Películas Comestibles

Lípidos
Polisacáridos Proteínas

Vegetal

Celulosa Cera
Zeina
MC
Gluten
HPC Soya Abeja
HPMC Carnauba
CMC Candelilla
Parafina
Animal Shelec

Gomas Suero
Anima Aceite
l
Alginato
Guiar
Vegetal
Pectinas
Animal

MC=Meticulosa

Almidón HPC=Hidroxipropilcelulosa
HPMC=Hidroxipropilmetilcelulosa
Quitosán

Figura 2. Materiales formadores de películas y recubrimientos comestibles (Modificado de Embuscado &

Hube, 2009).
Table 2. Summary of diferent components of EF and EC used
as active packages.
Components Effect Reference
Gellan gum Increase of phenolics Ben-Yeshua, 1969
Alginate and Gas permeability Rojas-Grau et al., 2008
Gellan gum modification
Sorbic acid, Antimicrobial Quintavalla & Vicini,
sodium benzoate, 2002
citric acid
Potassium sorbate Antimicrobial Ozdemir & Floros, 2008
Nicines, pediocin Antimicrobial Sebti & Coma, 2002
Natamycin in a Antimicrobial Durango et al., 2006
Chitosan matrix Ribeiro et al., 2010
Maqbool et al., 2010
Tea tree essential Antimicrobial Sánchez-González
oil in HPMC Et al., 2009
matrix
Chitosan Antimicrobial El Ghaouth et al., 1992
Coma et al., 2002
Ponce et al., 2008
Kyu Kyu et al., 2007
Maqbool et al., 2010
Chitosan Shelf life extension Lazaridou &
Biliaderis, 2002
Geraldine et al., 2008
Márquez et al., 2009
Vargas et al., 2006
acid
Chitosan Tissue firmes El Gaouth et al., 1997
Conservation
Chitosan Respiration rate Li & yu, 2000
reduction
Chitosan Fungistatic Martínez-Camacho
Et el., 2010
Essential oils Antimicrobial and Atarés et al., 2010
antioxidant Sánchez-Gonzalez et al.,
2010
Table 2
M.I.C. of natamycin for various fungal species
Fungal species M.I.C. Concentrations with On agar plate at M.I.C.
(µM) Visible growth effects
1 Saccharomyces cervisiae 1.8 - 1 colony at 1.2 µM
2 Candida parapsilosis 3.6 2.4-3.0 No growth
3 Candida albicans 3.6 - No growth
4 Candida krusei 3.6 - No growth
5 Rhodotorula mucilaginosa 4.2 - No growth
6 Trichosporon asahii 3.6 2.4-3.0 No growth
7 Geotrichum solani 4.2 3.0-3.6 3 colonies at 4.8 µM
8 Fusarium solani 7.8 7.2-7.8 No growth
9 Aspergillus terreus >11.4 11.4 No growth
10 Aspergillus terreus >11.4 10.8-11.4 Germination at 10.8 µM
11 Aspergillus fumigatus 4.2 - No growth
12 Cladophialophora potulentorum 1.2 - No growth
13 Neosartorya fischeri 3.6 3.0 No growth
14 Penicillium discolor 3.6 1.2-3.0 1 colony at 3 µM
15 Mucor plumbeus 6.0 4.2-5.4 2 colonies at 4.2 µM
16 Aspergillus ochraceus 3.6 - Swollen conidia and
some germ tubes at 3 µM
17 Verticillium fungicola 4.8 3.6-4.2 No growth
18 Collectotrichum musae 2.4 1.8 No growth
19 Fusarium oxysporum 6.6 4.2-6.0 No growth
20 Trichoderma aggressivum 6.0 - No growth
Table 1. Antimicrobial activity (MIC AND MFC) of the S. Aromaticum EO and eugenol against Candida, dermatophyte and
Aspergillus strains
All results were obtained from three independent experiments perfomed in duplicate. NT, Not tested.

EO Eugenol Fluconazole Amphotericin B

MIC* MCF* MIC* MFC* MIC+ MFC+ MIC+ MFC+
Yeast
ATCC
C. albicans ATCC 10231 0.64 0.64-1.25 0.64 0.64-1.25 1 >128 NT NT
C. krusei ATCC 6258 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 64 64-128 NT NT
C. tropicalis ATCC 13803 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 4 >128 NT NT
C. parapsilosis ATCC 90018 0.32-0.64 0.64-1.25 0.32 0.64 <1 <1 NT NT
Clinical isolates
C. albicans D5 0.64 0.64 0.32-0.64 0.64-1.25 64 >128 NT NT
C. albicans D1 0.64 0.64-1.25 0.64 0.64-1.25 2 128 NT NT
C. krusei D39 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 64 64-128 NT NT
C. tropicalis D42 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 2 >128 NT NT
C. glabrata D10R 0.64 0.64-1.25 0.64 0.64-1.25 32 32 NT
Filamentous fungi
Dermatophytes
Epidermophyton floccosum FF9 0.16 0.32 0.16 0.32 16 16 NT NT
Trichophyton rubrum FF5 0.16 0.32 0.16 0.32 16-32 32 NT NT
Trichophyton mentagrophytes FF7 0.16 0.32 0.16 0.32 16-32 32-64 NT NT
Microsporum canis FF1 0.08-0.16 0.16-0.32 0.08 0.16 128 128 NT NT
Microsporum gypseum FF3 0.16 0.32 0.16 0.32 ≥ 128 ≥ 128 NT NT
Aspergillus species
A. flavus F44 0.64 1.25 0.32- NT NT 2 8
0.64
A.fumigatus ATCC 46645 0.32 1.25 0.32 NT NT 2 4
A.niger ATCC 16404 0.32 1.25 0.32 NT NT 1-2 4

*MIC and MFC were determined by a microdilution method and expressed in µl ml−1 (v/v).
+MIC and MFC were determined by a microdilution method and expressed in µg ml−1 (w/v).
TABLE 1. Media and conditions of incubation for microbiological examination of tortillas
Agar 𝑎 Microorganisms Type of Period of Grow range
incubation incubation (𝑙𝑜𝑔10 )
(h)
TS Total bacterial count Aerobic (37 C) 24 3-9
𝑇7 T, SS, BG Coliforms Aerobic (37 C) 24 < 3-7
MS Staphylococci, micrococci, Aerobic (37) 24 3-8
bacilli
SE Bacilli, staphylococci Aerobic (37) 24 3-9
BC-I Clostridia, lactobacilli, Anaerobic (37 C) 48 0-3
bifidobacterial, staphylococci,
streptococci, sarcinae
S, M Yeasts, molds Aerobic (22 C) 7 days < 3-9
𝑎
TS,Trypticase soy agar; 𝑇7 T, Tergitol-7; agar with 0.004% triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride;
SS, Salmonella-Shingella agar; BG, brilliant green agar;MS, Mannitol salt agar; SE;
cereus-selective agar; BC-I, modified Schaedler base medium; S, Sabouraud dextrose agar;
M,Mycosel agar.
Table 1
Fungal strains used in this study
Fungal species Strain code𝑎 Source of isolation Stock
1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 82I1 Fruits of the forest SS, -80°C
2 Candida parapsilosis 13B8 Tortilla SS, -80°C
3 Candida albicans var. albicans CBS 5144 Rectum, Denmark Lyophilized
culture
4 Candida krusei CBS 573; 105F6 - SS, -80°C
5 Rhodotorula mucilaginosa var. CBS 326 Type of R. rubra; Lyophilized
mucilaginosa atmosphere culture
6 Trichosporon asahii 133H8 Tea leaves SS, -80°C
7 Geotrichum candidum CBS 590.96 Feces Lyophilized
culture
8 Fusarium solani 149H7; CBS 115659 - SS, -80°C
9 Aspergillus terreus 8G3 Almond SS, -80°C
10 Aspergillus terreus 17A1 Fungizone-containing SS, -80°C
medium (azole)
11 Aspergillus fumigatus 60H1 Indoor air, Eindhoven SS, -80°C
12 Cladophialophora potulentorum 133A1 Sports drink SS, -80°C
13 Neosartorya spinose 3E7 Ex- cardboard SS, -80°C
14 Penicillium discolor CBS 183.88 Cheese SS, -80°C
15 Mucor plumbeus 161E3 Roquefort cheese SS, -80°C
16 Aspergillus ochraceus 48E4 .𝑏 SS, -80°C
17 Verticillium fungicola MES12712 Agaricus Agar culture
18 Colletotrichum musae CBS 116870 Banana, Florida, 𝑈𝑆𝐴𝐶 Lyophilized
culture
19 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. CBS 116593 Tulip bulb SS, -80°C
Tulipae
20 Trichoderma aggressivum 122 C5/CBS 123782 agaricus SS, -80°C
.𝑎 Codes are taken from strains of the CBS.KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS NUMBER) or from the
working collection of the department of Applied and Industrial Mycology of the same institute.
.𝑏 As identified with DNA sequences from ITS, β-tubulin and calmodulin.
.𝑐 Epitype