï´>r`Vm
H$s ^mdZm Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n dhm± H$m OZg‘yh g§J{R>V ahm& Bg H$m`© ‘| VËH$mbrZ gm{hË`H$ma, qMVH$ VWm Xme©{ZH$m| H$m
`moJXmZ {deof ahm& BQ>br ‘| ‘¡{H$`mdobr VWm Q>mgm|, ’«$m§g ‘| ‘m±Vo, ao{gZ Am{X, B§½b¢S> ‘| ñnoÝga, eoŠg{nà, ~oH$Z, ‘rëQ>Z
Am{X gm{hË`H$mam| Zo amï´>r`Vm VWm Xoe^{³V Ho$ gmW gm‘m{OH$ gwYma g§~§Yr gm{hË` H$m {Z‘m©U {H$`m& Bgo hr
‘mZdVmdmXr gm{hË` H$s g§km Xr JB©& ’«$m§g H$s amÁ`H«$m§{V Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm, ~§YwVm VWm g‘mZVm Ho$ g§Xoe H$mo gm{hË` Ho$ Ûmam
OZ-OZ VH$ nhþ±Mm`m J`m& Bg gm{hË` H$m H|$Ðr` {df` Wm-Xoe^{³V, gm‘m{OH$ VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ nwZOm©JaU Ho$ gmW
ñdXoer AZwamJ Ed§ EH$Vm& Bg‘| Ë`mJ, ~{bXmZ, draVm Ho$ gmW CËgmh Vmo h¡ hr gmW hr àmMrZ gä`Vm Ed§ g§ñH¥${V Ho$ à{V
Jm¡ad H$s ^mdZm ^r& Bg‘| gm‘m{OH$ {df‘VmAm| Ho$ {damoY Ho$ gmW ‘mZdVmdmX H$m nwañH$ma {XImB© XoVm h¡& `h gm{hË`,

Y‘©, g§ñH¥${V, amOZr{V, ^mfm, gä`Vm Ho$ Ûmam amï´>r` EH$Vm H$s ^mdZm H$mo ge³V ~ZmVm h¡& Bg gm{hË` ‘| Xoedm{g`m| Ho$
H$ï>m| H$m {ZdmaU, CZH$s godm, ghm`Vm, CZHo$ {dH$mg H$m à`ËZ VWm CZ‘| Z¡{VH$Vm, gm‘m{OH$Vm, ‘mZdVm Ho$ gmW
amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm {Z‘m©U H$aZo H$m CÔoí` ahVm h¡&
^maVr` gm{hË` ‘| amï´>r` ^mdZm H$s A{^ì`{³V H$~ go hþB© Bg g§~§Y ‘| {dÛmZm| ‘| ‘VôX ZOa AmVo h¢& am‘mÙ Am¡a
‘hm^maV O¡go ‘hmH$mì` Vmo amï´>r` Apñ‘Vm Ho$ àVrH$ VWm amï´>r` H$mì` Ho$ ê$n ‘| nhMmZo OmVo h¢& BZ J«§Wm| go g{X`m| VH$
‘mZd-g‘yh H$mo àoaUm {‘br h¡& Zr{V gm{hË` Zo ^r amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm H$m nmofU {H$`m h¡& MmUŠ` O¡go MVwa VWm
Mm[aÍèrb amOZr{Vk Zo AW©emó VWm amOZr{V g§~§Yr Jy‹T> {Z`‘m| VWm J«§Wm| H$s aMZm H$a amï´> Ho$ {dH$mg VWm {dñVma H$s
àoaUm g‘«mQ> M§ÐJwá H$mo Xr& draJmWm H$mb Ho$ gm{hË`H$mam| Zo OmVr` Jm¡ad H$mo C{Ôá {H$`m& AnZo amÁ` H$s gwajm VWm
{dñVma Ho$ hoVw amOm H$s em¡`©Vm H$m dU©Z H$a Cgo ào[aV {H$`m& ^{³VH$mb Ho$ g§V VWm ^³V H${d`m| Zo Vmo g‘mO H$mo {dH¥$V
VWm {dÐzn ~ZmZodmbr ê${‹T>-na§namAm| na àhma H$a ñdñW VWm {df‘Vma{hV g‘mO H$m gnZm {XIm`m& g§Vm| Zo gm‘m{OH$
EH$Vm VWm ñdV§ÌVm H$s ~mV CR>mB©& VwbgrXmg Zo ‘wJb emgH$m| Ho$ AË`mMma go hmar hþB© OZVm H$mo am‘ H$s nwZñWm©nZm H$a
OrdZ OrZo Ho$ {bE ào[aV {H$`m& ^yfU Am¡a bmb Zo N>Ìgmb VWm {edmOr H$s draVm H$m ~ImZ {H$`m& bo{H$Z Bg {ddoMZ
‘| Bg ~mV H$mo ^r ñnï> H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ 19 dt gXr VH$ ^maVdf© Xoe Ho$ ê$n ‘| EH$ BH$mB© Zht Wm& Bgr H$maU
VËH$mbrZ amï´>r` ^mdZm Y‘© go AmJo Zht ~‹T> nmB© h¡& draJmWm H$mb Ho$ amOmAm| H$m em¡`© àm`: d¡`{³VH$ Wm Omo AnZo
d¡`{³VH$ Jm¡ad VWm amÁ` {dñVma Ho$ hoVw {H$`m J`m Wm& amOm {edmOr VWm N>Ìgmb H$s amï´>r` ^mdZm ^r qhXwËd Ho$ AmJo
Zht ~‹T> nmB© Wr&
^maV ‘| AmYw{ZH$ amï´>r`Vm H$m àW‘ CËWmZ gZ 1857 Ho$ {dÐmoh ‘| {‘bVm h¡& A§J«oOr gÎmm `m emgZ Ho$ {dê$Õ
g§J{R>V amï´>^mdZm H$m nhbm à`mg Wm& `ht go h‘mar amï´>r`Vm H$m O`ZmX Ama§^ hþAm h¡& h‘ nhbr ~ma àXoe, Y‘©,
Om{V, g§àXm` Am{X Ho$ g§Hw${MV d¥Îm go ~mha {ZH$bH$a ^maV Xoe H$s ‘w{³V Ho$ hoVw BH$Ç>o hþE& nhbr ~ma amï´>r`Vm VWm
Xoeào‘ H$s ^mdZm go g‘J« Xoe H$mo A§V^y©V H$a {b`m & gZ 1857 H$m Am§XmobZ Ag’$b ahm, na§Vw dh ^maVr` OZVm ‘|
amï´>r` MoVZm H$mo OmJ¥V H$a J`m& BgH$m à^md VËH$mbrZ gm{hË` VWm gm{hË`H$mam| na hmoZm ñdm^m{dH$ Wm& `wJ H$m
à{Vq~~ gm{hË` ‘| {‘bVm h¡& `wJ H$s àd¥{Îm Am¡a à{H«$`m H$s à{V{H«$`m gm{hË` ‘| ~S>o doJ go hmoVr h¡& EH$ Am¡a gm{hË`
`wJ H$mo ào[aV H$aVm h¡ dht Xygar Amoa `wJrZ n[apñW{V`m| H$m à{Vq~~ ^r ~ZVm h¡& 19 dt gXr ‘| A§J«oOr emgZ, {ejm,
{dkmZ Ho$ A{dîH$ma Ho$ gmW gm‘m{OH$ gwYma Am§XmobZm| Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n {Og ZdOmJaU H$s ewéAmV hþB© Wr Cg‘|
amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm H$m ^r OÝ‘ hþAm Wm& VËH$mbrZ gm{hË`H$mam| Zo OZ‘mZg VH$ Bg ^mdZm H$mo nhw±MmZo VWm Xoe^{³V
Ed§ amï´>ào‘ Ho$ gmW gm‘m{OH$ {df‘VmAm| H$m {damoY VWm àmMrZ gä`Vm Ed§ g§ñH¥${V H$m Jm¡ad H$aZodmbo gm{hË` H$m g¥OZ
{H$`m& qhXr H$mì` Ho$ joÌ ‘| Bgo hr "amï´>r`-gm§ñH¥${VH$' H${dVm H$hm J`m&
AmYw{ZH$ qhXr gm{hË` ‘| amï´>r`Vm H$s A{^ì`{³V gd©àW‘ ^maV|Xw `wJrZ gm{hË` ‘| hþB©& Bg `wJ Ho$ gm{hË` ‘|
AVrV Am¡a dV©‘mZ H$m g‘Ýd` {‘bVm h¡& AmMm`© am‘M§Ð ewŠb ‘mZVo h¢ {H$ ^maV|Xw H$s dmUr H$m g~go D$±Mm ñda Xoe^{³V
H$m Wm& BZHo$ gm{hË` ‘| Xoe H$s AVrV Jm¡ad JmWm H$m Jd© PbH$Vm Wm& VËH$mbrZ Xoe H$s XþamdñWm VWm OZg‘yh H$s nr‹S>m
`m doXZm Ho$ gmW Xoe Ho$ ^{dî` H$s qMVm Am{X H$s A{^ì`{³V hþB© h¡& Bg ‘| gm‘m{OH$ VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ OmJaU Ho$ gmW
ñdXoe ào‘ VWm qhXr ^mfm Ho$ à{V AmñWm ^r ì`³V hþB© h¡& Bg `wJ Ho$ gm{hË`H$mam| Zo A§J«oOr emgZ H$s X‘Z Zr{V VWm
namYrZVm Ho$ {dê$Õ b‹S>Zo Ho$ hoVw gm‘mÝ` OZVm ‘| OmJ¥{V CËnÞ H$s& h‘mar OÝ‘^y{‘ na {dXoer AmH$a emgZ H$a|, OZVm
na AË`mMma H$a| VWm AnZo hr Ka ‘| h‘ ~§Xr ~Zo aho, `h Kmoa b‚mm H$s ~mV h¡& BgHo$ {bE g§nyU© ^maVdf© H$mo EH$ hmoH$a
Bg b‹S>mB© H$mo A§Om‘ XoZm hmoJm& ^maV|Xw H$mb Ho$ gm{hË` Ho$ ‘yb ‘| `hr Xoe^{³V amï´>^{³V H$s ^mdZm ahr h¡& Cg g‘` Ho$
{Z~§YH$mam| ‘| {deofH$a àVmnZmamÙ {‘l, ~mbH¥$îU ^Å>, ^maV|Xw h[aíM§Ð Am{X Zo {dXoer gÎmm H$m {damoY {H$`m gmW hr
g‘mO gwYma na ^r ~b {X`m& Bg `wJ H$s n{ÌH$mAm| H$s ^r ^y{‘H$m g‘mOgwYmaH$ VWm amï´>r`Vm H$m àMma hr ahr h¡&
^maV|Xw Ho$ ZmQ>H$ àmMrZ àVrH$m| VWm Cn‘mZm| H$mo AnZmH$a A§J«oOm| Ûmam ^maVr`m| na {H$E OmZodmbo AË`mMmam| H$mo
A{^ì`³V H$aVo h¢ dht Xygar Amoa Bg AÝ`m` Ho$ pIbm’$ b‹S>Zo H$s àoaUm ^r XoVo h¢&
^maV|Xw `wJrZ H${dVm Zo EH$ Amoa AVrV H$m Jm¡ad VWm Xygar Amoa A§J«oOr gÎmm `m emgZ Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n Xoe VWm
OZVm H$s XwamdñWm H$mo AnZo H$mì` H$m {df` ~Zm`m& ^maV|Xw h[aíM§Ð Ho$ gmW àVmnZmamÙ {‘l, ~XarZmamÙ Mm¡Yar
"ào‘YZ'& Apå~H$m XÎm ì`mg, ~mb‘wHw§$X Jwá Am{X Zo Xoe^{³V, g‘mO VWm Y‘©gwYma Ho$ gmW ñd ^mfm Ho$ CÕma H$s
^mdZmAm| H$mo A{^ì`³V {H$`m& Bg `wJ Ho$ H${d`m| Zo {Og g§ñH¥${V H$m èmoJmZ {H$`m h¡ dh qhXy Jm¡ad `m Am`© Jm¡ad H$m
hr B{Vhmg h¡& Š`m|{H$ AVrV H$m ñ‘aU H$aVo g‘` `hr B{Vhmg gm‘Zo Am OmVm Wm& dhr AnZo g‘ñV àVrH$m| VWm

KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ gmW gmH$ma hmoVm Wm& bo{H$Z Bg `wJ Ho$ H${d`m| Zo H$ht ^r qhXy amï´> ñWm{nV H$aZo H$s ~mV Zht H$ht h¡& do
g~H$m {hV MmhVo Wo& CZH$s H${dVm ‘| g‘ñV Xoedm{g`m| Ho$ H$ë`mU H$s ^mdYmam àdm{hV hmoVr Wr&
^maV|Xw VWm CZH$s ‘§S>br Ho$ H${d`m| Zo {Og amï´>r` ^mdZm H$m àMma {H$`m Wm, CgH$s gr‘m `h Wr {H$ dh qhXy
amï´>r`Vm Wr& `h EH$ àH$ma go qhXy nwZê$ËWmZ Wm Omo VËH$mbrZ gm‘m{OH$ VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ gwYma g§~§Yr Am§XmobZm| H$m
CÔoí` Wm& Bg‘| AÝ` Y‘© Ho$ AZw`m{``m| Ho$ à{V Ûof Z Wm ~pëH$ g^r H$mo {‘bmH$a ge³V `m {df‘Vma{hV g‘mO `m amï´>
Ho$ {Z‘m©U H$m bú` Wm& O~ h‘ {ÛdoXr `wJ H$s H${dVm H$m AÜ``Z H$aVo h¢ Vmo XoIVo h¡ {H$ Bg `wJ Ho$ àËòH$ H${d Zo
Xoe^{³V Ho$ g§~§Y Hw$N>-Z-Hw$N> Adí` {bIm h¡& Bg `wJ H$s H${dVm H$m ‘w»` ñda amï´>r`Vm hr h¡& amï´>r` H$m±J«og H$s
ñWmnZm Ho$ níMmV {VbH$, JmoIbo VWm Jm§Yr Am{X Ho$ amOZr{VH$ joÌ ‘| nXmn©U go Xoeâ H$s OZVm ‘| amï´>r` Üò` H$m
{dH$mg hþAm& BgH$m à{Vq~~ VËH$mbrZ gm{hË` ‘| A{^ì`³V hþAm & Bg `wJ Ho$ ‘hmdraàgmX {ÛdoXr, ‘¡{WbreaU Jwá,
am‘Zaoe {ÌnmR>r, ‘mIZbmb MVwd}Xr, J`m àgmX ewŠb "gZohr', gË`ZmamÙ H${daËZ Am{X ‘hÎdnyU© H${d aho h¢& BÝhm|Zo
AnZr H${dVmAm| Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go Xoe H$mo ñdV§ÌVm VWm CÞ{V H$mo bú` H$aHo$ Xoeào‘ Am¡a Xoe^{³V H$s ^mdZm H$mo ào[aV
H$aZodmbr H${dVm {bIr& Bg Ñ{ï> go Jwá H$m "gmHo$V', CnmÜ`m` H$m "{à` àdmg', gË`ZmamÙ H${daËZ H$m "^«‘aXV' Am{X
‘| Xoe^{³V Am¡a amï´>r`Vm Ho$ gmW AVrV H$s ‘{h‘m H$m ge³V dU©Z àmá h¡& Bg `wJ H$s H${dVm ‘| dV©‘mZ H$s X`Zr`Vm
na H$ê$Um àH$Q> H$s JB© h¡& {deofH$a BZ H${d`m| Zo bmoH$àM{bV nm¡am{UH$ Am»`mZm|, B{Vhmg d¥Îmm| Am¡a Xoe ‘| àM{bV
amOZr{VH$ KQ>ZmAm| H$mo H$mì` H$s {df`dñVw ~Zm`m& Bg Am»`mZm|, d¥Îmm| VWm KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ M`Z ‘| Cno{jVm| Ho$ à{V
ghmZw^y{V, Xoe^{³V VWm gÎmm Ho$ à{V {dÐmoh H$m ñda à‘wI h¡&
Bg `wJ H$s gañdVr, àVmn, ñdXoe, ‘hmaWr, ~m±Yd A{X n{ÌH$mAm| Zo gm‘m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ MoVZm Ho$ gmW
amï´>r`Vm Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| `moJXmZ {X`m& AmbmoÀ` H$mb Ho$ JÚ-gm{hË` H$s àËòH$ {dYm ‘| A{^ì`³V MoVZm ì`mnH$ amï´>r`
OmJaU VWm gwYma H$s ^mdZm hr h¡& Bg `wJ Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| ‘| nm¡am{UH$ AmñWmAm| VWm M[aÌm| Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go OZVm H$mo CnXoe
XoZo H$s àd¥{Îm àYmZ ahr h¡& BZ‘| VËH$mbrZ g‘mO H$s {dH¥${V`m| Ho$ gmW {dXoer emgZ Ho$ à{V {damoY H$m ^md àË`j
A{^ì`³V hþAm h¡& {ddoÀ` H$mb Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| ‘| gwYmadmXr OrdZÑ{ï> hr àYmZ aht h¡& Bg `wJ Ho$ {Z~§Ym| Zo g‘mO H$s
hrZmdñWm, Am{W©H$ {df‘Vm, Ym{‘©H$ nVZ Ho$ gmW ì`mnH$ amï´>r` g‘ñ`mAm| H$mo A{^ì`³V {H$`m& amï´>r` MoVZm H$mo ~b
àXmZ H$aZo Ho$ CÔoí` go Eo{Vhm{gH$ nwê$fm| H$s OrdZ-JmWmE± `m Ord{Z`m± n`m©á ‘mÌm ‘| {bIr JB©& {deofH$a amOm
{edmOr, N>Ìgmb, ‘hmamUm àVmn, n¥ÏdramO Mm¡hmZ, Jwê$ JmoqdX qgh Am{X H$s Ord{Z`m| ‘| {M{ÌV Ë`mJ, ~{bXmZ VWm
H$V©ì`-^mdZm VËH$mbrZ g‘mO Ho$ {bE àoaH$ ahr§& Bg `wJ Ho$ gm{hË` na H$m±J«og VWm ‘. Jm§Yr Or H$s {dMmaYmam VWm
H$m`© H$m à^md ahm & {ÛdoXr `wJrZ gm{hË` amï´>r` VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ MoVZm go AmoV-àmoV ahm h¡&
N>m`mdmXr H${dVm Ho$ g‘` Vmo amï´>r` gm§ñH¥${VH$ H${dVm AnZo CËH$f© na ahr h¡& Bg `wJ Ho$ gm{hË` H$s `h àYmZ
àd¥{Îm ahr h¡& Bgr `wJ ‘| ‘. Jm§Yr Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd ‘| AmOmXr H$m Am§XmobZ ~‹S>o Omoam| na Wm& A§J«oOr emgZ H$m {damoY Aqhgm
VWm gË` Ho$ ‘mJ© go {H$`m Om ahm Wm& A§J«oOm| H$s X‘Z Zr{V H$s à{V{H«$`m ñdê$n OZ‘mZg ‘| Omo AmH«$moe ~‹T>Vm J`m VWm
AmOmXr H$s ‘m§J Vrd« ~Zr Cgo VËH$mbrZ gm{hË` Zo àoaUm àXmZ H$s& Bg `wJ Ho$ H$mì` ‘| Xmo ^mdZmE± nyar e{³V Ho$ gmW
A{^ì`³V hþB© -
(1) H${d`m| Zo ^maV H$s gm‘m{OH$, Ym{‘©H$ VWm Am{W©H$ {dg§J{V`m| VWm {df‘VmAm| H$mo Xya H$aZo Ho$ {bE OZVm H$mo
AmdmhZ {H$`m VWm
(2) OZVm H$mo {dXoer emgZ go ‘w{³V nmZo Ho$ {bE ñdmYrZVm g§J«m‘ ‘| Hy$X n‹S>Zo H$s àoaUm Xr& ‘mIZbmb MVwd}Xr,
am‘Zaoe {ÌnmR>r, ~mbH¥$îU e‘m© "ZdrZ' gw^ÐmHw$‘mar Mm¡hmZ Am{X Zo Ho$db amï´>ào‘ H$mo hr A{^ì`³V Zht {H$`m
A{nVw ñd`§ AmOmXr H$s b‹S>mB© ‘| ^mJ {b`m& ‘mIZbmb MVwd}Xr H$s "H¡$Xr Am¡a H$mo{H$bm', "’y$b H$s A{^bmfm',
"nd©V H$s A{^bmfm' ‘| Xoe^y{‘ Ho$ {bE Ë`mJ, ~{bXmZ VWm amï´>ào‘ H$s àoaUm OmJ«V hþB© h¡& Bg `wJ H$s H$B©
H${dVmAm| ‘| àË`j ê$n go Xoe H$s ñdmYrZVm H$s ‘m§J H$s h¡& VËH$mbrZ OZVm ‘| gm‘m{OH$ OmJaU Ho$ gmW {dXoer
gÎmm go g§Kf© H$aVo g‘` CËgmh VWm C‘§J n¡Xm H$aZo Ho$ hoVw am‘, H¥$îU, ^r‘, AOw©Z Am{X àmMrZ `wJnwê$fm| Ho$
CXmhaU XoH$a {dídmg VWm AmñWm n¡Xm H$s JB©& OZVm H$mo ‘w»` ê$n go `h ~Vm`m {H$ ha ì`{³V ‘| Agr‘ VWm
Aj` e{³V h¡, Amdí`H$Vm Bg ~mV H$s h¡ {H$ h‘ Cgo nhMmZo VWm AmË‘{dídmg Ho$ gmW g§Kf© Ho$ {bE V¡`ma aho§&
H$ht-H$ht Vmo BZ H${d`m| Zo grYo H«$m§{V H$s ~mV H$hr h¡&
Bg H$mb Ho$ JÚ gm{hË` ‘| àgmX Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| VWm ào‘M§X Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| Zo amï´>r`Vm Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo ~b àXmZ {H$`m&
àgmX Zo AnZo Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go ^maVr` B{Vhmg H$s Jm¡ad‘`r Pm§H$s àñVwV H$s, gmW hr dV©‘mZ g‘ñ`mAm|

H$mo ^r A{^ì`³V {H$`m& CZHo$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s H$WmdñVw Eo{Vhm{gH$ ahr VWm g‘ñ`mE± dV©‘mZ H$mb H$s& "ñH§$XJwá', "M§ÐJwá'
VWm "Y«wdñdm{‘Zr' Ho$ Ûmam CÝhm|Zo Xoeào‘, Xoe^{³V Ho$ gmW Ë`mJ VWm ~{bXmZ H$s ^mdZm H$m àMma {H$`m& ào‘M§X Zo
CnÝ`mg H$mo ‘Zmoa§OZ H$s n[a{Y go ~mha {ZH$mbH$a Am‘ AmX‘r Ho$ gwI-XwI Ho$ gmW Omo‹S> {X`m& VËH$mbrZ g‘mO ‘| ì`má
A{ejm, A§Y{dídmg, XhoO àWm, Zmar H$s X`Zr` AdñWm, {dYdm g‘ñ`m, gm§àXm{`H$Vm, Añn¥í`Vm VWm ‘Ü`dJ© H$s
Hw§$R>mAm| Ho$ gmW O‘tXmam|, ny±Orn{V`m| VWm gaH$mar H$‘©Mm[a`m| Ûmam {H$gmZm| H$m emofU CZHo$ CnÝ`mg Ho$ {df` `m àoaUm
ahr§& Xoe H$s namYrZVm Ho$ Ahgmg go n¡Xm hþAm XX© CZHo$ "ào‘ml‘', "a§J^y{‘', "H$m`mH$ën', "J~Z' VWm "H$‘©^y{‘' ‘|
ñWmZ-ñWmZ na ì`³V hþAm h¡& "JmoXmZ' {H$gmZ OrdZ H$s nrS>m, ÌmgXr Ho$ gmW gƒmB© H$s ge³V A{^ì`{³V ahr h¡&
H$hmZr Ho$ joÌ ‘| ^r àgmX, ào‘M§X, {Zambm Ho$ gmW amhwb gm§H¥$Ë`m`Z VWm gw^ÐmHw$‘mar Mm¡hmZ H$m gm{hË` {deof ahm h¡&
Bg `wJ ‘| amï´>r` Am§XmobZ go Ow‹S>o ZoVmAm| go g§~§{YV Ord{Z`m± A{YH$ ‘mÌm ‘| {bIr JB©& Bg `wJ H$s "Mm±X', "à^m',
"‘mYwar', "gwYm', "h§g' VWm {demb ^maV Am{X n{ÌH$mAm| Zo VËH$mbrZ gm‘{`H$ g‘ñ`mAm| Ho$ gmW-gmW amï´>r`Vm Ho$
àMma-àgma H$m ‘hV H$m`© {H$`m&
g§jon ‘| `hr H$h|Jo {H$ N>m`mdmX Ho$ CØd VH$ amï´>r`Vm H$m ì`mnH$ ê$n ^maV ‘| {dH${gV hmo ahm Wm Cgo ào[aV H$aZo
H$m H$m`© Bg `wJ Ho$ gm{hË` Zo {H$`m& AnZo Xoedm{g`m| H$s Xw~©bVmE±, ê${‹T>`m± Ed§ {dH¥$V na§namAm| go OO©a ~Zm g‘mO VWm
A§J«oOr emgH$m| Ho$ emofU go ~Zr XþamdñWm go {ZOmV nmZo hoVw Xoedm{g`m| ‘| BZ g^r Ho$ à{V b‹S>Zo H$s àoaUm Bg gm{hË` Zo
Xr& AVrV Ho$ Jm¡ad JmZ Ûmam AZdaV g§Kf© Ho$ {bE ào[aV {H$`m& gm‘m{OH$ VWm ì`{³V OrdZ go g§~§{YV àíZm| H$mo
AnZm`m& g‘mO VWm amï´> Ho$ AmXe© ñdê$n Ho$ ^r g§Ho$V {XE JE& "amï´>r`Vm' N>m`mdmXr gm{hË` H$s àYmZ àd¥{Îm ahr h¡&
15 AJñV, 1947 Ho$ ~mX amï´>r` gm{hË` H$m ñdê$n ~Xb J`m& BgHo$ nyd© Ë`mJ, ~{bXmZ, Xoe H$s XwamdñWm VWm
Ag§Vmof Am{X Ho$ ñWmZ AmOmXr H$m {dO`-Kmof hr gm{hË` Ho$ H|$Ð ‘| ahm & Bg Cnbú` ‘| amï´>r` ‘§Jb JmZ {bIo JE&
bo{H$Z Bg ~rM gm§àXm{`H$ X§Jm| H$s ^S>H$s hþB© AmJ Zo amï´>r`Vm H$mo MwZm¡Vr Xr& Jm§Yr hË`m Vmo ‘mZmo ‘mZdr`Vm Ho$ gmW
amï´>r`Îmm H$s hË`m {gÕ hþB©& 1950 Ho$ g§{dYmZ Zo "amï´>r`Vm' Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ VËdm| H$s ~hmbr H$s& h‘mao Xoe na h‘mam emgZ
ewê$ hþAm& amï´> Ho$ ha ZmJ[aH$ H$mo H$B© ‘m¡{bH$ A{YH$ma àmá hþE & Om{V, Y‘©, àm§V, ^mfm H$s {d{dYVm Ho$ ahVo hþE ^r
^maVr` g§ñH¥${V VWm g§{dYmZ Zo Xoe H$mo EH$ aIm& BZ g^r H$s A{^ì`{³V VËH$mbrZ gm{hË` ‘| hþB©& gm{hË`H$mam| Zo A~
Xoe H$s XwamdñWm Ho$ H$maUm| H$mo Ty>±T>m Am¡a ì`mnH$ VWm Vrd« ê$n go Cg na àhma {H$E & g§{dYmZ Ho$ AmYma go gm‘m{OH$
VWm Am{W©H$ {df‘VmAm| H$mo H$‘ {H$`m J`m& A§Vaamï´>r` OJV ‘| ^maV H$s N>~r A~ AmOmX Xoe Ho$ ê$n ‘| ~Zr Wr& Xoe
H$mo nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ gmW-gmW MrZ Ho$ gmW bS>Zm n‹S>m & gm§àXm{`H$Vm Ho$ gmW AbJmddmX H$m ^r gm‘Zm H$aZm nS>m&
gm{hË`H$mam| Zo Bgr g‘` ^r OZVm H$mo ào[aV {H$`m& ì`§½` gm{hË` Zo g‘mO, amOZr{V, Y‘©, AW©, {ejm VWm g§ñH¥${V
Am{X joÌm| ‘| ì`má {dg§J{V`m| H$s H$‹S>r AmbmoMZm H$a ñdñW VWm ge³V g‘mO Am¡a Xoe H$s H$m‘Zm H$s&

(1) A§J«oOr eãX ZoeZ (Nation) H$s CËn{Îm bo{Q>Z eãX............ go hþB© h¡&
(2) ^maV O¡go ~hþ^m{dH$ Xoe ‘|............ ^mfmAm| H$mo amï´>r¶ ^mfmAm| H$m XOm© {X¶m h¢&
(3) AmYw{ZH$ qhXr gm{hË¶ ‘| amï´>r¶Vm H$s A{^ì¶p³V gd©àW‘.......... gm{hË¶ ‘| hþB©&
(4) ^maV ‘| AmYw{ZH$ amï´>r¶Vm H$m àW‘ CËWmZ gZ.......... Ho$ {dÐmoh ‘| {‘bVm h¡&
(5) ............... N>m¶mdmXr gm{hË¶ H$s àYmZ àd¥{Îm ahr h¢&
(6) 26 OZdar............... H$mo g§{dYmZ H$s KmofUm H$s J¶r&

(1) àmo. hog Zo {H$go amï´>r¶Vm H$m AmYma ~Vm¶m h¡?
(2) Jm§YrOr H$m H$m¡Z gm Am§XmobZ Xoe H$s OmJê$H$Vm H$mo g{H«$¶ ~Zm ahm Wm?
(3) H$m¡Z go gm{hË¶ ‘| amï´>r¶ gm§ñH¥${VH$ H${dVm AnZo CËH$f© na ahr?
(4) O¶e§H$a àgmX Ho$ H$m¡Z go ZmQ>H$m| Zo Xoeào‘ Am¡a ~{bXmZ H$s ^mdZm H$m àMma {H$¶m?
(5) H$m¡Z gr H«$m§{VH$mar KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ H$maU ^maVr¶m| ‘| AmË‘{dídmg Am¡a amï´>r¶Vm H$s ^mdZm Ñ‹T> hmo J¶r?

· amï´> : ì`mnH$, ~¥hV VWm MoVZerb g§H$ënZm& Bg‘| {ZpíMV ^y{‘, OZg§»`m, g§ñH¥${V, gä`Vm, Y‘©, na§nam,
AÜ`mË‘, B{Vhmg, Xe©Z, gm{hË`, ^mfm Am{X ‘| g‘mZVm, g‘Ýd` Ho$ gmW EH$Vm H$s ^mdZm H$mo ‘hÎd hmoVm h¡&
· amï´>r`Vm : ^mddmMH$ g§km& amï´> Ho$ à{V lÕm, ào‘, Ë`mJ VWm ~{bXmZ H$s ^mdZm amï´>r`Vm H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoVo h¡&
· amï´>r` gm{hË` : dh g‘ñV gm{hË` Omo {H$gr Xoe H$s OmVr` {deofVmAm| H$m n[aMm`H$ hmo &
· amï´>r` H$m±J«og : ñWmnZm gZ 1885 AmOmXr Ho$ nyd© H$m ^maV H$m nhbm amï´>r` g§JR>Z {OgZo amï´>r` Am§XmobZ H$m
ZoV¥Ëd {H$`m& Yrao-Yrao BgH$m CÔoí` amOZr{VH$ hþAm&

(A)
(1) ZoQ>g (Natus) (2) 24 (3) ^maV|Xþ ¶wJrZ (4) 1875 (5) amï´>r¶Vm (6) 1950
(Am)
(1) àmo. hog Zo gm§ñH¥${VH$ EH$Vm H$mo amï´>r¶Vm H$m AmYma ~Vm¶m h¢&
(2) Jm§YrOr H$m g{dZ¶ Adkm Am§XmobZ Xoe H$s OmJê$H$Vm H$mo gH«$s¶ ~Zm ahm Wm&
(3) N>m¶mdmXr gm{hË¶ ‘| amï´>r¶ gm§ñH¥${VH$ H${dVm AnZo CËH$f© na ahr&
(4) O¶e§H$a àgmX Ho$ "ñH$§XJwá', "M§ÐJwá' Am¡a "Y«wdñdm{‘Zr' BZ ZmQ>H$m| Zo Xoeào‘ Am¡a ~{bXmZ H$s ^mdZm H$m àMma
{H$¶m&
(5) 1918 ‘| M§nmaU VWm IoS>mo ‘| {H$gmZm| Ho$ gË¶mJ«h hþE {Oggo ^maVr¶m| ‘| AmË‘{dídmg Am¡a amï´>r¶Vm H$s ^mdZm ÑT>
hmo J¶r&
5.5 gmam§e
amï´> H$m ñdê$n "ñd' go Ama§^ hmoH$a n[adma, g‘mO VWm amï´> Ho$ ê$n ‘| BgH$m {dñVma hmoVm h¡& amï´>r`Vm `h EH$
^mdZm h¡ {OgHo$ ‘yb ‘| "EoŠ`' `m "EH$Vm' H$m VËd ~gm hþAm& Bgr H$maU Ho$db {d{eï> ^yàXoe, ^mfm, Om{V `m Y‘© Ho$
bmoJ BH$Æ>o AmZo go amï´> Zht ~ZVm O~ VH$ BZ‘| "EH$Vm' H$s ^mdZm Z hmo&
amï´>r`Vm Ho$ ‘hV VËdm| ‘| ^m¡Jmo{bH$, ^m{fH$, Ym{‘©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{X H$s EH$Vm Ho$ gmW amOZr{VH$ AmH$m§jm H$s
EH$Vm {deof ‘hÎdnyU© h¡§& bo{H$Z ^maV O¡go ~hþ^m{fH$, ~hþgm§ñH¥${VH$ VWm ~hþYm{‘©H$ `m ~hþàm§Vr` Xoe ‘| BZ VËdm| H$s
EH$Vm ZOa Zht AmVr& {’$a ^r àmMrZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ ‘yë`m|, AmXem], AÜ`mpË‘H$Vm Ho$ gmW AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ‘| "^maVr`
g§{dYmZ' Am{X Zo "amï´>r`Vm' H$mo ~ZmE hr Zht aIm ~pëH$ CÎmamoÎma {dH${gV ^r {H$`m& BÝht {d{dYVmAm| Ho$ H$maU
^maVr` amï´>r`Vm H$m ñdê$n O{Q>b ~Zm h¡& ^maVr` B{VhmgH$ma, gm{hË`H$ma VWm Xme©{ZH$ ^bo hr àmMrZ J«W§ m| H$m AmYma
boH$a ^maV ‘| amï´>r`Vm H$s CnpñW{V àmMrZ H$mb go {XImVo h¡ bo{H$Z `h ^r gM h¡ {H$ gZ 1857 Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m‘ VH$
^maV amï´> Ho$ ê$n ‘| BH$mB© Z Wm& Cg g‘` amÁ`, àm§V `m àXoe hr BH$mB© Wr& AmYw{ZH$ `wJ ‘| amï´>r`Vm Ho$ CØd VWm
{dH$mg H$m nhbm Adga gZ 1857 H$m Am§XmobZ ahm& Bgr g‘` ^maVr` OZVm Zo nhbr ~ma ‘hgyg {H$`m {H$ h‘ g~
^maV Xoe Ho$ ZmJ[aH$ h¢& ^maV ‘| amï´>r`Vm H$m Omo ñdê$n Câm `m {dH${gV hþAm Cg‘| A§J«oOr emgZ H$s ñWmnZm, CZHo$
AÝ`m` VWm AË`mMma go CËnÞ nr‹S>m `m `mVZm H$m g‘mZ AZw^d VWm BgH$s à{V{H«$`m ñdê$n Xoeì`mnr amï´>r` Am§XmobZ
H$m {Z‘m©U& VËH$mbrZ gm‘m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am§XmobZm| Zo BgHo$ {bE D$Om© VWm nmofH$ dmVmdaU V¡`ma {H$`m&
qhXr gm{hË` ‘| amï´>r`Vm H$s A{^ì`{³V ^maV|Xw `wJ ‘| gd©àW‘ hwB©& ^bo hr {dÛmZ ò ‘mZVo h¢ {H$ H${d ^yfU, bmb
Am{X Ho$ gm{hË` VWm BgHo$ nyd© àmMrZ gm{hË` ‘| ^r BgHo$ ApñVËd Ho$ g§Ho$V {‘bVo h¢, bo{H$Z `h ^r gƒmB© h¡ {H$ ^yfU
Am{X gm{hË`H$mam| H$s amï´>r` ^mdZm qhXwËd Ho$ AmJo Zht ~‹T> nmB©& VWm {Og àmMrZ g§ñH¥${V Ho$ Jm¡ad H$s MMm© H$aVo h¢ dh
^r gZmVZ g§ñH¥${V hr h¡& qhXr gm{hË` ‘| ^maV|Xw h[aíM§Ð VWm CZHo$ g‘H$mbrZ gm{hË`H$mam| Zo nhbr ~ma ^maV H$mo amï´>
Ho$ ê$n ‘| A{^ì`³V {H$`m VWm BgH$s ‘w{³V H$s bS>mB© Ûmam amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm H$mo àgm[aV {H$`m& {ÛdoXr `wJrZ gm{hË`
H$s `h àYmZ àd¥{Îm ahr& N>m`mdmX ‘| Vmo "amï´>r`-gm§ñH¥${VH$'H$mì` H$s EH$ AbJ Ymam hr {dH${gV hþB©& ñdmV§Í`moÎma `wJ
‘| ^r amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm go ào[aV gm{hË` H$m {Z‘m©U {Za§Va Mb ahm h¡& Bg gm{hË` ‘| àYmZV: namYrZVm Am¡a X‘Z Ho$
{dê$Õ g§Kf© VWm CËgmh H$m AqhgH$ ê$n {‘bVm h¡& "Xoe^{³V' BgH$m ‘yb h¡& Xoe ‘| ì`má gm‘m{OH$, Ym{‘©H$, Am{W©H$
VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌ ‘| ì`má {df‘VmAm| VWm {dg§J{V`m| na àhma H$a EH$ ñdñW, àJVerb VWm CÞV amï´> Ho$ hoVw ZmJ[aH$m|
‘| Ë`mJ, godm, Xoeào‘ Ho$ gmW àmMrZ AVrV Ho$ Jm¡ad H$s ^mdZm H$mo ào[aV H$aZm Bg gm{hË` H$m àYmZ CÔoí` ahm h¡&
5.6 ñdmÜ¶m¶
(1) "amï´>r`Vm' Š`m h¡ ? amï´>r`Vm Ho$ VËdm| H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE&
(2) ^maV ‘| amï´>r`Vm H$m {dH$mg H$m {ddaU ñnï> H$s{OE&
(3) ^maV|Xw `wJrZ gm{hË` ‘| A{^ì`³V amï´>r`Vm ñnï> H$s{OE&
(4) {ÛdoXr `wJrZ amï´>r`-gm§ñH¥${VH$ gm{hË` na àH$me S>m{bE&
(5) N>m`mdmX ‘| {M{ÌV amï´>r` MoVZm H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OE&
5.7 joÌr¶ H$m¶©

"amï´>r`Vm' Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| ‘hmamï´> Ho$ gm‘m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am§XmobZm| VWm g‘mOgwYmaH$m| Ho$ `moJXmZ H$s OmZH$mar
àmá H$ao§&

(1) S>m°. ZJ|Ð, AmYw{ZH$ qhXr H${dVm H$s ‘w»` àd¥{Îm`m±, ZB© {X„r, ZoeZb npãbqgJ hmD$g, n§M‘ g§ñH$aU, 1979.
(2) {‘l am‘Xae, qhXr H${dVm, AmYw{ZH$ Am`m‘, ZB© {X„r, dmUr àH$meZ, àW‘ g§ñH$aU, 1978
(3) XaJZ adtÐZmW, N>m`mdmXr H$mì` ‘| amï´>r`-gm§ñH¥${VH$ MoVZm, {X„r, dmUr àH$meZ, g§ñH$aU, 1973

BH$mB© 6 : ZdOmJaU
AZwH«$‘
6.0 CÔoí`
6.1 àñVmdZm
6.2 {df` - {ddaU
6.2.1 ZdOmJaU : AW© VWm ñdê$n
6.2.2 `yamon ‘| ZdOmJaU
6.2.3 ^maVr` ZdOmJaU
6.2.4 ^maVr` ZdOmJaU : Ym{‘©H$ g§X^© ‘|
6.2.5 ^maVr` ZdOmJaU : amOZr{VH$o$$g§X^© ‘|
6.2.6 ^maVr` ZdOmJaU : Am{W©H$ joÌ Ho$ g§X^© ‘|
6.2.7 ^maVr` ZdOmJaU : {ejm Ho$ g§X^© ‘|
6.2.8 ^maVr` ZdOmJaU : gm{hË` Ho$ g§X^© ‘|
6.2.9 ^maVr` ZdOmJaU Am¡a qhXr gm{hË`
6.5 gmam§e
6.6 ñdmÜ¶m¶
6.7 joÌr¶ H$m¶©
6.0 CÔoí`
Bg BH$mB© H$mo nT>Zo Ho$ ~mX Amn -
· ZdOmJaU H$s AdYmaUm H$mo g‘P gH|$Jo&
· `yamonr` ZdOmJaU Ho$ CØd VWm {dH$mg H$mo OmZ gH|$Jo&
· ^maVr` ZdOmJaU H$s àoaH$ ep³V`m| go n[a{MV hmo gH|$Jo&
· ZdOmJaU go à^m{dV {d{dY joÌm| go AdJV hmo gH|$Jo&
· ZdOmJaU go à^m{dV ^maVr` VWm qhXr gm{hË` H$mo g‘P gH|$Jo&
6.1 àñVmdZm
19 dt gXr ^maVr¶ g‘mO OrdZ ‘| n[adV©Z ¶m ~Xbmd H$s gXr ahr& ZB© ‘mZ{gH$Vm Zo ~w{ÕdmX H$m AmJ«h {H$`m
{Oggo ha joÌ ‘| ZE {gao go {dMma {d‘e© ewê$ hþAm & gZ 1800 Ho$ ~mX ^maVr` g‘mO, Y‘©, AW©, amOZr{V, {ejm,
gm{hË` Am{X joÌm| ‘| Omo ~Xbmd AmE CÝh| {dÛdmZm| Ûmam ZdOmJaU, nwZOm©JaU Am{X g§kmAm| go A{^{hV {H$`m& `h
~Xbmd X{Z`m Ho$ ha Xoe ‘| XoIo JE& {OZH$m g‘` EH$ Xygao go {^Þ ahm h¡& {deofH$a `yamon ‘| BgH$s ewéAmV Mm¡Xhdt gXr
‘| hþB© h¡& ^maV ‘| ~§Jmb VWm ‘hmamï´> go BgH$s ewéAmV ~VmB© JB© h¡& {deofH$a Y‘© Ho$ joÌ go BgH$s ewéAmV hmoH$a AmJo
g‘mO, {ejm VWm g§ñH¥${V O¡go joÌm| ‘| BgH$m {dH$mg hAm& ^maVr` ZdOmJaU Ho$ à^md H$mo boH$a Xmo {^Þ ‘V àdmh h¢&
EH$ H$s ‘mÝ`Vm h¡ {H$ ^maVr` ZdOmJaU nmíMmË` ZdOmJaU go hr à^m{dV h¡ dht Xygar ‘mÝ`Vm h¡ {H$ ^maVr` ZdOmJaU
ewÕ ê$n go ^maVr` ^y{‘ `m n[adoe H$s CnO h¡& àñVwV BH$mB© ‘| h‘ ZdOmJaU {df`H$ {d{dY eãXm| Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ gmW
BgH$s n[a^mfm H$m ^r AÜ``Z H$a|Jo& nmíMmË` VWm `yamonr` ZdOmJaU H$m ñdê$n XoIH$a CgH$s {deofVmAm| H$mo
AYmoaopIV H$a|Jo& ^maVr` Am¡a nmíMmË` ZdOmJaU H$s g‘mZVmE± VWm {dôXm| H$mo ñnï>H$a ^maVr` ZdOmJaU go à^m{dV
{d{^Þ joÌm| go n[a{MV hm|Jo& gmW hr ^maVr` ZdOmJaU Ho$ ‘{h{f`m| go n[a{MV hmoH$a Bggo à^m{dV qhXr gm{hË` H$mo
g‘PZo H$m à`mg H$a|Jo&
6.2 {df`-{ddaU
A§J«oOm| Zo gZ 1757 ‘| ßbmgr Ho$ `wÕ ‘| ~§Jmb Ho$ Zdm~ {gamOCÔmobm H$mo hamH$a A§J«oOr gÎmm H$s Ztd S>mbr VWm
gZ 1857 ‘| ^maV {~«Q>rem| H$m Cn{Zdoe ~Zm& ^maV Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ hmoZo H$s ewéAmV `ht go ‘mZr OmVr h¡& ^maVr` g‘mO
OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY joÌm| ‘| ì`mnH$ ~Xbmd AmE CZH$s ewéAmV ^r ~§Jmb go hr ‘mZr JB© h¡& BgHo$ AJ«XyV amOm am‘‘mohZ am`
aho h¢& Bgo "ZdOmJaU' VWm "nwZOm©JaU' ^r H$hm J`m h¡& h‘| ZdOmJaU H$s ewéAmV Agb ‘| H$~ hþB© Bgo XoIZm h¡ Š`m|{H$
S>m°. am‘{dbmg e‘m© ZdOmJaU H$m CØd ^p³V Am§XmobZ go ‘mZVo h¢& h‘| `h ^r XoIZm hmoJm {H$ ^p³V H$mbrZ ZdOmJaU
Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ ZdOmJaU ‘| àoaUm, ñdê$n H$s Ñ{ï> go Š`m A§Va h¡ VWm H$m¡Z-gr g‘mZVmE± h¡& ^maVr` ZdOmJaU `{X
`yamon go à^m{dV h¡ Vmo CgH$m ñdê$n Š`m h¡& ^maVr` ZdOmJaU Zo qhXr gm{hË` H$mo {H$g ê$n ‘| à^m{dV {H$`m h¡&
6.2.1 ZdOmJaU : AW© VWm ñdê$n

19 dt gXr ‘| Xoe Ho$ {d{^Þ joÌm| ‘| Omo "ZdrZ MoVZm' OmJ¥V hþB© Cgo ZdOmJaU, nwZ©OmJaU Am{X Zm‘m| go g§~mo{YV
{H$`m J`m h¡& A§J«oOr ‘| Bgo aoZogm§' H$hVo h¡ Omo "[aZogm§g' Bg ’«|$M eãX go ~Zm h¡, {OgH$m AW© "nwZO©Ý‘' h¡& `h `yZmZ Am¡a
amo‘ Ho$ àmMrZ emór` kmZ H$s nwZ… à{Vð>m H$m ^md àH$Q> H$aVm h¡&
"‘mZH$ qhXr H$moe' Ho$ AZwgma nwZOm©JaU `m ZdOmJaU H$m AW© h¡ -
(1) gmoò hþE H$mo {’$a go OJmZm VWm -
(2) `yamon Ho$ B{Vhmg ‘| 14 dt, 15 dt VWm 16 dt gXr H$s dh pñW{V {Og‘| H$bm, {dkmZ Am¡a gm{hË` H$m ZE {gao
go AZwg§YmZ Am¡a àMma hmoZo bJm Wm Am¡a {OgHo$ H$maU ‘Ü` `wJ H$m A§V VWm AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$m Ama§^ hþAm Wm&
`yamon ‘| {deof H$a BQ>br H$s gä`Vm Am¡a g§ñH¥${V ‘| ZE-ZE AÝdofU Am¡a Am{dîH$ma hþE& Y‘© Am¡a Xe©Z H$m Z`m
g§ñH$aU {H$`m J`m& H$bm Am¡a {dkmZ H$s Z`r gmYZm Ama§^ hþB© & amOZr{V Am¡a g‘mO ì`dñWm ‘| H«$m§{V H$m
gyÌnmV hþAm& BZ g^r à{H«$`mAm| go ‘mZmo `yamon H$m EH$ àH$ma go nwZO©Ý‘ hr hþAm& BQ>br Ho$ ZdOmJaU Ho$ àW‘
B{VhmgH$ma ~H©$hmQ>© Zo "Bg' eãX H$m à`moJ nhbr ~ma {H$`m&
A§J«oOr aoZogm§ Ho$ {bE qhXr ‘| nwZOm©JaU, ZdmoËWmZ, nwZê$ËWmZ, ZdOmJaU Am{X eãXm| H$m à`moJ {‘bVm h¡&
‘amR>r ‘| Bgo "à~moYZ `wJ' H$hm J`m h¡& aoZogm§ Ho$ BZ qhXr AWm] VWm eãXm| H$s ì`m»`m {d{dY {dÛmZm| Ûmam H$s JB©
h¡ {Og AmYma h‘ BgHo$ g{Q>H$ AW© VH$ nhþ±M|Jo& gmW hr `h ^r g‘P gH|$Jo {H$ ZdOmJaU H$s CËn{Îm ^maVr` h¡
`m nmíMmË`&
(3) S>m°. bú‘rgmJa dmîU}` "ZdmoËWmZ' H$m AW© ZE àH$ma H$m CËWmZ `m ZB© àJ{V ‘mZVo h¢& Bg àH$ma H$s àJ{V H$m
n[aM` ^maVr`m| H$mo BgHo$ nhbo H$^r Zht hþAm Wm&
(4) am‘Ymarqgh "{XZH$a' nwZê$ËWmZ H$mo AnZmH$a Bgo nwZ:CËWmZ `m nwZ:àJ{V Ho$ ê$n ‘| ñdrH$maVo h¢& S>m°. ~ƒZ qgh
VWm VWm S>m°. ZJ|Ð Zo Bgo "nwZOm©JaU' H$hH$a ^maV|Xw `wJ H$mo Bgr Zm‘ go g§~mo{YV {H$`m& bo{H$Z `hm± na nwZOm©JaU

`m nwZê$ËWmZ O¡go eãXm| H$mo Bg{bE ZH$mam J`m h¡ Š`m|{H$ ‘mZH$ qhXr H$moe Ho$ AZwgma BZH$m AW© gmoò hþE H$mo
OJmZm h¡& `mZo ^maV BgHo$ nhbo EH$ ~ma OmJ J`m Wm, Omo A~ Xygar ~ma OmJ ahm h¡&
`h gM h¡ {H$ ~wÕ, ‘hmdra, g‘«mQ> AemoH$, M§ÐJwá ‘m¡`© H$m H$mb ^maVr` gä`Vm, g§ñH¥${V, {ejm gm‘m{OH$Vm
Am{X g^r Ñ{ï>`m| go ñdU©`wJ Wm& Bg H$mb ‘| ^maV ì`mnma, kmZ-{dkmZ, Á`mo{Vf, J{UV, H$bmAm| Ho$ joÌ ‘| {dH${gV
Wm& ~mX Ho$ `wJ ‘| ^maV H$m nVZ hþAm VWm AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ‘| nwZ: EH$ ~ma h‘ OmJ¥V hE& am‘{dbmg e‘m© O¡go {dÛmZ Vmo
"^p³V Am§XmobZ' H$mo hr ^maV H$s OmJ«{V H$m nhbm Am§XmobZ ‘mZVo h¢& bo{H$Z h‘ `h XoI|Jo {H$ nwZOm©JaU ‘| ^bo hr
OmJ«{V H$m ^md g‘mZ ahm hmo bo{H$Z ha H$mb Ed§ Xoe ‘| CgH$m ñdê$n Adí` {^Þ ahoJm& Bg Ñ{ï> go aoZogm§ Ho$ {bE
nwZOm©JaU eãX ^md VH$ hr gr{‘V ahVm h¡& BgHo$ AmYw{ZH$ ñdê$n H$mo ñnï> Zht H$aVm h¡&
A§J«oOr Ho$ Revialisun Ho$ {bE ê$‹T> "nwZéËWmZ' eãX ^r aoZogm§ Ho$ {bE à`w³V {H$`m OmVm h¡& Bg‘| AVrV H$s {H$gr
àd¥{Îm, {dMma, ‘yë`, na§nam H$mo nwZñWm{nV H$aZo H$m ^md {d{hV ahVm h¡& Bg Ñ{ï> go AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ Ama§^ ‘| Am`©
g‘mO VWm am‘H¥$îU {‘eZ Ûmam AmÜ`mpË‘H$ qMVZ Ho$ gmW doXm| H$s Amoa bm¡Q>Zo H$m Zmam {X`m J`m Wm& Am`© g‘mO Zo doXm|
H$mo Anm¡ê$fo` ‘mZH$a d¡{XH$ Y‘© H$mo gË` VWm gmd©^m¡‘ ‘mZH$a `k, Jwê$Hw$b Am{X H$m àMma ewê$ {H$`m Wm& "qhXy ‘hmg^m'
H$s gZmVZr àd¥{Îm`m± Bgr àd¥{Îm go CâH$a AmB©& Bñbm‘ Ho$ H$Å>a AZw`m`r Hw$amU ‘| d{U©V g‘mO ì`dñWm H$m AmJ«h H$aVo
XoIo JE& Bggo ñnï> h¡ {H$ nwZê$ËWmZ ‘| AVrV Ho$ {H$gr AmXe© H$mo à‘mU ‘mZH$a CgHo$ AZwgma g‘mO ‘| ~Xbmd `m
n[adV©Z AnZmE OmVo h¢& Bg‘| O~aXñVr ^r ahVr h¡& Bg AW© ‘| AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m OmJaU nwZê$ËWmZ Zht h¡&
aoZogm§ Ho$ {bE "ZdOmJaU' Bg eãX H$m nhbm à`moJ S>m°. am‘{dbmg e‘m© Zo "‘hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr Am¡a qhXr OmJaU'
Bg {Z~§Y ‘| {H$`m& ZdOmJaU H$m AW© h¡ - ZB© MoVZm & `h ‘Zwî` Ho$ ‘Z Am¡a ‘pñVîH$ H$s M¡VÝ`mdñWm H$m àVrH$ h¡&
^maVr` ZdMoVZm ^bo hr nmíMmË` g§ñH¥${V `m A§J«oOr emgZ Ho$ à^md go CËnÞ hþB© hmo {’$a ^r àmMrZ ^maV ‘| g‘`-g‘`
na BgHo$ g§Ho$V Adí` {‘bo h¢& V^r Vmo ~wÕ VWm ‘hmdra H$m g‘`, ^p³V`wJ ^r VËH$mbrZ g‘` ‘| ZB© `m ZdrZ MoVZm go
hr {Z{‘©V h¡& ^maV ‘| 19 dt gXr ‘| Omo ZB© MoVZm OmJ¥V hþB© Cg na `yamon Ho$ aoZogm§ H$m à^md Adí` h¡ bo{H$Z BgH$m ñdê$n
ewÕ ^maVr` h¡& `hm± H$m ZdOmJaU h‘mar Ym{‘©H$, ^m¡{VH$, e¡{jH$ OrdZ Ho$ gmW h‘mar OrdZ ‘yë`m| go ^r Ow‹S>m hþAm h¡&
^maVr` ZdOmJaU H$s àoaUmE± VWm ñdê$n H$mo g‘PZo Ho$ {bE `yamonr` ZdOmJaU H$mo g‘PZm Amdí`H$ hmoJm&
6.2.2 `yamon ‘| ZdOmJaU

`yamon ‘| "aoZogm§' eãX H$m à`moJ 14 dt VWm 17 dt gXr Ho$ ‘Ü` ‘| hþE gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ VWm ~m¡{ÕH$ n[adV©Zm|
Ho$ {bE {H$`m J`m h¡ & ‘ybV… Bg eãX H$m AW© ZB© Ñ{ï>, ZB© {Xem Ho$ gmW nwZO©Ý‘ Ho$ ê$n ‘| {b`m J`m h¡& `h ZB© Ñ{ï> `m
ZB© {Xem Xw{Z`m Ho$ ha Xoe ‘| AbJ-AbJ g‘` ‘| {dH${gV hþB© h¡& dmñVd ‘| `h EH$ d¡{ídH$ à{H«$`m h¡& `yamon ‘| hþB©
Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V, {dkmZ Ho$ Am{dîH$mam| Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n BgH$s ewéAmV `yamon ‘| hþB©& {deofH$a BQ>br Zo Bg Am§XmobZ H$m
ZoV¥Ëd {H$`m& ^maVr` ZdOmJaU H$s àoaUmE± {dewÕ ^maVr` hmoH$a ^r Cg na `yamon Ho$ aoZogm± H$m à^md h¡& AV… ^maVr`
ZdOmJaU H$mo g‘PZo {bE `yamonr` ZdOmJaU H$s n[apñW{V`m± VWm à^md H$mo g‘PZm A{Zdm`© hmoJm&
`yamon H$s BQ>br ‘| 14 dt eVr ‘| Bg Am§XmobZ H$s ewéAmV hþB©& amo‘ gm‘«mÁ` Ho$ Zï> hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mX `yamon ‘|
AamOH$Vm ’¡$b MwH$s Wr& Vrgar eVr go boH$a Voahdt gXr VH$ H$m H$mb B{VhmgH$mam| H$s Ñ{ï> go "A§YH$ma `wJ' Wm& OrdZ
Ho$ {H$gr ^r joÌ ‘| Hw$N> Z`m Zht hmo ahm Wm& OrdZ H$m ha joÌ ‘mZmo O‹S>, ê${T>J«ñV VWm `m§{ÌH$ gm ~Zm hwAm Wm& Voahdt
gXr go dhm± Yr‘r J{V go ~Xbmd H$s à{H«$`m ewê$ hwB© {OgHo$ H$maU {ZåZm§{H$V aho§&
(1) ‘Ü`H$mb ‘| Vmo Y‘© H$m à^md BVZm ì`mnH$ Wm {H$ ‘Zwî` H$m ì`p³VJV, gm‘m{OH$ VWm amOZr{VH$ OrdZ ^r Bggo
à^m{dV Wm& amOm ^r nmon, nmXar VWm MM© Ho$ A{YZñV Wm& Y‘©J«§W ‘| {bpIV ~mVm| H$s g‘rjm H$m A{YH$ma ‘Zwî`
H$mo Z Wm& Bgo AnamY ‘mZH$a X§{S>V {H$`m OmVm Wm& Eogo g‘` ‘| ~oH$Z, Wmo‘g, E{¹$Zg, g|Q> ’«$m§{gg, Xm§Vo,
Eb~aQ>g Am{X Xme©{ZH$m| VWm qMVH$m| Zo BgHo$ {damoY ‘| AmdmO CR>mH$a OZVm H$m ‘mJ©Xe©Z {H$`m& ‘m¡{bH$ qMVZ,
{Okmgw àd¥{Îm VWm ñdV§Ì ^mdm{^ì`p³V Ho$ Ûmam àoaUm Ho$ ómoV OJmH$a ~w{ÕdmX H$mo AnZm`m& E{¹$Zb Zo Vmo KmofUm
{H$, "{díd H$m àYmZ àdV©H$ àñVmdH$ d n[admhH$ ~w{Õ h¡§&' CÝhm|Zo Y‘© ì`dñWm H$mo H$Q>Kao ‘| I‹S>m {H$`m & gm‘mÝ`
‘Zwî` H$mo ñdV§Ì ^md go {dMma H$aZo VWm d¡km{ZH$ T>§J go gmoMZo H$s àd¥{Îm OmJ¥V H$s& n[aUm‘ ñdê$n, Y‘©, nmon,
MM© Am{X H$s g‘rjm ewê$ hþB©& ‘Zwî` Ho$ gdmªJrU {dH$mg H$m {dMma ewê$ hþAm&
(2) N>mnImZo H$s ewéAmV VWm d¡km{ZH$ A{dîH$mam| Zo `yamonr` OZOrdZ ‘| H«$m§{V AmB©& 13 dt gXr VH$ J«rH$ VWm b¡{Q>Z
O¡gr g‘¥Õ ^mfmAm| H$s {H$Vm~o hmWm| go hr {bIr OmVr Wr& n[aUm‘ñdê$n `h YZmT>ç bmoJm| VH$ hr nhþ±M nmVr&

nhbm N>mnImZm O‘©Zr ‘| gZ 1465 ‘| "JwQ>oZ~J©' ‘| Iwbm Wm& BgHo$ ~mX Ho$ŠgQ>Z (Caxton) Zo gZ 1471-72 ‘|
B§½b¢S> ‘| BgH$s ewéAmV H$s& BgHo$ Cnam§V BQ>br, h§Joar, hm°b§S> Am{X Xoem| ‘| N>mnImZo H$s ewéAmV hmoH$a {H$Vm~|
N>nZo bJr& BgH$m g~go ‘yb^yV n[aUm‘ `h hþAm {H$ H$bm, gm{hË`, g§ñH¥${V, Y‘©, kmZ-{dkmZ H$s OmZH$mar
Ho$db {díd{dÚmb`m| VH$ gr{‘V Z ahH$a Am‘ OZVm VH$ nhþ±Mr& `h EH$ àH$ma go à~moYZ H$m ‘mÜ`‘ hr {gÕ
hþAm& Bggo AmYw{ZH$ ^mfmAm| VWm gm{hË` H$mo ~‹T>mdm {‘bm & gmW hr ‘mZdVmdmX H$mo H|$Ð ‘| aIH$a àmMrZ gä`Vm
Ed§ g§ñH¥${V H$mo ^r ~‹T>mdm {X`m J`m&
(3) `yamonr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V VWm d¡km{ZH$ A{dîH$ma ZdOmJaU Ho$ àoaUmómoV aho§& d¡km{ZH$ A{dîH$mam| Zo Ym{‘©H$
‘mÝ`VmAm| H$mo Im[aO H$a ~w{ÕdmX na AmYm[aV d¡km{ZH$ X¥{ï> àXmZ H$s Omo g‘mO OrdZ ‘| K{Q>V ha KQ>Zm H$mo
H$m`©-H$maU^md na VameZo bJr& "n¥Ïdr ~«÷m§S> H$m H|$Ð h¡ VWm gyaO g‘oV g^r J«h CgH$s n[aH«$‘m H$aVo h¢&' Bg
àM{bV ‘mÝ`Vm H$mo ~m{YV H$a "n¥Ïdr gy`© Ho$ J«hm| ‘| go EH$ h¡ VWm dh gyaO H$s n[aH«$‘m H$aVr h¡&' Bg ‘mÝ`Vm H$mo
gmYma ñnï> {H$`m& VËH$mbrZ Jobr{b`mo, H$mona{ZŠg, {J`mXm©Zmo ~«yZmo Am{X d¡km{ZH$m| Zo MM© H$mo MwZm¡Vr XoH$a g‘mO
‘| d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU H$s nhb H$s& MM© VWm Y‘© {damoYr ‘mZH$a BQ>br Ho$ {J`mXm©Zmo H$mo ‘¥Ë`wX§S> VH$ {X`m J`m& {’$a
^r BZ A{dîH$mam| go Am‘ AmX‘r ‘| d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU H$m {dñVma hþAm&
(4) Bg d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ImoOm| H$mo ~‹T>mdm {‘bm& ì`mnm[aH$ à^md joÌ H$mo ~‹T>mZo Ho$ hoVw
‘mH$m}nmobmo, H$mob§~g, dmñH$mo-Xr-Jm‘m O¡go gmh{gH$ ‘wgm{’$am| Zo E{e`m VWm A’«$sH$m Ho$ ZE Ob‘mJ© VWm O‘rZ
‘mJ© Ty>§‹T>o& Bggo ~mhar Xoem| Ho$ gmW dm{UÁ` VWm ì`mnma H$m g§~§Y ~‹T>Vm J`m& ì`mnma H$s d¥{Õ go `yamon ‘| {deofV:
BQ>br ‘| do{Zg VWm {‘bmZ O¡go g‘¥Õ eham| H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& eham| H$s g‘{Õ `mVm`mV H$s gw{dYmE±, {ejm
ì`dñWm, àog VWm N>mnImZm Am{X Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n gm‘m{OH$ VWm Am{W©H$ ê$n go g§nÞ VWm OrdZ Ho$ à{V CXma
Ñ{ï>H$moU aIZodmbo "‘Ü`dJ©' H$m CX` hþAm& MM© Ho$ ~§YZm| go ‘w³V hmoH$a ñdV§Ì ê$n go gmoMZodmbm `h dJ© ahm &
Bgr dJ© Zo gm{hË`, H$bm, {dkmZ, Xe©Z Ho$ joÌ ‘| {dkmZdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU AnZmH$a BQ>br Ho$ gm‘m{OH$ OrdZ ‘|
CËgmh, C‘§J Ho$ gmW EH$ ZB© Ñ{ï> n¡Xm H$s&
(5) gZ 1453 ‘| Bñbm‘ `m VwH$m] H$s Vbdma H$m°ÝñQ>oÝQ>oZwnwb H$mo nma H$a `yamon Ho$ BgmB© g‘mO H$mo AmV§{H$V H$aZo VWm
AmH«$‘U H$aZo Ho$ CÔoí` go AmJo ~‹T>r Vmo g§nyU© `yamon ‘| EH$ àH$ma H$s MoVZm OmJ¥V hþB© & J«rH$ Ho$ {dÛmZ AnZr
nm§Sw>{b{n`m± VWm H$bm Ho$ ^§S>ma g{hV BQ>br Ho$ Aml` ‘| AmE& dhm± Ho$ Ym{‘©H$ VWm g‘¥Õ ì`mnm[a`m| Zo BZH$m
ñdmJV {H$`m VWm BZHo$ kmZ VWm H$bm H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo hoVw {ejm g§ñWmZm| VWm H$bm AH$mX{‘`m| H$s ñWmnZm H$s&
{Oggo BQ>br ‘| gm{hË` VWm H$bm H$mo ~‹T>mdm {‘bm& ‘Ü`H$mb VH$ `yamon Ho$ AmÜ`mpË‘H$ {dÚmb`m| ‘| Omo Ym{‘©H$
{ejm na Omoa Wm dh A~ {dkmZ, H$bm, g§ñH¥${V, dm{UÁ` Am{X VH$ ì`mnH$ ~Zm& Aa~m| Ho$ g§nH©$ go ñnoZ,
{ggbr, gm{S>©{Z`m Am{X ‘| {díd{dÚmb`m| H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& Ohm± OñQ>r{Z`Z, ßboQ>mo, AañVy O¡go Xme©{ZH$m| Ho$ J«§Wm|
Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ gmW J«rH$ VWm b¡{Q>Z ^mfmAm| ‘| J«§W {Z‘m©U H$mo àoaUm {‘br& Bg ZE kmZ go na§nam Am¡a Y‘© J«§Wm|
‘| {bpIV ~mVm| H$s {M{H$Ëgm hwB©& VH©$ H$s H$gm¡Q>r nma H$aZodmbr ~mVm| H$mo ñdrH$maZm VWm AÝ` ~mVm| H$mo ZH$maZo
H$s AmbmoMZmË‘H$ Ñ{ï> gm{hË` Ho$ gmW OZ‘mZg ‘| n¡Xm hþB©&
Cn`w©³V {ddoMZ go ñnï> h¡ {H$ ZdOmJaU dmñVd ‘| ‘Ü``wJrZ ‘mZ{gH$Vm go ~mha {ZH$bH$a ZE {dMma `m Ñ{ï> ‘|
àdoe H$aZo H$s EH$ à{H«$`m h¡& `h EH$ Eogm ~m¡{ÕH$, gm{hpË`H$, H$bmË‘H$ VWm d¡km{ZH$ Am§XmobZ Wm& {OgZo ‘mZd Ho$
‘mZ{gH$ {j{VO H$mo ì`mnH$Vm àXmZ H$s& Bg Am§XmobZ Zo `yamon H$mo "A§YH$ma `wJ' go ~mha {ZH$mbH$a OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ ‘|
EH$ ZB© Ñ{ï> àXmZ H$s Wr& Bg‘| nwamZo Ho$ à{V ‘moh VWm ZE Ho$ à{V AmH$f©U ahm& ‘Ü`H$mb go g§~§{YV ê${‹T>J«ñV VWm O‹S>
~mV| {OgH$m ‘Zwî` VWm g‘mO {dH$mg ‘| H$moB© `moJXmZ Z ahm, do {‘Q>Vr Mbr JB© VWm ZB© ~mV| A§Hw$[aV VWm {dH${gV hþB©&
~m¡{ÕH$ VWm d¡km{ZH$ OmJ«{V Zo bmoJm| ‘| AmbmoMZmË‘H$ VWm AÝdofUmË‘H$ àd¥{Îm n¡Xm H$s& bmoJ àM{bV {dídmgm| VWm
àWmAm| H$mo VH©$ H$s H$gm¡Q>r na H$gZo bJo& OrdZ Ho$ ~mao ‘| bmoJm| Ho$ Ñ{ï>H$moU ‘| n[adV©Z Am`m Am¡a CZ‘| BVZm {dídmg
n¡Xm hmo J`m {H$ do VËH$mbrZ Ym{‘©H$ g§ñWmE± VWm gm‘§Vr àWmAm| H$s Vrd« AmbmoMZm H$aZo bJo& MM©, nmon, nmXar VWm
Ambgr gm‘§V Am{X na go {dídmg CR> J`m& gm‘§VdmX H$m à^md Yr‘m n‹S>H$a g‘má hþAm& Y‘© H$m à^md jrU hþAm&
bo{H$Z bmoJm| Ho$ ‘Z ‘| ^JdmZ Ho$ à{V AmñWm ~Zr ahr& H¥${f Ho$ joÌ ‘| n[adV©Z hmoH$a Cgo dm{UÁ` VWm CÚmoJ Ho$ gmW
Omo‹S>m J`m& Am{W©H$ OrdZ ‘| AmE ~XbmAm| Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n gm‘m{OH$ pñW{V`m| ‘| ^r n[adV©Z hE& ZE ‘Ü`dJ© H$m CX`
hwAm, eham| H$s g‘¥ÕVm ~‹T>r& amOZr{V ‘| ZdrZ MoVZm OmJ¥V hþB© {Oggo gm‘§Vm| Am¡a nmon H$m X~X~m KQ>m& d¡km{ZH$ joÌ
‘| ^r nwamZo B©ídanaH$ VWm X¡ddmXr ê${‹T>dmXr {gÕmVm| Ho$ {dn[aV R>mog d¡km{ZH$ nÕ{V`m| H$m AmYma boH$a ^yJmob, {dkmZ,

J{UV, Á`mo{Vf, {M{H$Ëgm emó Am{X ‘| AZwg§YmZ ewê$ hþE& {e{jV g‘mO Zo ê${‹T>J«ñVVm H$mo Ë`mJH$a ì`mdhm[aH$
Ñ{ï>H$moU AnZm`m& ‘Zwî` OrdZ H$mo A{YH$ go A{YH$ AmZ§X‘` VWm gwI‘` ~ZmZo Ho$ à`mg ewê$ hE & "{dkmZ Am¡a H$bm'
nañna {‘bH$a Bg H$m`© Ho$ à{V Amg³V hþE&
ZdOmJaU H$mb H$s Ad{Y ‘| `yamon ‘| aMZmË‘H$ ep³V H$m CÞ`Z hmoH$a gä`Vm Am¡a g§ñH¥${V Ho$ joÌmo§ ‘| AmemVrV
{dH$mg hþAm& gm{hË`, {MÌH$bm, ‘y{V©H$bm, dmñVwH$bm Ho$ gmW g§JrV Ho$ joÌ ‘| ‘yb^yV n[adV©Z hþE & gm{hË`H$mam| Zo
na§namJV {df`m|, H$mì` ê${‹T>`m|, N>§Xm| VWm ^mfm H$mo Ë`mJH$a g‘gm‘{`H$ g‘ñ`mAm|, ZE H$mì`ê$nm| VWm N>§Xm| Ho$ gmW
H$Mhar ^mfm H$mo Ë`mJH$a OZ^mfm H$mo AnZm`m& joÌr` ^mfmAm| ‘| ^r boIZ ewê$ hþAm& Y‘©{Zanoj Ed§ CXmadmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU
Ho$ gmW ‘mZdVmdmX VWm amï´>r` ^mdZm VËH$mbrZ gm{hË` Ho$ H|$Ð ‘| ahr§& {MÌH$bm ‘| BgmB© Y‘© hr A{YH$Va N>m`m ahm
{’$a ^r ‘mZdr` ^mdm| H$m ^r {MÌU {H$`m OmZo bJm& {MÌH$ma ‘m¡{bH$ T>§J go AnZo {dMma àñVwV H$aZo bJo& g§JrV ‘|
gwarbmnZ, Vmb, b`, na {deof Ü`mZ {X`m J`m& g§JrV gm‘§Vm| VWm amOXa~mam| go ~mha {ZH$bH$a Am‘ AmX‘r VH$
nhþ±Mm&
Cn`w©³V {ddoMZ Ho$ AmYma na `hr H$h|Jo {H$ ~w{ÕdmX, ‘mZdVmdmX, ‘mZd ‘Z H$s {Okmgw àd¥{Îm VWm Y‘©{ZanojVm
Ho$ gmW àmMrZ g§ñH¥${V Ho$ à{V ‘moh Am{X ZdOmJaU H$s {deofVmE± h¡& ‘mZdr` kmZ g§nXm, gO©ZmË‘H$ H$bm ep³V`m| Ho$
gmW d¡km{ZH$ CnbpãY`m| H$m `h ~rOdnZ H$mb ahm& EH$ àH$ma go `h ‘Ü``wJ go AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ nXmn©U H$m H$mb Wm&
6.2.3 ^maVr¶ ZdOmJaU

ZdOmJaU EH$ Am§XmobZ h¡ Omo {díd Ho$ g^r Xoemo ‘| AbJ-AbJ H$mbm| ‘| K{Q>V hþAm& Mm¡Xhdt gXr Ho$ g‘mZ hr
^maV ‘| CÞrgdt gXr "H«$m§{V' `m "gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§H«$‘U' H$s eVr ahr h¡& ^maVr` ZdOmJaU {díd B{Vhmg H$s EH$ ‘hÎdnU©
KQ>Zm h¡ {OgZo Z Ho$db {díd Ho$ naV§Ì amï´>m| H$s MoVZm H$mo hr Am§Xmo{bV {H$`m CÝh| AnZo Apñ‘Vm Am¡a ñdmYrZVm Ho$ {bE
g§Kf© H$aZm ^r {gIm`m& Bg ZdOmJaU ‘| ^maVr` Zd`wdH$ VWm {e{jV dJ©, Y‘©, g‘mO, {ejm, g§ñH¥${V Ho$ gmW OrdZ
Ho$ à{V A{YH$ JhamB©, ‘mZdr`Vm Ho$ gmW VH©$ ~w{ÕdmX go XoIZo bJo àmMrZ H$m ‘moh VWm ZE Ho$ à{V AmJ«h ^r ahm &
‘mZd Om{V Ho$ à{V CXmadmXr Ñ{ï> Bg `wJ H$s ‘hÎdnyU© àd¥{Îm ahr& ‘Ü`H$mb H$s O‹S>Vm, ê${T>J«ñVVm H$mo N>moS>H$a {Og ZE
d¡Mm[aH$ VWm AmYw{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU H$mo AnZm`m J`m CgZo ^maVr` OZ‘mZg ‘| "amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm' H$mo OÝ‘ {X`m& ^maVr`
ZdOmJaU H$s BZ CnbpãY`m| H$m {ddoMZ H$aVo g‘` h‘mao gÝ‘wI `h àíZ {Z‘m©U hmoVm h¡ {H$ ^maVr` ZdOmJaU H$s
àoaUmE± ewÕ ^maVr` h¡ `m `h `yamonr` aoZogm§ H$s ZH$b ‘mÌ h¡& Bg X¥{ï> go ^maVr` {dVmZm| ‘| ^r ‘VôX h¢&
AmMm¶© am‘Ymarqgh {XZH$a AnZo "g§ñH¥${V Ho$ Mma AÜ`m`' (n¥. 387) J«§W ‘| ZdOmJaU Ho$ ~Xbo "nwZê$ËWmZ' eãX
H$m à`moJ H$aVo hE Bgo `yamonr` gä`Vm VWm ^maV ‘| A§J«oOr emgZ Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n CËnÞ OZ Am§XmobZ H$hm h¡& Bg g§X^©
‘| do {bIVo h¢ {H$, nwZê$ËWmZ go ‘oam VmËn`© d¡Mm[aH$ Am§XmobZ go h¡, Omo ^maV Am¡a `yamon Ho$ g§nH©$ go àma§^ hþAm Wm Am¡a
Omo H$Xm{MV AmO ^r Mb ahm h¡& `h Am§XmobZ ^maV ‘| ZB© ‘mZdVm Ho$ OÝ‘ H$m Am§XmobZ h¡ Ed§ CgHo$ àdmh Ho$ gmW Ho$db
`yamonr` {dMma hr ^maV ‘| Zht Am aho h¢ ~pëH$ Bg Xoe Ho$ ~hþV go àmMrZ {dMma ^r ZdrZVm àmá H$a aho h¡§& nm¡am{UH$
H$WmAm| na Bg Am§XmobZ Zo ZB© Am^m {~Ioar h¡ & Am¡a BgHo$ AmbmoH$ ‘| h‘mao B{Vhmg H$s AZoH$ KQ>ZmE± Ed§ Zm`H$ ZB©
Á`mo{V go OJ‘JmZo bJo h¡§& Omo ^r ì`p³V AmO Ho$ gË` H$mo AZmhV H$aHo$ ^yVH$mb Ho$ ‘ar hþB© ~mVm| H$mo XwhamVm h¡, Cgo h‘
nwZOm©JaUdmXr `m [admB{bñQ> H$hVo h¡§& ZdmoËWmZ ‘| ^r AVrV H$s ~mV| Xmoham`r OmVr h¢& nwZê$ËWmZ nwZOm©JaU Zht, gË`m|
H$m nwZO©Ý‘ h¡&
S>m°. bmb ~hmXwa e‘m© ZdOmJaU H$m AW© "OmJ¥V hmoZm `m OmJZm' ñdrH$maVo hþE {bIVo h¢ {H$, "H$moB© g‘mO {H$gr
H$mb {deof ‘| OmJ¥V hmoVm h¡ Am¡a {’$a {H$Ýht H$maUm| go dh g‘mO A§YH$maJ«ñV hmo OmVm h¡& Hw$N> eVmpãX`m| ~mX
n[apñW{V`m± AZwHy$b hmoZo bJVr h¡, MoVZm bm¡Q>Vr h¡, {dMmam| Am¡a H$bmAm| Ho$ joÌ ‘| {’$a go OrdZ bm¡Q>Vm {XImB© n‹S>Vm h¡
Am¡a B{VhmgH$ma Bgo ZdOmJaU H$s g§km XoVm h¡&' Bg AW© ‘| ZdOmJaU EH$ à{H«$`m `m Am§XmobZ Ho$ gmW-gmW na§nam ^r
bJVr h¡& `h ^maVr` g§X^© ‘| ‘m¡`©, Jwá H$mb Ho$ gmW ^p³VH$mb ‘| ^r XoIr JB© h¡&
nmXar E’$.B©.Ho$.Zo 1920 ‘| AnZr "E {hñQ´r Am°’$ qhXr {bQóMa' ‘| {bIm h¡ {H$, CÞrgdt eVmãXr Ho$ Ama§^ ‘| `yamon
H$s g§ñH¥${V Ho$ g§nH©$ Ho$ Ûmam qhXr gm{hË` ‘| EH$ Z`m à^md Am`m&...Bgr g‘` Ho$ Amgnmg ^maV ‘| EH$ ge³V
gm{hpË`H$ ZdOmJaU ewê$ hþAm Omo A~VH$ àJ{V na h¡&'' `h ^r ~Vm`m OmVm h¡ {H$ ^maVr` ZdOmJaU Ho$ AJ«XVy amOm
am‘‘mohZ am` Cg g‘` H$s gm§ñH¥${VH$ MoVZm H$mo "[aZogm§g' g‘PVo Wo& nmXar AboŠPm§S>a S>’$ go EH$ ~ma H$hm Wm : ‘wPo
Eogm bJZo bJm {H$ `hm± ^maV ‘| `yamonr` [aZogm§g go {‘bVm OwbVm Hw$N> K{Q>V hmo ahm h¡&
Cn`w©³V {ddoMZ go `h ñnï> h¡ {H$ ZdOmJaU EH$ d¡Mm[aH$ Am§XmobZ VWm à{H«$`m h¡ Omo gd©ì`mnr, ~hþ‘wIr VWm
~hþAm`m‘r h¡& Bg ZB© VWm AmYw{ZH$ MoVZm Zo `yamon VWm ^maVr` OZOrdZ Ho$ g^r A§Jm|, joÌm| VWm nhbwAm| H$mo à^m{dV
H$a n[adV©Z {H$E h¢& Bg‘| Z`m AmË‘~moY, ZB© gmoM, qMVZYmam Ho$ gmW aMZmË‘H$ {XemE± Vmo OmJ¥V hwB© h¡ gmW hr OZVm
‘| CXma VWm d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï> n¡Xm hmoH$a ‘mZdVmdmX H$mo ~‹T>mdm {‘bm h¡& ñdXoer ^mfmAm| Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ gmW amï´>r` EH$mË‘Vm
H$s ^mdZm OmJ¥V hþB©& ì`p³VdmXr MoVZm H$m CX` hwAm {OgZo ì`p³V ñdV§ÌVm H$mo ~b {‘bm & ~w{ÕdmX H$s VO© na nwamZr
VWm X{H$`mZwgr ê${‹T>-na§namAm| H$mo ZH$mam J`m VWm ZB© MrOm| H$m AmJ«h {H$`m J`m& ZdOmJaU ‘| `h A§V{d©amoY ^r h¡ {H$
Bg‘| nwamZr MrOm| H$mo ZH$mam J`m bo{H$Z àmMrZ gä`Vm Ed§ g§ñH¥${V Ho$ à{V ‘moh CËnÞ hþAm&
¶yamonr` ZdOmJaU Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo ñnï> H$aVo g‘` h‘ `h XoIo MwHo$ h¡ {H$ `yamon Ho$ Xoemo§ ‘| ZdOmJaU EH$ hr g‘`
Zht hwAm& Voahdt gXr go n§Ðhdt gXr VH$ BQ>br, ’«$m§g, O‘©Zr, B§½b¢S> Am{X Xoem| ‘| ZdOmJaU H$s Ymam n„drV VWm
{dH${gV hþB©& `h ^r gM h¡ {H$ `yamonr` ZdOmJaU H$m ZoV¥Ëd "BQ>br' Zo {H$`m& ^maVr` g§X^© ‘| O~ ZdOmJaU H$s MMm©
H$aVo h¢ Vmo `hr gm‘Zo AmVm h¡ {H$ ^maV ‘| ^r AbJ-AbJ àm§Vm| VWm àXoem| ‘| ZdOmJaU H$s ewéAmV EH$ hr g‘` ‘| Zht
hþB©& CgH$m ñdê$n ^r EH$ O¡gm Zht ahm& ~hþ ^m{fH$Vm, ~hþ gm§ñH¥${VH$Vm Bg {dembH$m` Xoe H$s {deofVmE± ahr h¡& ^maV
‘| ZdOmJaU H$s ewéAmV ~§Jmb go hþB© h¡& ^maV H$m Omo àm§V g~go nhbo A§J«oOr hwHy$‘V H$m Cn{Zdoe ~Zm dh ~§Jmb Wm&
nmíMmV {ejm, gä`Vm VWm g§ñH¥${V go g~go nhbm g§nH©$ ~§Jmb H$s OZVm H$mo hþAm Wm& Bgr g‘` ‘hmamï´> ‘| ^r
gwYmadmXr Am§XmobZ Omoam| na Wo& qhXr joÌ ‘| BgH$s ewéAmV H$m’$s Xoa ~mX `mZo 1857 Ho$ CR>md go ~VmB© JB© h¡& ^maVr`
ZdOmJaU H$s àmXo{eH$ {^ÞVm, ^maVr` ZdOmJaU Am¡a bmoH$OmJaU H$m A§Va, ^maVr` ZdOmJaU Ho$ ~rO VËd Am{X Ho$
{ddoMZ Ho$ {bE S>m°. Zm‘da qgh Ûmam {bpIV "qhXr ZdOmJaU H$s g‘ñ`mE±' `h AmbmoMZmË‘H$ {Z~§Y ghmæ`^yV ahoJm&
AnZo Bg AmboI ‘| Zm‘da Or `h ñnï> H$aVo h¢ {H$ ^maV Ho$ {H$gr àXoe Ho$ ZdOmJaU H$s JhamB© Am¡a ì`mnH$Vm
H$mo Om±MZo H$s H$gm¡Q>r Cg àm§V `m àXoe H$s ^mfm {dH$mg H$m ñVa hr hmoJr& ^maV ‘| ZdOmJaU H$s ewéAmV {Og ~§Jmb
VWm ‘hmamï´> àm§V go ~Vm`r JB© h¡ CgH$m {ddoMZ H$aVo hþE do {bIVo h¢, ^maVr` ^mfmAm| H$mo ZdOmJaU H$s g~go ‘yë`dmZ
XoZ JÚ e¡br h¡& {dXoer ^mfm Ho$ {dê$Õ AnZr ^mfm H$s ajm Am¡a {dH$mg gÎmm Ho$ {dê$Õ ñdXoer H$m OmVr` Aó h¡& qhXr
H$s VwbZm ‘| ~§Jbm Am¡a ‘amR>r JÚ H$m {dH$mg Mma-nm±M XeH$ nhbo hmo J`m, Vmo Bg{bE {H$ dhm± ZdOmJaU ^r nhbo
hþAm& ~§Jbm H$mo CÞrgdt eVmãXr Ho$ ‘Ü` ‘| hr B©ídaM§Ð {dÚmgmJa {‘b JE Am¡a CÎmamY© ‘| nhbo ~§{H$‘M§Ð Am¡a {’$a
adtÐZmW& ‘amR>r EH$ Vmo ‘amR>m amO Ho$ O‘mZo go hr amOH$mO H$s ^mfm Wr, Xygao 1840 VH$ ‘amR>r ‘mÜ`‘ go {ejm XoZodmbo
gÎmmdZ ñHy$b Iwb JE Wo& BgHo$ A{V[a³V ‘amR>r H$m ‘mZH$ ê$n pñWa H$aZo ‘| ~§~B© gaH$ma Zo ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m AXm H$s&
H$moe-{Z‘m©U hþE& AmJo MbH$a ‘amR>r H$mo ‘. Á`mo{V~m ’w$bo, {dîUwemór {MnbyUH$a, AmJaH$a, amZS>o O¡go àeñV JÚH$ma
{‘bo& `{X ~§{H$‘ H$m JÚ ~§Jbm ZdOmJaU Ho$ dM©ñd H$m Xn©U h¡ Vmo {MnbyUH$a H$m JÚ ‘amR>r ZdOmJaU H$s àIaVm H$m
à‘mU& AV… ñnï> h¡ {H$ gm{hË`H$mam| VWm g‘mOgwYmaH$m| H$m H$m`© VWm A§J«oOr {ejm, àog VWm BgmB© Y‘© Ho$ g§nH©$ Ho$
à^mdñdê$n ~§Jbm VWm ‘amR>r ‘| ZdOmJaU H$s ewéAmV hþB© h¡& Bg Ñ{ï> go "qhXr ZdOmJaU' Ho$ {db§~ VWm {nN>S>Zo ‘|
à{VHy$b amOZr{V Ho$ gmW ‘hmamï´> VWm ~§Jmb O¡go g‘mOgwYmaH$m| H$s H$‘r ^r EH$ H$maU ahm h¡ -
^maVr` ^mfmAm| ‘| CÞrgdt eVmãXr Ho$ ZdOmJaU Ho$ {bE nwZê$ËWmZ, ZdOmJaU, à~moYZ, g‘mOgwYma Am{X
AZoH$ eãX àM{bV h¢ {OZ‘| ì`má AW© H$mo BgHo$ nhbo h‘ XoI MwHo$ h¡& qhXr ‘| "ZdOmJaU' Bg eãX H$m g~go nhbm
à`moJ S>m°. am‘{dbmg e‘m© Zo {H$`m& "‘hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr VWm qhXr ZdOmJaU' (1977) Zm‘H$ nwñVH$ Ho$ Ûmam CÝhm|Zo
"ZdOmJaU' H$s Zht ~pëH$ qhXr ZdOmJaU H$s g§H$ënZm àñVwV H$s& Bg‘| do ñnï> H$aVo h¡ {H$ ^maV ‘| ZB© MoVZm Xmo ~ma
OmJ¥V hB©&
(1) ‘Ü`H$mb Ho$ ^p³V Am§XmobZ ‘| Am¡a
(2) AmYw{ZH$ H$mb `m CÞrgdt gXr Ho$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am§XmobZ go & ~§H$s‘M§Ð MQ>monmÜ`m` ^r {bIVo h¢ {H$, "aoZogm' n§Ðhdt
eVr Ho$ ^maV H$m gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am§XmobZ `m OmJaU Wm& Bg g‘` ~§Jmb ‘| Eogr H${dVm {bIr JB© Omo An[a‘o`
VoOpñdZr Am¡a OJV ‘| AVwbZr` h¡& Cn`w©³V ‘mÝ`VmAm| Ho$ AmYma na `h {ZîH$f© {ZH$bVm h¡ {H$ `yamon H$mo aoZogm§'
Ho$ g‘mZ ^maV ‘| ^r n§Ðhdt eVmãXr ‘| ZdOmJaU H$s bha CR>r Wr& bo{H$Z gm‘mÝ`V… Bgo AnZo `hm± "^p³V
Am§XmobZ' H$hm J`m h¡& am‘{dbmg e‘m© Bgo "bmoH$OmJaU' H$hVo h¢&
"ZdOmJaU' go 'bmoH$OmJaU' Bg AW© ‘| {^Þ h¡ {H$ "ZdOmJaU' Cn{ZdoedmXr Xm¡a H$s CnO h¡ dht bmoH$OmJaU
Ym{‘©H$ Ag{hîUwVm H$s à{V{H«$`m h¡& bmoH$OmJaU Ho$ {dMmaH$ A{YH$Va A{e{jV, {ZåZ Om{V Ho$ aho h¢ VWm ZdOmJaU
Ho$ nwañH$Vm© VWm {dMmaH$ ZE {e{jV ‘Ü`dJ© go g§~§Y aIVo h¢& bmoH$OmJaU Ho$ ^³V VWm g§V gm‘mÝ` bmoH$ Ho$ ~rM go
AmE Wo VWm bmoH$OrdZ Ho$ gmW Kwb{‘b JE Wo& ZdOmJaU Ho$ CÞm`H$ Cƒ {e{jV VWm A‘ra Ed§ ‘Ü`dJ© go g§~§Y aIVo

h¢& ZdOmJaU H$m àMma-àgma ~hþV Hw$N> ZJam| VWm {e{jV g‘mO VH$ gr{‘V ahm & bmoH$OmJaU ‘| Y‘© VWm AYmË‘ H|$Ð
‘| ahm dht ZdOmJaU ‘| ‘Zwî` OrdZ Ho$ g^r A§Jm| H$mo à^m{dV {H$`m J`m& bmoH$OmJaU H$m gm{hË` nmabm¡{H$H$ OrdZ H$s
A{^ì`p³V h¡ dht ZdOmJaU ‘| Bhbm¡{H$H$Vm H$m dM©ñd ahm& bmoH$OmJaU ‘| nÚ e¡br à‘wI ahr dht ZdOmJaU ‘| JÚ
H$m Am{d^m©d hþAm& bmoH$OmJaU H$s àoaUm Ym{‘©H$ g§H$Q> `m Bñbm‘ H$m AmH«$‘U h¡ dht ZdOmJaU A§J«oOr emgZ, {ejm,
BgmB© Y‘© go n[aM` VWm AmYw{ZH$sH$aU ahr h¡&
`wamon H$m Voahdt gXr H$m aoZogm§ VWm CÞrgdt gXr H$m ^maVr` ZdOmJaU AnZr àH¥${V, àd¥{Îm, n[adoe, àoaUm,
Ñ{ï>H$moU, joÌ Ho$ gmW Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§X^© ‘| nyU©V: {^Þ ahm h¡& `h EH$ d¡{ídH$ à{H«$`m hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Bg‘| Hw$N> g‘mZVmE±
^r h¡& S>m°. ‘ram amZr ~b Zo AnZo emoYà~§Y "amï´>r` ZdOmJaU Am¡a qhXr nÌH$m[aVm' ‘| ^maVr` ZdOmJaU VWm `yamonr`
aoZogm§ H$s g‘mZVmE± VWm {df‘ q~XwAm| H$mo COmJa {H$`m h¡& gmå¶ {H$Vm~ ‘| (dmUr àH$meZ )
(1) XmoZm| OJhm| H$s à{H«$`m AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ CX` VWm ‘Ü``wJrZ qMVZ Ho$ AdgmZ gyMH$ h¡&
(2) BZ XmoZm| go hr d¡km{ZH$ `wJ H$m ew^ma§^ hþAm VWm gm‘§Vr H$mb H$m AñV hþAm&
(3) XmoZm| OJh na AVrV Ho$ gm{hpË`H$ kmZ-d¡^d VWm H$bm-g§ñH¥${V H$s nwZñWm©nZm hþB©&
(4) XmoZm| Amoa OrdZ OJV g§~§Yr ‘yb^yV YmaUmAm| ‘| ‘m¡{bH$ n[adV©Z hwE & ZdrZ ^m¡{VH$dmXr X¥{ï>, Bh bm¡{H$H$ Xe©Z
VWm ñdV§Ì ì`p³VdmXr MoVZm {dH${gV hþB©&
(5) àog-‘wÐU-nÌH$m[aVm Am{X OZ‘mÜ`‘m| Ûmam OZ^mfmAm| ‘| nwñVH$m|, nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ àH$meZ go A^yVnyd© OZ
OmJ«{V H$m g§àofU VWm {dñVma hþAm&
(6) Y‘©, MM©, B©ída Am{X H$mo MwZm¡Vr Xr JB©& Xoe ‘| AmYw{ZH$ amï´>r`Vm VWm àOmVm§{ÌH$ ^mdm| Ed§ {dMmam| H$m gyÌnmV
hþAm&
(7) XmoZm| Amoa ì`mnm[aH$ ny±OrdmXr ì`dñWm H$m OÝ‘, ‘Ü`dJu` g§ñH¥${V H$m CX` VWm gm‘§Vr Om{VdmX H$m Ad‘yë`Z
hwAm& ZdOmJaU H$s àJ{V gwYmadmXr Am§XmobZm| Ho$ ê$n ‘| h¡&
ôX
(1) `yamon H$m ZdOmJaU dhm± Ho$ nwamVZ gm§ñH¥${VH$-gm{hpË`H$ ‘yë`m| H$s nwZñWm©nZm VWm ZdrZ Am{W©H$ n[adoe Am¡a
Eo{Vhm{gH$ {H«$`merbVm H$s CnO h¡& ^maVr` ZdOmJaU `yamonr` gä`Vm-g§ñH¥${V, B©gm Y‘©Zr{V, A§J«oOr amOZr{V
H$s à{V{H«$`m h¡&
(2) `yamon H$s amï´>r` Apñ‘Vm namYrZ Z hmoH$a ñdV§Ì Xoe H$s Wr dht ^maV ‘| A§J«oOr emgH$m| Am¡a ^maVr` OZVm H$s
amï´>r`Vm {^Þ Wr& ^maVr` ZdOmJaU H$m g§~§Y {ZO ^mfm, {ZO g§ñH¥${V, {ZO CËnmXZ {d{Z`moJ VWm {ZO amï´>
CÞ`Z VWm ñdmYrZVm Ho$ gmW Ow‹S>m Wm&
(3) `yamon ‘| BgmB© Y‘©, MM© Am{X H$mo bm§KH$a aMZmË‘H$ VWm {H«$`mË‘H$ kmZ-{dkmZ H$s Ztd na ZdOmJaU H$s Vbme
Omar Wr& dht ^maV ‘| Y‘©-Xe©Z VWm AmÜ`mpË‘H$Vm H$mo hr nwZñWm©{nV H$aHo$ ZdOmJ¥{V H$m AmYma ~Zm`m J`m&
(4) `yamon ‘| nwZOm©JaU-gwYmadmX-H«$m§{V H$m Eo{Vhm{gH$ H«$‘ ahm & ^maV ‘| Ym{‘©H$ gwYma, nwZOm©JaU gmW-gmW H$X‘
go H$X‘ ~‹T>mH$a amï´>r` ñdmYrZVm H$s Amoa CÝ‘wI hþE&
(5) ^maVr` ZdOmJaU ^maV VWm ^maVr`Vm VH$ gr{‘V ahm dht `yamonr` nwZOm©JaU gmd©^m¡‘ ahm h¡&
(6) `yamon Ho$ ZdOmJaU H$m H$mb g§. 1300 Vo 1600 H$m h¡& ^maV ‘| BgHo$ nm±M gm¡ dfm} ~mX g§.1800 go 1947 VH$ `m
H$h| Vmo AmO VH$ `h à{H«$`m J{Verb h¡&
Cn¶w©³V ^maVr` ZdOmJaU VWm `yamonr` aoZogm§ H$s g‘mZVmE± VWm {df‘VmAm| Ho$ AÜ``Z go `h ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$
ZdOmJaU EH$ à{H«$`m h¡ Omo {díd Ho$ g^r Xoem| ‘| AbJ-AbJ ñWmZm| na K{Q>V hþB© h¡& ^bo hr BgHo$ VËd g‘mZ hmo bo{H$Z
BgH$s àoaUmE± VËH$mbrZ Xoe ‘| ì`má n[apñW{V`m± hr ahr h¡&
6.2.4 ^maVr` ZdOmJaU : Ym{‘©H$ g§X^© ‘|

^maVr` ZdOmJaU Ho$ g§X^© ‘| O~ gm§ñH¥${VH$ `m Ym{‘©H$ OmJaU H$s ~mV H$aVo h¡ Vmo {Z{íMV hr `h Xmo Y‘m] VWm
g§ñH¥${V`m| Ho$ Q>H$amhQ> go CËnÞ hmoVr h¡& ^maV Ho$ g‘mZ naV§ÌVm H$s ~o{S>`m| ‘| OH$‹S>o Vrgar Xw{Z`m Ho$ gmao Xoe AnZr
amï´>r`Vm Am¡a Apñ‘Vm H$mo AnZr gä`Vm VWm g§ñH¥${V ‘| VbmeZo bJo Wo& VËH$mbrZ {~«Q>re emgZ ^maVr` OZVm H$m Ho$db
Am{W©H$ emofU hr Zht H$a ahm Wm ~pëH$ h‘mar g§ñH¥${V, gä`Vm VWm Y‘© ‘| ^r hñVjon H$a ahm Wm& Xygar Amoa ^maVr`
OZVm {Ogo 1857 B©. Ho$ g§J«m‘ Ho$ níMmV "amï´>r`Vm' H$s nhMmZ {‘br Wr dh AnZr Amoa go AmOmXr Ho$ Am§XmobZ ‘|
H$m`©aV Wr& Bgr g‘` dh Ym{‘©H$ VWm gm‘m{OH$ gwYmam| H$s Amoa ^r AJ«oga Wr& Š`m|{H$ BgmB© {‘eZ[a`m| H$m Y‘© àgma
VWm A§J«oOr Cn{Zdoe H$s N>m`m ‘| Cg g§ñH¥${V Ho$ bmon H$m IVam Wm& BgmB© {‘eZ[a`m| Zo ^maVr` ^mfmAm| H$mo ~T>mdm {X`m,
‘wÐU `§Ì H$m {dH$mg {H$`m VWm {‘eZar ñHy$bm| H$s ñWmnZm H$a EH$ Amoa go ^maVr`m| H$mo ZB© g§ñH¥${V go à^m{dV {H$`m&
bo{H$Z Cgr g‘` do qhXy Y‘© H$s ~wamB©`m| VWm àWm-na§namAm| H$m A{Ve`mop³VnyU© dU©Z H$a Y‘© n[adV©Z H$adm aho Wo& ‘¡Šg
‘yba Ym{‘©H$ X‘Z Ho$ Am±H$S>o XoH$a ~VmVo h¢ {H$, 1853 VH$ ^maV ‘| 38 BgmB© {‘eZ g‘mO H$m`©aV Wo& {OZHo$ {dXoer
gXñ`m| H$s g§»`m 887 Wr VWm Xoer àMmaH$ 751 Am¡a J¡a BgmB© 2857 Wo& BgmB© Y‘© Ho$ ~T>Vo àMma-àgma Ho$
n[aUm‘ñdê$n ^maVr`m| H$s Ñ{ï> go g§ñH¥${V H$s ajm H$m àíZ ñdËd ajm H$m àíZ ~Zm& ^maVr` Zd{e{jV dJ© Omo BgmB© Y‘©
Ho$ à{V AmH${f©V hwAm Wm Cgo ñdY‘© ‘| ~ZmE aIZo VWm qhXw Y‘© ‘| ì`má A{Zð>, ê${‹T>-na§namAm| H$mo `wJmZwê$n ~XbZo H$s
Amdí`H$Vm Zo qhXy Y‘© ‘| ~Xbmd H$s ewéAmV ~§Jmb VWm ‘hmamï´> ‘| hþB©&
Xygar ‘hÎdnyU© ~mV `h Wr {H$ "amï´>r` Am§XmobZ' H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo Ho$ {bE {Og EH$Vm Ed§ AI§S>Vm H$s Amdí`H$Vm
Wr Cg‘| qhXy Y‘© H$s dU©ì`dñWm, Om{Vì`dñWm, ~m÷m§S>~a Am{X ~hþV ~‹S>r ~mYm Ho$ ê$n ‘| I‹S>o Wo& Bg g§~§Y ‘| amOm
am‘‘mohZ am` H$m ‘§Vì` Ñï>ì` h¢, ‘wPo `h H$hVo hþE XwI hmo ahm h¡ {H$ qhXy Y‘© H$s {Og dV©‘mZ àUmbr na h‘ bmoJ Mb
aho h¡, dh h‘mar amOZr{VH$ {hVm| H$mo ~T>mdm XoZodmbr Zht h¡& OmV nmV Ho$ ôX^md Zo, {OÝhm|Zo OZVm H$mo {H$VZo hr N>moQ>o-
N>moQ>o Qw>H$‹S>m| ‘| ~m§Q> aIm h¡, h‘| amOZr{VH$ ^mdZmAm| go eyÝ` H$a {X`m h¡& AZ{JZV Ym{‘©H$ H$‘©H$m§S>m| Am¡a n{dÌVm g§~§Yr
{Z`‘m| Zo h‘| {H$gr ^r H${R>Z H$m`© H$mo CR>mZo ‘| nyU©V… A`mo½` ~Zm {X`m h¡& ‘oam {dMma h¡ {H$ Bg qhXy Y‘© ‘| Hw$N>-Z-Hw$N>
n[adV©Z hmoZm Mm{hE, H$‘ go H$‘ Bg{bE {H$ h‘H$mo amOZr{VH$ Vm¡a go bm^ hmo Am¡a OZVm H$mo gm‘m{OH$ gwI {‘b gHo$&
Bgr Ñ{ï>H$moU H$mo gm‘Zo aIH$a VËH$mbrZ ~«÷g‘mO, àmW©Zm g‘mO, Am`© g‘mO, am‘H¥$îU {‘eZ, doX g‘mO, `§J ~§Jmb-
Am§XmobZ, {WAmogmo{’$H$b gmogm`Q>r Ho$ gmW ‘wgb‘mZm| ‘| AbrJT> VharH$ Am{X gwYmadmXr Am§XmobZm| Zo H$m`© {H$`m&
~«÷ g‘mO
AmYw{ZH$ ^maV H$s Ztd H$m nhbm nËWa amOm am‘‘mohZ am` Zo aIm& Bg Ñ{ï> go CÝhm|Zo 20 AJñV, 1828 H$mo
H$bH$Îmo ‘| "~«÷ g‘mO' H$s ñWmnZm H$s& VËH$mbrZ ^maV ‘| BgmB© {‘eZ[a`m| Zo {ejm g§ñWmZm| Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go {Og B©gmB`V
H$m àMma ewê$ {H$`m Wm dh EH$ àH$ma go qhXy Y‘© Ho$ gm‘Zo MwZm¡Vr ~ZH$a I‹S>m Wm& Š`m|{H$ BgmB© {‘eZar AnZo Y‘© ‘|
ì`má {dg§J{V`m| H$mo Nw>nmH$a ^maVr` Y‘© ‘| ì`má A{Zð> ê${‹T> na§namAm| H$mo O¡go ~‹T>m-M‹T>mH$a OZVm Ho$ gm‘Zo aIVo Wo
Cggo Zd{e{jV dJ© H$m AmH${f©V hmoZm ñdm^m{dH$ Wm& Cg g‘` H$s `h Amdí`H$Vm Wr {H$ Bg dJ© H$mo qhXy Y‘© ‘| ~ZmE
aIZm h¡ dht `yamon Ho$ H«$m§{VH$mar VWm {dkmZdmXr {dMmam| H$mo AmË‘gmV H$a ^maVr` Y‘© VWm g‘mO H$mo AmYw{ZH$ VWm
d¡km{ZH$ n[aàoú` ‘| g§gma Ho$ gm‘Zo ^r aIo & amOm am‘‘mohZ am` Bg {ZîH$f© na nhþ±Mo {H$ ^maV Ho$ àmMrZV‘ gË`m| H$m
`yamon Ho$ ZdrZ {gÕm§Vm| Ho$ gmW gm‘§Oñ` {~R>mE {~Zm ^maV H$m H$ë`mU Zht h¡& AVEd, d¡km{ZH$Vm H$m doXm§V go
‘{UH$m§MZ-g§`moJ ZdmoËWmZ H$m àYmZ bjU hmo J`m& CZH$s `h {defoVm Wr {H$ EH$ Amoa Vmo do doXm§V Ho$ ñWmZ go {hbZo
H$mo V¡`ma Zht Wo, dht Xygar Amoa AnZo Xoedm{g`m| H$mo A§J«oOr Ho$ Ûmam nmíMmË` {dÚmAm| ‘| {ZîUmV ~ZmZm MmhVo Wo& Bg
Ñ{ï> go CÝhm|Zo doXm§V H$m°boO H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ gmW Ym{‘©H$ MMm© Ho$ CÔoí` "AmË‘r` g^m' H$s ñWmnZm H$s&
amOm am‘‘mohZ am` Zo {Og ~«m÷mo g‘mO H$s ñWmnZm H$s CgH$m ñdê$n {Z{d©dmX ê$n go ^maVr` Wm& ^maVr`
na§namAm| ‘| `h AÛ¡VdmXr qhXwAm| H$s g§ñWm Wr& Bg g^m Zo ‘y{V©nyOm, Om{VàWm VWm AdVmadmX H$m {damoY H$a {ZamH$ma,
{Z{d©H$ma, EH$ ~«÷m H$s Amoa OZVm H$m Ü`mZ AmH¥$ï> {H$`m& g^r Y‘m] Ho$ à{V ghmZw^y{V VWm CXmaVm ~«÷ g‘mO H$s
{deofVm ahr& CZH$s ‘mÝ`Vm Wr {H$ Bg g‘mO Zo Ho$db Eogo hr CnXoe {H$E OmE|Jo {OZgo g^r Y‘m] Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ ~rM
EH$Vm, g‘rnVm VWm gØmdZm H$s d¥{Õ hmoVr hmo& Bg g‘mO ‘| Bñbm‘ Ho$ EHo$ídadmX VWm BgmB© Y‘© H$s AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m
nwañH$ma H$aZodmbr ~mVm| H$mo AnZm`m& qhXy Y‘© ‘| pñWV H$‘©H$m§S>, A§Y{dídmg, ~m÷m§S>~a, A§Y ê${T>dm{XVm, Om{V àWm,
g{V àWm H$m {damoY H$a Za-Zmar Ho$ g‘mZ A{YH$mam| Ho$ gmW {dYdm {ddmh na ~b {X`m& BZ gwYmam| H$m ‘yb ahñ` {ejm
Ho$ ì`mnH$ àMma-àgma ‘| {Z{hV ‘mZH$a nmíMmË` kmZ-{dkmZ VWm A§J«oOr {ejm Ho$ àMma-àgma ‘| `moJXmZ {X`m&
gZ 1833 ‘| amOm am‘‘mohZ am` Ho$ Xohm§V Ho$ níMmV ‘h{f© Xod|ÐZmW R>mHw$a Zo ~«÷ g‘mO H$m ZoV¥Ëd {H$`m& ò g§V Am¡a
ahñ`dmXr qhXy Wo& `yamon go AmZodmbo ~w{ÕdmX na BZH$s ^p³V Wr& BZHo$ ZoV¥Ëd ‘| ~«÷ g‘mO B©gmB`V Ho$ BVZm g‘rn Om
nhþ±Mm {H$ bmoJm| H$mo `h ^«‘ hmoZo bJm {H$ H$ht `h B©gmB`V ‘| {d{bZ Z hmo OmE& BÝhm|Zo g‘mO H$m Omo àmW©Zm g§J«h V¡`ma
{H$`m Cg‘| qhXy, `hþXr, BgmB©, ‘wpñb‘, MrZr Am{X`m| H$s àmW©ZmE± gpå‘{bV Wr& d¡îUd H$sV©Z Ho$ JrV ^r gpå‘{bV {H$E&
{‘eZ[a`m| ‘| BZH$s H$m’$s B‚mV Wr& gZ 1857 ‘| O~ Ho$edM§Ð goZ ~«÷ g‘mO go Ow‹S>o V~ CZ‘| ^r qhXyËd Ho$ pIbm’$ dhr
{dÐmoh H$s AmJ XoIr JB© Omo Cg g‘` Ho$ qhXy Zd`wdH$m| ‘| XoIr JB©& do `yamon Ho$ Y‘© Am¡a g§ñH¥${V Ho$ à{V Amg³V Wo& à{V‘m
nyOZ H$m {damoY, Om{V àWm Ho$ CÝ‘ybZ Ho$ gmW A§VaOmVr` {ddmh H$m g‘W©Z O¡go gwYmadmXr H$m`© H$m A{^`mZ ewê$ hwAm&
~«m÷m| g‘mO Ho$ AZw`m{``m| H$s g§»`m ~‹T>Zo bJr& n‹T>m-{bIm dJ© BgHo$ à{V AmH${f©V hwAm bo{H$Z 1866 ‘| ‘h{f©
Xod|ÐZmW go ‘VôX Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n Ho$edM§Ð goZ Zo AnZm g‘mO AbJ H$a Cgo "~«÷ g‘mO' hr VWm Xod|ÐZmW R>mHw$a Ho$
A{YH$ma ‘| aho g‘mO H$mo "Am{X-~«÷-g‘mO' H$hm OmZo bJm& BgHo$ níMmV ^r ~«÷ g‘mO EH$ Am¡a ~ma {d^m{OV hþAm&
`yamonr` g§ñH¥${V, BgmB© Y‘© VWm d¡km{ZH$ {dMmaYmam go AË`m{YH$ à^m{dV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ~«÷ g‘mO WmoS‹ >o go bmoJmo§ H$m hr
Y‘© ah J`m& ò do bmoJ Omo {e{jV Wo VWm A‘ra ^r& BgHo$ ~mdOyX ~«÷ g‘mO H$m `h Am§XmobZ ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V Ho$ ‘hmZ
Am§XmobZm| ‘| go EH$ h¡ Š`m|{H$ `yamon go AmZodmbo ZE VWm d¡km{ZH$ {dMmam| Zo ~«m÷mo g‘mO Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go Y‘© ‘| àdoe {H$`m
Wm&
àmW©Zm g‘mO
CÞrgdt gXr Ho$ Ama§^ go hr ‘hmamï´> ‘| gm‘m{OH$ Am§XmobZm| H$s ewéAmV hþB© Wr& gZ 1849 ‘| Om{V àWm CÝ‘ybZ
Ho$ CÔoí` go ~§~B© ‘| nah§g g‘mO Zm‘ H$s EH$ g§ñWm H$m`©aV Wr& gZ 1864 ‘| Ho$edM§Ð goZ ~§~B© ‘| ~«÷ g‘mO H$s emIm
ImobZo JE Wo& 1867 ‘| CZHo$ à^md go ~«÷ g‘mO H$s emIm "àmW©Zm g‘mO' Ho$ Zm‘ go Iwbr {OgHo$ CÞm`H$ ‘hmXod JmoqdX
amZS>o Wo& Bg g‘mO Ho$ Mma CÔoí` Wo -
(1) Om{V-àWm H$m {damoY, (3) {dYdm {ddmh H$m g‘W©Z, (3) ór {ejm H$m àMma Am¡a, (4) ~mb {ddmh H$m
AdamoY& ‘hmamï´> ‘| àmW©Zm g‘mO H$s Am¡a ^r H$B© emImE± Imobr JB© {OZ‘| go Hw$N> AnZo H$mo ~«÷ g‘mO hr H$hVr Wr&
~«÷ g‘m{O`m| Zo g^r Y‘m] Ho$ ~rM Omo EH$Vm {~R>mZo H$m à`mg ~§Jmb ‘| {H$`m Wm, Hw$N> d¡gm hr Üò` àmW©Zm
g‘m{O`m| H$m ahm h¡& BZH$s àmW©ZmAm| ‘| ‘§Ì, doX, Cn{ZfX, Hw$amZ, OoÝXmdoñVm Am¡a ~mB©~b Am{X J«§Wm| go {bE OmVo Wo
Am¡a g‘mO Ho$ gXñ` g^r Y‘m] na EH$ g‘mZ lÕm aIVo & EHo$ídadmX Am¡a g‘mOgwYma àmW©Zm g‘mO Ho$ ‘w»` H$m`©H«$‘ Wo&
Am`© g‘mO
ñdm‘r X`mZ§X gañdVr Zo 10 Aà¡b, 1875 H$mo ~å~B© ‘| Am`© g‘mO H$s ñWmnZm H$s& bo{H$Z CÎmaàXoe VWm n§Om~
hr BgH$m H$m`©joÌ ahm& Am`© g‘mO Zo qhXy Y‘© Ho$ dU©ì`dñWm H$s ZB© ì`m»`m H$s& dU©ì`dñWm H$m g‘W©Z H$aVo hE Bgo
H$m`©{Y{ð>V ‘mZm & Omo BgmB© Am¡a ‘wgb‘mZ {XZ-XhmS>o qhXwËd H$s qZXm H$aVo Wo, ñdm‘r Or Zo BÝht Y‘m] ‘| d¡go hr Xmof
{XIbm {XE& Bggo Xmo ~mVo {ZH$br -
(1) AnZr qZXm gwZH$a K~amB© hþB© qhXy OZVm H$mo `h OmZH$a Hw$N> g§Vmof hþAm {H$ nm¡am{UH$Vm Ho$ ‘m‘bo ‘| B©gmB`V Am¡a
Bñbm‘ ^r qhXwËd go AÀN>o Zht h¡§&
(2) qhXyAm| H$m Ü`mZ AnZo Y‘© Ho$ ‘yb ê$n H$s Amoa AmH¥$ï> hþAm Am¡a do AnZr àmMrZ na§nam Ho$ {bE Jm¡ad H$m AZw^d
H$aZo bJo& Am`© g‘mO Zo VËH$mbrZ ~«m÷mo g‘mO VWm àmW©Zm g‘mO Ho$ H$B© gmao H$m`©H«$‘m| H$mo AnZm`m& bo{H$Z
ñdm‘r Or H$m Ñ{ï>H$moU AbJ Wm& CZH$s amï´>r` EH$Vm Wr- "g^r ^maV dm{g`m|Ûmam doXm| H$s gÎmm VWm qhXy Y‘© H$s
ñdrH¥${V &' CÝhm|Zo AnZo "gË`mW© àH$me' J«§W ‘| Z Ho$db Bñbm‘ Am¡a BgmB© Y‘© H$mo ~pëH$ ~m¡Õ VWm O¡Z Y‘© H$mo
^r PyR>m R>hamH$a BZH$s qZXm H$s& Bg J«§W Ho$ ½`mahd|, ~mahd| AÜ`m`mo§ ‘| qhXyËd ‘| ì`má {d{^Þ {df‘VmAm| na àhma
{H$E& H$~ra, XmXy, ZmZH$, ~wÕ, Mmdm©H$, O¡Zm| Ed§ qhXwAm| Ho$ nyÁ` nm¡am{UH$ XodVmAm| H$s ^r AmbmoMZm H$s&
Am`© g‘mO H$m `h Am§XmobZ ZdOmJaU go H$B© Á`mXm nwZê$ËWmZ H$m Am§XmobZ Wm& Omo qhXÿ Y‘u bmoJ Bñbm‘ VWm
BgmB© Y‘© go à^m{dV hmoH$a qhXy Y‘© H$mo N>mo‹S> aho Wo CÝh| Vmo amoH$m hr gmW hr ewÕr H$m Am§XmobZ MbmH$a BÝh| dmng AnZo
Y‘© ‘| ^r ñdrH$mam & ""nwê$f {e{jV VWm ñdñW hmo, Zm[a`m± {e{jV Am¡a g~bm hm|, bmoH$ g§ñH¥$V n‹T>| Am¡a hdZ H$a|, H$moB©
^r qhXy ‘y{V©-nyOm H$m Zm‘ Z bo, Z nwamo{hVm|, XodVmAm| Am¡a n§S>m| Ho$ ’o$ao ‘| nS>o'' ò CnXoe CÎma ^maV ‘| H$B© dfm] VH$ Jw§OVm
ahm& Am`© g‘mO Ho$ à^md ‘| AmH$a ~hþV go qhXwAm| Zo ‘y{V© nyOm N>moS> Xr, ~hþVm| Zo Ka H$s Xodr-XodVmAm| H$s à{V‘mAm| H$mo
Vmo‹S>H$a ~mha ’|$H$ {X`m, lmÕ nÕ{V ~§X H$a Xr& Am`© g‘m{O`m| Zo {dÚmb`m| H$s ñWmnZm H$s {Og‘| g§ñH¥$V H$s {deof
n‹T>mB© hmoVr Wr& qhXr ^mfm VWm JÚ e¡br Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| Am`© g‘mO boIH$m| H$m {deof `moJXmZ ahm& qhXr Ho$ "g§ñH¥$VrH$aU'
`m "VËg‘rH$aU' H$m Am`© g‘mO EH$ àYmZ H$maU Wm& VËH$mbrZ gm{hË` ‘| Eogo H$B© ZmQ>H$, CnÝ`mg, àhgZ CnbãY hmoVo
h¢ {OZ na VH©$àUmbr, {df` e¡br Am{X H$s Ñ{ï> go Am`© g‘mO H$m à^md Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVm h¡&

{WAmogmo{’$H$b gmo`m`Q>r
qhXy Y‘© H$s loð>Vm H$mo ñdrH$ma H$a qhXyËd Ho$ ZdmoËWmZ VWm ^maVr` amï´>r`Vm Ho$ {dH$mg H$m bú` aIH$a H$m`©
H$aZodmbr Bg g§ñWm H$s ñWmnZm Ý`y`mH©$ ‘| hþB©& H$Z©b AmbH$mQ> Am¡a ãbodmñH$s Zm‘H$ ‘{hbm Zo {‘bH$a & {gV§~a, 1876
‘| BgH$s ñWmnZm H$s& nydu Xoem| ‘| Y‘© Am¡a kmZ Ho$ Nw>no VËdm| H$m gå`H$ àMma nmíMmË` Xoem| ‘| H$aZo Ho$ CÔoí` go doX, ~m¡Õ
J«§W, OoÝXmdoñVm Am¡a H$Ýâ`y{e`g Ho$ CnXoe Am{X {W`mogmo{’$ñQ>m| Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ {df` aho§& ãbmodmñH$s Am¡a AmH$bQ> 16
’$adar, 1879 H$mo ~§~B© AmE& Am`© g‘mO Ûmam CZH$m ^ì` ñdmJV {H$`m J`m& dhm± AmVo hr do BgmB© {‘eZ[a`m| Ho$ àMma
Ho$ amoH$Zo H$m Cnm` gmoMZo bJo& ^maV H$s {ejm nÕ{V ‘| ~Xbmd Ho$ gmW g§ñH¥$V {dÚm Ho$ nR>Z-nmR>Z H$mo gwMmê$ T>§J go
H$aZo na ~b {X`m& gZ 1882 ‘| {W`mogmo’$s g‘mO H$m àYmZ H$m`m©b` A‹S>`ma (‘Ðmg) bo Om`m J`m&
16 Zd§~a, 1893 ‘| lr‘Vr EZr ~og§Q> ^maV AmH$a Bg gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am§XmobZ go Ow‹S> JB©& dh qhXy - Y‘© H$mo {díd Ho$
Y‘m] ‘| g~go àmMrZ VWm loð> ‘mZVr Wr& nmíMmË` OJV H$s A{V^m¡{VH$Vm VWm {dkmZ H$s Ma‘ ~m¡{ÕH$Vm H$m {damoY
{H$`m& ^maVr` AmÜ`mpË‘H$Vm H$s ‘w³V H§$R> go àe§gm H$s& g‘yMo Xoe H$m ^«‘U H$a qhXy Y‘© Ho$ ‘hÎd Am¡a AmÜ`mpË‘H$Vm
Ho$ Jm¡ad H$mo AmoOñdr ^mfUm| go OZVm VH$ nhþ±Mm`m& ~Zm©S>© em° CÝh| gd©loð> d³Vm ‘mZVo Wo& CZHo$ ^mfU H$m {df` qhXyËd
hmoVm Wm& ~Zmag ‘| CÝhm|Zo g|Q´b qhXy H$m°boO H$s ñWmnZm H$s {OgH$m {dH${gV ê$n AmO ~Zmag qhXy {díd{dÚmb` h¡&
JrVm H$m AZwdmX {H$`m& am‘mÙ Am¡a ‘hm^maV H$s g§{já H$WmE± {bIr&
am‘Ymarqgh {XZH$a {bIVo h¢ {H$, "{W`mogmo’$s H$moB© ñdV§Ì Y‘© Zht h¡& `h g^r Y‘m] Ho$ g‘Ýd` MmhVr h¡& qhXy,
‘wgb‘mZ, B©gmB©, ~m¡Õ, `hÿXr Am{X Omo ^r Mmho AnZo Y‘© H$mo ‘mZVo hþE {W`mogmo{’$ñQ> hmo gH$Vm h¡& {W`mogmo{’$ñQ> hmoZo Ho$
{bE AnZm Y‘© N>mo‹S>Zo H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht hmoVr& Bg Am§XmobZ H$m Üò` `h Wm {H$ g^r Y‘m] ‘| Omo g‘mZ VËd h¢, CÝh|
boH$a g^r Y‘m] Ho$ ~rM EH$Vm ñWm{nV H$s OmE& Bg Am§XmobZ ‘| ~hþYm D$±Mo {dMmaH$, qMVH$ VWm gm{hË`H$ma Ow‹S>o Wo&
^maV Ho$ Ym{‘©H$, gm‘m{OH$, e¡{jH$ VWm amOZr{VH$ ZdOmJaU ‘| {W`mogmo{’$H$b gmogm`Q>r Am¡a EZr ~og§Q> H$m {deof
`moJXmZ ahm h¡&
am‘H¥$îU {‘eZ
^maVr` amï´>r` MoVZm Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ OmJaU H$s à{H«$`m ‘| na‘h§g am‘H¥$îU Am¡a CZHo$ {eî` {ddoH$mZ§X H$m `moJXmZ
AgmYmaU h¡& na‘h§g H$s ‘¥Ë`w Ho$ níMmV gZ 1889 ‘| {ddoH$mZ§X Zo "am‘H¥$îU {‘eZ' H$s ñWmnZm H$s&
na‘h§g Cƒ H$mo{Q> Ho$ gmYH$, {dMmaH$ VWm kmZr Wo& CÝhm|Zo AnZo OrdZ ‘| qhXy, ‘wpñb‘, {gI d B©gmB© Y‘m] H$mo
AnZm H$a {d{^Þ Y‘© gmYZmAm| VWm nÕ{V`m| H$m AmMaU {H$`m Wm& Bg AmMaU go CÝhm|Zo `h {gÕ H$a {X`m {H$ g^r
Y‘m] H$m gmÜ` EH$ h¡, ^bo hr gmYZm nÕ{V`mo AbJ Š`m| Z hmo§& {ddoH$mZ§X OrdZâ AnZo na‘ Jwê$ na‘h§g Ho$ CnXoem| H$m
àMma H$aVo aho& Bg CÔoí` Ho$ hoVw Xoe {dXoem| ‘| am‘H¥$îU {‘eZ ñWm{nV {H$E Omo AmO ^r ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V, Y‘© d Xe©Z,
gm‘m{OH$ gwYma VWm {ejm àgma O¡go H$m`m] H$mo g§nÞ H$a aho h¡§& am‘H¥$îU {‘eZ Zo EH$ Amoa amï´>r`Vm H$m àMma {H$`m VWm
Xygar Amoa OZVm Ho$ gm‘Zo Y‘© Ho$ gƒo ñdê$n H$mo ì`mdhm[aH$ ê$n ‘| àñVwV {H$`m&
ñdm‘r {ddoH$mZ§X Zo ñdY‘© Am¡a g§ñH¥${V Ho$ àMma Ho$ Xaå`mZ Xoe H$m ^«‘U {H$`m& CÝhm|Zo AZw^d {H$`m {H$ Xoe H$s
A{YH$Va OZVm {ZnQ> Jar~, A{e{jV VWm A§Y{dídmgm| VWm Nw>AmNy>V O¡gr K¥{UV ~wamB©`m| H$s {eH$ma ~Zr h¢& Bgo XoI
CÝhm|Zo gm‘m{OH$ gwYma H$mo Y‘© Am¡a g§ñH¥${V Ho$ àMma H$m A§J ~Zm`m& Zmar H$m gÝ‘mZ, Añn¥í`Vm H$m {damoY, Jar~r
CÝ‘ybZ Ho$ hoVw {ejm H$m àMma-àgma Am{X XoemoÞ{V Ho$ ‘wÔm| H$mo AnZo {‘eZ H$m à‘wI A§J ~Zm`m& CÝhm|Zo ^maVr`
g§ñH¥${V VWm Y‘© H$s gdm}Îm‘ CnbpãY Am¡a gd©loð> ê$n H$mo Xoe Am¡a {dXoem| ‘| COmJa {H$`m& Bggo ^maVr` {e{jV dJ© Ho$
‘Z ‘| qhXy Y‘© Ho$ à{V Omo hrZVm H$s ^mdZm n¡Xm hþB© Wr dh Xya hþB© VWm ^maVr` hmoZo H$m Jd© AZw^d {H$`m OmZo bJm& Bggo
^maVr`m| ‘| ZdOrdZ, Zd Amem Ho$ gmW {dídmg H$m g§Mma hþAm&
^maVr` ‘wpñb‘ ZdOmJaU

qhXwËd H$s VwbZm ‘| Bñbm‘ A§Vaamï´>r` Y‘© h¡& ‘Ü`H$mb ‘| Vmo Bñbm‘r emgH$m| H$m à^md E{e`m VH$ gr{‘V Z
ahH$a `yamon VH$ ’¡$b MwH$m Wm& bo{H$Z n§Ðhdt, gmobhdt gXr Ho$ AmVo-AmVo `yamon ‘| d¡km{ZH$ VWm ~m¡{ÕH$ H«$m§{V hwB©&
n[aUm‘ñdê$n EH$ EH$ H$aHo$ g^r Bñbm‘r Xoe `yamon H$s AYrZVm ‘| Mbo JE& `hm± H$s OZVm ‘yb Y‘© go hQ>H$a ê${‹T>`m|
Am¡a A§Y{dídmgm| ‘| OH$‹S>r Wr& OZVm ‘y‹T> hmo MwH$s Wr& dh ‘pñOX Zht OmVr ~pëH$ OmXy, ‘§Va, gJwZ Am{X ‘| {dídmg
H$aVr& M‘ËH$ma {XImZodmbo ’$H$sa Y‘©Jwê$ ~Zo Wo VWm nra Am¡a Am¡{b`mAm| H$s H$~«m| H$s nyOm H$aZo H$s Amoa AË`m{YH$

PwH$md Wm& doí`md¥{Îm H$m àMbZ ~‹T>m Wm& BZ g^r H$s à{V{H«$`mñdê$n Aa~ Ho$ ao{JñVmZ ‘| Omo Ym{‘©H$ Am§XmobZ I‹S>m
hþAm dh "dhm~r Am§XmobZ' Ho$ Zm‘ go OmZm OmVm h¡& Bg Am§XmobZ Ho$ àdV©H$ ‘whå‘X BãZ AãXwb dhm~ Wo& BZH$m Am§XmobZ
AVrV H$s Amoa MbZo H$m g§Ho$V Wm& do Bñbm‘ Ho$ ‘yb ê$n H$mo dmng bmZm MmhVo Wo&
^maV ‘| Bg Am§XmobZ Ho$ à^mdr ZoVm am`~aobr Ho$ g¡æ`X Ah‘X aho& gZ 1822 Ho$ Amgnmg CÝhm|Zo ^maV H$s `mÌm
H$a AnZo Y{‘©` bmoJm| H$mo ~Vm`m {H$ do {H$VZo ê${‹T>J«ñV VWm {nN>S>o hþE h¢& Hw$amZ Am¡a hXrg ‘| {OZH$m C„oI Zht h¢ Eogo
ar{V-añ‘m|, AmMmam| VWm {dídmgm| H$mo Bñbm‘ {damoYr ‘mZH$a Bggo ~mha {ZH$bZo Ho$ hoVw ào[aV {H$`m& do A§J«oOm| Ho$ à{V
{Zð>mdmZ aho& EH$ {H$Vm~ ‘| CÝhm|Zo CZ ‘wgb‘mZm| H$m Jm¡ad {H$`m {OÝhm|Zo 1857 Ho$ Am§XmobZ ‘| A§J«oOm| H$m gmW {X`m &
‘wgb‘mZ AnZo Y‘© H$s ajm H$a| VWm A§J«oOr amO ‘| Zm¡H$ar àmá H$a| Bg CÔoí` go AbrJ‹T> ‘| "‘mo‘oS>Z-E§½bmo-Amo[a`§Q>b
H$m°boO' (gZ 1875 ‘| ñWmnZm hþB© VWm gZ 1920 ‘wpñb‘ `w{Zd{g©Q>r ‘| n[aUV hþAm) H$s ñWmnZm H$s& Y‘© Ho$ joÌ ‘|
gwYmadmXr aho& Bñbm‘ H$mo `wJmZwê$n ~XbZo Ho$ nj ‘| aho& Hw$amZ H$s ~m¡{ÕH$ Q>rH$m Bñbm‘ Y‘© Ho$ CXmÎm ñdê$n H$mo àH$me
‘| bmZo H$m à`ËZ h¡& nXm© àWm {damoY VWm ór {ejm H$m g‘W©Z {H$`m&
Xygar Amoa 1817 ‘| {X„r ‘| OÝ‘o ga g¡æ`X Ah‘X Im± Zo amOm am‘‘mohZ am` H$s ^m±{V A§J«oOr {ejm H$mo ‘wgb‘mZm|
H$s àJ{V H$m ‘mÜ`‘ ñdrH$mam& BgHo$ àgma H$m H$m`© {H$`m& H$bH$Îmo Ho$ ImZ~hmXwa 1863 ‘| "‘moS>‘mohZ {bQ>aoar gmogm`Q>r'
H$s ñWmnZm H$a ‘wgb‘mZm| Ho$ {bE A§J«oOr {ejm H$m Ûma Imobm&
6.2.5 ^maVr` ZdOmJaU : amOZr{V Ho$ g§X^© ‘|

amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm H$m CX` CÞrgdt gXr Ho$ ZdOmJaU H$s à‘wI CnbpãY ahr h¡& ^maV ‘| amï´>r`Vm Ho$ {Z‘m©U H$s
àoaUm {dXoer emgZ hr ahr h¡& Š`m|{H$ AnZr ^y{‘ na namB© gÎmm ñWm{nV hmoZm `h amï´>r`Vm Ho$ {dê$Õ h¡§& Hw$N> {dÛmZ
amï´>r`Vm H$m CX` A§J«oOr emgZ Z ‘mZH$a VËH$mbrZ gm‘m{OH$ VWm ~m¡{ÕH$ pñW{V`m| H$mo ‘mZVo h¢& E{e`m Ho$ g^r Xoem|
‘| BÝht {XZm| amï´>r`Vm Ho$ CX` H$s ~mV ^r ‘mZr OmVr& ^maVr` amOZr{VH$ B{Vhmg Ho$ AdbmoH$Z go `h ~mV ñnï> hmoVr h¡
{H$ CÞrgdt gXr Ho$ nyd© ^maV ‘| amï´>r`Vm H$s AdYmaUm Zht Wr& `h Xoe gm§ñH¥${VH$ X¥{ï> go ^bo hr g{X`m| go EH$ ahm hmo
bo{H$Z amOZr{VH$ EH$Vm H$s MoVZm Vmo ‘mÌ 1857 Ho$ Am§XmobZ Ho$ ~mX hr OmJ¥V hþB© h¡& BgHo$ nyd© ^maV `h àemg{ZH$ Ñ{ï>
go "EH$ Xoe' Bg BH$mB© Ho$ ê$n ‘| Zht Wm& ~pëH$ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o amÁ` `m àm§V hr BH$mB© Wo& B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZr 1757 go boH$a
1849 VH$ g§nyU© ^maVâ A{YH$ma O‘mH$a Bgo nhbr ~ma "amï´>' Bg BH$mB© VH$ BgHo$ nyd© ar{VH$mb ‘| H${d ^yfU Am{X
H${d`m| Ûmam amOm {edmOr VWm amOm N>Ìgmb H$s draVm H$m {H$`m J`m dU©Z ^r joÌr` amOmAm| H$m dU©Z h¡& ZJ|Ð Am{X
AmbmoMH$m| Zo BZH$s amï´>r`Vm H$mo "qhXy amï´>r`Vm' VH$ hr gr{‘V ‘mZm h¡& ñnï> h¡ {H$ ^maV ‘| amï´>r`Vm H$m CX` A§J«oOr
gÎmm, {ejm Ho$ gmW VËH$mbrZ gm‘m{OH$-Ym{‘©H$ gwYmag§~§Yr Am§XmobZm| Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n hþB© h¡&
^maV ‘| AmYw{ZH$ amï´>r`Vm H$m àW‘ CËWmZ gZ 1857 Ho$ {dÐmoh ‘| {‘bVm h¡& A§J«oOr gÎmm `m emgZ Ho$ pIbm’$
g§J{R>V amï´> ^mdZm `h nhbm à`mg Wm& `ht go h‘mar amï´>r`Vm `m "h‘ g~ EH$ h¢' H$s ^mdZm H$m Ama§^ hþAm h¡& h‘ g~
nhbr ~ma àXoe, Y‘©, Om{V, g§àXm` Am{X H$s g§Hw${MV ^mdZm go ~mha {ZH$bH$a "^maV' Bg Xoe H$s ‘wp³V Ho$ {bE BH$Ç>o
hþE& ^bo hr `h Am§XmobZ Ag’$b hþAm hmo na Bgr Am§XmobZ Zo ^maVr` OZVm ‘| amï´>r` MoVZm H$mo OmJ¥V {H$`m& gZ 1885
‘| ñWm{nV "amï´>r` H$m±J«og'Zo gm‘m{OH$ VWm amOZr{VH$ EH$Vm H$m Zmam XoH$a OZ-OZ VH$ Bgo nhþ±Mm`m & H$m±J«og Ho$ àW‘
A{YdoeZ ‘| {OZ 72 à{V{Z{Y`m| Zo {hñgm {b`m Wm do {H$gr àm§V, Om{V, Y‘©, g§àXm` `m dJ© Ho$ Z hmoH$a g§nyU© Xoe H$m
à{V{Z{YËd H$a aho Wo& {~«Q>re gm‘«mÁ` H$s JbV Zr{V`m| H$m {damoY VWm Xoe H$s AmOmXr hr H$m±J«og H$m ‘w»` bú` ahm&
Xoe ‘| ~‹T> ahr amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm H$mo ~m{YV H$aZo Ho$ CÔoí` go A§J«oOm| Zo "’y$Q> S>mbmo Am¡a amÁ` H$amo' H$s Zr{V H$mo H$B© ~ma
AnZm`m& "~§Jmb H$m {d^mOZ' Bgr H$m n[aUm‘ Wm& bo{H$Z BgHo$ AmJo ^r O~-O~ A§J«oOm| Ûmam ^maVr` OZVm na Bg
àH$ma Ho$ AË`mMma hþE h¡, g‘ñV ^maV ‘| A§J«oOm| Ho$ pIbm’$ amof H$s Vrd« bha Xm¡‹S> JB© h¡& bmoJm| ‘| g{H«$` à{VH$ma H$s
^mdZm H$m g§Mma hþAm& A§J«oOm| H$s BZ J{V{d{Y`m| Zo ^maVr` OZ‘mZg ‘| amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm H$mo A{YH$ ‘O~yV ~Zm`m
h¡& ~§Jmb {d^mOZ Ho$ níMmV go Xoe ‘| Za‘n§Wr `m H«$m§{VH$mar Xb H$m ^r CX` hþAm h¡& {H$gr ^r hmbV ‘| A§J«oOm| H$mo Bg
Xoe go ~mha {ZH$mbH$a Xoe H$mo AmOmX H$aZm hr CZH$m bú` ahm& BgHo$ hoVw CÝhm|Zo qhgm Ho$ ‘mJ© H$mo ^r AnZm`m h¡& BÝh|
OZgm‘mÝ` H$m ^r gh`moJ Wm& do OZAm§XmobZ ‘| Zht ~pëH$ ge³V H«$m§{V ‘| {dídmg aIVo Wo&
Cn`w©³V {ddoMZ go `h ñnï> h¡ {H$ A§J«oOr emgZ ^maVr`m| Ho$ {bE A{êmn Wm, gmW hr amï´>r`Vm ^mdZm Ho$ CX` Ho$
{bE daXmZ Wr& ^maV df© H$mo EH$ AI§S> amï´> `m OÝ‘^y{‘ ‘mZZm h‘Z| n{íM‘ go grIm h¡ VWm Bgo A§J«oOr emgZ Zo ~T>mdm
{X`m h¡& A§J«oOr {ejm, `mVm`mV Ho$ gmYZm| VWm àog, N>mnImZo H$s gw{dYm ^r amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo Ho$ gmYZ

{gÕ hþE h¢& ^bo hr BZH$m {Z‘m©U A§J«oOm| Zo AnZo àemgZ H$s gw{dYm Ho$ hoVw {H$`m hmo & ZdOmJaU go à^m{dV gm‘m{OH$-
Ym{‘©H$ gwYma Am§XmobZm| Zo amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm H$mo ~‹T>mdm {X`m& ñd ^mfm, AVrV H$m Jm¡ad ^r amï´>r`Vm H$m A§J aho h¢&
H$m±J«og Zo amï´>r`Vm H$s A{^ì`p³V Ho$ ê$n ‘| ñdXoernZ H$s ^mdZm H$mo OmJ¥V H$a Xoer dñVwAm| H$m A{YH$m{YH$ à`moJ VWm
{dXoer dñVwAm| Ho$ ~{hîH$ma ‘| ñdXoer`Vm H$s nhMmZ Wr& ^maV|Xw `wJ Ho$ boIH$m| Zo amï´>r`Vm H$mo AnZo gm{hË` H$m H|$Ð
~Zm`m& VËH$mbrZ nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| Zo Bgr ^mdZm H$mo ~b àXmZ {H$`m&
6.2.6 ^maVr` ZdOmJaU : Am{W©H$ joÌ Ho$ g§X^© ‘|

`wJrZ n[adoe Ho$ {ddoMZ ‘| h‘ XoI MwHo$ h¢ {H$ A§J«oOm| Zo ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo ^maVr`m| Ho$ {dH$mg H$s
Ñ{ï> go Zht ~pëH$ {~«Q>re AW©ì`dñWm H$s Oê$aVm| Ho$ AZwgma ~Zm`m Wm& CZH$s ì`mnm[aH$ Zr{V Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n `hm± Ho$
Jm±d Omo Am{W©H$ Ñ{ï> go AnZo Amn ‘| ñd`§nyU© Wo, BZH$m T>m±Mm hr ‘gmbo, Am^yfU, emo^m H$s dñVwE± VWm Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZm|
go g§nÞ eham| H$mo COm‹S> VWm ~oOmZ ~Zm`m J`m& ^maV A~ A§J«oOm| Ho$ {bE H$ƒo ‘mb H$s ny{V© H$aZodmbm Xoe ahm& Bgr
‘mb H$mo {~«Q>Z ‘| bo OmH$a ‘{eZm| na ~ZmE JE ‘mb H$m ~mOma ^r ^maV hr ahm& `hm± H$s IoVr VWm ì`mnma H$mo Mm¡nQ>
H$aZo Ho$ hoVw A§J«oOm| Ûmam H$B© H$a bJmE JE& g‘`-g‘` na hwE AH$mb ‘| ^r {H$gmZm| go O~aZ bJmZ dgyb {H$`m J`m&
1857 H$m `wÕ VWm goZm Ed§ h{W`mam| na hþE IM© H$s Amny{V© Ho$ {bE ^r ^maVr` OZVm na ZE H$a bmJy {H$E& H$a H$s
aH$‘ âZo Ho$ hoVw, {H$gmZm| Zo IoVr, ì`mnm[a`m| Zo AnZr XwH$mZ| ~oM Xr& ^maVr` OZVm H$s Jar~r H$m dU©Z H$aVo XmXm^mB©
Zm¡amoOr {bIVo h¡, gZ 1867-68 ‘| àËòH$ ^maVr` H$s Am¡gVZ Am` Ho$db ~rg ê$n`m Wr {Og‘| Cƒ dJ© H$m ^mJ A{YH$
h¡& 40% ^maVr` AmOrdZ AY©noQ> Wo&
CÞrgdt gXr ‘| ^maV H$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V H$m EH$ Xygam nhby ^r h¡& A§J«oOm| Zo IoVr go g§~§{YV qgMmB© VWm Zha Ho$
{Z‘m©U hoVw bmoH$ {Z‘m©U {d^mJ H$s ñWmnZm H$s& Bg joÌ ‘| {Zdoe H$a H$B© H$amo‹S>mo§ EH$ IoVr qgMmB© joÌ ‘| Am JB©& IoVr
Ho$ ZE VWm AmYw{ZH$ gmYZm| H$s CnbãYVm, qgMmB© ì`dñWm Ho$ gmW H¥${f {d^mJm| Ho$ {Z‘m©U Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n ^maVr`
{H$gmZ ~mOma H$s ‘m§J VWm Oê$aVm| Ho$ AZwgma ’$gbm| VWm {H$ñ‘m| H$mo ~T>mdm XoZo bJm& A§J«oOm| Zo AnZr gw{dYm Ho$ hoVw
aob, Vma, S>mH$ Am{X godmAm| ‘| {Zdoe {H$`m& aob ì`dñWm H$m ^maV Ho$ Am{W©H$, H¥${f, gm‘m{OH$ VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZ
‘| {deof ‘hÎd ahm& aob Ho$ H$maU ^maV Ho$ {d{^Þ àm§Vm| Ho$ {Zdmgr nañna EH$ Xygao Ho$ {ZH$Q> AmE& CÝh| amOZr{VH$ VWm
gm§ñH¥${VH$ EH$Vm H$s AZw^y{V hþB©& A§J«oOm| Zo Mm`, H$m°’$s, Zrb VWm a~a Ho$ ~mJmZ V¡`ma {H$E& CZHo$ {bE H$‘ ‘OXyar na
^maVr` CnbãY Wo hr& Bggo CËnÞ dñVwAm| H$mo Xoe VWm {dXoem| ‘| ~oMH$a H$B© gmam ‘wZm’$m H$‘mVo& BgHo$ {bE CÝhm|Zo ’¡$ŠQ´r
VWm IXmZm| ‘| ^r n¡gm bJm`m&
Bgr H$mb ‘| ^maV ‘| ‘{eZm| H$m AmJ‘Z hþAm& gyVr dó CÚmoJ, OyQ> VWm H$mo`bm CËIZZ, Mmdb AmQ>m VWm bH$‹S>r
H$s {‘b|, M‘‹S>m, CZr dó, H$mJO, MrZr, bmohm VWm ñQ>rb O¡go CÚmoJm| H$s ñWmnZm go ^maV ‘| AmYw{ZH$ CÚmoJm| H$m
{dH$mg hþAm& A’$s‘, Mm` VWm H$m°’$s CÚmoJ ^r ‘erZm| Ûmam hr MbmZm ewê$ hþAm& Bggo l‘Or{d`m| H$mo H$m‘ Vmo {‘bm
bo{H$Z ì`mnmar VWm O‘tXmam| Ho$ ê$n ‘| ny§OrdmX H$mo ~‹T>mdm {‘bm & emofU H$s ‘mÌm ~‹T> JB©& CËnm{XV dñVwAm| H$mo ~oMZo
Ho$ {bE Xbmbm| H$m EH$ Z`m dJ© Xoe ‘| CËnÞ hþAm& Bgr g‘` ‘OXyam| H$m ^r EH$ Z`m dJ© V¡`ma hþAm& Bg ZE ‘Ü` dJ©
Zo ^maV H$s gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ VWm amOZr{VH$ MoVZm H$mo {dH${gV H$aZo ‘| Ah‘ ^y{‘H$m {Z^mB©& `h dJ© AmOmXr Ho$
Am§XmobZ ‘| gH«$s` ahm& gm{hpË`H$ joÌ ‘| ^r Bg dJ© H$m à{V{Z{YËd ahm&
ZdOmJaU go à^m{dV ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n ny±OrdmX H$mo ~T>mdm {‘bm& gmW hr "‘Ü`dJ©' VWm
"l‘Ordr dJ©' H$m {Z‘m©U ^r Bg `wJ H$s ‘hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm ahr h¡&
6.2.7 ^maVr` ZdOmJaU : {ejm Ho$ g§X^© ‘|

{~«Q>re amÁ` H$s ñWmnZm VWm BgmB© {‘eZ[a`m| Ho$ Y‘© àgma Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n ^maVr` bmoJ A§J«oOr {ejm Ho$ g§nH©$
‘| AmE& ^maV O¡go {dembH$m` VWm ~hþ^m{fH$ Xoe na b§~o g‘` VH$ emgZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE A§J«oOm| H$mo ^maVr` ^mfmAm| H$mo
grIZm Amdí`H$ Wm& dht ^maV H$m Zd{e{jV g‘mO {~«Q>re amÁ` H$s ñWmnZm VWm ZB© AW©ì`dñWm go CËnÞ ZB©
g‘ñ`mAm| go OyPZo Ho$ {bE A§J«oOr {ejm H$s Amdí`H$Vm ‘hgyg H$a ahm Wm& A§J«oOm| Zo AnZr ^mfm g§~§Yr g‘ñ`m na
Cnm` hoVw H$B© Am`moJ JR>rV {H$E& [anmoQ>© noe hþE& bmS>© ‘oH$mbo Zo A§J«oOr {ejm H$m g‘W©Z {H$`m& 1853 Ho$ dwS> KmofUmnÌ
go àmW{‘H$, ‘mÜ`{‘H$ VWm {díd{dÚmb`m| H$s ñWmnZm H$a OZ g‘yh H$mo {e{jV H$aZo H$mo àmoËgmhZ {‘bm& àËòH$ àm§V ‘|
{ejm {d^mJm| H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& Bg ZB© {ejm nÕ{V VWm ^mfm Zo ^maVr`m| H$s gmoM VWm ‘mZ{gH$Vm ‘| ~Xbmd AmE&

A§J«oOm| Zo 1780 ‘| "H$bH$Îmm ‘Xagm', 1791 ‘| "~Zmag g§ñH¥$V H$m°boO' Ho$ gmW gZ 1800 ‘| "’$moQ>© {d{b`‘ H$m°boO' H$s
ñWmnZm H$s& A§J«oOr OmZZodmbo ^maVr`m| H$s Ñ{ï> go {dXoer ’$‘m} VWm H§$nZr Ho$ àemgZ ‘| Zm¡H$ar nmZm gab ~Zm& A§J«oO
ì`mnm[a`m| go {dMma-{d{Z‘` H$s gw{dYm ^r hþB©&
A§J«oOr emgZ Ho$ nyd© hr BgmB© {‘eZar Y‘© àgma Ho$ CÔoí` go A§J«oOr {ejm H$mo AnZm MwHo$ Wo& gZ 1758 ‘| hr
"S>¡{Ze {‘eZ' H$bH$Îmm Am`m Wm& CgHo$ níMmV H¡$ao, ~«mCZ, pñH$Za, ~¡bo Am{X H$m AmJ‘Z hþAm& BÝhm|Zo {ejm g§ñWmZm|
H$s ñWmnZm H$s& Xoer ^mfmAm| Ho$ gmW A§J«oOr H$mo ‘mÜ`‘ Ho$ ê$n ‘| AnZm`m& ñHy$b ‘| nT>mZo Ho$ {bE nmR>çnñVHo$ V¡`ma
H$s& AZwdmX ~S>r ‘mÌm ‘| {H$E JE& Bg A§J«oOr {ejm Ho$ H$maU hr ^maVr` `wdH$m| H$mo `yamon VWm nmíMmË` Xoem| ‘| Y‘© VWm
AÝ` joÌm| ‘| AmE ì`mnH$ ~Xbmdm| H$m n[aM` hwAm&
CÞrgdt gXr ‘| ^maV Ho$ gm‘m{OH$ VWm Ym{‘©H$ joÌ ‘| Mb aho {d{dY g‘mOm| VWm Am§XmobZm| Zo A§J«oOr {ejm H$m
A{YH$Va g‘W©Z hr {H$`m& ^maVr` ZdOmJaU Ho$ AJ«XyV amOm am‘‘mohZ am` A§J«oOr {ejm Ho$ njYa Wo& CÝhm|Zo Zmar {ejm
H$m g‘W©Z H$aVo hþE {ejm H$mo g‘mOmoÞ{Îm H$m ‘mÜ`‘ ‘mZm Wm& `ht ~mV àmW©Zm g‘mO, am‘H¥$îU {‘eZ Ho$ gmW ‘hmamï´>
Ho$ gËèmoYH$ g‘mO Zo ^r AnZr {ejm g§ñWmZm| Ho$ Ûmam amï´>r`Vm H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZodmbr {ejm H$mo AnZm`m& B{Vhmg J«§Wm|
H$m nwZb}IZ H$a Agbr B{Vhmg H$mo n‹T>m`m J`m& gm‘m{OH$ VWm Ym{‘©H$ {df‘ ‘mÝ`VmAm|, na§namAm| H$s AmbmoMZm H$s
VWm ~ƒm| ‘| ‘mZdVmdmXr VWm d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU Ho$ {Z‘m©U Ho$ hoVw à`mg {H$`m&
A§VV… `hr H$h|Jo {H$ AR>mahdt gXr ‘| ^maV H$mo {Og nmíMmË` kmZ-{dkmZ go g§nH©$ hþAm dh ^maV Ho$ kmZ-
{dkmZ go AbJ Wm& ^maVr` kmZ-{dkmZ na§nam`w³V Wm& CgH$m bú` AmÜ`mpË‘H$ VWm nmabm¡{H$H$ Wm& `h {d{eï> dJ©
VWm Om{V VH$ hr gr{‘V Wm& BgHo$ {dn[aV nmíMmË` kmZ-{dkmZ ZE OrdZ g§X^m} go g§~§{YV Wm& dh ^m¡{VH$ VWm
d¡km{ZH$ Wm gmW hr gd©gwb^ ^r& ^maVr`m| Zo Bg kmZ-{dkmZ Ho$ g§nH©$ ‘| AmH$a d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU H$mo AnZm`m& `yamon
VWm nmíMmË` Xoem| Ho$ g‘mZ Y‘© VWm OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ H$mo VH©$ H$s H$gm¡Q>r na naIm OmZo bJm& {ejm H$mo ‘Zwî` Ho$ gmW
g‘mO H$s CÞ{V H$m ‘mÜ`‘ ~Zm`m&
6.2.8 ^maVr` ZdOmJaU : gm{hË` Ho$ g§X^© ‘|

^maVr` ZdOmJaU H$m gdm©{YH$ VWm gd©àW‘ à^md ~§Jmb gm{hË` na nS>m& qhXr Ho$ nyd© ‘amR>r gm{hË` ‘| ^r Bgo
XoIm J`m h¡& ~§Jmb VWm ‘hmamï´> ‘| gm‘m{OH$ VWm Ym{‘©H$ gwYma g§~§Yr Am§XmobZm| Zo Omo H$m`© {H$`m Wm Cggo gm{hË`H$mam|
H$m à^m{dV hmoZm ñdm^m{dH$ Wm& Bg H$mb Ho$ gm{hË`H$mam| Zo AnZo dmVmdaU ‘| hmoZodmbo n[adV©Zm| H$mo eãX~Õ {H$`m& Bg
H$mb Ho$ boIZ H$m ‘w»` {df` gm‘m{OH$ gwYma hr ahm& Bg gm{hË` Zo g‘mOì`má {df‘VmAm| H$m {damoY {H$`m VWm "amï´>r`
EH$Vm' Ed§ "amï´>r` ào‘' H$mo A{^ì`³V {H$`m& `h gm{hË` AnZr {df`dñVw, A{^ì`p³V H$s e¡br, ^mfm, CÔoí`, àH¥${V
Ho$ gmW-gmW ZE {dMmam| Ho$ H$maU nyd©dVu gm{hË` go AbJ ahm&
~§Jmb gm§ñH¥${VH$ ZdOmJaU H$s AJ«^y{‘ ahr h¡& AR>mahdt gXr Ho$ CÎmamY© ‘| hr ~§Jbm H$mì` Xodr XodVmAm| H$mo N>mo‹S>
gm‘mÝ` OrdZ H$s Amoa CÝ‘wI hmoZo bJm Wm& Bg Ñ{ï> go "‘mBHo$b ‘YwgwXZ XÎm' Ho$ H$mì` "‘oKZmX dY' (1861) H$mo àW‘
ñWmZ {X`m J`m h¡& B©ídaM§Ð H$s H${dVm ‘| ~§J Xoe H$s g§ñH¥${V VWm gä`Vm Ho$ à{V J§^ra lÕm ^md {XImB© nS>Vo h¡&
~§{H$‘M§Ð MQ>Ou Zo AnZo AmZ§X‘R>, Xodr Mm¡YamZr, grVmam‘, XwJ}eZ§{XZr Am{X gm{hË` Ho$ gmW "~§J Xe©Z' nÌ ‘| amï´>r`Vm
Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| AZÝ` `moJXmZ {X`m& ~§{H$‘M§Ð gm§ñH¥${VH$ ZdmoËWmZdmXr MoVZm Ho$ à{V{Z{Y gm{hË`H$ma aho h¢& ZdOmJaU
H$s g‘J« MoVZm aqdÐZmW R>mHw$a Ho$ ZmQ>H$m|, CnÝ`mgm| VWm H${dVmAm| ‘| XoIr JB©& Zmar OmJaU, gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a Ym{‘©H$
ê${T>`m| H$s OS>Vm, ñdXoe ào‘, A§Vam©ï´>r`Vm Ho$ gmW AmÜ`mpË‘H$ qMVZ H$mo g‘J«Vm ‘| aqdÐZmW Or Zo dmUr Xr h¢&
‘amR>r gm{hË` ‘| ‘. Á`mo{Vamd ’w$bo, bmoH${hVdmXr Am{X g‘mOgwYmaH$m| Zo gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ ‘| ^r ZdOmJaU H$m
à{V{Z{YËd {H$`m& ’w$bo ZmQ>H$H$ma, H${d Ho$ gmW JÚH$ma Ho$ ê$n ‘| »`mVH$sV© h¢& "Ho$edgwV' ZdrZ ‘amR>r gm{hË` Ho$
AJ«XyV aho {OÝhm|Zo Xoeì`mnr amOZr{VH$ VWm gm‘m{OH$ n[apñW{V`m| H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡& gwYmadmXr AmJaH$a, {VbH$,
gmdaH$a, {MnbyUH$a Zo àJ{Verb MoVZm VWm nwZOudZdmXr àd¥{Îm go ‘amR>r Ho$ Adm©MrZ gm{hË` H$mo g‘¥Õ {H$`m& Bg
H$mb Ho$ gm{hË` ‘| amï´>r`Vm AnZmB© Wr& Am`© g‘mO Zo ‘mÌ A§J«oOr {ejm H$mo ZH$mam Wm& g§ñH¥$V H$mo {ejm H$m ‘mÜ`‘
~Zm`m& BZ‘| Omo CXmadmXr Xb Wm CÝhm|Zo ‘mÌ gm‘m{OH$ gwYma Ho$ hoVw nmíMmË` kmZ-{dkmZ H$s {ejm H$mo A{Zdm`©
g‘Pm& 1886 ‘| X`mZ§X Zo E§½bmo d¡{XH$ H$m°boO H$s ñWmnZm H$s VWm AmJo OmH$a H$B© ñWmZm| na X`mZ§X ñHy$b, H$m°boO
Imobo& BgHo$ ‘mÜ`‘ go CÝhm|Zo amï´>r` {dMmaYmam H$mo AmJo ~‹T>mZo ‘| AmíM`©OZH$ `moJXmZ {X`m& ‘wgb‘mZm| H$mo AnZr Amoa
~ZmE aIZo Ho$ hoVw A§J«oOm| Zo ‘Xagm| H$mo AZwXmZ ^r {X`m Wm VWm AXmbVm| H$s ^mfm Ho$ ê$n ‘| "’$magr' H$mo ~Zm`m aIm Wm&

{’$a ^r H$Å>admXr ‘wgb‘mZm| Zo A§J«oOr {ejm H$m {damoY H$a Ym{‘©H$ {ejm Ho$ hoVw ‘Xagm| H$mo AnZm`m& Hw$N> CXmadmXr VWm
àJ{Verb ‘wgb‘mZm| Zo ‘mÌ A§J«oOr {ejm H$mo AnZm`m& Bg‘| à‘wI Wo {X„r Ho$ ga g¡æ`X ‘h‘X Im±& CÝhm|Zo A§J«oOr {ejm
H$mo ‘wgb‘mZm| H$s àJ{V H$m ‘mÜ`‘ ñdrH$mam& AbrJ‹T> ‘| "‘moS>‘S>Z A±½bmo Amo[a`§Q>b H$m°boO' H$s ñWmnZm H$s& BZHo$ g‘mZ
hr ImZ~hmXwa bVr’$ Zo H$bH$Îmo ‘| ‘moB©‘mohZ {bQ>aoar gmogm`Q>r H$s ñWmnZm H$a ‘wgb‘mZm| Ho$ {bE A§J«oOr {ejm H$m Ûma
Imobm&
A§J«oO, BgmB© {‘eZar VWm VËH$mbrZ Ym{‘©H$, gm‘m{OH$ Am§XmobZm| Ûmam ewé H$s JB© {ejm A{YH$Va A{ÔZ dJ©
VH$ hr gr{‘V ahr& gm‘mÝ` qhXy VWm ‘wgb‘mZ AnZo ~ƒm| H$mo A§J«oOr nmR>embmAm| ‘| Zht ôO ahm Wm& Am{W©H$ {dnÞVm,
Ym{‘©H$ ê${‹T>`m| Ed§ g‘mOì`má àWm-na§namAm| Ho$ H$maU {nN>‹S>r VWm A{V {nN>S>o - Om{V Ed§ {ó`m| H$s {ejm Adí` àm`
Wr& Bg Ñ{ï> go ‘hmamï´> ‘| ‘. Omo{Vamd ’w$bo Or H$m H$m`© H«$m§{VH$maH$ ahm h¡& CÝhm|Zo ór, X{bV {ejm H$m ‘hV H$m`© ewê$
{H$`m& BgHo$ gmW Zd{e{jV ^maVr`m| Zo ^r ñdV§Ì {ejm g§ñWmE± ImobH$a amï´>r` g§ñH$mam| Ho$ AZwHy$b {ejm XoZr ewê$ H$s&
VËH$mbrZ g‘` Ho$ Ym{‘©H$, gm‘m{OH$ VWm amOZr{VH$ ZoVmAm| Zo `h nhMmZ {b`m Wm {H$ A§J«oO "’$moS>mo Am¡a amÁ` H$amo'
H$s Zr{V Ho$ AmYma na qhXy-‘wgb‘mZm| H$mo AbJ H$aZo H$m à`mg H$a aho h¡& A§J«oO {dÛmZ OmZ ~wPH$a ^maVr` àmMrZ
B{Vhmg H$mo Vmo‹S>-‘amo‹S>H$a noe H$a aho h¡& ‘wgb‘mZm| H$mo Hw$N> Img ghwbVo XoH$a ZOXrH$ H$a aho h¢& ^maVr` ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m‘
Ho$ {bE `h KmVH$ {gÕ hmoZodmbm Wm& Bg{bE àJ{Verb qhXy VWm ‘wgb‘mZ gm‘m{OH$ OrdZ H$m {MÌU, ‘mZdVm, Zmar
OmJaU, gm‘m{OH$ ê${‹T>`m| Ho$ à{V AmH«$moe Ho$ gmW gm‘m{OH$ n[aîH$ma H$s AmH$m§jm àH$Q> hþB© h¡&
JwOamVr ‘| Zd©Xme§H$a H$s aMZmAm| ‘| gd©àW‘ ZdOmJaU Ho$ ñda Jw§O CR>o& BZHo$ ì`p³VËd H$s {dÐmohr ^mdZm Zo
gm{hË` VWm g‘mO H$mo ZE OrdZ‘yë` àXmZ {H$E& BÝhm|Zo gm‘m{OH$ {df‘VmAm| H$m `WmW© {MÌU JÚ H$s {^Þ-{^Þ
{dYmAm| ‘| {H$`m& A{ejm, A§Y{dídmg, ~mb{ddmh, AZ‘ob {ddmh VWm {dYdm OrdZ H$s H$ê$Um Ho$ gmW àmMrZ Ho$
ghmao ZdrZ H$m {Z‘m©U Bg `wJ Ho$ gm{hË` ‘| {XImB© {X`m& ‘ZgwIam‘, Jmo~aYZam‘ Zaqghamd, ZmÝhmbmb Am{X à‘wI
gm{hË`H$ma aho§&
VobyJy gm{hË` ‘| ZdOmJaU H$s MoVZm Ho$ ñda gd©àW‘ draoeqbJ‘ nVbw H$s aMZmAm| ‘| ‘wI[aV hþE& do gwYmadmXr
Am§XmobZm| go à^m{dV Wo& CÝhm|Zo àdmhnyU© JÚ e¡br H$mo AnZm`m& AnZo "amOeoIa M[aÌ‘' VWm "‘§JVm{` H¥${V' Am{X
aMZmAm| ‘| {dYdm {ddmh H$s g‘ñ`m Ho$ gmW doí`mJ‘Z H$s {df‘ pñW{V na àH$me S>mbm h¡& AnZo gm{hË` ‘| ór {ejm
VWm {dYdm H$mo A{^ì`³V hr Zht {H$`m ~pëH$ amOm am‘‘mohZ am` go à^m{dV hmoH$a ñd`§ {dYdm {ddmh ^r {H$`m&
gm{hË` Ho$ ê$n ‘| ~mobMmb VWm OZ^mfm H$mo AnZm`m& Jwê$ OmS> Aßnmamd H$m "H$Ý`m ewëHw$‘' ZmQ>H$ Am§Y« H$s gm‘m{OH$
àWmAm| H$s O‹S>Vm H$mo COmJa H$aVm h¡&
gw~«h‘Ê`‘ ^maVr V{‘b gm{hË` ‘| ZdOmJaU Ho$ AJ«XyV aho§& ‘b`m‘b ‘| Hw$‘maZ AmemZ, d„Vmob C„za, na‘oída
Aæà Am{X H$s aMZmAm| ‘| ZdOmJaU H$s MoVZm gd©àW‘ OmJ¥V hþB©& {df` VWm e¡br H$s Ñ{ï> go gd©àW‘ n[adV©Z ZOa
Am`m& Ag{‘`m gm{hË` ‘| amï´>r` OmJ¥{V Ho$ AJ«XyV WoAmZ§Xam‘ ’w$bZ C{‹S>`m ‘| ‘mohZ goZmn{V, amYmZmW Ed§ ‘YwgyXZ H$m
gm{hË` {deof ahm h¡& ga g¡æ`X Ah‘X Im± Zo CXy© H$mì` Ho$ gmW JÚ Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go ZdrZVm H$m CÓmQ>Z {H$`m& Cn`w©³V
{ddoMZ go `h ñnï> h¡ {H$ ^bo hr ~§Jmbr VWm ‘amR>r gm{hË` Zo ZdOmJaU Ho$ Am§XmobZ H$mo g~go nhbo AnZm`m hmo, {’$a
^r ^maV Ho$ bJ^J g^r {hñgm| ‘| `h Am§XmobZ ewê$ hþAm Wm& g^r Amoa JÚ H$m Am{d^m©d VWm amï´>r`Vm Ed§ ‘mZdVm
H|$Ðr` {df` ahr h¡& Bg g§X^© ‘| ZdOmJaU go à^m{dV qhXr gm{hË` H$m AÜ``Z Vmo A{YH$ ‘hÎdnyU© {gÕ hmoVm h¡&
6.2.9 ^maVr` ZdOmJaU Am¡a qhXr gm{hË`

ZdOmJaU go à^m{dV ^maVr` gm{hË` H$s MMm© H$aVo g‘` h‘Zo `h XoIm h¡ {H$ ~§Jbm VWm ‘amR>r gm{hË`
VËH$mbrZ gm‘m{OH$ VWm Ym{‘©H$ gwYmaZm g§~§Yr Am§XmobZm| H$m hr EH$ {hñgm Wm& VËH$mbrZ Am§XmobZm| Ho$ ZoVm VWm
AZw`m`r ñd`§ gm{hË`H$ma, nÌH$ma Ho$ gmW g‘mOgwYmaH$ ^r Wo& Bg Ñ{ï> go qhXr ZdOmJaU H$s ^y{‘H$m AbJ ZOa AmVr
h¡& qhXr ‘| g‘mOgwYma H$m H$m`© gm{hË`H$mam| Zo {H$`m h¡& ^maV|Xw h[aíM§Ð AmYw{ZH$ qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ àUoVm VWm AJ«XÿV ah|
h¡§& CÝhm|Zo Ame` VWm e¡br Ed§ CÔoí` H$s Ñ{ï> go qhXr gm{hË` ‘| ZB© MoVZm OmJ¥V H$s& qhXr H$m ñdê$n {Z{íMV {H$`m VWm
JÚ H$s AZoH$ {dYmAm| H$m {Zdm©h {H$`m& n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go g‘mOì`má {df‘VmAm| na {bIVo ah| VWm AnZo g‘`
Ho$ gm{hË`H$mam| boIZ Ho$ hoVw à^m{dV H$aVo aho§& ^maV|Xw H$m g‘` {Ogo qhXr gm{hË` ‘| ZdOmJaU `m nwZOm©JaU H$hm J`m
h¡, EH$ àH$ma go Zd`wJ H$m Ama§^ h¡ & `h AmYw{ZH$ qhXr gm{hË` H$m àdoeÛma h¡& Bg `wJ Ho$ gm{hË` ‘| amï´>r`Vm H$m
Am{d^m©d hþAm VWm nwamZr ar{VàWm na§namAm| H$m {damoY ^r& gmW hr Ohm± ZdrZ {df`m| H$m J«hU hþAm Cgr àH$ma go nwamZo
Ho$ à{V AmJ«h ^r ahm& Bg `wJ Ho$ gm{hË` H$m {dYmJV {ddoMZ g§jon ‘| {ZåZm§{H$V h¡-
H${dVm
Bg `wJ ‘| H${dVm H$s ^mfm ~«O ahr Wr& hmbm§{H$ ^maV|Xw VWm CZH$s ‘§S>br Ho$ gm{hË`H$ma I‹S>r ~mobr ‘| ^r nÚ
aMZm H$aZo H$m à`mg H$a MwHo$ h¢, bo{H$Z do g’$b Zht hmo nmE& Bg `wJ Zo ar{VH$mb go Mbr Am ahr l¥§Jmar VWm Zr{V`w³V
H${dVm H$mo ^r AnZm`m gmW hr g‘mO Am¡a amï´> H$m C×moYZ H$aZodmbr gm‘m{OH$Vm VWm amï´>r`Vm H$mo ^r AnZm {df`
~Zm`m& Xoe H$s XwamdñWm, ~mb {ddmh, {dYdm {ddmh {ZfoY O¡gr ê${‹T>dmXr gm‘m{OH$ àWmAm| Ho$ à{V Jham Ag§Vmof àH$Q>
{H$`m& Bg H${dVm ‘| àmMrZ ^maV Ho$ Jm¡ad, g§ñH¥${V H$s CƒVm VWm amOZr{VH$ J[a‘m H$m Cƒ amJ ^r A{^ì`³V hþAm
h¡& ZE `wJ H$s Bg H${dVm Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| ^maV|Xw, àVmnZmamÙ {‘l, A§{~H$mXÎm ì`mg, amYmH¥$îUXmg, ~ÐrZmamÙ Mm¡Yar
Am{X H$m `moJXmZ {deof ahm h¡& Bg H$mì` ‘| ^md Ho$ gmW ^mfm, e¡br Ed§ N>§X Am{X ‘| ^r àmMrZVm H$m n[aîH$ma VWm
ZdrZVm H$m g‘mdoe hþAm h¡& N>§Xm| Ho$ joÌ ‘| Ohm± A{YH$Va H${dÎm, Xmohm, gd¡æ`m VWm N>ßn` H$m ~mhþë` Wm dhm± BZ
boIH$m| Zo gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ Ho$ ~mha Ho$ N>§Xm| H$mo ^r AnZm`m& bmoH$àM{bV JrVm|, bmdZr, H$Obr Am{X H$mo gm{hË` ‘| ñWmZ
{X`m&
{Z~§Y
ZdOmJaU H$mb H$s `h JÚ H$s à‘wI {dYm ahr h¡& I‹S>r~mobr JÚ Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go ^maV|Xw `wJ Zo {Z~§Y gm{hË` H$mo Iy~
g‘¥Õ ~Zm`m& {Z~§Ym| H$m g§~§Y nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| go Ow‹S>m hþAm Wm& Bg H$mb H$m ha gm{hË`H$ma nÌH$ma Wm& {Z~§Ym| Ho$
‘mÜ`‘ go do nmR>H$m| go grYo g§dmX ñWm{nV H$aVo Wo& ^maV|Xw, ~mbH¥$îU ^Å>, àVmnZmamÙ {‘l, ~ÐrZmamÙ Mm¡Yar, bmbm
lr{ZdmgXmg Bg H$mb Ho$ ‘hÎdnyU© {Z~§YH$ma aho h¢& Bg H$mb Ho$ {Z~§Y gmYmaU go gmYmaU {df` Ho$ gmW Xoeào‘,
g‘mOgwYma VH$ aho h¢& BZ {Z~§Ym| Zo ~mb {ddmh, ór {ejm, H¥$fH$m| H$s XwamdñWm, Xoe godm, ‘{hbm ñdmV§Í`, A§J«oOr
{ejm, Xoe H$s XwamdñWm Am{X H$m {MÌU H$a gwYma Am¡a Zd{Z‘m©U H$m H$m`© {H$`m h¡& {Z~§Y gm{hË` H$m `h e¡edH$mb
hmoH$a ^r {df`m| H$s {d{dYVm VWm e¡br H$s ZdrZVm Ho$ H$maU àm¡‹T> VWm CËH$f©H$mb hr bJVm h¡& hmñ` ì`§½`mË‘H$ e¡br
Bg `wJ Ho$ {Z~§Ym| H$s {deofVm ahr h¡ {OgH$m {dñVma AmJo OmH$a ñdmV§Í`moÎma `wJ ‘| hþAm h¡&
ZmQ>H$
ZdOmJaU H$mb ‘| OZOrdZ ‘| amï´>r`Vm Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ MoVZm Ho$ {Z‘m©U ‘| ZmQ>H$m| H$m ‘hÎd {deof ahm h¡& Bg
H$mb ‘| nÚ~Õ ZmQ>H$m| H$m {Z‘m©U hþAm Wm gmW hr g§ñH¥$V ZmQ>H$m| H$m AZwdmX ^r& BZHo$ {df` A{YH$Va nm¡am{UH$ VWm
Ym{‘©H$ aho Wo& ZdOmJaU `wJ Ho$ ZmQ>H$H$mam| Zo OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY joÌm| go H$WmdñVw H$m M`Z {H$`m& BZ‘| gm‘m{OH$, Ym{‘©H$
VWm amï´>r` g‘ñ`mAm| Ho$ gmW nm¡am{UH$ VWm Eo{Vhm{gH$ B{Vd¥Îm ^r h¡& gm§ñH¥${VH$ OmJaU Ho$ g§Xoe Ho$ gmW-gmW H$ht-
H$ht ewÕ ào‘ H$m ^r {MÌU hþAm h¡& Bg `wJ Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| H$m CÔoí` OZ‘mZg H$mo OmJ¥V H$aZm, CZ‘| AmË‘{dídmg n¡Xm H$aZo
Ho$ gmW ‘Zmoa§OZ ^r ahm h¡& BZ ZmQ>H$m| na nmíMmË` ZmQ>çemó H$m ^r à^md h¡& ^maV|Xw, A§{~H$mXÎm ì`mg, XodH$sZ§XZ
{ÌnmR>r, ~bXodàgmX {‘l, XwJm©àgmX {‘l Am{X ZdOmJaU H$mb Ho$ ZmQ>H$H$ma aho h¢&
CnÝ`mg
qhXr CnÝ`mg boIZ H$s ewéAmV ZdOmJaU H$mb ‘| hþB© VWm BgH$s àoaUm ~§Jbm VWm A§J«oOr CnÝ`mg aho h¡§& ~m§Jbm
Ho$ gm‘m{OH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ AZwdmX qhXr ‘| ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| hþE h¢& qhXr Ho$ àW‘ ‘m¡{bH$ CnÝ`mg Ho$ ê$n ‘| lram‘
{’$bm¡ar Ho$ "^m½`dVr' (1877) H$mo nhMmZm OmVm h¡& bmbm lr{ZdmgXmg H$m AbJ T>§J H$m qhXr H$m àW‘ CnÝ`mg h¡& BZ
XmoZm| CnÝ`mgm| H$s H$WmdñVw gm‘m{OH$ ahr h¡& ~mbH¥$îU ^Å> Ho$ "ahñ`H$Wm', "ZyVZ ~«÷Mmar', 'gm¡ AOmZ EH$ gwOmZ' Ho$
gmW {H$emoarbmb Jmoñdm‘r Ho$ "{ÌdoUr' VWm, "gm¡^m½`lr', amYmH¥$îU H$m "{Zghmæ` qhXy' Am{X CnÝ`mgm| H$m bú`
g‘mOì`má Hw$ar{V`m| H$m {damoY H$a AmXe© n[adma VWm g‘mO aMZm H$m g§Xoe XoZm ahm h¡& Bg `wJ ‘| Eo{Vhm{gH$ CnÝ`mg
H$‘ {bIo JE& XodH$sZ§XZ IÌr VWm JmonmbXmg Jh‘ar Zo Eo`mgr-{Vbñ‘r VWm Omgygr CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ Ûmam ‘ZmoaO § Z Ho$ gmW
qhXr JÚ H$mo n[aîH¥$V {H$`m& XodH$sZ§XZ IÌr H$m "M§ÐH$m§Vm' ^bo hr ‘Zmoa§OZmË‘H$ hmo VWm Cg‘| g‘mO H$m dU©Z Z Ho$
~am~a hmo {’$a ^r qhXr ^mfm VWm qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg ‘| Bg CnÝ`mg H$m AZmoÝ`m{lV `moJXmZ ahm h¡& BZ CnÝ`mgm|
H$m ‘hÎd CÔoí` go H$B© Á`mXm JÚ ^mfm VWm e¡br H$s Ñ{ï> go A{YH$ ahm h¡& Bg `wJ ‘| A§J«oOr, ~§Jbm VWm ‘amR>r CnÝ`mgm|
Ho$ AZwdmX ^r ~‹S>r ‘mÌm ‘| {H$E JE&

ZdOmJaU H$mb ‘| AmYw{ZH$ H$bmË‘H$ H$hmZr H$m Ama§^ Zht hþAm& Bgr H$mb ‘| AmbmoMZm H$m Ama§^ hþAm {OgH$m
‘mÜ`‘ nÌ-n{ÌH$mE§ Wr& nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| ‘| nwñVH$ g‘rjm Ho$ A{V[a³V g¡Õm§{VH$ AmbmoMZm, Q>rH$mE± VWm B{Vhmg J«§Wm| ‘|
H${d n[aM` Ho$ ê$n ‘| {bIr JB© AmbmoMZm XoIr JB© h¡& Bgr g‘` OrdZr gm{hË` H$m ^r Ama§^ hþAm Omo A{YH$Va B{Vhmg
nwê$fm| na hr {bIr JB©& nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± Vmo ZdOmJaU H$m AmYma hr ahr h¡&
Cn`w©³V {ddoMZ go ñnï> h¡ {H$ ZdOmJaU Zo qhXr gm{hË` H$mo {df`, ^mfm VWm e¡br Ho$ ñVa na à^m{dV {H$`m&
qhXr gm{hË` H$s Ñ{ï> go ZdOmJaU H$s g~go ~‹S>r CnbpãY`m± ahr h¡& I‹S>r~mobr H$m JÚ VWm nÚ Ho$ ê$n ‘| à`moJ, amï´>r`Vm
H$s ^mdZm Ho$ gmW gm{hË` g‘mO H$m à{Vq~~ ~ZZm&

(1) ZdOmJaU H$mo A§J«oOr ‘|............... H$hm OmVm h¢&
(2) qhXr ‘| "ZdOmJaU' Bg eãX H$m g~go nhbm à¶moJ.......... Zo {H$¶m&
(3) AmYw{ZH$ ^maV H$s Ztd H$m nhbm nËWa............ Zo aIm&
(4) gZ 1864 ‘| ................ Zo ~§~B© ‘o§ ~«÷g‘mO H$s ñWmnZm H$s&
(5) qhXr Ho$ àW‘ ‘m¡{bH$ CnÝ¶mg Ho$ ê$n ‘|.............. H$mo nhMmZm OmVm h¢&
(6) XodH$sZ§XZ IÌr H$m............. ¶h qhXr JÚ H$m àW‘ ‘Zmoa§ZmË‘H$ ‘m¡{bH$ CnÝ¶mg h¢&

(1) ZdOmJaU H$m AW© ³¶m h¡?
(2) ZdOmJaU Ho$ àoaUmòmoV H$m¡Z go h¡?
(3) ZdOmJaU Am¡a bmoH$OmJaU ‘| ³¶m A§Va h¡&
(4) ‘hmXod JmoqdX amZS>o H$m¡Z gr g§ñWm Ho$ CÞm¶H$ Wo&
(5) ñdm‘r X¶mZ§X gañdVr Z| {H$g g§ñWm H$s ñWmnZm H$s?
(6) A§J«oOr T>§J H$m qhXr H$m àW‘ CnÝ¶mg H$m¡Z gm h¡?

· ZdOmJaU : ZB© MoVZm `m ZB© OmJ«{V & `h EH$ d¡{ídH$ à{H«$`m ^r h¡ {OgH$s ewê$AmV 13 dr gXr ‘| `yamon H$s BQ>br
‘| hþB©& Bggo hr ‘Ü``wJ H$m A§V VWm AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$m Ama§^ ‘mZm OmVm h¡ &
· nwZê$ËWmZ : AVrV H$s {H$gr àd¥{Îm, {dMma, ‘yë` `m na§nam H$mo nwZñWm©{nV H$aZo H$m ^md &
· gm‘§VdmX : Eogr amOemhr ì`dñWm Ohm± EH$ ì`p³V hr g~Hw$N> hmoVm h¡& `h OZV§Ì H$s {damoYr h¡&
· dhm~r Am§XmobZ : Aa~ Ho$ ao{JñVmZ ‘| OÝ‘m Ym{‘©H$ Am§XmobZ &
· àdV©H$ : ‘whå‘X BãZ AãXwb dhm~ &
· CÔoí` : Bñbm‘ Ho$ ‘yb ê$n H$mo dmng bmZm& ny±OrdmX: Eogr Am{W©H$ àUmbr {Og‘| Y{ZH$ dJ© CËnmXZ Ho$ gmYZm| na
A{YH$ma O‘mH$a l{‘H$m| H$m emofU H$aVm hmo&

(A)
(1) aoZogm§ (2) S>m°. am‘{dbmg e‘m© (3) amOm am‘‘mohZ am¶ (4) Ho$edM§Ð goZ (5) ^m½¶dVr (6) M§ÐH$m§Vm
(Am)
(1) ZdOmJaU H$m AW© h¡ - ZB© MoVZm&
(2) ¶wamonr¶ Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{V VWm d¡km{ZH$ A{dîH$ma ¶h ZdOmJaU Ho$ àoaUmòmoV h¢&
(3) ZdOmJaU Cn{ZdoedmXr Xm¡a H$s CnO h¡ dhr bmoH$OmJaU Ym{‘©H$ Ag{hîUwVm H$s à{V{H«$¶m h§¡&
(4) ‘hmXod JmoqdX amZS>o "àmW©Zm g‘mO' Ho$ CÞm¶H$ Wo&
(5) ñdm‘r X¶mZ§X gañdVr Zo "Am¶© g‘mO' H$s ñWmnZm H$s&
(6) "narjmJwê$' ¶h A§J«oOr T>§J H$m àW‘ CnÝ¶mg ‘mZm OmVm h¡&
6.5 gmam§e
"A§J«oOr aoZogm§' Ho$ {bE à`w³V ZdOmJaU H$m AW© h¡ - ZB© MoVZm& `h ZB© MoVZm OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ ‘| ZE gwYmam|, VH©$
VWm ~w{ÕdmX H$mo AnZmVr, ‘mZdVmdmX VWm d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU H$m àgma H$aVr hþB© AbJ-AbJ g‘` ‘| Xw{Z`m Ho$ ha Xoe
‘| OmJ¥V hþB©& dmñVd ‘| `h EH$ d¡{ídH$ à{H«$`m ahr h¡& `yamon H$s BQ>br ‘| 15dt gXr ‘| BgH$s ewéAmV hþB©& Am¡Úmo{JH$
H«$m§{V, d¡km{ZH$ A{dîH$ma, Xme©{ZH$m| VWm qMVH$m| Ûmam nmon Ed§ MM© H$mo MwZm¡Vr, N>mnImZo Ho$ gmW g‘mMmanÌm| H$s
ewéAmV Am{X Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n `yamon H$m g‘mO OmJ¥V hþAm VWm ‘Ü``wJrZ ‘mZ{gH$Vm go ~mha {ZH$bH$a ZE {dMma `m
Ñ{ï> H$mo AnZmVm nm`m J`m&
^maV ‘| ZdOmJaU H$s ewéAmV CÞrgdt gXr go hþB©& Cg na `yamon Ho$ aoZogm§ H$m à^md Adí` ahm h¡ & bo{H$Z BgH$m
ñdê$n ewÕ ^maVr` ahm h¡& `hm± H$m ZdOmJaU h‘mar Ym{‘©H$, gm‘m{OH$, ^m¡{VH$ OrdZ Ho$ gmW h‘mao OrdZ ‘yë`m| go ^r
Ow‹S>m hþAm h¡& A§J«oOr emgZ, {ejm, BgmB© {‘eZ[a`m| H$m Y‘© àgma, àog VWm N>mnImZo H$s ewéAmV, `mVm`mV H$s gw{dYmE±
VWm ^maVr` gm‘m{OH$-Ym{‘©H$ gwYma Am§XmobZ BgH$s àoaUm aho h¡§& ^maVr` ZdOmJaU {díd B{Vhmg ‘| Bg{bE ‘hÎdnyU©
h¡ {H$ BgZo {díd Ho$ naV§Ì amï´>m| H$s MoVZm H$mo OmJ¥V {H$`m VWm CÝh| AnZr Apñ‘Vm VWm ñdmYrZVm Ho$ {bE g§Kf© H$aZm
^r {gIm`m& "amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm' H$m OÝ‘ ZdOmJaU H$s ‘hÎdnyU© CnbpãY ahr h¡&
ZdOmJaU H$m Ama§^ Ym{‘©H$ g‘rjm go hþAm& Y‘© H$mo A{Zð> ê${‹T>`m| VWm H$‘©H$m§S>mo§ go Xya aI ‘mZd OrdZ H$s CÞ{V
hr Y‘© H$m àYmZ bú` ~Zm & Y‘© ‘| ì`má {df‘VmAm| H$s g‘rjm ewê$ hþB©& ‘Zwî` OrdZ hr qMVZ Ho$ H|$Ð ‘| ahm& ^maV ‘|
Ym{‘©H$ Ed§ gm‘m{OH$ gwYma Am§XmobZm| Zo dU©ì`dñWm, ~mb {ddmh, Om{V ì`dñWm, ~hþ {ddmh, ê${‹T>`m| H$m {damoY VWm
{ejm H$m àMma-àgma, {dYdm {ddmh H$m nwañH$ma Am{X joÌ ‘| H$m`© {H$`m& Bg Ñ{ï> go ~«m÷mo g‘mO, Am`© g‘mO, àmW©Zm
g‘mO Ho$ gmW am‘H¥$îU {‘eZ H$m ~‹S>m `moJXmZ ahm h¡&
ZdOmJaU go à^m{dV ^maVr` amOZr{V ‘| "amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm' H$s MoVZm H$m OmJ¥V hmoZm g~go ~‹S>r CnbpãY ahr
h¡& ñd^mfm, ñdamï´> VWm ñdXoe H$s MoVZm Zo hr amï´>r` Am§XmobZ H$s àoaUm {‘br&
AW© H$s Ñ{ï> go ny±OrdmX dJ© H$m CX` Bgr `wJ H$s KQ>Zm h¡& nmíMmË` {ejm, AI~ma VWm Zm¡H$[a`m| H$s CnbãYVm
Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n OÝ‘m ‘Ü`dJ© ^r Bgr `wJ H$s XoZ h¡& `hr ‘Ü`dJ© Xoe Ho$ gm‘m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, e¡{jH$ VWm gm§ñH¥${VH$
joÌ ‘| H$B© hbMbo VWm Am§XmobZm| H$m ZoV¥Ëd H$aVm h¡&
{ejm Ho$ joÌ ‘| A§J«oOr H$m à`moJ ~‹T>Vm J`m& A§J«oOm| VWm {‘eZ[a`m| Zo H$B© ñHy$b VWm H$m°boOm| H$s ñWmnZm H$s& `h
{ejm na§nam^w³V VWm AmÜ`mpË‘H$ `m nmabm¡{H$H$ kmZ go AbJ ^m¡{VH$ VWm d¡km{ZH$ OrdZ Ho$ g§~§{YV h¡& Bggo
d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU H$m {dH$mg hþAm&

Bg H$mb Ho$ gm{hË` H$m ‘w»` {df`-gm‘m{OH$ gwYma VWm amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm H$m àMma-àgma hr ahm h¡& `h
gm{hË` AnZr {df`dñVw, e¡br, ^mfm, CÔoí` Ho$ gmW àH¥${V ‘| ZE {dMmam| Ho$ H$maU AnZo nyd©dVu gm{hË` go AbJ ahm&
^maV ‘| BgH$s ewéAmV ~§Jbm VWm ‘amR>r ^mfm go hþB© h¡& qhXr ‘| BgHo$ àdV©H$ ^maV|Xw h[aíM§Ð aho h¢& Bg `wJ Ho$ gm{hË`
Zo JÚ e¡br H$mo AnZmH$a I‹S>r~mobr H$mo gm{hË` H$s ^mfm Ho$ ê$n ‘| AnZm`m& CnÝ`mg, {Z~§Y, AmbmoMZm, ì`§½`,
aoIm{MÌ Am{X {dYmAm| H$m g¥OZ H$a qhXr gm{hË` H$m {dH$mg {H$`m& nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| H$m CX` VWm {dH$mg Bgr `wJ ‘|
hwAm&
g§jon ‘| `hr H$h|Jo {H$ ZdOmJaU Zo ^maV H$s amOZr{V, g‘mO, Y‘©, {ejm, gm{hË`, g§ñH¥${V Am{X A§Jmo§ H$mo
à^m{dV {H$`m & ZdOmJaU H$s g~go ~‹S>r CnbpãY "amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm' H$m CX` ahm h¡& Bgr Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n ^maVr`
ñdV§ÌVm Am§XmobZ EH$ {demb ê$n YmaU H$a gH$m&
6.6 ñdmÜ¶m¶
(1) ZdOmJaU H$m AW© ~VmH$a `yamonr` ZdOmJaU Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo ñnï> {H${OE&&
(2) ^maVr` ZdOmJaU H$s àoaH$ ep³V`m| H$mo ñnï> {H${OE&
(3) ZdOmJaU go à^m{dV qhXr gm{hË` H$m n[aM` {X{OE&
(4) ^maVr` ZdOmJaU Am¡a `yamonr` aoZogm§ H$s g‘mZVmE± {bpIE&
(5) ^maVr` ZdOmJaU Am¡a `yamonr` aoZogm§ Ho$ A§Va H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE&
(6) ZdOmJaU Am¡a bmoH$OmJaU Ho$ A§Va H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE&
6.7 joÌr¶ H$m¶©

ZdOmJaU H$s CnbpãY¶m| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE&

(1) am¶ ‘h|ÐZmW, ZdOmJaU Am¡a N>m¶mdmX, ZB© {X„r, amYmH¥$îU àH$meZ, g§ñH$aU 1973
(2) e‘m© am‘{dbmg,‘hmdraàgmX {ÛdoXr Am¡a qhXr ZdOmJaU, ZB© {X„r, amOH$‘b àH$meZ, àW‘ g§ñH$aU 1977
(3) ‘ram amZr ~b, amï´>r¶ ZdOmJaU Am¡a qhXr nÌH$m[aVm, ZB© {X„r, dmUr àH$meZ, g§ñH$aU 2005
(4) qgh am‘Ymar {XZH$a, g§ñH¥${V Ho$ Mma AÜ¶m¶

èd§Vamd MìhmU ‘hmamï´> ‘w³V {díd{dÚmc¶>, Zm{gH$
kmZJ§JmoÌr n[aga, J§Jmnya ~m§Y Ho$ nmg, Zm{gH$-422 222
Xya^mf (0253 ) 2231475, 2231714
Website: https://ycmou.digitaluniversity.ac Email: dir_shu@ycmou.digitaluniversity.ac
‘mZ{dH$s Ed§ g‘mO{dkmZ g§H$m¶

’$sS>~¡H$
Bg nwñVH$ Ho$ ~mao ‘o Amn nmR>çM¶m© aMZm, Ame¶ H${R>ZmB© ñVa, ^mfme¡cr, {df¶ ì¶m»¶m Am{X Ho$ g§X^© ‘|, ñdmÜ¶m¶ Ho$
àíZm| Ho$ gmW-gmW qhXr gm{hË¶ go g§~§{YV AmnH$m AZw^d, àñVwV gm{hË¶ Ho$ g§X^© H$moB© gwPmd h¡, Vmo H¥$n¶m h‘| {ZåZ{c{IV nVo
na ¶m ZrMo {XE JE B©-‘oc Ûmam gy{MV H$a| &
AnZo gyPmd ôOZo H$m nVm

{ZXoeH$, ‘mZ{dH$s Ed§ g‘mO{dkmZ g§H$m¶
èd§Vamd MìhmU ‘hmamï´> ‘w³V {díd{dÚmc¶>, kmZJ§JmoÌr n[aga, J§Jmnwa ~m§Y Ho$ nmg, Zm{gH$$-422 222
Amn Bgo dir_shu@ycmou.digitaluniversity.ac, hindi.ycmou@gmail.com Bg B©-‘oc na ôO gH$Vo h¡ &
AnZo$~mao ‘| …
(1) Zm‘ …
(2) nyam nVm :
(3) ‘mo~mB©b : ..................................... B©-‘ob : ..........................................................................

(4) {ejm : ì¶dgm¶ :
(5) AmnH$s à{V{H«$¶m/gwPmd {ZåZ{c{IV g§X^© ‘o …
(i) nmR>çM¶m© aMZm
(ii) Ame¶ H${R>ZmB© ñVa
(iii) ^mfme¡cr
(iv) {df¶ ì¶m»¶m
(v) AÝ¶
DB/AB21-154 (HIN)

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COURSE CODE : HIN201

BOOK CODE : HIN2011

BH$mB© 1 … AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s AdYmaUm 1

BH$mB© 2 … AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n[apñW{V¶m± 12

BH$mB© 3 … JÚ e¡br H$m {dH$mg 23

BH$mB© 4 … AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m àd¥{Îm¶m| Ho$ AmYma na H$mb{d^mOZ 36

BH$mB© 5 … amï´>r¶ Ymam 51

`ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {díd{dÚmb¶, Zm{gH$

nmR>çH«$‘ gbmhH$ma g{‘{V (PAC)

`ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {díd{dÚmb¶, Zm{gH$

© 2021, ¶ed§Vamd MìhmU ‘hmamï´> ‘w³V {díd{dÚmb¶, Zm{gH$

nwñVH$ 2 : ñdV§ÌVmnyd© qhXr gm{hË¶

nwñVH$ 3 : ñdmV§Í¶moÎma qhXr gm{hË¶ (2000 VH$)

nwñVH$ 4 : B¸$sgdt gXr H$m qhXr gm{hË¶

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ : 1

1.2.1 AmYw{ZH$ : AW© VWm ñdê$n

S>m.° OJXre Jwá

1.2.2 na§nam Am¡a AmYw{ZH$Vm

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ : 3

1.2.3 AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ VËd

(H$) d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>

1.2.4 AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$m Zm‘H$aU

1.2.5 AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË` H$s {deofVmE±

(Am) JÚ H$m {dH$mg

(B) gm{hË` H$s ^mfm : I‹S>r~mobr

(B©) gm‘m{OH$ MoVZm

(C) {df`m| H$s {d{dYVm

(D$) àH¥${V {MÌU ‘| ZdrZVm

(E) {d{dY dmXm| H$s àYmZVm

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ : 8

(Eo) JÚ-nÚ H$s ZB© e¡{b`m±

ñd`§-AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ

(Am) EH$ dm³¶ ‘| CÎma {b{IE&

1.3 eãXmW© Ed§ {Q>ßn{U`m±

1.4 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ : 10

1.7 joÌr¶ H$m¶©

1.8 A{V[a³V AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ : 11

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ : 12

2.2.1 amOZr{VH$ n[apñW{V

2.2.2 gm‘m{OH$ n[apñW{V

2.2.3 Am{W©H$ n[apñW{V

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ : 16

2.2.4 Ym{‘©H$ n[apñW{V

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ : 18

ñd`§-AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ

(Am) EH$ dm³¶ ‘| CÎma {b{IE&

2.3 eãXmW© Ed§ {Q>ßn{U`m±

2.4 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ : 19

2.7 joÌr` H$m`©

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ : 21

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ : 22

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ : 23

3.2.1 JÚ : n[a^mfm VWm ñdê$n

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ : 24

3.2.2 AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ nyd© H$m JÚ

3.2.3 IS>r~mobr JÚ H$m CØd

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ : 25

3.2.4 I‹S>r~mobr JÚ H$m Ama§{^H$ {dH$mg

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ : 26

B§em A„m Im±

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