Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
La Corporalidad Funcional Como Meta Terapéutica en Los TCA
La Corporalidad Funcional Como Meta Terapéutica en Los TCA
Resumen
Title: Body Functionality as a Therapeutic Goal for Cognitive Behavioral Work on Body
Image Distortion in Eating Disorders
Abstract
1
Psicóloga. Profesora Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Pontificia Universidad
Javeriana, Colombia. Codirectora del programa Equilibrio, Bogotá, Colombia.
451
Gempeler J.
therapeutic goal is proposed for body image habla indistintamente de los temas
problems in eating disorders: the functional
insatisfacción (no estar satisfecho
use of the body. Results: Body functionality
is defined as “Using the body in a manner
con el cuerpo que se tiene) y distor-
that is compatible with the various situations sión (donde la representación del
an individual may face, responding as most cuerpo no coincide con el cuerpo
people would do in the same situation, with que se está representando) y, muy
a coherent pattern of cognitive, autonomous, a menudo, el término utilizado es
and motor responses”. Coherence between
trastorno o disfunción (body image
the three areas of response is proposed as
an indicator of therapeutic success. Conclu- dysfunction o body image distur-
sions: Based on the available evidence, the bance).
effectiveness of interventions for altered body La insatisfacción parece ser,
image in eating disorders is inconsistent. hoy en día, un fenómeno tan co-
Possible reasons for this are discussed and
mún que difícilmente puede ser
it is proposed that the objective be changed
from correction of the dissatisfaction or
considerado patológico; entre tanto,
distortion of the body image to functionality la distorsión, que sí parece ser un
in the way the body is used. This proposal síntoma nuclear de las patologías
should be tested using empirical studies. del comportamiento alimentario, ha
sido ampliamente estudiada, pero
Key words: Eating disorders, body weight
los hallazgos disponibles acerca de
changes, body image.
su relación con la evolución de los
TCA es inconsistente.
Introducción El presente trabajo revisa estos
hallazgos y, a partir de ello, plantea
La corporalidad, uno de los la corporalidad funcional como una
ejes fenomenológicos centrales de nueva meta terapéutica, con impli-
los trastornos de la conducta ali- caciones clínicas y adaptativas. La
mentaria (TCA), ha sido abordada corporalidad funcional se define
desde diversas perspectivas, a fin como el uso del cuerpo según las
de entender el papel que desempeña situaciones a las cuales se expone
en la génesis y en el mantenimiento el individuo —como la mayoría de
de estos problemas. (1-10). la gente lo haría en esa situación—,
Las alteraciones de la imagen con un patrón coherente de res-
corporal son uno de los criterios puestas cognoscitivas, autónomas
diagnósticos para un TCA: “altera- y motoras.
ción en la forma en la cual el peso Aparte de lo anterior, se propo-
y/o la forma del cuerpo son expe- ne la corporalidad funcional como
rimentados, influencia el peso y la meta de intervención en el marco
forma del cuerpo en la auto evalua- de la terapia cognoscitivo-compor-
ción, o negación de la seriedad del tamental, que apunta a lograr un
riesgo asociado al bajo peso corpo- manejo funcional y adaptativo del
ral” (11). En la literatura médica se propio cuerpo, más que a la rup-
453
Gempeler J.
455
Gempeler J.
15. Fernández-Aranda F, Dahme B, Mer- patients. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Bio-
man R. Body image in eating disorders med. 2001;5(4):311-9.
and analysis of its relevance: a preli- 26. McVey GL, Davis R, Tweed S, Shaw
minary study. J Psychosom Res. 1999 BF. Evaluation of a school-based
Nov;47(5):419-28. program designed to improve body
16. Shafran R, Fairburn C, Robisnson P, image satisfaction global self-esteem
Lask B. Body checking and its avoi- and eating attitudes and behaviors: a
dance in eating disorders. Int J Eat replication study. Int J Eat Disord. 2004
Disord. 2004 Jan;35(1):93-101. Jul;36(1):1-11.
17. Smeets MA, Smit F, Panhuysen GE, 27. Probst M, Vandereycken W, Van Co-
Ingleby JD. The influence of metho- ppenholle H. Body size estimation in
dological differences on the outcome eating disorders using video distortion
of body size estimation studies in on a life size screen. Psychother Psy-
anorexia nervosa. Br J Clin Psychol. chosom. 1997;66(2):87-91.
1997 May;36(Pt 2):263-77. 28. Reas DL, Grilo CM. Cognitive-be-
18. Stice E, Shaw HE. Role of body dissa- havioral assessment of body image
tisfaction in the onset and maintenance disturbances. J Psychiatr Pract. 2004
of eating pathology: a synthesis of Sep;10(5):314-22.
research findings. J Psychosom Res. 29. Skrzypek S, Wehmeier PM, Remsch-
2002 Nov;53(5):985-93. midt H. Body image assessment using
19. Gollings EK, Pastón SJ. Comparison body size estimation in recent studies
of internet and FACE to FACE delivery on anorexia nervosa: a brief review.
of a group body image and disordered Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001
intervention for women: a pilot study. Dec;10(4):215-21.
Eat Disord. 2006 Jan-Feb;14(1):1-15. 30. Thompson K. Body image disturbance
20. Nye S, Cash TF. Outcomes of manua- assessment and treatment. New York:
kized cognitive behavioral body image Pergamon Press; 1990.
therapy with eating disordered women 31. Thompson K, Smolak L. Body image
treated in a private clinical practice. Eat eating disorders and obesity in youth:
Disord. 2006 Jan-Feb;14(1):31-40. assessment prevention and treatment.
21. Sack M, Henniger S, Lamprecht F. Washington: APA; 2001.
Changes of body image and body 32. Fernández-Aranda F, Turón J, Sie-
awareness in eating disorder and non gfried J, Meerman R, Vallejo J. Does
eating disorder patients after inpatinet additional body therapy improve the
therapyin. Psychother Psychosom treatment of anorexia nervosa?: a
Med Psychol. 2002 Feb;52(2):64-9. comparison of two approaches. Eat
22. Striegel-Moore RH, Frnako DL, Thomp- Disord. 1995;3(2):158-64.
son D, Schreiber GB, Daniel SR. Chan- 33. Cash TF. The treatment of body image
ges in weight and body image over disturbances. In: Thompson K. Body
time in women with eating disorders. image eating disorders and obesity: an
Int J Eat Disord. 2004 Nov;36(3):315- integrative guide for assessment and
27. treatment. Washington: APA; 1997. p.
23. Gardner RM. Methodological issues in 83-108.
assessment of the perceptual compo- 34. Rosen JM. Cognitive–behavioral
nent of body image disturbance. Br J body image therapy. In: Garner DM,
Psychol. 1996 May;87(Pt 2):327-37. Garfinkel PE, editors. Handbook of
24. Garner DM, Garfinkel PE. Body image treatment for eating disorders. 2nd
in anorexia nervosa: measurement ed. New York: Guilford Press; 1997.
theory and clinical implications. Int J p. 188-204.
Psychiatry Med. 1981;11(3):263-84. 35. Heinberg LM, Altabe M, Tantleff-Dunn
25. Harari D, Furst M, Kiryati N, Caspi S, Thompson K. Exacting beauty:
A, Davidson M. A computer based theory, assessment, and treatment of
method for the assessment of body body image disturbance. Washington:
image distortions in anorexia nervosa APA; 1999.
457
Gempeler J.
36. Gempeler J. Historia fotográfica del neration in progress. New York: Raven
cuerpo, exposición y prevención de Press; 1996.
respuesta e integración sensorial Jansen A, Smeet TM, Artijn C. I see what you
como herramientas terapéuticas see: the lack of a self-serving body ima-
integradas para la flexibilización de ge-bias in eating disorders. Br J Clin
la distorsión corporal en TCA. Rev Psychol. 2006 Mar;45(Pt 1):123-35.
Colomb Psiquiatr. 2004;33(1):9-20. Key A, George CL, Beattie CL, Stammers
37. Shafran R, Fairburn C. A new eco- K, Lacey H, Waller G. Body image
logical valid method to assess body treatment within an inpatient program
size estimation and body size dis- for anorexia nervosa: the role of a
satisfaction. Int J Eat Disord. 2002 mirror expusore in the desensitiza-
Dec;32(4):458-65. tion process. Int J Eat Disord. 2002
38. Delinsky SS, Wilson GT. Mirror ex- Mar;31(2):185-90.
posure for the treatment of body Kleifield E, Wagner S, Hoberman H, Halmi
image disturbance. Int J Eat Disord. K, Wilson T, Agras S, et al. Cognitive-
2006;39(2):108-16. behavioral treatment (CBT): Manual
for anorexia nervosa. McKnight Foun-
dation Study. In press.
Bibliografía complementaria O’Dea JA, Abraham S. Improving the body
image attitudes and behaviours of
Ames FR. The neurological bases of body young male and female adolescents:
image. In: Castle DJ, Phillips KA, edi- a next educational approach that fo-
tors. Disorders of body image. Hamps- cuses on self esteem. Int J Eat Disord.
hire: Wrighston Biomedical Publishing; 2000 Jul;28(1):43-57.
2002. p. 1-12. Phillips KA. The broken mirror: understan-
Castle DJ, Phillips KA. Disordered body ding and treating body dismorphic
image in psychiatric disorders. In: disorder. New York: Oxford University
Castle DJ, Phillips KA, editors. Di- Press; 1996.
sorders of body image. Hampshire: Probst M, Vandereycken W, Vanderlinden
Wrighston Biomedical Publishing; J, Van Coppenholle H. The significan-
2002. p. 55-66. ce of body size estimation in eating
Durkin SJ, PaxtonSJ, Wertheim EH. How disorders: its relationship with clinical
adolescents girls evaluate dissatisfac- and psychological variables. Int J Eat
tion prevention messages? J Adolesc Disord. 1998 Sep;24(2):167-74.
Health. 2005 Nov;37(5):381-90. Rodríguez M, Gempeler J. El TOC en los
Fernández-Aranda F, Van der Eycken W. trastornos de la conducta alimentaria.
Influence of video confrontation on Procedente del Congreso Nacional de
the self evaluation of anorexia nervosa Psiquiatría; 1999; Medellín, Colombia.
patients: a controlled study. Eat Disord. Rodríguez M, Gempeler J, Pérez V, Solano
1994;2(2). S, Meluk A, Liemann E. Entre el sufri-
Guinn B, Semper T, Jorgensen L, Skaggs miento interno y las palabras silencia-
S. Body image perception in female das: análisis de narrativas en mujeres
Mexican American adolescents. J S con trauma, automutilaciones y TCA.
Health. 1997;67:112-5. En prensa.
Gupta MA, Gupta AK, Schork NJ, Watteel Rothschild B. The body remembers: the
GN. Perceived touch deprivation psychophysiology of trauma and
and body image: some observations trauma treatment. New York: W. W.
among eating disordered and non- Northon & Company; 2000.
clinical subjects. J Psychosom Res. Rowe DA, McDonald SM, Mahar MT,
1995;39(4):459-64. Raedeke TD. Multitrait-multimethod
Jacobs BL, Fornal CA. Serotonin and investigation of a novel body image
behaviour: a general hypothesis. In: measurement technique. Res Q Exerc
Psychopharmachology: the fourth ge- Sport. 2005 Dec;76(4):407-15.
Correspondencia
Juanita Gempeler Rueda
Equilibrio
Programa de Tratamiento Integral
de Trastornos de Alimentación,
Afectivos y de Ansiedad
Carrera 16 Nº 82-95, piso 9
Bogotá, Colombia
jgempeler@cable.net.co
459