TALLER N° 3 – GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B

FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA - INGENIERÍA CIVIL

UNIVERSIDAD FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANTANDER

FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA

INGENIERÍA CIVIL

ASIGNATURA: GEOLOGÍA

GRUPO: B

PRESENTADO POR:

 LIZ VALENTINA CHICA C - CÓD: 1114049

 LINDA GABRIELA RODRIGUEZ DURAN - CÓD: 1113671
 ARLEY OSWALDO MANOSALVA CÁCERES - CÓD: 1113090
 ANDRÉS FELIPE CUCUNUBA LARA - CÓD: 1113778

PRESENTADO A:

ING. CARLOS ANDRPES MARTÍNEZ SALCEDO

CÚCUTA, NORTE DE SANTANDER.

OCTUBRE -2020

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1. ¿QUÉ ES EL IGAC Y CUÁLES SON SUS FUNCIONES PRINCIPALES?

Es el Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi, IGAC, es la entidad encargada de producir el mapa

oficial y la cartografía básica de Colombia; elaborar el catastro nacional de la propiedad inmueble;
realizar el inventario de las características de los suelos; adelantar investigaciones geográficas
como apoyo al desarrollo territorial; capacitar y formar profesionales en tecnologías de
información geográfica y coordinar la Infraestructura Colombiana de Datos Espaciales
(ICDE).

Funciones principales de la IGAC FUNCIONES:

• Asesorar y proponer a la Dirección General y a las instancias pertinentes, las políticas,

reglamentos, planes, programas, proyectos y procesos para la producción, actualización y
mantenimiento de información, productos y servicios catastrales del país.
• Dirigir y realizar la producción, actualización, custodia, preservación y documentación
estandarizadas de los procesos de formación, actualización de la formación, conservación del
catastro y avalúos, para administrar el Sistema de Información de Tierras con base en el predio o
Sistema de Información Catastral (SIC).
• Desarrollar y administrar el Sistema de Información Catastral, con sus atributos físicos,
económicos, jurídicos y fiscales, para la promoción del desarrollo y el ordenamiento territorial,
con fines tributarios y de apoyo tanto a los órganos judiciales y de control, como al Observatorio
del Suelo y del Mercado Inmobiliario Nacional (OSMI).
• Proyectar las normas que deba expedir el Instituto como máxima autoridad catastral en el país,
que deberán acatar los catastros descentralizados cuando ejerzan las funciones de gestión catastral
para la formación, actualización y conservación catastrales, así como velar por su aplicación.
• Recopilar, evaluar y consolidar en el Sistema de Información Catastral (SIC) la información
resultante de las actividades catastrales del país.
• Coordinar a nivel nacional, con las entidades pertinentes y con los catastros descentralizados, la
interrelación del catastro y del registro.
• Expedir certificaciones en materia catastral solicitadas en la sede central y/o por intermedio de las
Direcciones Territoriales.
• Proyectar y expedir directamente o por intermedio de las Direcciones Territoriales, los actos
administrativos y las decisiones que resuelvan los recursos y acciones instaurados por razón de las
actuaciones catastrales.
• Elaborar y comunicar los peritazgos y dictámenes que soliciten las entidades estatales.
• Asesorar a las Direcciones Territoriales en materia catastral; ejercer sobre ellas el control técnico
para mantener niveles adecuados de calidad y oportunidad en la información y en la prestación del
servicio de catastro, e impartir las directrices para el desempeño de sus funciones catastrales y de
administración del Sistema de Información Catastral (SIC) y de apoyo a los observatorios
inmobiliarios en sus respectivos territorios.
• Prestar asesoría técnica y ejercer el control técnico o la intervención requerida a los catastros
descentralizados en la aplicación de las normas vigentes para la gestión catastral en formación,
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actualización y conservación catastral, en su calidad de máxima autoridad catastral en el país, para

mantener adecuados niveles de calidad en la prestación del servicio descentralizado de catastro.
• Elaborar y comunicar los avalúos de los inmuebles de los particulares con fines privados o en los
que tenga interés el Estado y se requieran en actuación administrativa.
• Mantener actualizada la información de los valores de terrenos, construcciones, elementos
permanentes y maquinaria, y realizar la investigación requerida a nivel nacional para conformar la
base nacional de avalúos.
• Prestar colaboración, como auxiliares de la justicia, en materia de avalúos de la propiedad raíz.
• Proyectar las normas técnicas y especificaciones que deba expedir el Instituto como máxima
autoridad en materia de avalúos en el país, con el fin de regular la actividad evaluadora nacional.
• Actuar como última instancia para resolver las observaciones, revisiones, recursos o
impugnaciones contra avalúos de inmuebles solicitados por entidades del Estado o en los que tenga
interés el Estado o se requieran en actuación administrativa.
• Asesorar y revisar los estudios físicos y económicos, para lo obtención de avalúos dentro de los
procesos de formación, actualización y conservación catastral para su aprobación.
• Diseñar, actualizar y definir conjuntamente con las dependencias competentes, las normas y
especificaciones técnicas, y los procedimientos y estándares para regular la producción de
información oficial en materia catastral.
• Realizar, en coordinación con las demás dependencias del Instituto, las actividades relacionadas
con el desarrollo de la infraestructura de datos espaciales, en temas catastrales.
• Realizar proyectos de investigación y desarrollo, estudios sobre metodologías, sistemas y
procedimientos, en el marco del Sistema Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, en coordinación con
la Oficina Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Información Geográfica CIAF, que garanticen
la apropiación de nuevas tecnologías y la optimización de procesos de producción, de información,
productos y servicios catastrales, de acuerdo con las políticas de investigación del Instituto.
• Asesorar a la Dirección General y participar en temas catastrales ante los organismos e instancias
técnico-científicos nacionales e internacionales.
• Las demás funciones inherentes a la naturaleza de la dependencia y las que le sean asignadas por
las disposiciones legales vigentes.

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2. PLANCHAS IGAC

La cartografía base “tiene que ver con la ciencia de la comunicación, ya que, a través de los mapas
se pueden transferir información espacial acerca de un terreno. Para esto, la cartografía se vale
del lenguaje gráfico el cual se expresa a través de símbolos y rótulos” (IGAC, 1998).
Representa áreas del terreno que muestran elementos básicos como las curvas de nivel, cuerpos de
agua, también algunos elementos artificiales y humanos, como las redes de transporte y los centros
poblados, entre otros. La información es usada para temas de ordenamiento y planeación del
territorio, medio ambiente, suelos, e investigación.

La cartografía básica se presenta en las siguientes escalas 1:500.000, 1:100.000, 1:50.000, 1:

25.000, 1:10.000, 1:5.000, 1:2.000 y 1:1000. La cartografía a escala media podrá obtenerse por
métodos fotogramétricos o a partir de la captura bidimensional de los elementos planimétricos
sobre ortofotografía u ortoimágenes y, los elementos de elevación a partir de modelos digitales del
terreno, siempre que se cumplan las especificaciones técnicas correspondientes. La cartografía a
escala grande se obtiene exclusivamente por métodos fotogramétricos.

La cartografía básica se estructura tanto a nivel de proyecto como por hojas cartográficas, de
acuerdo con el índice y nomenclatura definidas por el IGAC. La unidad de proyecto se define por
su límite para escala grande y por hojas cartográficas 1:100.000 hasta límite de proyecto

SISTEMAS DE REFERENCIA Y PROYECCIÓN CARTOGRÁFICA

Sistema de referencia horizontal datum magna-sirgas

Mediante resolución No. 068 de 2005 se adoptó como único datum oficial de Colombia el Marco
Geocéntrico Nacional de Referencia MAGNA

SISTEMA DE COORDENADAS GEOGRÁFICAS: GCS_MAGNA CÓDIGO 4686

Primer Meridiano: Greenwich 0,000000000000000000 Grados decimales

Datum geodésico: MAGNA_SIRGAS*
Elipsoide: GRS 1980
Semejante mayor: 6356752,314 m
Aplanamiento inverso: 298,2572221
ITRF: 1994, Época 1995.4

SISTEMA DE REFERENCIA VERTICAL

Las alturas estarán referidas al nivel medio del mar definidas por el mareógrafo de Buenaventura.

PROYECCIÓN CARTOGRÁFICA
La proyección cartográfica, que consiste en la representación de la superficie terrestre sobre un
plano, mediante un sistema bidimensional de coordenadas rectangulares, que muestra la
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correspondencia biunívoca entre los puntos de la superficie terrestre (φ, λ) y sus equivalentes sobre
un plano de proyección (N, E).

PROYECCIÓN CARTOGRÁFICA GAUSS – KRÜGER

La proyección cartográfica oficial de Colombia es el sistema Gauss – Krüger, el cual consiste en

una representación conforme del elipsoide sobre un plano; es decir, que el ángulo formado entre
dos líneas sobre la superficie terrestre se mantiene al ser éstas proyectadas sobre un plano. Los
meridianos y paralelos se interceptan perpendicularmente, pero no son líneas rectas, sino curvas
complejas, excepto el meridiano central (de tangencia) y el paralelo de referencia. La escala de
representación permanece constante sobre el meridiano central; pero ésta varía al alejarse de aquel,
introduciendo deformaciones en función de la longitud (λ). Por tal razón, el desarrollo de la
proyección se controla mediante husos, que en el caso de Colombia se extienden al lado y lado del
meridiano central. El sistema de proyección UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) corresponde
con el de Gauss – Krüger, sólo que utiliza un factor de escala equivalente a m= 0,9996 para el
meridiano central y husos de 6°.

En Colombia, el origen principal de coordenadas Gauss – Krüger se definió en la pilastra sur del
observatorio Astronómico de Bogotá, asignándole los valores N= 1000000 m y E= 1000000 m.
Los orígenes complementarios se han establecido a 3º y 6º de longitud al este y oeste de dicho
punto. Este sistema se utiliza para la elaboración de cartografía a escalas menores que 1: 1 500
000, donde se proyecta la totalidad del territorio nacional. También se utiliza para cartografía a
escalas entre 1: 10 000 y 1: 500 000 de las comarcas comprendidas en la zona de 3º correspondiente

PROYECCIÓN CARTESIANA

El sistema de proyección cartesiana equivale a una representación conforme del elipsoide sobre
un plano paralelo al tangente que rozaría al elipsoide en el punto origen ((φ0, λ0). La proyección
del meridiano que pasa por este punto representa el eje de coordenada Norte. No obstante, los
puntos sobre el elipsoide y los equivalentes proyectados sobre el plano no tienen una relación
geométrica, ésta es puramente matemática. La proyección cartesiana es utilizada para la
elaboración de planos de ciudades (cartografía a escalas mayores que 1: 5000), de allí, existen

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tantos orígenes de coordenadas cartesianas como ciudades o municipios. El plano de proyección

se define sobre la altitud media de la comarca a representar.
Al igual que en el sistema de Gauss – Krüger, la proyección cartesiana puede presentarse para
ambigüedades en la definición unívoca de coordenadas, por tal razón, éstas siempre van
acompañadas del origen al que se refieren.

Los parámetros de coordenadas geográficas y planas asignadas para el origen del sistema son
suministrados por el Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi, para cada proyecto, mediante
certificado de Origen Cartesiano. Los parámetros de coordenadas geográficas y planas asignadas
para el origen del sistema son suministrados por el Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi, para
cada proyecto, mediante certificado de Origen Cartesiano.

A continuación, se presenta la tabla que corresponden a los parámetros de la proyección, para cada
una de las zonas, incluyendo el código en el estándar del European Petroleum Survey Group
(EPSG).

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3. CUADRÁNGULO GEOLÓGICO

¿Qué es?
Es cada una de las partes de una superficie geográfica determinadas por la red fundamental
de meridianos y paralelos. La forma de estos va desde un cuadrilátero curvilíneo, no muy diferente
de un rectángulo cerca del ecuador, hasta un triángulo curvilíneo en los puntos de contacto con
los polos.

GEOLOGÍA DEL CUADRÁNGULO G-13 CÚCUTA

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4. PLANCHAS GEOLÓGICAS DEL TERRITORIO DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE

NORTE DE SANTANDER

Una vez descargadas las planchas de geológicas del territorio del departamento de Norte de
Santander; se evidenciaron que en total son seis de estas; y tal cual las indicaciones del presente
taller, se alojan en un medio comprobable. Link de acceso nube:
https://www.dropbox.com/sh/a01zv61diesffp1/AABtXb-ZjsMQaY74oTVSWl7Ta?dl=0

Fotografías de carpeta con los archivos en PDF de las planchas respectivas:

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5. ABSTRACT IGAG IRONS - 111 -121 and 122

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5.1.RESUMEN PLANCHA N° 111 TOLEDO:

This iron is accompanied by a geological legend ranging from the phanerozoic to the Proterozoic,

from which the Cenozoic containing the quaternary and tertiary stage, the Mesozoic, are derived

respectively, accompanied by the Jurassic and Cretaceous stage; paleozoic, with the corresponding

distribution of the Cambrian ordovic, devonic, and permian stages, and finally Precambrian

belonging to the Proterozoic geological path. Now, if we go back to the rocks that come from this

geological offspring, we can show that they range from sedimentary rocks to metamorphic rocks;

it should not be forgotten that sedimentary rocks have been formed by "the consolidation or

lithification of sediments.", while while "the factors that determine the type of rock are

fundamentally the source of the sediments, the agent that erodes and transports them, and the

means of deposition and form of lithification"; on the other hand, metamorphic rocks are those that

are "formed by the modification of other pre-existing ones inside the Earth through a process

called metamorphism. Through heat and/or pressure, the transformation of rocks undergoing

structural and mineralogical adjustments occurs in chemically active fluids.". Leaving aside the

definitions that have served as the basis for understanding the breakdown of this work, let us touch

on the theme surrounding the title of this specific area; as mentioned above, the plate No. 111

Toledo, covers like most plates, a timeline, also called "Geological Legend", which shows

notorious colors, which are nothing more than conventions that give significance of type,

formations and ages; therefore, it is important that this line be part of this summary, because it is

important to understand what we are growing as a department, and as the capital city of it. Thus,

we start with the sedimentary rocks, which are broken down from the Quaternary age, with

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ALLUVION, light gray and acronym called Qal; with COLUVION-DERRUBIO represented by

a darker gray than the first and with Qd initials, Finally and to close the present group, we find

GUAYABO GROUP, which represents it a light yellow color and letters Ngg, which is identified

by grouping Grey Arenite to grayish white, fine grain, coarse grain with direction to conglomeratic,

micaceous, pyritosa and carbonate, also has intercalations of gray to dark gray slightly slimy,

showing mostly of times on the top thin layers of limestone. In the Tertiary Age, we can find rocks

in Lion Formation, characterized by dark grey to black oolite, locally slimy, micaceous, and with

remains of vegetables; it is equally ferruginous to slightly calcareous with shavings of grey to

yellowish grey, fine to medium grain, felsitic, with carbon fragments, and has thin layers of coal

forming on the upperparts. The Carbonera Formation, with acronym Pgc, refers to grey to

yellowish-yellow micaceous lodolite; it presents carbonous matter and ferruginosous nodules, with

intercalations of greyish white to yellowish grey, fine to medium grain, slightly micaceous, silky,

carbonous and with charcoal cpastowards thebottom. On the other hand, we have the Mirador

Formation, which encompasses light grey to white-yellow sandstone, medium to conglometic

grain; carbonous, ferruginous, deeznable, towards the middle part. Grey to grey-green, carbonous

lodolite; on top white sand from medium to conglometic grain, feldsopathic in medium layers. In

addition to the descriptions present, we have the Crows Formation, which ignores Lodolite grey

to light grey, sparsely micaceous, carbonous, with limolite lenses and grey herring Intercalations

of grey to dark grey, fine grain, slightly micaceous and ferruginous, withabundantes carbon

fragments. Exploitable layers of coal preferably at the bottom and middle; and is represented by

the acronym Pglc. In the fifth place of this stage, we have as main distinctions Arenita gray to

gray-yellowish, medium grain, thick to conglomeratic, micaceous, calibrated, feldsopathic, with

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cross stratification, sporadically deeznable. Thin collations of clay and gray to light grey lodolite,

slightly carbonous micaceous; and represented by the letters Pgd. To close the breakdown and

content in tertiary stage formation types, it is important to mention the Colon-mito Juan Formation,

it is identified thanks to the fact that it is composed of Dark Grey, Micaceous Grey Lodolite, with

carbonous and icosphosil remains, presents andferrugins, with intercalations of grey herring, fine

to medium grain, with carbonous remains andgray limestone, towards the bottom, while there are

charcoalcpasat thetop of these, its representative series is the Kscmmj. The La Luna Formation,

the Capacho Formation, the Spirit Formation, the Tibu-Mercedes Formation, the Rio Negro

Formation, are part of the Cretaceous, as well as the Indifferential Early Cretaceous (Ki); these

formations feature a series of fossil grey limestones, with thin layers, lodolites gises, limestone

with limestone concretions, intercalations of gray sanditas of fine grain, dark grey lodolites, fossil,

limestone, dark grey limestone and towards the top gray phosphoric rock - brownish, fine to

medium grain and which are represented with the acronym Ksl; ldark greyodolite, with calcareous

and ferruginous nodules, with intercalations of grey herring, fine grain,muddery, lorcalmente

calcarea and glauconite, with bioturbations and icosphosils and grey limestone, lumaquela, locally

sandy and grey-white-grey herring, fine grain, medium to conglomeratic, locally muded,

micaceous, with organic matter,glucolítica. En la parte superior predominates dark grey lodolite,

slightly limestone,fossil; are also Grey to white-grey arenita, fine grain, medium to conglometic,

locally silky, myceous, with organic glucolytic matter with cross stratification and intercalations

of gray lodolite. Towards the base sandy conglomerate, light grey. As mentioned at the beginning

of the description of these formations, the Aguardiente Formation represented by the letters Kia,

and characterized by Grey to white-grey Arenita, fine grain, medium to conglomeratic, locally
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silky, micaceous, with organic matter, glycolytic with cross stratification and collations of gray

lodolite. Towards the base sandy conglomerate, light grey. We can also remember the Tibu-

Mercedes formation, which encompasses limestone black Lodolite, with intersperses of yellowish

grey grit, fine grain; gray limestone, locally sandy fossil, oolithic, interspersed with grey-brown

grit, fine and medium grain, sludge, lodolite and fossil grey limolite. At the top grey lodolites,

fossils and intercalations of grey grits, fine grain, sludge and grey limestone; and to give purpose

to the stage ofcollision, is the Rio Negro formation, which does not dispel the characteristics of

the formations already mentioned, however it is important to mention its content, since this, is not

only part of the Cretaceous and shares one that other similarity with its adjacent ones, but also

differs by being from White Arenita to light gray, fine grain, medium and thick, locally

feldsopathic and with carbonous matter Intercalations of white-grey conglomerate, quartzic sandita

lodoliteand light gray limolite, and towards the base with somelevels. Under the representation

of the acronym Jg, we find the Girón Formation which listens to the Jurassic stage and is evidenced

by being red arenita to greenish grey, medium grain, thick to conglomeratic, locally feldsopathic

sludge, in intercalations of levels of lodolite and brownish red limolite in thin layers, red and green

herring, fine to medium grain withsandy, white-green conglomerate collations. Towards the top

levels of greyish white sandy conglomerate and light brown red grit, fine to medium grain.

Jumping into the permian, we find different formations, which listen to the Diamond Formation,

represented by the letters Cpd and by its composition with Green and Red Limolite, with red-

brown grit collations, medium to thick grain, towards the middle part predominate grey, red and

red-brown, fine to medium grain, silky, limestone, fossil, with interspersed with clear grey

limestone, sandy locally. On top limestone grey to dark grey, locally sandy, fossil, grey-green grit,
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fine grain and grey mud, locally calcareous. Finally and to close the description of the formations

under the condition of sedimentary rocks, we have the Floresta Formation, which has as

characteristics the Grey Arenita, grey-green to yellowish gray, fine to medium grain, sludge,

ferruginous gray, gray-green to gray-yellowish, fine to medium grain, micaceous, locally feldsive,

lody and fossil. On the other hand, we have the rocks Ofes, which terminologically speaking are

specified as being "thosethat form when the magma cools and solidifies";”; in that order of ideas,

on the toledo plank, we find Tanucá monzonite quartz and Lindero Granite, both belonging to the

Devonic stage, and which are characterized by having among their characteristics White to light

grey monzonitequartz, medium grain and pink to white granite, fine grain with presence of

pegmatite and pink granite to white, bakgold grain and diorite, gray to dark gray thick grain, with

pegmatitic dikes. Finally, we have the typology found in this plate of the Metamorphic Rocks,

which onlycan be evidenced two, which are: The Silgará Formation and the Neis of Bucaramanga,

the latter of the Precambrian; both are identified as formations of corderistic mycean quartz schist,

mycetic quartz schist, quartz, maternity and quartz segregations, low to medium degree

metamorphism and quartz-feldsopathic Neis, amphibolic neis, amphibolite, migmatite, quartz-

feldspathic neis with garnet, quartzite with sillimanite, high-grade metamorphism;symbolically

represented by PCAb. This iron also represents a complex area tectonically speaking. It has as its

main characteristic reverse failure and folding. This area has also been divided into two

tectonoestratigrafica provinces, the Santander massif that makes up the Labateca Block and the

province of Merida, represented by the blocks of Oirá, Chinácota and Margua. The main resource

of these locations given by mining is coal, contained in the Los Cuervos Formation, a place that

has allowed eight different coal areas to emerge that represent a powerful economy for the region.
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It should also be noted that the area where this plate has been focused has been the center of

impacts by natural phenomena such as landslides, flooding and erosion; also, it is not to be

underestimated the potential threat to the seismic issue, which is related to the tectonic activity of

the Boconó Fault in western territories of Venezuela. Hydrocarbon pollution due to attacks on the

Caño Limón-Coveñas pipeline, and its progressive deterioration of the tangible and physical

environment, is a threat of anthropic origin.

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 TALLER N° 3 – GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B
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5.2.RESUMEN PLANCHA N° 121 CERRITO

This plate refers to the work progressed during the years from 1965 to 1968, more specifically in

zone 3, in the Eastern Cordillera; where the purpose of studying and evaluating mineral resources

excluding hydrocarbons, alluvial gold, emeralds and coal was evident. Thus, the eastern mountain

range of Colombia, on a northeasterly course, twists sharply to the northwest where it forks around

the Maracaibo basin, more accurately at its southern end. With regard to the rocks and their

geological legend, radiometric determinations show that the oldest rocks of the Santander Massif

correspond to the Precambrian and include high-grade neis, schist and migmatite from the

Bucaramanga Formation. In the eastern mountain range and possibly in the Merida mountain range

in Venezuela, there are metamorphic rocks of low to medium degree, belonging to these to the

Upper Precambrian to the Ordovician, which are classified by containing filite, shale, meta

limolite, sandstone and marble. Orthogneiss is the variation between granite to tonalite, is widely

distributed in medium- and high-grade metamorphic rocks in the central core of the massif and

possibly represents rocks of two different ages, Precambrian and Ordovician to Lower Devonic.

On the other hand, agilities and filitas are common and the shortages of marble plus other

calcareous, but if the recrystallization of the pericarboniferous limestones of the Diamond

formation is included, the younger sedimentary rocks have their null metamorphosis. Now,

ortoneises generally show foliation and guideline concordance with neighboring bodies of Silgará

and Neis de Bucaramanga formations, as well as their resemblance to degree of metamorphism.

On the other hand, both Bucaramanga and Silgará show evidence of delayed metamorphism with

high potassium and water activity, however, no clarity is shown regarding the event and its timeline

with the metamorphism of the Floresta Formation. Plutonic rocks that are not found for some dated
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 TALLER N° 3 – GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B
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reason, which are not directly related to a group, are assigned to relatively younger or older

positions. The rhyolite, on the other hand, occurs west of the Bucaramanga Fault as a small body

in a locality and as an intrusive leaf in triassic sedimentary rocks. In batolites, plutons and adjacent

rocks, felsic,matic and lamporifical dikes are common, which mostly appear to be genetically

related to extreme-sized igneous bodies. From the Jordan Formation, erosions were generated from

the roof rocks, which provided fine-grained red strata and clusters, followed by the erosion of the

batolitos provided by the coarse-grained and conglomertic arkosite sediments of the Girón

Formation, these in thick accumulations off the flanks of the uprising. Through the Magdalena

Valley area, the sedimentation of the Lower Cretaceous begins with quartz sands of the drum

formation and continued with the fossil limestone of the white pink formation, the black lutite of

the Straw formation, the fossil limestone of the Tablazo formation and even darker or darker lutita

of the Similití formation. It is clear that the continental conditions prevailed in the Magdalena area

during the Tertiary, as not only were sandstones and lutite denoted, but contain these coal cloaks

in the Lizama formation of the paleocene, followed by Eocene by the thick conglometic sandstone

characteristic of the La Paz Formation. The section of the rocks of the tertiary, mostly similar in

origin and lithological character is found in the Maracaibo Basin for Colombian, however, it is

even thinner than that of the Magdalena Valley. These rocks were never deposited in the area

which is currently the highest part of the massif. In the Santander massif in the Pleistocene on the

wide terraces of the lower valleys, the Alpine glaciation dates; orogeny is probably currently at or

near the highest level, with currents aided by deep weathering and slippage. Following, the Falla

de Bucaramanga, which is greater than the regional extension moves north-northwest through the

area and extends towards the coast as the Falla de Santa Marta, thus defining the western edge of
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 TALLER N° 3 – GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B
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the Sierra de Santa Marta. To the west of the Bucaramanga Fault there are three important well-

defined structural events: The first focuses on a wedge-shaped sunken block, limited by the failures

of Bucaramanga and Suarez, which is primarily categorized by an area of masses, with lower

Cretaceous sandstone and slightly inclined to the west. The second covers a plateau belt that not

only borders the tables west of the Suarez Fault, but is mainly made up of dissected, wavy strata,

and with high ripple pronunciation, evidenced in the formation of Girón. The third listens west of

the plateau area, the sedimentary rocks, sink west into the Sinclinal deep pit of New World; this is

on the deepest eastern side of the geosinclinal area of the Magdalena Valley basin. Two structural

basins are separated northward by the elevated terrain that extends south and east of the igneous

and metamorphic rocks of the Santander massif; the western one contains sedimentary rocks that

are complexly failed; while the rocks of the eastern basin have undergone more intense

sympathetic folding to the west. Different faults were mapped east and west of the Bucaramanga

Fault and these are indicated by alignments in aerial photographs. Strips of sedimentary rocks are

located on the orient and western flanks of the Santander massif, which mainly include formations

del Cretáceo. Deep weathering is characteristic in mountain ridges at altitudes of 1,500 to 2,500m

reaching its maximum thickness, this was observed mainly along the bucaramanga front. The

slightly cooler rocks are exposed on the lower slopes at the time of the aforementioned front, very

close to the city, where erosion is normally active. Relatively little work has been carried out on

the general geology of the Santander massif, however, and not to mention various authors, it can

be said that some studies deal with the structure and crystalline rocks of the massif, particularly

those of the area near the city of Bucaramanga. Consequently, sedimentary rock areas flanking

the Magdalena Valley have been intensively studied by land professionals from oil companies that
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 TALLER N° 3 – GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B
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have concessions in the region, works that have been incorporated into Colombian geological

maps. (SGN – 1944, 1962). The definitions or classifications detailed in this summary ignore those

given by Compton; where it defines and determines the rocks in the mapped area with more than

10 quartz are: Granite, Monzonite Quartz, Granodiorite, Tonalite, Diorite, Basalt and Diabasa;

which their ratings are based on estimated visual assessments of the composition in thin sections;

However, it should be noted that most of the known names for the rocks are guidelines and so on

are still with Compton. The distribution the Neis de Bucaramanga emerges in three parts in the

southern half Zone 3; the one that is most attached to the west, is named after the Bucaramanga

sash, which is east of the fault of the same name; it extends to the north wide in contact area, to

the Batolito de Rionegro. To the northwest, it is covered by low-grade metamorphic rocks of the

Silgará Formation on the eastern side is bounded by the Batolith of Santa Barbara which ends at

the south end between the Bucaramanga fault and the east of Batolito, where the same fault appears

to the west. The second gird of the Neis de Bucaramanga called Central, extends from Berlin to

the north, beyond the mapped area, this girdle to the west is covered by the rocks of lower degree

of silgará formation; while in the area of Tona, this sash is separated from that of Bucaramanga to

the southwest, by intrusions of younger ages. The third and smallest sash of the neis de

Bucaramanga, called oriental, is heading north, near the eastern edge of the cartographic area near

Chitagá and south of Pamplona, where it is denoted that the neis occurs in failed and separate

blocks. On the other hand, the descriptions of the three Neis of Bucaramanga cover similarity,

although they differ in proportion; however, the magnitude of the neis with respect to stratigraphy

was not established. The correlation between the Neis of Bucaramanga probably corresponds to

the base of Hea and Whitman, of the western part of the Serranía de Perijá, State of Zulia in
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Venezuela. Now, it is important to mention that the saddle formation refers to the sequence of

metamorphosed, typically thin and cyclically stratified classic rocks, consisting of slate, phytolite,

meta-limolite, impure-meta-waca meta-sandstone among others; that from where they form they

take the name of the Quebrada Silgará; although the base of the Silgará has not been established

with certainty, the Silgará formation seems to underyacer the neis of Bucaramanga.

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 TALLER N° 3 – GEOLOGÍA GRUPO B
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5.3.RESUMEN PLANCHA N° 122 CHUCARIMA

This iron has a characteristic description of its geological legend, detailing the location on the

eastern flank of the eastern mountain range and the plain foot, it also covers the regions of the

departments of Boyacá, Norte de Santander and Santander, which present a morphology of

escarpments of large magnitudes, with heights between 2800 and 4200 meters in the central

western part, to soft morphologies of hills in the eastern part with average heights of 800 to 1000

meters m.s.n.m. However, according to the morphogenetic characteristics of the area, four

different environments have been differentiated: structural, volcanic, river and glacier, plus eight

geomorphological units. It can be said that the igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks are

the main tectono-stratigraphic trait are the Chucarima block, where rocks with a high degree of

metamorphism weredistinguished. Tectonically speaking, "the main structural accident

corresponds to the raised block of Chucarima, with rocks of the pre Cretaceous, which extends to

the west on the plate 121 Cerrito and is limited to the north by the sinextral fault of Chucarima, to

the south by the inverse fault of Chitagá and to the east by the Palo de Axe Fault". The generalities

of this plate cover its location and infrastructure, which is sized from the area covered by part of

the municipalities of Chiscas and Cubará in the Department of Boyacá; Concepción and Cerrito in

the Department of Santander and Chitagá and Toledo in the Department of Norte de Santander.

The plate has an extension of 1800 km 2 and has limitations given by the flat coordinates with

Datum MAGNA-SIRGAS with its origin in the east, according to the projections used by Gauss.

Access to the area on the plate is via mailvial Bucaramanga-Pamplona - La Lejía - Toledo - Samoré

- Gibraltar - Cubará in the North and the Duitama corridor - Bethlehem - Capitanejo - Enciso -

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Cerrito – Chitagá, which has longsections without adaptation and implementation of pavement.

Also, it should be noted that the accesses to the iron area correspond to horseshoe trails that are

immersed in indigenous shelters and due to the low population belongs to the area protected by

natural national parks. According to the structural environment, geological units have been

subjected to comprehensive efforts that have been able to define the shape of several of the units

recognized there geomorphological; thus, these are denoted as: Structural Folded (Sp), which are

"characterized by sinclinal and anti-line folds that demonstrate the sympathetic efforts that acted

in theregion",is also the StructuralDenudationAl Fold (Spd), which are characterized by

"thepresence of mountains with steepslopes, long to very long inclined, with a high contrast to the

surrounding units which allows them to be differentiated. It is characterized by dendritic drainage,

in some subdendritic cases with structural controls. "; thirdly, there is the Failed Folded Structural

(Spf), a name used for the mountainous relief zone that extends across 1180 km.2. However,

highlighting the composition of rocks that have been discovered in such a location, the appearance

of distinguished metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary rocks is highlighted. On the iron, the

metamorphic rocks are represented by the Neis de Bucaramanga and the Silgacrá Formation of the

Precambrian and Paleozoic, respectively. The neises on the other hand have a texture ranging from

heteroblastic crystalblastic to porphyroblastic crystaloblastic. Theprotolith of the Neis de

Bucaramanga probably consisted of a sedimentary-volcanic succession that is reflected in the

interleavation of amphibolic-amphibolite neises, basic to intermediate volcanic protolith,

withrocas immature sisychclastics in texture and composition of an arcosa-subarcosa type, a

sequence that was subjected to high-medium degree metamorphism conditions, granulite-

amphibolite facies in a prograde phase that produced locally migmatization and stabilized under
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medium-degree conditions, during a phase of retrograde metamorphism that stabilizes the

metamorphic paragenesis of granulite facies in those of the amphibolitefacies.", thus the

imbalance of the paragenesis found and at the ages obtained is due to the different subsequent

thermal events related to the placement of the plutonic group and subsequent thermal effects. Also

this way, the Neis de Bucaramanga is part of a high-grade metamorphic belt in conjunction with

rocks from the Garzón Massif, in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, which extends to guajira,

forming in turn the Granulitico Grenvilliano Belt. Now, the Silgará Formation (Pzs) was defined

as “a sequence of metamorphoseed classic rocks, typically thin and cyclically stratified that

underlined the Neis de Bucaramanga",which can be seen on the iron, in its approximately 55km-

2 extension in a northeast-southeast direction. With regard to Lythology, the Silgará formation on

the plate is represented by rocks of sedimentary origin, affected by low- and medium-grade

regional metamorphisms, which consist of shale, mycean quartz and similar schist of dark greens

and yellowish grays. The upper contact of the Silgará is discordant with the flower formation,

while the lower contact with rocks of the neis of Bucaramanga, in the western part is failed; he is

now in failed contact with rocks from the "Floresta Formation for the Chitagá and Florida Faults;

with rocks of the formations Los Cuervos, Mirador, La Luna, Colón - Mito Juan, Capacho and

Aguardiente by the Falla de Chucarima. To the Southwest the Silgará Formation is in failed

contact by the Palo de Axe Fault with the Rio NegroFormation." However, and according to what

was denoted in the preparation of the cartography of plate 122, the "rrocas of intermediateand

felsic igneous composition predominantly would be the source of sediments that gave rise to the

palmitic protolith rocks of the Silgará Formation according to the Roser diagram & Korsch

(1988)"which makes way for us to know that chemistry in sedimentary rocks can also be used to
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determine the seismic or tectonic environment, which through the graphs of discrimination based

on immobile trace elements, the rocks overlap the active continental margin field and arch of the

mainland island. To delve into age, it can be said that the age of the Silgará formation was assigned

based on stratigraphic relationships with units whose age is known precisely, thus it can be

categorized that: "Stratigraphically underline the Neis de Bucaramanga of the Neoproterozoic

with ages between 945 + 40 Ma (K-Ar) and 680 Ma (Ward et al., 1973) and infra lies in discord

sedimentary units of the Devonian (Cediel & Cáceres, 2003) which allows to establish an age

range between the Neoproterozoic and the base of the Paleozoic, possibly lower Ordovician

linking the metamorphism of low, occasionally half degree in high temperature and low pressure

conditions (AT-BP) according to the metamorphic paragenesis found." In the northwestern area

of the iron you can locate the igneous rocks, which are located more exactly around the village of

Chucarima, where there is plutonic igneous rock outcrop of the paleozoic Chucarima Granite.

Now, the Chucarima Granite (PZgch) is named after Chucarima, located east of the urban case on

the left bank of the Valegrá River. Geographical distribution and geomorphological expansion

emerge south and southeast of the above-mentioned correction, which are presented on the ravine

El Indio sector of the Skirt on the Bolivian vereda, southeast of this corregimiento. Opening way

to the literal, it stands out that "Morphologically the Granite of Chucarima presents a relief that

differentiates it from adjacent units, with very inclined slopes that become more “pronounced and

subvertical when descending to the Valegrá River with long, wavy slopes, generates a residual

soil of thick sand light brown to pale yellow. "

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