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Solución
Se observa que las raíces de la función se encuentran en los intervalos [-2, -1] y
[6, 7]
c)
1. Determine las raíces reales de 𝑓(𝑥)="−25182" 𝑥^2 " − 90𝑥 + 44" 𝑥^3
" − 8" 𝑥^4 " + 0.7" 𝑥^5
a) Gráficamente
b) Usando el método de bisección para localizar la raíz más grande con 𝜀𝑠 = 10%.
Utilice como valores iniciales 𝑥_𝑡=0.5 y 𝑥_𝑢=1.0
c) Realice el mismo cálculo que en b), pero con el método de la falsa posición y 𝜀_𝑠=
0.2%.
Solución
a) Gráficamente
b) Usando el método de bisección para localizar la raíz más grande con 𝜀𝑠 = 10%. Utilice como
valores iniciales 𝑥_𝑡=0.5 y 𝑥_𝑢=1.0
Valor verdadero 16.32682
Método de Bisección
i 𝑥_𝑙 𝑥_𝑢 𝑥_𝑟 〖𝑓 ( 〖𝑓 ( 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 𝜀_𝑎 𝜀_𝑡
1 0.5 1 0.75 𝑥〗
-12608.47813 𝑥〗
-18920.92764 _𝑙)
238564102.212 155768.2000%
2 0.75 1 0.875 _𝑙)
-18920.92764 _𝑟)
-22078.0101 〖 𝑓 (𝑥 〗
417736431.548 14.2857% 8750.0000%
3 0.875 1 0.9375 -22078.0101 -23656.64455 _𝑟)
522291637.449 6.6667% 9375.0000%
4 0.9375 1 0.96875 -23656.64455 -24445.97148 578309658.086 3.2258% 9687.5000%
5 0.96875 1 0.984375 -24445.97148 -24840.63577 607253473.548 1.5873% 2343.7500%
6 0.984375 1 0.9921875 -24840.63577 -25037.96792 621959041.345 0.7874% 1171.8750%
7 0.9921875 1 0.99609375 -25037.96792 -25136.63397 629370234.883 0.3922% 585.9375%
8 0.99609375 1 0.998046875 -25136.63397 -25185.96699 633090433.377 0.1957% 292.9688%
9 0.998046875 1 0.9990234375 -25185.96699 -25210.6335 634954182.969 0.0978% 146.4844%
10 0.9990234375 1 0.9995117188 -25210.6335 -25222.96675 635886970.34 0.0489% 73.2422%
11 0.9995117188 1 0.9997558594 -25222.96675 -25229.13337 636353592.168 0.0244% 36.6211%
12 0.9997558594 1 0.9998779297 -25229.13337 -25232.21669 636586960.117 0.0122% 18.3105%
13 0.9998779297 1 0.9999389648 -25232.21669 -25233.75834 636703658.351 0.0061% 9.1553%
14 0.9999389648 1 0.9999694824 -25233.75834 -25234.52917 636762011.032 0.0031% 4.5776%
15 0.9999694824 1 0.9999847412 -25234.52917 -25234.91459 636791188.264 0.0015% 2.2888%
16 0.9999847412 1 0.9999923706 -25234.91459 -25235.10729 636805777.103 0.0008% 1.1444%
17 0.9999923706 1 0.9999961853 -25235.10729 -25235.20365 636813071.578 0.0004% 0.5722%
18 0.9999961853 1 0.9999980927 -25235.20365 -25235.25182 636816718.829 0.0002% 0.2861%
19 0.9999980927 1 0.9999990463 -25235.25182 -25235.27591 636818542.458 0.0001% 0.1431%
20 0.9999990463 1 0.9999995232 -25235.27591 -25235.28796 636819454.274 0.0000% 0.0715%
21 0.9999995232 1 0.9999997616 -25235.28796 -25235.29398 636819910.182 0.0000% 0.0358%
22 0.9999997616 1 0.9999998808 -25235.29398 -25235.29699 636820138.136 0.0000% 0.0179%
23 0.9999998808 1 0.9999999404 -25235.29699 -25235.29849 636820252.113 0.0000% 0.0089%
24 0.9999999404 1 0.9999999702 -25235.29849 -25235.29925 636820309.101 0.0000% 0.0045%
25 0.9999999702 1 0.9999999851 -25235.29925 -25235.29962 636820337.596 0.0000% 0.0022%
26 0.9999999851 1 0.9999999925 -25235.29962 -25235.29981 636820351.843 0.0000% 0.0011%
27 0.9999999925 1 0.9999999963 -25235.29981 -25235.29991 636820358.966 0.0000% 0.0006%
28 0.9999999963 1 0.9999999981 -25235.29991 -25235.29995 636820362.528 0.0000% 0.0003%
29 0.9999999981 1 0.9999999991 -25235.29995 -25235.29998 636820364.309 0.0000% 0.0001%
30 0.9999999991 1 1 -25235.29998 -25235.29999 636820365.2 0.0000% 0.0001%
31 1 1 1 -25235.29999 -25235.29999 636820365.645 0.0000% 0.0000%
𝑥_𝑡=15
Aquí se proponen como valores iniciales: 𝑥_𝑡=15 𝑥_𝑢=17
Y la raíz converge con 16 iteraciones y un error aproximado del 0,0001%.
Método de Bisección
i 𝑥_𝑙 𝑥_𝑢 𝑥_𝑟 〖𝑓 ( 〖𝑓 ( 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 𝜀_𝑎 𝜀_𝑡
1 15 17 16 _𝑙) 4426603344
𝑥-122917.5
〗 𝑥-36012.8
〗 2.0017%
2 16 17 16.5 -36012.8
_𝑙) 20774.22188
_𝑟) 〖 𝑓 (𝑥 〗
-748137897.54 3.0303% 1.0607%
3 16 16.5 16.25 -36012.8 -8833.049316 _𝑟)
318102838.422 1.5385% 0.4705%
4 16.25 16.5 16.375 -8833.049316 5659.068472 -49986830.9007 0.7634% 0.2951%
5 16.25 16.375 16.3125 -8833.049316 -1663.848939 14696859.7353 0.3831% 0.0877%
6 16.3125 16.375 16.34375 -1663.848939 1978.268225 -3291539.48751 0.1912% 0.1037%
7 16.3125 16.34375 16.328125 -1663.848939 152.3901654 -253554.215036 0.0957% 0.0080%
8 16.3125 16.328125 16.3203125 -1663.848939 -756.9322716 1259420.95722 0.0479% 0.0399%
9 16.3203125 16.328125 16.32421875 -756.9322716 -302.5720222 229026.528101 0.0239% 0.0159%
10 16.32421875 16.328125 16.326171875 -302.5720222 -75.16620168 22743.1896448 0.0120% 0.0040%
11 16.326171875 16.328125 16.327148438 -75.16620168 38.59315966 -2900.90122253 0.0060% 0.0020%
12 16.326171875 16.327148438 16.326660156 -75.16620168 -18.29122608 1374.88198826 0.0030% 0.0010%
13 16.326660156 16.327148438 16.326904297 -18.29122608 10.14979046 -185.652112016 0.0015% 0.0005%
14 16.326660156 16.326904297 16.326782227 -18.29122608 -4.07101188 74.4637986503 0.0007% 0.0002%
15 16.326782227 16.326904297 16.326843262 -4.07101188 3.039315773 -12.3730906183 0.0004% 0.0001%
16 16.326782227 16.326843262 16.326812744 -4.07101188 -0.515866433 2.10009837772 0.0002% 0.0000%
17 16.326812744 16.326843262 16.326828003 -0.515866433 1.261720075 -0.65087903475 0.0001% 0.0000%
18 16.326812744 16.326828003 16.326820374 -0.515866433 0.372925672 -0.19237983642 0.0000% 0.0000%
19 16.326812744 16.326820374 16.326816559 -0.515866433 -0.071470667 0.03686931831 0.0000% 0.0000%
20 16.326816559 16.326820374 16.326818466 -0.071470667 0.150727431 -0.01077259007 0.0000% 0.0000%
21 16.326816559 16.326818466 16.326817513 -0.071470667 0.039628364 -0.0028322656 0.0000% 0.0000%
22 16.326816559 16.326817513 16.326817036 -0.071470667 -0.015921157 0.00113789569 0.0000% 0.0000%
23 16.326817036 16.326817513 16.326817274 -0.015921157 0.011853603 -0.00018872306 0.0000% 0.0000%
24 16.326817036 16.326817274 16.326817155 -0.015921157 -0.002033777 3.2380087E-05 0.0000% 0.0000%
25 16.326817155 16.326817274 16.326817214 -0.002033777 0.004909913 -9.9856688E-06 0.0000% 0.0000%
26 16.326817155 16.326817214 16.326817185 -0.002033777 0.001438068 -2.9247091E-06 0.0000% 0.0000%
27 16.326817155 16.326817185 16.32681717 -0.002033777 -0.000297855 6.05770272E-07 0.0000% 0.0000%
28 16.32681717 16.326817185 16.326817177 -0.000297855 0.000570106 -1.6980889E-07 0.0000% 0.0000%
29 16.32681717 16.326817177 16.326817174 -0.000297855 0.000136126 -4.0545729E-08 0.0000% 0.0000%
30 16.32681717 16.326817174 16.326817172 -0.000297855 -8.08645E-05 2.40858852E-08 0.0000% 0.0000%
31 16.326817172 16.326817174 16.326817173 -8.08645E-05 2.76306E-05 -2.234335E-09 0.0000% 0.0000%
Raíces de Ecuaciones
Solución
Se observa que las raíces reales (tanto positiva como negativa) de la función se
encuentran en los intervalos [-2, -0.5] y [0.5, 2]. Cabe indicar que el valor absoluto
de ambas raíces es el mismo.
b) Se aplica el método de bisección para 𝑥_2 que es la raíz más grande,
teniendo en cuenta que la raíz en este método es la que se obtiene en la
columna 𝑥_𝑟 al realizar las múltiples iteraciones, y los valores iniciales de
las columnas 𝑥_𝑙 y 𝑥_𝑢 corresponden al intervalo [0.5, 2]
Método de Bisección
i 𝑥_𝑙 𝑥_𝑢 𝑥_𝑟 〖𝑓 ( 〖𝑓 ( 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 _ 𝜀_𝑎 𝜀_𝑡
1 0.5 2 1.25 𝑥〗
-2.086294361 𝑥〗
-0.253712897 𝑙)0.52931978713 100.0000% 11.913989%
2 1.25 2 1.625 _𝑙)
-0.253712897 _𝑟)
0.271015632 〖 𝑓 (𝑥 〗 _
-0.06876016112 23.07692% 14.511815%
3 1.25 1.625 1.4375 𝑟)
-0.253712897 0.025810987 -0.00654858039 13.043478% 1.298913%
4 1.25 1.4375 1.34375 -0.253712897 -0.109071574 0.02767286511 6.976744% 5.307538%
5 1.34375 1.4375 1.390625 -0.109071574 -0.040493427 0.00441668186 3.370787% 2.004313%
6 1.390625 1.4375 1.4140625 -0.040493427 -0.007066465 0.0002861454 1.657459% 0.352700%
7 1.4140625 1.4375 1.42578125 -0.007066465 0.009439818 -6.6706148E-05 0.821918% 0.473107%
8 1.4140625 1.42578125 1.419921875 -0.007066465 0.001203705 -8.5059395E-06 0.412655% 0.060203%
9 1.4140625 1.419921875 1.4169921875 -0.007066465 -0.002927105 2.0684289E-05 0.206754% 0.146248%
10 1.4169921875 1.419921875 1.4184570313 -0.002927105 -0.000860634 2.51916571E-06 0.103270% 0.043022%
11 1.4184570313 1.419921875 1.4191894531 -0.000860634 0.000171802 -1.4785857E-07 0.051608% 0.008590%
12 1.4184570313 1.4191894531 1.4188232422 -0.000860634 -0.000344349 2.96358603E-07 0.025811% 0.017216%
13 1.4188232422 1.4191894531 1.4190063477 -0.000344349 -8.6257E-05 2.97025361E-08 0.012904% 0.004313%
14 1.4190063477 1.4191894531 1.4190979004 -8.6257E-05 4.27766E-05 -3.689785E-09 0.006451% 0.002139%
15 1.4190063477 1.4190979004 1.419052124 -8.6257E-05 -2.17391E-05 1.87515301E-09 0.003226% 0.001087%
16 1.419052124 1.4190979004 1.4190750122 -2.17391E-05 1.0519E-05 -2.2867426E-10 0.001613% 0.000526%
17 1.419052124 1.4190750122 1.4190635681 -2.17391E-05 -5.61E-06 1.21956546E-10 0.000806% 0.000280%
18 1.4190635681 1.4190750122 1.4190692902 -5.61E-06 2.45452E-06 -1.376987E-11 0.000403% 0.000123%
19 1.4190635681 1.4190692902 1.4190664291 -5.61E-06 -1.57773E-06 8.85108546E-12 0.000202% 0.000079%
20 1.4190664291 1.4190692902 1.4190678596 -1.57773E-06 4.38395E-07 -6.9167135E-13 0.000101% 0.000022%
𝑥_𝑟=𝑥_𝑢−𝑓(𝑥_𝑢 )
(𝑥_𝑙−𝑥_𝑢 )/(𝑓(𝑥_𝑙 )−𝑓(𝑥_𝑢 )
)
4. Calcule las aproximaciones por diferencias hacia delante y hacia atrás, de 𝑂(ℎ) y
𝑂(ℎ2), y aproximaciones por diferencia central de 𝑂(ℎ2) y 𝑂(ℎ4) para la primera
derivada de 𝑦 = cos(𝑥) en 𝑥 = 𝜋/4, con el uso de un valor de ℎ = 𝜋/12. Estime el
error relativo porcentual verdadero et para cada aproximación.
Paso 2a Hacemos las estimaciones mediante las diferencias divididas hacia delante,
para la primera derivada
ℎ= 0.261799 𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)=cos(𝑥)
𝑥_𝑖 0.785398 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 _𝑖) 0.707107
𝑥_(𝑖+1) 1.047198 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 _(𝑖+1)) 0.500000
𝑥_(𝑖+2) 1.308997 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 _(𝑖+2)) 0.258819
ℎ= 0.261799 𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)=cos(𝑥)
𝑥_(𝑖−2) 0.261799 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 _(𝑖−2)) 0.965926
𝑥_(𝑖−1) 0.523599 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 _(𝑖−1)) 0.866025
𝑥_𝑖 0.785398 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 _𝑖) 0.707107
ℎ= 0.261799 𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)=cos(𝑥)
𝑥_(𝑖−2) 0.261799 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 _(𝑖−2)) 0.965926
𝑥_(𝑖−1) 0.523599 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 _(𝑖−1)) 0.866025
𝑥_𝑖 0.785398 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 _𝑖) 0.707107
𝑥_(𝑖+1) 1.047198 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 _(𝑖+1)) 0.500000
𝑥_(𝑖+2) 1.308997 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 _(𝑖+2)) 0.258819
𝜋∕ 〖 3= 〗 1.0471975512
𝜋∕ 〖 4= 〗 0.7853981634
𝜋∕ 〖 6= 〗 0.5235987756
𝜋∕ 〖 4= 〗 0.7853981634
ℎ= 0.1 𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑒^𝑥
𝑥_(𝑖−2) 1.8 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 _(𝑖−2)) 6.049647
𝑥_(𝑖−1) 1.9 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 _(𝑖−1)) 6.685894
𝑥_𝑖 2.0 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 _𝑖) 7.389056
𝑥_(𝑖+1) 2.1 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 _(𝑖+1)) 8.166170
𝑥_(𝑖+2) 2.2 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 _(𝑖+2)) 9.025013
ℎ= 0.1 𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑒^𝑥
𝑥_(𝑖−2) 1.8 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 _(𝑖−2)) 6.049647
𝑥_(𝑖−1) 1.9 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 _(𝑖−1)) 6.685894
𝑥_𝑖 2.0 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 _𝑖) 7.389056
𝑥_(𝑖+1) 2.1 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 _(𝑖+1)) 8.166170
𝑥_(𝑖+2) 2.2 〖𝑓 (𝑥 〗 _(𝑖+2)) 9.025013