05-10-2023

FENICOLES,FLORFENICOL
Y TIANFENICOL
YOLVI ANDREA PEREZ VASQUEZ
ALAN PEREZ SANCHEZ
502
 Introducción
Los fenicoles (cloranfenicol y tianfenicol) pertenecen a una familia de fármacos que apareció hace más de 60
años. Sus ventajas (espectro muy amplio, buena biodisponibilidad, excelente difusión tisular en el parénquima
cerebral infectado) se han ido eclipsando debido a su toxicidad hematológica (en particular la infrecuente pero
gravísima anemia aplásica irreversible debida al cloranfenicol) y, en menor medida, debido a la aparición de
resistencias. Aunque sigue siendo un antibiótico de primera línea en el tratamiento de las meningococos y la
fiebre tifoidea en los países en vías de desarrollo (cloranfenicol), su utilización en los países con un alto nivel
sanitario está limitada a una indicación importante (tianfenicol), el absceso cerebral no documentado, y
eventualmente como molécula de recurso en diversas infecciones, como las rickettsiosis
 ANTECEDENTES
La historia de los fenicoles comenzó en 1947 con la identificación del cloranfenicol a partir de
Streptomyces venezuelae, que se convertiría en el primer antibiótico producido a gran escala
mediante síntesis química exclusiva.
 Mecanismos de acción:
 Mecanismo de acción Los fenicoles penetran en la bacteria mediante un
mecanismo activo.

 Interfieren en el crecimiento bacteriano inhibiendo la síntesis proteica

mediante una acción a nivel de la subunidad 50S del ribosoma bacteriano
70S.

 Se unen al sitio de fijación del ácido ribonucleico (ARN) de

transferencia, interrumpiendo la elongación de la cadena proteica durante
la síntesis.

 Esta acción tiene un efecto bacteriostático sobre la mayoría de gérmenes

sensibles y se ha constatado un efecto bactericida con determinados
patógenos.
 Bactericida y bacteriostasis

Los fenicoles son antibióticos bacteriostáticos para la mayoría de gérmenes

sensibles, con la excepción de Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus
pneumoniae y Neisseria meningitidis, para los que se ha descrito un efecto
bactericida.
 ANTAGONISMO
Los fenicoles ejercen in vitro un antagonismo sobre el efecto bactericida de determinados antibióticos como los
betalactámicos y los aminoglucósidos; por otra parte, la trimetoprima y el sulfametoxazol ejercen en algunos
modelos la inhibición del efecto bacteriostático del cloranfenicol. Aunque queda por demostrar la pertinencia
clínica de estos estudios, probablemente deba evitarse la administración conjunta de estas moléculas.
 RESITENCIA:
MECANISMOS.
Se han descrito resistencias por disminución de la permeabilidad de la pared, pero sin consecuencias
clínicas. El principal mecanismo de resistencia a los fenicoles es de naturaleza enzimática y su base
genética es de tipo transposón. Las acetiltransferasas de cloranfenicol codificadas por el gen catP
transforman la molécula original en un derivado diacetil inactivo. Este fenotipo de resistencia se ha
comunicado en algunas epidemias de fiebre tifoidea y de shigelosis desarrolladas en América Central y
en el sudeste asiático.
 ESPECTRO.
Los fenicoles son antibióticos de amplio espectro. El cloranfenicol, activo sobre la mayoría
de bacterias aeróbicas grampositivas y gramnegativas, también constituye una
referencia en relación con los gérmenes anaerobios. Por otra parte, muchos agentes
patógenos intracelulares (como Chlamydiae, micoplasmas y rickettsias) están incluidos
en el espectro de actividad de estas moléculas, así como las espiroquetas. Los gérmenes
naturalmente resistentes a los fenicoles son Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter
baumanii, Serratia marcescens y micobacterias.
CLASIFICACION cloranfenicol

• Cloranfenicol
• Tianfenicol
• Florfenicol

• Es un antibiótico de amplio especro,teniendo efectos con

bacterias gram + y –aerobias.

• h.Influenzae,n.meningitidis,S.pneumoniae,rickettsia.

• Es soluble en alcohol pero escasamente soluble en agua.

 FARMACODINAMIA

Es un potente inhibidor de las síntesis de proteínas microbianas, se une

a una manera irreversible a la subunidad 50S del ribosoma
Bacteriano.
 FARMACOCINETICA

VIAS DE ADMINISTRACION.
• Via parenteral: esta via se optiene menores concentraciones que la via oral
• Via oral: dosis usual de 50-100 mg/kg/dia y se absorbe rápidamente en el
aparato gastrointestinal.
 METABOLISMO
 Se metaboliza en el hígado.
 Propiedades fisicoquímicas y espectro
antibacteriano

El cloranfenicol y el tianfenicol son dos moléculas

cuya estructura es bastante similar.

La cadena central aminopropanediol está

asociada a la actividad antibacteriana de la
molécula, cuyo núcleo aromático puede
reemplazarse sin que la actividad quede suprimida
 CONCLUSION.
Los fenicoles forman parte de los antibióticos más ampliamente prescritos en los países en vías
de desarrollo. En los países occidentales, se ha demostrado claramente la superioridad de
las cefalosporinas de tercera generación en el tratamiento de las meningitis bacterianas;
estas moléculas, junto con las fluoroquinolonas, también han sustituido a los fenicoles en
el tratamiento de las salmonelosis sensibles
Strategies and protective factors

Mars Venus
Mars is actually a very Venus has extremely
cold place high temperatures

Jupiter Saturn
Jupiter is the biggest Saturn is a gas giant and
planet of them all has several rings
 Factors that increase risk

Mars Venus Neptune

Mars is actually a very Venus has extremely Neptune is the farthest
cold place high temperatures planet from the Sun

Mercury Saturn Jupiter

Mercury is the closest Saturn is a gas giant and Jupiter is the biggest
planet to the Sun has several rings planet of them all
Awesome
words
“This is a quote, words full of wisdom
that someone important said and that
can inspire the reader”
—Someone Famous
A picture is worth a
thousand words
A picture always
reinforces
the concept
Images reveal large amounts of data, so
remember: use an image instead of a long
text. Your audience will appreciate it
 98,300,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
9h 55m 23s
Jupiter’s rotation period

333,000
The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s

386,000 km
Distance between Earth and the Moon
 Investigations on the subject

Mercury Venus Mars

Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful name Despite being red, Mars is
planet to the Sun and the and is the second planet actually a cold place. It’s
smallest of them all from the Sun full of iron oxide dust

30% 60% 90%

Computer
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 Support centers

Mercury Saturn Jupiter

Mercury is the closest Saturn is a gas giant and Jupiter is the biggest
planet to the Sun has several rings planet of them all
 How to avoid substance abuse

Mars Neptune
Mars is actually Neptune is the
a very cold farthest planet
place from the Sun

Mercury Saturn Jupiter

Mercury is the Saturn is a gas Jupiter is the
closest planet to giant and has biggest planet
the Sun several rings of them all
 Development of coping skills

Venus Neptune
Venus has extremely 01 02 Neptune is the farthest
high temperatures planet from the Sun

Saturn Jupiter
Saturn is a gas giant and 04 03 Jupiter is the biggest
has several rings planet of them all
 Drug addiction prevention
Aspect Information/tips
● Risks of drug use
Education
● Types of drugs
● Dialogue
Communication
● Peer pressure management
● Physical activity
Healthy lifestyle
● Balanced nutrition
● Encourage seeking help
Support system
● Recognize warning signs
Resources
● Educational materials
● School programs
● Family counseling
● Community workshops
● Sports clubs
● Health education classes
● Substance abuse hotlines
● Counseling services
 Substance abuse statistics

Venus Neptune
Venus has extremely Neptune is the farthest
high temperatures planet from the Sun

Saturn Jupiter
Saturn is a gas giant and Jupiter is the biggest
has several rings planet of them all

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 Our team

Adam Hill Kaliyah Harris

You can speak a bit about this You can speak a bit about this
person here person here
 05
Activities
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
 Activity 1
Practice saying NO to questions and develop peer pressure resistance skills

Questions Answer
1 "Everyone else is doing it, why don't you try it once?" No

2 "It's no big deal, just try it, it's no big deal." No

3 "You're missing out on an amazing experience." No

4 "It's the only way to really have fun at this party." No

5 "Don't be boring, what could possibly go wrong?" No

6 "We're all friends here, why don't you relax a little?" No

 Activity 2
A debate is an organized discussion in which teams argue different points of view on a topic,
practicing public speaking and critical thinking skills. Make two groups to discuss the issues:

Team A
What are the main reasons why
adolescents start using drugs?
What are the warning signs that
someone might be abusing drugs and
how can we identify them?
What steps can be taken to reduce peer
pressure that leads to drug use among
adolescents?
Team B
What role do genetic and environmental
factors play in the development of drug
addiction?
What is the importance of drug
education in schools and how can it help
prevent addiction?
What are the specific health risks
associated with the use of different types
of drugs?
 Activity 3
Write a letter to yourself in the future (e.g., at age 25) describing your goals and dreams, and how
drugs might affect those plans

Letter to my future self

Write your letter here...
 Activity 4
Research and write a report on the short- and long-term consequences of drug use on health and daily
life

Type of drug Short term Long term

● Mercury is a small planet
Mercury ● Mercury is very small
● Mars is a cold planet

● Saturn has rings

Saturn ● Saturn is a gas giant
● Jupiter is a gas giant

● Venus is a hot planet

Venus ● Venus is very hot
● Neptune is an ice giant

● Earth has life

Earth ● We all live on Earth
● Mercury is small
Research advances in recent years

Jupiter
Jupiter is a gas giant and the
biggest planet in the Solar System.
It’s the fourth-brightest object in
the night sky. It was named after
the Roman god of the skies and
lightning

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 Conclusion
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the entire
Solar System. This planet’s name has nothing to do with the liquid metal,
since Mercury was named after the Roman messenger god. Despite being
closer to the Sun than Venus, its temperatures aren't as terribly hot as that
planet’s. Its surface is quite similar to that of Earth’s Moon, which means
there are a lot of craters and plains. Speaking of craters, many of them were
named after artists or authors who made significant contributions to their
respective fields
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