Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
A. Criterios de calificación:
B. Si es necesario, el evaluador puede hacer preguntas durante la evaluación para aclarar cualquier
detalle en relación a los criterios de competencia.
C. El evaluador debe explicar la metodología antes del examen, y recordarles que las acciones
o explicaciones deben ser precisas.
Puntaje
Obsevaciones: .......................................................................................................................................
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TABLA DE CONTENIDOS
OBJETIVO………............................................................................................................................. 7
1. TECNICA DE LECTURA................................................................................................................... 9
2. DIESEL ENGINE............................................................................................................................ 13
3. HYDRAULIC SYSTEM.................................................................................................................... 41
4. ELECTRIC SYSTEM....................................................................................................................... 53
El curso presenta al estudiante ingles técnico básico necesario, para que pueda interpretar en forma correcta
los nombres técnicos de los componentes de un equipo pesado, para que de esta manera pueda dar
mantenimiento, diagnosticar y reparar correctamente estos usando la información técnica respectiva que se
encuentra en ingles.
Principalmente hablaremos de los Sistemas del motor diesel, los sistemas hidráulicos y sistemas eléctricos de
un equipo pesado.
Al terminar el curso, el estudiante obtendrá conocimiento práctico de ingles técnico referente a los Sistemas
de Motores Diesel, Sistemas Hidráulicos y Sistemas Eléctricos de equipo pesado. Usando los manuales de
servicio, manuales de números de partes, manuales de operación y mantenimiento, el manual de rendimiento
y otras publicaciones de referencia, el estudiante estará en capacidad de traducir toda la nomenclatura de los
componentes y ubicar cada estos dentro de los sistemas mencionados del equipo pesado.
TÉCNICA DE LECTURA
La enseñanza del inglés en las carreras técnicas, se basa en la enseñanza de estrategias lectoras.
Anteriormente, lo que se consideraba más importante a la hora de aprender inglés era la gramática. Se
abrumaba al alumno con reglas y estructuras, totalmente opuestas, en este caso a nuestro idioma nativo.
Reglas y conceptos que sólo logran aburrir y confundir.
Sin embargo, no es necesario un manejo perfecto de la gramática para comprender un texto, sino más bien
poder manejar un conocimiento general de las formas idiomáticas, conexiones y similitudes con nuestra
lengua de modo de poder aplicar ese conocimiento al texto de se desea o se necesita leer.
Es necesario comprender y familiarizarse con las “trampas”, los giros y los secretos del idioma, y
fundamentalmente ser conocedor de la materia en la cual aplicaremos ese conocimiento.
En un primer paso para la lectura (el dónde comenzar a leer, hasta dónde llegar, y cómo retomarla) se facilita
con el conocimiento de los conectores.
En este grupo se incluyen artículos, preposiciones, conjunciones, pronombres, y verbos, por nombrar algunos, y
los acompañamos con la numeración de las palabras ubicadas entre ellos, y entre las cuales no haya conectores,
siempre de derecha a izquierda, lo que indica cuál debe ser leída primero.
Por ejemplo:
2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
The hydraulic tank is common to both the pilot hydraulic system and the main hydraulic system.
El tanque hidráulico es común para (ambos) el sistema hidráulico piloto y el sistema hidráulico principal
Este mecanismo nos da cierto orden y control sobre el texto, ayudándonos a determinar dónde comenzar,
cómo enlazar las palabras y dónde terminar a leer. Se toman también como puntos de referencia los puntos
y las comas, pero que como es sabido casi no aparecen en los textos en inglés.
1.1.2 SIMILITUDES
Es también útil aprovechar las similitudes entre palabras en inglés y en castellano (muchísimas palabras
tienen la misma raíz y puede reconocerse fácilmente su significado sin recurrir al diccionario).
Ejemplo:
Various, example, dimensions, proportions, problems, symbols, case, statics, products, discrete, form,
elements, forces, process, etc.
También cómo un vocablo en inglés puede funcionar como verbo o como sustantivo, y en conocer ciertas
terminaciones que nos ayudan a conocer la función dada de una palabra.
1. Palabras terminadas en TION (cion): Son verbos a los que cuando se les agrega la terminación TION se
transforman en sustantivos y deben ser leídos como tal.
Verbo Sustantivo
Produce (producir) Production (producción)
Distribute (distribuir) Distribution (distribución)
Simulate (simular) Simulation (simulación)
2. Palabras terminadas en MENT: El mismo caso que el anterior pero con terminación MEN
Verbo Sustantivo
Displace (desplazar) Displacement (desplazamiento
Develop (desarrollar) Development (desarrollo)
Replace (reemplazar) Replacement (reemplazo)
3. Palabras terminadas en ING: También igual a los casos anteriores, con el agregado de que se indica al
estudiante cómo reconocer si la palabra en cuestión está funcionando como sustantivo o en un
determinado tiempo verbal (que podría llevarlo a confusión) denominadores comunes que por supuesto
se presentan a la hora de la lectura.
Verbo Sustantivo
Shear (cortar) Shearing (corte)
Build (construir) Building (edificio)
Bend (doblar) Bending (doblez)
ALSO ASI , TAMBIEN IS, ARE IS ESTA, SON , ESTAN TO FILL LLENAR
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2
CAPÍTULO
DIESEL ENGINE
The front of the engine is opposite of the flywheel end of the engine. The left side and the right side of the
engine are viewed from the flywheel end of the engine. The No. 1 cylinder is the front cylinder.
The crankshaft rotation is viewed from the flywheel end of the engine. Crankshaft rotation ... countercloc-
kwise
The engine’s ECM will automatically provide the correct amount of fuel in order to start the engine. Do not
hold the throttle open while the engine is cranking. If the engine fails to start in twenty seconds, release the
starting switch. Allow the starting motor to cool for two
minutes before using the starting motor again.
Starting the engine and operation in cold weather is dependent on the type of fuel that is used, the oil visco-
sity, and other optional starting aids.
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The cylinder block has seven main bearings. The main bearing caps are fastened to the cylinder block with
two bolts per each cap.
Removal of the oil pan allows access to the following components:
1. Crankshaft
2. Main bearing caps
3. Piston cooling jets
4. Oil pump
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The cylinder head is separated from the cylinder block by a nonasbestos fiber gasket with a steel backing.
Coolant flows out of the cylinder block through gasket openings and into the cylinder head. This gasket also
seals the oil supply and drain passages between the cylinder block and the cylinder head. The air inlet ports
are on the left side of the cylinder head, while the exhaust ports are located on the right side of the cylinder
head. There are two inlet valves and two exhaust valves for each cylinder. Each set of inlet valves and each
set of exhaust valves is actuated at the same time by the use of a valve bridge. The valve bridge is actuated
by the pushrod.
Replaceable valve guides are pressed into the cylinder head. The hydraulically actuated electronically
controlled unit injector is located between the four valves. Fuel is injected directly into the cylinders at very
high pressure. A pushrod valve system controls the valves.
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(1) Piston
(2) Piston cooling jet
(3) Connecting rod
(4) Compression ring
(5) Intermediate ring
(6) Oil ring
(7) Forged steel crown
(8) Aluminum skirt
High output engines with high cylinder pressures require two-piece articulated pistons. The two pieces
articulated piston consists of a forged steel crown that is connected to an aluminum skirt by the piston pin.
All of the rings are located above the piston pin bore. The compression ring is a Keystone ring. Keystone rings
have a tapered shape. The action of the ring in the piston groove that is tapered helps prevent seizure of the
rings. Seizure of the rings is caused by deposits of carbon. The intermediate ring is rectangular with a sharp
lower edge. The oil ring is a standard type of ring or a conventional type of ring. Oil returns to the crankcase
through holes in the oil ring groove.
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Oil from the piston cooling jets sprays the underside of the pistons. The spray lubricates the pistons and the
spray cools the pistons. The spray also improves the piston’s life and the spray also improves the ring’s life.
The connecting rod has a taper on the pin bore end. Two bolts hold the connecting rod cap to the connecting
rod. The connecting rod can be removed through the cylinder.
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2.2.4 Crankshaft
(1) Crankshaft
(2) Gear
The crankshaft converts the linear motion of the pistons into rotational motion. A vibration damper is used
at the front of the crankshaft to reduce torsional vibrations (twist on the crankshaft) that can cause damage
to the engine.
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The crankshaft drives a group of gears on the front of the engine. The gear group drives the following devices:
• Oil pump
• Camshaft
• Hydraulic oil pump
• Air compressor
• Steering pump
In addition, belt pulleys on the front of the crankshaft drive the following components:
• Radiator fan
• Water pump
• Alternator
• Refrigerant compressor
Hydrodynamic seals are used at both ends of the crankshaft to control oil leakage. The hydrodynamic grooves
in the seal lip move lubrication oil back into the crankcase as the crankshaft turns. The front seal is located in
the front housing. The rear seal is installed in the flywheel housing.
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Pressure oil is supplied to all main bearings through drilled holes in the webs of the cylinder block. The oil
then flows through drilled holes in the crankshaft in order to provide oil to the connecting rod bearings. The
crankshaft is held in place by seven main bearings. A thrust bearing next to the rear main bearing controls the
end play of the crankshaft.
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1 2 1 CRANKSHAFT
CRANKSHFT RING
3
RUBBER TING
WEIGHT
2
HUB
4
ALIGNMENT
The force from combustion in the cylinders will cause the crankshaft to twist. This is called torsional vibration.
If the vibration is too great, the crankshaft will be damaged. The vibration damper limits the torsional vibra-
tions to an acceptable amount in order to prevent damage to the crankshaft.
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2.2.6 Camshaft
The camshaft is located in the upper left side of the cylinder block. The camshaft is driven by gears at the front
of the engine. Four bearings are pressed into the cylinder block in order to support the camshaft. A thrust
plate is mounted between the camshaft drive gear and a shoulder of the camshaft in order to control the end
play of the camshaft.
The camshaft is driven by an idler gear which is driven by the crankshaft gear. The camshaft rotates in the
same direction as the crankshaft. The crankshaft rotates in the counterclockwise direction when the engine is
viewed from the flywheel end of the engine. There are timing marks on the crankshaft gear, the idler gear, and
the camshaft gear in order to ensure the correct camshaft timing to the crankshaft for proper valve operation.
As the camshaft turns, each lobe moves a lifter assembly. There are two lifter assemblies
for each cylinder. Each lifter assembly moves a pushrod. Each pushrod moves either the inlet valves or the
exhaust valves. The camshaft must be in time with the crankshaft. The relation of the camshaft lobes to the
crankshaft position causes the valves in each cylinder to operate at the correct time.
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This engine has a pressure type cooling system that is equipped with a shunt line. A pressure type cooling
system offers two advantages:
• The cooling system can operate safety at a temperature that is higher than the normal boiling point of
water.
• The cooling system prevents cavitation in the water pump.
COOLING SYSTEM
3
2 EXPEANSION TANK
WATER TEMPERATURE
1 REGULATOR HOUSING
CYLINDER
HEAD
4
BYPASS
CYLINDER
HOSE
BLOCK
5
OIL WATER
COOLER PUMP RADIATOR
6 7 8
Cavitation is the sudden formation of low pressure bubbles in liquids by mechanical forces. The formation of
air or steam pockets is more difficult within a pressure type cooling system.
The shunt line prevents cavitation by the water pump. The shunt line provides a constant flow of coolant to
the water pump.
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Note: In air-to-air aftercooled systems, a coolant mixture with a minimum of 30 percent ethylene glycol base
antifreeze must be used for efficient water pump performance. This mixture keeps the cavitation temperature
range of the coolant high enough for efficient performance.
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Coolant from the bottom of the radiator is pulled into the bottom inlet of the pump by impeller rotation. The
coolant exits the back of the pump directly into the oil cooler cavity of the block.
All of the coolant passes through the core of the oil cooler and the coolant enters the internal water manifold
of the cylinder block. The manifold disperses the coolant to water jackets around the cylinder walls.
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From the cylinder block, the coolant flows into passages in the cylinder head. The passages send the flow
around the unit injector sleeves and the inlet and the exhaust passages. The coolant now enters water
temperature regulator housing (2) at the front right side of the cylinder head.
Water temperature regulator (10) controls the direction of flow. When the coolant temperature is below the
normal operating temperature, the water temperature regulator is closed. The coolant is directed through
bypass hose (4) and into the top inlet of the water pump. When the coolant temperature reaches the normal
operating temperature, water temperature regulator (10) opens. When the water temperature regulator is
open, the bypass is closed. Most of the coolant goes through bypass inlet (9) to the radiator for cooling. The
remainder flows through bypass hose (4) and into the water pump.
The shunt line extends from the top of the water pump to an expansion tank. The shunt line must be routed
properly in order to avoid trapping any air. By providing a constant flow of coolant to the water pump, the
shunt line keeps the water pump from cavitation.
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Note: Water temperature regulator (10) is an important part of the cooling system. The water temperature
regulator divides coolant flow between the radiator and the bypass in order to maintain the normal operating
temperature. If the water temperature regulator is not installed in the system, there is no mechanical control,
and most of the coolant will travel the path of least resistance through the bypass. This will cause the engine
to overheat in hot weather and the engine will not reach normal operating temperature in cold weather.
Note: The air vent valve will allow the air to escape past the water temperature regulator from the cooling
system while the radiator is being filled. During normal operation, the air vent valve will be closed in order to
prevent coolant flow past the water temperature regulator.
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3 HEVI PUMP 4
5
6
8
7 OIL COOLER
9
12 13
11
10
14
15
16 17
18 20 21
19
OIL FILTER
22
23
24
26 25
The engine oil pump (23) is mounted to the bottom of the cylinder block. The oil pump is located inside the
oil pan (26). The engine oil pump pulls oil from the engine oil pan. The engine oil pump pushes the oil
through the passage to the engine oil cooler (21). Oil then flows through engine oil filter (20). The filtered oil
then enters the turbocharger oil supply line (16). The filtered oil also enters the main oil gallery (14).
20
The main oil gallery distributes oil to the following areas: main bearings (22) , piston cooling jets (10) and
camshaft bearing (11). Oil exits from the main oil gallery in the front of the block. The oil then enters a groove
that is cast in the front housing.
Oil enters the crankshaft through holes in the bearing surfaces (journals) for the main bearing. Passages connect
the bearing surface (journal) for the main bearing with the bearing surface (journal) for the connecting rod.
The front housing passage sends the oil flow in two directions. At the upper end of the passage, oil is directed
back into the block. The oil then flows up to the cylinder head gallery (8) through passage (3) to the rocker
arm mechanism. A passage (19) sends oil to the oil pump idler gear bearing.
Oil from the front main bearing enters a passage (17) to the camshaft idler gear bearing. Oil passages in the
crankshaft send oil from all the main bearings through the connecting rods to the connecting rod bearings.
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The unit injector hydraulic pump (1) is a gear-driven axial piston pump. The unit injector hydraulic pump raises
the engine oil pressure from the typical operating oil pressure to the actuation pressure that is required by
the unit injectors.
The oil circuit consists of a low pressure circuit and a high pressure circuit. The low pressure circuit typically
operates at a pressure of 240 kPa (35 psi) to 480 kPa (70 psi). The low pressure circuit provides engine oil that
has been filtered to the unit injector hydraulic pump. Also, the low pressure circuit provides engine oil that
has been filtered to the lubricating system of the engine. Oil is drawn from the engine oil pan. Oil is supplied
through the engine oil cooler and the engine oil filter to both the engine and the unit injector hydraulic pump.
The high pressure circuit provides actuation oil to the unit injector. The high pressure circuit operates in a
pressure range typically between 6 MPa (870 psi) and 25 MPa (3626 psi). This high pressure oil flows through
a line into the cylinder head. The cylinder head stores the oil at actuation pressure. The oil is ready to actuate
the unit injector. Oil is discharged from the unit injector under the valve cover so that no return lines are
required.
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The oil pump bypass valve (24) limits the pressure of the oil that is coming from the engine oil pump. The
engine oil pump can pump more than enough oil into the system. When there is more than enough oil, the
oil pressure increases. When the oil pressure increases, the oil pump bypass valve will open. This allows the
oil that is not needed to go back to the suction side of the engine oil pump
The bypass valves (12) and (13) will open when the engine is cold (starting conditions). Opening the bypass
valves achieves immediate lubrication of all components. Immediate lubrication is critical. Cold oil with high
viscosity causes a restriction to the oil flow through the engine oil cooler and the engine oil filter. The engine
oil pump sends the cold oil through the oil cooler bypass valve. This causes the oil to bypass the engine oil
cooler. The oil filter bypass also allows the oil to bypass the engine oil filter. The oil is then pumped through
the turbocharger oil supply line and the main oil gallery in the cylinder block.
When the oil gets warm, the pressure difference in the bypass valves decreases and the bypass valves close.
After the bypass valves close, there is a normal flow of oil through the engine oil cooler and the engine oil
filter.
The bypass valves will also open when there is a restriction in the engine oil cooler or in the engine oil filter.
This design allows the engine to be lubricated even though the engine oil cooler or the engine oil filter are
restricted.
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The high pressure relief valve regulates high pressure in the system. When the oil pressure is at 695 kPa (100
psi) or more, the high pressure relief valve opens. When the high pressure relief valve opens, oil is returned
to the suction side of the oil pump.
The oil flow continues to the engine oil cooler. Coolant flows through the engine oil cooler in order to cool
the oil.
If the oil pressure differential across the engine oil cooler reaches 155 ± 17 kPa (22 ± 2 psi), then valve will
open. Opening the valve allows the oil flow to bypass the engine oil cooler
Filtered oil flows through the main oil gallery in the cylinder block. Oil is supplied from the main oil gallery to
the following components:
• Piston cooling jets (10)
• Valve mechanism
• Camshaft bearing (11)
• Crankshaft main bearings
• Turbocharger cartridge
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An oil cooling chamber is formed by the lip that is forged at the top of the skirt of the piston and the cavity
that is behind the ring grooves in the crown. Oil flow for the piston cooling jet enters the cooling chamber
through a drilled passage in the skirt. Oil flow from the piston cooling jet returns to the engine oil pan through
the clearance gap between the crown and the skirt. Four holes that are drilled from the piston oil ring groove
to the interior of the piston drain excess oil from the oil ring.
(29) Breather
(30) Hose
Breather (29) allows engine blowby to escape from the crankcase. The engine blowby is discharged through
hose (30) into the atmosphere. This prevents pressure from building up that could cause seals or gaskets to
leak.
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1
3
2
4 5
6 7
8
9
The components of the air inlet and exhaust system control the quality of air and the amount of air that is
available for combustion. The components of the air inlet and exhaust system are the following components:
• Air cleaner
• Turbocharger
• Aftercooler
• Cylinder head
• Valves and valve system components
• Piston and cylinder
• Exhaust manifold
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Inlet air is pulled through the air cleaner into air inlet (6) by turbocharger compressor wheel (8). The air is
compressed and heated to about 150 °C (300 °F) before the air is forced to the aftercooler (3). As the air
flows through the aftercooler the temperature of the compressed air lowers to about 43 °C (110 °F). Cooling
of the inlet air increases combustion efficiency. Increased combustion efficiency helps achieve the following
benefits:
• Lower fuel consumption
• Increased horsepower output
From the aftercooler, air is forced into the inlet manifold. Air flow from the inlet chambers into the cylinders
is controlled by inlet valves (5). There are two inlet valves and two exhaust valves (4) for each cylinder. The
inlet valves open when the piston moves down on the intake stroke. When the inlet valves open, cooled
compressed air from the inlet port is pulled into the cylinder. The inlet valves close and the piston begins to
move up on the compression stroke. The air in the cylinder is compressed. When the piston is near the top of
the compression stroke, fuel is injected into the cylinder. The fuel mixes with the air and combustion starts.
During the power stroke, the combustion force pushes the piston downward. The exhaust valves open and
the exhaust gases are pushed through the exhaust port into exhaust manifold (1) as the piston rises on the
exhaust stroke. After the exhaust stroke, the exhaust valves close and the cycle starts again. The complete
cycle consists of four strokes:
• Inlet
• Compression
• Power
• Exhaust
Exhaust gases from exhaust manifold (1) enter the turbine side of the turbocharger in order to turn turbo-
charger turbine wheel (9). The turbine wheel is connected to the shaft that drives the compressor wheel.
Exhaust gases from the turbocharger pass through exhaust outlet (7), a muffler and an exhaust stack.
The air inlet heater (2) is controlled by the ECM. The air inlet heater aids in engine start-up and reducing white
smoke during engine start-up.
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2.3.3.1 Turbocharger
The turbocharger is installed on the center section of the exhaust manifold. All the exhaust gases from the
engine go through the turbocharger. The compressor side of the turbocharger is connected to the aftercooler
by pipe.
The exhaust gases enter turbine housing (4) through exhaust inlet (11). The exhaust gases then push the blades of
turbine wheel (5). The turbine wheel is connected by a shaft to compressor wheel (8) .
Clean air from the air cleaners is pulled through compressor housing air inlet (6) by the rotation of compressor
wheel (8). The action of the compressor wheel blades causes a compression of the inlet air. This compressor
allows the engine to burn more fuel. When the engine burns more fuel the engine produces more power.
Bearings (3) and (9) for the turbocharger use engine oil under pressure for lubrication and cooling. The oil comes
in through oil inlet port (2). The oil then goes through passages in the center section in order to lubricate the
bearings. This oil also cools the bearings. Oil from the turbocharger goes out through oil outlet port (10) in
the bottom of the center section. The oil then goes back to the engine oil pan.
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(12) Canister
The operation of the wastegate is controlled by the boost pressure. At high boost pressures, the wastegate
opens in order to decrease boost pressure. At low boost pressure, the wastegate closes in order to increase
boost pressure.
When the engine is operating under conditions of low boost, a spring pushes on a diaphragm in canister (12).
This action moves actuating lever (13) in order to close the valve of the wastegate. Closing the valve of the
wastegate allows the turbocharger to operate at maximum performance.
As the boost pressure through line (14) increases against the diaphragm in canister (12), the valve of the
wastegate is opened. When the valve of the wastegate is opened, the rpm of the turbocharger is limited by
bypassing a portion of the exhaust gases. The exhaust gases are routed through the wastegate which bypas-
ses the turbine wheel of the turbocharger.
Note: The turbocharger with a wastegate is preset at the factory and no adjustment can be made.
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(2) Pushrod
(5) Valve
(6) Lifter
The valve system components control the flow of inlet air into the cylinders during engine operation. The
valve system components also control the flow of exhaust gases out of the cylinders during engine operation.
The crankshaft gear drives the camshaft gear through an idler gear. The camshaft must be timed to the crankshaft
in order to get the correct relation between the piston movement and the valve movement.
The camshaft has two camshaft lobes for each cylinder. The lobes operate the inlet and exhaust valves. As
the camshaft turns, lobes on the camshaft cause lifters (6) to move pushrods (2) up and down. Upward
movement of the pushrods against rocker arms (1) results in downward movement (opening) of valves (5) .
Each cylinder has two inlet valves and two exhaust valves. The valve bridge (3) actuates the valves at the same
time by movement of the pushrod and rocker arm. Valve springs (4) close the valves when the lifters move
down.
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The engines are equipped with an electric heater that is located behind the air inlet elbow. The electric heater
has two functions:
• Aid in starting
• Aid in white smoke cleanup during start-up
Under the proper conditions, the ECM turns on the electric heater.
The system is capable of delivering heat for thirty seconds prior to start-up and during cranking of the engine.
After the engine has started, the system is capable of delivering heat constantly for seven minutes, or the
system can cycle the heat for thirteen minutes. During the heating cycle, the heat is on for ten seconds and
the heat is off for ten seconds.
If the air inlet heater malfunctions, the engine will still start and the engine will still run. There may be a con-
cern regarding the amount of white smoke that is present. Also, there may be a concern regarding the need
for an alternative starting aid.
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The system of the air inlet heater consists of the following basic components:
The relay of the air inlet heater (1) turns the heater ON and OFF in response to signals from the ECM.
The air inlet heater (2) is located between the cover of the air inlet and the air inlet elbow. The heater element
has a stud (3) for the ground strap that must be connected to the engine.
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3
CAPÍTULO
HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
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Fundamental features of using hydraulics compared to mechanics for force and torque increase/decrease in
a transmission.
Hydraulic machines are machinery and tools that use liquid fluid power to do simple work. Heavy equipment
is a common example.
In this type of machine, hydraulic fluid is transmitted throughout the machine to various hydraulic motors and
hydraulic cylinders and which becomes pressurised according to the resistance present. The fluid is controlled
directly or automatically by control valves and distributed through hoses and tubes.
The popularity of hydraulic machinery is due to the very large amount of power that can be transferred through
small tubes and flexible hoses, and the high power density and wide array of actuators that can make use of
this power.
Hydraulic machinery is operated by the use of hydraulics, where a liquid is the powering medium.
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A fundamental feature of hydraulic systems is the ability to apply force or torque multiplication in an easy
way, independent of the distance between the input and output, without the need for mechanical gears or
levers, either by altering the effective areas in two connected cylinders or the effective displacement (cc/rev)
between a pump and motor. In normal cases, hydraulic ratios are combined with a mechanical force or torque
ratio for optimum machine designs such as boom movements and trackdrives for an excavator.
Examples
Cylinder C1 is one inch in radius, and cylinder C2 is ten inches in radius. If the force exerted on C1 is 10 lbf,
the force exerted by C2 is 1000 lbf because C2 is a hundred times larger in area (S = πr²) as C1. The downside
to this is that you have to move C1 a hundred inches to move C2 one inch. The most common use for this is
the classical hydraulic jack where a pumping cylinder with a small diameter is connected to the lifting cylinder
with a large diameter.
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If a hydraulic rotary pump with the displacement 10 cc/rev is connected to a hydraulic rotary motor with 100
cc/rev, the shaft torque required to drive the pump is 10 times less than the torque available at the motor
shaft, but the shaft speed (rev/min) for the motor is 10 times less than the pump shaft speed. This combination is
actually the same type of force multiplication as the cylinder example (1) just that the linear force in this case
is a rotary force, defined as torque.
Both these examples are usually referred to as a hydraulic transmission or hydrostatic transmission involving
a certain hydraulic “gear ratio”.
Hydraulic circuits
Hydraulic Cylinder
Retract Extend
Reservoir
Control
valve
Filter Pump
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For the hydraulic fluid to do work, it must flow to the actuator and or motors, then return to a reservoir. The
fluid is then filtered and re-pumped. The path taken by hydraulic fluid is called a hydraulic circuit of which
there are several types. Open center circuits use pumps which supply a continuous flow. The flow is returned
to tank through the control valve’s open center; that is, when the control valve is centered, it provides an
open return path to tank and the fluid is not pumped to a high pressure. Otherwise, if the control valve is
actuated it routes fluid to and from an actuator and tank. The fluid’s pressure will rise to meet any resistance,
since the pump has a constant output. If the pressure rises too high, fluid returns to tank through a pressure
relief valve. Multiple control valves may be stacked in series [1]. This type of circuit can use inexpensive, cons-
tant displacement pumps.
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1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11
The pilot system is a closed centre circuit, Pilot pump oil flows to the pilot control valve. The valve blocks
the oil flow until the joystick lever is moved from the HOLD position. The pilot control valve sends pilot oil to
move the main control valve spool. The pilot pressure reducing valve controls the maximum pressure in the
pilot oil system
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PILOT SYSTEM
TO STEERING
TANK
TILT LIFT DRAIN
PASSAGE
IMPLEMENT PILOT SYSTEM
ORIFICE 2
MAN VALVE
CONTROL OUTLET
VALVES
The brake and pilot pump is part of the three-section vane-type pump. The brake and pilot pump supplies oil to:
• Implement pilot circuit
• Parking brake circuit
• Service brake circuit
• Steering pilot circuit
Pump oil flows from the pump, through the pressure reducing valve to the pilot control valve. The pressure
reducing valve limits maximum oil pressure in the pilot oil circuit.
The bucket positioner valve allows the operator to lower the bucket to a preset digging
Height. The float sequence valve controls the FLOAT function. In FLOAT, the rod and head end of the lift cylin-
ders are open to tank.
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TILT CYLINDER
SYSTEM RELIEF
VALVE
CONTROL VALVE
TILT TIFT
PUMP
LIFT
FILTER CYLINDER
The main hydraulic system is an open centre circuit. Pump oil flows to the main control valve. The oil flows
through the valve to tank when the valve is in the HOLD position.
In HOLD, the oil in the cylinders is blocked (held). The main system relief valve limits the maximum system
pressure
The implement pump is part of the three-section vane-type pump. The implement control valve contains
two valve spools to control the function of the hydraulic cylinders. The implement control valve spools are
moved by pilot oil from the pilot control valve. The main relief valve controls the maximum oil pressure in the
implement oil system.
The tilt cylinder has two relief valves. One for the rod end and one for the head end. The tilt cylinder relief
valves protect the tilt cylinder from excessive pressure caused by external shock.
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PILOT PILOT
VALVE VALVE
Lift and Tilt Control Valve In HOLD Position, Engine Off. Springs hold the spools in the centred position. The
tilt makeup valve prevents cavitation in the rod end of the tilt cylinder. In FLOAT, the spring chamber of the
lift cylinder rod end makeup valve is connected to tank through the float sequence valve. The two load check
valves allows oil flow from the pump to the cylinders but blocks flow from the cylinders to the pump oil supply
port.
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Hydraulic system in hold with the engine running. Pilot oil is blocked at the pilot control valve. The pressure
reducing valve closes off pilot pump oil flow to maintain a constant pilot system pressure. Implement pump
oil flows through the implement control valve to tank.
Hydraulic system with pilot control lever in the DUMP position. Pilot oil from the pilot control valve moves
the tilt control spool. The tilt control spool directs implement pump oil to the rod end of the tilt cylinders.
Hydraulic system with pilot control lever in the LOWER position. Pilot oil from the pilot control valve moves
the lift control spool. The lift control spool directs implement pump oil to the rod end of the lift cylinders.
Hydraulic system with pilot control lever in the FLOAT position. The pilot control valve is moved past the
LOWER position to the FLOAT position. The increased pilot oil pressure from the pilot control valve opens the
float sequence valve. The spring chamber of the makeup valve is vented to tank. The makeup valve opens
sending implement pump oil to tank. Both the rod end and head ends of the lift cylinders are open to tank.
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4
CAPÍTULO
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
An electrical circuit is a path, or group of interconnecting paths, capable of carrying electrical currents. It is
a closed path that contains a voltage source or sources. There are two basic types of electrical circuits-series
and parallel. The basic series and parallel circuits may be combined to form more complex circuits, but these
combinational circuits may be simplified and analyzed as the two basic types. It is important to understand
the laws needed to analyze and diagnose electrical circuits. They are Kirchoff’s Laws and Ohm’s Law.
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Schematics are used by technicians to determine how a system works and to assist in the repair of a system
that has failed.
Schematic symbols present a great deal of information in a small amount of space and the reading of schematic
symbols requires highly developed skills and practice. A logical, step-by-step approach to using schematic
diagrams for troubleshooting begins with the technician’s understanding of the complete system. Although
there are many electrical symbols used in circuit diagrams, next Figure shows the some of the more common
Caterpillar electrical symbols.
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CIRCUIT
SOLENOID MOTOR TRANSISTOR BATTERY BREAKER FUSE LIGHT
RESISTORS
4.2.1 Connectors
The purpose of a connector is to pass current from one wire to another. In order to accomplish this, the con-
nector must have two mating halves (plug or receptacle). One half houses a pin and the other half houses a
socket. When the two halves are joined, current is allowed to pass.
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Types of Connectors
Several types of connectors are used throughout the electrical and electronic systems on Caterpillar machi-
nes. Each type differs in the manner in which they are serviced or repaired.
4.2.2 Switches
A switch is a device used to complete or interrupt a current path. Typically, switches are placed between two
conductors (or wires). There are many different types of switches, such as single-pole single-throw (SPST),
single-pole double throw (SPDT), double-pole Single-throw (DPST) and double-pole double-throw (DPDT).
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4.2.3 Fuses
Fuses are the most common circuit protectors. A fuse is made of a thin metal strip or wire inside a holder
made of glass or plastic. When the current flow becomes higher than the fuse rating, the metal melts and the
circuit opens. A fuse must be replaced after it opens.
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A circuit breaker is similar to a fuse; however, high current will cause the breaker to “trip” thereby opening
the circuit. The breaker can be manually reset after the overcurrent condition has been eliminated.
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4.2.5 Batteries
NEGATIVE
PLATE GROUP
SEPARATOR
ELEMENT
POSITIVE
PLATE GROUP
A battery stores electrical energy in chemical form to be released as electrical energy for the machine electrical
system. This includes the starting, charging, and accessory circuits. This battery current is produced by a chemical
reaction between the active materials of the battery plates and the sulfuric acid in the electrolyte. The battery
is a voltage stabilizer for the system and acts as an accumulator or reservoir of power.
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REGULATOR IGNITION
SWITCH
REGULATOR
AMMETER
AMMETER GENERATOR
ALTERNATOR
GROUND
GROUND
BATTERY
The charging system converts mechanical energy from the engine into electrical energy to charge the battery
and supply current to operate the electrical systems of the machine.
The charging system recharges the battery and generates current during operation. There are two kinds of
charging circuits:
• DC charging circuits that use generators
• AC charging circuits that use alternators
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SOLENOID
(MOTOR SWITCH)
STARTING
MOTOR
BATTERY
STARTER
SWITCH
FLYWHEEL
The starting system converts electrical energy from the battery into mechanical energy to start the engine. A
basic starting system has four parts:
• Battery: Supplies energy for the circuit
• Starter switch: Activates the circuit
• Solenoid (motor switch): Engages the starting motor drive with the flywheel
• Starting Motor: Drives the flywheel to crank the engine
When the starter switch is activated a small amount of current flows from the battery to the solenoid and
back to the battery through the ground circuit.
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Caterpillar Ferreyros
61
»» air cleaner adapter adaptador del filtro de aire »» air starting system sistema de arranque neumático
62
»» air cleaner cap tapa del filtro de aire »» air system sistema de aire
»» air cleaner inlet admisión del filtro de aire »» air tank tanque de aire
»» air cleaner intake admisión del filtro de aire »» air to air aftercooler ATAAC posenfriador de aire a aire
»» air cleaner mounting montaje del filtro de aire »» air valve válvula de aire
Inglés Técnico
»» air cleaner service indicator indicador de servicio del filtro »» air vent respiradero
de aire »» air/hydraulic cylinder - brake cilindro oleoneumático de
»» air compressor compresor de aire control del control freno
»» air conditioner acondicionador de aire »» alarm - travel alarma de desplazamiento
»» air cooled enfriado por aire »» alarm switch interruptor de alarma
»» air cushioned amortiguado por aire »» alcaline cleaner limpiador alcalino
»» air cylinder cilindro de aire »» alignment alineación
»» air dry secar al aire »» alignment gauge medidor de alineación
»» air dryer deshidratador »» alkyd paint pintura de alquida
»» air duct conducto de aire »» all weather machines máquinas para todo tiempo
»» air duct inlet admisión del conducto de aire »» alleged supuesto
»» air filter filtro de aire »» alligator clip terminal de pinza
»» air fitting boquilla de aire »» all-wheel brakes frenos en todas las ruedas
»» air flow louvers (in heater or rejillas del flujo de aire »» alternating sequence orden alternado
air conditioning system) »» alternative opción
»» air induction system sistema de admisión de aire »» alternator alternador
»» air inlet extension extensión del tubo de admisión »» alternator mounting montaje del alternador
de aire »» altitude altitud
»» air inlet pipe tubo de admisión de aire »» altitude capability curve curva de rendimiento a
»» air intake admisión de aire, toma de aire diferentes altitudes
»» air line tubería de aire »» altitude normalizing compensación de altitud
»» air line dryer secador de tuberías de aire »» amenities ventajas
»» air over hydraulics aire a aceite (oleoneumático) »» ammeter amperímetro
»» air over oil actuated disc brake freno de disco y horquilla de »» amortisseur winding devanado amortiguador
accionamiento oleoneumático »» ample glass (in machines) puertas y ventanas grandes
»» air pockets bolsas de aire »» Analyzing Fuel Nozzles and Fuel Análisis de Fallas - inyectores
»» air pressure gauge manómetro de aire Line Failures (SSBD0639) y tuberías de combustible
»» air pressurizer presurizador de aire »» anchor bolt perno de anclaje
»» air shielded-watercooled manifold múltiple con protector aislador »» anchor bracket soporte de anclaje
enfriado por agua »» anchor plate placa de fijación
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»» assembly (as in “plate assembly”) plancha armada (?) »» averaging skis patines fijadores de promediode desnivel
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»» at random al azar »» axle eje
»» at sea en alta mar »» axle drive & steering eje motriz y de dirección
»» ATAAC (air to air after cooler) motor con posenfriamiento »» axle GP - power train eje del tren de fuerza
engine de aire a aire »» axle housing caja del eje
Inglés Técnico
»» attachment group grupo accesorio »» axle housing bracket cap tapa del soporte de la caja del eje
»» attachment (to a letter) adjunto »» axle housing trunnion muñón de la caja del eje
»» attachments accesorios »» axle shaft semieje
»» audible and visual alarm alarma visual y sonora »» axle sun gear engranaje solar del eje
»» auger barrena; sinfín »» axle width trocha
»» auger scraper traílla con sinfín elevador
»» automatic bowl latch cerrojo automático de la caja
»» automatic brake adjuster ajustador automático del freno
»» automatic bucket positioner ubicador automático del cucharón B
»» Automatic Electronic Traction Aid Auxiliar Automático Electrónico
de Tracción »» babbit metal antifricción
»» automatic kickout desconexión automática »» back filling relleno
»» automatic lift kickout detención automática al tope »» back hoe retroexcavadora
de levantamiento »» back hoe bucket cucharón retroexcavador
»» automatic ripper kickout desconexión automática del »» back lash contrajuego
desgarrador »» back order pedido pendiente
»» automatic shift cambio automático »» back pressure contrapresión
»» automatic speed change valve válvula de cambio automático »» back pressure presión de retorno
de marcha »» backdragging alisado por arrastre en
»» automatic speed selector valve válvula selectora automática
de marcha retroceso
»» automatic start - stop arranque y parada automáticos »» backfilling relleno
»» automatic variable timing sincronización variable automática »» backhoe loader retroexcavadora cargadora
»» automotive feel da la sensación de la dirección »» backing plate plancha de soporte
de un automóvil »» backlash contrajuego
»» auxiliary drive mando auxiliar
»» backrest carriage respaldo de la horquilla
»» auxiliary drive pulley polea del mando auxiliar
»» auxiliary drive shaft eje del mando auxiliar »» back-up alarm alarma de marcha atrás
»» auxiliary equipment equipo auxiliar »» back-up light luz de marcha atrás
»» Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturers fabricantes auxiliares »» baffle deflector
(AEM) »» baffles ménsulas
»» auxiliary gear pump - hydraulic bomba hidráulica de engranajes, »» baghouse (in asphalt plant) caseta recolectora
»» bail estribo arqueado (de la traílla)
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»» bearing crush trituración del cojinete »» bilge pump bomba de sentina
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»» bearing end play juego axial del cojinete »» bill of lading conocimiento de embarque
»» bearing preloading precarga de cojinete »» Bill of Material Number Número de Identificación de
»» bearing race cubeta de cojinete Materiales
»» bearing saddle soporte de cojinete »» bin tolva
Inglés Técnico
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»» blunt embotar »» boom - hoe pluma de retroexcavador
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»» board - current sensor tarjeta del sensor de »» boom - one piece pluma enteriza
corriente »» boom - two piece pluma de dos piezas
»» body down indicator indicador de caja abajo »» boom down (excavator) bajada de la pluma
»» body hoists cilindros de levantamiento »» boom drum tambor de la pluma
Inglés Técnico
69
»» brake overstroke recorrido excesivo del pedal »» breather - bevel gear case respiradero de la caja de
70
del freno la transmisión
»» brake pads pastillas de los frenos »» breather respiradero
»» brake pedal pedal del freno »» bridge puente
»» brake pedal valve válvula del pedal del freno »» bridge assembly conjunto de puente
Inglés Técnico
»» brake relay valve válvula relevadora del freno »» bridgeplate plancha puente
»» brake roller rodillo del freno »» brinnelling (metal is too soft & abolladuras
»» brake shoe zapata de freno is easily dented)
»» brake shuttle valve válvula de lanzadera del freno »» brittle quebradizo
»» brake slack adjuster tensor o ajustador del freno »» broken link spring resorte de dos piezas
»» brake specific fuel consumption consumo específico de »» brush escobilla
combustible »» brush guard guarda protectora contra maleza
»» brake specific fuel consumption consumo específico de »» brush guard (sweep) protector contra maleza
combustible al »» bsfc brake specific fuel
»» bsfc freno consumption
»» brake support soporte del freno »» BTC (Before Top Center) antes del punto muerto superior
»» brakesaver retardador »» bucket cucharón
»» Branded Products Productos de Marca Caterpillar »» bucket - general purpose cucharón de empleo general
»» break the track abrir la cadena »» bucket - loose material cucharón para material suelto
»» break-away cable cable de desconexión »» bucket - multi-purpose cucharón de uso múltiple
»» breakaway coupling acoplamiento desprendible »» bucket - shovel cucharón de pala frontal
»» breakaway torque resistencia a la descomposición »» bucket altitude control control del ángulo del cucharón
»» breakdown desglose »» bucket bottom fondo del cucharón
»» breaker interruptor; disyuntor »» bucket control control del cucharón
»» breaker (in portable recycle bin) machacadora [en tolvas para »» bucket control lever palanca de control del cucharón
reciclaje(transportables)] »» bucket control stop tope de control del cucharón
»» breaker point platinos »» bucket control valve válvula de control del cucharón
»» breaker relief valve válvula (de desconexión) »» bucket cutting edge cuchilla de cucharón
de alivio »» bucket dump stop tope de descarga del cucharón
»» break-even point punto de equilibrio »» bucket floor piso del cucharón
»» break-in period período de asentamiento »» bucket hingepin pasador de la articulación del
»» break-in asentamiento cucharón
»» bucket hydraulics sistema hidráulico del cucharón
»» break-out force fuerza de desprendimiento »» bucket lift kick-out desconexión automática de
»» breakout (electrical) mazo de cables en T levantamiento del cucharón
»» breakout force fuerza de dislocación »» bucket lift lever palanca de levantamiento del
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»» cable groove ranura para cable »» canopy top techo
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»» cable guard protector de cable »» canted oblicuo
»» cable guide guíacable »» canted cores núcleos orientados en ángulo
»» cable line speed velocidad del cable »» canted design radiator radiador de tubos sesgados
»» cable plow tiendecables »» canted seat asiento orientado
Inglés Técnico
73
»» C-channel design diseño de viga en “C”
»» ceramic seal sello de cerámica »» choke estrangulación
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»» C-frame bastidor “C” »» choke control control de estrangulación
»» chafed raspado »» chokers (log chokers) cables que atan los troncos
»» chain cadena »» chopper shoes zapatas cortadoras
»» chain drive sprocket rueda motriz de la cadena »» chrome faced piston ring anillo de pistón cromado
Inglés Técnico
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»» cold junction compensation compensación de empalme »» Competitive Bulletin Boletín Comparativo
76
en frío »» competitive edge ventajas sobre la competencia
»» cold milling machines máquinas de molido en frío »» compound pressure gauge manómetro combinado
»» cold planer (PR-75, PR-105, perfiladora de pavimentos en »» compression compresión
PR-450, PR-750B, PR-1000C) frío »» compression release descompresión
Inglés Técnico
del convertidor
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electrónico
»» converter leakage fugas del convertidor »» counterbalance - valve GP válvula de compensación
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»» converter outlet relief valve válvula de alivio de salida del »» counterbore abocardado
convertidor »» counterclockwise hacia la izquierda; en sentido
»» converter speed marcha de convertidor contrario del reloj
»» converter speed valve válvula de marcha del »» counterface superficie de contacto
Inglés Técnico
»» passage (in cylinder block) balancín(en el bloque motor) »» cushion push block bloque de empuje amortiguado
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»» cushion tires (on lift truck) ruedas de goma maciza »» manifold admisión
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»» cushion-hitch enganche amortiguador »» cylinder lean bar bearing cojinete de la varilla del
»» Custom Maintenance Management Control del Mantenimiento a cilindro de la barra de
(CMM) Medida(CMM) inclinación de las ruedas
»» Custom Products Productos de Modificación delanteras
Inglés Técnico
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»» accumulator transmisión mecánica »» dockboard tablón
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»» direct drive speed marcha directa »» dockplate plancha puente
»» direct drive transmission transmisión directa »» dog clutch embrague de dientes
»» direct electric starting arranque eléctrico directo »» dog point set screw tornillo de ajuste de punta
»» direct mail correspondencia directa cuadrada
Inglés Técnico
»» direction change cambio de sentido de marcha »» dome shaped head cabeza de cúpula
»» direction clutch embrague de sentido de marcha »» door GP - hood side puertas de costado del capó
»» direction selector valve válvula selectora de sentido »» Dot Matrix printer impresora de punto y matriz
de marcha »» double - tapered roller lower cojiente inferior de doble
»» directional lever palanca de sentido de marcha bearing hilera de rodillos cónicos
»» disabled (machine (LT) for towing) (máquina) averiada; »» double acting de doble acción
inmovilizada »» double acting cylinder cilindro de doble acción
»» disassembly desmontaje »» double acting hoist grúa de doble acción
»» disc brake freno de disco »» double check valve válvula de retención doble
»» disc plow arado de discos »» double drum cable control control de cable de dos
»» disc seal sello de disco tambores
»» disclaimer exclusión de responsabilidad »» double flange roller rodillo de pestaña doble
»» discoloration mancha(do) »» double grouser track shoe zapata de doble garra
»» disconnect switch interruptor general »» double lip seal sello de doble labio
»» disconnecting switch interruptor general »» double reduction final drive mando final de doble
»» disk drive disquetera reducción
»» diskettes disquetes »» double strap teeth dientes de doble plancha
»» displacement cilindrada »» double tapered roller bearings dos cojinetes de rodillos
»» displacement hull (a marine term) casco de desplazamiento cónicos
»» display (1) pantalla, ventanilla; »» double tires neumáticos dobles
(2) visualización; »» double (v.) aumentarse al doble; duplicar
(3) imagen (if it an icon-type »» double-acting cylinders cilindros de doble efecto
display -- for ex., gauge »» doubling plate plancha de refuerzo
display); »» dowels espigas
(4) display (to) = mostrar »» down payment pago inicial al contado
(en la pantalla o ventanilla) »» down pressure presión hacia abajo
»» disposable desechables; descartables »» down shift cambio a velocidad más baja
»» distributor distribuidor »» down shift inhibitor restrictor de cambios a baja
»» distributor points platinos »» downhill grade pendiente cuesta abajo
»» diverter derivador
»» diverter valve lines group tuberías de la válvula de »» downshift inhibitor restrictor de cambio a baja
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»» drawn steel acero estirado
»» driveline línea de impulsión, »» dual filter arrangement disposición de doble filtro
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línea de mando »» dual gas fuel system sistema de combustible
»» driven part parte impulsada para dos gases
»» driven sprocket rueda dentada impulsada »» dual idler belt scale báscula de correa de dos
»» driver montador (de sellos, tensores
Inglés Técnico
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»» ejector guide roller rodillo guía del expulsor
»» elevating scraper traílla autoelevadora
»» elevator elevador »» energize-to-shutoff fuel solenoid solenoid que necesita
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»» elevator flights paletas del elevador corriente eléctrica para
»» elevator lever palanca del elevador apagar el motor
»» elevator reduction gear reductor del elevador »» engage the parking brake lock aplicar la palanca del freno de
»» elevator valve válvula del elevador lever estacionamiento
Inglés Técnico
87
»» exhaust stack tubo de escape »» failed piston pistón averiado
88
»» exhaust swivel (of air lines tubo de escape giratorio »» fairlead guía de cables
group) »» fairlead guíacable
»» exhaust valve válvula de escape »» fairlead sheave roldana del guíacabos
»» exhaust-heated body caja calentada por el escape »» fairlead sheave shroud cubierta de roldana del
Inglés Técnico
89
»» fitting (1) conexión; »» float (in fuel level sender) flotador
90
(2) conexión de engrase »» floating bearing cojinete flotante
(for lubricating purposes) »» floating ring seals sellos de anillos flotantes
»» fittings conectores »» floating sealed piston pistón sellado flotante
»» fixed axle eje fijo »» flood light reflector
Inglés Técnico
»» fixed drawbar barra de tiro fija »» flood lights luces de trabajo (iluminan
»» flail mayal el área de trabajo)
»» flake descascararse »» floor plate plancha del piso
»» flange brida (motors) »» floorplate plancha del piso
»» flange pestaña (of track rollers and »» flotation tire axle eje con neumáticos de flotación
of cylinder liners) »» flow amplified system sistema de aumento de flujo
»» flange connections conexiones de brida »» flow chart diagrama de flujo
»» flanged conectada por estrías »» flow control control de flujo
»» flapper-type rain caps tapas contra lluvia con »» flow control valve válvula de control de flujo
charnela »» flow direction sentido del flujo
»» flare bengala; abocinar; abocinado »» flow divider divisor de flujo
»» flash code código de destellos »» flow divider valve válvula divisora de flujo
»» flash point punto de encendido »» flow limiter limitador de flujo
»» flasher - warning destellador de alarma »» flow-amplified system sistema de flujo amplificado
»» flasher switch interruptor de luz parpadeante »» fluid fluido
»» flashing plancha de escurrimiento »» fluid clutch embrague hidráulico
»» flashing strap fleje de la plancha de »» fluid coupling acoplamiento fluido
escurrimiento »» fluoroelastomer fluoelastómero
»» flask matraz o balón »» flutter (of gage) fluctuaciones (del indicador)
(receiver, distilling flask, wash »» flux intensidad del campo
bottle) eléctrico o campo luminoso
»» flat AR - blade hoja libre
»» flyweight carriers portadores de contrapesos
»» flat black negro mate
»» flat bolt-on edge cuchilla plana empernable »» flyweights contrapesos
»» flat center shoe zapata de centro plano »» flywheel volante
»» flat shoe zapata plana »» flywheel clutch embrague principal
»» flex flexionarse »» flywheel clutch control control del embrague principal
»» flexible coupling acoplamiento flexible »» flywheel coupling guard protector de acoplamiento
»» flexible fuel line tubería de combustible flexible de volante
»» flicker destellar
»» flywheel horsepower potencia en el volante
91
avance-retroceso »» front drive wiring cables de la tracción delantera
»» front frame bastidor delantero »» fuel filter filtro de combustible
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»» front gear engranaje delantero »» fuel injection pump bomba de inyección
»» front guard guarda delantera »» fuel injection valve válvula inyectora
»» front housing caja delantera (o de inyección)
»» front idler rueda guía delantera »» fuel injection valve body cuerpo del inyector
Inglés Técnico
»» front mounted attachments accesorios de montaje »» fuel injection valve nozzle tobera del inyector
delantero »» fuel inyection line tubería de inyección de
»» front of the machine el frente de la máquina combustible
»» front plate plancha delantera »» fuel level indicator indicador del nivel de
»» front power take-off toma de fuerza delantera combustible
»» front pull hook gancho de arrastre delantero »» fuel line tubería de combustible
»» front pulley polea delantera »» fuel nozzle assembly inyector; inyector armado
»» front pulley guard protector de la polea delantera [if you need to make distinction
»» front strut mounting montaje de cilindro de between the sole part and
suspensión delantero the other levels of hierarchy
»» front suspension group grupo de suspensión delantera (assembly, group, etc.)]
»» front timing gear - engine engranaje delantero de sincronización »» fuel pressure gauge manómetro de combustible
del motor »» fuel primer cebador de combustible
»» front timing gear housing caja delantera del engranaje »» fuel priming pump bomba cebadora de
de sincronización combustible
»» front wheel rueda delantera »» fuel pump manifold múltiple de la bomba de
»» front wheel brake control control de frenos de las combustible
ruedas delanteras »» fuel rack cremallera de inyección
»» front wheel lean inclinación de las ruedas »» fuel ratio relación de combustible
delanteras »» fuel ratio control control de la relación de
»» front wheel lean control housing caja de control de inclinación combustible
de las ruedas delanteras »» fuel shut-off corte de combustible
»» front wheel lean cylinder cilindro de inclinación de las »» fuel shut-off solenoid solenoide de corte de
ruedas delanteras combustile
»» front wheel lean pin pasador de inclinación de las »» fuel shut-off valve válvula de corte de combustible
ruedas delanteras »» fuel stop power potencia con régimen de
»» front wheel lean rack cremallera de inclinación de alimentación limitado en
las ruedas delanteras fábrica
»» front wheel lean shaft eje de inclinación de las »» fuel sulfur content contenido de azufre del
combustible
ruedas delanteras
»» fuel supply line tubería de alimentación de
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»» gear selector lever palanca de cambios
»» gear shift - transmission caja de velocidades de »» gouges rayones; desgarrones
94
la transmisión »» govern regir
»» gear shift mechanism mecanismo de cambio de »» governor regulador (de combustible)
marchas »» governor control control del regulador
»» gear train tren de engranajes »» governor control rotochamber cámara giratoria del control
Inglés Técnico
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»» hardened depth profundidad de endurecimiento
»» hardware tornillería »» heavy duty radiator guard protector reforzado del radiador
96
»» harmonic - maximum voltage armónica máxima de voltaje »» heavy duty undercarriage tren de rodaje reforzado
(engine specs) »» heavy lift hydraulic circuit circuito hidráulico auxiliar
»» harness - wiring mazo de cables para levantamiento pesado
»» harness AS - instruments mazo de cables de los »» heavy material bucket cucharón para material pesado
Inglés Técnico
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hidráulico
»» hydraulic control of torque control hidráulico de la »» hydraulic starting system sistema de arranque hidráulico
98
divider transmission transmisión con divisor »» hydraulic system sistema hidráulico
de par »» hydraulic tank tanque hidráulico
»» hydraulic control valve válvula hidráulica de control »» hydraulic test box caja de pruebas hidráulicas
»» hydraulic cylinder cilindro hidráulico »» hydraulic track adjuster ajustador hidráulico de la cadena
Inglés Técnico
»» hydraulic cylinder rod vástago del cilindro hidráulico »» hydraulic vent screw tornillo de descarga hidráulica
»» hydraulic elevator motor motor hidráulico del elevador »» hydraulically operated hidráulico
»» hydraulic fittings conexiones hidráulicas »» hydrostatic hidrostático
»» hydraulic governor regulador hidráulico »» hydrostatic piston link motor motor hidrostático de
»» hydraulic hose manguera hidráulica (track motor) pistones(motor de cadena)
»» hydraulic line tubería hidráulica
»» hydraulic line swivel joint junta giratoria de la tubería
hidráulica I
»» hydraulic moldboard side shift desplazador lateral hidráulico
de la vertedera »» ice and dirt grouser garra para hielo y tierra
»» hydraulic moldboard tip inclinación horizontal »» ice grouser garra para hielo
hidráulica de la vertedera »» ICM modulación individual del
»» hydraulic motor motor hidráulico embrague (Individual
»» hydraulic outlet toma hidráulica Clutch Modulation)
»» hydraulic override anulación hidráulica »» idle (v.) trabajar en vacío, sin carga
»» hydraulic override - service conjunto de servicio »» idler engranaje loco
(anulación hidráulica) »» idler rueda guía
»» hydraulic pin puller extractor hidráulico de »» idler rueda guía; rueda loca
pasadores (elevator scraper)(rueda loca
»» hydraulic piston pistón hidráulico = se mueve libremente para
»» hydraulic piston seals sellos de pistón hidráulico ambos lados. No impulsa
»» hydraulic pressure hose manguera de presión hidráulica nada.)
»» hydraulic pump bomba hidráulica »» idler center flange pestaña central de la rueda
»» hydraulic pump cam ring anillo excéntrico de la bomba guía
hidráulica »» idler end guiding guard protector guía delantero
»» hydraulic rack limiter limitador hidráulico de la »» idler flange pestaña de la rueda guía
cremallera »» idler high position posición alta de la rueda guía
»» hydraulic reservoir depósito hidráulico »» idler hub maza de la rueda guía
»» hydraulic self-erect system sistema hidráulico de »» idler low position posición baja de la rueda guía
autoensamblaje »» idler oscillation oscilación de la rueda guía
»» in-parallel en paralelo
99
neumático
»» input gear engranaje de entrada J
100
»» input pinion piñón de entrada
»» input shaft eje de entrada
»» in-seat starting arranque desde el asiento »» jacket camisa
»» insert vane pump bomba de paletas reemplazables »» jacket water agua de las camisas
Inglés Técnico
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»» kit - dust seal juego de sello contra el polvo »» landing jacks gatos de soporte
»» landscaping embellecimiento de sitio »» leasing to buy arriendo con compra
102
»» lanyard sujetador de manuales »» leasing arriendo; arrendamiento
de mantenimiento y »» led (light emitting diode) diodo de luz
reparación »» LED (light emitting diodes) sistema de diodos
»» Lanyard literature manuales de mantenimiento luminiscentes
Inglés Técnico
y reparación, no removibles »» lens lente (f.); vidrio (for beacon lamps, etc.)
»» large pump section sección grande de la bomba »» level gauge indicador de nivel
»» laser láser »» level plug tapón de nivel
»» laser tracks marcas de láser »» leveling nivelación
»» last (adverb) al último »» leveling blade hoja niveladora
»» latch pestillo »» lever palanca
»» latch (LT) picaporte »» lever GP - governor shut-off palanca de corte del regulador
»» latch handle (for engine pestillo (para las tapas del »» leverage par de fuerzas
enclosure doors) compartimiento del motor) »» life vida útil
»» latch mode modalidad “latch” »» lifetime lubricated rollers rodillos de lubricación
(anulación de crucero) permanente
»» lateral alignment alineación lateral »» life-time lubrication lubricación permanente
»» lathe torno »» lift levantamiento
»» LCD ventanilla de cristal líquido »» lift arm brazo de levantamiento
»» LCD visor de cristal líquido »» lift arm extension extensión de los brazos
»» lead chromate base base de cromato de plomo de levantamiento
»» lift arm support pin pasador del soporte de los
»» lead time lapso de rebastecimiento brazos de levantamiento
»» leadership liderazgo »» lift capacity capacidad de levantamiento
»» leading edge borde de ataque »» lift cylinder cilindro de levantamiento
»» leaf spring hoja de ballesta »» lift cylinder trunnion muñón del cilindro de
»» leaf spring suspension suspensión de ballesta levantamiento
»» leak detection powder polvo de detección de fugas »» lift kick-out limitador de levantamiento
»» leak (n.) fuga, filtración »» lift kickout limitador de levantamiento
»» leak (v.) perforarse »» lift truck montacargas [in Latin America];
»» leakage fuga carretilla elevadora [in Spain];
»» leak-proof; water-tight estanco; a prueba de fugas Also, as a general rule, use
»» lean air/fuel ratio relación pobre de aire a carretilla elevadora in service
combustible literature. (NOTE: Use generic
»» lease (v.) arrendar terms Máquina or modelo
»» lease alquilar o arrendar a whenever possible -- except
103
»» lip type seal sello de labio »» lock (a marine term) esclusa
104
»» liquid crystal digital display pantalla de visualización »» lock bolt perno de traba
digital de cristal líquido »» lock pin pasador de traba
»» liquid gasket empaquetadura líquida »» lock ring anillo de traba
»» liquid propane gas gas de propano licuado »» “locked to grade” máquina “trabada a la
Inglés Técnico
»» lug (of wheel) nervadura »» main steering valve válvula principal de dirección
105
»» Maintenance Management Guide Guía de Recomendaciones de »» master and slave (computer jargon) principal y secundario
106
Mantenimiento »» master bushing buje maestro
»» maintenance management schedule programas de mantenimiento »» master cylinder cilindro maestro
»» major bogie soporte basculante mayor »» master pin pasador maestro
(goes from an idler to a »» master track link eslabón maestro
Inglés Técnico
107
»» mounting bracket soporte de montaje »» nitrogen charging apparatus aparato de carga de nitrógeno
108
»» mounting pad taco de montaje »» nitrogen cylinder cilindro de nitrógeno
»» mounting plate plancha de montaje »» nitrogen valve válvula de nitrógeno
»» mountings montajes »» nitrous oxide óxido nitroso
»» mud flaps faldones »» no slip differential diferencial con compensación
Inglés Técnico
»» oil pan colector del cárter »» operator’s seat asiento del operador
109
»» option code plug enchufe de código de opciones »» outside diameter (of bearing) superficie exterior
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»» optional tires neumáticos optativos »» oval expander ring seal sello del anillo expansor ovalado
»» optional optativo »» overall dimensions dimensiones generales
»» option equipo optativo »» overcenter backhoe retroexcavador acodado
»» order picker truck carretilla recogedora hacia adelante
Inglés Técnico
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»» passenger seat asiento del acompañante »» penetration penetración
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»» PAT (Power Angle Tilt) blade hoja orientable e »» penetration edge cuchilla para penetración
inclinable hidráulicamente »» penetration tip punta para penetración
»» path trayectoria »» perform rendir
»» patrol crafts embarcaciones guardacostas »» performance rendimiento
Inglés Técnico
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»» planet gear engranaje satélite »» plywood madera contrachapada
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»» planetary carrier portasatélites »» pneumatic cannon cañón de aire
»» planetary final drive mando final planetario »» pneumatic oil suspension suspensión oleoneumática
»» planetary final reduction reducción final planetaria »» pocket AS (LT) it should read: posicionador de horquilla
»» planetary gear set juego de engranajes planetarios »» fork positioner
Inglés Técnico
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control de cable
»» pressure reducing valve válvula de reducción de presión »» PTO (power take off) toma de fuerza
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»» pressure relief alivio de presión »» public official funcionario
»» pressure relief valve válvula de alivio »» puck pastilla
»» pressure sealing compresión »» pull meter tractómetro
»» pressure summing valve válvula acumuladora de »» pulley polea
Inglés Técnico
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»» rain protection for exhaust system interceptores de lluvia del »» rear axle eje trasero
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sistema de escape »» rear carrier portador trasero
»» rain trap interceptor de lluvia »» rear C-push frame bastidor `C’ trasero de empuje
»» ram (of press) brazo »» rear frame bastidor trasero
»» ramp angle ángulo de rampa »» rear gear engranaje trasero
Inglés Técnico
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»» retractrable floor piso retráctil »» ring band banda para anillos
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»» retreading recauchutado »» ring gear corona
»» retrieval hitch ojo de enganche »» ring seat asiento de anillos
»» return retorno »» ring terminal terminal de ojal
»» return line tubería de retorno »» ring-type seal sello anular
Inglés Técnico
»» return oil aceite de retorno »» rippability facilidad del material para ser
»» return spring resorte de retroceso desgarrado
»» revenue ingresos (BC); »» ripper desgarrador
devoluciones (DF) »» ripper bracket bastidor del desgarrador
»» reverse clutch embrague de marcha atrás »» ripper carriage bar portadesgarrador
»» reverse drive side (of track) lado de propulsión de »» ripper clearance despejo del desgarrador
retroceso »» ripper control control del desgarrador
»» reverse dumping vuelco hacia atrás »» ripper cylinder cilindro del desgarrador
»» Reverse Flow Check valve (RFC) válvula de retención de flujo »» ripper depth profundidad de desgarramiento
inverso(RFI) »» ripper guard protector de dientes del
»» reverse gear train tren de engranajes de desgarrador
marcha atrás »» ripper kick-out limitador del desgarrador
»» reverse idler engranaje intermedio de »» ripper line tubería del desgarrador
movimiento inverso »» ripper linkage articulación del desgarrador
»» reverse idler gear engranaje loco de »» ripper penetration penetración del desgarrador
marcha atrás »» ripper protector (diente) protector de diente de
»» reverse inhibitor restrictor de marcha atrás desgarrador
»» reverse speed control control del retroceso »» ripper tip punta del desgarrador
»» reversible reversible »» ripper-scarifier desgarrador escarificador
»» reversible fan ventilador reversible »» ripping angle ángulo de desgarramiento
»» revolutionary design diseño innovador »» ripping path trayectoria de desgarramiento
»» rib tires neumáticos de bandas »» ripple fluctuación (de corriente)
acanaladas »» rippling (of soft soil) efecto de tabla de lavar
»» ride control control de amortiguación (washboard effect)
»» rig equipo »» river tow boat remolcador fluvial
»» rigid ripper desgarrador rígido »» rivet remachar; remache
»» rim inner flange pestaña interior de la llanta »» rivet remache
»» rim (of tire) llanta; aro »» road lighting group luces de carretera
»» rim outer flange pestaña exterior de la llanta »» road reclaimers recuperadores de caminos
»» roading desplazamiento por
»» rimpull fuerza de arrastre en las ruedas
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»» roundness redondez »» safety kick-out desenganche de seguridad
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»» router bit punta guía »» safety lever palanca de traba
»» routing bit punta guía »» safety (lift trucks, fuel ej. combustible diésel
»» routing (of hoses, etc.) tendido; recorrido “diesel safety”) (de seguridad)
»» rubber block support bloque de soporte de goma »» safety pawl fiador de seguridad
Inglés Técnico
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»» self-study estudio independiente »» shaft discoloring decoloración del eje
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»» semidisplacement hull casco de semidesplazamiento »» shaft end clearance luz en el extremo del eje
»» Semi-Universal (SU) blade hoja semiuniversal »» shaft mounted fork horquilla montada en varilla
»» sender emisor »» shaft P - steering clutch input eje de entrada del embrague
»» sending unit unidad emisora de dirección
Inglés Técnico
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»» sidecutter - blade type orejetas de una pieza »» single phase monofásico
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»» sidecutter - combination orejetas con extensiones »» single piece tooth diente de una pieza
»» sidecutter - hoe bucket orejetas de cucharón »» single section gear pump bomba de engranajes de
(excavator) retroexcavador sección única
»» sidecutter - strike-off orejeta enrasadora »» single shank ripper desgarrador de un vástago
Inglés Técnico
»» sidecutter - tooth orejetas de tipo diente »» single slope torque rise reserva de par de pendiente
»» sideshift carriage portahorquillas con single stage sencilla de una etapa
desplazamiento lateral »» single thickness plates planchas de chapa única
»» sideshifter desplazador lateral »» single tired con neumáticos sencillos
»» sight gauge indicador (de mirilla) (1 neumático por cada
»» sight gauges indicadores visuales extremo del eje, o 2 por eje)
»» sight glass mirilla »» single valve de una válvula
»» sight line (i.e., “it has a clear (f.) visual (“tiene visuales »» single web idler rueda guía de nervadura sencilla
»» sight line to both buckets”) despejadas(o sin obstáculos »» singletree poste (soporte de la hoja PAT, en los
a ambos cucharones”) »» Tractores D4h y D5H)
»» signal relief valve válvula de señal de presión »» singletree slider travesaño deslizante
máxima »» siphon válvula antisifón
»» silicone silicona »» siphon block válvula antisifón
»» silicone rubber hose manguera de caucho de »» size class (of machines) categoría
silicio »» sizer breaker machacadora clasificadora
»» simple (not complex) simple »» skeleton rock bucket cucharón con costillas para
»» SIMS Service Information rocas
Management System »» ski slopes pistas de esquí
»» single acting de acción simple »» skid base base de patín
»» single bowl-apron lever palanca de la caja y la »» skid plate plancha antipatinaje
compuerta »» skid shoe zapata de patín
»» single drum cable control control de cable de un tambor »» skid shoe follower seguidor de patín
»» single flange roller rodillo de una pestaña »» skidder arrastrador de troncos
»» single flange track roller rodillo de pestaña sencilla »» skids (for shipping) paletas de patín
»» single leaf equalizer spring resorte compensador de una »» skip weld soldadura por depósitos
sola hoja fraccionados
»» single lip silicone rubber sello de cigüeñal de caucho »» slack (deflection) of track, comba (se determina la COMBA
de silicio belt, etc. midiendo la FLECHA)
»» crankshaft seal de un solo labio »» slack adjuster ajustador de tensión
»» single (not multiple) sencillo »» slag bucket cucharón para escorias
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»» solenoide valve válvula de solenoide »» speed range gama de velocidad
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»» solid macizo; firme »» speed reducer reductor de velocidad
»» SOS Análisis Periódico de Aceite »» speed selector palanca selectora develocidades;
»» sound suppression insonorización selector de régimen
»» sound suppression - spectator amortiguación de ruidos »» speed selector lever palanca de cambios
Inglés Técnico
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»» SRCV generator (self regulated generador SRCV(con »» starter clutch embrague del motor auxiliar de
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constant voltage) autorregulación y voltaje arranque
constante) »» starter control control del motor de arranque
»» SRSE regulado estáticamente y excitado »» starter motor control control del motor de arranque
estáticamente »» starter pinion piñón de arranque
Inglés Técnico
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»» steering valve válvula de dirección »» straight bulldozer hoja topadora recta
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»» steering wheel volante de dirección »» straight roller bearing cojinete de rodillos cilíndricos
»» steering wheel & gear volante y engranajes de dirección »» straight shank vástago recto
»» steering worm sinfín de dirección »» straight shift transmission transmisión de cambios
»» stem espiga mecánicos
Inglés Técnico
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»» swinging drawbar barra de tiro orientable »» switch (push) interruptor (botón)
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»» switch - directional interruptor de dirección »» switch (swing orifice) (excavator) interruptor
(avance y retroceso (circuito de rotación)
»» switch & handle (excavator) palanca e interruptor; »» swivel - blade shift orientación de la hoja
empuñadura e interruptor (DF) »» swivel - track motor lines unión giratoria de los motores
Inglés Técnico
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»» thickness gauge calibrador de laminillas »» tie rod socket caja de barra de acoplamiento
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»» thinner diluyente »» tie rods bielas (de anclaje?)
»» three high empty container mástil de manipulador de tres »» tie strap atadura
»» handler mast contenedores vacíos »» tight fit calce apretado
superpuestos »» tight places or quarters espacios estrechos
Inglés Técnico
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Industries”)
»» torque division división del par »» track adjuster ball check valve válvula de retención a bola del
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»» torque hubs (in paving products) motores hidráulicos de par ajustador de la cadena
(en equipo de pavimentación) »» track adjuster relief valve válvula de alivio del ajustador
»» torque limiting clutch embrague restrictor de par de la cadena
»» torque load carga de torsión »» track adjusting cylinder cilindro de ajuste de la cadena
Inglés Técnico
»» torque proporcioning con compensación de par »» track adjusting spring resorte de ajuste de la cadena
»» torque proportion diffe- rential diferencial con compensador »» track alignment alineación de la cadena
de par »» track bushings bujes de la cadena
»» torque rise capacidad de sobrecarga; »» track carrier roller rodillo superior de cadenas
reserva de par »» track carrier rollers rodillos superiores
»» torque rise reserva de par »» track cleaner bar barra limpiadora
»» torque screwdriver destornillador dinamométrico »» track gauge entrevía
»» “torque spike” “cresta de par” »» track group cadena con zapatas
»» torque spring resorte auxiliar para »» track guiding - guide protector guía de cadena
sobrecarga »» track guiding guard guardas guía de la cadena
»» torque tube crossmember travesaño de chasis »» track idler rueda guía
»» torque wrench llave dinamométrica »» track joint articulación de la cadena
»» torque-tube cross member travesaño tubular de torsión »» track life vida útil de la cadena
»» torque-turn tightening method método de par-vuelta »» track link eslabón de cadena
adicional »» track link rail riel del eslabón de cadena
»» torsion angle ángulo de torsión »» track pin pasador de cadena
»» torsion bar barra de torsión »» track pitch paso de la cadena
»» torsion bar brackets ménsulas de barra de torsión »» track roller (1) rodillo (de cadena);
»» torsion bar stops topes de barra de torsión (2) rodillo inferior (only when
»» torsional rubber mounts amortiguadores de goma del
differentiating it from a
esfuerzo torsional
»» torsional vibration damper amortiguador de vibraciones carrier roller)
torsionales »» track roller cap tapa de rodillo inferior
»» total hardening endurecimiento total »» track roller frame bastidor de rodillos (de cadena)
»» Total Indicator Reading (T.I.R.) Registro Total del »» track roller guard protector de los rodillos
Indicador(R.T.I.) inferiores
»» touch-up paint pintura de retoque »» track roller guard protector de rodillos inferiores
»» tough spots (or terrain) terrenos escabrosos »» track rollers rodillos inferiores
»» tow boat remolcador »» track seal sello de cadena
»» track cadena »» track shoe zapata de cadena
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»» travel movimiento; recorrido; carrera »» tubeless tire neumático sin cámara
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»» travel trayectoria; recorrido »» tube-type brake freno de tubo expansor
»» travel circuit circuito para la marcha »» tube-type tire neumático con cámara
»» travel position posición de desplazamiento »» tubular cross member travesaño tubular
»» tread - non skid cubierta antirresbaladiza »» tubular cylinder support soporte tubular de cilindro
Inglés Técnico
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»» uneven disparejo
V »» valve face angle ángulo de la cara de la válvula
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»» valve follower seguidor de leva
»» valve GP - explosion relief válvula de alivio de explosión
»» V bottom fondo en V
del cárter
»» V-8 engine motor V-8
»» valve guide guía de válvula
Inglés Técnico
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»» water pump seal sello de la bomba de agua
»» water reducible paint pintura que se diluye »» wet tank tanque colector de la
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con agua humedad del sistema de aire
»» water temperature regulator termostato »» wheel rueda
»» water temperature shut-off interruptor de parada por alta »» wheel and tire drive rueda de mando
temperatura »» wheel balancing equilibrado de las ruedas
Inglés Técnico
»» water vapor trap (or water trap) interceptor de vapor »» wheel base distancia entre ejes
interceptor de agua »» wheel bearing cojinete de la rueda
»» wave form desviación de onda »» wheel bearings cojinetes de rueda
»» WDAS (work day average speed) velocidad promedio diaria de »» wheel brakes (if equipped) frenos en las ruedas
trabajo »» wheel cap tapacubos
»» wear desgaste »» wheel follower seguidor de rueda
»» wear gauge medidor de desgaste »» wheel hub maza de la rueda
»» wear limit límite de desgaste »» wheel lean inclinación de las ruedas
»» wear measurement medida de desgaste »» wheel lean cylinder cilindro de inclinación de las
»» wear pads (for mast of lift truck) tacos de desgaste ruedas
»» wear plate plancha de desgaste »» wheel lean gear housing caja del engranaje de
»» wear strip banda antidesgaste inclinación de las ruedas
»» wear strips bandas antidesgaste »» wheel lean lock valve válvula de traba de
»» wedge cuña inclinación de las ruedas
»» weep hole agujero de drenaje; »» wheel lean tiebar barra de unión de inclinación
agujero de descarga de las ruedas
»» weight distribution distribución del peso »» wheel spin patinaje de las ruedas
»» weld pass pasada de soldadura »» wheel spindle punta de eje
»» weld rod electrodo »» wheel spinner perilla giratoria del volante de
»» welded bottom-strap adapter adaptador de plancha inferior dirección
soldado »» wheel torque control lever control de par a las ruedas
»» welded flushmount adapter adaptador de montaje a »» wheel tractor-scraper mototraílla
ras soldado »» wheel type offset harrow rastras de discos de tiro
»» weld-on edge cuchilla soldable
excéntrico
»» weld-on tip punta soldable
»» weld-on tip adapter portapuntas soldable »» wheel-type loader cargador de ruedas
»» wellhead gas gas de boca de pozo »» wick mecha
»» wet battery pila húmeda; »» wide tip punta ancha
batería con líquido »» wide-base tire neumático de banda de rodadura ancha
»» wet cylinder liner camisa de cilindro »» will-fit part repuesto de imitación
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