TESIS Francisco Montes Delgado - 291215

Tesis Doctoral
Caracterización agronómica y
Monitoreo de la Pyriculariosis de una
selección de variedades de arroz.
Apoyo para el aviso y control en el
cultivo bajo Producción Integrada en el
Sur de España
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-i-
CARACTERIZACIÓN AGRONÓMICA Y MONITOREO
DE LA PYRICULARIOSIS DE UNA SELECCIÓN DE
VARIEDADES DE ARROZ. APOYO PARA EL AVISO Y
CONTROL EN EL CULTIVO BAJO PRODUCCIÓN
INTEGRADA EN EL SUR DE ESPAÑA
TESIS DOCTORAL
Autor: Francisco Montes Delgado

Director: Dr. Manuel Aguilar Portero
DICIEMBRE 2015
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-iii-
AGRADECIMIENTOS
“El secreto de la sabiduría,

del poder y del conocimiento es la humildad”.
- Ernest Hemingway -
M
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M M M M M M M M M M aM M M M M
, M Ma M Mx M M dñ–+’0M SFa%aM 6 M + M M+ M M M M M M
M M M M M M M M’ Ma M M% Mb M M M M
M M M M M MaMx ML M M M M M M
M M MÍ Mñ M M M M M M M M M M M M
M MMaM M M M Mf Mb M M M6 M M M MaM
% M MU M M M Í d aM Mb ML M aM M M M M Mx MS M M
, M M ML M MÍ M M M Mu Md M’ ML Mf Md M M
u M% M M M M M M M M M M M aM M F M M
a M MÍ M M Mè Md M MU Mb M M M M M% M
M M M M M M M M M MÍ M Ma M MÍ MaM M M M M
% MS M M MF M– M M M M MÍ M M M M M M
M M M M M M MaM M Mx M% M M% MMa M6 M M
Í Mè M M M, M% M Ma M MÍ MF Mb MU M% M
% Mx Mx Md Ma Mb M’ M– M MS MaM M M ML M M+ M
M M% MF M Ma M M da+a6*/a M L MÍ MxM Mx M M0 M
ñ +’ñxa,*’a MU Ma Mèa6ñ–dSa MU Mx MaM M M M MF M MF M M M
M bS0 Mx Md M Mx M Mx M M M MF M Mb Ma M Mñ M aM
x M M M M M M M% M, M Mx M6 MÍ M M M M M M
MaM M M MU M M M M M M M M M M M M M M
M M M M M M M M M M M M M MU M% M M M M
Ma ML M M M M M M M M M M M MaM M M
M M M M M M M M MU M Mè Mñ Mè M M
% M’ M
M aM M M M M M M M M M
M aM M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M
M M M
Francisco Montes Delgado
Sevilla, diciembre de 2015
-iv-
-v-
INDICE DE CONTENIDOS
DTxDIMCSvSMFÓU1R .
SFISCMRIMRCUFÓMFSIU1R .
SFISCMRIMRNST4xD1 R .
SFISCMRIMRÓDEiD1R R .
. SFÓxUI4CCS FR R .
RI R R R R .
R R R RÓ R R .
RU R R .
RC R R R R .
. DFÓMCMIMFÓM1R R .
RU R R R R R R R R .
RU R R R R Rv R RT R R .
RM R R RB RS R R Rv R RT R R .
RM R R R R R .
RM Rx R R R R RD R R .
. i . . . . .
RC R R .
. a .m . . .
. a .a . . .
. a .3 . . .
. n . .s . . .
. a .t . . .
RM R R R .
Rv R R R .
. a . . .
. a .p . . .
RM R R .
. 3 . . . . . . . .3 .b . .
.T . .s . .s .T . .D . . .
Ri RB R R R y Ri R R .
. r . .L . .e . . .
. s . . . . .
. s . . .3 . . .
. vDÓMxSDiRcRvqÓUIU1 R .
RS R R.IIR R R R R R .
. d .i . .i . dii . . .
. e . .i . . .
R.IIR R R R R RB R R .
. 5 . . .
. T . . . . . . . .
-vi-
. T . . . . . . .
3 .s . . .
. e . . . . .
. xM14iÓDIU1RcRIS1C41S FR R .
RC R R R RM RDR RER R .
. T . . .3 . . .
Rv R RB R R .
. D . . . . . . . . . . .
. 5 . . . . . . . . . . .3
. .
. L . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
. .s . . . . . . . . .
. 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
s . .
. CUFCi41SUFM1R RIM1DxxUiiU1RN4Ó4xU1R R .
RC R R R .
RD R R .
RI R R R .
. ESEiSUTxDNhDR R .
DFMnU1R R .
M
-vii-
INDICE DE FIGURAS
F M Mñ M M M M M M M M M% MS M Ma M M– MF Mx M M
a Ma M Mx M ML M Mñ M Md M Ma M% M M, M’ M M M
U M Ma Mñ M% 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H(.
F M Mñ M M M’ M M M M M M M M% MS M Ma M M– M
F Mx M Ma Ma M Mx M ML M Mñ Mñ M% 1oooooooooooooooooo1H-.
F M M% Mè M M M M M M M M M M M% MS M M M Md M
MF MS M% M M M MF M Ma M MÍ Mñ M 1ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H).
F M M’ M M M M M M M M M M% MS M M M Md M M
F MS M% M M M MF M Ma M MÍ Mñ M 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H).
F M Mñ M M M M M M% MS M Ma M MM MF M M M Md M M
a M% M M, M’ M M MU M Ma M% MS M Ma M
oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1e).
F M Mñ M M M M M M M M M M M% MS M M Mx M ML M
F Ma M 1ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1rH.
F M Mx M M M M M M M M MF Ma M 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1re.
F M M+ M M M M M M M Ma M ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1Er.
F M MS M M M M M6 M M M M M M M MM M M M% MS M
M6 M M M M% M M M, M Md M M M M M M MS M M
, M Md M M M M% M M MF Mx M oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1sH.
F M MS M M M M Md M M M M . M M M M M M M M
M M M M% MF Mx M oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1se.
F M M’ M M M M M M M M% MMF MF M M MU Mb M M,a’% M
L M Md 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1sr.
F M Mñ M Mñ M M MÍ MF M M M% M M MF MU M% Mx M M* 6M M6 M 1o1ss.
F M M+ M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M
% MF Md M M M M M ML M M+ M Ma M Ma 1oooooooooooooooooooooo1s(.
F M 1, M M M M M M M M M MF Md Md M+ M M% M
S M M M M M MÍ Md M 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1s-.
F M 1d M M M% M MÍ MF ML M . M Md MU M Ma 1ooooooooooooooooooo1t,.
F M 1F M M M M Mñ M Md M X,, M M M M M M M M M M
% MF M 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1t(.
F M Mx M Mb M M M M M M Mñ%S,ñxSaÍ 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1(,.
F M Mñ M M M M% M M’ MSS M
F d Í
1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1(E.
-viii-
F M M, M M MS M M M Mñ%S,ñxSaÍ M M M M M M M M M M M M
M M M M 1ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1(s.
F M M, M M M M M M Mñ%S,ñxSaÍ 1ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1(t.
F M MS M M M M M M M M M M M M Mñ%S,ñxSaÍ 1ooooooooo1(t.
F M MS M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M
f M’ M M+ M M M% Mñ%S,ñxSaÍ 1ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1((.
F M MS M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M
M M M M M Mñ%S,ñxSaÍ 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1((.
F M Md M M M Mx M M, MF MU ML Mf MU Mx Mx M6 M+íd–SdaÍM,ñM
a–u6SÍSÍM,ñM,a+0Í M* Md MSSSM Mx M 1ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1(-.
F M M’ M M M M M M M M Mf M’ M M+ Mx M M M M
M M M M M M M M M M Mñ MaM M M M M M M M M% M M M
M M M Mx M ML 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1-r.
M M M M M M M M M M Mñ MaM M M M M M M M M% M M M
M M M Mx M ML 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1-r.
M M M M M M M M M M Mñ MbM M M M M M M M M% M M M
M M M Mx M ML 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1-E.
M M M M M M M M M M Mñ MbM M M M M M M M M% M M M
M M M Mx M ML 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1-E.
F M Md M M M M M+ Mx M dM M M M M M% M M’ MSSM
M M M M M Mñ MaM Mñ MbM M M M M M Mx M ML 1oooooooooo1-t.
M M M M M Mñ MaM Mñ MbM M M M M M Mx M ML 1ooooooooo1-(.
M M M M M Mñ MaM Mñ MbM M M M M M Mx M ML 1ooooooooo1-(.
F M Md M M M M Mf M’ M M M M M M M% M M’ MSSM
M M M M M Mñ MaM Mñ MbM M M M M M Mx M ML 1ooooooooo1--.
M M M M M Mñ MaM Mñ MbM M M M M M Mx M ML 1ooooooooo1--.
M M M M M Mñ MaM Mñ MbM M M M M M Mx M ML 1ooooooooo1-).
F M M’ M M M M M M Mf’ M M M M M M M+ M
x M dM M MM M M M M M M MX M . M M M Mñ MaM M M M M
M M M Mx M ML ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1)H.
x M dM M MM M M M M M M MX M . M M M Mñ MaM M M M M
M M M Mx M ML ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1)H.
x M dM M MM M M M M M M MX M . M M M Mñ MbM M M M M
M M M Mx M ML ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1)e.
x M dM M MM M M M M M M MX M . M M M Mñ MbM M M M M
M M M Mx M ML ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1)e.
-ix-
F M M’ M M M M M M% M M M MÍ MF M M M M M M M M
– M x M a M M M MX M . M M M Mñ MaM M M M M M M
M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Mx M ML
1ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1)E.
– M x M a M M M MX M . M M M Mñ MaM M M M M M M
1ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1)E.
– M x M a M M M MX M . M M M Mñ MbM M M M M M M
M M M M M M M M MM M M M M M M M M M Mx M ML
1ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1)s.
– M x M a M M M MX M . M M M Mñ MbM M M M M M M
1ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1)s.
F M M, M M M M M M M M Mf M’ M M Mñ MaM M M M
M 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1)t.
F M M, M M M M M M M M Mf M’ M M Mñ MaM M M M
M 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1)t.
F M M, M M M M+ Mx M dM M Mñ MaM M M M M 1ooooooooooooooooooo1)(.
F M M, M M M M+ Mx M dM M Mñ MaM M M M M 1ooooooooooooooooooo1)(.
F M M, M M M M M M M M Mf M’ M M Mñ MbM M M M
M 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1)-.
F M M, M M M M+ Mx M dM M Mñ MbM M M M M 1ooooooooooooooooooo1)-.
F M M, M M M M+ Mx M dM M Mñ MbM M M M M 1ooooooooooooooooooo1)).
F M M, M M M M+ Mx M dM M Mñ MbM M M M M 1ooooooooooooooooooo1)).
F M Mu M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M% M M
M M M M MÍ M Mñ M M Mè MF0–Ía M è Ma–ñ 0Í 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H,e.
F M M, M M M M M M M M M M M Mè MF0–Ía ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H,r.
M M M M MÍ M Mñ M M Mè Mxa’SÍxa M è Ma–ñ 0Í 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H,E.
F M M, M M M M M M M M M M M Mè Mxa’SÍxa 1ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H,s.
M M M M MÍ M Mñ M M Mè M%*–+a6 M è Ma–ñ 0Í ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H,(.
F M M, M M M M M M M M M M M Mè M%*–+a6 1ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H,(.
M M M M MÍ M Mñ M M Mè MÍ d’ M è Ma–ñ 0Í 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H,).
F M M, M M M M M M M M M M M Mè MÍ d’ 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1HH,.
M M M M MÍ M Mñ M M Mè MÍ d’ M è Ma–ñ 0Í 1ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1HHH.
F M M, M M M M M M M M M M M Mè MÍ d’ 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1HHe.
F M Mu M M M M Mè MMF0–Ía 1ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1 X rE8l vlu E Eu,Á u D.
-x-
F M Mu M M M M Mè MMxa’SÍxa1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1HEH.
F M Mu M M M M Mè MM%*–+a61oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1HEe.
F M Mu M M M M Mè MMÍ d’ oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1HEe.
F M Mu M M M M Mè MMÍ d’M 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1 X rE8l vlu E Eu,Á u D.
-xi-
INDICE DE TABLAS
+ M 1d M M M MF Md M M M M M M ML M M+ M Ma M M
a Md M Mx Í 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1sE.
+ M Md M M M M M M Ma M Mx M M M M MaM MbM M M
M M M Mx M ML 1ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1-H.
+ M M, M M M M M M M M M MX M . M M M M M M
a*,%dM M Mñ MaM Mñ MbM M M M M M M M Mx M ML 1ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1-e.
+ M Md M M M M 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H,H.
+ M Mñ M M M M M M MÍñèFM M Mè MF0–Íaoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H,H.
+ M M+ M M M M M M M M+x M–fMf’ 1ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H,H.
+ M MMx M M M M M M M M M M Mè MF0–Ía1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H,H.
+ M Mñ M M M M M M MÍñèFM M Mè Mxa’SÍxa 1ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H,r.
+ M M+ M M M M M M M M+x M–fMf’ 1ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H,E.
+ M MMx M M M M M M M M M M Mè Mxa’SÍxa 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H,E.
+ M Mñ M M M M M M MÍñèFM M Mè M%*–+a6 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H,t.
+ M M+ M M M M M M M M+x M–fMf’ 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H,t.
+ M MMx M M M M M M M M M M Mè M%*–+a61ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H,t.
+ M Mñ M M M M M M MÍñèFM M Mè MÍ d’ 1ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H,-.
+ M M+ M M M M M M M M+x M–fMf’ 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H,-.
+ M MMx M M M M M M M M M M Mè MÍ d’ 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H,-.
+ M Mñ M M M M M M MÍñèFM M Mè MÍ d’ oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1HH,.
+ M M+ M M M M M M M M+x M–fMf’ 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1HHH.
+ M MMx M M M M M M M M M M Mè MÍ d’ 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1HHH.
+ M M’ M M M M M M M M Mè MF0–Ía 1ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1Hrs.
+ M M’ M M M M M M M M Mè Mxa’SÍxa 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1Hrt.
+ M M’ M M M M M M M M Mè M%*–+a6 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1Hr(.
+ M M’ M M M M M M M M Mè MÍ d’ 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1Hr-.
+ M M’ M M M M M M M M Mè MÍ d’ 1ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1Hr).
-xii-
1
-xiii-
S MS M
sa 5X 3 EE5 Xt
“El arte es "yo"; la ciencia es nosotros”.

- Claude Bernard -
NDND GXZ696Y6 9EGX7E69gXs bDE
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M ñM M M M M M M M M M M M M
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M M M M M M M M M Mñ M M M M M
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M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M
% M M, M’ M %,’ M M M d Ma M M M
M M M *ñ M Mx M M M Md Ma M, M
M M M M M M M M M M% M
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M M M M M M M M M Ma M M– M MM
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M M M M M MÍ M M M M M M M M M
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Mñ M M M M M M MÍ M Mñ M M M M M
M M M M M M M M M€ M M
a M M M M M MM M Mo Mñ M M M M
M M M M M M 6 M M+ M MF M . M M
0 M M M x Í M M U , M M M
M M M M M M M M Mx M ML Mñ M M
M M M M M M% M, M M M M M M
a M% M M MÍ Ma M M M M M M M M
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L M M M MF M M M M M M M M M
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M M, M % M M M MU M M
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M a M Ma M M M M M M M MU M
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M M MU Ma M M M MS M% M M
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“El verdadero progreso es el que pone la
tecnología al alcance de todos”.
- Henry Ford -
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ÓDNDND H9Ñú7XGQXEG 6bYÑóXs)EZsÑ8EG 4g4P4bXbEnHGGeE

% M M M M M X,,M X M, M M, M M
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ÓDNDCD 869Xs 4EGXEG4gÑb E
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ÓDCD HGGEYÑ8ÑE4-Ñ)ÑE47E8Ñ96gÑsXÑEGXE-)s6Yt74s6Ñb6bEE
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He1k 1 1V o1e,,Eo1T 1 1M 1N 1 1 1 1 1 C1z 1 1 o1í=1

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Ciclo al espigado:
– M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M
M M M M
Altura de la planta:
M
Encamado:
% M M M M M M M M M M M M
M M M M MÍ M M M M M M M M M
M M M M M M M M M Mx M M M M
M M M
Rendimiento en grano:
% MX M M M M M M M M M
Componentes del rendimiento:
M% M M M M M M M– M M M MÍ M M M M M
M M% M M M M M M M M M M M
M
Rendimientos industriales:
M M M M M M M M
Y vY
Intensidad de la enfermedad:
M ñ M M M M M M M M M M M M
M M M M M M M MÍ M M M M M M
M M M S–dS,ñ–dSaM M Íñèñ’S,a, M % M M M M M
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M M M M M M M M MñM M M M M M
Md M M M M M M M M M M M M M M
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M M
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M M M M M M M M Mñ M M
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M M M M M M M M M M M M, M
M M M M M M M M M
Mñ M M a*,%dM M M M M M M M M M
M M M M M M M M M M M M M6 M
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f M M M M M M M M M M M M M
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ma t L G 23 t t35 E 5 Xt
“Si uno no puede comunicar lo que ha estado
haciendo, su trabajo carecerá de valor”.
- Erwin Schrödinger -
LDND YÑ8-Ñsg486X9gÑE4QsÑ9 86YÑEGXE7ÑbEX9b4)ÑbE4E)EPE
M
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M aM M M M M aM M bM M M M M M M
M M Í M M ñ M M % M S M , M M M M M
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LDCDND YÑ8-4s4g6ó4EX9gsXE7ÑbEG4gÑbEY768 g6YÑbEGXE74bE

G6bg69g4bEZtX9gXbJ EE
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69ZXYY6 9EGXE- )s6Yt74s6Ñb6bDEEEE E
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M 6 M M M M M M M M M M M MÍ M Mñ M M
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LDCDÓD sXó6b6 9EGXE74bEYÑ9G6Y6Ñ9XbEGXEs6XbQÑE)E4G4-g4Y6 9E

47EYt7g6óÑEGX7E4ssÑ0EX9EX7EbtsEGXEXb-4 4EP4ÍÑEX7Eb6bgX84EGXE
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LDCDLDND X v lEu, E á Eu,EG,v E

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LDCDLDCD -l , Eu,E, u E
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TESIS Francisco Montes Delgado - 291215

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TESIS Francisco Montes Delgado - 291215

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Tesis Doctoral

Autor: Francisco Montes Delgado

“El secreto de la sabiduría,

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+ M M+ M M M M M M M M+x M–fMf’ 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1H,-.

+ M M+ M M M M M M M M+x M–fMf’ 1oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo1HHH.

“El arte es "yo"; la ciencia es nosotros”.

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“El estudio profundo de la naturaleza es la

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Agente: Nigrospora oryzae.

Agente: Alternaria spp.

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“La ciencia se compone de errores, que a su vez

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