Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
2019
SEGURIDAD EN EL LABORATORIO
SUSTANCIA ERROR
ACCIDENTES
PELIGROSA HUMANO
ORDEN
El área de trabajo siempre debe estar limpia y con los materiales ordenados.
VENTILACIÓN
Conviene trabajar siempre en un lugar bien ventilado.
U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
VESTIMENTA
Es necesario el uso de una vestimenta protectora adecuada.
NO INTERFERIR EL PASO
No se debe permitir el almacenamiento o disposición momentánea de elementos
que interfieran los corredores del laboratorio.
ROTULAR
Etiquetar cualquier recipiente que sea llenado.
USO DE BURETA
Llenar la bureta a una altura en la cual pueda observarse sin dificultad.
LIQUIDOS VOLÁTILES
Los experimentos que producen gases deben ser realizados en una campana de
extracción.
LIQUIDOS INFLAMABLES
Mantener lejos de una fuente de encendido o llama abierta. Para calentarlo trabaje
con un baño de agua, aceite o vapor.
ARMADO DE EQUIPOS
Usar soportes que se apoyen bien en la mesa.
Vigilar continuamente los aparatos con centro de gravedad alto.
U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
RESIDUOS QUIMICOS
Informarse sobre la forma adecuada de desechar los restos y residuos químicos.
PRIMEROS AUXILIOS
Contar con un adecuado equipo para primeros auxilios y conocer los pasos a seguir
en cada caso luego de un accidente.
PROTECCION
Vestimenta protectora
Mandil:
Absolutamente necesario.
Calzado:
Debe poseer suela sólida y firme que asegure completa y totalmente el pie.
Guantes:
Deben utilizarse cuando se trabaja con químicos ácidos. Es importante tener en
cuenta si el material de los guantes es el apropiado para los químicos con los
cuales se esté trabajando, ya que algunos químicos pueden penetrar los guantes
estándares con mucha facilidad.
Quemaduras
Cualquiera que sea la causa de una quemadura, como por ejemplo con fuego,
metal caliente, líquidos calientes, ácidos, álcalis caústicos, etc. se debe:
Casos especiales
Quemaduras por fósforo: Lavar bien la zona afectada con agua helada y luego
empapar con solución de AgNO3 al 1%. Si la quemadura es seria, lavar
nuevamente.
Cualquiera que sea el líquido (ácido o álcali) que haya penetrado a los ojos, lavar
inmediatamente de manera profusa y continuar con agua helada durante al menos
10 minutos, además debe limpiar las cejas y piel alrededor de los ojos, para
asegurar que el producto químico ha sido retirado, luego acuda inmediatamente a
un oftalmólogo.
Si trozos de vidrio han penetrado, por ningún motivo se debe intentar remover los
trozos de vidrio, pues esto debe ser directamente hecho por el correspondiente
médico especialista. El daño puede ser peor si una persona sin la necesaria práctica
lo hace.
Cortes
Venenos
PRACTICA Nº 1.
1. OBJETIVOS:
2. MARCO TEÓRICO:
3. MATERIALES:
3.1. Muestras:
• Drenaje ácido de roca.
• Drenaje ácido de mina.
• Mineral.
• Relaves.
3.2. Reactivos:
• Agarosa.
• Cloruro de potasio, KCl.
• Fosfato ácido de potasio, K2HPO4.
• Nitrato de calcio, Ca(NO3)2.
• Sol. Ácido sulfúrico 5N (H2SO4).
• Sol. Etanol 70%.
• Sulfato de amonio, (NH4)2SO4.
• Sulfato de magnesio heptahidratado, MgSO4.7H2O.
• Sulfato ferroso heptahidratado, FeSO4.7H2O.
3.4. Otros:
• Cinta universal de pH.
• Espátula.
• Filtro millipore whatman (0,2 um)
• Jeringa, 20 mL.
• Mecheros.
• Micropipeta, p20.
• Parafilm.
• Piceta.
• Plastic wrap.
• Tijeras.
U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
• Tips.
• Tubos de centrifuga.
3.5. Aparatos:
• Autoclave.
• Balanza analítica.
• Centrífuga.
• Cocina eléctrica.
• Potenciómetro.
• Shaker.
• Ultrasonido.
4. METODOLOGÍA:
Solución A
Componente g/L
Sulfato de Amonio 3.0
Cloruro de Potasio 0.1
Fosfato ácido de Potasio 0.5
Sulfato de Magnesio Heptahidratado 0.1
Nitrato de Calcio 0.01
Solución B
Componente g/L
Sulfato Ferroso 33
pH 1.5 - 2.5
*Fuente: Elaboración Propia
6. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN:
7. CONCLUSIONES:
8. SUGERENCIAS:
9. CUESTIONARIO:
10. BIBLIOGRAFÍA:
11. ANEXOS:
U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
DATOS Y APUNTES:
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U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
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PRACTICA Nº 2.
1. OBJETIVOS:
2. MARCO TEÓRICO:
3. MATERIALES:
3.2. Reactivos:
• Aceite de inmersión.
• Alcohol isopropílico.
• Sol. Etanol 70%.
• Tinción de Gram.
3.4. Otros:
• Algodón.
• Asa de Kolle.
• Mechero.
• Micropipeta, p20.
• Soporte de tinción.
• Tips.
3.5. Equipos:
• Microscopio óptico compuesto.
4. METODOLOGÍA:
6. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN:
7. CONCLUSIONES:
8. SUGERENCIAS:
9. CUESTIONARIO:
10. BIBLIOGRAFÍA:
11. ANEXOS:
U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
DATOS Y APUNTES:
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U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
PRACTICA Nº 3.
1. OBJETIVOS:
2. MARCO TEÓRICO:
3. MATERIALES:
3.1. Muestras:
• Medio del cultivo 9K con microrganismos aislados.
3.2. Reactivos:
• Solucion de Etanol 70%.
• Solución extractiva.
• Solución de Dicromato de potasio 0.01N.
• Solución de Difenilamina acida 1%.
3.4. Otros:
• Jeringas hipodérmicas, 5 mL.
• Soporte universal.
• Pinzas.
• Algodón.
• Mecheros. (2)
• Micropipeta, P20.
• Plastic wrap.
• Picetas.
• Tips estériles.
4. METODOLOGÍA:
6. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN:
7. CONCLUSIONES:
8. SUGERENCIAS:
9. CUESTIONARIO:
10. BIBLIOGRAFÍA:
11. ANEXOS:
DATOS Y APUNTES:
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U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
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PRACTICA Nº 4.
TALLER
REVISION DE ARTICULOS CIENTI FICOS
ACTIVIDADES:
DATOS Y APUNTES:
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U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
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PRACTICA Nº 5.
1. OBJETIVOS:
2. MARCO TEÓRICO:
Como regla general, los minerales oxidados son fácilmente solubles, por lo que
su beneficio se realiza a través de lixiviación ácida. Por su parte, los minerales
sulfurados son insolubles aun en ácidos concentrados, por lo que para extraer el
cobre de ellos se debe previamente oxidar los sulfuros.
3. MATERIALES:
3.1. Muestras:
• Microorganismos aislados con características lixiviantes.
• Medio 9K
3.2. Reactivos:
• Sol. Tiosulfato de Sodio 0.1 N (S2O3Na2)
• Sol. de Hidroxido de Amonio diluido (NH4OH)
• Sol. Ácido Clorhídrico 3N (HCl)
• Ácido acético glacial
• Sol. Yoduro de Potasio 10% (KI)
• Sol. Almidón.
3.3. Material de vidrio:
• Buretas, 25 mL.
• Probeta, 25 mL.
• Beakers, 250 mL.
• Pipetas, 10 mL.
• Matraz Erlenmeyer, 250 mL.
• Matraz Erlenmeyer, 50 mL.
3.4. Instrumentos:
• Shaker
3.5. Otros:
• Soporte universal.
• Pinzas.
• Algodón.
• Mecheros.
U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
• Micropipeta, P20.
• Picetas.
4. METODOLOGÍA:
Donde:
V: Volumen de Na2S2O3
N: Normalidad del Na2S2O3
F: Factor de Na2S2O3
5. PROCEDIMIENTO DETALLADO:
6. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN:
7. CONCLUSIONES:
8. SUGERENCIAS:
9. CUESTIONARIO:
12. BIBLIOGRAFÍA:
13. ANEXOS:
U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
DATOS Y APUNTES:
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U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
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PRACTICA Nº 6.
TALLER
REVISION DE ARTICULOS CIENTI FICOS
ACTIVIDADES:
DATOS Y APUNTES:
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U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
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ACTIVIDADES:
DATOS Y APUNTES:
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U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
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PRACTICA Nº 7.
1. OBJETIVOS:
2. MARCO TEÓRICO:
3. MATERIALES:
3.1. Insumos:
• Sacarosa.
• Levadura liofilizada.
3.2. Reactivos:
• Reactivo DNS.
• Solución de glucosa.
• Buffer acetato 0.1 M pH 5.
3.4. Otros:
• Espátulas.
• Gradilla para tubos.
• Hielo.
• Micropipeta, P200.
• Morteros.
• Picetas.
3.5. Equipos:
• Balanza analítica.
• Baño de ultrasonido.
U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
• Baño termostático.
• Centrífuga.
• Espectrofotómetro.
4. METODOLOGÍA:
5. PROCEDIMIENTO DETALLADO:
6. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN:
7. CONCLUSIONES:
8. SUGERENCIAS:
9. CUESTIONARIO:
U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
¿Cuál es el fundamento de la reacción de Fehling?
Explica el método del DNS para la determinación de azúcares reductores.
Describe la etapa de concentración y purificación de la invertasa.
Describe tres aplicaciones de la invertasa en la industria biotecnológica.
¿Qué productos desarrolla Megazyme?
10. BIBLIOGRAFÍA:
11. ANEXOS:
DATOS Y APUNTES:
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U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
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PRACTICA Nº 8.
U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
1. OBJETIVOS:
2. MARCO TEÓRICO:
Extracción Sólido−Líquido:
Consiste en la disolución de un soluto, principio activo u analito que forman
parte de una matriz sólida, empleando un solvente adecuado en el que es
insoluble el resto del sólido.La disolución separada se denomina extracto y el
resto de sólido se denomina inert. (9)
Precipitación:
La precipitación es una operación unitaria de separación que se produce cuando
tenemos una sustancia en disolución que por algún factor externo, forma el
precipitado, sustancia sólida que se forma en el interior de una disolución. Es un
método sencillo y directo para purificar solutos. (9)
Cristalización:
La cristalización es una operación de transferencia de materia en la que se
produce la formación de un sólido (cristal o precipitado) a partir de una fase
homogénea (soluto en disolución o en un fundido). (9)
3. MATERIALES:
3.2. Reactivos:
U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
• Etanol.
• Metanol.
• Solucion de Hidroxido de sodio (NaOH).
• Solucion de acido clorhidrico (HCl).
3.4. Otros:
• Espátula.
• Papel filtro.
3.5. Equipos:
• Balanza analítica.
• Hotplate.
• Equipo de filtración al vacío.
• Equipo de reflujo.
• Equipo Soxhlet.
• Baño de ultrasonido.
4. METODOLOGÍA:
Describe las operaciones unitarias utilizadas en cada etapa del DSP para la
obtención de cristales de furosemida.
6. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN:
7. CONCLUSIONES:
8. SUGERENCIAS:
9. CUESTIONARIO:
10. BIBLIOGRAFÍA:
11. ANEXOS:
DATOS Y APUNTES:
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U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
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PRACTICA Nº 9.
CRISTALIZACIO N DE LA SACAROSA
1. OBJETIVOS:
2. MARCO TEÓRICO:
Cristalización:
Métodos de cristalización:
3. MATERIALES:
3.2. Reactivos:
• Etanol.
3.4. Otros:
• Espátula.
• Papel filtro.
• Pinzas.
• Soporte universal.
3.5. Equipos:
• Balanza analítica.
• Estufa.
• Hotplate.
4. METODOLOGÍA:
5. PROCEDIMIENTO DETALLADO:
6. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN:
7. CONCLUSIONES:
8. SUGERENCIAS:
9. CUESTIONARIO:
11. ANEXOS:
DATOS Y APUNTES:
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U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
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PRACTICA Nº 10.
1. OBJETIVOS:
2. MARCO TEÓRICO:
3. MATERIALES:
3.2. Reactivos:
• Alginato de sodio.
• Solución de Cloruro de calcio al 2% (CaCl2).
3.4. Otros:
• Embudo Buchner.
• Espátulas.
• Gasa.
• Jeringa hipodérmica (20 mL).
• Matraz Kitasato.
• Mortero.
• Papel filtro.
• Parafilm.
• Picetas.
3.5. Equipos:
• Balanza analítica.
• Bomba al vacío.
• Hotplate.
• Refractómetro.
4. METODOLOGÍA:
5. PROCEDIMIENTO DETALLADO:
6. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN:
7. CONCLUSIONES:
8. SUGERENCIAS:
9. CUESTIONARIO:
10. BIBLIOGRAFÍA:
11. ANEXOS:
U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
DATOS Y APUNTES:
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Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
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PRACTICA Nº 11.
TALLER
REVISION DE ARTICULOS CIENTI FICOS
ACTIVIDADES:
PRACTICA Nº 12.
OBTENCIO N DE BIODIESEL
1. OBJETIVOS:
2. MARCO TEÓRICO:
3. MATERIALES:
3.1. Insumos:
• Aceite de origen vegetal o usado.
3.2. Reactivos:
• Etanol.
• Hidroxido de potasio.
• Metanol.
3.4. Otros:
• Agitador magnético.
• Espátulas.
• Picetas.
• Pinzas.
• Soporte universal.
3.5. Equipos:
• Balanza analítica.
• Hotplate.
4. METODOLOGÍA:
4.2. Transesterificación:
• Se preparó el metóxido, para lo cual se mezcló metanol con KOH
como catalizador, se homogenizó en el hotplate y se añadió el aceite.
• Se calentó la mezcla a 50 ºC por 60 minutos.
• Se dejó en reposo por 8 horas.
• Se separó y se caracterizó los productos obtenidos.
5. PROCEDIMIENTO DETALLADO:
6. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN:
7. CONCLUSIONES:
8. SUGERENCIAS:
9. CUESTIONARIO:
10. BIBLIOGRAFÍA:
11. ANEXOS:
U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
DATOS Y APUNTES:
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PRACTICA Nº 13.
U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
1. OBJETIVOS:
2. MARCO TEÓRICO:
Destilación simple:
Se aplica en la separación de líquidos con punto de ebullición inferior a 150ºC.
Implica la separación de impurezas no volátiles solubles e insolubles y de
aquellos líquidos cuyos puntos de ebullición difieren extraordinariamente en
aproximadamente 25 °C.
Se trabaja de forma discontinua en una sola etapa, la sustancia impura se
calienta en un recipiente hasta que sus componentes más volátiles se evaporan,
los vapores producidos son inmediatamente canalizados hacia un condensador
hasta obtener el producto destilado. (9) (13)
Destilación al vacío:
El punto de ebullición de las sustancias varía en relación directa con la presión.
La relación entre la presión aplicada y la temperatura de ebullición de un líquido
está determinada por su comportamiento presión de vapor-temperatura. Un
líquido alcanza su punto de ebullición cuando su presión de vapor iguala a la
presión atmosférica o de operación, por lo tanto, al reducir la presión de
operación, la temperatura de ebullición disminuirá.
Muchos líquidos orgánicos no pueden ser destilados a presión atmosférica debido
a que se descomponen al llegar a su punto de ebullición o por debajo de éste,
esto es frecuente en compuestos con punto de ebullición superior a 150 ºC,
U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
estas sustancias se purifican o separan por una destilación a presión reducida
para evitar su descomposición. En otros casos se prefiere la destilación al vacio
por el ahorro en el suministro de energía. (9) (13)
Destilación fraccionada:
Si la diferencia que hay entre los puntos de ebullición es demasiado pequeña
para que una destilación simple resulte eficiente, es necesario recurrir a
destilaciones repetidas. Se trabaja en forma continua con una columna
fraccionadora, a través de la cual la fase de vapor y la fase condensada fluyen en
direcciones opuestas. La eficiencia de tales columnas se expresa en platos
teóricos, definido como la unidad de la columna que tiene la misma eficacia en la
separación que una destilación simple y se expresa a menudo en cm de altura de
la columna. Se utiliza una columna de fraccionamiento entre el recipiente que
calienta la sustancia y el condensador, desde el piso inferior el vapor asciende
por los distintos niveles formados por platos teóricos donde tienen lugar
sucesivas evaporaciones y condensaciones de la mezcla en función del punto de
ebullición; en los platos inferiores quedan retenidos los líquidos menos volátiles,
y en los superiores los más volátiles. (9) (13)
3. MATERIALES:
3.2. Insumos:
• Muestra termolábil.
• Producto fermentado.
3.4. Otros:
• Agitador magnético.
• Conectores.
• Espátulas.
• Papel filtro.
• Picetas.
• Pinzas.
• Soporte universal.
U.C.S.M. E.P. Ing. Biotecnológica VI Semestre
Prácticas de Operaciones Unitarias II
3.5. Equipos:
• Balanza analítica.
• Bomba al vacío.
• Hotplate.
4. METODOLOGÍA:
5. PROCEDIMIENTO DETALLADO:
6. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN:
7. CONCLUSIONES:
8. SUGERENCIAS:
9. CUESTIONARIO:
11. ANEXOS:
DATOS Y APUNTES:
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BIBLIOGRAFÍA:
4. Rawlings DE, Johnson DB. Biomining Heidelberg E, editor. New York: Springer;
2007.