..

2012
 . .
. I.
-
, I .
-
.
, -
.
1
, .
: ..-. ., .. ,
..-. ., ..

c

. .. , 2012
c .., 2012


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4. . . . . . . . . 10
5. . . . 14
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7. . . . . . . . . 16
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3. . . . . . . . 25
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1. . . . . . . 37
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3. -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4

4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
1. . -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2. . . . . . . . . 56
3. . . . . . . . . 59
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
7. . . . . . . . . . 69
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
10. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2. . . . . . . . . . . 84
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
7. -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
11.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
12. -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
13. . . . . . 118
14. . . . . . . . . 122
15. -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
 5

3. . . . . . . . . . . 140
4. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5. . . . . . . . . . 145

7.
-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
1. . . . . . . . 148
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
3. . -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

8.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
2. 180
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
5. . . . . . . . . . . . 189
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198


. -
,
I .
. -
,
-
.
.

,
,
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. -
, .

,
:
.. .. ,
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-
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[1].
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.
..
 1

1.

1, 2, ..., . -
, ,
:
;  . -
, ..
1 3
, , ..
2 5
0, -
. ,
.
 , -
m
,
n
m  , n  .
.
m m
1) : 1 2 , -
n1 n2
(>, = <), m n m n .
1 2 2 1

, ,

>, .
2) :
m1 m m n + m2 n1
+ 2 = 1 2 .
n1 n2 n1 n2
3) :
m1 m2 m m
= 1 2.
n1 n2 n1 n2
, ,
> ( a >
8 . 1.

> b b > c, a > c) = ( a = b b = c, a =

= c); (a + b = b +
+ a), ((a + b) + c = a + (b + c))
;
.

, , . , -
1 .
-
,
.
,

. ,
1 1
= 0, 3333 ... = 0, (3); = 0, 16666 ... = 0, 1(6);
3 6
1
= 0, 500 ... 0 = 0, 5(0).
2
, -
, 0, -

9 , ,
1
= 0, 5(0) = 0, 499 ... 9 ... = 0, 4(9).
2
, -
, -
, ,
. 9
(. 4).

2.
-
, ,
0, 123456789101112 ... 100101102 ... ,

1, 414213 ... ( 2 ),
3, 141592 ... ( ),
2, 7182818284590452353 ... ( e).
 3. 9

-
.

, -
( ) .
, a

a = 0 , 1 2 ... n ... ,

- ,  0

, k  (k = 1, 2, ...).

(, )
, .

3.
-
, -
,
.
1) k = 0,
a : a = 0. k 6= 0
, a
a > 0, ,
a a < 0.
2) : a =
, ... n ... b = , ... n .... a 6= 0
0 1 2 0 1 2

b 6= 0. , a = b,
k = k k = 0, 1, 2, .... ,
a 6= b.
3) a > 0, b > 0, a 6= b.
k > 0, i = i (i = 0, 1, ... , k 1), k 6= k . ,
:
a > b, k > k ,
a < b, k < k .
4) a 6 0, b > 0. , a < b.
5) a < 0, b < 0, a 6= b. , :
a > b, |a| < |b|,
10 . 1.

a < b,
|a| > |b|.
|a| , ...n ..., a =
0 1

, ...n ... .
0 1

. , -

= >,
,
.
,
a = 0 , 1 2 ... n ... > 0,

1
0 , 1 2 ... n 6 a 6 0 , 1 2 ... n +
10n
( a < 0), .. -
a
1/10n
(n  ) ( , ... n )
0 1 2

( , ... n + 1/10n ).
0 1 2

, a < 0.


.

4.

X , -
(
). x X
X .
. X
(), M (m) ,
x X
x6M (x > m).

M (m) () -
X .
():
 (
 4. 11

)  (
).
-
.
X ,
M , x X : x 6 M. (1.1)
:
X ,
M x X : x > M. (1.2)
(1.1) (1.2), , -
(1.1) ,
,
.
,
.
. -
.
X , -
, .. M m, x X : m 6 x 6 M .
, -
: X ,
A > 0, x X : |x| 6 A.
. X = {x : x < 0}  ,
. , -
. ,

.
 0.
.
X

sup X (supremum X) .
x = sup X .
,
X -

inf X (infinum X),
12 . 1.

: x = inf X .

: x
X , :
1) x X : x 6 x ( , x 
X );
2) ex < x x X : x > x e ( , x  -
).
.
.
: -
?
. , {x : x > 0} -
. ,

.
. ()
() .
.
( ).
X  , .. M , x X : x 6 M .
2 :
1) X
x > 0;
2) x X : x < 0.
1)
x X : X+ = {x X : x = x , x x ... xn ... > 0}. .. x 6 M ,
0 1 2 0

X+
.
max{x0 } = x0 .
X+

X = {x X : x = x , x x ... xn ...}.
0 0 1 2

max{x1 } = x1 .
X0

X = {x X: x = x , x x ... xn ...}.
1 0 1 2

max{x2 } = x2 .
X1
. k-
Xk1 = {x X : x = x0 , x1 ... xk1 xk ...}.
 4. 13

max{xk } = xk .
Xk1

() , xk
k.

x = x0 , x1 ... xn ...

, x = sup X . , :
) x X : x 6 x;
) e
x < x x X : x > x e.
). x > 0, -
x X : x 6 x. , -
x = x , x ... xn ... X , - 0 1

, x > x,
k : x = x , ... , xk = xk , xk > xk . , -
0 0 1 1

, x Xk , , ,
1

xk ,
xk 6 xk = max{xk }.
Xk1

,
. , x X : x 6 x.
).
0 6 xe = xe , xe ... xfn ... < x = x , x ... xn ... .
0 1 0 1

k, , xe = x , ... , x]
0 k = xk , x
0 fk < xk .
1 1

x Xk .
x = x0 , x1 ... xk xk+1 ... ,

, , -
, x > xe. , -
, e
x < x x X : x > x e.
, 1) , x = sup X .
2). x < 0, .. x = x , x ... xn ..., -
0 1

x = x , x ... xn ... ,
0 1

x = min{x },
0 0
X
14 . 1.

X0 = {x X : x = x0 , x1 ... xn ...}

x1 = min{x1 }
X0

.. 1) , x = sup X .
.
.
.
, () -
()
. : X = {x : x < 2, 5}.
x = 2, 4(9) = 2, 5 6 X . : X = {x : 1 < x 6 2}.
sup X = 2 X , inf X = 1 6 X . -
,
X X . ,
X (-
) : max X = 2 = sup X ,
. sup inf max
min. max min
sup inf .

5.


x y  , xr
yr  , -
:

xr 6 x, yr 6 y.

{xr + yr } ( xr yr
). .
, x y  , ,
x 6 x, y 6 y , 6 : xr 6 x,
yr 6 y , xr + yr 6 x + y . , {xr + yr } -
. , .
 5. 15

. x y
{xr + yr }:
x + y = sup {xr + yr }.
xr ,yr Q
xr 6x
yr 6y

Q -
.

1) x > 0 y > 0  ,
xr yr  ,

0 < xr 6 x, 0 < yr 6 y.
{xr yr }, xr yr -
.
.
. -
x y
{xr yr }:
x y = sup {xr yr }.
xr ,yr Q
0<xr 6x
0<yr 6y

2) x : x 0 = 0 x = 0.
3) x 6= 0, y 6= 0. ( )
|x| |y|, x y ,

xy =
|x| |y|, x y .
,
-
, ,

,
.
, :
x y  z , y + z = x.
, x, y ! z : y + z = x ( ! ,
z ).
, :
x y 6= 0  z , y z = x.
, x, y 6= 0 !z : y z = x.
16 . 1.

6.
) a : |a| 6 a 6 |a|.
.
) a, b : |a b| 6 |a| + |b| ( ).
) a, b : |a b| > |a| |b|.
. |a| = |(a b) + b| 6 |a b| + |b|
), |a b| > |a| |b|.

7.
( -
), .. , ,
( 0) OE ,
1 (. 1.1).

M ( x) O(0) E (1) M ( x) x
x = -OM < 0 x = OM > 0
. 1.1.

M -
 OM ,
M ,
OM , M
. O
.
, M -
. -
, ..
.
, ,
.
.
-
-
.
.
, x = sup X , X
x x,
x X .
 8. 17

8.
1) (a, b) = {x : a < x < b}.
2) ( ) [a, b] = {x : a 6 x 6 b}; a
b ,
 .
3) c  ,
c.
4) - c  (c , c + ),
{x : |x c| < }.
5) - c  {x : 0 <
< |x c| < }.
6) R = (, +).
7) [a, +) = {x : x > a} (, a] (a, +)
(, a).
1)-4) 6), 7) -
,
.
 2

1.
X  .
x X -
() y , , X
() y = f (x) ( y = y(x)).
X
; x, -
X ( X )
. y , -
x, -
x; {y}  .

y y = f (x)
M ( x, f ( x ) ) . -
f ( x) 
{M (x, f (x)), x X} -

x Oxy (. 2.1).
O 14243 x .
X f (x)
()
. 2.1. X ,
M ( m), ,
x X : f (x) 6 M (f (x) > m). M (m)
() f (x) X .
f (x) X ,
, .. M
m , x X : m 6 f (x) 6 M .
() : f (x) -
X , A > 0, x
X : |f (x)| 6 A.
. () (-
) () f (x) -
 2. 19

X ()

sup f (x) (inf f (x)).
X X

: y = f (x) 
sup{y}, {y}  .
. M
f (x) X , :
1) x X : f (x) 6 M ( , M 
f (x) X );
2) M
f < M e x X : f (e f ( ,
x) > M
M  ).
.
1)
,
2) :
) X ,
) X ,
) X .
. y = sin x, 0 < x 6 . 2
sup sin x = 1 {y}, inf sin x = 0 6 {y}.
(0,/2] (0,/2]

,
, - .
,
.

2.
. a -
X , -
a X .
a ,
X .
.
1) X = {x : a < x < b}. X ,
a b  X .
2) N  
.
20 . 2.

y = f (x) X a 
X .
( ). b
f (x) a ( x a), > 0 > 0,
, x
- a |f (x) b| <
( , |f (x) b| < , x X 0 < |x a| < ).
:
lim f (x) = b.
xa
. -
,
lim f (x) 6= b.
xa

.
y
b+
y b
b-
b+
b c+
b- c
c-

O a- a a+ x O a- a a+ x

. 2.2. . 2.3.

|f (x) b| < < f (x) b < b < f (x) < b + ,

, b, f (x) x
a , > 0 >
> 0, , - a
f (x) y = b y = b +
(. 2.2).
1.
.
, ,
a : b c, , -
b c, ,
 2. 21

- a
y = b y = b +
y = c y = c + , (. 2.3).
2. f (x) a,
.
-
: b < f (x) < b + 0 < |x a| < .
.
1) f (x) = b = const x R, a :
lim f (x) = b.
xa

, > 0 > 0. |f (x) b| =

= 0 < x , , 0 < |x a| < .
2)
b, x 6= a

f (x) =
c 6= b, x = a
,

lim f (x) = b.
xa

3)
b, x 6= a

f (x) =
, x = a,

lim f (x) = b.
xa

3. 2) 3), 1),
> 0 > 0,
.
4.
0 < |x a|, ..
|f (x) b| < x -
a, a (, , -
), 3
, x = a
. 2, , :
f (x) x a ,
x = a |f (x) b| < |c b| < , ,
, , ,
|c b|.
22 . 2.

4) f (x) = x, a
lim f (x) = a.
xa

, > 0 = . |x a| < = ,
|f (x) a| = |x a| < , .
1
5) f (x) = sin , x 6= 0. , x = 0
x
, ,
x 0.
: ,
1
lim sin = b,
x0 x

b  . =1.
1

> 0, , sin b < 1 0 < |x| < .

x

1 1
x = 1 , x = .
2n + 2n
2

2 2

n N x x 1 2

: 0 < |xi | < , i = 1, 2.

1 1
   
sin b = |1 b| < 1 sin b = | 1 b| = |1 + b| < 1.
   
x1 x2

C b, , -
1 B

f (x) x 0 .
6) f (x) = sin x,
lim f (x) = lim sin x = 0.
x A x0 x0

O 1 , -
sin x < x
. 2.4.
0 < x < .
2
, ,
,
1 1
(. 2.4): SAOB = sin x < S. AOB = x. ,
2 2
 2. 23

1 1
S. AOB < SAOC , x < tg x, x < tg x
2 2
0 < x < ( , ).
2
sin x x :

| sin x| < |x| 0 < |x| < .
2
> 0 = .
x, 0 < |x| < = ,
| sin x 0| = | sin x| < |x| < ,
, lim sin x = 0.
x0

, x a
f (x) .
(. 2.5)
+1, x > 0,
(
f (x) = sgn x = 0, x = 0,
1, x < 0.

2
y
1 1

-1
O x O 1 2 x

-1 -1

. 2.5. . 2.6.

. b f (x)
a (), > 0 > 0, ,
x (a, a + ) (, x (a , a))
|f (x) b| < .
:
lim f (x) = b f (a + 0) = b
 xa+0 
lim f (x) = b f (a 0) = b .
xa0
24 . 2.

. f (x) = [x], [x] 

x, .. , x
(. 2.6). n Z (Z - ,
) :
f (n 0) = n 1, f (n + 0) = n f (n) = n.


1. f (x) a
, f (a 0) = f (a + 0) = b,
, b.
x
f (x) X A x
X : x > A.
. b
f (x) x +, > 0 A, , -
x > A |f (x) b| < .
:
lim f (x) = b.
x+

x .
f (x) b x +
x ,
lim f (x) = b.
x

. f (x) = 1/x ,
lim f (x) = 0.
x+

, > 0 A = 1/. x > A = 1/,

1/x < , .. |1/x 0| < , ,
1
lim = 0.
x+ x

. , f (x) = 1/x
x .
x + 
.
 3. 25

 , -
: f (n), n N.
:
{xn } = x1 , x2 , ... , xn , ... .

n xn .
. a -
{xn }, > 0 N N, , n > N
|xn a| < .
:
lim xn = a.
n+

{xn } , ,
, , ,
.
1
. xn = n +n
. , -
,
lim xn = 1.
n+

3.

. f (x)
a ( x a),
lim f (x) = 0.
xa

, f (x)  a,
> 0 > 0, x {0 < |x a| < } : |f (x)| < . -
, |f (x)| < x
a,
X f (x),
x X .
.
1) f (x) = sin x
x = 0, ( )

lim sin x = 0.
x0
26 . 2.

2)
sin x, x 6= 0

f (x) =
1, x = 0
x = 0 (,
f (0) = 1 6= 0).
3) f (x) = sgn x
x = 0, f (0) = 0.
x +
( ) , , -
{xn }:
lim xn = 0.
n
.
1) f (x) = 1/x x .
2) {1/n} .
. f (x) -
a ( x a),
A > 0 > 0, x {0 < |x a| < } : |f (x)| > A.

:
lim f (x) = .
xa

f (x) > A (f (x) < A),

lim f (x) = +().

xa

. f (x) = 1/x
x = 0 (
A > 0 = 1/A).

x + () , x a + 0 (x a 0).
:
1 1
lim = +; lim = .
x+0 x x0 x
. (, f (x)
a):
1) f (x)  a ,
a
g(x) = 1/f (x) a.
2) f (x)  a f (x) 6= 0
a, g(x) = 1/f (x) 
 3. 27

a.
3) f (x) = c = const
lim f (x) = 0,
xa

c = 0.
2.
a a .
. f (x) g(x) 
a .

> 0 1 > 0, x {0 < |x a| < 1 } : |f (x)| < ,
2


2 > 0, x {0 < |x a| < 2 } : |g(x)| < .
2
= min( , ). x {0 < |x a| < }
1 2

|f (x)| < |g(x)| < ,
2 2
,
x {0 < |x a| < } : |f (x) g(x)| 6 |f (x)| + |g(x)| < ,
, f (x) + g(x) f (x) g(x)
a.
.
a a
.
.
2. , -
n (n > 2), ,
n + 1 .
f (x), f (x), ..., fn (x), fn+ (x) 
1 2 1

a .
n+
X1 n
X
fi (x) = fi (x) + fn+1 (x) = g(x) + fn+1 (x)
i=1 i=1

g(x) a
n+
X1
. fi (x)
i=1
28 . 2.

a g(x)
fn+ (x), a
1

2. .
3. a -
a
a.
. f (x)  a -
, g(x) 
a ( ).
M > 0, x : |g(x)| 6 M .
> 0. f (x) 
a ,

> 0, x {0 < |x a| < } : |f (x)| < .
M

6 , - a -
1 1

.

x {0 < |x a| < 1 } : |f (x) g(x)| = |f (x)| |g(x)| < = ,
M

, f (x) g(x)  a
.
.
, 
a, a .


1) f (x) g(x)  a .

f (x)
lim
xa g(x)
0
.
0
. lim sinx x 00 .
x 0

. f (x)
( -
), g(x) x a,
f (x)
lim = 0.
xa g(x)
 3. 29

: f = o(g) x a ( o(g) :
- g ).
. x = o(x) x 0.
2

. f (x) g(x)
( )
x a,
f (x)
lim = b 6= 0.
xa g(x)
: f = O(g) x a ( O(g) :
O- g ).
. 2x 2
+ x3 = O(x2 ) x 0.

. f (x) g(x) -
x a,
f (x)
lim = 1.
xa g(x)

: f g x a.
.
1) x + x x x 0.
2 3 2

2) sin x x x 0 ( ).
0
. x a + 0,
0
x a 0 x .
o-:
) o(g) o(g) = o(g).
) f = o(g), o(f ) o(g) = o(g).
: o(x ) o(x) = o(x).
2

) f g  , f g = o(f ), f g = o(g).
) f g , f g = o(f ) f g = o(g).
) o(c g) = o(g), c = const 6= 0.
) o(g + o(g)) = o(g). : o(x + 2x ) = o(x).
2

,
o-.
. o-, -
, ( ). ,
x = o(x) x 0, , , o(x) 6= x .
2 2

2) f (x) g(x)  a -
.
f (x)
lim
xa g(x)
30 . 2.

.

. , f (x) x a
, g(x),
f (x)
lim = .
xa g(x)

. f (x) = 1/x x 0 -
2

, g(x) = 1/x,
f (x) 1
lim = lim = .
x0 g(x) x0 x
. , f (x) g(x)
x a ,
f (x)
lim = b 6= 0.
xa g(x)

. f (x) = 1/x + 1 g(x) = 1/x

x 0 .
3) :
, 0 , 1 , 00 , 0 .
.
) p
lim ( x2 + x x)
x+
.
)
lim x ctg x
x0
0 .
)
lim (1 + x) /x 1

x0
1 .
)
lim xx
x0+0

0 . 0

)
lim x1/x
x+

. 0
 4. 31

4.
1.
lim f (x) = b,
xa
f (x) = b + (x), (x) 
a.
.
> 0 > 0, x {0 < |x a| < } : |f (x) b| < .
, (x) = f (x) b 
a. f (x) f (x) = b + [f (x) b] = b + (x).
1 .
2 (). f (x) = b + (x), b  ,
(x)  a,
lim f (x) = b.
xa

2 .
4. f (x) g(x) -
a,
lim f (x) = b, lim g(x) = c.
xa xa

:
1)
lim [f (x) g(x)] = b c.
xa
2)
lim f (x)g(x) = bc.
xa
3) c 6= 0,
a f (x)/g(x)
f (x) b
lim = .
xa g(x) c

. 1) 1
f (x) = b + (x), g(x) = c + (x), (2.1)
(x) (x)  a.
f (x) g(x) = (b c) + (x) (x) = (b c) + (x), (2.2)
32 . 2.

(x) = (x) (x)  a

2. 2 (2.2) ,

lim [f (x) g(x)] = b c.

xa
2) .
3) c > 0 ( c < 0 ).
c
= .
2
> 0, x {0 < |x a| < } : |g(x) c| < ,
c 3c
c < g(x) < c + , < g(x) < ,
c 2 2
= . , g(x) 6= 0
2
a, , ,
f (x)
.
g(x)
(2.1), :
f (x) b b + (x) b c(x) b(x)
= = := (x). (2.3)
g(x) c c + (x) c c g(x)

( := , , ,
(x)).
1
-
cg(x)
c 1 2
a, g(x) > , , 0 < < 2,
2 cg(x) c
c(x) b(x)  a
2 3. (x)  a
( 3).
f (x) b
(2.3) , = + (x),
g(x) c
2 ,
f (x) b
lim = .
xa g(x) c

4 .
1. 4
x .
 4. 33

4:
1)
lim cf (x) = c lim f (x),
xa xa
c = const.
2) Pn (x) Qm (x)  n m,
f (x) = Pn (x)/Qm (x) -
.
: Qm (a) 6= 0,
Pn (x) P (a)
lim = n .
xa Qm (x) Qm (a)

. Qm (x) = Cm xm + Cm xm + ... + C , 1
1
0

Ci  - ( Qm (x)).
,
lim x = a.
xa

, 4, ,
lim xi = ai (i = 1, 2, ..., m), lim ci xi = ci ai ,
xa xa

lim Qm (x) = cm am + cm1 am1 + ... + c0 = Qm (a).

xa

,
lim Pn (x) = Pn (a),
xa

Qm (a) 6= 0,
Pn (x) lim Pn (x) P (a)
lim = xa = n .
xa Qm (x) lim Qm (x) Qm (a)
xa

.
x2 2x x(x 2) x 2
lim = lim = lim = = 2.
x2 x 5x + 6
2
x2 (x 2)(x 3) x2 x 3 1

5.
a f (x) > c (f (x) 6 c)

lim f (x) = b,
xa

2 ..
34 . 2.

b > c (b 6 c).
. , f (x) > c, ,
b > c. , b < c, > 0 ,
b + < c. > 0
, a
|f (x) b| < b < f (x) < b + . -
, a -
f (x) > c f (x) < b + < c,
. ,
b > c.
2. 5
x .
3 ( ). -
n c 6 xn 6 b
lim xn = a, c 6 a 6 b.
n
4. f (x) > c ,
c. : 1/x > 0 x > 0 ,

1
lim = 0.
x x
6. a -
f (x) 6 g(x) 6 h(x),
f (x) h(x) x a,
lim f (x) = lim h(x) = b,
xa xa

lim g(x) = b.
xa

. > 0. -

a, |f (x) b| < , |h(x) b| < , ,
f (x) b 6 g(x) b 6 h(x) b.
, |g(x) b| < x {0 < |x a| < },
, lim g(x) = b.
xa

5.
. f (x) : ) ,
) , ) , ) -
X , x , x X , , x < x ,
1 2 1 2
 5. 35

: ) f (x ) < f (x ), ) f (x ) > f (x ), )
1 2 1 2

f (x ) > f (x ), ) f (x ) 6 f (x ).
1 2 1 2

)-) , )
)  X .
.
1) f (x) = x
2

(0; +).
2) f (x) = [x] ( x)
(; +).
7. f (x)
x > a,
lim f (x).
x+

. , f (x)
x > a
(
).
( b):
sup f (x) = b.
x[a;+)

,
lim f (x) = b.
x+
> 0 b .
A [a; +) :
f (A) > b . f (x) , f (x) > f (A)
x > A, , , f (x) > b x > A. -
b f (x) < x > A, |f (x) b| <
x > A, , lim f (x) = b. 7 .
x
.
a: f (x) -
() a,
 
lim f (x) lim f (x) .
xa+0 xa0

.
.
. xn = 1 + n1 . -
 n

, {xn }  -
2*
36 . 2.

( ,
).
:
n N x [1, +) : (1 + x)n > 1 + nx,
n > 1
x = 0 ( ,
).
, , -
{xn } :
 n+1  n+1
1+ 1+
1 1
xn+1
 1
= n+1
n = n+1
n+1 1+ =
xn n

1+
1

1+
1

n n

n+1
n2 + 2n + 1 1 n+1
=
n+1 n =
n + 2n + 1
2

n+1
1 n+1 n+1 n+1
  
= 1 > 1 = 1,
(n + 1) 2 n (n + 1)2 n
, xn+ > xn n, -
1

{xn }  .
{yn },
yn = xn (1 + 1/n).
, n N : yn > xn .
, , yn < yn , .. - 1

{yn }  .
,
2 = x < x < ... < xn < yn < yn < ... < y = 4,
1 2 1 1

{xn } {yn }  -
. , ,
lim xn = lim yn .
n+ n+

{xn }  -
e:
n
1

lim xn = lim 1+ = e 2, 718281828 ... .
n+ n+ n
 3

1. .

-

(. 3.1). -
?
y y

y = g ( x)
y = f ( x)
a

O a b x O c a d x
. 3.1.

f (x)
a.
1. f (x)
a,
lim f (x) = f (a).
xa
.
1) sin x x = 0, sin 0 = 0
,
lim sin x = 0.
x0
,
lim sin x = sin 0.
x0
38 . 3.

2) Pn (x)/Qm (x)
a, Qm (a) 6= 0, ,

Pn (x) P (a)
lim = n .
xa Qm (x) Qm (a)

2 ( 1).
f (x) a, > 0 > 0,
, x {|x a| < } : |f (x) f (a)| < .
, 0 <
< |x a| ( x 6= a),
,  x =
= a |f (x) f (a)| < > 0.
2 -
. f (x)
a f (a) > 0. = f (a). , -
2, > 0, , |f (x) f (a)| < = f (a)
- a, .. f (a) < f (x) f (a) < f (a).
, f (x) > 0 -
a. , f (x)
a , -
a ( -
, f (x)
a).
.
.
, :
1) f (x) a,
|f (x)| a?
2) |f (x)| a,
f (x) a?
, ,
 .

f (x)
a, .. a 6 x < a + .
. f (x) -
a,

lim f (x) = f (a) ( : f (a + 0) = f (a)).

xa+0
 1. . 39

-
a:
lim f (x) = f (a) ( f (a 0) = f (a)).
xa0

. f (x) = [x] ( x).

n Z : f (n + 0) = n, f (n 0) = n 1 f (n) =
= n, [x] x = n
,  , .
1. f (x) a
, a.
.
lim f (x) = f (a), lim f (x) = f (a).
xa+0 xa0

1 2 ,
lim f (x) = f (a),
xa

, f (x) a. -
.

. -
, ,
.
.
1) f (x) = [x] x = n, n Z.
2)
1, x Q,

D(x) =
0, x / Q,
Q  ,
, a R
lim D(x)
xa
( ).
3) f (x) = x D(x) x = 0, -

lim f (x) = f (0) = 0,

x0
( -
).
40 . 3.

1) . a -
f (x),
lim f (x) = b,
xa

a f (x) , f (a) 6= b.
f (a) = b, , .. -
a.
. f (x) = sin x/x, x 6= 0.
sin x
lim = 1
x0 x

( ), x = 0
.
(
sin x
f (x) = , x 6= 0,
x
1, x = 0,
f (x) x = 0.
2) 1- . a
1- f (x),
lim f (x) lim f (x),
xa+0 xa0

(.. f (a 0) 6= f (a + 0)).
. f (x) = [x]. x = n, n Z
1- ,
f (n 0) = n 1, f (n + 0) = n 6= f (n 0).
3) 2- . a
2- f (x),
f (x).
.
1) x = 0 2-
1 1 1
sin , lim sin lim sin
x x x x+ x
.
0 0

2) x = 1 2-
2 /(x ) ,
1 1

1 1
lim 2 x1 = 0, lim 2 x1 = (.. ).
x10 x1+0
 2. 41

2.
2. f (x) g(x) a,
f (x) g(x), f (x)g(x), f (x)/g(x) ( g(a) 6= 0)
a.
.
lim f (x) = f (a), lim g(x) = g(a).
xa xa

( 4 2),
lim (f (x) g(x)) = f (a) g(a), lim f (x)g(x) = f (a)g(a),
xa xa

f (x) f (a)
, g(a) 6= 0, lim = ,
xa g(x) g(a)
.

t y = f (t)
, x: t = (x).
, y -
x ( f ) y = f ((x)).
. y = sin(x )  : y = sin t, t = x .
2 2

3. t = (x) x = a,
(a) = b, y = f (t) b. -
y = f ((x)) x = a.
. ,
lim f ((x)) = f ((a)),
xa

.. > 0 > 0, ,
|f ((x)) f ((a))| < |x a| < .
> 0. f (t)
b, > 0, , |f (t) f (b)| < |t b| < ,
,
|f ((x)) f ((a))| < |(x) (a)| < . (3.1)
, (x)
a > 0, ,
|(x) (a)| < |x a| < . (3.2)
42 . 3.

(3.1) (3.2) ,
|x a| < , |f ((x)) f ((a))| < ,

.
. f (x)
X , -
.
: Pn (x)/Qm (x)
, Qm (x) 6= 0.
, f (x) [a, b]
(a < b), -
[a, b], a b .
4. f (x) [a, b]
f (a)f (b) < 0, c (a, b), , f (c) = 0.
. f (a) < 0, f (b) >
> 0.
f (x) < 0 a. -
X xe [a, b],
f (x) < 0 [a, xe), X = {ex : f (x) < 0 a 6 x < x e}.
, , -
. sup X = c. ,
x0 < c : f (x0 ) < 0. (3.3)
, x < c, x
0 0

X xe X , ,
e > x . f (x) < 0 [a, x
x 0 e), f (x ) < 0.
0

, f (c) = 0. .
, f (c) < 0. f (x) < 0 -
c , , e x > c, , f (x) < 0
[a, x
e), , sup X = c.
, f (c) > 0. f (x) > 0
c, , , x < c : f (x) > 0,
(3.3).
, , f (c) = 0. .
. ( -
.) f (x) -
[a, b], f (a) = A, f (b) = B .
C (A, B) c (a, b): f (c) = C .
. A < B , A <
< C < B . g(x) = f (x) C . -
[a, b], g(a) = f (a) C = A C < 0,
 3. 43

g(b) = f (b) C = B C > 0. 4

c (a, b), g(c) = 0, .. f (c) C = 0, f (c) = C ,
.

3.

y = f (x) X Y 
. y Y
x X . ,
y = f (x) -
X Y .
y Y x
X , f (x) = y . Y
.
y = f (x) x = f (y). 1

, x = f (y) - 1

y = f (x).
.
.
1) y = x , X = [0, +).
2

Y = [0, +) .
x = y , Y .
2) y = x ,
2

X = (, +). , 1,
Y [0, +), ,
, -
X Y , .
5.
y = f (x) , - y
- f (b)
[a, b]. : 1) -
- y 2

Y = [f (a), f (b)]; 2) - y +
0
y 0

Y y -0
y 1
x = f (y); 3) -
1

- f (a)
; 4)
Y . O a x - x0 x +
0 b x 0

. (
) . 3.2.

y = f (x) [a, b].

44 . 3.

(. 3.2).
.
1) y = f (x)
f (a) f (b), -
, f (a) f (b). ,
Y = [f (a), f (b)].
2) y Y
x [a, b]. , , y
Y x x [a, b] ( - 1 2

x < x ), f (x ) = f (x ) = y , -
1 2 1 2

f (x) [a, b]. ,

Y x = f (y). 1

3) , x = f (y) 1

Y . y , y Y , y < y . , f (y ) <
1 2 1 2
1
1

< f (y ). f (y ) = x , f (y ) = x . ,
1
2
1
1 1
1
2 2

x < x . , x > x . f (x ) > f (x )

1 2 1 2 1 2

y = f (x), .. y > y , 1 2

y < y . , x = f (y) -
1 2
1

Y .
4) x = f (y) 1

Y .
y Y . f (y ) = x . , > 0
0
1
0 0

> 0, , |f (y) f (y )| < |y y | < ,

1 1
0 0

|f (y) x | < y -
1
0

y .
0

, x > a, x + < b. 0 0

f (x ) = y , f (x + ) = y .
0 1 0 2

y = f (x) , y < y < y , 1 0 2

y (y , y ): f (y) (x , x + ). -
1 2
1
0 0

- y , 0

(y , y ). y -
1 2

-
x , .. y {|y y | < }
0 0

|f (y) x | < , .
1
0

-
Y .
5 .

4.
5, -
.
 4. 45

1) y = sin x (
). ,
lim sin x = sin 0 = 0,
x0

sin x x = 0.
y = sin x
x = a R.
, sin x sin a x a, ,
, sin x sin a 0 x a. :
xa x+a
sin x sin a = 2 sin cos 0 x a,
2 2

x a,  .
y = sin x [/2, /2].
(

x2 x1 x2 + x1

sin x2 sin x1 = 2 sin cos .
2 2
5
h    i
Y = sin , sin = [1, 1],
2 2
Y (
x = arcsin y ) -
[1, 1].
2) y = cos x
x = arccos y -
.
3) y = tg x. tg x = sin x/ cos x ( x 6= /2 + n,
n Z),
.
y = tg x [/2 + , /2 ],
> 0  . tg x

sin(x2 x1 )
tg x2 tg x1 = .
cos x1 cos x2
5
Y = [tg(/2 + ), tg(/2 )], Y -
46 . 3.

( x = arctg y ), -
.

tg(/2 + ) tg(/2 ) + +0,

y R > 0, ,
y [tg(/2 + ), tg(/2 )] .

x = arctg y , -
(, +).
4) y = ctg x
x = arcctg y -
.
5) y = xn , n  .
n -
, x.
[0, a], a > 0 
.
. 5
Y = [0, an ],
Y
( x = n y x = y /n ), 1

.

y > 0 a, , y [0, an ],
x = y ,
n
[0, +).
, x > 0 x /n . ,
1

xm/n = (x /n )m , m 
1

.
6) y = ax (a > 0, a 6= 1). -
x = m/n
. 5). , -
r = m/n ar
:
) r > r , ar1 > ar2 a > 1 ar1 < ar2 0 < a < 1;
1 2

) ar1 ar2 = ar1 +r2 ;

) (ar1 )r2 = ar1 r2 ;
) a = 1 ( );
0

) ar = 1/ar ( );
) ar br = (ab)r ;
) r: ar > 0.
ax x.
 4. 47

a > 1, x  . -
{ar }, r  ,
x. , ,
ar , r  , x.
, sup{ar }.
ax = sup{ar }.
rQ
r6x

ax :
ax = inf {aR }.
RQ
R>x

. ,
.
0 < a < 1, 1/a > 1, x ax =
= (1/a)x .
, ax x. ,
ax )-)
x, , ax .
ax c.
a > 1. ax
c . , > 0
c, ac ax < . -

ac = sup{ar }.
rQ
r6c

> 0 ac .
ac ,
er < c, , are > ac . ax
ax > are re < x 6 c. ax > ac
re < x 6 c, , , ac ax < re < x 6 c,
ax c .
ax
c . -
ax c.
y = ax -
[b, c]. 5
Y = [ab , ac ], Y (
x = loga y ), .
48 . 3.

y > 0 b c, , y [ab , ac ],
x = loga y , -
(0, +).
a = e, loge y := ln y -
, ex .
7)
: y = x , x > 0, R. x = e ln x ,

y = et t = ln x.
1)-7) -
. , -

,
, -
.
,
,
.

5.

:
sin x
lim = 1.
x0 x
0
( ).
0
. ( -
)

sin x < x < tg x 0<x< ,
2
:
x 1
1< < ,
sin x cos x

sin x
cos x < < 1 0 < x < .
x 2
cos x sin x/x -
/2 < x < 0.
 5. 49

x 0. cos x 1 (
cos x) 1 1 x 0, , 6
2, sin x/x 1 x 0, .
.
1) sin x x x 0, sin x x = o(x),

sin x x 0:
sin x = x + o(x).
, o(x) = x /6 + o x . 3 3


2)
cos x = 1 x /2 + o x x 0.

2 2

,
 sin x 2
1 cos x
lim = lim x
2
= 1,
x0 x2 x0
2
2

1 cos x
x /2 1 cos x x /2 = o x 2 2 2

cos x = 1 x /2 + o x x 0.
2 2

3)
tg x = x + o(x) x 0.
( ). ,
o(x) = x /3 + o x .

3 3

.
1)
x2
 
2
1 1 + 2 (x + o(x))
9
+ o x2


1 cos 3x + 2 sin2 x 2
lim 2
= lim =
x0 x x0 x2
x2
+ o(x2 ) + 2x2 + o(x2 )
9
13 o(x2 ) 13
 
2
= lim = lim + 2 = .
x0 x2 x0 2 x 2
2)
sin x tg x
lim .
x0 x3
(
):
sin x tg x x + o(x) (x + o(x)) o(x)
lim 3
= lim 3
= lim 3 = ?
x0 x x 0 x x 0 x
50 . 3.

( ):
sin x tg x sin x(cos x 1)
lim 3
= lim =
x0 x x 0 cos x x3

1 sin x cos x 1
 1 1
= lim = 11 = .
x0 cos x x x2 2 2

:
lim (1 + x)1/x = e.
x0

( 1 )

 1 n
e = lim 1+ .
n+ n

1/n = x, n = 1/x, x 0 n +
:
 1 n
e = lim 1+ = lim (1 + x)1/x .
n+ n x0

, , -
, .. x 0,
1/n, n N, -
x ,
x .

[x]
1

f (x) = 1+ , x > 1.
[x]

f (x) = (1 + 1/n)n n 6 x < n + 1,

 1 n
lim f (x) = lim 1+ = e.
x+ n+ n

,  1 x
lim 1+ = e.
x+ x
 5. 51

( x > 1):
1 1 1
[x] 6 x 6 [x] + 1 = [x + 1] 6 6
[x + 1] x [x]
1 1 1
1+ 61+ 61+
[x + 1] x [x]
[x] [x]+1
1 1 x 1
  
1+ 6 1+ 6 1+
[x + 1] x [x]
[x+1]  1
1 1 1 x
 
1+ 1+ 6 1+ 6
[x + 1] [x + 1] x
[x] 
1 1
 
6 1+ 1+ .
[x] [x]
x +. -
, , e. -
,  1 x
lim 1 + = e.
x+ x
y = 1/x. y +0 x + :
 1 x 1
lim 1+ = lim (1 + y) y = e.
x+ x y+0

1
lim (1 + x) x = e. (3.4)
x+0

,
1
lim (1 + x) x = e. (3.5)
x0

y = x. y +0 x 0
1 1
y1 1
 
1 y y y
(1 + x) x = (1 y) = = 1+ .
1y 1y
z = y/(1 y). y +0, z +0. ,
y = z/(1 + z) 1/y = 1/z + 1.
1 1
lim (1 + x) x = lim (1 + z) z (1 + z) = e 1 = e,
x0 z+0
52 . 3.

(3.5).
(3.4) (3.5) :
1
lim (1 + x) x = e,
x0

.
.
1)
loga (1 + x) 1
 
1
lim = lim loga (1 + x) x = loga e = .
x0 x x0 ln a

, loga (1 + x) x/ ln a x 0,

x
loga (1 + x) = + o(x) x 0. (3.6)
ln a
, a = e
ln(1 + x) = x + o(x) x 0.

2)
ax 1 y
lim = lim = ln a.
x0 x y0 loga (1 + y)

ax 1 = y , y 0,
x 0. , ax 1 x ln a x 0,

ax = 1 + x ln a + o(x) x 0. (3.7)
, a = e
ex = 1 + x + o(x) x 0.
 4

1. .

y = f (x) (a, b). -
- x (a, b)
x + x . x -
x.
y = f (x + x) f (x).
x
x. y = f (x)
x.

y f (x + x) f (x)
= .
x x
x.
.
y
lim ,
x0 x

y = f (x) x.
: f 0 (x) y 0 (x).
y(x),
, x  .
dy
: , , ,
dx
.
.
1) y = c, c  .
y = f (x + x) f (x) = c c = 0,
y
lim = 0, c0 = 0.
x0 x
54 . 4. .

2) y = xn , n N.
:
y = f (x + x) f (x) = (x + x)n xn =
= xn + nxn1 x + n(n 1)xn2 (x)2 /2 + ...+ (x)n xn =
= nxn1 x + o(x) x 0.

:
y o(x)
= nxn1 + nxn1 x 0,
x x

(xn )0 = nxn1 , n N.
, -
n x > 0.
3) y = sin x. :
x x
 
y = sin(x + x) sin x = 2 sin cos x + =
2 2
 
x x
 
=2 + o(x) cos x + x 0.
2 2
x x
sin = + o(x)
2 2
x 0. cos x, -
:
 
y o(x) x
 
= 1+ cos x + cos x x 0.
x x 2
,
(sin x)0 = cos x.
4) ,
(cos x)0 = sin x.

5) y = loga x (x > 0).

 
x
y = loga (x + x) loga x = loga 1+ ,
x
 1. . . 55

, (3.6), :
x
y = + o(x) x 0,
x ln a
,
y 1 o(x) 1
= + x 0.
x x ln a x x ln a
,
(loga x)0 = 1/(x ln a),
,
(ln x)0 = 1/x.
6) y = ax (a > 0; a 6= 1).
(3.7),
y = ax+x ax = ax (ax 1) = ax (x ln a + o(x))
x 0.
,
 
y o(x)
= ax ln a + ax ln a x 0.
x x

,
(ax )0 = ax ln a,
,
(ex )0 = ex .


y f (x + x) f (x)
= x > 0.
x x
.
y
lim ,
x+0 x

y = f (x)
x. : f 0 (x).

56 . 4. .

y = f (x)
x:
y 0
lim = f (x).
x0 x
y = f (x) -
.
. y = |x|. x = 0 :
x, x > 0

y = y(0 + x) y(0) = ,
x, x < 0

+1, x > 0,

y
=
x 1, x < 0.
, y = |x| 0
1, 1.
y = |x| .

, ,
, z = f (x, y).
, y , z
x.
z = f (x, y) x
zx0 . zy0 -
y .
. z = xy . zx0 = y xy ,1

zy = xy ln x.
0

2.

x  , y = f (x)  , -
Oy , x.

y f (x + x) f (x)
=
x x

x x + x,
y
lim = f 0 (x) = v(x)
x0 x
 2. 57

x.
y = f (x) f 0 (x)
y ()
x.

-
y
l. l1
, l2

Ox, >0
O x
<0

l,
/2 < 6 /2 (. 4.1).
k = tg . 4.1.

l .
y = f (x), ..
{(x, f (x)), x X}, X  .
M (x, f (x)) N (x + x, f (x + x)).
M N -
. M N Ox
(x) (. 4.2). x .

N
f (x + x )

l Dy = f ( x + Dx) - f ( x)
f (x )
M
123
P
(Dx) x
0
O x x + x x

. 4.2.
58 . 4. .

.
lim (x) = 0 ,
x0

l k = tg , 0

M (x, f (x)),
y = f (x) M .
, l -
M N x 0. -
, y = f (x)
M (x, f (x)) M N
x 0.
1. y = f (x) x -
f 0 (x), M (x, f (x))
,
f 0 (x).
. M N P (. . 4.2) :
y y
tg (x) = (x) = arctg .
x x

x 0 ,
y
lim = f 0 (x)
x0 x

arctg t  . :
y
lim (x) = lim arctg = arctg f 0 (x).
x0 x0 x

,
M (x, f (x)).
0 = lim (x) = arctg f 0 (x),
x0

, , -
k = tg = f 0 (x). .
0

, y =
= f (x) M (x , f (x )) :
0 0

y f (x0 ) = f 0 (x0 )(x x0 ).

 3. 59

3.
y = f (x) x,

y
lim = f 0 (x).
x0 x

y f (x + x) f (x)
(x) = f 0 (x) = f 0 (x). (4.1)
x x
(x) x 6= 0
x 0. (4.1) :
y = f 0 (x) x + (x) x x 6= 0. (4.2)
(4.2) x = 0,
- (x) x = 0. -
(0) = 0, (x)
x = 0 . , f 0 (x)
x, .. x
.
, y = f (x) x,
(4.2),
(x) 0 x 0, (0) = 0.
, y = f (x)
x
y = A x + (x) x, (4.3)
A  , (x) 0 x 0, (0) = 0.
, y = f (x) -
x, f 0 (x) = A. (4.3) :
y
= A + (x),
x
,
y
lim = f 0 (x) = A.
x0 x

, y = f (x)
x,
(4.3), A = f 0 (x), ,
x (4.3), x
60 . 4. .

, f 0 (x) = A, .. -
x
(4.3) .
. y = f (x)
x (4.3), A  ,
(x)  x 0, (0) = 0,
y = f (x) x.
, -
x ,
.
-
.
. (4.3) -
A = f 0 (x), (x) x = o(x) x 0, -

y = f 0 (x) x + o(x). (4.4)
. y = x . : 2

y = (x + x)2 x2 = 2x x + x x = 2x x + o(x).

A = f 0 (x) = 2x.
2. y = f (x)
a, .
. ,
lim f (x) = f (a).
xa

: x a = x. x 0 x a,
x = a + x, ,

lim f (a + x) = f (a) lim [f (a + x) f (a)] = 0.

x0 x0

f (a + x) f (a) = y  a.
, ,
lim y = 0.
x0

y = f (x)
a,
y = f 0 (a) x + o(x).
 3. 61

,
lim y = 0,
x0
.
.
lim y = 0,
x0

y = f (a + x) f (a),
y = f (x) a.
, a, ,
a, .
, 2 -
, ..
.
. f (x) = |x| x = 0,
.
,
, .

(1815-1897) 1872 .

,
(4.4): y = f 0 (x) x + o(x).
y x y = f (x)
: f 0 (x) x o(x).
x 0. f 0 (x) 6= 0,
,
x: f 0 (x) x = O(x). o(x)
, x.
. y = f (x)
x x:
dy = f 0 (x) x. (4.5)
, f 0 (x) 6= 0, dy = f 0 (x) x
y x 0. f 0 (x) = 0, dy = 0
.
x -
: dx = x. (4.5)
: dy = f 0 (x)dx, ,
dy
f 0 (x) = ,
dx
62 . 4. .

.. x  ,
x
.
. y = sin x. -
: dy = d(sin x) = cos x dx  -
dx x. ,
1
  
= dx; =0, 05; =0.
  
d(sin x) d(sin x) d(sin x)
x=
2 x= ,dx=0,1 x=
3 3 2

x  , y = f (x)  Oy
x. y = f (x + x) f (x) 
() x
x + x. dy = f 0 (x) x = v(x) x,
,
, v(x)
[x, x + x] , f 0 (x).

y

N
f (x + x )

Dy
123
dy
f (x )
M
x

O x x + x x

. 4.3.

dy y = f (x)
x, ,
[x, x + x]
( ), f 0 (x) (. . 4.3).
 4. 63

y = dy + o(x)
f (x + x) x, f (x) f 0 (x).
,
f (x + x) f (x) = f 0 (x) x + o(x)
:
f (x + x) = f (x) + f 0 (x) x + o(x),

f (x + x) f (x) + f 0 (x) x.

4.
3. u(x) v(x)
x, u(x) v(x), u(x) v(x), u(x)/v(x) ( v(x) 6=
= 0) x, :
1) [u(x) v(x)]0 = u0 (x) v 0 (x);
2) [u(x) v(x)]0 = u0 (x) v(x) + u(x) v 0 (x);
0
u0 (x)v(x) u(x)v 0 (x)

u(x)
3) = .
v(x) v 2 (x)
. 2) ( 1) 3) -
). y(x) = u(x)v(x).
y = y(x + x) y(x) = u(x + x)v(x + x) u(x)v(x) =
= u(x + x)v(x + x) u(x)v(x) + u(x)v(x + x)
u(x)v(x + x) = [u(x + x) u(x)]v(x + x)+
+u(x)[v(x + x) v(x)] = u v(x + x) + v u(x).

:
y u v
= v(x + x) + u(x).
x x x
x 0:
y
lim = v(x)u0 (x) + u(x)v 0 (x),
x0 x
64 . 4. .

y 0 (x) = (u(x)v(x))0 = u0 (x)v(x) + u(x)v 0 (x), -

.
.
(1) [c y(x)]0 
= c y 0(x), c = const;
0
sin x (sin x)0 cos x sin x(cos x)0
(2) (tg x)0 = = =
cos x cos2 x

cos2 x + sin2 x 1
= = ;
cos2 x cos2 x

1
(3) (ctg x)0 = ( ).
sin2 x

5.
4. -
y y = f (x) ,
-
f (b)
x ,
0
y0 + Dy
y0 = f ( x0 ) x f 0 (x ) 6= 0.
0 0

f (x ) = y . -
0 0
f (a) y - 0

Dx x = f (y), -
1

O
(
a x0 x0 + Dx b
)
x y 0

. 4.4. 0 1
f 1 (y0 ) = 0 .
f (x0 )

. - [a, b], -
x , 0

a < x < b. y = f (x)

0

(. 4.4). , 5 3,
y = f (x), [a, b], -
Y = [f (a), f (b)], Y
x = f (y), .
1

y (f (a), f (b)).
0

y y 0

y 6= 0 , (y + y) (f (a), f (b)). -
0

x = f (y + y) f (y ), 1
0
1
0
 5. 65

:
x 6= 0. :
x 1
=  . (4.6)
y y
x

y 0 -
x = f (y) - 1

: x 0 y 0.
x 0 (4.6)
1
f 0 (x ), 0
0 . ,
f (x0 )
(4.6),
0
f (y ). , -
1
0

y 0 (4.6), :
0 1
f 1 (y0 ) = .
f 0 (x0 )

.
. -
- y

. 2
f 0 (x ) -
0

y = arcsin x
y -1
0 x
x x . 0
1
, -
x x x + x,
0 0

.. x - -
2
x, -
y -
y f 0 (x ) x.
0

, y . 4.5.

f 0 (x ) , x. x 1/f 0 (x )
0 0
1
, y : x 0 y ,
f (x0 )
x y (
0
f (y )) 1/f 0 (x ).
1
0 0

.
1) y = sin x /2 < x < /2.
3 ..
66 . 4. .

: x = arcsin y , 1 < y < 1.

x (/2, /2) 4,
1 1 1 1
(arcsin y)0 = = =q =p , 1 < y < 1.
(sin x)0 cos x 1 y2
1 sin x 2

, y x:
1
(arcsin x)0 = p , 1 < x < 1.
1 x2
. x +1 ( x 1) :
(arcsin x)0 +. ,
.
, -
 , Oy ( 4.5).
2)
1
(arccos x)0 = p , 1 < x < 1.
1 x2
3) y = tg x, /2 < x < /2. -
: x = arctg y , < y < +.
x (/2, /2) 4,
1 1 1 1
(arctg y)0 = = = cos2 x = = .
(tg x) 0 1
1 + tg x 2
1 + y2
cos2 x
, y x:
1
(arctg x)0 = , < x < +.
1 + x2
4)
1
(arcctg x)0 = .
1 + x2

6.
y = f (t), t = (x),
y = f ((x)) := F (x).
5. t = (x) -
x , (x ) = t , y = f (t)
0 0 0
 6. 67

t0 . F (x) = f ((x))
x0 :
F 0 (x0 ) = f 0 (t0 ) 0 (x0 ) = f 0 ((x0 )) 0 (x0 ).

.
, y = F (x)
x :
0

y = f 0 ((x0 )) 0 (x0 ) x + (x) x, (4.7)

(x) 0 x 0 (0) = 0.
x x x . t = 0

= (x) t = (x + x) (x ),
0 0

(
t = (x) x ): 0

t = 0 (x0 ) x + (x) x, (4.8)

(x) 0 x 0 (0) = 0.
t t -
y = f (t + t) f (t ) y = f (t).
0 0

y = f (t) t , y 0

y = f 0 (t0 ) t + (t) t, (4.9)
(t) 0 t 0 (0) = 0.
(4.8) t (4.9), -
:
y = f 0 (t0 ) 0 (x0 ) x + [ f 0 (t0 ) + 0 (x0 ) + ] x =

= f 0 ((x0 )) 0 (x0 ) x + (x) x,

.. (4.7), (x) 0 x 0
(0) = 0. .
. -
: 0 (x )  t -
0

x, f 0 (t ) 
0

y t, F 0 (x ) 
0

y x. ,
: F 0 (x ) = f 0 (t ) 0 (x ).
0 0 0

3*
68 . 4. .

.
1)
y = x ,
 , x > 0.
: x = e( ln x) = et ,
t = ln x.

(x )0 = (et )0 ( ln x)0 = et = x = x1 .
x x
, x > 0 R:
(x )0 = x1 .
:

0 1
x = ;
2 x
 0
1 1
= .
x x2
2)
y = ln cos(arctg ex ).
, -
:
1 1
y0 = ( sin(arctg ex )) ex =
cos(arctg ex ) 1 + e2 x
ex e 2x
= tg(arctg ex ) = .
1 + e 2x 1 + e2 x
3) -

y(x) = [u(x)]v(x) , u(x) > 0.
 1 0
y = e v ln u
, y = e
0 v ln u
v ln u + v u = uv ln u v 0 +
0
u
+ vuv1 u0 ,
 
v 0 v 0 v 0
 
(u ) = (u )  + (u )  .
u=const v=const
 7. 69

7.
y = f (x), x  -
,
dy = f 0 (x)dx, (4.10)
dx = x
x. dy -
.
, (4.10) , -
x ,
t: x = (t).
y = f ((t)) := F (t) 
t, 5.
dy = F 0 (t)dt, -
5 F 0 (t) = f 0 ((t)) 0 (t), dy = f 0 ((t)) 0 (t)dt.
x = (t), dx = 0 (t)dt, dy
(4.10), (4.10)
, x 
t.

. , ( )
() ,
, dx = 0 (t)dt 6= x. (4.10) ,

dy
f 0 (x) = , (4.11)
dx
..
, x 
,
t.
(4.11). x y
t, :
x = (t), y = (t). (4.12)
t
t = (x),
1
x = (t).
: y = (x) := f (x).

1

, (4.12) y =
= f (x). -
.
70 . 4. .

f 0 (x). (4.11):

0 dy 0 (t)dt 0 (t) 
f (x) = = 0 = 0 
dx (t)dt (t) t=1 (x).

, ,
: 
0 (t) 
f 0 (x) =
0 (t) t=1 (x).

,
-
:
 0
1 0 0 1 1
y = f (x) = ( (x)) f (x) = ( (x)) (x) =

1 
 
0 1 0 (t) 
= ( (x)) 0  = 0 
(t) t=1 (x) (t) t=1 (x).

.
(4.12) -
y
r
, -
r v(t) -

(t ) j
: t  , (x, y) =
((t ), (t ) ) = ((t), (t))  -
r t (. 4.6).
(t )i
r
j
r
y = f (x) -
O i x -
.
. 4.6.

~v (t) = 0 (t)~i + 0 (t)~j
,
0 (t)
tg = = f 0 (x).
0 (t)
 8. 71

8.
y = f (x)
(a, b). f 0 (x) ,
(a, b). f 0 (x)
x (a, b), f 0 (x) x
f (x) x (
) f 00 (x) (
: f ( ) (x), y 00 (x), y ( ) (x)).
2 2

n- ( n- )
y = f (x) (n 1)-
:   0
f (n) (x) = f (n1) (x) .

x , y = f (x)  Oy
x, f 0 (x) = v(x) 
x, f 00 (x) = [f 0 (x)]0 = v 0 (x) = a(x) 
x.

, f 00 (x) -
y = f (x) (. 4.7).
y
y = f ( x) y = g ( x)
f ( x) > 0

g ( x) < 0

O x
. 4.7.

.
1) y = x .
y 0 = x1 ,
y 00 = ( 1)x2 ,
y 000 = ( 1)( 2)x3
72 . 4. .

.. n-
y (n) = ( 1) ... ( n + 1)xn
( -
). , = m N,
(xm )(m) = m(m 1) ... 1 x0 = m!, (xm )(n) = 0 n > m.
2) y = ax .
y 0 = ax ln a,
y 00 = ax (ln a)2 ,
.. n-
y (n) = ax (ln a)n
( -
). , (ex )(n) = ex .
3) y = sin x.
y 0 = cos x = sin(x + /2),
y 00 = sin(x + 2/2),
.. n-
y (n) = sin(x + n/2)
( -
).
4) , (cos x)(n) = cos(x + n/2).
n-
u(x) v(x) n- ,
u(x) v(x), u(x)v(x) n-
, :
(u(x) v(x))(n) = u(n) (x) v (n) (x). (4.13)
(uv)(n) = u(n) v + Cn1 u(n1) v 0 + Cn2 u(n2) v (2) + ... +
n
+ Cnk u(nk) v (k) + ... + u v (n) = Cnk u(nk) v (k) , (4.14)
X

k=0

:= u,
u(0) = n!/[k!(n k)!], n! = 1 2 ... n, 0! = 1.
Cnk
.
 9. 73

n = 2 :
 0  0
(u(x) v(x))(2) = (u(x) v(x))0 = u0 (x) v 0 (x) =

= u(2) (x) v (2) (x),

n = 2 (4.13) .
n N -
.
, (4.14)
:
n
X
n
(u + v) = Cnk unk v k .
k=0

-
. :
Cnk + Cnk1 = Cn+
k
1
.

. y = x2 e3x . -
(4.14), y (10) :

y (10) = (e3x )(10) x2 + C10

1
(e3x )(9) (x2 )0 +
2
+C10 (e3x )(8) (x2 )00 + ... = 310 e3x x2 + 10 39 e3x 2x +
10 9
+ e x
3
38 2 = 39 e3x (3x2 + 20x + 30).
2

9.
y = f (x)
(a, b), .. .
x  ,

dy = f 0 (x)dx.

x = (t) 
t,
dy = f 0 (x)dx = f 0 ((t)) 0 (t)dt.
74 . 4. .

dy -
 (x t)
(dx dt), . -

dy (x t),
(dx dt)
dy .
-
.
-
( ) d y y = f (x)
2

, ..
d2 y = d(dy),

, , dy
(x t)
dx dt.
n- dn y (n > 2) -

dn y = d(dn y), 1

-
.
.
1. x , dy = f 0 (x)dx,
dx = x  . ,
,
   
d2 y = d(dy) = d(f 0 (x)dx) = dx d(f 0 (x)) = dx (f 0 (x))0 dx =
= f (2) (x)(dx)2 ,
 
d3 y = d(d2 y) = (dx)2 d f (2) (x) = (dx)2 f (3) (x)dx = f (3) (x)(dx)3 ,

..
n:
dn y = f (n) (x)(dx)n .
,
dn y
f (n) (x) = ,
dxn
 10. - 75

.. n- y = f (x) -
n- n-
.
. y = sin x. d y: 20

d20 (sin x) = (sin x)(20) (dx)(20) = sin(x + 20 /2)(dx)20 =

= sin x (dx)20 .

2. x  -
t: x = (t).
dx = 0 (t)dt, dy = f 0 ((t)) 0 (t)dt,

:
   0
2 0 0 0 0
d y = d(dy) = dt d f ((t)) (t) = dt f ((t)) (t) dt =

 
00 0 0 00
= f ((t)) ( (t)) + f ((t)) (t) dt2 =
2

= f 00 ((t)) (0 (t)dt)2 + f 0 ((t)) 00 (t)dt2 = f 00 (x)(dx)2 + f 0 (x)d2 x.

,
d2 y = f 00 (x)(dx)2 + f 0 (x)d2 x.
, -
. -
.

10. -
t T -
~r, , T
( -) ~r = ~r(t).
~r(t) , , |~r(t)|.
, |~r(t)|  t.
. ~a -
~r(t) t t , 0

lim |~r(t) ~a| = 0.

tt0
76 . 4. .

:
lim ~r(t) = ~a ~r(t) ~a t t0 .
tt0

t
t 6= 0. -
~r = ~r(t + t) ~r(t).
.
~r
lim ,
t0 t
- ~r(t) t.
: r~0 (t) d~r/dt.
Oxyz
{~i, ~j , ~k}. ~r(t) :
~r(t) = x(t)~i + y(t)~j + z(t)~k = {x(t), y(t), z(t)};
q
|~r(t)| = x2 (t) + y 2 (t) + z 2 (t) .
. , ~r(t) ~a = {a , a , a } t t ,
1 2 3 0

,
x(t) a , y(t) a , z(t) a t t .
1 2 3 0

,
q
|~r(t) ~a| = (x(t) a1 )2 + (y(t) a2 )2 + (z(t) a3 )2 .
, , ,
d~r
= x0 (t)~i + y 0 (t)~j + z 0 (t)~k = {x0 (t), y 0 (t), z 0 (t)},
dt
.. - -
.
. ~r(t) (t T ),
( ), -
- ~r = ~r(t) (. 4.8).
 , -

~r = OM = ~r(t).
d~r/dt  -
. , d~r/dt
.
 10. - 77

M (x(t ), y (t ), z (t ) )
r
r (t )
r r
k r (t )

r
r O j y
i

. 4.8.

-
 0
1) ~r1 (t) ~r2 (t) = r~0 1 (t) r~0 2 (t);
 0
2) f (t) ~r(t) = f 0 (t) ~r(t) + f (t) r~0 (t);
 0
3) ~r1 (t) ~r2 (t) = r~0 1 (t) ~r2 (t) + ~r1 (t) r~0 2 (t);
 0    
4) ~r1 (t) ~r2 (t) = r~0 1 (t) ~r2 (t) + ~r1 (t) r~0 2 (t) .
~r ~r  , [~r ~r ] 
1 2 1 2

~r ~r . 1 2

, ~r 1

~r , ..., [~r ~r ] .
2 1 2

- ,
:
0
d2~r
  
d d~r
2
= , ... , ~r (n)
(t) = ~r (n1)
(t) .
dt dt dt

:
d2~r
2
= {x00 (t), y 00 (t), z 00 (t)}.
dt
1. ( ) ~a
, .
~a -
, ~a .
78 . 4. .

z |~a| = a ~,
r |~ | = ,
. 4.9.
r r ~a : ~a = ~a(t).

a (0) a (t ) ,
d~a
~a].
= [~
dt
y
=t
x Oxyz , -
Oz -
. 4.9.

~ , ~a(t):

~a(t) = {a sin cos t, a sin sin t, a cos }.

: a sin = b, a cos = c,
d~a
= {b sin t, b cos t, 0},
dt
 
 ~i ~j ~k 
0 0  = {b sin t, b cos t, 0},
 
~a(t)] = 
[~  
 b cos t b sin t c 
,
d~a
~a].
= [~
dt
~a -
r
, ,
r
a1 r -
a
(. 4.10):

r d~a d~a d~a

a2 ~a = ~a1 ~a2 = 1 2 =
dt dt dt
~a1 ] [~
= [~ ~a2 ] = [~
(~a1 ~a2 )] = [~
~a] .
. 4.10.
2. (-
, ), -
~
{i~ , j~ , k~ } (. 4.11).
0 0 0
 10. - 79

{~i, ~j , ~k}. -
~ ,
~i = ~i(t), ~j = ~j(t), ~k = ~k(t),
d~i d~j d~k
h i
~ ~i , ~ ~j , ~ ~k .
   
= = =
dt dt dt
M ,
. -

- OM~ , ~r(t).
M -
, .. ~v = d~r/dt.
~r(t) () {~i, ~j , ~k}:

~r(t) = x(t)~i + y(t)~j + z(t)~k.

,
d~r dx ~ d~i dy ~ d~j dz ~ d~k
= i+x + j+y + k+z =
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
 
dx ~ dy ~ dz ~
h i
~ ~i + y ~ ~j + z ~ ~k .
   
= i+ j+ k +x
dt dt dt
-
{~i, ~j , ~k}. -
~v . ,
.

d~r
h  i
~ x~i + y~j + z~k
= ~v. + ~r] .
= ~v. + [~
dt
[~ ~r] -
,
. ~v . .

, M (.. -
) -
:
d~r
~v = = ~v. + ~v. .
dt
M . :
 
d~v d~v. d~v d~r d dx ~ dy ~ dz ~
h i
~a = = + . =
~ + i+ j+ k =
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
80 . 4. .
r

r
k0
r
j0
O
r r
i0 k r r
j r (t ) M

r
i

. 4.11.

d2 x ~ d2 y ~ d2 z ~
 
(~v. + ~v. )] +
= [~ i + j + k +
dt2 dt2 dt2
 i
dx   dy   dz h
~
+ ~ ~i + ~ ~j + ~ k =
dt dt dt
~v. ] + [~
= [~ ~v. ] + ~a. + [~
~v. ] =
= ~a. + ~a. + 2 [~
~v. ] .

~v. ] =: ~a.
[~

d2 x ~ d2 y ~ d2 z
2
i + 2 j + 2 ~k =: ~a.
dt dt dt
-
, 2 [~ ~v ] 
.

~a .

, , -
:
~a = ~a. + ~a. + ~a.

, ~a. = [~ ~v. ] = ~r]

 
~ [~
.
 5

1.

. x  , y = f (x)  , -
y , x. f 0 (x) = v(x) 
x.
, .. f (x),
v(x) -
.

, .. v(x), -
, .. f (x), , -
f 0 (x) v(x): f 0 (x) = v(x).
, .
y = f (x) X .
. F (x)
f (x) X , x X : F 0 (x) = f (x).
f (x), -
x,
v(x), :
f 0 (x) = v(x).
.
1) F (x) = ln x  f (x) = 1/x -
X+ = (0; +), .. (ln x)0 = 1/x x (0; +).
F (x) = ln(x)  f (x) = 1/x -
X = (; 0), ..

0
ln(x) = 1/(x) = 1/x x (; 0).
, F (x) = ln |x|  f (x) =
= 1/x X+ X .
2)
x, x > 0,

f (x) = |x| =
x, x < 0
82 . 5.

(; +)
x2 /2, x > 0,

F (x) =
x2 /2, x < 0.
,
x > 0 : F 0 (x) = x = f (x); x < 0 : F 0 (x) = x = f (x).
( ),
F 0 (0) = 0 = f (0).
3)
+1,
x > 0,
(
f (x) = sgn x = 0, x = 0,
1, x < 0.
F (x) = x (0; +),
F (x) = x (; 0),
(; +).
, F (x)  f (x) -
X , x X : F 0 (x) = f (x), F (x) + C , C 
,
f (x) X ,
F (x) + C 0 = F 0 (x) + C 0 = f (x) + 0 = f (x).
.
1 ( ).
F (x) F (x) 
1 2

f (x) X , F (x) F (x) = C = const

1 2

.
.
F (x) = F (x) F (x). , F (x) =
1 2

= const X .
x X : F 0 (x) = F10 (x) F20 (x) = f (x) f (x) = 0.
, , F 0 (x) 0 -
X , F (x) = C = const X .
.
.
. F (x)  f (x)
X , (x) f (x)

(x) = F (x) + C ,
 1. 83

C  .
. -
f (x) X -
f (x) :
Z
f (x)dx.

f (x)
, f (x)dx  -
. , f (x)dx
F (x) f (x):
dF (x) = F 0 (x)dx = f (x)dx. (5.1)

. 1
Z
f (x)dx = F (x) + C , (5.2)

F (x)  f (x), C 
. R
. cos xdx = sin x + C .
R : R -
: f (x)dx, : f (x)? -,
, dx , -
: Z Z
yx2 xy 2
xydx = + C; xydy = + C.
2 2
-, dx
, R 3.
, f (x)dx
, .
: f (x) -
? ,
f (x). -
.
.
1
(
F (x) = x2 sin , x 6= 0,
x
0, x = 0
84 . 5.

(; +)
1 1
(
f (x) = 2x sin cos , x 6= 0,
x x
0, x = 0,
x = 0, lim f (x) -
x 0

. F 0 (x) = f (x), x 6= 0, -
1
x sin ;
2

x
F 0 (0) = f (0) = 0 (
, ).
f (x) -
, ,
Z
f (x)dx

. ,

, ..
.
R R R sin x
: ex2 dx; sin(x )dx 2

x
dx  -
.
.
R x+1
1) x dx = +C ( 6= 1);
+1
R dx
2) = ln |x| + C ;
R x
3) sin xdx = cos x + C ;
4) ( ).

2.
R
1) d ( f (x)dx) = f (x)dx;
R
2) dF (x) = F (x) + C ;
R R R
3) (f (x) g(x))dx = f (x)dx g(x)dx;
R R
4) k R (k 6= 0) : kf (x)dx = k f (x)dx.
1) 2) (5.1) (5.2) (.
5.1).
 3. 85

3). F (x) G(x) 

f (x) g(x) . F 0 (x) =
= f (x), G0 (x) = g(x)
Z Z
f (x)dx = F (x) + C1 ; g(x)dx = G(x) + C2 ,

C C  .
1 2

() :
Z Z
(5.3)
 
f (x)dx g(x)dx = F (x) G(x) + (C1 C2 ).

, F (x) G(x) 0 = F 0 (x) G0 (x) =

 
= f (x) g(x), F (x) G(x)
f (x) g(x),
Z
f (x) g(x) dx = F (x) G(x) + C , (5.4)
   

C  .
(5.3) (5.4),
Z Z Z
(f (x) g(x))dx = f (x)dx g(x)dx,

.
4) .

3.

2. x = (t) -
T
X . X f (x),
F (x). F ((t)) -
f ((t))0 (t) T .
. F 0 (x) = f (x)
, :
0
F ((t)) = F 0 ((t)) 0 (t) = f ((t))0 (t),


2.
86 . 5.

.
Z
f ((t))0 (t)dt = F ((t)) + C , (5.5)
 Z 
,
 
F ((t)) + C = (F (x) + C) = f (x)dx
x=(t) x=(t)
(5.5)
Z  Z
= f ((t))0 (t)dt.

f (x)dx
x=(t)

R . ,
f (x)dx x = (t),
x (t),
dx  d(t) = 0 (t)dt (

R dx ).
. 1) sin(x)dx.
x = t/. dx = dt/
:
Z Z
1 1 1
sin(x)dx = sin tdt = cos t + C = cos x + C.

Zr
x
2) dx (a > 0).
ax

0 6 x < a. x = a sin t, 2

0 6 t < /2.
r r r
x x x
dx = 2a sin t cos tdt, sin t = , t = arcsin , cos t = 1 .
a a a
, :
Zr Z
s
a sin2 t

x
2a sin t cos tdt =

dx =
ax x=a2 sin t a a sin2 t
Z Z Z
sin t
= 2a sin t cos tdt = 2a sin2 tdt = a (1 cos 2t)dt =
cos t
sin 2t
 
=a t + C = a(t sin t cos t) + C.
2
 3. 87

t x (
t, sin t cos t), :
Zr r r r
x x x x
dx = a arcsin a 1 +C =
ax r a a a
x p
= a arcsin x(a x) + C.
a

3. u(x) v(x) -
X v(x)u0 (x)
, X
Z
v(x)u0 (x)dx.

Z
u(x)v 0 (x)dx

X
Z Z
u(x)v (x)dx = u(x)v(x) v(x)u0 (x)dx.
0

-
.
.
0
u(x)v(x) = u0 (x)v(x) + u(x)v 0 (x),


0
: u(x)v 0 (x) = u(x)v(x) u0 (x)v(x).
 
0
u(x)v(x) [u(x)v(x)], u0 (x)v(x)

. , -
u(x)v 0 (x)
Z Z 
u(x)v 0 (x)dx = [u(x)v(x)]0 v(x)u0 (x) dx =
Z
= u(x)v(x) v(x)u0 (x)dx,

.
88 . 5.

. v 0 (x)dx = dv , u0 (x)dx = du,

Z Z
udv = uv vdu.

R , R
udv vdu, -
. :
Z Z Z
xe dx = xd(e ) = xe ex dx = xex ex + C.
x x x

4.
( )
Pn (x)/Qm (x) , n < m ( n
m  Pn (x) Qm (x)).

. :
x x A B Cx + D
= = + + 2 =
x 1
4
(x 1)(x + 1)(x + 1)
2 x1 x+1 x +1
x3 (A + B + C) + x2 (A B + D) + x(A + B C) + (A B D)
= .
(x 1)(x + 1)(x2 + 1)
, x
, -
A, B , C D:
A + B + C = 0,

A B + D = 0,

A + B C = 1,
A B D = 0,

A = B = 1/4, C = 1/2,
D = 0. , :
x 1 1 x
= + .
x4 1 4(x 1) 4(x + 1) 2(x2 + 1)
-
Pn (x)/Qm (x). Qm (x)
:
Qm (x) = (x a) ... (x b) (x2 + px + q) ... (x2 + rx + s) ,
 4. 89

a, ... , b  -
; x + px + q , ... , x + rx + s  -
2 2

,
() ; , ... ,   -
, , ,
( + ... + ) + 2( + ... + ) = m. ,
-
;
-
.
Pn (x)/Qm (x),
, -
, ,
:
Pn (x) A A1 A1 B
= + 1
+ ... + + ... + +
Qm (x) (x a) (x a) (x a) (x b)
B1 M x + N M x + N1
+ ... + + 2 + ... + 2 1 + ... +
(x b) (x + px + q) x + px + q
L x + K L x + K1
+ + ... + 2 1 .
(x2 + rx + s) x + rx + s
A , ... , K -
1

, .
-
.
,

. .
1) Z Z
A d(x a)
dx = A = A ln |x a| + C.
xa xa
2)
Z Z
A d(x a) 1
dx = A = A(x a)+1 +C =
(x a) (x a) + 1
A
= + C ( N, > 1).
(1 )(x a)1
3) Z
Mx + N
dx,
x2 + px + q
90 . 5.

p 4q < 0, , , x +
2 2

+ px + q .
p2
a = q
2

p 4
t = x + . x + px + q = (x + p/2) + (q p /4) = t + a ,
2 2 2 2 2

2
x = t p/2, dx = dt. ,
Z Z Z
Mx + N M (t p/2) + N tdt
2
dx = dt = M +
x + px + q t2 + a2 t + a2
2

 Mp
Z dt M
Z
d(t2 + a2 ) Mp 1
  Z d(t/a)
+ N = + N =
2 2
t +a 2 2 2
t +a 2 2 a 1 + (t/a)2
M Mp 1 t
 
= ln(t2 + a2 ) + N arctg =
2 2 a a
M 2N M p x + p/2
= ln(x2 + px + q) + q arctg q + C.
2 2 q p2 /4 q p2 /4

4) Z
Mx + N
dx,
(x2 + px + q)
N, > 1, x + px + q 2

.
p2
a = q -
2

4
t = x + p/2.
Z Z
Mx + N M t + (N M p/2)
2
dx = dt =
(x + px + q) (t2 + a2 )
Z Z
M d(t2 + a2 ) dt
= + (N M p/2) =
2 (t2 + a2 ) (t + a2 )
2

M
= + (N M p/2)J ,
2(1 )(t2 + a2 )1
Z
dt
J = ( > 1). J
(t2 + a2 )
, > 1:
Z Z
1
 
dt t t
J = 2 2
= 2 td =
(t + a ) (t + a2 ) 2
(t + a ) 2
(t + a2 )
2
 4. 91

Z Z 2
t t + a2 a2
t()(t2 + a2 )1 2tdt = 2 2
+ 2 2 2 +1
dt =
(t + a ) (t + a )
Z Z 
t dt dt
= 2 + 2 a2 =
(t + a2 ) 2 2
(t + a ) (t + a2 )+1
2

t
= + 2J 2a2 J+1 .
(t + a2 )
2

J :
1
 
t
J+1 = + (2 1)J .
2a2 (t + a2 )
2

Z Z
dt 1 d(t/a) 1 t
J1 = = = arctg + C ,
2
t +a 2 a 1 + (t/a) 2 a a

, = 1, J : 2

Z
1 1
 
dt t t
J2 = = 2 2 + arctg + C;
(t2 + a2 )2 2a t + a2 a a

= 2 J , J , 2 3

..
,
.
Pn (x)/Qm (x) , ..
n > m, , Pn (x) Qm (x),

Pn (x) = Qm (x) Tnm (x) + Rk (x),

Tnm (x) Rk (x)  n m k,

k < m.
Pn (x) R (x)
= Tnm (x) + k ,
Qm (x) Qm (x)

. , -
-
.
: -
.
92 . 5.

. Qm (x) = (x a) (x), (a) 6= 0, ..

x = a  .
Pn (x) Pn (x) A A1
= = + + ... .
Qm (x) (x a) (x) (x a) (x a)1

(x a) x =
= a, : 
Pn (a) P (x) 
A = = n  .
(a) (x) x=a
, A ,
Pn (x)
(x a) ,
(x a) (x)
x = a.
A -
.
.
1) ,
:
Z Z Z Z
x 1 dx 1 dx 1 xdx
dx = + =
(x 1)(x + 1)(x + 1)
2 4 x1 4 x+1 2 x2 + 1

1 1 1 1  x2 1 
 
= ln |x 1| + ln |x + 1| ln(x + 1) + C = ln  22
+ C.
4 4 4 4 x + 1
2) Z
dx
.
x a2
2

-
:
1 1 A B
2 2
= = + .
x a (x a)(x + a) xa x+a
1
, A B : A = , B=
2a
1
= . ,
2a
Z Z
1 1 1

dx
= dx =
2
x a 2 2a xa x+a

1 1  x a 
   
= ln |x a| ln |x + a| + C = ln + C.
2a 2a  x + a 
 4. 93

.
3) Z
dx
.
x2 + 1
p

x2 + 1 .
p
t=x+

t x = x2 + 1 = t2 2xt + x2 = x2 + 1,
p

t2 1 2t 2t 2(t2 1) t2 + 1
x= , dx = dt = dt,
2t 4t2 2t2
t2 1 t2 + 1
x2 + 1 = t x = t
p
= .
2t 2t
,
Z Z Z
dx t2 + 1 2t dt
= dt = = ln |t| + C =
+1 2t2 t2 + 1
p
x2 t
 
= ln x + x2 + 1 + C.
p

et et
. x = sh t = .
2
 
dx = ch tdt, t = ln x + x + 1 .
p
2

sh t + 1 = ch t, :
2 2

Z Z
dx ch tdt
 
= t + C = ln x + x2 + 1
p
= + C.
x2 + 1
p
ch t

Z
dx
 
= ln x + x2 1  + C.
 p 
x2 1
p

, Z
dx
 
= ln x + x 1  + C.
p
2
 
x2 1
p

.
94 . 5.

4) Z
dx
.
5 cos x + 4
t = tg(x/2),
x
2dt 1 tg2 1 t2
x = 2 arctg t, dx = , cos x = 2
x = ,
1+t 2
1 + tg2 1 + t2
2

5 5t2 9 t2
5 cos x + 4 = +4= .
1+t 2
1 + t2
,
, :
Z Z Z
dx dt 1 + t2 dt
= 2 = 2 =
5 cos x + 4 1 + t2 9 t2 t 9
2

 x
 tg 3 

2 t 3 1 
 
 
= ln  + C = ln  x2  + C.

6 t + 3 3  tg + 3 
2

5.
f (x) [a, b], a <
< b. [a, b]
x1 , x2 , ..., xn1 , ,

a = x0 < x1 < x2 < ... < xn1 < xn = b.

1 2 i n
a = x0 x1 x2 xi -1 xi xn -1 xn = b

. 5.1.

x , x , ..., xn -
1 2 1

[a, b], x , x , ..., xn - 1 2 1

, [xi , xi ] (i = 1

= 1, ..., n)  . -
[xi , xi ] - i
1

(. 5.1). i .
 5. 95

xi = xi xi (- 1 y
, xi > 0)

n
I(xi , i ) =
X
f (i ) xi .
i=1

I(xi , i ) - O a x1 x x b=x x
1 i -1 i i n n

f (x),
- . 5.2.

[a, b]
i [xi , xi ]. 1

f (x) > 0 
(. 5.2).
= max xi . -
6i6n
1

.
. I
I(xi , i ) 0, > 0 > 0, ,
[a, b], < , i

|I(xi , i ) I| < .

lim I(xi , i ) = I , f (x) -

0

( ) [a, b], I
f (x) [a, b]
:
Zb
I = f (x)dx.
a
-
Rb
f (x) > 0: f (x)dx
a
(. 5.3) (
11). :
Zt2
1) S = v(t)dt  ,
t1
[t , t ] v(t).
1 2
96 . 5.
Zb
y 2) A = f (x)dx 
a
y = f ( x) f (x) -
x -
b a b ( -
S = f ( x)dx
a
x, f (x) > 0, -
O a b x x,
f (x) < 0).
. 5.3. : -
f (x)
Rb
f (x)dx, ?
a
[a, b] f (x) -
, [a, b]
n
f (i ) xi
X

i=1
i , , ,
0.
.
1) f (x) = c = const, x [a, b].
[a, b] i :
n n
I(xi , i ) =
X X
f (i )xi = c xi = c(b a).
i=1 i=1

,
lim I(xi , i ) = c(b a),
0

Zb
cdx = c(b a)
a
,
. 
2) f (x) = 1, x  ,
0, x  , x [a, b] 
( ).
[a, b]
 6. 97

I(xi , i ) 0 (b a)
i . , lim I(xi , i ),
0
.

.
 -
, , , -
, . -
.

6.
f (x)  [a, b] .
[a, b]
[xi , xi ], i = 1, 2, ..., n. :
1

Mi = sup f (x), mi = inf f (x)

[xi1 ,xi ] [xi1 ,xi ]

:
n n
Mi xi ; s = mi xi ,
X X
S=
i=1 i=1

xi = xi xi . 1

S s
f (x) [a, b] , ,
.
C .
I. i [xi , xi ]
1

mi 6 f (i ) 6 Mi ,
n n n
Mi xi ,
X X X
mi xi 6 f (i )xi 6
i=1 i=1 i=1

s 6 I(xi , i ) 6 S. (5.6)
, -
.
,
4 ..
98 . 5.

. ,
s = inf {I(xi , i )} , S = sup {I(xi , i )} . (5.7)
, i [xi , xi ] 1

, f (i )
mi ( Mi ).
II. [a, b] ,
T .
T [a, b] -
2

T . 1

T T s , S s , S
1 2 1 1 2 2

.
s2 > s1 , S2 6 S1 .

,
,  .
.
Dx
678 678
j
Dx
j , T - 1

a x j -1 x x j b :
x0 [xj , xj ] (. 5.4). ,
1

. 5.4. S 6 S 2 1

( s > s -
2 1

).
x0j = x0 xj1 , x00j = xj x0 , Mj0 = sup f (x), Mj00 = sup f (x).
[xj1 ,x0 ] [x0 ,xj ]

xj = xj xj1 = x0j + x00j , Mj0 6 Mj , Mj00 6 Mj .

S1 S2 = Mj xj Mj0 x0j + Mj00 x00j =

= Mj x0j + x00j Mj0 x0j Mj00 x00j = (5.8)

= Mj Mj0 x0j + Mj Mj00 x00j > 0,

S 6 S . ,
2 1

, S 6 S -2 1

.
 6. 99

T = max xi ,
1

sup f (x) = M , inf f (x) = m,

[a,b] [a,b]

T -
2

T . (5.8)
1

S S 6 (M m) . T -
1 2 2

p T , 1

S1 S2 6 p (M m) , s2 s1 6 p (M m) . (5.9)
III.
.
. T 1

T s , S s , S . , s 6 S
2 1 1 2 2 1 2

s 6S .
2 1

T T T . 1 2

T s S . , -
II (5.6),
s1 6 s 6 S 6 S1 ,
s2 6 s 6 S 6 S2 ,

, s 6 S , s 6 S .
1 2 2 1

IV. {s}
{S} ( -
f (x) [a, b]). {S}
( ) , , -
. {s} (
) , , .

I = inf{S}, I = sup{s}.
I I
( f (x) [a, b]).
. I 6 I .
. , I > I K =
1
I + I .


=
2
S 0 s00 ,
S 0 < K s00 > K (. 5.5).
4*
100 . 5.

S , S 0 < s00 , -
s
I K I III. -
, , I 6 I .
. 5.5. , s S

s 6 I 6 I 6 S. (5.10)
V. .
lim S = I ; lim s = I ,
0 0
> 0 > 0, ,
[a, b], < ,
S I < I s < .
. .

M = sup f (x), m = inf f (x).

[a,b] [a,b]

M = m, f (x) = const = M = m,
[a, b] : S = m(b a), I = m(b a) , -
, lim S = I .
0

M > m. > 0. I =
= inf S , T [a, b], ,
1
[a,b]

S S < I + .
1
2 1

T p .
1

=
2p(M m)
, S T , -
< , S I < .
,
lim S = I.
0
T , < .
T . T = T T .
1 2 1

S . -2

(5.9) S S 6 p(M m),

2

<= ,
2p(M m)
 7. 101

S S2 < . (5.11)
2
, II, S 6 S , 2 1

S < I + , S < I + ,
1
2 2
2

S2 I < . (5.12)
2
(5.11) (5.12),
S I < , .

7.

4. , -
, -
, I = I .
. ) . f (x) -
[a, b], lim I(xi , i ) = I .
0

, , > 0
> 0, , [a, b], -
< , i -

|I(xi , i ) I| < . -
4
. s S .
I (. (5.7))
i ( i0 ),

I(xi , i0 ) s < , , (
4
i00 ), S I(xi , i00 ) < .
4
, , -

S s = [S I (xi , i00 )] + [I(xi , i00 ) I] + [I I(xi , i0 )] +
+ [I(xi , i0 ) s] < ,

.
4
(5.10):
s 6 I 6 I 6 S.
102 . 5.

S s < ,
0 6 I I < .
 , I I = 0,
I = I .
I = I f (x)
[a, b] .
. , f (x)
[a, b], > 0
[a, b], S s < .
) . I = I = I . lim s = I
0

lim S = I , s 6 I(xi , i ) 6 S
0

( (5.6)), lim I(xi , i ) = I . , f (x)

0

[a, b]. 4 .
. :
1, x  , x [a, b].

f (x) =
0, x  ,
[a, b] : s = 0, S = b a.

I = sup{s} = 0, I = inf{S} = b a.
, I 6= I , , 4,
.
5. , [a, b]
,
, > 0 -
[a, b] ( ), S s < .
. ) . . -
4.
) . > 0
[a, b], S s < . -
(5.10):
s 6 I 6 I 6 S,
, 0 6 I I < , -
I = I . 4
[a, b], . 5 .
.
Mi = sup f (x), mi = inf f (x),
[xi1 ,xi ] [xi1 ,xi ]
 8. 103

wi = Mi mi -
f (x) [xi , xi ]. S s
1

n
X n
X n
X
Ss= Mi xi mi xi = wi xi .
i=1 i=1 i=1

8.

1. . -
.
. f (x) -
X , > 0 > 0, , x0 X
x00 X , |x00 x0 | < ,

|f (x00 ) f (x0 )| < .

, 
X .
, -

. .
. f (x) = 1 , x X = (0; 1].
x
1
X . -
x
,
, > 0, > 0 x0 x00 X ,
|x00 x0 | < ,
1 1
 
|f (x00 ) f (x0 )| =  00 0  > .
x x
1 1
= 1 x0 = , x00 = , n N.
n n+2
1 1
> 0 n, , |x00 x0 | = < .
n n+2
1 1
 
 00 0  = |n + 2 n| = 2 > = 1.
x x
1
, f (x) =
x
(0; 1].
104 . 5.

.
,
.
7.

.
1- .
.
2- .
.
, f (x) [a, b],
x0 x00 [a, b], ,

f (x0 ) = M = sup f (x), f (x00 ) = m = inf f (x).

[a,b] [a,b]

. f (x) -
[a, b], > 0
[a, b], wi < (wi  f (x)
[xi , xi ]). 1

. f (x) -
[a, b]. > 0 > 0, ,
x0 , x00 [a, b], |x00 x0 | < , -
|f (x00 ) f (x0 )| < . -
[a, b], < , -
[xi , xi ]. -
1

xi xi < , wi = Mi mi , Mi = sup f (x), mi =

1
[xi1 ,xi ]
= inf f (x). , wi = Mi mi < .
[xi1 ,xi ]

x x x0 , x00 [xi , xi ] (. 5.6), ,
1

xi -1 xi f (x0 ) = Mi f (x00 ) = mi .

. 5.6. |x00 = x0 | 6 xi xi1 < ,

|f (x00 ) f (x0 )| < , Mi mi < ,

.
6.
.
. f (x)
[a, b]. > 0.
 8. 105

[a, b],

wi < .
ba
n n
X X
Ss= wi xi < xi = .
ba
i=1 i=1

5 , f (x)
[a, b]. 6 .
2. .
f (x) [a, b]
( -
).
,

, > 0 -
,
, .
.
1. f (x) n [a, b].
> 0

, .
n
,
.
,

.
2. , [a, b].
[a, b], , , ee

.
7. f (x)
[a, b] -
,
f (x) [a, b].
.
sup f (x) = M , inf f (x) = m, M > m.
[a,b] [a,b]

, [a, b]
wi 6 M m.
106 . 5.

> 0
,

. [a, b]
2(M m)
, -
f (x) .

,

wi < .
2(b a)
, ,
[a, b],
X0 X00
wi xi , (5.13)
X
Ss= wi xi = wi xi +
i i i

P ,
P0
, 00  , f (x)
. (5.13) ,
X0 X00
S s < (M m) xi + xi <
2(b a)
i i

< (M m) + (b a) = .
2(M m) 2(b a)
, > 0
[a, b], S s < . 5
, f (x) [a, b]. 7
.
. f (x) [a, b]
,
[a, b].
, - [a, b],

, [a, b].
3. .
8.
.
. f (x)
[a, b] . f (b) > f (a).
> 0 [a, b]

, .
f (b) f (a)
 9. 107

f (b) n

2
1
f (a)

O a x1 x2 xi -1 xi b x

. 5.7.

n n
X X
Ss= wi xi < wi .
f (b) f (a)
i=1 i=1
n
wi = f (b) f (a) (. . 5.7).
X

i=1
S s < , 5 ,
f (x) [a, b]. 8 .

9.
1. [a, b]
a < b.
:
Za Zb Za
f (x)dx = 0, f (x)dx = f (x)dx.
a a b
a < b.
2. .
f (x) g(x)  [a, b],
 , f (x) + g(x)
[a, b]
Zb Zb Zb
(f (x)dx + g(x)) dx = f (x)dx + g(x)dx. (5.14)
a a a
108 . 5.

.
f (x) + g(x)
n
X n
X n
X
(f (i ) + g(i )) xi = f (i )xi + g(i )xi .
i=1 i=1 i=1
0, (5.14).
(5.14).
= 1, = 1 = 1,
Zb Zb Zb
(f (x) g(x)) dx = f (x)dx g(x)dx
a a a
( () ()
);
6= 0, = 0, (5.14) :
Zb Zb
f (x)dx = f (x)dx
a a
( ).
3. f (x) [a, b] ,
[c, d] [a, b].
, 5.
4. .
f (x) [a, b]
c (a, b).
Zc Zb Zb
f (x)dx + f (x)dx = f (x)dx (5.15)
a c a
, (5.15),
.
. -
a c b [a, b], c
(. . 5.8).
. 5.8.

X X X
f (i )xi + f (i )xi = f (i )xi .
[a,c] [c,b] [a,b]

0, (5.15).
 9. 109

, (5.15) a b c
, c
[a, b]. , , a < b < c . 5.9.

(. 5.9), f (x)
[a, c]. , , -

Zb Zc Zc
f (x)dx + f (x)dx = f (x)dx.
a b a
,
Zc Zc Zb
f (x)dx f (x)dx = f (x)dx,
a b a

Zc Zb
f (x)dx = f (x)dx,
b c
( 1),
Zc Zb Zb
f (x)dx + f (x)dx = f (x)dx,
a c a

(5.15) .
5. f (x) [a, b] f (x) > 0
Zb
[a, b], I = f (x)dx > 0.
a
. f (x) > 0,
:
n
I(xi , i ) = f (i )xi > 0. (5.16)
X

i=1

lim I(xi , i ) = I , > 0 > 0, ,

0

[a, b], < ,

|I(xi , i ) I| < ,
I < I(xi , i ) < I + . (5.17)
110 . 5.

, I < 0, = I .
(5.17) I(xi , i ) < 0,
(5.16). ,
I > 0.
. f (x) g(x)
Zb Zb
[a, b] f (x) > g(x), f (x)dx > g(x)dx.
a a
Zb
, f (x) g(x) > 0, (f (x) g(x)) dx > 0,
a
Zb Zb
f (x)dx > g(x)dx.
a a
6. f (x) [a, b],
|f (x)| ,

Z  Zb
b 
 
 f (x)dx 6 |f (x)|dx.
 
 
a a

, 5.
. , -
|f (x)| [a, b] -
f (x) .
.
1, x  ,

f (x) = x [a, b].
1, x  ,

|f (x)| = 1, |f (x)|  ,
f (x)  (
, ).
7. f (x) g(x) [a, b], :
) f (x)g(x) [a, b];
) , , inf g(x) > 0 ( sup g(x) < 0),
[a,b] [a,b]
f (x)
[a, b].
g(x)
, 5.
 10. 111

10.
9. f (x) g(x) -
[a, b], g(x) > 0 ( 6 0) x [a, b], M = sup f (x), m =
[a,b]
= inf f (x). [m, M ],
[a,b]

Zb Zb
f (x)g(x)dx = g(x)dx. (5.18)
a a

. ( ) g(x) > 0 [a, b].

m 6 f (x) 6 M , mg(x) 6 f (x)g(x) 6 M g(x).
,
Zb Zb Zb
mg(x)dx 6 f (x)g(x)dx 6 M g(x)dx
a a a

Zb Zb Zb
m g(x)dx 6 f (x)g(x)dx 6 M g(x)dx. (5.19)
a a a

Rb Rb
g(x) > 0, g(x)dx > 0 ( 5). g(x)dx = 0,
a a
Rb
(5.19) , f (x)g(x)dx = 0, , ,
a
Rb
(5.18) . g(x)dx > 0,
a
Rb
, g(x)dx,
a

Zb
f (x)g(x)dx
a
m6 6 M.
Zb
g(x)dx
a
112 . 5.

, , -
[m, M ]. ,
(5.18). 9 .
.
1. 9, , ,
f (x) [a, b], [a, b], ,

Zb Zb
f (x)g(x)dx = f () g(x)dx. (5.20)
a a

. f (x)
[m, M ], ,
(5.18) [a, b],
f () = . (5.18) f () ,
(5.20).
2. g(x) = 1 [a, b], 5.18) (5.20)

Zb Zb
f (x)dx = dx = (b a), (5.21)
a a

Zb
f (x)dx = f ()(b a). (5.22)
a

(5.18), (5.20)-(5.22)
.
. f (x) = cos x, g(x) = cos x, a = 0, b = .
1. , (5.18))
.
2. 9 ?

11. 
f (x) -
x [a, b].
a b , ,
[a, b].
. 5.10.
[a, b] x
(. 5.10). , a x,
 11.  113

Zx
t, f (t)dt. -
a
.
F (x):
Zx
F (x) = f (t)dt.
a
10. [a, b] f (x)
. -

Zx
F (x) = f (t)dt.
a
.
, x [a, b] F 0 (x), f (x),
F (x + x) F (x)
lim = f (x).
x0 x
F (x) -
, :
Z
x+x Zx
F (x + x) F (x) = f (t)dt f (t)dt =
a a
Za Z
x+x Z
x+x

= f (t)dt + f (t)dt = f (t)dt = f () x,

x a x

[x, x + x].
-
. a x x + Dx b
,
. 5.11.
F (x + x) F (x)
= f ().
x
x 0.
x x 0 (. . 5.11), f (x)
[a, b], lim f () = f (x). ,
x0
F (x + x) F (x)
lim = f (x),
x0 x
114 . 5.

. 10 .
f (x)
, 10
(x) f (x), [a, b],

Zx
(x) = f (t)dt + C ,
a

C  .
x = a, (a) = C . -
Zb
x = b, (b) = f (t)dt + (a),
,
a

Zb
f (x)dx = (b) (a). (5.23)
a

, f (x)
[a, b]
f (x), b a.
(5.23) -
.
.
(b) (a) (x)|ba .
. 1).
Z
sin xdx = cos x0 = 1 (1) = 2.


2)
Z1
+
dx +1   
= arctg x1 = =
1+x 2 4 4 2
1

. e|x| [1, 1]
.
 12. ... 115

. , -
x,
Z
(x)

f (t)dt.
(x)

f (t)  , F (t)  ,
(x) (x)  .

Z
(x)
(x)
f (t)dt = F (t)(x) = F ((x)) F ((x)) .
(x)

, , F 0 (t) = f (t),
Z
(x)
d
f (t)dt = F 0 ((x)) 0 (x) F 0 ((x)) 0 (x),
dx
(x)

Z
(x)
d
f (t)dt = f ((x)) 0 (x) f ((x)) 0 (x).
dx
(x)

12.

11. : 1) f (x) -
[a, b]; 2) g(t)
[, ], a 6 g(t) 6 b
t [, ], g() = a, g() = b.

Zb Z
f (x)dx = f (g(t))g 0 (t)dt
a
116 . 5.

(
).
. F (x)  f (x)
[a, b], F 0 (x) = f (x). 

Zb
f (x)dx = F (b) F (a). (5.24)
a

F (g(t))
f (g(t))g 0 (t) [, ],

d
F (g(t)) = F 0 (g(t)) g 0 (t) = f (g(t))g 0 (t).
dt

,

Z

f (g(t))g 0 (t)dt = F (g(t)) = F (g()) F (g()) = F (b) F (a).

(5.25)
(5.24) (5.25), .

Zb Z
f (x)dx = f (g(t))g 0 (t)dt
a

11 .
Z1
+

. I = 1 x dx.
p
2

1
x = cos t, 0 6 t 6 .

1x = 1 cos t = sin t, dx = sin tdt,

p p
2 2

Z0 Z
1 cos 2t 1 1 
t sin 2t  = .
2


I= sin t dt = dt =

2 2 4 0 2
0
 12. ... 117

y
p:
1
y = 1 x
2

[1, 1] -
(. . 5.12)
R = 1. -
Z1
+

I = 1 x dx
p
2
O 1 x
-1
1
: . 5.12.
R2
I= = .
2 2
12. u(x) v(x) [a, b]
.
Zb Zb
(5.26)
b
0
u(x)v (x)dx = u(x)v(x)a v(x)u0 (x)dx.
a a

-
.
. u(x)v(x) -
[u(x)v(x)]0 = u(x)v 0 (x) +
+ v(x)u0 (x), , , -

Zb Zb
u(x)v (x)dx + v(x)u0 (x)dx = u(x)v(x)|ba ,
0

a a

(5.26). .
. v 0 (x)dx = dv , u0 (x)dx = du,
(5.26)
Zb Zb
b
u(x)dv = u(x)v(x)a v(x)du.
a a

Z Z Z
.

x sin xdx = xd( cos x) = x cos x0 + cos xdx =
0  0 0

0 + sin x0 = .

118 . 5.

13.

1. . , -
Oxy
(. . 5.13):
x = (t), y = (t), 6 t 6 . (5.27)
t , (5.27) 
. -
y
B ((), () ) ((t + Dt ), (t + Dt ) )
B ((), () )
M ((t ), (t ) ) Dl
((t ), (t ) ) Dy
Dx

A ((), () )
, A ((), () )
A B . O x

. 5.13. . 5.14.

t [, ] ((t), (t)),
, -
. A((), ()) B((), ())
, ,
.
( ) , -
(5.27),
[, ] = t < t < ... < tn = . -
0 1

A = M , M , ..., Mn = 0 1

= B , Mi = M ((ti ), (ti )).

A, M , M , ..., B . l(Mi ) -
1 2

t = max (ti ti ). 1
6i6n
1

. l l(Mi )
t 0, > 0 > 0, ,
[, ], < ,
l l(Mi ) <
lim l(Mi ) = l, -
t 0

, l  ( ).
 13. 119

(5.27),
(t) (t) 0 (t)
0 (t) [, ], , -

Z q
l= 02 (t) + 02 (t) dt. (5.28)

12.
, ,
(5.28), . 5.14.
q
l x2 + y 2 ,

x dx = 0 (t)t, y dy = 0 (t)t.

q Z q
l = 02 (t) + 02 (t) t = l = 02 (t) + 02 (t) dt.

y = f (x), a 6 x 6 b, ,
x = t, y = f (t), a 6 t 6 b (5.28),
-
:
Zb q Zb q
l= 1 + f 0 (t) dt =
2
1 + f 0 (x) dx.
2
(5.29)
a a

-
(. 5.15) r = r ()

r = r(), 1 6 6 2 .

,
2
1
( ):
O
x = r() cos , y = r() sin , 1 6 6 2 . . 5.15.
120 . 5.

(5.28),
( ):
Z2

q
l= r2 () + r02 () d. (5.30)
1

. 1) x = R cos t, y = R sin t, 0 6 t 6 2 (
R ). (5.28)

Z q
2 Z
2

l= (R sin t)2 + (R cos t)2 dt = Rdt = 2R.

0 0

2) y = x , 0 6 x 6 1 ( ).
2

(5.29) :
Z q
2 1
1 1 1
 r  r
(1 + (2x) dx = x x + + ln x + x +

l= 2 2 2  =
 4 4 4 0
0

5 1
= + ln(2 + 5 ).
2 4
2. (. 5.16).
y
y = f ( x) 0 Zb
S = f (x)dx.
a
O a b x
. 5.16.
11.
 13. 121

2. (. 5.17).
r = r ()

Z2

1
S= r2 ()d.
2 2
1 1
O
. 5.17.
3.
(. 5.18).
x = const S(x),
,
x = const x + dx = const, S(x)dx,
Zb
V V = S(x)dx.
a

S ( x) Zb
V = S(x)dx.
a
a x x + dx b x
. 5.18.

(. 5.19).
4. (. 5.19).

q
dS = 2r dl = 2f (x) 1 + f 02 (x) dx,

Zb q
S = 2 f (x) 1 + f 0 (x) dx.
2

a
122 . 5.

y = f ( x) 0
S(x) = f (x),
2

dl

x x Zb
a b
V = f 2 (x)dx.
a

. 5.19.

14.

1. , -
. -
(5.27), (t) (t) -
0 (t) 0 (t) [, ], (x, y) 
(x, y) . m

Z q
m = ((t), (t)) 02 (t) + 02 (t) dt.

,
y = f (x), a 6 x 6 b,
Zb q
m = (x, f (x)) 1 + f 02 (x) dx.
a

( )

1 ,
(5.27),
Z
q
Mx = (t) 02 (t) + 02 (t) dt ( x),

 14. 123

Z q
My = (t) 02 (t) + 02 (t) dt ( y),

,
y = f (x), a 6 x 6 b,
Zb q Zb q
Mx = f (x) 1 + f 02 (x) dx, My = x 1 + f 02 (x) dx.
a a

(x , y ) -
0 0

M M
x = y, y = x, 0 0
l l
l  (. (5.28) (5.29)).
( )
1

Z q
Ix = 2 (t) 02 (t) + 02 (t) dt ( x),

Z q
Iy = 2 (t) 02 (t) + 02 (t) dt ( y)

( )
Zb q Zb q
Ix = f (x) 2
1+ f 02 (x) dx, Iy = x 2
1 + f 0 (x) dx.
2

a a

2.
.
G
y = f1 (x) y = f2 (x), a 6 x 6 b, ( f1 (x) 6 f2 (x)) -
x = a x = b, 1.
G
Zb
1 
f (x) f (x) dx ( x),
 2 2
Mx =
2 2 1

a
124 . 5.
Zb
My = x [f2 (x) f1 (x)] dx ( y),
a
(x , y )
0 0

My M
x0 = , y0 = x ,
S S
Zb
S = [f (x) f (x)] dx  G.
2 1

a
G

Zb
1 
f (x) f (x) dx ( x),

3 3
Ix =
3 2 1

Zb
Iy = x2 [f2 (x) f1 (x)] dx ( y).
a
. ( ),
.

15.

, ,

-. , -
-
. .
Rb 2
ex dx, -
a
.

. -
 , -
.
,
-
 15. 125

, -
: ( -
) , -
( ) ,
( )
.
,
.
1. .
Zb
f (x)dx. (5.31)
a

[a, b] n -

a = x0 < x1 < ... < xn = b.

:
ba
xi = xi xi1 = = h.
n

h .
i  [xi , xi ]. - 1

[xi , xi ] f (x) -
1

, f (i ) (. . 5.20).
Zi
x Zi
x

f (x)dx f (i )dx = f (i )(xi xi1 ) = f (i ) h, i = 1, 2, ..., n.

xi1 xi1
(5.32)

, - y
f (x) > 0, -
,
- f ( i )
[xi , xi ], -
1

-
, h f (i ).
- O a = x01 x1 xi -1 i xi n xn = b x
(5.32) i
. 5.20.
126 . 5.

1 n,
(5.31):
Zb n Zi
x n n
ba X
(5.33)
X X
f (x)dx = f (x)dx h f (i ) = f (i ).
n
a i=1 x i=1 i=1
i1

-
Rn .

Zb n
ba X
f (x)dx = f (i ) + Rn . (5.34)
n
a i=1

(5.34) , -
Rn  .
f (x) [a, b],

n Zb
ba X
lim f (i ) = f (x)dx
n n
i=1 a

( ), Rn 0
n . , (5.33)
, n.
- n
(5.33).
, , Rn n.
13. f (x) [a, b]
,
[a, b], ,

(b a)3 b a 00
Rn = f 00 () = f ()h2 . (5.35)
24n 2 24

. F (x)  f (x)
[a, b],

F 0 (x) = f (x) = F 00 (x) = f 0 (x), F 000 (x) = f 00 (x), x [a, b].

(5.36)
 15. 127

- , xi = i +
h h
+ , xi = i , :
2 1
2
Zi
x

f (x)dx = F (x)|xxii1 = F (xi ) F (xi1 ) =

xi1
(5.37)
h h
   
= F i + F i , i = 1, 2, ..., n.
2 2
h h
   
F i + F i -
2 2
i
:
 h
 h 1  h 2 1  h 3
F i + = F (i ) + F 0 (i ) + F 00 (i ) + F 000 (i ) ,
2 2 2 2 6 2
 h
  h 1  h 2
F i = F (i ) + F 0 (i ) + F 00 (i ) +
2 2 2 2
1 000  h 3

+ F (i ) ,
6 2
i [xi , xi ] i [xi , xi ].
1 1

(5.37), (5.36),
Zi
x
1
f (x)dx = F 0 (i )h + (F 000 (i ) + F 000 (i )) h = 3

48
xi1
1 00
= f (i )h + (f (i ) + f 00 (i )) h = 3

48
ba (b a)3 f 00 (i ) + f 00 (i )
= f (i ) + , i= 1, 2, ..., n.
n 24n2 2n
i 1 n:
n Zi
x Zb n
X ba X
f (x)dx = f (x)dx = f (i )+
n
i=1 x a i=1
i1
n
X
(f 00 (i ) + f 00 (i ))
(b a)3 i=1
+ .
24n2 2n
128 . 5.

(5.34), -
Rn :
n
X
(f 00 (i ) + f 00 (i ))
(b a)3 i=1
Rn = .
24n2 2n
(5.35)
, [a, b], ,
n
X
(f 00 (i ) + f 00 (i ))
i=1
= f 00 () (5.38)
2n
, (5.38)
2n [a, b]
f 00 (x). (5.35) -
.
. g(x)  [a, b],
x , x , ..., xn  ,
1 2

[a, b], ,
g(x ), g(x ), ..., g(xn ) g(),
1 2

n
X
g(xi )
i=1
= g().
n
. m = min g(x), M = max g(x).
[a,b] [a,b]
xi [a, b] : m 6 g(xi ) 6 M . i
1 n n, :
n
X
g(xi )
i=1
m6 6 M.
n
,

f (x) [a, b].

n
X
g(xi )
[a, b], , g() = i=1
,
n
 15. 129

. g 00 (x)
( n 2n), (5.38).
. (5.35) ,
(5.33)
h (Rn = O(h )). 2 2

2. . -
y
(5.31). [a, b] y = f ( x)
n -
(. . 5.21) -
f ( xi -1 ) f ( xi )

a = x0 < x1 < ... < xn = b.

O
a = x0 x1 x2 xi -1 xi xn = b x
.1,
. 5.21.

ba
xi = xi xi1 = = h.
n

[xi , xi ] f (x)
1

Ai x + Bi ,
(xi , f (xi )) (xi , f (xi )) (. . 5.21).
1 1

Zi
x Zi
x
f (xi1 ) + f (xi )
f (x)dx (Ai x + Bi )dx = h, i = 1, 2, ..., n.
2
xi1 xi1
(5.39)
, -
f (x) > 0,
, f (xi ) 1

f (xi ), h.
(5.39) i 1
n,

Zb n
" n1
#
f (xi1 ) + f (xi ) ba
f (a) + f (b) + 2
X X
f (x)dx h= f (xi ) .
2 2n
a i=1 i=1
(5.40)
5 ..
130 . 5.
Rb
f (x)dx
a
(5.40) Rn ,

Zb " n1
#
ba
f (a) + f (b) + 2
X
f (x)dx = f (xi ) + Rn .
2n
a i=1

.
14. f (x) [a, b]
,
[a, b], ,

(b a)3 00 b a 00
Rn = f () = f ()h2 .
12n2 12
, ,
h . 2

14 -
13.
3. . (5.31). -
[a, b] 2n -
(. . 5.22) a = x < x < x < ... < x n = b. 0 1 2 2

:
ba
xi = x2i x2i2 = = h.
n

y [x , x ]. - 0 2

f (x) -

Ax + Bx + C , 2

A, B
C ,
O
a=x x
0 x
1 x2 x x x =b
2i - 2 x
2 i -1 2i 2n

(x , f (x )), (x , f (x )) 0 0 1 1
. 5.22.
(x , f (x )). - 2 2

, A, B C ,
.
 15. 131

, A, B C ,

Ax20 + Bx0 + C = f (x0 ),

Ax21 + Bx1 + C = f (x1 ), (5.41)

Ax22 + Bx2 + C = f (x2 ).

(5.41)  -
A, B C .
 x2 x 1 
 
 0 0 
3
 
 x x1 1  = (x0 x1 )(x0 x2 )(x1 x2 ) = h ,
 2 
 1


 4
 x x2 1 
 2 
2

h
x x = x x = , x x = h.
0
2 1 1 2 0 2

,
(5.41) .
y = Ax2 + Bx + C , x [x0 , x2 ]

( ) -
. , , (x , f (x )), 0 0

(x , f (x )) (x , f (x )) , A = 0,
1 1 2 2

.
A, B C (5.41)
Ax + Bx + C [x , x ], (-
2
0 2

):
Z1
x Z1
x
ba
[f (x0 ) + 4f (x1 ) + f (x2 )] .


f (x)dx Ax2 + Bx + C dx =
6n
x0 x0

[xi , x i ], i = 2, 3, ..., n (
2 2

):
xZ2i
ba
f (x)dx [f (x2i2 ) + 4f (x2i1 ) + f (x2i )] .
6n
x2i2

5*
132 . 5.

i 1 n, -
:
Zb n
ba X
f (x)dx [f (x2i2 ) + 4f (x2i1 ) + f (x2i )] =
6n
a i=1 (5.42)
n n
" #
ba X1
f (a) + f (b) + 2 f (x2i ) + 4 f (x2i1 ) ,
X
=
6n
i=1 i=1

-
(5.42) Rn ,
Zb " n1 n
#
ba
f (a) + f (b) + 2 f (x2i ) + 4 f (x2i1 ) + Rn ,
X X
f (x)dx =
6n
a i=1 i=1

.
15. f (x) [a, b]
, -
[a, b], ,
(b a)5 (4) b a (4)
Rn = f () = f ()h4 .
2880n 4 2880
,
h . ,
4

(5.42) h ( -
n) , (5.33) (5.40)
. (
15 . [1]).
. -
R
sin xdx. 2. -
0
,
n, n = 1.
 (5.42)
 a = 0, b = , n = 1 ,

f (0) = f () = 0, f = sin = 1, :
2 2
Z

h  i 2
sin xdx f (0) + f () + 4f = = 2 + ,
6 2 3
0
 15. 133
 
= 2 1 < 0, 1. , n = 1 -
3
,
, , 0,1.

.
 6

-
:
a = lim xn , > 0 N , n > N : |xn a| < .
n

|xn a| < , -
, N , - a.
, -
(
). , ,
xn [a, b], .. a 6 xn 6 b,

lim xn = c,
n

c [a, b], .. a 6 c 6 b.

1.

[a1 , b1 ], ... , [an , bn ], ... ,

, -
, .. n
an 6 an+1 < bn+1 6 bn ,

, , (bn an ) 0 n . -
-
.
1. ,
.
. an 6 an+ < bn+ 6 bn - 1 1

, {an }  , -
{bn }  . , -
 2. 135

,
[a , b ]. , ,
1 1

(bn an ) 0 n ,
lim an = lim bn .
n n

c. {an } 
, an 6 c, {bn }  -
, bn > c. ,
n an 6 c 6 bn , c
.
.
, , -
d 6= c, -
. , , d > c ( d < c
). n : an 6 c < d 6 bn ,
bn an > d c > 0. ,
lim (bn an ) > d c > 0,
n

(bn an ) 0 n . 1
.
1 , -
. -
.

2.
{xn }  .

k , k , ... , kn , ..., ,
1 2

5, 12, 27, 38, .... , kn > n. -

{xn } k , k , ... , kn , ...:
1 2

xk1 , xk2 , ... , xkn , ... .

-
{xn }.
:
1) {x n } = x , x , ... , x n , ...
2 2 4 2

2) {xkn } = x , x , x , x , ...
5 12 27 38

3) {xn } -
(kn = n).
136 . 6.

1.
lim xn = a,
n
{xkn }
a n .
. > 0.
N xn - a.
, {xkn } -
, N , - a,
, xkn a n . 1 .
, -
, . ,
{xn } = 1, 1/2, 1, 1/3, ... , 1, 1/n, ... -
,
{x2n1 } = 1, 1, ... , 1, ...

{x2n } = 1/2, 1/3, ... , 1/n, ...

: ,  .
2 (). -
-
.
. {xn }  -
, a b, , n: a 6 xn 6 b.
[a, b] .
-
. [a , b ]. xk1  1 1

- ,
[a , b ]: a 6 xk1 6 b .
1 1 1 1

[a , b ]
1 1

[a , b ] ,
2 2

. xk2  - -
k > k , [a , b ]:
2 1 2 2

a 6 xk2 6 b .
2 2

, -
{[an , bn ]}, bn an = (b
a)/2n 0 n , {xkn }, -
{xn },
n: an 6 xkn 6 bn . 1
c, ,
lim an = lim bn = c,
n n
 2. 137

an 6 xkn 6 bn :
lim xkn = c.
n

, -
{xkn } {xn }.
 .
. {xn } -
, A xn : |xn | > A. -
- .
. {xn } = 1, 2, 3, ...
... , n, ... .
{xn } ,
A N , n > N : |xn | > A.
. .
. {xn } = 0, 1, 0, 2, ... , 0, n, ... -
, .
. , -
-
.
1. a
{xn }, {xn } -
{xkn }, a.
 ,
-
.
2. a
{xn }, - a
{xn }.
. 1 2 .
, a -
{xn } 1,
2 (
).
, a 
{xn } 1, -
{xkn } {xn },
lim xkn = a.
n

- a
{xkn }, , -
{xn }. ,
138 . 6.

a  {xn }
2, .
:
?
: .
, .
.
,
- ,

,
-
.
,
- -
. , ,
.
,
. , -
,
, .. -
.
[0, 1] -
. , -
, , :
1 1 1 3 1 2 3 4 1
0, 1, , , , , , , , , , ... .
2 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 6
[0, 1]
( ).
[0, 1], ,
.
,
, -
.
1) {xn } a, -
a  .
2) a , a , ... , am  .
1 2

a1 , a2 , ... , am , a1 , a2 , ... , am , ... , a1 , a2 , ... , am , ...

m : a , a , ... , am .
1 2
 2. 139

3) (
[0; 1])
1 1 1 3 1 2 3 4 1
0, 1, , , , , , , , , , ...
2 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 6
:
[0, 1] ,
-
.
. ,
.
{xn }  .
.
. () -
{xn }
() -
:

lim xn lim xn .
n n
{xn } ,
lim xn = lim xn = lim xn .
n n n

, , ,
. -
, -
,

.
3.
.
. {xn }  -
A  .
A  ,

sup A = a inf A = a.
, a a  -
{xn }. a ( a
).
> 0. , -
a -
140 . 6.

{xn } ( , a 
{xn }).
-
c {xn }, ,

a < c 6 a.
2
/2- c. -
a . 2
/2- c
{xn }. -
a. , - a
{xn }, -
. 3 .
. {xn }  () -
,


lim xn = lim xn = .
n n

.
{xn } = 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, ... , n, 0, ... .
,
lim xn = , lim xn = 0.
n n

3. .
. {xn } -
, > 0 N , , n > N p N:
|xn+p xn | < .
p m = n + p -
, N . -
: -
{xn } , > 0
N , n > N m > N : |xm xn | < .
. {xn } = {1/n}.
> 0 N > 1/, .. 1/N < . n > N
p N :
 1 1  1 1
 
|xn+p xn | =   < < < ,
n+p n n N
 3. . 141

, {xn } = 1/n
.
.
.
2.
( ).
4 ( -
). , , -
, .
.
) . {xn }
n a. > 0 N ,
n > N : |xn a| < /2, m > N : |xm a| < /2.
, n m, N ,

|xn xm | = |(xn a) + (a xm )| 6 |xn a| + |xm a| < ,

{xn }  .
) . {xn }  -
. 2 {xn }  -
, , ,
. {xkn } a n . ,

lim xn = a.
n
> 0 -
/2- a. N1
{xkn } /2-
a, N2
{xn } ,
/2 ( {xn }  ).
, N = max{N1 , N2 }, {xn }
- a. ,
lim xn = a.
n

4 .
. , -
{sin n} . ,
.
. > 0 N , n > N p N:
| sin(n + p) sin n| < .
142 . 6.

p = 2.

|2 sin 1 cos(n + 1)| < = | cos(n + 1)| < n > N ,
2 sin 1
, {cos n} 
.
cos(n + 1) = cos n cos 1 sin n sin 1,

cos n cos 1 cos(n + 1)
sin n = 0 n .
sin 1
, :
cos n 0 sin n 0 n ,
cos n + sin n = 1. -
2 2

, {sin n} -
.

4. .
f (x) X a  -
, -
a X , a.
, -

. :
X = {1; 2}
{xn } = 1, 2, 1, 2, ... , 1, 2, ... .

X , ,
, {xn }, , :
a = 1 a = 2.
1 2

1 ( ). b
f (x) x a, > 0 > 0, ,
x {0 < |x a| < }: |f (x) b| < .
2.2. -
.
2 ( ). b
f (x) x a,
 4. . 143

{xn }, a , xn 6= a,
{f (xn )}
b.
.
, ,
lim f (x) 6= b.
xa

5. 1 2 .
.
1)
lim f (x) = b . (6.1)
xa
,
lim f (x) = b , (6.2)
xa

{xn } a(xn 6= a) : {f (xn )} b.
{xn } a
(xn 6= a) > 0. (6.1)
> 0 ,
|f (x) b| < 0 < |x a| < , (6.3)
{xn } a xn 6= a, N ,
n > N : 0 < |xn a| < . (6.4)
(6.3) (6.4) , n > N : |f (xn ) b| < ,
, {f (xn )} b. , (6.2)
.
2) (6.2).
,
lim f (x) 6= b . (6.5)
xa

, > 0, ,
> 0 x {0 < |x a| < } : |f (x) b| > .

{n } +0 (n > 0).
144 . 6.

, n
xn ,
0 < |xn a| < n , (6.6)

|f (xn ) b| > . (6.7)
{n } +0, (6.6) , {xn } a
xn 6= a. (6.2): {f (xn )} b ,
, |f (xn ) b| 0 n . ,
(6.7) :
lim |f (xn ) b| > > 0.
n

,
(6.5) , , ,
lim f (x) = b .
xa

5 .
. 1) f (x) = x. , -
,
lim f (x) = a.
xa

{xn } a : {f (xn )} =
= {xn } a.
,
lim f (x) = lim x = a.
xa xa
1
2) f (x) = sin . , lim f (x) .
x x 0

1
xn = , {xn } 0 n xn 6= 0.
n
{f (xn )} = {sin n} = {0} 0 n .

1
x0n = , {x0n } 0 n x0n 6= 0.
2n +
2
 5. . 145

{f (x0n )} = {sin(2n + /2)} = {1} 1 n .

, {xn } {x0n },
, xn 6= 0 x0n 6= 0, -
{f (xn )} {f (x0n )} . -
1
, lim sin .
x0 x
x .
{xn }  , -
, xn > 0, {xn } +
( , +).
( ). b
f (x) x +,
{xn }, +,
{f (xn )} b.
. (
) x +.

5. .
f (x) X a 
.
. , f (x)
a , > 0 > 0 , -
x0 x00 ,
0 < |x0 a| < , 0 < |x00 a| < ,
|f (x0 ) f (x00 )| < .
, -
.
. , f (x)
a .

.
6. , f (x)
a, ,
.
.
1) .

lim f (x) = b.
xa
146 . 6.

, , > 0
> 0, ,

|f (x0 ) b| < 0 < |x0 a| < ,
2

|f (x00 ) b| < 0 < |x00 a| < .
2
,
|f (x0 ) f (x00 )| = |(f (x0 ) b) + (b f (x00 ))| 6
6 |f (x0 ) b| + |f (x00 ) b| <

0 < |x0 a| < , 0 < |x00 a| < . ,

f (x) a .
.
2) . f (x) a -
. {xn }  -
, a ( xn 6= a). -

, {f (xn )} b,
{xn } a (xn 6= a).

{f (xn )}.
> 0. > 0
,
|f (x0 ) f (x00 )| < 0 < |x0 a| < , 0 < |x00 a| < . (6.8)
lim xn = a xn 6= a,
n
N , ,
n > N : 0 < |xn a| < ,

m > N :0 < |xm a| < .
(6.8) ,
n > N m > N : |f (xm ) f (xn )| < ,

{f (xn )}  . -
, {f (xn )} b.
 5. . 147

, , {xn } a (xn 6= a) -
{f (xn )}
b. , b
{xn }, a ( , xn 6= a).
{xn } a (xn 6= a) -
{f (xn )} b, {x0n } a (x0n 6= a) -
{f (x0n )} b0 .

{x00n } = x1 , x01 , x2 , x02 , ... , xn , x0n , ... .

, {x00n } a (x00n 6= a), {f (x00n )}

b00 . ,
{f (xn )} {f (x0n )} {f (x00n )} -
b00 . {f (xn )} b, {f (x0n )} b0 . ,
b = b0 = b00 , . 6 .
. f (x)
x + -
x +.
 7

1.

1 (
). y = f (x) a,
.
. - > 0 (, = 1).
> 0, ,
|f (x) f (a)| < |x a| < ,

.. f (a) < f (x) < f (a) + - a.

, y = f (x) -
a. 1 .
f (x) X ,
.. . f (x)
X ? .
. f (x) = 1/x 0 <
< x < 1, .
X  ,
 .
2 (1- ).
.
. f (x)
[a, b]. , f (x) [a, b].

n N xn [a, b] : |f (xn )| > n. (7.1)

{xn }. , -
xn [a, b], , ,
{xkn } (-
). {xkn } c.
 1. 149

xkn [a, b], c [a, b] f (x) c.

, f (xkn ) f (c) n .
, |f (xkn )| > kn (7.1), .. {f (xkn )} 
, , -
. 2.
. 2 (. -
).
. ,
, [a, b] (a, b).
f (x) ()
X . X
() :
M = sup f (x) (m = inf f (x)).
X X

f (x) , -
, M (, m).
.
(. 7.1) y
1
x, 0 < x 6 1,
(
f (x) = 1
, x = 0.
2 1
2
,
sup f (x) = 1 = f (1), inf f (x) = 0,
[0,1] [0,1]
0 x

f (x) , . 7.1.

.
f (x) - ,

sup f (x) (inf f (x)),

X X

, X
() . ,
 .
f (x) [a, b].
[a, b]
M = sup f (x) m = inf f (x).
[a,b] [a,b]
150 . 7.

3 (2- ).

.
. f (x) [a, b]. -
3 .
, f (x) [a, b]
M = sup f (x). x [a, b]: f (x) < M .
[a,b]

1
F (x) = .
M f (x)

[a, b] ( f (x)
[a, b] M f (x) 6= 0) . 2 F (x)
[a, b], A > 0 ,

0 < F (x) < A x [a, b],

1
0< < A x [a, b],
M f (x)
,
1
f (x) < M x [a, b].
A

, M 1/A, M ,
f (x) [a, b]. ,
M  f (x) [a, b].
3.
. f (x) X
() ,
() :
 
max f (x) = sup f (x) min f (x) = inf f (x) .
X X X X

f (x) X
() , X (-
) . ,
-
.
 2. 151

2.
f (x) X .
.
. f (x) -
X , > 0 > 0, ,
x0 , x00 X |x00 x0 | < , -
|f (x00 ) f (x0 )| < .
, f (x) -
X ,
x0 X . X
,
> 0
> 0, x0 X ( ,
x0 ), x0 X
> 0 > 0, = (, x0 )
(.. , x0 ),
() > 0 x0 X .


y = f (x) -
X , > 0 () > 0, ,
() , Ox Oy ,
,
, Ox,
, Oy .
4 ( ).
.
. f (x)
[a, b]. , f (x)
[a, b]. > 0, , > 0 x0 , x00 [a, b],
|x00 x0 | < , |f (x00 ) f (x0 )| > .
{n } +0 (n > 0).
, n > 0 x0n , x00n [a, b],
|x00n x0n | < n , |f (x00n ) f (x0n )| > . (7.2)
{x0n }. , -
[a, b], 
-
x kn .
0

xkn c n . xkn xkn < kn kn 0

0
 00 0 


n , x00kn c,
152 . 7.

x0kn [a, b], c [a, b] , , f (x)

c. f (x0kn ) f (c), f (x00kn ) f (c) n ,
, f (x00kn ) f (x0kn ) 0 n .
, (7.2) -

f (x00 ) f (x0 ) > ,

 
kn kn

lim f (x00kn ) f (x0kn ) > > 0.
 
n
.
. . -
1
, f (x) = (0, 1),
x
.

3. .

f (x) (a, b) c (a, b).
. , f (x) c,
c, f (x) > f (c) x > c
f (x) < f (c) x < c.
c.
5. f (x) c
f 0 (c) > 0 (< 0), f (x) () c.
. f 0 (c) > 0 ( f 0 (c) < 0 -
).
f (x) f (c)
f 0 (c) = lim .
xc xc
, > 0 > 0, ,
 
 f (x) f (c)
f (c) <
0
0 < |x c| < ,


 xc

f (x) f (c)
f 0 (c) < < f 0 (c) + 0 < |x c| < .
xc
= f 0 (c). :
f (x) f (c)
> 0 0 < |x c| < ,
xc
 4. 153

, - c f (x) > f (c) x > c

f (x) < f (c) x < c. , f (x)
c. 5 .
. f 0 (c)  ,
-
f (x) c. , f (x) = x
3

x = 0, f 0 (0) = 0.
f (x) (a, b) c (a, b).
. , c f (x) -
(),
c, f (x) < f (c) (,
f (x) > f (c)) x 6= c.

: .
6 ( ). f (x) -
c ,
f 0 (c) = 0.
. f (x) c -
( -
), .. c,
f (x) < f (c) x 6= c. , f 0 (c) 6= 0. ,
f 0 (c) > 0. 5 f (x)
c , , c,
f (x) > f (c) x > c.
f (x) < f (c) x 6= c. , f 0 (c) -
0. , f 0 (c)
0. f 0 (c) = 0, .
.
c y = f (x)
, (c, f (c)) -
Ox.
. f 0 (c) = 0  ,
f (x)
c. , f (x) = x
3

f 0 (0) = 0, x = 0 .

4.
7 ( ). :
1) f (x) [a, b];
2) f (x) (a, b);
3) f (a) = f (b).
154 . 7.

c (a, b): f 0 (c) = 0.

. f (x)
[a, b], [a, b] -
( 2-
).
M = max f (x), m = min f (x).
[a,b] [a,b]

2 .
1) M = m. f (x) = M = m = const c (a, b) : f 0 (c) = 0.
2) M > m. M m -
c [a, b].
.
) M c, m =
= f (a) = f (b).
) m c, M =
= f (a) = f (b).
) M m
[a, b] (, , M
c).
f 0 (c) = 0, -
.

x  , y = f (x)  ,
Oy , x. a b
f (a) = f (b), ..
Oy . a
b - b
. , ,
, c ,
: f 0 (c) = 0.
8 ( ). :
1) f (x) [a, b];
2) f (x) (a, b).
c (a, b), ,
f (b) f (a) = f 0 (c)(b a).
.
.
f (b) f (a)
F (x) = f (x) (x a).
ba
 4. 155

:
1) F (x) [a, b];
2) F (x) (a, b);
3) F (a) = F (b) = f (a).
c (a, b): F 0 (c) = 0,
f (b) f (a)
f 0 (c) = 0,
ba
f (b) f (a) = f 0 (c)(b a), -
.

x  , y = f (x)  ,
Oy , x. f 0 (c) 
c, (f (b) f (a))/(b a) 
[a, b].
,
f (b) f (a)
f 0 (c) = ,
ba
, c,
-
[a, b].
. [a, b] : x x + 0 0

+ x. [x , x + x]: 0 0

f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) = f 0 ()x.

= x + ( x ) = x + x,
0 0 0

0 < < 1. ,
x :
0


= f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) = f 0 (x0 + x) x.

f 
x0

. ,
x , - 0

x ,
0


= f 0 (x0 )x.

df 
x0
156 . 7.

,

X  , .. , ,
.
9. f (x) -
X x X : f 0 (x) = 0, f (x) = const X .
. x  , x 
0

X . :
f (x) f (x0 ) = f 0 (c)(x x0 ) = 0,

.. f 0 (c) = 0. , f (x) = f (x ) = const x X ,

0

.
. 5 1 (-
): F (x) F (x)  1 2

f (x) -
X , F (x)
0 F (x) = const X . ,
1 2

F (x) F (x) = 0 x X .
1 2

9 , F (x) F (x) = const X ,

1 2

1 5 .
, -
.
10. , -
X f (x) ( ) X ,
, x X : f 0 (x) > 0 (6 0).
.
. f 0 (x) > 0 x X . , f (x)
X .
x , x X . x > x .
1 2 2 1

:
f (x2 ) f (x1 ) = f 0 ()(x2 x1 ).
f 0 () > 0 x x > 0, f (x ) f (x ) > 0,
2 1 2 1

,
f (x2 ) > f (x1 ) x2 > x1 ,

, f (x)
X.
. f (x) X , ..
f (x2 ) > f (x1 ) x2 > x1 , x1 , x2 X.
 4. 157

, f 0 (x) > 0 x X . , ..
c X : f 0 (c) < 0. 5 f (x) c,
c,

f (x) < f (c) x > c f (x) > f (c) x < c.

: f (x ) > f (x ) x > x . , -
2 1 2 1

, f 0 (x) > 0 x X . 10 .
. f (x) X
, ,
f 0 (x) > 0 x X ( ).
:
?
1.
- .
.
1
(
f (x) = x + x2 sin , x 6= 0
x
0, x = 0.
x = 0 ( ,
f 0 (0) = 1 > 0),
- x = 0 ( ,
- x = 0 f 0 (x)
- ; ).
2. f (x) -
, (
).
3 ( 2). f (x)
,
( ). -
3 
.

.
11. f (x) X
f 0 (x), f (x) -
X .
. |f 0 (x)| 6 M x X , M > 0  -
. > 0 = /M .
158 . 7.

x0 , x00 , |x00 x0 | < = /M ,

:
|f (x00 ) f (x0 )| = |f 0 ()(x00 x0 )| 6 M |x00 x0 | < M = ,
, f (x)
X . 11 .
. f (x) = ln x, X = (a, +), a > 0. :
1  0  1
 
0
f (x) = , f (x) 6 x (a, +),
x   a
f (x) =
= ln x X = (a, +).
. 1) , f (x) = ln x
(0, +).
2) f (x),
X , f 0 (x) X .

5. .
12. :
1) f (x) g(x)
[a, b];
2) f (x) g(x) (a, b);
3) g 0 (x) 6= 0 x (a, b).
c (a, b), ,
f (b) f (a) f 0 (c)
= 0 ( ).
g(b) g(a) g (c)
. ,
0, .. g(a) 6= g(b). ,
, g(a) = g(b), g(x)

x (a, b), , g 0 (x) = 0, 3
.
.
1- .
f (b) f (a) = f 0 (c)(b a), g(b) g(a) = g 0 (c)(b a),
,
f (b) f (a) f 0 (c)(b a) f 0 (c)
= 0 = 0 .
g(b) g(a) g (c)(b a) g (c)
 5. . 159

! (, -
).
2- .
f (b) f (a)
F (x) = f (x) (g(x) g(a)).
g(b) g(a)
:
1) F (x) [a, b];
2) F (x) (a, b);
3) F (a) = F (b) = f (a).
c (a, b): F 0 (c) = 0,
f (b) f (a) 0
f 0 (c) g (c) = 0,
g(b) g(a)
,
f (b) f (a) f 0 (c)
= 0 .
g(b) g(a) g (c)
.
.
g(x) = x. g(a) = a, g(b) = b,
g 0 (c) = 1 .


lim f (x) = lim g(x) = 0,
xa xa
f (x) g(x)
x a.
f (x)
lim .
xa g(x)
0/0.
-
, .. .
13. :
1) f (x) g(x)
a (
a );
2)
lim f (x) = lim g(x) = 0;
xa xa
160 . 7.

3) g 0 (x) 6= 0 x -
a ( a g 0 (a) = 0);
4)
f 0 (x)
lim .
xa g 0 (x)
f (x)
lim
xa g(x)
f (x) f 0 (x)
lim = lim 0 .
xa g(x) xa g (x)

.
. f (x) g(x)
a , .. f (a) = g(a) = 0. f (x)
g(x)
a. x  ,
a.
f (x) f (a) f 0 ()
= 0 ,
g(x) g(a) g ()
 (a, x). f (a) =
= g(a) = 0,
f (x) f 0 ()
= 0 .
g(x) g ()
x a.
a,
. ,
, ..
f (x) f 0 (x)
lim = lim 0 .
xa g(x) xa g (x)

13 .
.
1)
:
sin x cos x
lim = lim =1
x0 x x0 1
(,
, (sin x)0 =
= cos x ).
 5. . 161

2)
ax xa ax ln a axa1
lim = lim = aa ln a aa = aa (ln a 1).
xa x a xa 1
3)
 0
1 1
1 1

tg x x 2
cos2 x
lim = lim cos x 2 = lim =
x0 x 3
x 0 3x x0 (3x2 )0
1 sin x 1
= lim cos x lim
3
= .
3 x0 x x 30

.
,
.
tg x x
lim 1
= 1,
x0 x3
3

1
tg x x x3 x 0,
3
, ,
1 1
x 0.



tg x x x3 = o x3 tg x = x + x3 + o x3
3 3
.
1) 13 4)
f 0 (x)
lim = ,
xa g 0 (x)

, f 0 (x)/g 0 (x) 
x a,
f (x)
lim = .
xa g(x)

2) 13 2)
lim f (x) = , lim g(x) = ,
xa xa
, ..
/.
6 ..
162 . 7.

3) -
x .
13- ( ). -
:
1) f (x) g(x)
x > c;
2)
lim f (x) = lim g(x) = 0 ( lim f (x) = lim g(x) = );
x+ x+ x+ x+
3) 6= 0 x (c, +);
g 0 (x)
4)
f 0 (x)
lim .
x+ g 0 (x)
f (x)
lim
x+ g(x)
f (x) f 0 (x)
lim = lim 0 .
x+ g(x) x+ g (x)
.
1) lim xx .
x+0
 
1
ln x
x = e x x ln x
lim x ln x = lim  1  = lim  x1  = 0
x+0 x+0 x+0
x 2
x
( ), lim xx = 1.
x+0
ln x
2) ,
 . -
lim
x+ x
, :
1

ln x 1
lim = lim
x
1
= lim = 0,
x+ x x+ x x+ x
ln x x + ,
x > 0.
:
ln x  x x +.
xn
3) lim x , n N, a > 1.
x+ a
n , :
xn nxn1 n!
lim x = lim = ... = lim = 0,
x+ a x+ ax ln a x+ ax (ln a)n
 6. 163

.. xn x + ,
ax ( x
> 0):
x  ax x +.

4) lim[f 0 (x)/g 0 (x)], ,

lim[f (x)/g(x)].

x + sin x
 
lim .
x+ 2x + sin x

:
(x + sin x)0 1 + cos x 1
 
= = 1 .
(2x + sin x)0 2 + cos x 2 + cos x
 1 
1 ( -
2 + cos x
x + sin x 2x + sin x) x + -
,
2 , 0 2/3. ,
x + sin x 2x + sin x -
:
sin x
1+
lim
x + sin x
= lim x = 1.
x+ 2x + sin x sin x 2
x+
2+
x

6.
f (x) (n + 1)-
x ( ,
0

n + 1
x ). x  ()
0

.
Zx
f (x) = f (x0 ) + f 0 (t)dt (7.3)
x0

6*
164 . 7.
Zx
f 0 (t)dt
x0
:
Zx Zx Zx
0
x
f (t)dt = f (t)d(x t) = f (t)(x t) x + (x t)df 0 (t) =
0  0
0
x0 x0 x0

Zx
0
= f (x0 )(x x0 ) + f 00 (t)(x t)dt.
x0

-
:

Zx Zx
00 (x t)2 (x t)2 x
f (t)(x t)dt = f 00 (t)d = f 00 (t) +
2 2 x0
x0 x0

Zx Zx
(x t)2 00 f 00 (x0 ) (x t)2
+ df (t) = (x x0 )2 + f 000 (t) dt.
2 2! 2!
x0 x0

, (7.3) :
0f 0 (x ) f 00 (x0 )
f (x) = f (x0 ) + (x x0 ) + (x x0 )2 +
1 ! 2!
Zx
1
+ f 000 (t)(x t)2 dt.
2!
x0

, n
f 0 (x0 ) f 00 (x0 )
f (x) = f (x0 ) + (x x0 ) + (x x0 )2 + ...
1! 2!
Zx
f (n) (x0 ) 1
... + (x x0 )n + f (n+1) (t)(x t)n dt. (7.4)
2! n!
x0
 6. 165

Zx
1
Rn+1 (x) = f (n+1) (t)(x t)n dt. (7.5)
n!
x0

(7.4)
n
f (k) (x0 )
(x x0 )k + Rn+1 (x), (7.6)
X
f (x) =
k!
k=0

f ( ) (x ) = f (x ), 0! = 1.
0
0 0

(7.6) -
f (x) x , 0
n
f (k) (x0 )
(x x0 )k
X
k!
k=0
f (x), Rn+1 (x) -
. (7.5)
.
, Pn (x) -
Pn(k) (x ) = f (k) (x ), k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n (
0 0

).
, :
14. f (x) n + 1 -
x , x 0

(7.6), Rn+ (x) - 1

(7.5).
1. (7.5)
,
Zx x
1 1 (x t)n+1 

(n+1)
Rn+1 (x) = f () (x t)n dt = f (n+1) ()  =
n! n! n+1 x0
x0

f (n+1) ()
= (x x0 )n+1 , [x , x].
(n + 1)! 0

, -

f (n+1) ()
Rn+1 (x) = (x x0 )n+1 , (7.7)
(n + 1)!
166 . 7.

 [x , x],
0

= x + (x x ), 0 < < 1.
0 0

(7.7)
.
2. f (n+ ) (x) x
1
0

x x x ,
0 0

lim f (n+1) () = f (n+1) (x0 ).

xx0

f (n+ ) () = f (n+ ) (x ) + (x), (x) 0 x x ,

1 1
0 0

(7.7)
f (n+1) (x0 ) (x)(x x0 )n+1
Rn+1 (x) = (x x0 )n+1 + =
(n + 1)! (n + 1)!

f (n+1) (x0 )
(x x0 )n+1 + o (x x0 )n+1


=
(n + 1)!
(7.6),
n+
X1 f (k) (x0 )
(x x0 )k + o (x x0 )n+1 =


f (x) =
k!
k=0 (7.8)
= Pn+1 (x) + Rn+2 (x),

(7.9)
Rn+2 (x) = o (x x0 )n+1 .

(7.8) (7.9) ,
f (x) n + 1 -
x . n + 1 n, .
0

15. f (x) n -
x ,
0

f (x) = Pn (x) + Rn+1 (x),

n
f (k) (x0 )
(x x0 )k , Rn+1 (x) = o ((x x0 )n ) x x0 .
X
Pn (x) =
k!
k=0

Rn+1 (x) = o ((x x0 )n )
 7. 167

.
.

f (x), 14, , -
(n + 1)- .

f (x), -
15, , , f (x)
n x (. [1]). 0

7.

f 0 (x0 ) f 00 (x0 )
f (x) = f (x0 ) + (x x0 ) + (x x0 )2 + ...+
1! 2!
f (n) (x0 )
+ (x x0 )n + Rn+1 (x)
n!

x = 0 (
0

):
f 0 (0) f 00 (0) 2 f (n) (0)
f (x) = f (0) + x+ x + ... + (x)n + Rn+1 (x),
1! 2! n!

Rn+1 (x) = o(xn ) x 0 ( ),

f (n+1) (x) n+1
Rn+1 (x) = x ( ).
(n + 1)!
-
.
1) f (x) = ex . f (n) (x) = ex n f (n) (0) = 1,
n
x x2 xn xk
ex = 1 + + ... + + Rn+1 (x),
X
+ + Rn+1 (x) =
1! 2! n! k!
k=0

Rn+1 (x) = o(xn ) x 0 ( ),

ex
Rn+1 (x) = xn+1 , 0 < < 1 ( ). (7.10)
(n + 1)!
168 . 7.

(7.10) x -
:
|x|
Rn+ (x) 6 e |x|n+ 0 n .
  1

(n + 1)!
1

ex ,
Pn (x) ex n.
, x = 1, :
1 1 1 1 1
e=1+1+ + + ... + + Rn+ (1), e 2 + + ... + .
2! 3! n!
1
2! n!
: ( n)
, e
10 ? (7.10) :
6

Rn+1 (1) 6
  e 3
< .
(n + 1)! (n + 1)!

10! > 3 10 , |R (1)| < 10 ,

6
10
6

n = 9:
1 1
e2+ + ... + 10 . 6

2! 9!
2) f (x) = sin x.
n
 
f (n) (x) = sin x + ,
2 
n 0, n = 2k,
f (n) (0) = sin =
2 (1)k , n = 2k + 1,
k = 0, 1, 2, ..., sin x

f (n) (0) n
(
0, n = 2k,
x = (1)k x2k+1
n! , n = 2k + 1.
(2k + 1)!

x3 x5 x7 x2n1
sin x = x + + ... + (1)n1 + R2n+1 (x) =
3! 5! 7! (2n 1)!
n
X1 x2k+1
= (1)k + R2n+1 (x),
(2k + 1)!
k=0
 7. 169

R2n+1 (x) = o x2n x 0 ( ),

sin(x + (2n + 1)/2) 2n+1

R2n+1 (x) = 0<<1
x ,
(2n + 1)!
( ).
x -
:
|x2n+1 |
|R2n+1 (x)| 6 0 n .
(2n + 1)!
sin x x
, Pn (x) sin x
n.
, sin x
0 6 x 6 /4 10 (.. -
4

) n = 3. ,
x = /4, n = 3, :
(/4)7
|R7 (x)| 6 < 10 . 4

7!

h i
, x 0; 10 - 4

: 4
3 5
x x
sin x x + .
6 120
, x ,
; x, ,
, 10 . 4

.
x3 x3 x5
f (x) = sin x, P1 (x) = x, P3 (x) = x , P (x) = x + .
6 5
6 120
3) f (x) = cos x.
0, n = 2k + 1,

n n
 
f (n)
(x) = cos x + , f (0) = cos = (1)k , n = 2k,
(n)
2 2

k = 0, 1, 2, ..., cos x

170 . 7.

f (n) (0) n
(
0, n = 2k + 1,
x = (1)k x2k
n! , n = 2k.
(2k)!

x2 x4 x6 x2n
cos x = 1 + + ... + (1)n + R2n+2 (x) =
2! 4! 6! (2n)!
n
x 2k
(1)k + R2n+2 (x),
X
=
(2k)!
k=0

R2n+2 (x) = o x2n+1 x 0 ( ),

cos(x + (2n + 2)/2) 2n+2

R2n+2 (x) = x , 0<<1
(2n + 2)!
( ).
x :
 2n+2 
x
0 n .

|R2n+2 (x)| 6
(2n + 2)!
, x cos x -
, Pn (x)
cos x n.
.
x2 x2 x4
f (x) = cos x, P0 (x) = 1, P2 (x) = 1 , P (x) = 1 + ,
2 4 6
2 4
2 24
x x x
P6 (x) = 1 + .
2 24 720
ex , sin x, cos x
-
ex , sin x cos x:
x2 x3 x4 x5

ex = 1 + x + + + + + ... ,

2! 3! 4! 5!





x3 x5


sin x = x + ... ,

3! 5!

x2 x4


cos x = 1 ... .

+

2! 4!
 7. 171

,
, .
:
(ix)2 (ix)3 (ix)4 (ix)5 x2 ix3
eix =1+ ix + + + + + ... = 1 + ix +
2! 3! 4! 5! 2! 3!

x4 ix5 x2 x4 x3 x5
   
+ + + ... = 1 + ... + i x + ... =
4! 5! 2! 4! 3! 5!
= cos x + i sin x.

,
eix = cos x + i sin x.
.
4) f (x) = ln(1 + x), x > 1.

f 0 (x) = (1 + x)1 , f 00 (x) = (1)(1 + x)2 ,

f 000 (x) = (1)(2)(1 + x)3 = (1)2 2!(1 + x)3 , ... ,
(1)n1 (n 1)!
f (n) (x) = (1)n1 (n 1)!(1 + x)n = ,
(1 + x)n

f (0) = 0, f (n) (0) = (1)n (n 1)!, n = 1, 2, 3, ...

1

ln(1 + x) :
f (n) (0) n (1)n1 n
x = x .
n! n

x2 x3 xn
ln(1 + x) = x + ... + (1)n1 + Rn+1 (x) =
n
2 3 n
xk
(1)k1 + Rn+1 (x),
X
=
k
k=1

Rn+1 (x) = o(xn ) x 0 ( ),

(1)n xn+1
Rn+1 (x) = , 0 < < 1 ( ).
(n + 1)(1 + x)n+1
172 . 7.

0 6 x 6 1. Rn+ (x) 1

:
1
|Rn+1 (x)| 6 0 n . (7.11)
n+1

, x [0, 1] ln(1 + x)
,
ln(1 + x) n. , x = 1 :
1 1 (1)n
ln 2 1 + ... + .
2 3 n
(7.11), ,
n, ln 2 .
, Rn+ (x) 0 n
1

x (1; 0).
: x Z
1
Rn+1 (x) = f (n+1) (t)(x t)n dt.
n!
0

(1)n n!
f (n+ ) (t) =
1
,
(1 + t)n+1

Z
x 

 (x t)n 
|Rn+1 (x)| = 
 dt .
 (1 + t)n+1

0

1 < x < 0,
Z0 Z0 
(t x)n 1 tx n

|Rn+1 (x)| = dt 6 dt.
(1 + t)n+1 1 + x 1+t
x x

tx 1+x
= 1 6 1 (1 + x) = x = |x| 1 6 x 6 0,
1+t 1+t

Z0
1 n |x|n+1
|Rn+1 (x)| 6 |x| dt = .
1+x 1+x
x
 7. 173

, |x| < 1, x (1, 0) |Rn+1 (x)|

0 n , .
. , Rn+1 (x) 6 0 n ,
x > 1. .
5) f (x) = (1 + x) , x > 1,  -
.
f (n) (x) = ( 1) ... ( n + 1)(1 + x)n ,
f (n) (0) = ( 1) ... ( n + 1), f (0) = 1.

( 1) 2
(1 + x) = 1 + x+ x + ... +
1! 2!
( 1) ... ( n + 1) n
+ x + Rn+1 (x),
n!

Rn+1 (x) = o (xn ) x 0 ( ).

Rn+ (x) .
1

,
x (1, 1) Rn+ (x) 0 n . n = 1 :
1

(1 + x) = 1 + x + o(x) x 0.

= n N
( Rn+ (x) 0). 1

-

.
. 35 .
5

32 = 2 , 5

1/5
35 3
r 
5
35 = 2 5
=2 1+ =
32 32
 
1
1 1
1 3 3
  2 
=2 1+ + 5 5
+ ... .
5 32 2! 32
,
,
, -
35 .
5
174 . 7.

6) f (x) = tg x.
1 2 sin x 6 sin2 x 2
f 0 (x) = 2
, f 00 (x) = 3
, f 000 (x) = 4
+ .
cos x cos x cos x cos2 x

f (4) (x) = ... ( ),

f (0) = 0, f 0 (0) = 1, f 00 (0) = 0, f 000 (0) = 2, f (4) (0) = 0.

,
x3

tg x = x + + o x4 .
3
,
tg x x
lim .
x0 x3
f (x) = tg x
? (, -
x, tg x 
).
1- : f ( ) (0), f ( ) (0) ..
5 7

.
2- : x , - 5

tg x x x3 /3
lim
x0 x5
, , .
K , 5

3
x
x 0.


tg x = x + + K5 x5 + o x6
3
3- : sin x = cos x tg x
sin x cos x.
x3 x5 x7
x + + ... =
3! 5! 7!
x2 x4 x6 x3
  
= 1 + + ... x+ + K5 x + K7 x + ... .
5 7

2! 4! 6! 3
 7. 175

x , K , K , .. 5 7

K : 5

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 2
=K + K5 = + = = .
5! 2! 3 4!
5
120 6 24 120 15

,
x3 2

5 6
tg x = x + + x +o x .
3 15

1) exp(t) = et .

 12
1
   
sin x x sin x
lim = lim exp ln =
x0 x x0 x2 x

1 x x3 /6 + o(x3 )
  
= lim exp ln =
x0 x2 x

1 x2
  
ln 1 2


= lim exp +o x =
x0 x2 6
1 x2
  
= exp 1/6 .



= lim exp + o x2
x0 x 2 6

2)

tg x + 2 sin x 3x
lim =
x0 x5
x3 x5 x3 x5
+ o x6 + 2 x + o x6 3x
2



x+ + +
3 15 6 120
= lim =
x0 x5
2 1
x5 + o(x6 )


15
+
60
9 3
= lim = = .
x0 x 5 60 20
176 . 7.

3) f (x) =
= cos (sin x) x6 . :

(sin x)2 (sin x)4 (sin x)6

cos (sin x) = 1 + + ... =
2! 4! 6!
1 x3 x5 1 x3
2
   4
=1 x + ... + x + ...
2 6 120 24 6
1 x3
 6
x + ... + ... =
720 6
1 x4 x6 x6
 
=1 2

6
x + + +o x +
2 3 36 60
1 1
  3  
x
x + 4x + ... + o x6
4 3




+ x6 + o x6 =
24 6 720
x2
1 1  1 1 1 1 
=1 4

6 6
+ + x + x +o x =
2 6 24 72 120 36 720
x2 5 37
=1 4

6 6
+ x x +o x .
2 24 720
 8

, -
: -
, ,
, .

1.

-
.
. , c f (x) -
(),
c, f (x) < f (c) (,
f (x) > f (c)) x 6= c.
-
: f (x)
c c
, f 0 (c) = 0. , f 0 (c) = 0
, -
. ,
f (x) = x f 0 (0) = 0,
3

x = 0 . , f 0 (c) = 0
-
c . ,
f (x) c ,
, f 0 (c) = 0
. , f (x) = |x|
x = 0, f 0 (0) = 0 , f 0 (0)
.

f (x) :
1) c, f 0 (c) = 0;
2) c, f 0 (c) ,
f (x) c.
178 . 8.

,
- ,
.
.
1 (1- ).
c  f (x) f (x)
-
c. :
1)
f (x) > 0(< 0) x < c,
 0
f 0 (x) < 0(> 0) x > c,
c f (x) (-
);
2) f 0 (x) x < c x > c, c
.
.
1) ,
f 0 (x) > 0 x < c,

f 0 (x) < 0 x > c,
, c f (x) -
. , -
c f (x) < f (c) x 6= c, f (x) f (c) < 0 x 6= c.
x ,
c. f (x) [c, x]
(c, x).
f (x) f (c) = f 0 ()(x c).
x < c, < c, x c < 0, f 0 () > 0 , ,
f (x) f (c) < 0. x > c, > c, x c > 0, f 0 () < 0 ,
, f (x) f (c) < 0. ,
c f (x) f (c) < 0 x 6= c,
.
2) f 0 (x) x < c x > c.
,
f (x) f (c) x < c x > c, ,
, c . 1 .
.
1 5
1) f (x) = x x + 6x 1. :
3 2

3 2
f 0 (x) = x2 5x + 6; f 0 (x) = 0 x = 2 x = 3.
1. 179

x = 2
, x = 3 
. , x = 2 f (x)
, x = 3  .
2)
1
( 
f (x) = x 2 sin , x 6= 0,
2

x
0, x = 0.
, x = 0 f (x) .
:
1 1
(
0
f (x) = 4x 2x sin + cos , x 6= 0,
x x
0, x = 0.
x = 0, ,
, f 0 (x)
( ). , ,
c  ,
c.
2 (2- ).
f (x) c f 0 (c) = 0,
f 00 (c) 6= 0. f 00 (c) < 0 (> 0), c f (x)
().
. f 00 (c) > 0 ( f 00 (c) < 0 -
). f 0 (x) c, .. -
c, f 0 (x) > f 0 (c) = 0
x > c f 0 (x) < f 0 (c) = 0 x < c. 1
f (x) c . 2 .
. f (x) = x + sin 2x. :
f 0 (x) = 1 + 2 cos 2x = 0,

2
2x = + 2n x = + n, n Z;
3 3
f 00 (x) = 4 sin 2x,
2
   

f 00
+ n = 4 sin + 2n < 0,
3 3

2
   

f 00
+ n = 4 sin + 2n > 0.
3 3
180 . 8.

, 2, x = /3 + n
f (x) , x =
/3 + n  .
: , -
X f (x)
( ) , -
, x X
f 0 (x) > 0(6 0). ,
() f (x) X (
), x X : f 0 (x) > 0(< 0).
,
f (x) -
f 0 (x), ,
f 0 (x) = 0, , f 0 (x) .
.
. f (x) = 1 x 7 x + 6x + 1.
4
4

3
3 2

f 0 (x) = x3 7x2 + 12x = x(x 3)(x 4),

f 0 (x) < 0 (, 0) (3, 4); f 0 (x) > 0

(0, 3) (4, +). f (x)
(, 0) (3, 4) (0, 3)
(4, +). x = 3
, x = 0 x = 4 
f (x).

2.

y = f (x)
(a, b). M (x, f (x))
,
Oy .
. , y = f (x) -
(a, b) (),
(a, b) ( )
(. 8.1).
3. y = f (x)
(a, b) x (a, b): f 00 (x) > 0(6 0),
y = f (x) (a, b) ().
. f 00 (x) > 0 x (a, b).
c  (a, b).
 2. 181

y = f (x) M (c, f (c)). -

Y f (c) = f 0 (c)(x c) Y = f (c) + f 0 (c)(x c).

y = f1 ( x) y = f 2 ( x)

O a1 b1 a2 b2 x
y = f1 ( x)
, y = f 2 ( x) - .

. 8.1.

, y = f (x)
(a, b) , x (a, b):
f (x) > Y .
x  (a, b). -
:
f 00 ()
f (x) = f (c) + f 0 (c)(x c) + (x c)2 , (c, x).
2!
,
f 00 ()
f (x) Y = f (x) f (c) f 0 (c)(x c) = (x c)2 ,
2
f 00 () > 0 ( (a, b)), f (x) Y > 0,
f (x) > Y , .
. , f 00 (x) -
, .
f 00 (x) > 0, f 0 (x) , ,
y = f (x) -
x , -
.
(8.1), .
. f (x) = x 3x . :3 2

f 0 (x) = 3x2 6x = 3x(x 2), f 00 (x) = 6x 6 = 6(x 1).

182 . 8.

, f 0 (x) > 0 x < 0 x > 2; f 0 (x) < 0

0 < x < 2, f 00 (x) < 0 x < 1, f 00 (x) > 0 x > 1. -
, f (x) x < 0 x > 2,
0 < x < 2, y = f (x) -
x < 1 x > 1 (. 8.2).
M (1; 2) .
.
y
. M (a, f (a))
y = f (x) -
-
0
, :
1 2 3 x 1) M -
;
2) -
-2 M a,
a
-
.
-4 ,
x
M -
.
. 8.2.

4 ( ).
y = f (x) a
M (a, f (a)) ,
f 00 (a) = 0.
. , f 00 (a) 6= 0.
f 00 (a) > 0 ( f 00 (a) < 0 ).

a, f 00 (a) > 0 , ,
3 -
, a,
M (a, f (a)). ,
f 00 (a) = 0. 4 .
. f 00 (a) = 0 ,

M (a, f (a)). , f (x) = x
4

x = 0 f 00 (0) = 0, M (0, 0) -
y = x , f 00 (x) = 12x > 0,
4 2

, ,
.
 2. 183

y = f (x) M (a, f (a)), f 00 (a) = 0,
f 00 (a) ,
M (a, f (a)).

.
5 ( ).
M (a, f (a))
y = f (x) f (x) -
a.
a f 00 (x) ,
M (a, f (a)) y = f (x) .
. , -
a
y = f (x) , -
, M (a, f (a))  . 5 .
.
1) y = x 2x . :
4 3

f 0 (x) = 4x3 6x2 = 2x2 (2x 3), f 00 (x) = 12x2 12x = 12x(x 1).

f 00 (x) = 0 x = 0 x = 1
f 00 (x) , , 5,
M (0; 0) M (1; 1)
1 2

y = x 2x . 4 3

.
.
2) y = x . :
3

1 2 2
f 0 (x) = x2/3 , f 00 (x) = x5/3 = , x 6= 0.
3 9 3
9x x2
, f 00 (x) x = 0
x < 0 x > 0. O(0, 0) -
y = x (
3

Oy ). , O(0, 0)
y = x . 3

3) y = f (x),
x2 , x > 0,

f (x) =
x2 , x 6 0.
, f 00 (0) , O(0, 0)
.
184 . 8.

6 ( ).
y = f (x)
a a,
f 00 (a) = 0, f 000 (a) 6= 0, y = f (x)
M (a, f (a)) .
. f 000 (a) > 0 ( f 000 (a) < 0 -
). f 00 (x) a,
a,
f 00 (x) < f 00 (a) = 0 x < a f 00 (x) > f 00 (a) = 0 x > a.
, f 00 (x)
a. 5 M (a, f (a))
y = f (x). 6
.
. y = x + cos 2x. :
2

f 0 (x) = 2x 2 sin 2x,

f 00 (x) = 2 4 cos 2x = 0 x = + n, n Z,
 6 

 
f 000 (x) = 8 sin 2x, f 000 + n = 8 sin + 2n 6= 0.
6 3
,
 

 2
Mn + n, + n + 1/2
6 6

3.
. x = a
y = f (x),

lim f (x) lim f (x)
xa0 xa+0

+ .
.
1) y = 1/x. x = 0 ( Oy )
,
1 1
lim = , lim = +.
x0 x x+0 x
 3. 185

2) y = 2 /(x ) . x = 1 
1 1

(. 8.3),
1
lim 2 x1 = +.
x1+0

. 8.3.

,
1
lim 2 x1 = 0.
x10

, y = 1 -
, .
y = f (x) (a, +).
. Y = kx + b
y = f (x) x +, f (x)

f (x) = kx + b + (x),

(x)  x +,
lim (x) = 0.
x+

-
x .
.
x2 + sin x
y= .
x
186 . 8.

x2 + sin x sin x
=x+ = x + (x),
x x
(x) = sin x/x  x + (
x ), Y = x 
x + ( x ).
. .
7. , Y = kx + b -
y = f (x) x +,
, :
f (x)

 
lim =k lim f (x) kx = b.
x+ x x+
.
. Y = kx + b -
y = f (x) x +,
f (x) = kx + b + (x),
(x) 0 x +.
 
f (x) b (x)
lim = lim k + + = k,
x+ x x+ x x
f (x) kx = lim b + (x) = b,
   
lim
x+ x+
.
.
f (x)

 
lim =k lim f (x) kx = b.
x+ x x+
(x) = f (x) kx b.
f (x) kx b = 0.
 
lim (x) = lim
x+ x+
, f (x) = kx + b + (x), (x) 0 x +
+. , Y = kx + b 
y = f (x) x +.
7 .
.
1) ,
x2 y2
= 1.
a2 b2
 4. 187

, 1- :
bp 2 bp 2
y= x a2 , f (x) = x a2 , x > a.
a a
:
f (x) b b 
f (x) x = 0.

lim = lim
x+ x a x+ a
,
b
Y = x
a
y = f (x) x +.
3 ,
.
2) ,
y 2 = 2px.

, 1- :
2px , x > 0.
p
y=

, x
+ (, x +
).

4.
y = f (x)
.
1) y = f (x).
2) .
3)
( f 0 (x)).
4) ,
, ( -
f 00 (x)).
5) (
, -
f (x), f (x), ..) 6)
, .
. y = x ex .
2
188 . 8.

1) : R = (; +).
2) : ) , f (x) = x ex 2

; ) :
x2 ex
lim = 0 k = 0,
x+  x
f (x) kx = lim x2 ex = 0 b = 0.

lim
x+ x+

, y = 0( Ox)  x +.
x ,
x2 ex
lim = .
x x
,
lim f (x) = lim x2 ex = +.
x x

3)
.

f 0 (x) = (2x x2 )ex = x(2 x)ex ,

f 0 (x) = 0 x = 0 x = 2,
f 0 (x) > 0 0 < x < 2, f 0 (x) < 0 x < 0 x > 2.
, f (x) (, 0] [2, +
+) (0, 2). x = 0 
, x = 2 
, fmin (0) = 0, fmax (2) = 4e < 1. 2

4) -
.


f 00 (x) = 2 4x + x2 ex ; f 00 (x) = 0 x = 2 2 ,

f 00 (x) > 0 x < 2 2 x > 2 + 2 , f 00 (x) < 0
2 2 < x < 2 + 2 . , 

, 2 2
 
2 + 2 , +
 5. 189

 
2 2 , 2 + 2 . , M1 M2

2 2 2 + 2 .
8.4.
y

y = x 2e- x
M1 M2

0 2- 2 2 2+ 2 x

. 8.4.

5.

f (x) = 0. (8.1)
c (8.1) f (c) = 0.
.
c (8.1),
[a, b], a < c < b [a, b]
.
c
. ,
x + sin x 2 = 0
1 ,  -
,
.
-
(8.1). -
{xn }, c,
c  . -
c.
190 . 8.

:
) f (x) [a, b];
) f (a)f (b) < 0 ( [a, b] -
);
) [a, b] (8.1).
 -
.
 < 0, f (b) > 0.
 a +fb(a)
[a, b] : f = 0
2
a+b
  a + b
c = , f 6= 0
2 2
[a, b] ,
[a , b ]. f (a ) < 0, f (b ) > 0.
1 1 1 1

[a , b ] ..
1 1

(
), .

[a1 , b1 ], [a2 , b2 ], ... , [an , bn ], ... ,

f (an ) < 0, f (bn ) > 0. -

c [an , bn ] n,
{an } c {bn } c. f (x) -
{f (an )} {f (bn )} f (c),
f (an ) < 0 f (bn ) > 0 :

f (c) = lim f (an ) 6 0, f (c) = lim f (bn ) > 0.

n+ n+

, f (c) = 0, .. {an } {bn }

(8.1).
c
an bn , (an + bn )/2. :
ba
|an c| 6 |bn an | = ,
2n
ba
|bn c| 6 |bn an | = n ,
2
 
 an + bn  ba
c 6 n+1 .
2

 2
 5. 191

( )
(8.1)
f (x) = 0,
f (x)  [a, b],

x = F (x), (8.2)
F (x) = x + k(x)f (x), k(x) 
, [a, b].
(8.1) (8.2).
-
, -
( ).
x [a, b]. x = F (x ). x [a, b],
0 1 0 1

x = F (x ), .. xn [a, b],
2 1

xn+1 = F (xn ). (8.3)

, F (xn ) = xn + k(xn )f (xn ). -
{xn }, , -
.
{xn }
c. F (x) {F (xn )} F (c).
n + (8.3),
c = F (c),
.. c x = F (x), , -
, f (x) = 0.
, ,
(8.1),
xn .
: -
?
8. :
1) c  x = F (x), .. c = F (c);
2) F (x) -
c, |F 0 (x)| 6 < 1 x (c , c + ), 
;
3) x  (c , c + ).
0

-
c.
192 . 8.

. , xn (c
, c + ). , {xn }
.
x (c , c + ). ,
0

xn (c , c + ), .. |xn c| < .

xn+ = F (xn ). c =
1

= F (c) ,

xn+1 c = F (xn ) F (c) = F 0 ()(xn c).

,
|xn+1 c| = |F 0 ()| |xn c| 6 |xn c| 6 |xn c|, (8.4)
, , xn+ (c , c + ).
1

, {xn } c. (8.4)
, 0 < < 1, -
:
|xn c| 6 |xn1 c| 6 2 |xn2 c| 6 ... 6 n |x0 c| 0

n +. {xn } c n +. 8 -
.
. |xn c| 6 n |x c|, 0

n, xn c. x 0

( ) .
k(x) 6= 0
F (x) = x + k(x)f (x),

(8.2), -
(8.1).
k(x),
.

(8.1):
f (x) = 0, x [a, b].

f (x) -
(. 8.5). -
x [a, b]. A -
0 0
 5. 193

a x0 x1 x2
C b x
A2

A1
y = f (x )

A A0
. 8.5.

y = f (x). A B , 0

. A B x x ,
0 1

A .
1

A B , x x ..
1 2

{xn }.
, xn+ 1

xn . ,
An (xn ; f (xn )) B(b; f (b)) (. 8.6):
Y f (xn ) f (b) f (xn )
= .
x xn b xn

a xn xn +1
b x

An (xn ; f ( xn ) )
A
. 8.6.

7 ..
194 . 8.

x = xn+ , Y = 0, -
1

:
(b xn )f (xn )
xn+1 = xn . (8.5)
f (b) f (xn )
,
bx
k(x) = ,
f (b) f (x)
{xn } -
(8.5).
{xn }
c f (x) = 0?
.
9. :
1) c  (8.1) [a, b]:
f (c) = 0;
2) f (x) [a, b] f 0 (x) f 00 (x),

[a, b]. ,
f 0 (x) > 0 f 00 (x) > 0 [a, b].
x = a, {xn }, -
0

(8.5), c.
. f 0 (x) > 0, f (x) -
[a, b] , , f (a) < 0 f (b) > 0.
f 00 (x) > 0 [a, b],
AB (. . 8.5).
, x < x < c, f (x ) < 0. [x , b]
0 1 1 1

y = f (x) A B , A B  1 1

AB , x < x < c. .
1 2

n
x < x < x < ... < xn < c,
0 1 2

.. {xn }  . -
, ,  -
, c f (x) = 0.
9 .
1. , {xn } c,
(8.5). ,
{xn } c0 . (8.5) n +,

(b c0 )f (c0 )
c0 = c0 0 ,
f (b) f (c )
 5. 195

, f (c0 ) = 0 , , c0 = c.
2. , f 0 (x) > 0,
f (x) > 0. , f 0 (x) < 0, f 00 (x) < 0,
00
(8.5),
f 0 (x) > 0, f 00 (x) < 0 f 0 (x) < 0, f 00 (x) > 0 a b
, :
(a xn )f (xn )
xn+1 = xn , x0 = b.
f (a) f (xn )
( )
(8.1):
f (x) = 0.
f (x) [a, b].
.
y = f (x)
B (x ; f (x )) (. 8.7). x
0 0 0

x .
1

B (x , f (x )). x x . .
1 1 1 2

B0

B1

a C
x2 x1 x0 b x
y = f (x )
A
. 8.7.

y = f (x)
Bn (xn , f (xn )):
Y f (xn ) = f 0 (xn )(x xn ).
x = xn+ , Y = 0 (. 8.8),
1

:
f (xn )
xn+1 = xn . (8.6)
f 0 (xn )
7*
196 . 8.

,
1
k(x) = 0 ,
f (x)

{xn }, -
(8.6), .
B

Bn

y = f (x )

a C
xn +1 xn b x

A
. 8.8.

, x a, x
0 1

[a, b] .
x ? .
0

10. 9 (-
, f 0 (x) > 0, f 00 (x) > 0 [a, b]).
x = b, {xn }, -
0

(8.6), c.
. f 0 (x) > 0, y = f (x)
[a, b], , f (a) < 0 f (b) > 0,
f 00 (x) > 0,
, , .
, x > c, (8.6) :
1

f (b)
x1 = b < b = x0 .
f 0 (b)

, c < x < x .
1 0

, n
c < xn < ... < x1 < x0 ,
 5. 197

.. {xn }  . -
, {xn } ,
,
lim xn = c.
n+

10 .
1. f 0 (x) > 0, f 00 (x) < 0 f 0 (x) < 0,
f (x) > 0 x = a, f 0 (x) < 0, f 00 (x) < 0
00
0

x = b.
0

2. 
.
.
x2 a = 0, a > 0.


2 : a a .
a . f 0 (x) = 2x,
(8.6) :
xn a 1  a

xn+1 = xn = xn + , x0 > 0.
2xn 2 xn

a = 25. a = 5.
x = 10.
0

1 25 
x1 = 10 + = 6, 25;
2 10
1 25 
x2 = 6, 25 + = 5, 125.
2 6, 25

, a = 5 x = 0

= 10, :
x a = 0, 125. ,
2

x3 5, 002, x4 5 + 2 107 .

1. .. , .. . . .: -
, 2009.

2. .. . . .: , 2006.

3. .. . . .: , 2001.

4. .. , .. , .. , .. -
. .: , 2008.

5. .. . -
. .: , 2009.