DC4. StudentBook

D ynamic 4
C onversations
The Tenses of Conversation
GOLL
English
Dynamic Conversations 4: The Tenses of Conversation
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First Printing, 2012
GOLL Publishing
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www.gollenglish.com
Dynamic Conversations 4: The Tenses of
Conversation Exploraremos los
principales tiempos gramaticales para
lograr una conversación avanzada. Este
programa aumenta en su grado de
complejidad a medida que avanzada por
los diferentes tiempos y sus
conjugaciones de verbales.
Duración: (Entre 60 y 70 horas).
How do I really, finally

learn English?
Sabemos que su tiempo es reducido y vive realmente ocupado, seguramente con una
carrera, un trabajo, familia y obligaciones sociales, esto significa que tiene muy poco
tiempo para dedicarse al tema de Inglés. Así que, ¿cómo puede aprender Inglés
realmente? Desafortunadamente, no hay soluciones mágicas que proporcionen fluidez en
Inglés en solo 3 meses. La realidad es que se necesita de un tiempo fijo en la semana, que
se convierta en una prioridad para usted y tener la toda la motivación para aprender. Con
el programa GOLL English serás capaz en 12 meses de entender y participar en
conversaciones de manera activa y con la confianza que el idioma exige, entre otras
habilidades como comprender textos complejos y escribir correctamente.
La inversión de tiempo es importante!
Tiene dos opciones: 1. Conocer y comprender superficialmente la gramática, sin
dominarla en contextos de conversación o 2. Tomar la decisión de disponer del tiempo de
estudio para luego cerrar el libro y conversar usando lo aprendido. ¿Qué prefieres?.
En nuestra filosofía GOLL la comprensión gramatical del Inglés

por si sola no es suficiente «debes dominar el idioma»! Porque
si no puedes usar lo que aprendes en una conversación esto no
sirve de nada y todo tu tiempo y dinero se habrán perdido. Si lo
decides vamos a iniciar este viaje para divertirnos, cometer
errores, aprender y poco a poco iremos avanzando a la meta!
El Secreto para Aprender Inglés
¿Por qué la mayoría de las personas que estudian Inglés no
logran conversar fluidamente? Esto sucede porque el 99%
de las clases tradicionales de inglés desarrollan habilidades
pasivas. Un idioma como el Inglés se aprende a través de la
exploración, de la actividad e interacción en una
conversación real, donde lo aprendido puede ser lógico y
aplicado en escenarios y situaciones del mundo real.
El Camino hacia la Fluidez – Donde estoy y para donde voy?

Dynamic Conversations 1: The
Tools of Conversation Nos Dynamic Conversations 2: The Details of
centraremos en las 3 estructuras base Conversation Este programa introduce un
de una conversación 1. observaciones, mayor numero de verbos que usan
2. preguntas y 3. respuestas. Abordado exactamente la misma fórmula practicada en
en tiempo presente y pasado, usando Dynamic Conversation 1. Aquí exploraremos el
únicamente 3 verbos (BE, HAVE y GO). idioma con estos nuevos verbos en diferentes
Estos 3 verbos representan el 99,9% de conjugaciones que gradualmente darán mas
todos los verbos que existen en Inglés y estructura y complejidad a las frases.
que emplean una formula aplicada a Duración: (Entre 12 y 14 semanas)
todos los demás verbos.
Duración: (Entre 12 y 14 semanas) Dynamic Conversations 4: The Tenses
of Conversation Exploraremos los
Dynamic Conversations 3: The Vocabulary principales tiempos gramaticales para lograr
of Conversation Aquí prestaremos una conversación avanzada. Este programa
atención a los estados, emociones y aumenta en su grado de complejidad a
descripciones humanas. Abordaremos medida que avanzada por los diferentes
también las características físicas de tiempos y sus conjugaciones de verbales
personas, lugares y cosas. Duración: (Entre 12 y 14 semanas).
Duración: (Entre 12 y 14 semanas).
Reading & Writing Like a Native:
Speaking Like a Native: Este es el mejor Mediante un club de lectura
Programa de Comprensión Oral que existe, comprenderemos textos complejos,
maneja un Nivel C1 de Comprensión abordados de una manera dinámica e
auditiva de las frases idiomáticas mas interesante que inicia con la exploración
usadas en Inglés, revisaremos la estructura de una novela y que permite el
de cada frase de manera detallada hasta enriquecimiento de vocabulario.
alcanzar su máximo entendimiento y uso Duración: (Entre 6 y 8 semanas)
adecuado de acuerdo al contexto.
Duración: Entre 6 y 8 Semanas9
The Art of Conversation 1 & 2:
Este es un programa de
Explaining Like a Native: Este programa conversación que trata temas de
perfeccionará su habilidad de hablar con actualidad e interés y te
fluidez, utilizando las preposiciones en inglés de introduce en el estudio y práctica
manera adecuada, las cuales suelen ser la parte de la gramática avanzada y verbos
de la frase que mayor complejidad crea. Lo frasales.
abordaremos de una manera dinámica a través Duración: (Entre 7 y 8 meses)
de la explicación de historias y situaciones.
Duración: (Entre 6 y 8 semanas)
Table of Contents
One of the easiest aspects of learning English is the tenses. English is not a
technical language like Spanish. We have far fewer conjugations (only 1
conjugation with the past, future, conditional and two in the present). In this
program, you will review all major tenses that appear in the IELTS or TOEFL
certifications. Also, you will need to use them in everyday conversations. The
idea is not to just be proficient in filling in blank spaces on a page, but to
make each tense come alive in a conversational setting in the real world.
A. Present Continuous
B. Present Perfect Page 11
C. Present Perfect Continuous
A. Past Continuous
B. Past Perfect Page 74
C. Habits in the Past
D. Immediate Past Actions
A. Simple Future Review

B. “Going to” Future Page 107
C. Future Continuous
A. Ability / Probability
B. Permission Page 119
C. Obligation / Advice
D. Conditional Tense
100 Common English Verbs
Write these verbs in the past participle form (this is used in the present perfect tense).
agree agreed
agreed drive know put off take
allow eat learn ride take off
add exercise leave run talk
ask out fall like run into tell
fall
be listen say think
apart
become feel live see travel
begin fight look sell try
look
blow up find forward to
send turn
borrow follow lose set turn up
break fly make shake understand
bring up forget make up shout use
buy get meet show visit
get along
call with
miss sit wake up
get
carry on move sleep want
away
come give up need speak watch
come
go offer spend watch out
across
come up
go out pass out stand wear
with
cut have play start work
drink hear pull over study worry
do hold put swim write
6
Did You Know? `
Phrasal Verbs
This is an important type of verbs in English. Here’s how they work:
verb + preposition = phrasal verb

…for example…
wake + up = wake up
The grammar with phrasal verbs is easy. Just treat them like normal verbs.
Examples Fill in the blanks.

Past: Past:
“What time did they wake up yesterday?” What time did you wake up last Monday?
“They woke up at 6:00am yesterday.” - ___________________________________.
Habits: Habits:
“What time do we usually wake up?” ____________________________________?
“You usually wake up at 6:00am.” - We usually wake up tired.
Future: Future:
“What time will he wake up tomorrow?” When will you wake up on Sunday?
“He will wake up at 6:00am tomorrow.” - ___________________________________.
8
More Phrasal Verbs
When a verb becomes a phrasal verb, its definition changes completely.
make up:
- to invent a story
… and then
the elephant go out:
jumped…
- to go places socially, usually
with other people
The woman made up a ridiculous story about

why she didn’t come home after work.
Discussion:
• Did you make up stories as a kid?
• What was the last excuse that you
made up to avoid a problem?
Discussion:
• How often do you go out?
• Do you go out alone? Why or why not?
bring up:
- to mention
I saw my ex walking
In the mall today.
run into:
Please don´t bring - to meet a person you know
her up again!
by chance (not planned)
Note: The object
pronoun can come
between the verb
and the preposition.
Discussion:
• What is bad to bring up with your boss?
• When was the last time you brought up Discussion:
an inappropriate subject? • How often do you run into friends on
the street in your city?
• Did you have a problem because you
ran into someone at the wrong place
or at the wrong time?
9
More Phrasal Verbs
come across: Discussion:
- to encounter • Did you ever come across
something valuable?
Patrick came across five • Did you ever come across
bags of money. They were someone that needed your help?
just sitting in the street!
Some phrasal verbs also use an additional preposition.

look forward (to): get along (with):
- to anticipate positively - to have a good
relationship (with)
Every year, we look
forward to our family I don’t get along with
vacation to the beach. my brother because he
It’s so much fun! doesn’t listen to me.
Discussion:
• Do you usually look forward to your Discussion:
dental appointments? • Do most people get along with you?
• Tell the class the one thing you most • What are some tips to get along with
look forward to every year. other people?
Fill in the blanks below with the correct phrasal verbs.

1. You’ll never believe who I _______________ at the mall yesterday. My first grade teacher!
2. I _____________ to a bar with Jack last week… but he was so boring!
3. He was late to work because he _____________________ an accident and decided to help.
4. Thank you for the meeting. We _______________________ to working together soon.
5. The secretary ____________ a story about a car accident because she was late to work.
6. They don’t ______________________ with their mother. She was always mean to them.
7. We can’t go to the party because tomorrow we will ______________ at 5:30am.
8. Please, don’t _____________ his divorce. He’s still really depressed about it.
We’ll see these phrasal verbs (and others) through the rest of this book!
10
The Main
Present
Tenses
A. Present Continuous
B. Present Perfect
C. Present Perfect Continuous
The simple present tense is also a main present tense. It’s covered in Dynamic Conversations 1.
11
Present Continuous
You saw this tense in the previous books – it is usually the easiest tense to understand because it easily
translates from English to Spanish. The present continuous tense combines the non-action verb BE with
action verbs. Refresh your memory with some examples:
Simple Present: I eat spaghetti. (this action is a habit or a routine)

Present Continuous: I’m eating spaghetti right now. (current action – NOW!)
Simple Present: You are a nice woman. (the type of person that she is)
Present Continuous: You are being nice today! (current attitude of the person – NOW!)
Complete the conversation between Jen and Liz below!
Hi Liz… what ___________ doing?
Jen
Hi Jen… I ____________ for an exam.
Liz
Wow, you’re so disciplined. _____ it difficult?
Yes, it is. But I _____________ (try) to learn a lot!
Great! You ______________ (work) hard,

so I know you will be successful!
Are you busy? ______ you _____ anything today?
Yes, I _____. My friends and I ________________

(go out) to a café. We were at McDonalds too.
That seems fun! _____ my boyfriend eating at McDonalds now?
How do you think Liz responds to Jen’s question?
12
Cause + Effect
Explain why the people below are doing what they are doing.
Example: I´m looking forward to the movie because I´m bored.
use “because”
1. _______________________
_________________________
_________________________.
2. _______________________
_________________________
_________________________.
3. _______________________
_________________________
_________________________.
Now, reverse the order of these actions (speaking) and use “so” to explain the result.
Slideshow Exercise: Describe these images. Use “so” or “because”.
1. ___________________________________________________________________.
2. ___________________________________________________________________.
3. ___________________________________________________________________.
4. ___________________________________________________________________.
5. ___________________________________________________________________.
6. ___________________________________________________________________.
7. ___________________________________________________________________.
13
Active
Telling
Jokes
Telling a joke or a funny story involves using active speech. Here are two
examples of jokes - one complete and the other incomplete.
A Blonde Joke* New Vocabulary
blonde jokes - a type of joke which plays on the

A blonde is driving home one night when a hail* storm suddenly myth that blondes aren´t very smart
starts. The hail is coming down really hard and the balls of hail
are huge! The hail is denting her car very badly*. The next day, hail - a weather that consists of white balls of ice
she comes across a repair shop and goes in. denting - to cause surface damage; the act of
causing depressions on the surface of an object
The repair guy, seeing that she is blonde and stupid, decides to
badly - adverb meaning “very much”
have some fun with her. He tells her to blow into the tailpipe* of
the car really hard when she gets home to pop out* the dents*. dents - a hollow or depression in a surface, from
being hit
When she gets home she blows into the tailpipe as hard as she tailpipe - an exhaust pipe located at the back of a
can many times. Then, her best friend, who is also a blonde, vehicle
arrives. Her friend sees her blowing into the tail pipe and is quite
pop out - to expand to it´s former natural shape.
surprised by the action. She blurts out*, "What are you doing!?“
The first blonde tells the second blonde that the repair guy told
her to blow into the tailpipe really hard to pop out* the dents. Her
friend says "Dummy! You have to roll up the windows first!"
Complete the Joke Below

Decide between the simple present and the present continuous tenses.
A policeman _________ a man who _________________ down

the freeway in a car that is filled with knives. He _________ the driver "What are
you doing with all these knives?“ The man _____________ "I am a “knife
swallower" in the Circus Maximus. So, he ___________ (show) this to the policeman
by putting a knife down his throat. Just then, a couple _____________ by
and the wife ____________ to her husband, "Slow down Harry! Look what
that officer __________________ (make) that guy do for speeding!"
Homework: Think about an active joke. Tell it to the class tomorrow. Make up a new joke weekly!
14
I AM SAILING Rod Stewart - 1975
I am __________, I am ___________,
Home again cross the sea.
I am ___________, stormy waters,
To be near you, to be free.
I am ___________, I am ___________,
Like a bird cross the sky.
I am ___________, passing high clouds,
To be with you, to be free.
Can you hear me? Can you hear me?

Through the dark night, far away,
I am ___________, forever trying,
To be with you, who can say.
Can you hear me? Can you hear me?

Through the dark night far away.
I am ___________, forever trying,
To be with you, who can say.
We are ___________, we are ___________,

Home again cross the sea.
We are ___________ stormy waters,
To be near you, to be free.
Oh lord, to be near you, to be free.

Oh lord, to be near you, to be free,
Oh lord.
This is a cover of a Stewart confessed

1972 song by the At 1,000,000 copies sold, that this is the only song he
Sutherland Brothers. this is Rod Stewart’s ever recorded completely
best-selling single. sober.
15
Progress Check 1
GRAMMAR CHECK: Select the correct word for each phrase.
1. He’s (have / haveing / having) lunch right now.
2. (Am / Were / Are) you sitting in the car right now?
3. In this small city, I (visit / see / run) into many friends when I’m walking down the street.
4. Will the engineers (run / running / ran) in the difficult race?
5. No, (we / I’m / she’ll) not playing tennis.
6. Why are the construction workers (whistling / whistle / whistled) at you?
7. Mr. Smith is drinking (his / hers / theirs) cold beverage.
8. The boys simply don’t get (up / through / along) well. They always fight.
9. (He / We / I) are eating seafood in the restaurant now.
WRITING: Write the questions for each of the following responses.

(2 pts. each)
10. QUESTION: _________________________________________________________________
RESPONSE: I am still looking for my sandwich.
11. QUESTION: _________________________________________________________________

RESPONSE: She’s coming from her fiancé's house.
12. QUESTION: ________________________________________________________________

RESPONSE: No, we aren’t making dinner yet.
LISTENING: Listen to the audio twice. Then answer the following questions.
13. How is the weather today in Miami? a) dry b) cold c) rainy
14. How is the weather today in Pittsburgh? a) cold b) hot c) cloud
15. What is moving? a) people b) the bikinis c) the storm
16. How was the weather last week in Pittsburgh? a) cloud b) storm c) cold
17. Why did Stan bring up bikinis in the weather report?
a) Miami’s weather will improve. b) It’s too cold to wear bikinis. c) He’s wearing a bikini this weekend.
My Score: _____ / 20
16
Did You Know?
The GERUND
Not all words which end in –ing are in the present continuous tense. Sometimes, these
words are gerunds. Gerunds are actions which act like nouns.
The ocean is fun. Which words are the nouns?

English is easy. Of course you know. The nouns are ocean, English, and ice cream.
You chose these words because you know what nouns are.
Ice cream isn’t healthy.
What if you want to say that an action is fun or easy? Hiking is fun.
That is when you need a gerund. If you want to use a
Swimming is easy.
verb as a noun, you can usually add an -ing ending.
Smoking isn’t healthy.
In these sentences hiking, swimming, and dancing look like verbs, but they are not verbs (the verb in
each sentence is BE). They are nouns. When a noun looks like a verb with -ing, it is called a gerund.
Since gerunds act just like nouns, they My cooking is famous in my hometown.
can be after possessive adjectives (my,
Sara´s driving scares me.
your, his, Sara´s, our, their, etc.)
Now you try it! Find a partner and talk about the following activities:
17
Present
Gerund Vs
Continuous
The gerund and the present continuous tense both use the
-ing ending, but they are very different. Here are two examples:
Present Continuous Tense: I am walking in the park!_.
Gerund: Walking in the park is great!
Activity: Select the correct word to fill in the blank, and then select G
for gerund or PC for present continuous.
G PC 1. Studying English _____ a very good use of time.

a) are b) is c) were
G PC 2. I am not _____ because it is Sunday.

a) working b) work c) worked
G PC 3. ____ your sisters living in Medellin?

a) Are b) Is c) Was
G PC 4. Is ____ tennis difficult?

a) to play b) play c) playing
G PC 5. ____ one time per week is not enough.

a) Exercise b) Exercising c) Exercised
G PC 6. Reading books ____ an important part of my experience.

a) was b) were c) be
G PC 7. ____ cooking is delicious and healthy.

a) His b) They c) It
G PC 8. My coworkers are ____ coffee in a local café.

a) drink b) drinking c) to drink
Practicing the Gerund:

Pick one activity that you like, and one activity that you don’t like. Then,
close your book and share your thoughts with the class. What makes the
two activities different? Why do you like / dislike them? Be creative!
18
Cup o´ Joe
Conversation Café
The Importance of Doing Nothing
“Doing nothing is better than being busy doing nothing.” ~Lao Tzu
Sitting down and doing nothing for a little while each day is one of
the greatest gifts you can give yourself. It’s the first step towards
taking control of your mind, body, and emotions. You have to make it
a priority in your life.
Doing nothing is, surprisingly, very difficult to do. Our conscious awareness continuously focuses on
our worries. It prevents us from relaxing and doing nothing. It is only during periods of relaxation
and doing nothing that our minds are able to be creative.
Our subconscious mind, like our heart, is active all the time, even when we are sleeping or doing
nothing. Most cultures see doing nothing as a waste of time and a sign of laziness and
irresponsibility, however creative people understand the importance of doing nothing and its
benefits. It makes us aware of our creativity.
The area of our brain known as the prefrontal cortex is most active when we worry about ourselves.
It is one of the most advanced parts of our brains and it separates us from other animals which
cannot think like humans. When doing nothing, the prefrontal cortex is quiet. The human brain
moves to a deeper state where imagination comes through without being controlled, judged, or
limited.
Meditation helps us reach this relaxed condition. It helps explains why we get so many good ideas
while showering or half-sleeping. A relaxed frame of mind is good for creating new knowledge or
ideas without forcing them. However, when we worry about ourselves again, the creative state is
interrupted.
Here are some ways to let your mind relax:
1. Have “do nothing” breaks during the day. Go outside and lay in the grass for 10 minutes and
look up at the sky. If you are in your office, shut off your phone and your computer, take off your
shoes and close your eyes.
2. Go to a coffee shop where you don´t know anybody and hang out. Read a book or just stare
into space.
3. Eat good food and really enjoy each bite.
Discussion: What do you like to do when you do nothing?

How is modern society preventing our creativity?
Are our kids too busy now? Do they need constant stimulation?
19
Verbs Gerund
+ Infinitive
So far, we have only seen the gerund as the subject of a sentence, which is easy.
Or
As the object of a sentence, though, we have to make a decision.
As an object, the gerund appears after an action verb.

I like cooking.
object
subject verb
We also have the option to use the infinitive (to+verb) as an object.

I like to cook.
subject verb object
In pairs, practice speaking with the gerund and the infinitive.
1. I like cooking. I like to cook.

like: __________________________________________________
2. love: _________________________________________________
3. hate: _________________________________________________
4. prefer: ________________________________________________
5. start: _________________________________________________
6. continue: ______________________________________________
7. recommend: ___________________________________________
Sometimes, the two forms have different meanings.
For example, let’s look at the verb: remember:
“I always remember visiting my “I always remember to visit my
girlfriend in London.” girlfriend in London.”
vs.
Last Month This Month Next Month
Translation: I visited my girlfriend in London Translation: I never forget to visit my current

in the past, and now I always remember it. girlfriend, who is in London.
Practice is the secret to understanding the difference, but, when you’re not sure, using the
infinitive usually directs the first verb’s meaning either into the future or towards an action.
20
Verbs + Gerund
The verbs on the last page work with gerunds and infinitives. However, most verb only
work with one or the other. Here are verbs can only be followed by gerunds.
For example, we can say: I appreciate listening to classical music.
However, we cannot say: I appreciate to listen to classical music.
1. anticipate In pairs, fill in the blanks. Remember to conjugate the verbs!

2. appreciate a. forgive me for not fixing the broken window?
Can you _________
3. avoid b. I __________ not taking him too seriously – you’ll thank me later.
4. complete c. He can't ____________ her leaving so suddenly. He’s confused.
5. consider d. I ________ chatting with you now that you’re far away.
6. delay e. He _________ playing the guitar every day.
7. deny f. We __________ moving to the new house until summer.
g. He will _________ stealing the money, but he did it!
8. dislike
h. She ___________ asking for favors. She hates it!
9. discuss
i. He ____________ listening to classical and jazz music.
10. enjoy
j. enjoys reading in her bed to relax.
She __________
11. forgive k. My doctor ______________ only sleeping in bed.
12. imagine l. They ___________ seeing the suspect with a woman.
13. mention m. Would you _______ losing everything in a casino?
14. miss n. I didn't ____________ winning today - what a surprise!
15. practice o. Let's _________ being late by leaving early.
16. recommend p. He ____________ baking the cake and it smelled great!
q. Can you __________ living on the moon?
17. report
r. I never __________ meeting him, so how do you know?
18. risk
s. She never _____________ moving until she got fired.
19. suggest t. We ___________ buying a bigger apartment, but we’re not ready
20. understand to make a decision yet. We’re just talking so far.
As a small group, orally explain what’s happening in the scenes below.
deny / dislike / resist risk / suggest / consider avoid / report / practice appreciate / understand
enjoy / forgive avoid / stop risk / dislike miss / imagine
21
Verbs + Infinitive The verbs on the last page only worked with gerunds.
Here are verbs can only be followed by infinitives.
For example, we can say: I agree to work 60 hours next week.
However, we cannot say: I agree working 60 hours next week.
1. agree In pairs, fill in the blanks. Remember to conjugate the verbs!

2. ask wish to change my address in the database.
a. I ________
3. choose b. He _____________ to run a business, because he has an MBA.
4. decide c. I __________ to speak with you in private. Please!!!
5. deserve d. He ___________ to speak English very quickly.
6. expect e. He ____________to go for a walk, and she accepted.
7. fail f. I was packing and ____________ to leave when the she called.
g. I told him this morning, but he ____________ not to hear a word.
8. get
h. She ___________ to take us with her next time. I believe her.
9. hope
i. They ___________ to work more and I agreed to pay more.
10. know how
j. I _________ to see you soon.
11. learn k. We ________ to ignore it, but we finally have to fix it.
12. offer l. The runners are __________ to start quietly at the line.
13. plan m. He ____________ to win the contest because he worked so hard.
14. prepare n. He ___________ to be home early, but the traffic was terrible.
15. pretend o. We ___________ to go out after the meeting. What happened?
16. promise p. It's not fair that she _______ to see him before the others.
q. You ___________ to arrive on time, so now you are fired!
17. wait
r. I _________________ to say something before we continue.
18. want
s. She ________ to go to the bathroom but didn’t receive permission.
19. wish
t. She ___________ not to go to the party, because work to more
20. would like important to her.
As a small group, orally explain what’s happening in the scenes below.
expect / offer / would like deserve / plan / ask choose / fail / deserve prepare / know how
choose / wait promise / decide want / pretend hope / learn
22
Gerund Infinitive vs.
Fill in the blanks in the story below using the verbs in the list. There is only one correct
answer for each: the gerund or the infinitive. You decide!
give talk reduce hear give
work find out have coordinate meet

show make go out start achieve
do speak stop lie help be see
Peter works in a gym. This is a conversation between him and his boss, Mary.
Mary: Peter, do you have a minute? I’d like to discuss __________________ our schedules.
Peter: Sure, boss, you know I never avoid ___________________ to you.
Mary: Now, I agreed ________________ you weekends off starting this month, but we’re simply too busy.
Peter: Don’t worry. I didn’t ask you _____________ that – I love the extra money!
Mary: Great! And I really appreciate you ______________ with extra hours for Mrs. Jennings.
Peter: You’re welcome. We planned _________________ her cholesterol, and it’s taking more effort than we expected.
Mary: Ok, but are you sure you know how ___________________ that goal?
Peter: Yes ma'am. I prepared __________________ her many different techniques – both in the gym and in the kitchen.
Mary: Perfect. Now, I have a question. It appears that you are delaying ____________ with Mr. Jones. Is that true?
Peter: Did he tell you that? I offered ____________ him a free session last Saturday, but he won’t return my phone calls.
Mary: I understand, but I need a favor. Please learn ______ more persistent. Mr. Jones is shy, and needs a little pressure.
Peter: It seems like a lot of pressure, but okay, I’ll call him again and suggest _____________ next weekend. Okay?
Mary: Super. Now, let’s talk about something important. Last week, you denied ______________________ with any co-
workers romantically. Is there something you would like to tell me. Any changes?
Peter: I fail to ___________ why you’re asking me that again. I would like you ____________ bringing that up.
Mary: I can understand _________________ a mistake, but please don’t lie to me.
Peter: I want ____________ why you don’t believe me! Why?! Why?!
Mary: Well, Sandra reported ____________ a romantic relationship with you – as required by the gym employee policies.
Peter: Wait. If I pretend to not _____________ a relationship it’s bad. But if I tell you, it’s good?
Mary: That’s right. I just want __________________ the truth.
Peter: And if I am going out with Sandra, you’ll forgive my _____________?
Mary: That’s right.
Peter: Ok. We have a relationship. Happy?
Mary: Finally! Thank you! I always look forward to _____________ with you. Oh, and you’re fired! Sandra is my daughter!
NOTE: Objects sometimes come between verbs and gerunds.

Example: I understand you being upset.
23
Pair Activity
Remove this page from your book! Then, cut out the squares below
Instructions
1. Mix the cards and then find a partner.
2. Take turns giving each other one card at a time.
3. When you receive a card, say a TRUE sentence using either a gerund
or an infinitive after the verb on the card.
4. Your partner will use the book to verify your answer
5. Give one of your cards to your partner, and check their response.
6. Repeat
choose decide deserve expect get hope
learn promise wait wish anticipate complete
consider dislike imagine mention miss practice
recommend risk love like hate prefer
25
Gerund Rule
There is one clear rule that helps you know to use a gerund and NOT an infinitive:
If there is a verb after a preposition, it is always a gerund.
(This rule works equally for all prepositions, including phrasal verbs.)
This is a good rule. It has no exceptions!
If we want to use a verb after a preposition, it must be a gerund. It is impossible
to use an infinitive after a preposition. For example:
• I will call you after arriving at the office.

• Please have a drink before leaving.
• Do you object to working late?
• Tara always dreams about going on holiday.
• I am looking forward to meeting you.
The “to” Situation

Look at the final example above. There is a “to” before a gerund. Don’t worry,
this isn’t an infinitive. The to is a preposition at the end of the phrasal verb look
forward to. It isn’t part of the gerund. This is fairly common. For example:
• I am used to driving on the right side of the road.
Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition.

to about of at for with
1. Keith is good _______ making up stories.

2. Julie complains _________ losing her books.
3. Anne dreams _________ running into the perfect man.
4. Dale said he was sorry __________ being late.
5. Do you agree __________going on strike?
6. They are looking forward ________ going to France.
Discussion
1. What are you good at? Ask a classmate!
2. What are your dreams?
3. What do your co-workers often complain about?
27
Game Show
Split into two teams and invent a crazy team name!
• Refer to the previous pages and, as a team, write a secret list of 8
verbs (some followed by a gerund, and some followed by an
infinitive) – write them below.
• Each team takes turns reading one word to the other team.
• The listening team must:
• Decide if it is followed by a gerund or an infinitive. (1 point)
• Use it in an original sentence. + verb or infinitive (1 point)
• Record the other teams’ words below – as well as personal notes.
Our Secret List of Verbs The Other Team’s Verbs

1. ______________ 1. ______________
2. ______________ 2. ______________
3. ______________ 3. ______________
4. ______________ 4. ______________
5. ______________ 5. ______________
6. ______________ 6. ______________
7. ______________ 7. ______________
8. ______________ 8. ______________
Notes:
28
Keeping a Journal
Millions of people write in their journals every day. We will use this format to improve our
English and make journal entries throughout this program.
Here is an example of a famous journal entry:
My name is Ernest Miller Hemingway I was born on July 21 1899. My

favorite authors are Kipling, O. Henry and Stuart Edward White. My favorite
flower is Lady Slipper and Tiger Lily. My favorite sports are Trout fishing,
Hiking, shooting, football and boxing. My favorite studies are English,
Zoology and Chemistry. I intend to travel and write.
- Nine year old Ernest Hemingway, 1908.
Write an interesting entry about what I´m doing now at work and in life in general:
Use the simple present tense and the present continuous tense. Practice the gerund.
29
Fill in the blanks with either a gerund or an infinitive.
1. I’ll ask ____________ (go) to the conference because I want to escape the office!
2. Don’t risk ____________ (lose) everything in the stock market. You have a family!
3. Do you agree with ____________ (sell) the company?
4. Most people avoid ____________ (go) to the dentist.
5. He expects ____________ (see) the whole family at the wedding.
6. They would like ____________ (invest) in the beach project.
7. The police pretended ____________ (get along), but they really hate each other.
8. They’re imagining ____________ (fly) around the world in an airplane.
9. We miss ____________ (visit) our parents’ house in the United States.
10. Their father dreams of ____________ (work) less.
11. I will consider ____________ (vote) for the proposal, but I won’t make a decision.
12. Good children deserve ____________ (receive) desert after dinner.
13. They planned ____________ (visit) in October, but the weather was too cold.
14. She knows how ____________ (negotiate) with the banks.
15. My teacher is good at ____________ (teach) large groups.
Total Score: _____ / 15

30
Video
Activity
Preparing for a Job Interview
Listen closely and fill in the blanks below.
Today we’re going to focus on answering the question, “Do you like
working in a team or alone?”
With _______ particular __________, employers or interviewers – they’re
_____________ for both. Nearly all _________ require the candidates
_____ ________ both as a ________ or __________.
Now as a team, obviously ____________ ideas, ____________________
different point of view, ________________ towards a ______________
goal.
In addition, ________________ also want people who are self-
______________, self-______________, who can ____________ on tasks
- ______________ some ____________ do _______________ to be
______________ alone.
As with every questions that you’re asked in an interview, the
____________answers, the __________ who _____________ out are the
ones that _______________ ____________ of where they’ve
____________ both in a team and ______________.
The _______________ point to consider here as well is that “Do you
(work) like working in a team or alone?” is a _______ question...
Don’t give a yes or no answer!
ROLE PLAYING:
Take two minutes and prepare a complete response to the question using both a gerund and
infinitive. Then share this with the class. Who has the best response? Who receives the job?
31
Time to Review Now
Present Tense: Fill in the blanks with the correct verbs!
x
We use the simple present tense to talk about things now– and habits.
be wake up watch sleep eat

drink have think try want
My daily schedule __________ really boring! First, I __________ at 6:00am, get out of bed, and
1 2
__________ a cold glass of orange juice. Then, I __________ to go to the gym if possible. I
3 4
need to do all of this in less than an hour, because I ________n’t ________ much time!
5
After work, I come home in the evening and I __________ TV for an hour or two while I
6
__________ dinner. Usually, my girlfriend __________ to talk on the phone! At 10:00pm,
7 8
though, I’m always ready to __________ because I __________ that it is important to rest 8
9 10
hours per night.
Now
Past Tense: Fill in the blanks with the correct verbs!
x
We use the simple past tense to talk about things in a specific point in the past.
try take take eat drink

like sleep go have see
Last weekend, my husband and I planned a relaxing vacation, but we didn’t __________ alone.
11
The vacation __________ ten hours by car. It sounds like a lot of time, but during the trip we
12
__________ a beautiful part of the country. It __________ really fun! We simply __________
13 14 15
advantage of the opportunity to have an adventure. Also, we __________ interesting food on
16
the highways and __________ beers in all of the small towns. The only real problem that we
17
__________ was that we needed more money! Before, on a normal weekend, I relaxed at
18
home with my friends or __________ in my bed, but now I’m looking for new adventures. Last
19
week we __________ something new, and next week we’ll find a new adventure.
20 32
Past and Present: Together
We already know how to talk about things in the present and the past, but sometimes, we come across
something that is in the present AND the past at the same time. For example:
5 Years ago Now

I was tall 5 years ago.
AND
5 Years ago Now
I am tall now.
6 Years ago 5 Years ago Now
Was I tall yesterday? YES! Now

5 Years ago
Was I tall 1 year ago? YES! I was tall starting 5
Was I tall 2 years ago? YES! years ago until now.
Was I tall 3.127 years ago? YES! tall
To talk about a situation that includes the past and the present, we use the Present Perfect Tense.
“I have been tall for 5 years.”

Yo he estado alto por 5 años.
In this context, “have” does not mean tener. It is an auxiliary verb – haber.
So… when do we use the Present Perfect Tense? Look at the time!
Simple Past Present Perfect

One Specific Time in The Past Time Starting in the Past - Including Now
• Yesterday • Since yesterday (desde ayer)
• Last week • For one week (por una semana)
• August, 1989 • This year, this month, this week
The Present Perfect Tense is used exactly the same in English as it is in Spanish. This tense is used for:
1. News or Recent Events
(Bob has been a good employee this year.)
2. Past Actions with Results in the Present
(I’m not hungry because I've been sick this morning.)
3. Life Experience
(I have not been to Europe.)
4. Unfinished Actions
(He has been in San Francisco for 10 years.) 33
Present Perfect Observations
subject + have / has + verb (past participle) …
drunk
______________ (drink)
I ______________ (be)
You ______________ (have)
We have (not) ______________ (go)

______________ (see)
(haven't)
They ______________ (watch)
Jane and Paul ______________ (eat)
The Chinese
Those dogs ______________ (like)
______________ (sleep)
He ______________ (think)
has (not)
______________ (want)
She ______________ (wake up)
It (hasn’t) ______________ (try)

Mayor Petro
______________ (take)
His wife
Their dog
______________ (get)
Practice Using the Present Perfect Tense in The Observations Below

9:00 am Now
1. You have ________ 3 cups of tea since 9:00am.
cups of tea
Two Weeks Ago Now

2. I ____________________________________
for two weeks.
sick
Last Year Now

3. She __________________________________
_______________ since ___________________.
boyfriends
34
For Since &
These prepositions are used with the Present Perfect Tense
although “for” can be used with other tenses.
For
indicates a QUANTITY of time.
- I have worked here for two years.
- She has known him for more than ten months.
- They have been in the meeting for four hours.
Write two examples using for. Share them with a partner!
• two hours:__________________________________________
• three months:_______________________________________
Since
indicates a STARTING POINT in time – until NOW.
- I have been here since 7:20 am.
- I haven´t seen you since high school.
- You´ve been in a bad mood since you got sick.
Write two examples using since. Share them with a partner!
• I was a kid:__________________________________________
• 1995:_______________________________________________
Fill in the blanks using for and since.

1. I have been here _________ four o'clock.
2. Sue has only been here _________ 20 minutes.
3. Tim and Tina have taken English classes _________ six years.
4. I haven't gotten sick _________ last July.
5. Mary has had $1,000,000 ________ many years.
6. Fred and Freda have wanted to learn French _________ 1998.
7. We have lived here ________ 2 months, ________ February 15th.
8. I’ve liked my life a lot ________ I got divorced.
9. Joe and Josephine have gone out together _________ Valentine's Day.
10. We have watched the same show _________ eight hours. Turn it off!
Discussion: Give some additional examples of things that you have not done recently. 35
Time Exploration
Let’s explore the four uses of this new tense together!
1. News or Recent Events

(Bob has had good sales this year.)
Sunday Now
1. We _______________________in a restaurant
twice this ____________.
a few weeks ago Now

2. Recently, I ____________________ a new car.
Mine is too old and slow, and I prefer a new one.
Discussion: What time have you woken up this week?
2. Past Actions with Results in the Present

(I’m full now because I've eaten two times today.)
one
year
ago Now
3. My brothers are healthy because they _______
_______________ vitamins every day for a year.
February Now
4. She is tired because she __________________
well since ___________, because she had a baby!
x
Discussion: How have the things you like to do for fun affected your life?
36
Time Exploration
3. Life Experience
(I have not been in Europe.)
Jack’s Birth Now
x
5. Jack _____________________________ sushi
in his life.
Susy’s Birth Now

6. Susy ___________________________ married
__________ times.
Discussion: Tell the class something you have not seen in your life.
4. Unfinished Actions
(He has lived in San Francisco for 10 years.)
two years ago Now

7. They ______________________ about the new
plan for 2 years but they don’t have a decision.
five years ago Now

8. I ____________________movies professionally,
as a critic, for five years. It’s great!
Discussion: Talk about where the earth gone for millions of years (use: around)?
What about the moon? The water in the Amazon River? Human explorers?
37
Time Exploration
In the past and present, word order is simple. But, we need to be careful in the
Present Perfect Tense. Time words like for, since, already, just, this (year, day, etc.),
and never are important – and their location in the sentence is important too:
this year.
just
Since….
already.
You have (not)
already
eaten breakfast
for…
For….
never
since…
Let’s practice with the time expression: NEVER
never – at no time; happened 0 times

- I have never lived in a mansion. I have always been poor.
- She has never studied Mexican history. She knows nothing about it.
Fill in the blanks below to complete the sentences.

1. I have _________ been in China.
2. They __________ never _________ seen a black and white movie.
3. My uncle __________ never __________ to church.
4. My country has __________ had snow.
Write your own example (using “I”) below, and share it with the class!
• never:______________________________________________
So far, we have learned how to conjugate 15 verbs for the Present Perfect Tense. Go to the chart
in the front of the book (100 Common Verbs) and fill in the conjugations for ALL 15 of them:
drink be have go see watch eat like
sleep try want get think take wake up
38
Extra Practice: Fill in The Blanks
1. The weather __________________ this week.
2. Real Madrid __________________ pretty well this year.
3. Ronaldo and Messi _______________ great again this year.
4. My family __________ not __________ on vacation together for 3 years.
5. Barcelona _____________ better than Real Madrid again this year.
6. The English class _______________________ this week.
7. My hair this morning _______________________ than yesterday.
8. I _____________ to the bathroom _______ times today.
9. I ___________________ at ____am every morning this week.
10. Our company __________n’t __________ successful this year.
11. Victor _______________ the same tee shirt three times this week!
12. My daughter _____ never ___________ to Jack´s house.
13. My family ____________________ any movies together this month.
14. My coworkers and I __________________ lunch in a restaurant twice this week.
15. It is only 3:00pm, so I __________ not __________ home from work.
16. His wife ________n’t __________ dinner.
17. I __________n’t __________ a lot of money since I bought my house.
18. I __________n’t ________ any food this morning.
19. The traffic in Bogota ______________________________.
20. My brother, Lee, ________ never ________ any whiskey.
21. We _________________ the present tense in class today.
22. We _________ not ____________ all of the future tenses.
23. I ________________ here since _____________. (work)
24. You __________________ for _________ year(s). (work)
25. They __________ n’t ___________ to call the manager, but it is a good idea. (try)
Tim You
Steve
the teacher
26. ________________ 27. ________________ 28. ________________
___________________. ___________________. ___________________.

39
Verb Exploration study buy leave ride sell do spend
Fill in the blanks using the verbs above.

1. I ______________ for the exam every night this week.
2. We _______ not _______ our homework this year, because we’re so busy.
3. Ellie’s sister ______________ a new car every year since 1996!
4. McDonalds ______________ more than 100 billion hamburgers!
5. We had $100,000 but you ______________ half of it since last week!
6. Most “city people” _______ never _______ a horse in their lives!
7. They _______ not _______ the bar because it is too early to go home.
Explain each picture in the present perfect tense. Use 1 or 2 of the above verbs for each one.
8. ______________________ 9. ______________________
________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
10. _____________________ 11. _____________________

________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
Present Perfect:
Use at least 5 of the
above verbs to explain
the picture to the left.
Prepare and then speak
to the class!
Return to the start of the book and add these new verbs to the reference table. 40
Already Just &
Already
is used to say that something has happened earlier than now.
- I’ve already spent my salary and it’s two weeks before pay day.
- The train’s already left! What are we going to do?
In the Present Perfect Tense, already usually comes in mid-position or the end of the sentence.
It’s common in other tenses as well.
Present Perfect With “Already”

He’s done it.
She’s already fixed it.
They’ve sold their car.
He’s done it
She’s watched it already.
They’ve sold their car
Use these verbs to fill in the following blanks.

to buy to go to call to pay to drink to study to do to ride
1. I’ve already _________ for the exam. Leave me alone teacher!

2. Do you want to have a coffee? No, I’ve already _______ one this morning.
3. Bob has already _________ the support number to report the problem.
4. Luckily, I have already ________ lots of supplies for the trip.
5. I ________________ my loan to the bank already.
6. Since we were kids, we ______________ motorcycles.
7. We _______ already _______ to church, so now I’m free for the rest of the day.
8. They ______ already ______ their homework. Now they can play with their friends.
Just
When “just” is used in the present perfect tense it means ‘recently’.
- I’ve just seen Susan coming out of the cinema.
- Mike has just called. Can you call him back please?
In the Present Perfect Tense, ‘just’ comes between the auxiliary verb (‘have’) and the past participle.
41
Verb Exploration use wear feel lose visit drive fly

1. He’s tired because he ______________ in his car for 8 hours without rest!
2. I _______n’t _______ a boot since the winter, because it’s too hot here.
3. We ______________ disappointed for three days, because our team lost.
4. Mary ______________ her parents for Christmas every year since 1998.
5. According to your tickets, you _____________ from three airports this year.
6. Dr. Jackson _______ never _______ medicine with her patients.
7. The company _____________ a lot of money this year. We have no profit.
Pick one or two of the situations below to explain to the class. What is the story?
Use as many of these verbs as possible AND the present perfect tense in your explanation.
Notes:
Practice: Time Expressions
I. Give examples verbally with these common time expressions.
1. never 2. since 3. just 4. already 5. this week
II. Using the Present Perfect Tense in Observations

Write about yourself with these time expressions. Never done it? Use:
haven´t or have never
6. kangaroo meat: __________________________________________________

7. Paris: ___________________________________________________________
8. tools: _________________________________________________________
9. a BMW: _________________________________________________________
10. a plane: _________________________________________________________
11. Mount Everest: ___________________________________________________
III. More Observations

Craig
12 since this
morning
twice in his life
12. ______________________________. 13. _____________________________.

Monday Tuesday Today
John Laura
Mrs. Butters
together 9 years
14. ______________________________. 15. _____________________________.

43
Beth
Practicing Tenses Beth
10 Years Ago Now
“I am a student.” “I am an executive.”
“I live in Chicago.” “I live in Chicago.”
“I don’t have any children.” “I have two little boys.”
“I want to be an executive.” “I want to be a famous actress.”
“I have two brothers.” “I have one brother.”
“I have a boyfriend.” “I married my only boyfriend 5 years ago.”
“I am 170cm tall.” “I am 180cm tall.”
I never left Chicago. I never left Chicago.
Complete the information below about Beth’s life using the information above – from ten
years ago, and from now. Use the simple present tense,
simple past tense, and present perfect tense.
1. Beth ________________ a college student ten years ago.
2. Ten years ago, she ________________ to be an executive.
3. Since then, she _______________________ that goal, because she’s an executive now.
4. However, since ten years ago, she ________________ her mind.
5. Now, she ________________ to be a famous actress.
6. It’s more difficult now because she ________________ two little boys, and a career.
7. For the last ten years, she ________________ in Chicago.
8. In the last ten years, one of her brothers ________________, but the other is alive.
9. Five years ago, Beth ______________ married.
10. She _______________ married for 5 years.
11. She and her husband ______________ together for 5 years as boyfriend and girlfriend.
12. Ten years ago, Beth ______________ 170cm tall.
13. Since ten years ago, she _______________ 10cm.
14. So, now she ______________ 180cm tall.
15. Beth ____________ never ____________ to Africa.
Discussion: Prepare a short presentation about yourself, and how you have changed (or not) since 10 years ago.
44
Verb Exploration
come exercise fall worry ride talk tell

1. I’m waiting because my pizza _____n’t ________!
2. We ________n’t ________ your father about the accident but we will soon.
3. My grandparents ________ never _______ a motorcycle.
4. I feel fat because I ______n’t _________ in two months!
5. Be careful! Three people _______ already _______ on the wet floor.
6. They ________ ________ more about money since they lost their jobs.
7. They _______ ________ about the project for years, but with no progress!
Use as many of these verbs as possible AND the present perfect tense in your explanation.
Notes:
Two Old Men
Billy Bob and Cletus are shooting the breeze (talking about stuff).
Using the information below, write about the four topics that they are talking about.
1. Weather
right now this week last week tomorrow
(according to the nightly news)
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
2. Cletus’ Food
usually for lunch never (in his life) earlier this morning tonight
(liver = higado)
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Continued on next page… 46
Two Old Men
Billy Bob and Cletus are shooting the breeze (talking about stuff).
3. Billy Bob´s Granddaughter, Nelly Sue

a boyfriend - now just this year- 4! last year next year
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
4. Billy Bob and Cletus

16 times yesterday
after 6pm only once today right now
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
47
Homework: Make Your Own Story
Use the guide below to invent a story. Then, memorize it before the next class to present it to the group!
Use connecting words like SO, BECAUSE, THEN, BUT, etc.
Step 1:
Choose Subjects
(only one picture)
Step 2: this week

Create your story.
Follow one path starting
at the top and moving
down, deciding your
route.
last night
Step 3: since 9:00am right now

Practice telling your
story to prepare for
the next class.
right now since yesterday
usually normally usually normally
tomorrow next week tomorrow next week

Create your own ending using any tense / verb that you want.
48
Read Eric’s schedule below, and then fill in the blanks in his journal entry from Saturday.
Use Simple Present, Simple Past, and Present Perfect
Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

5:30am: wake up 5:30am: wake up 3:45am: go to sleep 5:30am: wake up
6:30am: eat breakfast - eggs 6:30am: eat breakfast - eggs 6:30am: eat breakfast - eggs
8:00am: go to doctor 7:30am: go to gym 7:30am: go to gym
9:00am: arrive at work 9:00am: arrive at work
9:05am: receive emergency project 12:00pm: go out to lunch – beef
12:00pm: eat sandwich at desk 5:30pm: arrive home
6:45pm: eat potato chips at desk 8:00pm: cook dinner
9:32am: wake up 9:00pm: watch DVD
9:58am: arrive at work
9:00am: arrive at work 12:00pm: go out to lunch – beef
12:00pm: go out to lunch – fish with soup
5:30pm: arrive home 5:30pm: arrive home
7:00pm: go to gym 6:00pm: order pizza
8:00pm: cook dinner 8:17pm: arrive home 6:02pm: watch TV
10:30pm: sleep 9:00pm: go on date 8:45pm: sleep on couch 10:30pm: sleep
Saturday, August 15th: Dear diary… Until now, I _______________ a very interesting week.
1
Monday _______________ a national holiday, on Tuesday I _______________ to the doctor’s
2 3
office because of my knee problem, on Wednesday I _______________ an emergency TPS report
4
project, and on Thursday I almost _______________ fired because I _______________ really late
5 6
for work!
Today, I _______________ simply relaxing and thinking about the past few days: the good and the
7
bad. This week, I _______________ early (5:30am) three days – which is a healthy habit. My
8
doctor told me that he _______________ early almost every day this year. Also, I
9
_______________ in the gym three days this week. Since Monday, I _______________ twice in
10 11
the morning, and once in the evening. My diet _______________ my biggest problem for the last
12
few days. Between a busy day at work, a hangover after my date with Liz, and generally being
busy, I _______ not _______ well – potato chips, pizza, missed breakfast, etc. I think that I ______
13
only _______ dinner in my kitchen twice this week.
14
Last night, I needed to relax so I ______________ a new DVD that got for my birthday. I was tired,
15
but really, for a Friday night, that was pretty boring. Recently, I _______________ about taking a
16
vacation. My friends and I _______ not _______ on vacation in years! The last vacation we took
17
_______________ a lot of fun. I can’t believe that we _______ not _______ about doing it again! I
18 19
know that since her boyfriend left her, Sally _______________ me that she _______________ to
20 21
do something that is fun and different. I’ll ask her if she want’s to go with me! This city is nice to
live in, but since the end of summer, it _______________ too boring for me.
22
Discussion: Prepare a short presentation about last week in YOUR life. 49

The Hangman Peter, Paul, and Mary
Slack* your rope hangman, slack it for a while.
I think I see my father comin' ridin' many a mile.
Father _________ you ___________ me hope or __________ you paid my fee.
Or ______________ you __________ to see me hangin from the gallows tree?
I ___________________________________ you hope, I ___________ not paid your fee.

Yes, I __________ __________ to see you hangin' from the gallows tree.
Slack your rope hangman, slack it for a while

I think I see my mother comin' ridin' many a mile
Mother _________ you ___________ me hope or ________ you ________ my fee
Or __________ _______ ______________ to see me hangin' from the gallows tree?
I _________ not ____________ you _________, I __________ not _________ your _______
Yes I _________ _________ to see you hangin' from the gallows tree.
Slack your rope hangman, slack it for a ______________.

I think I see my brother _____________ ridin' many a mile
_____________ have you ___________ me hope or __________ you ________ my _____
Or ___________ you __________ to see me ____________ from the gallows tree?
I _________ not ____________ you __________, I ___________ not _________ your fee
Yes I ___________ __________ to ________ you hangin' from the gallows tree.
Slack your rope hangman, slack it for a while

I think I see my true love comin' riding' many a mile
True love have you brought me hope or have you paid my fee
Or have you come to see me hangin' from the gallows tree?
Yes, I ____________ _____________ you _________, yes I __________ _________ your fee
For I've not come to see you hangin' from the gallows tree.
hangman - the executioner; the person who executes the accused prisoner
slack - If the rope is tight- to loosen it.
fee - the amount to be paid so that the man can go free; a fee is a sum to be paid
hangin´- hanging (other examples: comin´- coming; ridin´-riding)
gallows - place where people are hung
50
Verb Exploration
bring up come across get along (with) go out look forward (to) make up run into
Fill in the blanks using the phrasal verbs above.

1. John _______ _________ ___ an impossible story every day this week!
2. We ______ already ________ _____ drinking twice this week.
3. I’____ never _______ _____ a friend on the bus. I’m always alone!
4. Yes. They’___ already _______ ___ the issues during in the meeting.
5. Erin will be happy! She ___ ______ ________ to traveling since last year.
6. He ____ _______ _________ many errors on the exam since yesterday.
7. She ______ ________ ______ with her neighbors because she’s so loud.
Writing activity… Find a partner.

Write a creative story using all (7) of these phrasal verbs AND the present perfect tense.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Return to the start of the book and add these new verbs to the reference table.
51
Progress Check 2
1. You kids have (try / tried / attempt) to steal my candies every day this week!
2. My country (had / has / have) always had good athletes!
3. Were you (calm / run / eat) when you were a kid?
4. The history (teaching / teacher / travel) has gone to Paris three times.
5. Is Asia (close from / close to / away) South America?
6. She (have / has / haded) wanted a new car for years!
7. Eww... What did you (garlic / eat / before)?
8. Jane and Paul (have / has / been) slept in that hotel many times.
9. I’ve (was / am / been) happy every day for five years with my dog, Spot!
10. My family (went / will / go) to the countryside every summer when we were younger.
READING: Search through this paragraph and circle all FIVE errors.
(5 pts.)
The GOLL Gazette

Every day for the last week, citizens have waken up without their dogs! Police believe
that there is a dog thief working alone, who has gone into homes through broken
windows. They has given him the name, Angry Chavo.
One victim reports, “I haven’t sleep in days! I miss Spot!”
The polize still haven’t found the criminal already but they have received some help
from the community. If you have seen anything suspicious, please call 555-5555 to
help with the investigation.
16. Where is Paris? a) Canada b) Europe c) Asia
17. The population of Paris is_____. a) 10 million b) 2 thousand c) 2.2 million
18. What is Paris famous for? a) food b) technology c) mountains
19. Many famous _____ have lived in Paris. a) boxers b) artists c) buildings
20. Which of the following people have lived in Paris?
a) Obama b) Mohamed Ali. c) Renoir
My Score: _____ / 20
52
Present Perfect Closed Questions
Have / Has + subject + verb (past participle) …
I drunk...
you
this year.
been…
Have we
had…
gone…
seen…
they
ever*
watched…
already.
Jane and Paul
the Chinese eaten…
those dogs liked…
slept…
already
thought…
he
since…
wanted…
Has
woken up…
she tried…
it taken…
yet.
Mayor Petro gotten...
his wife
their dog
*Ever is an important word with the present perfect tense: It means: at least one time.
Practice Using the Present Perfect Tense in The Closed Questions Below
9:00 am Now
1. _____ you _______ 3 cups of tea since 9:00am?
cups of tea
-Yes, I have.
Two Weeks Ago Now

2. _____ he __________________________
for three weeks?
sick
- No, he hasn’t. He’s been sick for 2 weeks.
Last Year Now
Yes, he has. Yes, I have.

No, she hasn`t. No, we haven`t.
53
Yet &
Still
These prepositions are used with the Present Perfect Tense
although “still” can be used with other tenses.
Yet
is used to talk about things which are expected to happen – but haven’t.
YET is used in questions and negative observations.
- Have you finished your homework yet? ‘Yet’ usually
comes at the end
- I haven’t finished my homework yet. of the sentence.
Write two examples using yet. Share them with a partner!
• closed question:_____________________________________
• negative observation:________________________________
Still
is used to talk about things that haven’t finished, especially when we
expected them to. STILL is used in negative present perfect observations.
- I’ve been waiting for over an hour and the bus still hasn’t come.
- You promised to give me the report yesterday but you still haven’t finished it.
Write two examples using still. Share them with a partner!
• he (-):_____________________________________________
• I (-):_______________________________________________
Fill in the blanks using yet and still.

1. Have you bought a new house________? Or are you still looking?
2. Mary, you ________ haven’t worn that yellow and green hat that I bought for you.
3. Have they spent all of the lottery winnings ________?
4. She hasn’t met my mother ___________. I’m sure she will as soon as possible.
5. The country _________ hasn’t developed a legal system.
6. Haven’t you shown him the new car _________?
7. Hasn’t he found a new girlfriend ________? It has been two years since the last one!
Discussion: Give some additional examples of things in your life that you expected to
have done (yet) or things that you continue to do (still).
54
Still Yet
Comparison of still & yet:
I am still reading. = I have not finished reading yet.
vs. I am still thinking. = I haven't decided yet.
She is still single. = She is not married yet.
The monster is still alive! = The monster is not dead yet!
Fill in the blanks. She still isn´t ready = She isn´t ready yet.
1. We __________ don't have any news from Roland. He's such a bad journalist.
2. You're been playing video games all morning. Aren't you bored of it __________?
3. My jeans are __________ wet. I'll have to wear my nice trousers instead.
4. Gloria! Are you ready __________? We have to leave in five minutes.
5. I've been living in The Himalayas for 16 years now and I __________ haven't met The Abominable Snowman.
6. I __________ don't know where to begin.
7. I've been looking for my watch all week and I __________ can't find it.
8. Have you finished with the paper __________?
9. I'm learning to dance the tango but I'm not very good __________.
10. I've been fishing all morning but I haven't had any luck __________.
11. You're ___________ here! I thought you left hours ago. Summer-like Weather
12. Has the taxi arrived ___________ ? Still or Yet:
13. I am ________single. It was pretty warm here in New York
yesterday. In fact, it is ______ warm
14. I haven't finished reading Harry Potter _________. today. We have had some summer-like
15. It is cold in May in Toronto __________. weather even though it is not officially
summer ______. Actually, it is ______
16. I am ___________studying Japanese. spring. I do love the summer weather,
17. She is ___________ dating Peter. especially since I live close to the
beach. Up until this weekend the
18. A: "Have you decided what to order?“
weather has been cool and rainy, so I
B: "Not __________.“ haven’t been to the beach ______ this
year. I loved going to the beach when I
19. I’m ______ allergic to peanuts. Keep that thing away from me!
was a child, and I ______ do. Maybe I
20. Keep __________, for Pete's sake. You never stop moving! haven’t grown up _______!
(Did you know that keep still means don´t move?)
Write about some things you still haven´t done and other things you haven´t done yet.
Example: I want to go to Brazil for the World Cup. I haven´t been to any games yet. In fact, I still haven´t left my own country!
55
Verb Exploration
borrow cut find meet take off say learn

1. ______ they already ______ the cake. I want a piece.
2. No, I don’t think that we ______ ______. My name is Rob! What’s yours?
3. ______ they already ______ when to meet? I didn’t hear them.
4. ______ the airplane _______ _______ yet? He’s in a hurry!
5. Most people ______ never ______ how to speak Chinese.
6. _____ you already _____ my computer? I didn’t know you needed it.
7. ______ Jack ________ his lost car keys yet.
Find a partner. Pick one of the situations below to have a conversation about.
Use as many of these verbs as possible AND the present perfect tense in your conversation.
Notes:
56
Ask questions using ever, already, and yet.
Your cousin from Italy is coming here for a visit. You are talking with her by
phone to clarify some information that you are not sure about.
1. ____________________________?
- Yes, I have.
2.
___________________________________?
- Yes, it has. It took off about five hours ago.
3.
______________________________________?
- No, it hasn´t. I´ll get there in about 4 hours.
4.
_______________________________?
- No, I haven´t. This will be my first time.
5. Colombian men
_______________________________?
-Yes, I have. I dated one for about two months
around two or three years ago. He was nice!
6.
_______________________________?
- No, I haven´t. I´m anxious to try some!
Discussion:
Now, let`s find out about each other in
class and see what we have done or not
done (use: yet, already and ever).
57
With a Partner: Ask Closed Questions Use time expressions.
1. you (already)?
1. you (ever)?
2. Sam (yet)?
2. she (ever)?
1. you?
2. Sam`s sister?
BE or GO
1. you (ever)?
2. your parents (ever)?
BE or FEEL
1. you?
EAT or TRY 2. Gloria?
1. you (yet)?
2. most gringos (ever)?
1. you---- enough (this week)?

2. this guy---- well (the last few nights)?
58
Comparing Different Time Expressions
for, since, already, yet, still, never
…for 2 days…
I You We
…since last October…
I Sara Sara
use “any” and her sister
# of times
…already …
I You Wendy
the same pair of
red shoes 2 times
…yet or …still…
The
My mother
Smiths
I
and I
vacation
…never… (is used between the auxiliary verb and the action verb)
He We You
guys
59
Present Perfect Open Questions
Open questions in English are grammatically easy! They are like closed
questions - but with a question word like who, what, where, etc.
Example: How have you been since your divorce?
Look at the pictures below and have conversations.
Wife: ____________________________________________?
Husband: Honey, I`ve only been with some friends at church.
Julie:__________________________
______________________________?
Brad: I`ve seen that movie three times.
Nelly Sue
You: _____________________?
You:_________________________ Dog: I haven`t done anything*.
__________________________?
*ANYTHING is used in negative observations and answers.
Me: She has gone out with John, SOMETHING and NOTHING are used in positive.
Mark, Jim, and Steve this year. 60

Open Question Practice
No. I’ll open it on
________________ my birthday.
_____________yet?
Yes, I plan to go
________________ out with my
_____________yet? friends.
So far, I have
________________ only invited my
_______________? friend Liz.
________________ No, but my wife

this book yet? ________________
me that it’s great.
It’s by Patrick
Black. Yes. He is my
___________ favorite author!
______ any of
his books?
_________of his
I _____ only _____
books___________
The River.
_________?
61
Discussion: A strange new co-worker?
A guy is sitting two desks to the right from yours and you
have never seen him before. He keeps looking at you,
smiling and nodding in a friendly way each time. This
XYZ Sales
seems strange to you because you have never noticed him
before - this is the first time you´ve ever seen him at the
XYZ office.
You are thirsty and have to get a drink. You have a
hankering for (a need for) some Gatorade. As you pass by the
new guy´s desk, he looks up suddenly and cheerfully says, “Good morning. How was
your weekend?” You don´t want to seem rude, so you awkwardly nod your head and
mutter, “Good, thanks,” and quickly go to the employee break room. As you are
grabbing a cup of coffee (you´ve forgotten your hankering for that Gatorade), some
colleagues enter the break room. Now is your opportunity to find out more about this
mysterious person!
Activity: Ask five questions to your colleagues with at least three questions in the
present perfect tense. The person with the most intriguing questions to his coworkers
(your classmates) wins!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Additional Discussion:
• What do you have a hankering for sometimes?
• How does your hankering for this affect you negatively?
• What does “mutter” mean? Demonstrate this action.
62
More Practice
Already, Still, Yet
1. You don't have to do it. I've __________ done it.
2. I've had no time. I haven't done it _________ .
3. Don't wake him up. He's __________ asleep.
4. I've _________ told you what to do. Listen carefully this time.
5. Why do you want me to go to the store? I was _________ there.
6. The plane has _________ arrived. It was really early.
7. We broke up six months ago but I _________ miss him.
8. Are you __________ working for the same company?
9. There's no need to tell him. He _________ knows.
10. We haven't finished ________ .
11. Nobody else knows __________ .
12. I have __________ done this type of work before.
13. It's old but it _________ works well.
14. I bought it seven years ago and I haven't had any problems ________ .
15. Is it ______ nine o'clock?
16. Oh no! It's ______ raining.
17. I'm feeling lazy. I'm ______ in bed.
18. Is the pizza cooked ______ ?
19. I cannot take on any more jobs. I've ______ got too much work.
20. I cannot believe it. Half past four in the morning and you are ______ up!
63
More Phrasal Verbs
carry on:
- to continue
Healthy? No. But I
want to carry on
come up with:
smoking and drinking! - to invent an idea or plan
Jerry Brad
usually usually
comes up comes up
with bad
Discussion: with good
ideas. ideas.
• Do you ever carry on working later than
normal? Why?
• Why do we carry on polluting the air even
though we know it’s bad? Discussion:
• What’s the best idea you’ve come up with?
• What was one bad idea that the
government came up with?
fall apart:
- to break into pieces
give up:
The chain fell - to quit; to stop trying
apart under
pressure.
The thief gave
up when he saw
the police.
Discussion:
• As a child, did you ever have a toy fall
apart? How did you react?
• Have you ever had a friendship fall Discussion:
apart? What happened? • What is a bad habit that you want to
give up? How will you give it up?
• What was time that you regret giving
up something important?
64
Verb Exploration
add become carry on come up (with) fall apart give up offer

1. How have you ___________ ___ working after the accident?
2. Since when has your marriage _________ _______? I thought it was fine.
3. Who have you ___________ the new job to?
4. Jake has __________ _____ with the perfect solution to our problem.
5. Why have you ___________ ____? You’ve almost reached your goal!
6. What have they ___________ to the cake recipe? Dirt? It tastes terrible!
7. When have they __________ sick this year? In the summer or the winter?
Find a partner. Prepare an interview (job, television, radio, first date, etc.) in which you ask each
other questions using at least five of the seven verbs above. Use the present perfect tense.
Present this role playing conversation to the class.
Notes:
65
Cup o´ Joe Conversation Café
Tobacco Ban Debate

Pro
For decades, people have carried on talking about making tobacco products illegal because they've known that
cigarettes are addictive. Additionally, most cigarette companies have added hundreds of dangerous chemicals
to make their products even more powerful! When a person smokes their cigarette, they don't only hurt
themselves - they also hurt the people around them with their second-hand smoke. Doctors have agreed for
years now: tobacco is dangerous!
With risks like cancer and heart disease, cigarette smokers have always carried a big price tag for our medical
system. It takes care of the five million people that die every year due to tobacco-related causes. Remember, for
years, tobacco has been responsible for more deaths every year than most illegal drugs! It is time to finally fix
this problem and end cigarette smoking around the world, before it kills any more innocent people! With strong
support from voters, we will solve tobacco addiction around the world!
Con
People have the right to do unhealthy things - eating fast food and working stressful jobs, for example.
Cigarettes, when used by responsible adults, are no different. While it's logical that smoking was banned in
public places, there is no reason that people should not be able to enjoy tobacco in their homes. Only the most
radical critics have offered such extreme solutions, and if you look closely, their arguments quickly fall apart.
At the moment, even alcohol is legal in most places, and its dangers of violence and drunk driving are much
worse than anything tobacco causes. Also, if we make tobacco illegal today, what will happen to all of the
people that have become addicted to it – and can’t realistically give it up? Will they have to turn to black
markets and support criminals to purchase the tobacco that they have been using legally for years? What about
the millions of dollars that, today, go to legally employed workers (such as farmers) in the tobacco business?
Let's be reasonable and allow adults to come up with their own ideas about how to live their lives.
Discussion: What are your opinions about banning tobacco? Are there other reasons to consider?
Writing Activity: Now it’s time to write your own argument. You may choose ANY issue, but here
are some suggestions to help you get started. Use the present perfect tense!
• People have become too dependent upon technology.
• I have often thought that censorship in the media is a good thing.
• Drunk drivers should be put in prison.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Discussion: When you finish, read your paragraph to the group and discuss.
66
Progress Check 3
1. (Have / Has / To have) you cleaned the kitchen yet?
2. (Why / When / Where) have you been all night?
3. My father smoked when he was younger (but / how / dad) he got sick.
4. Have you (smoker / smoked / smoke) a cigarette in the last two weeks?
5. Have you (already / yet / still) finished washing the dishes?
6. I (to talk / exercised / breakfast) this morning and I feel great!
7. In 2006, I (had / hadn’t / has) a different girlfriend.
8. What have you (done / do / make)? This table is so messy!
9. Who have you (eat / work / studied) with this semester?
10. Jane and Paul (have / has / been) eaten in this restaurant many times.
WRITING: Rearrange the words below to create sentences.
11. the Have sandwich horses my eaten (?)

________________________________________________________________________
12. my money Why you have spent all of (?)
________________________________________________________________________
13. haven’t a I massage had since my vacation last (.)
________________________________________________________________________
14. Has gone she yet to the coast (?)
________________________________________________________________________
15. did the Why call receptionist this morning me (?)
________________________________________________________________________
16. What was Jessica looking for? a) a dress b) a tie c) a towel
17. How does Matt feel? a) mad b) hope c) excite
18. Do they have any soap? a) no b) a little bit c) a lot
19. How many calls has Jessica received? a) two b) ten c) six
20. What’s Matt’s solution?
a) He will buy soap. b) He wants to leave. c) He wants to compromise.
My Score: _____ / 20
67
Present Perfect Continuous
There is little difference between the simple present perfect (I have lived here for 10 years)
and the present perfect continuous (I have been living here for 10 years).
+ additional
Subject + has/have + (not) + BEEN + action verb –ing
information
• I have been thinking about what you told me yesterday.
• She has been writing letters to Santa Claus since she was 6 years old.
• It has been raining for two weeks!
• They have been praying in the church recently.
I. A Specific Duration From the Past Until Now
1. The city has ______ growing consistently for 30 years!

2. The students have been ________ the book since last week.
3. We _______ been worrying about you ever since the accident.
4. Why have you been _________ in this city for a decade?
What have these people been doing and for how long?
II. Using Adverbs Like Recently or Lately

1. I have _______ feeling sick lately.
2. She ______ been working harder recently.
3. The weather has been ____________ worse recently.
4. _______ you been speaking with Jane lately? How is she?
What have these people been doing recently or lately? Why?
68
Fill in the Blanks Using For, Since, Lately, and Recently
1. I have been exercising daily _________ five years.
2. We have been worrying about our future __________.
3. Becky has been cooking ________ she was a child.
4. These chairs have been in the office __________ last Tuesday.
5. Those doctors have been working outside of the hospital __________.
Make the above statements negative and then write one or two new statements.
Explain the action: What is the result:
You´ve been crying so your eyes are red.

1. _______________________________________________
and for that reason…

2. _______________________________________________
so…
3. ________________________________________________
and that´s why…

4. ________________________________________________
Discussion: What´s been going on in your life?
emphasizing the duration or course of the action = present perfect continuous

emphasizing the action’s result = present perfect (or other tenses)
69
Keeping a Journal
Two weeks ago you woke to find yourself laying in the surf of a tropical
island. It appeared to be deserted, with no signs of civilization. Now
you realize that you’re probably never going to get off this island and
that you'll have to survive off of the land. What have you been doing
over the past two days to ensure your survival?
Recording your activities will help the people who stumble upon this
journal to understand what happened during your island “adventure”!
Use simple past, present perfect, and present perfect continuous.
70
More Phrasal Verbs
pull over: Discussion:

• Have you been pulled
- to make a over by the police
driver stop his before? Why?
• What’s another reason
vehicle on the that would force you to
side of the road pull over?
ask out: get away:

- to invite someone on a - to escape
romantic date
Jack didn’t
get away
with stealing
the car. He’s
in jail now.
Discussion:
Discussion: • How often do you get away
• What is your strategy for asking out from the stress of life?
someone new? • Do most criminals get away
• Have you ever been asked out badly? with their crimes?
Discussion:
watch out (for): • What’s something to watch
out for with your children?
- to be careful • When do you advise someone
to “watch out”?
71
Verb Exploration
ask out get away hear live need pull over watch out

1. Who’s been _________ ____ for possible problems? I want to avoid them.
2. Criminals __________ ______ from the cops by using pay phones.
3. Why have we been _________ _____ snow on the news? It’s summer!
4. The plants have _________ water since a week ago. They’re brown!
5. Have you __________ in your parents’ house all your life?
6. Officer Bob has ________ _____ and ticketed four speeding drivers today.
7. He has been _________ ______ new girls every day since his divorce.
Reading Comprehension. Read the following journal entry and then answer the questions
below on a separate sheet of paper – using complete sentences.
Since last week, I’ve been traveling in Mexico. The only problem is that I don’t have any money! I’ve been robbed
twice, and now I don’t know what to do! After speaking with some other travelers, I’ve heard that I have to find
the embassy in Mexico City. Doing that with no money, though, is difficult!
I’ve lived in the streets, under bridges, and occasionally in the forests as I walk across the country. I’ve been trying
a new strategy in the last couple of days – I’ve asked out every girl I see, hoping that I can spend the night at her
place and maybe get a hot meal. So far, though, it’s been hard. I’ve needed to take a shower badly, and smelling
like garbage isn’t making things easier! But hey… I’ve been walking ten hours per day for a week!
I’ve been trying to get on some of the passing buses, and while a few have pulled over, they don’t let me on
without paying. I’ve been luckier with food though. I just go to the nicest restaurant that will let me in, eat as much
as I want, and run away without paying! They haven’t been watching out for this, so it’s pretty easy. I’ve only failed
to get away once, but it was fine in the end. The man who caught me was really understanding of my situation and
packed another meal for me after we talked.
Recently, I’ve just been living a simple life – and I’ve been getting closer to the capital city every day. I’ve needed
some food, some help, and some friends – and I’ve found them every time! This whole week, I’ve just wanted to
get home – but now I’m starting to enjoy the adventure! This has been, without a doubt, the most interesting
week of my life!
1. How long has the writer been traveling?

2. Why doesn’t he have any money?
3. Where has he lived during this time?
4. Why does he say he’s had a difficult time finding a place to sleep?
5. How has he traveled across the country?
6. How has he gotten food without money?
7. What happened with the restaurant owner?
8. How do you think this trip has changed the writer’s perspective. Why?
1. I’ve never anticipated _________________ (have) to stop the project.
2. You haven’t appreciated my ____________ (help) around the house!
3. Most of us haven’t chosen ______________ (continue) smoking.
4. Has his boss avoided _____________ (participate) in the international event?
5. Which difficult employees have you risked ______________ (hire) this year?
6. Have they failed ________________ (appear) in 80% of the meetings?
7. They’ve enjoyed ______________ (study) here because we have the best teachers.
8. She has wanted ______________ (travel) to Australia for 7 yesars.
9. It’s learned ______________ (go) to the bathroom outside.
10. How long have you known how ______________ (swim)?
11. Where has the dog wanted ________________ (sleep) since it moved here?
12. Have you still been denying _______________ (go out) with your secretary?
13. You’ve discussed ____________ (live) together for a few months.
14. I’ve delayed ____________ (call) my family because they are already worried.
15. His boss is bad at __________________ (make up) excuses for the company.

73
The Main
Past
Tenses
A. Past Continuous
B. Past Perfect
D. Habits in the Past
E. Immediate Past Actions (acabar)
74
Past Continuous Tense
SUBJECT + BE(past tense) + VERB -ing
You can use the past tense for “to be” in order to speak in the past continuous. This is used for
interruptions, ongoing activity at a specific time, and when annoyed (with “always”). The Past
Continuous is great for telling stories in the past which are full of interesting detail.
Simple Past: I watched a movie last night.
Present Continuous: I was watching a movie last night when the electricity
suddenly went out.
I. Interruption
Example: I was putting on my belt when the phone suddenly rang.

1. James __________ ____________ a movie when the bottle fell off the table and broke.
2. We were ___________ in class when the teacher started to cry.
3. Erica ________ ____________ the kitchen counter when she noticed the fire.
4. The receptionist was _____________ me about the plan when her boyfriend came in.
Tell an interesting story about the last time someone interrupted you.
II. Ongoing Action at a Specific Time
Example: I was watching a movie last night at 10:00.

1. I don’t know what you’re talking about. We _______ working at 5:00!
2. What ___________ you _________ at 4:00 pm on Thursday the 4 th?
3. I can’t believe that they weren’t already _________ lunch at 12:30.
4. Yes, I remember because at 7:00 my wife _______ __________ dinner for my kids.
III. Parallel Action
Example: We were cleaning while they were eating.

1. My wife was ________ while I was _________!
2. The pilot ________ trying to take off while it was _________ heavily.
3. They _________ ________ loud music when the students ________ _________ to study.
4. The librarian _____ _______ the books back on the shelf while we were still reading them.
IV. Conveying (communicating) Annoyance using “always”

Example: My last boss was always trying to kiss my girlfriend.
1. Man, it _____ always snowing when I lived in Alaska! I hated it!
2. Our last roommate _________ always ___________ his dirty dishes in the living room!
3. My first car ______ always breaking down! I almost lost my job because of it!
4. My ex-husband _________ always __________ at me!
75
Questioning a Suspect
There was a robbery last night at around 10:15 pm last night at
Patel Ganesh´s all-night convenience store. Mr. Ganesh was
sweeping behind the front checkout counter when a man and a
woman suddenly approached him asking for a “bite to eat”. Mr.
Ganesh was going to ask them what they wanted when the man
pulled out a knife and demanded all the money in the cash register.
Mr. Ganesh hurriedly handed over the money. The two thieves
jumped in their old blue truck and took off.
You are officer O´Malley. You were driving your patrol car along 101st Avenue when you noticed
a vehicle matching Mr. Ganesh´s description. You pulled it over and immediately arrested the
two occupants inside. You need to interrogate them and figure out if they are the thieves.
1. _________________________________________?
- I was driving in my car at 10:15 pm.
2. _________________________________________?
- I was going to church.
at 10:15 at night
3. __________________________________________!?
- Yes, I was!
4. __________________________________________?
- Man, I was attending church because I´m incredibly religious.
5. _____________________________________________?
- I was going with my girlfriend.
6. _____________________________________________?
(Present Perfect Continuous)
- She has been going to that same church for ten years!
7. _____________________________________________?
Afterwards, we were going to go out for a bite. We were starting to
get a little hungry. We couldn´t eat because you guys pulled us over
and brought us here! I´m still really hungry… gotta doughnut?
76
Writing a Newspaper Article
Catching a thief: Use your imagination to create a fun story!
Practice using the past simple tense and the past continuous tense.
the goll gazette

Yesterday’s Robbery Downtown
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
77
News Story
English speakers often use past continuous when telling stories. This short
interview with a man who heard gunshots in an airport shows how.
Fill in the blanks in the dialogue below.

“So, umm, I was sitting here at the food court… ummm I guess it’s ________
probably ____ minutes ago… ____ minutes ago... Ummm… _______ and we
________ two (what sounded like) gunshots and _________ the first ____ gunshots
____________ __________ and kind of looked like it was maybe a fallen
__________ or something like that. Ummm… TSA gentlemen came out and said
“____________ ______ ________.” We ________ two _______ gunshots. Umm…
he _________ screaming “Code ____”. I’m ______ sure what that means. Then he...
he said, “______!” so umm… everyone just essentially took off running. Umm… I
_______ to the other end of the terminal. Umm… To ______ of the _______ gates.
Umm.. I did ask them at the gate if they kind of knew what was going on – at that
point it was too _______, they hadn’t heard any ______________. Um… and now
we’re _________ _______. We’ve _______ ________ for probably 15/20 minutes
kind of on a lockdown. They’re not ___________ people _________ through. So
we’re not real _______ what… what happened. But initially: ________ 2
_____________… a little bit of a __________… then heard to 2 _______ gunshots…
and then ____________ just scattered.”
Comprehension Questions
1. What were the two things he was doing when he heard the gunshots?
2. What did everyone do after the first two shots?
3. What did they think made the loud noise?
4. What did the TSA officer order everyone to do at first?
5. What were the people ordered to do after the next two shots were fired?
6. What does “everyone scattered” mean?
Stand up in front of the class and tell a short story about an interesting event and what you were doing
when it happened. Here are some ideas:
• What were you doing when you heard about the results of the past presidential election?
• Where were you going the last time your vehicle broke down? 78
Past Perfect Tense
We already know how to talk about things that happened in the past at a specific moment, but sometimes,
we need to talk about something that was true over a period of time in the past. For example:
2000 2007 Now

I was short in 2000.
AND
2000 2007 Now
I was short in 2007.
2000 2007 2008
Was I short in 2007? YES! 2000 2007 Now

Was I short in 2006? YES! I was short starting in
Was I short in 2004? YES! the past until 2008.
xxxxx
short not short
Was I short in 2001? YES!
To talk about a situation that ended in the past, we use the Past Perfect Tense.
“I had been short until 2008.”

Yo había estado bajo hasta 2008.
In this context, “have” does not mean tener. It is an auxiliary verb – haber.
So… when do we use the Past Perfect Tense? Look at the time!
Present Perfect Past Perfect

Time that continues until NOW. Time ENDING in The Past
• Since Yesterday • Until Yesterday (hasta ayer)
• This Week • Before 2008 (antes de 2008)
• For Five Years • When I Moved Here
The Past Perfect Tense is used exactly the same in English as it is in Spanish. This tense is used for:
1. Completed Action in the Past

(I had not been to New York City before last summer.)
2. Duration Before Something in The Past

(I had been in London for eight years when I married Emma.)
79
Past Perfect Observations
The grammar for the Past Perfect Tense is almost identical to the grammar for the Present Perfect Tense.
subject + had + verb …

drunk...
been…
I
when...
had…
gone…
You seen…
He watched…
had
until…
eaten…
She (not)
liked…
slept…
It (hadn’t) thought…
before….
wanted…
We woken up…
tried…
They taken…
gotten...
Practice Using the Past Perfect Tense in The Observations Below

9:00 am Now
1. You had ________ 3 cups of tea before 9:00am.
cups of tea
3 Days Ago Yesterday Now

2. I ____________________________________
for two days until yesterday. sick
Last Year Now

3. She __________________________________
_______________ before __________________.
boyfriends
80
Time Exploration
Let’s explore the two uses of this new tense together!
1. Completed Action In the Past

(I had not been to New York City before last summer.)
Robyn: Long time no see. How was your time living in Quito?
Janet: It was excellent. I _____ never ______ to Quito before I moved there.
Robyn: Awesome! Did you have problems communicating? _______ you ever
_______ Spanish abroad before?
Janet: I am fluent! I _____ ______Spanish _____ many years before you and I met.
Robyn: Wow! How about the food? _______ you ever ______ anything like it before?
Janet: I had _____ A LOT of food like it in my home town. The real challenge was dealing with my
boyfriend back in Toronto. He ______n´t ever lived alone before. It was quite a challenge for both
of us!
Robyn: Well, at least you’re back in Canada where life is easier for you.
Discussion: What is something you had never done before university? Why?
2. Duration Before Something in the Past

(I had been in London for eight years when I married Emma.)
I ______ been a elementary school teacher in Springfield for seven years when I
finally had enough of it! I decided I needed a change – I needed to shake things up.
By that point, I _____ already purchased a home, so I sold it! I had ______ a
girlfriend and a dog, but that didn’t stop me. I _______ lived a normal stable life,
but I knew that I needed something new. So, I took off to South Korea and I didn’t
look back. I had ______ there for two years when I met the love of my life. It has
been a wild ride, but I will never leave!
Discussion: How long had you been a student before you got your first job?
81
More Phrasal Verbs
blow up:
- to explode
pass out:
- to lose consciousness
Discussion:
• What’s the last thing you saw blow up?
• How often does something blow up in
Discussion:
your city/country?
• Have you ever passed out before? What
happened?
• How can you help someone who has
passed out?
put off:
- to delay
turn up:
- to increase volume
Discussion:
• What’s one thing that you’ve been
putting off for a long time?
• Do you frequently put off work Discussion:
projects until the last minute? • Do you like to turn the music up high
when you are alone?
• Have you ever had a problem for
turning up the music too high?
82
Verb Exploration
blow up fight pass out play put off swim turn up

1. They’ve been _________ _____ paying taxes until the police appeared!
2. The boys had ________ with dolls until their friends joked about them.
3. I’d ________ the music ___ louder every day before my hearing damage.
4. We hadn’t _________ until you brought up my ex-boyfriend!
5. Sam was so scared of snakes that he’d ________ ____ from seeing them.
6. Several bombs had ________ ___ here before the military got involved.
7. Be careful Junior. You haven’t ________ in the ocean yet.
Use as many of these verbs as possible AND the present/past perfect tenses in your explanation.
X
Notes:
83
Past Perfect Questions
Can you guess how to form questions in the Past Perfect Tense? Just change the word order!
had + subject + verb …

What I
been…
Had
When You
?
Where He had…
She
Who gone…
It
Why We seen…
How They
How long liked...
1. Ask interesting questions.
1. ______________________________________________________?
- No, he hadn´t.
ajiaco
My brother
2. ______________________________________________________?
- No, he hadn´t.
- Use “ever” and “before”.
3. _______________________________________________________?
- I had knocked on the door for 20 minutes before you opened it.
4. _______________________________________________________?
- The Henderson family had lived in that house for 32 years until the
tornado of 2009.
Remember: There are other ways to ask some of these questions, for example: “How long did they live
there?” We still have to use the simple past tense, the present perfect tense, and others!
84
Historical Timeline
Discussion Activity:
Think of an important event - either personal
(E.g. your birth) or something of historical
importance (E.g. William the Conqueror
invading England in 1066). Other students try
to get closer and closer to your event by
asking questions in the past perfect tense.
Example: Had President Clinton been elected before your event occurred?
Reported Speech
When using reported speech, verb tenses change. In this game, you will change
verbs expressed in the simple past to the past perfect.
The first student makes a statement in the simple past tense. Then, the next
student, rewords this example, by adding information, and changing it to the
past perfect tense. For example:
Student A: I was happy yesterday.
Student B: She said that she was happy yesterday after she had watched the movie.
Student B then says a new statement in the simple past, such as “I was sick last
week.” and the next student repeats the process. Go in a circle.
Expressing Regret with the Past

This is the conditional or hypothetical past because we are talking
about things that never happened.
• If only I had been a better father.
• If only I hadn´t drunk that last glass of rum, I wouldn´t feel so bad now!
• If only Sara had studied harder for the test.
• If Tom had gone home early, He wouldn’t have gotten into the accident.
• I wish I had gone bungee jumping when I had the chance.
Each student expresses a regret for something they (or someone else) had or
hadn´t done and how doing or not doing this activity would have changed his/her life…
85
More Practice Present Perfect vs. Past Perfect
be eat go live meet
call find go fly swim
consider finish go lock try
work see prepare study wash
Choose one verb from the list above for each question.
1. When I opened the refrigerator, I discovered that someone ______ already _______ the
last piece of cake.
2. Ed and Ted couldn't drive home because they ________ _______ their keys in the car.
3. My mother ______ just _______ to the store.
4. I ________ _______ Brazilian food until my trip to Rio last month.
5. You don´t need to wash the dishes again - my mother ______ already _______ them.
6. Janet ________ ________abroad for five years.
7. I ________ ______ to Japan twice by the time I was 10 years old.
8. I _________ _________ the new movie yet.
9. By the end of the night, John _______ _____ everyone at the party
10. *As an Alaska Airlines pilot, I´____ ________ to Japan many times.
11. When I woke up this morning, my husband ______ already _________ breakfast.
12. *My mother’__ just ______ to the store.
13. She failed the test because she ______ _______.
14. We _________ _________ the keys to car yet.
15. Janet’__ _________ abroad for five years.*
16. ________you _________ your homework?
17. You're working late again?! You _____ _________ overtime every day this week!
18. I had a great time on my date with Henry last week, but he ______ ______ me since.
19. Sam and his son _______ _______ in the ocean until their trip this past summer.
20. ______ you ever _____________ retirement before your last birthday?
* It’s very common to use the contractions ‘ve and ‘s in the present perfect.
86
Progress Check 4
1. We were (studying / driving / work) in class when the teacher started to cry.
2. Why have you (are / had / been) living in this city for five years?
3. I had (ever / never / forever) been to Moscow before I moved there.
4. What were you (done / do / doing) at 6:00 pm yesterday?
5. I (have / was / had) been a janitor in Arizona for eight years when I decided to move.
6. He (had / have / was) trained for four years when he competed in the Olympics.
7. I have been feeling happy (last year / lately / next year).
8. It (weather / was / were) always raining when I lived in Bogota!
9. How (time / long / far) had the chickens been in the oven when you took them out?
10. Have you been speaking with Jane and Bob lately? How (been / was / are) they?
(5 pts.)
The GOLL Gazette

Last night at the National Stadium, rock band Knock Out is playing for 100,000 fans! This
was their final show after they had been traveling around the country for sicks years. Band
leader, Arthur Bowden said, “Six years is a long time to travel as a band. At the start, we
was decided to only play for 3 months, and then we didn’t have enough money to stop.”
They had been playing for 40 minutes why the guitarist stood up and quit the band. The
band manager said, “These was the band’s last concert.”
16. How has Sarah been feeling? a) serious b) nervous c) sick
17. They work in ____. a) Miami b) Chicago c) Baltimore
18. The city is becoming more _____. a) beautiful b) safe c) dangerous
19. What are Mike and Sarah’s jobs? a) chefs b) dentists c) police officers
20. What happened to Mike’s last partner?
a) He’s on vacation. b) He was killed. c) He became a nurse.
My Score: _____ / 20
87
Keeping a Journal
Congratulations! You´ve finally been rescued! Until the rescuers from a Russian oil tanker saw
your fire on the beach, you hadn´t seen another human for two years! You were slowly going
crazy little by little. In fact, you had been planning a birthday party for your friends, the coconut
twins!
Tell your rescuers about what you wish you had or hadn´t done, eaten, etc. while on the island.
Also talk about the things you haven´t done in a since you last were with other humans.
88
Cup o´ Joe
Conversation Café
What do you wish you had brought? And why?

You are the sole (lone, only) survivor of the H.M.S. Beagle II which sank
after hitting a coconut. As the ship is sinking, you have time to grab
only five items from the ship´s cabin. What will you grab and why?
Here are some suggestions (some good, others not good), but provide
other original ideas and reasons. (Use “so” and “because”.)
Once you wash ashore on the beach of the island, what are the first things that you need to do to
ensure your survival? Think of three things that you need to do. Here are some suggestions, but
think of others.
You want to escape from the island. Explain in detail how to make a
raft. The person with the most detailed blueprint will get to escape.
Note: Hopefully, earlier, you decided to bring a small axe or knife

and some rope to tie together the small logs and for your raft!
89
Verb Exploration
call forget move shout start understand write

1. Who had they ___________ for help before calling us?
2. Had they really __________ about my birthday until you reminded them?
3. What had they _________ to invent before the laboratory was destroyed?
4. Had they ___________ the metaphor before you explained it to them?
5. Why had they ______ his office to the top floor before moving mine there?
6. Had you ___________ a book before this, or was it the first one?
7. Why had the students _________ at the teacher in anger before the test?
Cause and Effect Charades

Every student must pick one of these verbs to act in front of the class.
Students must guess what they are doing – and also why!
However, this all has to be in the present perfect tense (or the continuous form).
For example:
Correct Answer:
Student talks on “She has been talking on the
the phone. Looking
phone for five minutes because
in pockets
she has forgotten her keys
frustrated.
every day this week and is
locked out of her house again!”
Do NOT use a verb that a previous student has acted. If someone uses
the verb that you want to use, you have to pick a new one!
Notes:
90
Past Habits
This is used for habits that you had in the past – but that don’t continue into the present.
Subject Verb Infinitive
I eat
You drink
used to
He think about
She go
It sleep
We yawn
They faint
Past habits require a time We often also include an

expression in the past. expression of frequency.
• back in high school • every Friday night
• last year • every day
• in the 90’s • sometimes
Ahhhhh… The memories!

Back in high school, I used
Sam to go out with Sally Anne
after the football game
every Friday night.
91
Positive Past Habits
Lets talk about Sam in the past.
1. __________________
_____________________.
2. ___________________
_____________________.
1st girlfriend: Mary
3. ___________________
_____________________.
4. ___________________
_____________________.
Negative Past Habits

didn’t used to
1. __________________
_____________________.
2. ___________________
_____________________.
3. ___________________
_____________________.
92
More Practice
Use “used to” to complete the following observations. Remember that we generally
need a frequency (habits) and a time in the past.
1. They ______________ nice cars before

the accident.
2. You _____________________after school.
3. The monkey ____________________

bananas every day when it was young.
4. I ________________________20 years
old, but now I ______.
5. I / John Lennon / meet / for
6. We / vitamins / frequency / why / when
7. She / where / frequency / when
8. I / never / when
Discussion:
1. Talk about some things that you used to do as a kid.
2. Talk about something you used to do before you started working fulltime.
93
Cause + Effect
Explain why the people are how they are today.
Example: I am poor because I didn’t used to work hard every day when I was younger.
Today Use “Because” Past Habits
1.________________________
2.________________________
3.________________________
4.________________________
5.________________________
6.________________________
Now, reverse the order of these actions (speaking) and use “so” to explain the result.
94
Past Habit Questions
Let´s ask each other some questions… Ask about you, he, she, they, and you (plural).
Example: Did you used to exercise daily when you were younger?
Closed Questions - Yes, I did.
Did used to +
you drink...
we be…
they have…
he go…
she etc…
it
Example: How often did you used to exercise when you were younger?
Open Questions - I used to exercised every day!
What
I
Where
+ did used to +
you drink...
When we be…
Why they have…
he go…
Who she etc…
How it
95
Reading: A Scary Bear in my Path
When I was a young boy, I used to take long walks
in the woods near my house in Missoula, Montana. I
would usually go on these walks with my best friend
Johnny but one day, he told me that he was too
busy, so I decided to go alone.
While I was walking along our favorite trail I saw a large bear in the middle of
the trail. I was so scared that I could hardly breathe or move a single muscle. I
almost died from fear. The tiny hairs on the back of my neck stood up! I often
saw the paw prints of bears, but I never saw a bear so close before. The bear
saw me and started to slowly come towards me. Then it got up on his back
legs and started to laugh. Incredibly, it then waved at me and took off its head.
I thought to myself, “Is this a dream? Am I going crazy?” No. It was just Johnny
in a costume: my friend that used to always play tricks on me. That is one of
my favorite funny memories of Johnny and our childhood together.
Write your own story using simple past and used to.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
96
Progress Check 5
1. My family and I used to (car / go / went) to the beach every summer.
2. We used to (cough / sang / cleaned) a lot because we lived in a dirty city.
3. They are rich because they (used to / want / try) always save their money.
4. There used to (be / have / bad) a queen in France.
5. (Mys, Mine, My) dogs used to eat the furniture.
6. She lifted a heavy box and now she has a (stomach / ear / back) ache.
7. My father used to smoke (but / how / dad) he got sick.
8. He (were / was / am) successful because he worked hard and was smart.
9. I am fat because I (will / do / used to) eat a hamburger at El Corral every day when I was a kid.

(2 pts. each)
10. QUESTION: _________________________________________________________________
RESPONSE: I used to smoke 2 packs per day.
11. QUESTION: _________________________________________________________________

RESPONSE: Yes, they used to exercise in the park daily last year.
12. QUESTION: ________________________________________________________________

RESPONSE: I used to be late because my alarm didn’t work.
13. What did they used to do when they were kids? a) swim b) cook c) watch TV
14. They used to go to the beach every _____. a) day b) summer c) weekend
15. How was the water at the beach? a) warm b) clean c) dirty
16. What was the dog’s name? a) Skinny b) Spot c) Sparky
17. How did his family feel about the dog?
a) They felt anxious. b) They never loved it. c) They loved it.
My Score: _____ / 20
97
Verb Exploration
break hold look miss shake turn work

Decide between the present perfect and past perfect tenses.
1. ______ he __________ the 7-Up bottle? Will it blow up if I open it?

2. Where ______ John __________ before he got his job here?
3. Sandra _____ ________ the toilet twice this week! Now I can’t even fix it.
4. I ______ ________ the baby for 2 hours and my arms are dead!
5. Carol and Mike _____n’t ________ their parents until they needed money!
6. Who ______ ________ at next week’s homework, this week?
7. ______ we ________ onto 66th street yet? Or are we still on 11th avenue?
Use as many of these verbs as possible AND the present/past perfect tenses in your explanation.
Notes:
98
The Immediate Past
Actions that were done recently are Subject Simple
expressed using “just”. This Past
construction is the equivalent to the I ate
Spanish “Acabar de”.
You drank
We just got
just
He thought about
married!
She went out
It made up
We blew up
They came across
I told you to make your bed!
But Mom, I just did it.
The little boy just made his bed.
I did it (made my bed) a little while ago.

(hace un rato)
Don’t argue! Do it again! =I just did it.

Writing Observations
Make some really interesting immediate past observations about yourself and others.
Use the verb BE, as well as action verbs.
1. I __________________________________________________
2. You ________________________________________________
3. My sister ___________________________________________
4. It __________________________________________________
5. The teachers ________________________________________
99
Observation Practice
Make observations with “just”:
1. 2. 3.
- Are you hungry? Be careful! He ______ Quiet! _________

- No, I __________. __________________. _____________!
4. 5. 6.
Jack __________ The dog _________ Amanda ________

_______________. ________________. ______________.
(bank)
7. 8. 9.
The ball__________ This girl ________ John __________

________________. _______________. ______________.
100
Question Practice
Closed Questions
Example: Eww! Did you just eat a lot of garlic?
John Henry They
1. _____________ 2. ____________ 3. _____________

_______________ ______________ _______________
______________? ______________? _______________?
Open Questions
Example: Eww! What did you just eat?
Sheila You
They
4. _____________ 5. _____________ 6. _____________

_______________ _______________ _______________
_______________? _______________? ______________?
- They ordered ham - It was just* Mary. She - I bought some clothes!
sandwiches. wanted to say “hello”.
*“just” here is an adverb meaning “only”
101
Progress Check 6
1. I just (bought / buy / to buy) a new blanket.
2. Everybody (just / will / was) be here at midnight.
3. I just (to talk / exercised / will eat) and I feel great!
4. After I go to the gym, I feel (heart / healthy / hole).
5. The factory was destroyed by the (sky / lightning / embarrassed)!
6. They are hung over because they (are / were / was) drunk last night.
7. The entrepreneur just (cross / walked / crossed) the bridge at 100th Street.
8. I am so (freezer / excitement / tired) now that I’m 80 years old.
9. The girls just (saw / see / so) the storm finish five minutes ago!
10. My (cousin / uncle / nephew) is my brother’s son.

11. Be careful! just the He floor mopped dirty (.)
____________________________________________________________________.
12. a big not because pizza hungry just I’m ate I (.)
____________________________________________________________________.
13. soccer game the architects Were after sore the (?)
___________________________________________________________________?
14. park just in his the exercised with He friend (.)
____________________________________________________________________.
15. made mom just dessert a My delicious (.)
____________________________________________________________________.
16. How many people are talking? a) two b) three c) four
17. How does Talicia feel? a) happy b) frustrated c) excited
18. Before this conversation, Talicia saw her____. a) son b) father c) mother-in-law
19. Describe Talicia’s husband. a) skinny b) fat c) single
20. How is the relationship between Robert and his mother-in-law?
a) It is relaxed. b) It is perfect c) It is demanding.
My Score: _____ / 20
102
Homework: Past Tense
1. Simple Past, Past Perfect, Past Continuous
A: Where _____________ (be) you last night?

B: I ________________ (be) at the movies. I _____________________ (watch)
a great movie when suddenly a fire ___________________ (break out*) .
A: Oh gosh! How _____________________ (it/ happen)?
B: Someone ___________________ (drop) a match into a waste-paper basket.
I guess they ______________ (want) to burn the place down.
A: __________________ (you/go) to the beach on Saturday?

B: No. I ____________________ (go) on Sunday instead.
A: ______________________ (you/have) a good time?
B: No. I didn't. I _____________________ (sunbathe) when it __________ (start)
raining, so I _________________ (leave) in a hurry. I ________ mad because
I ________________ (be) at the beach in a long time!
A: I ________________ (lose) my keys yesterday.

B: Where ____________________ (you/lose) them?
A: I don't know. I ____________________ (go) shopping and when I got back,
I ____________ (realize) that I ________________ (leave) my keys somewhere.
* Break out- a phrasal verb meaning 1. “to suddenly occur or start”, 2. to escape
2. Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous
A: Are you alright? You look tired.

B: Yes. I am. I didn't sleep very well. I __________________ (just/go) to sleep last
night when a lot of noise outside woke me up. I got up and went to the window.
I ___________________(stand) there for a few minutes when two police cars
stopped outside my house. I went downstairs and a policeman told me that two
prisoners ____________________(escape) from prison and were hiding in the area.
A: Did they catch them again?
B: Yes. but I didn't sleep very well after that.
A: Did you do anything exciting last weekend?

B: Not really. By the time I _______________ (do) my shopping and cleaned the
house, Saturday was nearly over. What about you?
A: Well. I __________________(plan) to go out with my friend but she was late and I
__________________(wait) for nearly two hours before she called me to say she
couldn't come after all.
B: That's a shame. Next weekend, we should go somewhere nice together.
103
3. Simple Past or Past Perfect
Bert and Willy ___________ (go) fishing on Sunday. They ___________ (take) some
sandwiches and some coffee with them. They ______________ (sit) on the river bank all
day. but by the time they _________________ (leave), they _____________________
(not/catch) anything.
James ____________ (be) late for work this morning. He _____________ (forget) to set his
alarm clock and then, when he _____________ (get) to work, his boss ____________ (be)
very angry.
Barry ______________ (have) lots of work to do yesterday. He ______________ (get up) very
early and by six o'clock, he ___________ (finish). Then, he __________ (have) time to relax.
Yesterday. Liz ___________ (go) to a party. She ____________ (have) a great time, but when
she _______________ (get) home, she ______________(realize) that she ________________
(forget) her jacket. So. she ________________ (go) back to the party to get it.
4. Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous
Yesterday was a bad day for Andrew. He _______________ (not/sleep) well because there
was a terrible storm during the night. He took a shower, before he _______________ (made)
breakfast. After he _________________ (eat), he got into his car and drove to work. He
________________________ (only/drive) for five minutes when he remembered that he
_________________ (leave) his briefcase at home. He turned the car around and went
home again. Then, he realized that he __________________ (lock) himself out. The keys
were still inside the house! Andrew was already late for work, so he decided to leave the
briefcase and go to work. When he arrived, his secretary told him that his boss
____________________ (try) to call him at home all morning. Andrew went to find his boss.
When he asked his boss why he _______________________(call) all day, he told Andrew
that it hadn't been necessary for him to come to work that day after all! Poor Andrew
drove all the way home again.
Check Your Homework: Turn to the next page for the answers!
104
105
Decide if the phrase is in the present perfect or the past perfect.
1. He ______n’t completed ____________ (read) the book before the test.
2. They ______ denied ____________ (work) with their competitors this year.
3. ______ you waited ____________ (call) him because you want him to worry now?
4. What ______ she suggested ____________ (do) about the rat problem lately?
5. I ______known how ____________(drive) before I was old enough to do it legally.
6. We ______ gotten ____________ (travel) once each before our current marriage.
7. Where ______they completed ____________ (build) the road, so far?
8. ______ we understood ____________ (work) in that country before the accident?
9. You ______offered ____________ (invite) me to a party twice since last October.
10. Their dog _____still failed ___________ (learn) how to go to the bathroom outside.
11. Since when _____ he enjoyed ___________ (watch) movies alone?
12. ______ Sammy forgiven your ____________ (destroy) her cake yet?
13. The weather ______ wanted ____________ (rain) for several weeks now.
14. ______ your cousin promised ____________ (clean) his mess yet?
15. Cartagena ______ hoped ____________ (improve) tourism numbers recently.

106
The Main
Future
Tenses
A. Simple Future Review (will / won’t)

B. “Going to” Future
C. Future Continuous
107
WILL / WON`T
Let’s quickly review the simple future tense (will / won’t).
Write an observation about each picture. Then, ask a question to get more information.
Observation: _______________________.
1. Question: _________________________?
Response: _________________________.
Observation: _______________________.
2. Question: _________________________?
Response: _________________________.
Observation: _______________________.
3. Question: _________________________?
Response: _________________________.
Write about a plan you have for the future (vacation, work, etc.).
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Discussion: Share your future plans with the group and ask each other
questions (open and closed) about these plans.
108
“Going to”
Future
Subject + be + (not) + going to + verb + information
Subject Verb Contraction

I am I`m
You are You`re
He is He`s going to + verb
She is She`s
It is It`s
not going to + verb
We are We`re
They are They`re
Make positive and negative sentences.
1. I _____________________________________ (+)
2. We____________________________________ (-)
3. My boss _______________________________ (+)
4. They __________________________________ (+)
5. His sister ______________________________

(-)
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“Going to”
Future
Observations Make New Year`s resolutions for yourself and others.
Use these pictures or (other ideas) to write sentences individually with

“going to…” and “not going to...” to describe New Year’s resolutions.
1. ____________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________
Discussion: Each student reads his/her resolution and the other

students ask questions (Who? What? Where? When? Why? How?).
110
“Going to” Questions
Let´s ask each other some questions based on the images below.
Example: Are you going to eat lunch with me tomorrow?
Closed Questions - Yes, I am.
Are you
+ going to +
we drink...
they be…
have…
Is
he go…
she etc…
it Yes,
she is!
Yes, I am.
Joe No, they aren`t.
1. Bob:_____________? 2. ______________? 3. ____________?
Example: Why are you going to go to the mall so early?

Open Questions - I’m going to go there early because there is a big sale!
+ are
What
you
Where
+ going to +
we drink...
When they be…
Why have…
+ is
he go…
Who she etc…
How it
4. _______________________________?
- I`m going to go to my accountant’s office.
5. _______________________________?
- She`s going to go out with Fred.
6. _______________________________?
- They`re going to go out tonight at 8:00.
111
Future Questions
Ask questions in the future using WILL and GOING TO.
1
Yes, I am… I think.
2
No, it won`t. It`s full.
I`m sorry Chuck! I`m going to

leave you for Scott because
he’s more attractive! They`ll fly to San Andres
4
tomorrow morning.
Rufus & Lucille
3
112
Future Questions
____________________appointment? I’ll drive there.
5
6
_____________________movies soon?
Yes, we will.
7
___________________? We’re going tomorrow.
______________________? No, it won’t. There aren’t

any clouds in the sky.
8
113
Future Continuous
I. SUBJECT + WILL + BE + VERB (in continuous form) + more info
II. SUBJECT + GOING TO + BE + VERB (in continuous form) + more info
Remember: The future tense is NEVER used in time clauses.

These include when, while, before, after, until, etc. If you see these, then either
the simple present tense or the present continuous tense is used.
Example: While I finish my dinner, she will clean the dishes.
time clause (simple present)
I. Specific Time as an Interruption in the Future

1. I am going to be _________ at the intersection at 11:00 pm.
2. She’ll ________ shopping at the mall until 5:00pm.
3. The traffic jam will be __________ worse until 7:00pm.
4. I am _________ to be working out at 4:00pm. Call me after dinner.
Discussion: What are some other examples with a specific time?
Bogota in
October
II. Interrupted Action in the Future
1. I will _______ relaxing in the bathtub when you get home.

2. They will be __________ awful until you bring the soap!
3. Be careful! It is ___________ to _____ snowing when you guys arrive.
4. John will be _________ at the grocery store when we surprise him!
Discussion: What are some other examples with interruption?
The U.S. and Iran…

unless…
Picnic
John and his daughter(not together)
III. Parallel Action in the Future
1. The students __________ yawning while you’re reading that!

2. Will your wife be __________ while you are playing golf?
3. The farmers will be __________ crops as the weather is warming up.
4. While we’re_________ through the garden, I’m going to be sneezing a lot!
Discussion: What are some other examples with a parallel action?
114
Progress Check 7
1. The president’s wife is (want / be / going) to write a book.
2. He’ll (will / is / be) shopping at the mall until 5:00pm.
3. I am fat because I (will / do / would) eat a hamburger at McDonalds every day as a kid.
4. (Why / Will / Are) William go to the park tomorrow?
5. Where are you going to (have / go / about) later tonight?
6. He (had / have / was) been training for four years when he competed in the Olympics.
7. Will your wife be (reading / work / cook) while you are playing golf?
8. Who are you going (to / for / so) call after work?
9. (Why / When / Where) have you been all weekend?
10. We are going to brush our teeth (before / after / why) we go to sleep.
11. The aren’t tonight going girls to study (.)

________________________________________________________________________
12. Is monkey bananas going the to eat the (?)
________________________________________________________________________
13. will be I reading sleeping you’re while (.)
________________________________________________________________________
14. loudly The sing tonight children will (.)
________________________________________________________________________
15. you are going When out to go (?)
________________________________________________________________________
16. Has Lisa ever been to Paris? a) yes b) no c) maybe
17. Where does the man want to go? a) Perth b) Paris c) Las Vegas
18. What does he like about that city? a) wine b) casinos c) mountains
19. What kind of honeymoon does his fiancé want? a) crazy b) cheap c) romantic
20. What is his fiancé's compromise? They will go to:
a) Las Vegas, and then Paris b) Paris, then Las Vegas. c) Perth, then Las Vegas.
My Score: _____ / 20 115

Verb Exploration
allow follow listen make set speak travel

1. I ______ __________ you to live here for 3 days, but now you must leave.
2. ______ they __________ to his newest CD? It’s incredible!
3. You ______ __________ us on the highway for thirty miles – tell me why!
4. Who ______ you __________ with about this plan? You need approval.
5. Sally ______ already __________ to Spain before her 18th birthday.
6. ______ we __________ the new rules before they broke them?
7. How often ______ Jack __________ the alarm for 4:30am? Every day?
Write a personal letter to a family member. Use at least five of the seven verbs from this page,
have a clearly defined introduction, body, and closing, and include questions.
Swap these with a partner, and then present what he/she said to the group (reported speech).
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
116
Cup o´ Joe
Conversation Café
Human race will 'split into two different species'

By NIALL FIRTH
The human race will one day split into two separate species: an attractive, intelligent ruling elite and
an underclass of dim-witted, ugly goblin-like creatures, according to a top scientist. 100,000 years
into the future, sexual selection could mean that two distinct breeds of human will have developed.
The alarming prediction comes from evolutionary theorist Oliver Curry from the London School of
Economics, who says that the human race will have reached its physical peak by the year 3000.
These humans will be between 6ft and 7ft tall and
they will live up to 120 years.
"Physical features will be driven by indicators of
health, youth and fertility that men and women have
evolved to look for in potential mates," says the
report, which suggests that advances in cosmetic
surgery and other body modifying techniques will
effectively homogenize our appearance.
Men will have symmetrical facial features, deeper voices and bigger penises, according to Curry in a
report commissioned for men's satellite TV channel Bravo. Women will all have glossy hair, smooth
hairless skin, large eyes and pert breasts, according to Curry. Racial differences will be a thing of the
past as interbreeding produces a single coffee-coloured skin tone. The future for our descendants
isn't all long life, perfect bodies and chiselled features, however. While humans will reach their
peak in 1000 years' time, 10,000 years later our reliance on technology will have begun to
dramatically change our appearance. Medicine will weaken our immune system and we will begin
to appear more child-like. Dr. Curry said: "The report suggests that the future of man will be a story
of the good, the bad and the ugly.
"While science and technology have the potential to create an ideal habitat for humanity over the
next millennium, there is the possibility of a monumental genetic hangover over the subsequent
millennia due to an over-reliance on technology reducing our natural capacity to resist disease, or
our evolved ability to get along with each other.
"After that, things could get ugly, with the possible emergence of genetic 'haves' and 'have-nots'."
Dr. Curry's theory may strike a chord with readers who have read H G Wells' classic novel The Time
Machine, in particular his descriptions of the Eloi and the Morlock races. In the 1895 book, the
human race has evolved into two distinct species, the highly intelligent and wealthy Eloi and the
frightening, animalistic Morlock who are destined to work underground to keep the Eloi happy.
Discussion: Do you agree with this article? Why or why not?
117
1. We ______ put off __________ (go) to the doctor’s office for too long. Let’s go!
2. _____ they practiced __________ (swim) recently?
3. Jackson ______ denied __________ (call) my wife until I showed him the proof!
4. ______ some people here appreciated my __________ (help) before I complained?
5. Where _____ you wished _________ (be) in your career by the time you turned 30?
6. What ______ you guys risked __________ (lose) with your actions lately?
7. Rachel _____ already gotten _______ (see) the movie, even though it’s not out yet.
8. Why _____ your parents recommended _________ (live) in this city since we met?
9. It’s 5:00am…. ______ you practiced __________ (give) the presentation all night?
10. Who ______ we offered __________ (help) in this current financial crisis?
11. Bogota ______ gotten __________ (take) advantage of falling oil prices.
12. _____ we decide _______ (get) together again yet, or should we date other people?
13. How ______ they __________ (learn) to copy us before we released the song?
14. Marcus and Emily ______n’t reported __________ (have) the accident yet.
15. I ______ waited __________ (turn up) the music until my boss passed out.

118
The Main
Modal
Verbs
The modal verbs are used in the past, present, and future.
A. Ability / Probability
B. Permission
C. Obligation / Advice
D. Conditional Tense
119
The Modal Verbs
Can - Maybe - Should - Would
What is a modal verb?

Modal verbs are different from other verbs that you’ve seen:
• We don’t conjugate them.
• They form questions by inversion: “She can go.” becomes “Can she go?”
• They are followed directly by the infinitive of another verb (without 'to‘): “I can go.”
But… the grammar is simple!
Observations: Subject + modal verb + verb…
( ) Modal verb + subject + verb…

What
Questions: Where
Who
Ability How many languages
Can Probability
can you speak?
- I can speak five
(Could) Permission languages.
You should not

Obligation
Should Advice
smoke a lot. It’s bad
for your health.
Maybe
Maybe they will go to
Possibility mall tomorrow… but
I don’t know for sure.
The If I had a million
Would Conditional dollars, I would buy

thousands of pairs of
Tense shoes!
120
Ability Can / Can’t Observations
I
You
He + can + verb…
She
+ can`t + verb…
It
We
They
I 1. _________________________(+)
You 2. _________________________(+)
Sandy 3. _________________________(-)
We 4. _________________________(+)
They 5. _________________________(-)
Comparison of Abilities
Shakira
Vs.
6. _____________________________________________
Discussion: Talk about your abilities and the abilities of others.
121
Ability Can / Can’t Questions
I. Closed Questions Can + subject + action verb?
Example: Can she sing well?
Choose the verb to use in each scenario below. Ask each other questions.
Write the questions for #1-3, and then continue orally with #4-6.
close get / reach jump (over) ride go out eat
1. ______________ 2. _____________ 3._____________

________________ _______________ ______________
Sara Subject “I”
Jim
4. 5. 6.
Yes. I (you, he, she, it, we, they) can. No, I (you, he, she, it, we, they) can`t.
What
II. Open Questions Where + can + subject + action verb?
How
Example: When can I eat?
1. ______________ 2. ______________ 3. ______________

_________________ ________________ ________________
Write your own open questions with CAN and the subject YOU.
1. __________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________
Ask these questions to a partner.
122
Ability and Probability Could / Couldn’t
+ could + verb +
I additional information
You (if necessary)
She • Expresses ABILITY in the past (past of ‘CAN’)

He • Expresses PROBABILTY (often with Present Perfect- Could have gone)
It • Expresses PERMISSION (interchangeable with ‘CAN’)
We
I. ABILITY (past): Observations
They
- Einstein could solve physics equations brilliantly!
- Her grandmother could cook the best apple pies.
- I could eat a whole pizza when I was younger.
Observations: Talk about ABILITIES (using you / she / they).

1. _______________________________________.
2. _______________________________________.
3. ________________________________________.
II. PROBABILITY: Observations

- You could have gone to the movies with us, but you arrived late.
- Kim could have seen Tim at the hospital before we got here.
- I don`t know what happened. A thief could have taken the ring.
Observations: Talk about other probabilities in your life if

you had chosen another profession, husband, wife, etc.
1. ____________________________________________.
2. ____________________________________________.
3. _____________________________________________.
123
PERMISSION and Polite requests: Questions
‘Could’ is considered more polite than ‘can’ when requesting something.
I
you
Could +
he additional
she + verb + information ?
it
we
they
- Could (can) I go to the bathroom please?

- Could (can) you get that book off the top shelf, please?
Note: Responses do not usually use “could”, but they use “can”.
“Yes, you can.” “No, I can`t.” “Yes, of course.” (claro que sì).
Ask at least 3 questions to other students for permission or a polite request.

1. __________________________________________________?
2. __________________________________________________?
3. __________________________________________________?
Ask the waiter / waitress for something.
1.____________ 2._____________ 3.___________

_____________ ______________ _____________
124
PRACTICE: COULD / COULDN’T
I. ASK ABILITY (questions)
3. Tim I don´t think so!
No, we can´t.
I think so! 2.
1.
II. PROBABILITY (observations)

4. 5. 6.
That was
close!
III. ASK PERMISSION or REQUESTS (questions)

7. 8. 9.
125
Progress Check 8
1. Sandy (is / can’t / don’t) sing well.
2. I just (bought / buy / to buy) a new jacket.
3. I (canned / can / could) speak three languages when I was five years old.
4. Where are you going to (have / go / about) later tonight?
5. These students (am / can / just) speak French better than their teacher.
6. (Do / Can / Could) you see the moon last night?
7. What were you (done / do / doing) at 6:00 pm yesterday?
8. (Why / Could / Get) you help me with my homework?
9. Could it (to rain / rain / rained) later tonight?

(2 pts. each)
10. QUESTION: _________________________________________________________________
RESPONSE: Of course, I can read.
11. QUESTION: _________________________________________________________________

RESPONSE: He could eat a whole pizza when he was five years old.
12. QUESTION: ________________________________________________________________

RESPONSE: It could rain at any moment in this city.
LISTENING: Listen to the audio twice.

13. Big Jack was small when he was a kid. TRUE / FALSE
14. Big Jack was always strong and confident. TRUE / FALSE
15. He saved three boys who were lost in the woods. TRUE / FALSE
16. Jack liked riding on trains. TRUE / FALSE
17. Jack was killed when he was struck by lightning. TRUE / FALSE
My Score: _____ / 20 126

Should / Shouldn`t
The “should” grammar is basically the same as the “can” grammar.
Subject + SHOULD + (not) + verb + additional info...

MUST and HAVE TO are considered stronger obligations than SHOULD.
• Expresses Obligation and Advice

Children should do their homework.
You should quit smoking.
You shouldn`t smoke.
Let’s write three observations using “should” and “shouldn’t”.
1. __________________________________________.
2. __________________________________________.
3. __________________________________________.
Closed Questions
SHOULD + SUBJECT + verb + additional info?
1. 2. 3. poison
Brad
2.__________________________________________
3. __________________________________________
127
PRACTICE: SHOULD / SHOULDN`T
I. Make observations about the below images. Tell why.
When you are at work... because...
1. 2. 3.
When Laura goes to the beach...

4. 5. 6.
When people are driving...

7. 8. 9.
II. Ask “should” questions about each of the above images.
128
I
You
She
might
He
It
+ might + (not) + verb+
additional
information
We - a very common modal verb expressing PROBABILITY

They - almost never used in questions
Observations:
heads tails
1._________________________ 2._________________________
3._________________________ 4.________________________
Did you know:
might = may
129
Responses to Future Questions that Indicate a Possibility
Rihanna, when will you and Juanes
Messi, are you going to play for
have a concert together?
Manchester United next year?
I might. .
We might do a concert
together next Christmas.
Make some observations about possible plans for (you, it, we) using ‘’might’’.
1. ______________________________________________.
2. ______________________________________________.
3. ______________________________________________.
John Karen
Answer these questions.
4. Are John and Karen going to get married?
5. Will we have a date tonight?
6. Are you going to the movies tonight?
7. When are you going to drink your next beer?
8. Where will the teacher go on vacation for Easter?
130
Real Conditional
The real conditional tense is used to express what happens in specific, real situations.
If Clause
(present tense) + Result Clause
(present tense)
If I have time, I study English. This implies

that this is a
real life
situation,
that happens
sometimes.
More Examples:
• If I go to a friend's house for dinner, I usually take a bottle of wine.
• If the weather is nice, she walks to work.
• When I have a day off from work, I often go to the beach.
• QUESTION: Where do you stay if you go to Sydney?

RESPONSE: I stay with my friends near the harbor.
IF vs. WHEN
Both "if" and "when" are used in the real conditional tense.
• Using "if" suggests that something happens less frequently.
• Using "when" suggests that something happens regularly.
Examples:
• When I have a day off from work, I usually go to the beach.
I REGULARLY HAVE DAYS OFF FROM WORK.
• If I have a day off from work, I usually go to the beach.
I DON’T REGULARLY HAVE DAYS OFF FROM WORK.
Activity: Ask each other what they really do when they see these situations.
131
Unreal Conditional
The unreal conditional tense is used to express what happens in imaginary situations.
If Clause
(past tense) + Result Clause
(using “would”)
If I had time, I would study English.

This implies
that this I don’t
have any time
– and I will not
study English.
More Examples:
• I would move to China if I spoke Mandarin.
• Even if Mary watched less T.V., she wouldn`t read more.
• If they worked harder, they`d earn more money
Contractions Make your own conditional observations with “if”.

I would I`d
You would You`d 1. _____________________________________.

He would He`d
2. _____________________________________.
She would She`d
It would -----
3. _____________________________________.
We would We`d 4. _____________________________________.
They would They`d
5. _____________________________________.
What is the difference between WOULD and COULD?

• Your parents would benefit from a visit to a chiropractor.
• Your parents could benefit from a visit to a chiropractor.
The difference is subtle, like the difference between beneficiarían y podrían beneficiar in Spanish. WOULD is definite but
conditional. It WILL happen if certain conditions are met. YOUR parents will benefit IF they go to see a chiropractor.
The second sentence with COULD only reflects a possibility.
132
More Practice RULE: Never use “WAS” in the conditional (IF) clause
In the unreal conditional, was is never considered correct. You should always use were.
In everyday conversation, though, was is often used.
Examples: • If he were French, he would live in Paris.
• I would play basketball if I were taller.
• I would buy that computer if it were cheaper.
Fill in the blanks with the verb “to be”.

I can’t believe this iPad is so expensive. If I ______ in the US, it would cost half the price. I would buy
two of them if they _______ cheaper. If my American friend _____ here, he wouldn’t believe this!
Talk about Tom… using the real conditional and the unreal conditional.
Tom
I like to exercise, but I don’t always have enough time.
My dream is to play football, but I am too weak.
He
He
I don’t always carry an umbrella. Only when I need it.

I want to go to Asia, but I don’t have enough money.
I hate taking naps. In the day time, I’m always awake.

I want to live in Boston, but I don’t have a US visa.
Discussion: Tell your classmates how their lives would be different if….
1. more time 2. super rich parents 3. a metro here
4. a different gender 5. no hair 6. homeless
133
If I Were
a Boy!
[Verse] [Chorus]
____ I ______ a boy If I were a boy
Even just for a day I think I could understand
I’d roll outta bed in the morning How it feels to love a girl
And throw on what I wanted and go I swear I’d be a better man.
Drink beer with the guys I’d listen to her
And chase after girls 'Cause I know how it hurts
I’d kick it with who I wanted When you lose the one you wanted (wanted)
And I’d never get confronted for it. 'Cause he’s taken you for granted (granted)
'Cause they’d stick up for me. And everything you had got destroyed
[Chorus] [Bridge]
If I were a boy It’s a little too late for you to come back
I think I could understand Say it's just a mistake
How it feels to love a girl Think I’d forgive you like that
I swear I’d be a better man. If you thought I would wait for you
I’d listen to her You thought wrong
'Cause I know how it hurts
When you lose the one you wanted
'Cause he’s taken you for granted [Chorus 2]
And everything you had got destroyed But you’re just a boy
You don’t understand
Yeah, you don’t understand, oh
[Verse] How it feels to love a girl someday
If I were a boy You wish you were a better man
I would turn off my phone You don’t listen to her
Tell everyone it’s broken You don’t care how it hurts
So they’d think that I was sleepin’ alone Until you lose the one you wanted
I’d put myself first 'Cause you’ve taken her for granted
And make the rules as I go And everything you had got destroyed
'Cause I know that she’d be faithful
Waitin’ for me to come home But you’re just a boy
(to come home)
134
Closed Questions and Answers
Would + subject + verb + information
‘’ if…’’
?
- Would you buy a big house if you won the lottery?
- Would your brother go out with me if I had a Mercedes?
Answers to Closed Questions

Yes, (I / you / he / she / it / we / they) WOULD.
No, (I / you / he / she / it / we / they) WOULDN’T.
Write three closed questions using different subjects (you, he/she, they).
Then, ask your classmates!
1. _______________________________________________?
2. _______________________________________________?
3. _______________________________________________?
Open Questions and Answers

What I
you
Where additional
+ would +
he
When
How she + verb + information ?
Why it ‘’ if…’’
Who we
they
- What would you do if you won the lottery?
- I would buy a house. / I`d buy a house.
Write three open questions using different subjects (you, he/she, they).
Then, ask your classmates!
1. _______________________________________________?
2. _______________________________________________?
3. _______________________________________________?
135
WOULD / WOULDN’T PRACTICE
I. Make conditional OBSERVATIONS based on the following:
1. lose weight – eat (+,-)
2. like – 10 years old (+,-)
3. have – quit my job (+,-)
4. be – exercise (+,-)
5. use – raining (+,-)
6. travel – speak English (+,-)
7. 8. 9.
(afraid)
II. Ask conditional QUESTIONS based on the following:

10. get hurt – fell (from where?)
11. lose job – late
12. get married – meet
13. start a business – have
14. tired – sleep less
15. drive fast – legal
16. 17. 18.
136
Can / Could / Would / Should / Might
Practice Using All of These Modal Verbs With the Subjects Below
Subject: Jane is pregnant

Habit observation:
Last year:
Next year:
Express advice:
Express ability:
Express conditional ‘if’ situation:
Subjects: Sara, her brother, and their cousin

Habit (question):
Last year (question):
Future intent (question):
Advice (question):
Ability (question):
Conditional ”if” situation (question):
Subject: You
Ask someone questions using a variety of tenses.
137
Modal Verbs (Past)
Modal Verbs Can Be Used in the Past Tense Too
subject + modal verb + have + past participle
I
You
could (not) • been
should (not)
have
He • had
She • seen
It
We
might (not) •
•
found
understood
They would (not) • etc…
COULD: Imaginary Abilities in the Past

I could have competed in the Olympics 10 years ago… but now I’m too old.
What could you have done when you were younger?
SHOULD: Regret About the Past

I should have gone to college. Now I don’t have any opportunities.
What should you have done differently in high school?
MIGHT: Possibilities in the Past

I might have won the lottery last night, but my TV is broken, so I don’t know.
What might have happened since this class started today?
With could, we can add a conditional clause (if).

With WOULD, it is necessary.
Note that the grammar resembles the past perfect tense.
if + subject + have + past participle

I
you • been
had
he • had
if she
it
we
they
•
•
•
•
seen
found
understood
etc…
I could have eaten raw oysters last night if I hadn’t been so scared.
WOULD: Unreal Possibilities in the Past – With Conditions

I would have passed the class, if I had been in more classes.
What would you life have been like if you had been born in Africa?
138
Time Exploration
Let’s explore these four modal verbs in the past!
1. Could
(I could have competed in the Olympics 10 years ago… but now I’m too old.)
1. We ___________ _____________ ______________ (live) in Canada

twenty years ago… but now we have a family and it’s not realistic.
2. You ___________ _____________ ______________ (drink) that milk

yesterday, but now it smells terrible. You waited too long!
Discussion: Share one situation where hesitating cost you an opportunity.
2. Should
(I should have gone to college. Now I don’t have any opportunities.)
1. I ___________ _____________ ______________ (be) nicer to Josh in

college. Now he’s my boss and he still hasn’t forgiven me!
2. Brad ___________ _____________ ______________ (call) me last

night. I just sold the last copy of that book, but I could have reserved one
for him, if he had called.
Discussion: Share one regret with the class. What should you have done?
139
Time Exploration
3. Might
(I might have won the lottery last night, but my TV is broken, so I don’t know.)
1. The weather ___________ _____________ ______________ (improve)

since I went inside, but I don’t have any windows. Who knows?
2. My mom ___________ _____________ ______________ (called)

about the surgery. I need to check the missed calls on my phone.
Discussion: What might have happened in the world in the last 5 minutes?
4. Would
(I would have passed the class, if I had been in more classes.)
1. I ___________ _____________ ______________ (grow) taller if my

parents _________ __________ (give) me more milk when I was younger.
2. I am impressed by how relaxed you are. Most people

___________ _____________ ______________ (be) really scared
if they ___________ _____________ (be) in a similar situation.
Discussion: If you had received one million dollars as a 15 year old,

how would you have spent it?
140
Verb Exploration
begin know put run send show sit stand

1. _____ the Jones ________ you their new boat before you heard about it?
2. I ______ ________ for 45 minutes – and I’ve burnt 500 calories already!
3. Where ______ he ________ his focus this semester? His exam is awful.
4. I hope you ______n’t ________ under a ladder since your accident!
5. How ______ you ________ working before I brought you your glasses?
6. Jenny ______ still never __________ us a picture of her new husband!
7. ______ we ever _________ anyone as crazy as Brian?
8. They ______ ________ there waiting in the chairs for 15 minutes, before leaving.
Write a personal letter to your 18 -year-old-self. Use at least five of the seven verbs from this
page (plus could have, should have, would have), have a clearly defined introduction, body, and closing.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
141
Phrasal Verb Review
Fill in the crossword puzzle below with the correct phrasal verbs from the word bank.
WORD BANK
look forward
get away
watch out
pass out
ask out
go out
put off
take off
pull over
fall apart
get along
carry on
make up
give up
bring up
wake up
blow up
run into
come across
Across Down
2. to invent a story 1. to continue
5. to become awake 3. to invite someone out on a date
7. to mention 4. to park your car on the side of the road
8. to quit 6. to delay
9. for an airplane to leave the ground 8. to escape
11. to anticipate positively 10. to encounter
14. to break into pieces 12. to explode
15. to go places socially 13. to be careful (for)
17. to meet someone by chance, unplanned 16. to lose consciousness
18. to have a good relationship (with
142
Keeping a Journal
Oops! Your previous “rescue” was nothing more than a dream.
Sorry! Unfortunately, you never made it off of the island. You
fought bravely and you learned to survive, but nobody ever
came to rescue you. Now it is time to reflect back and tell us
what you could / would / should have done differently so that
you could have been rescued or gotten off the island.
143
1. Mary ______ wanted _____________ (ask out) John since last year.
2. Why ______n’t you offered _____________ (bring up) my bad breath before?
3. You ______ denied _______________ (carry on) with the partying lately. Correct?
4. They ______ reported _________ (come across) a treasure in the Jungle recently.
5. ______ we waited __________ (come up with) the perfect plan long enough?
6. ______ you ________________ (get along with) her before she stole your shirt?
7. What is one thing you ______ given up __________ (do) when you were single?
8. Why ______ she suggested ____________ (go out) with her sister all week?
9. I ______ already enjoyed ______________________ (look forward to) the party!
10. Sarah _____ chosen __________ (make up) excuses before the time I caught her!
11. Robert and Ellen _____ recently anticipated _________ (pull over) in their old car.
12. _____ you guys _________ (run into) friends in the street when you lived in NYC?
13. When ______ they discussed_____________ (take off) before the storm alert?
14. What time _____ you gotten _________ (wake up) now that you’re on vacation?
15. Which people _____ you prepared __________ (watch out) for since the robbery?

144
Vacation Planning!
I would like to go to Disney World when I can. My teacher just told the class that she
has been there and she gave me some advice. First, she said that I should go there in
the winter so it won't be too hot. In Florida, though, it could always rain - you never
know. When I get there, I am going to buy an autograph book so I can collect
signatures from all of the famous Disney characters, like Mickey Mouse and Donald
Duck. The only thing I have to worry about is the fact that some things are very
expensive. Still, I shouldn't let that stop me from having fun! If my parents gave me
some money, I guess I wouldn't have to worry so much.
The next time that my parents are in a good mood, I am going to ask them if I can go
to Disney World. They will probably say “yes”, but they may also say that I have to
wait for them to get ready. That’s okay, though. I’m not in a hurry. First, my parents
will have to talk to their bosses and get off of work. Next, we will need to purchase
our tickets and reserve a cool hotel room. Finally, I am going to have to buy a cheap
suitcase because I don't have one – I’ve never traveled before. This will be my first
time in a plane! Maybe, if I'm lucky, I will be tall enough to ride all of the huge rides
there! I can already imagine it!
What is your next vacation? Use could, would, should, and both
future tenses.
Where will you go? What will you do?
Take two minutes to write some short

notes in the box to the right.
When you’re ready, share your plans

with a partner.
ASK EACH OTHER QUESTIONS!
145
Progress Check 9
1. Why (is / would / do) she want to quit her job?
2. Would (sister / you / us) buy a mansion if you won the lottery?
3. I (canned / can / could) speak three languages when I was five years old.
4. You shouldn’t (talked / have talked / talk) on your phone when driving.
5. You (shouldn’t / should / wear) use a seatbelt.
6. My wife (might / were / am) be pregnant!
7. It (weather / was / were) always raining when I lived in Bogota!
8. I would (talk / move / carry) to China if I spoke Mandarin.
9. You guys have (try/ tried / attempt) to steal my ice cream every day this week!
10. They (ought / could / should) to quit smoking right now!
(5 pts.)
The GOLL Gazette – NEWS FLASH

The police have gave a warning too all citizens of Stalwart Island that the volcano might to
erupt in the next few days.
Nobody knows how bad the eruption wasn’t be. It could destroy the whole island or it
might not do anything.
If you would be like to be safe, the local government is offering free trips off of the island
every day this week. Families with children should to think about this option seriously.
16. The volcano is ____ them. a) far from b) close to c) above
17. The father is _____ them. a) with b) not with c) waiting
18. Mark _____ his mind. a) decides b) changes c) makes
19. Mark’s mother is _____. a) sarcastic b) arrogant c) scared
20. Mark’s grandparents would want them to:
a) leave the island quickly. b) stay on the island calmly. c) wait a little longer.
My Score: _____ / 20 146

READING: Power Plants - Then and Now
Electricity didn’t used to be common. We often forget that, within the last two centuries, there was
a time when most people did not have electricity in their homes. The earliest centralized power
plants were built in 1881, only a couple of centuries ago. The first of these power plants would run
on water power or coal and they were very unreliable but many things have changed since then.
Today we can generate electricity in many ways but the future of electricity is still uncertain.
As technology advanced, power plants have changed dramatically, but the

concept is still the same: whether we use a dam to capture the force of a
moving river or a reactor to release the power stored within an atom. In a
coal power plant (the most common type in many parts of the earth) coal is
burnt and the heat is used to boil the liquid water. Then, the steam goes
through a turbine and forces a generator to rotate, thus creating electricity.
Hoover Dam
Renewable Energy
As fossil fuels (such as coal and oil) slowly become depleted and more expensive to find, people
are starting to seriously consider using renewable resources to produce energy on a large scale.
These options include wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, and solar energy. Nuclear energy, while
very controversial, is also often considered to be renewable. A less used, but very realistic
renewable energy source, is biomass. Biomass is made of wood and other plant-based materials
that can be grown and then burnt to create energy in place of non-renewable energy sources like
coal.
Right now, renewable energy sources are more expensive than fossil
fuels, so they still haven’t been generally accepted. However, many
people believe that fossil fuel prices will continue to rise in the future
and new technology may be able to make some renewable energy
sources more affordable. One of the biggest limits of renewable energy
sources is that many of them can only be used in some places. Solar
energy is only viable in areas that receive lots of sun, for example, in
one of the five dry deserts located across Spain. Engineers know that
Solar Panels they should not build these plants in cloudy areas.
The Future of Power Plants and the Environment

Power plants are always becoming more efficient and affordable but soon
they will look quite different from the past. International agreements, like the
Kyoto Protocol, limit how much carbon can be put into the air in developed
countries and coal plants are some of the biggest sources of carbon gas.
The only solution that is currently viable is nuclear power, which already
produces a large percentage of our electricity. In France, for example,
78.1% of electricity is produced by nuclear power plants. This is likely to
continue as the Chinese government moves forward with its plans to build
and run many new nuclear power plants. The risk of a nuclear disaster,
though, is still very possible. However, some day with new technology, Nuclear Power Plant
clean, renewable sources of electricity could become the norm. 147
Power Plants: Discussion Questions
1. How have power plants improved since 1881?
2. What are some places where we can build solar power plants? What are some
places where we cannot build them? Why?
3. What are some reasons to build nuclear power plants? Would you like a nuclear
power plant in your city?
4. What is biomass? What are some examples?
5. How is electricity generated in your city? Are you content with this?
6. What are some things that you do to conserve electricity?
What kind of power plant should we use in the future? What kind shouldn’t we use? Why?
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_______________________________. Share with the class.
Energy Debate: The Kyoto Protocol only applies to developed countries. Carbon output in
large developing countries (like China and India) are not restricted. Is this fair?
Split into two different groups – one pro and one con. Each group decides which member
will present each point. Then, each person speaks once for the same number of minutes.
The teacher is the judge. He/she will select a winner.
148
Progress Check 10
FINAL CHECK
1. The history teacher (haven’t / hasn’t / hadn’t) gone to Paris three times.
2. (Do / Can / Could) you see the sun last night?
3. (Mys, Mine, My) dogs used to eat the furniture.
4. Why (is / would / does) your friends go there?
5. My country (had / has / have) always had great singers.
6. The dentist just (cross / walked / crossed) the bridge.
7. Where are your cousins going to (have / go / about) later tonight?
8. My family and I would (car / go / went) to the beach every year.
9. I had (ever / never / forever) been to Tokyo before I moved there.
10. I just (sold / sell / to sell) my old car.
11. Have you (smoker / smoked / smoke) a cigarette in the last two weeks?
12. What (be / have / are) you looking for?
13. What have you (done / do / make)? This table is so messy!
14. Will your wife be (golfing / work / read) while you are cooking?
15. My boss (shouldn’t / why / wear) be here.
16. Fred cares about the environment. TRUE / FALSE
17. His mother used to be lazy. TRUE / FALSE
18. His father wants solar panels. TRUE / FALSE
19. Samantha doesn’t watch TV. TRUE / FALSE
20. Fred likes coal energy more than solar energy. TRUE / FALSE
My Score: _____ / 20 149

Tense Review
Past Tenses
simple past, past habits, recent past, past perfect, past continuous
Present Tenses
simple present, present continuous, present perfect, conditional
Future Tense 150

1. Past - Pocahontas
Pocahontas
Verb List
Pocahontas ______ the favorite daughter of Chief • sit
Powhatan. She _______ an Indian princess. Chief • say
• have
Powhatan _______ a powerful chief of the • run
Algonquin tribe. Pocahontas ______ seventeen • dance
• look at
years old. She ______ a lovely young girl with black • listen (to)
Pocahontas hair and dark eyes. She _________ a dress and • kill
• be
shoes made from deer skins. She also ________ a feather in her hair. • see
• wear
Pocahontas and her brothers and sisters ________always happy. She liked to
_______ in the forest and ______________ in the fields. She
always ________ a smile on her face.
On May 6th, 1607, Pocahontas ________ on a big hill and she

_________ something strange in the bay. It _______ a big sailing
ship! She ______ very surprised. The sailing ship ________ something new. It
________ big white sails and flags. She looked at it for a long time. Where
did it come from? Why _______ it there? She ______ very excited.
Pocahontas _______ to her village to tell her father and brother the
news. “Father, father!” she _______ . “There’s a big sailing ship in
the bay! It has white sails and colorful flags!”
Her father, Chief Powhatan, ________ out of his longhouse. He

________ a tall man with long black hair. He ___________ the head
dress of an Indian Chief on his head. He _____________ to the
news, but he _______ not happy. “The white men are here.” Powhatan
__________ sadly. “This ____ bad news for our people. There will
____ no peace with the white men here”. Nantanquas, who _____ a
strong warrior, ______ also Pocahontas´ brother. He __________ at his
sister and said, “In the past the white people ____________
Indians. They want to take our land.”
151
DISCUSSION: Verbally complete exercises A and B.
A. Answer these questions with complete sentences.
1. Describe Pocahontas.
2. What did she like to do for fun?
3. What did Pocahontas´ brother say?
4. What did the white men take from the Algonquin and other indigenous people?
B. Provide the QUESTIONS to these answers.

1. She was born on April 13th, 1590.
2. Her father´s name was Powhatan.
3. She liked to run and dance for fun.
4. Her dress was made from deer skins.
5. He was not happy because the white men had killed Indians before.
Write an email to Pocahontas’ great grandchildren describing

Pocahontas and how her father felt about white men.
Johnjr.@hotmail.com, PatriciaSmith@yahoo.com
About your great grandmother Pocahontas!
Dear Great Grandchildren,
152
2. Past Habits/Routine: (would, used to)
Powhatan was a proud chief with great power and influence over his Verb List
people, but he was constantly worried about his daughter because she
• hunt
__________________ deer and rabbits with her brother on • disappear
wild adventures that _____________________ (last) for two to three days • last
• bring
at a time. They _________ usually _________ back at least a large deer for • say
• kill
meat and lots of wild mushrooms for the entire tribe.
Pocahontas was not your typical Indian princess. One moment she __________ playing
with her friends in her lodge and the next she _____________________(disappear) with
her wild brother to chase fireflies in the night forest. She ________________ the craziest
things that got her in trouble all of the time. This was why Powhatan ___________ often
_______ that what would kill him would not be the white man, but his own
daughter!
Discussion
• Ask someone in class what he/she would do on Saturday mornings when as a child.
• What is some food that you used to like that you don’t like now?
As a spy for the Virginia territory, write a short message to the governor to explain why
Powhatan is so stressed. What do you believe is causing it. (Use past habit forms.)
Dear Governor of Virginia,
fireflies
153
3. Past Perfect
Present Perfect can´t be used here because the present is not affected all action occurs in the past.
Subject + had + “Perfect” form action verb (eaten, been, seen, had, done etc)
Pocahontas ________ never _________ a sailing ship until that day on

May 6th, 1607. All of her life she ________________ (hear) stories about white
men on big ships, but she _______ never really ______________ (believe) those
old legends. After Pocahontas told Nantanquas about what she
___________________ in the bay, they both decided to go and see
the ships for themselves. They got into a canoe and approached one of the ships.
One of the white men on the ship looked down from the ship and actually smiled
and waved to them. They decided to leave as quickly as they could because a
smile could not be trusted! Later, Nantanquas told his friends that until that
moment, he ___________ never __________ (feel) fear as he did at the moment
he saw the strange white men on the deck of the ship.
Past Perfect: Past perfect refers to a point in the past that influences another time in the
past. It does not influence RIGHT NOW.
• Past perfect is not used very much in day to day speech. Know it, but don´t get confused!
• Questions which seek more information AFTER the past perfect, usually are in the simple past.
Questions:
• Had Pocahontas ever seen a big sailing ship before that day in 1607?
• How did she feel when she saw the ship? (question in the simple past for more info)
• Had you ever heard of Pocahontas before today´s class?
• How old were you when you learned about her?
(question in the simple past for more info)
Discussion:
Tell the class a children’s story that you know from your country. Use
the past perfect tense.
What about stories from other countries?
154
4. Recent Past: (just)
“Just” can be used before ANY tense, but it is mainly used with the simple past and past perfect.
Pocahontas and her brother ________ just _______________ (enter) the
lodge from their adventure in the canoe when Powhatan also entered at
almost the same time. “Where _______ you both during lunch?” _________
(ask) their father. “We ________ in the medicine man´s lodge learning new
songs.” ________ (say) Nantanquas. “That is a lie!” _________ (shout)
Powhatan. I just __________ (come) from there and you two _________ not
there!” Powhatan ____________ (look) hard at his two children. He _______
determined to teach them a lesson. “Where ______ you really go for the past
two hours?” Pocahontas ______ nervous, but she swallowed hard and
_______ (tell) him that she and her brother _________ (go) in a canoe to
visit the white men´s large ship. Powhatan ______ furious at his children. “I
just _______ (tell) you both to avoid them only this morning and you did not
do as I said. Neither of you are ever allowed to go there again!”
Comprehension:
1. What did you just do before class?
2. Had you just arrived before class began?
3. What had Pocahontas and her brother just done when Powhatan entered the lodge?
155
5. Past continuous + other past tenses:
• Actions that were occurring in the moment when something else happened (with simple past).
• Two things happening at the same time in the past.
Subject + be (past) + verb + -ing

The Algonquin Indians lived happily in the land around Virginia
until the arrival of the white man. At that point, their lives
changed forever. While her father was
________________________(punish) Pocahontas, a group of
white men from the sailing ships _________________________
(approach) the Algonquin village. They were
___________________(be) led by Captain John Smith. As the men
________________(get) closer to the Indian village, they came to
a large swamp which was difficult to cross. The Algonquins, seeing
the approach of the white men, attacked them viciously.
As John Smith _____________________ (hit) one Indian, another came from behind and hit
him in the head with a club. John Smith was knocked unconscious. All of his men, believing
that he was killed, immediately fled back to the ships. The Algonquins
________________________ (take off) his armor and inspecting his weapons when John
Smith woke up suddenly. The Indians dragged him back to their village to meet Chief
Powhatan to decide his fate.
The chief ________just __________________(punish) (past perfect continuous) his two favorite
children for going to the ship when John Smith was brought to him. “Where have all these
white men come from?” thought Powhatan.
“Kill him!” shouted Powhatan and as his men ________________________ (put) a spear to
Smith’s throat, Pocahontas shouted “Stop!”
156
HOMEWORK!
Write a story about someone from the past - either a famous person or
someone from your family. Write it, then tell it tomorrow in class.
Use all of these past tense verb forms:
(simple past, past perfect, past continuous…. Immediate past action is obviously exempt)
157
6. Present & Present Continuous Review
Pocahontas´ Great, Verb List
• • go
Great Granddaughter •
change
live • turn
Although Hollywood movies depict • drink • say
John Smith as Pocahontas´ main love • go to bed • try
interest, she actually married a man • put down • want
named John Rolfe. Today, their great, • wake up • be
great granddaughter´s name _____ • read • shave
Emily Spence. Emily _____ 27 years • walk • kiss
• take a shower • feel
old and she ____________ in Atlanta,
• become • eat
Georgia with her husband Jake and
their sons Stewart and Timmy. • leave
Emily doesn´t like ____________________ before 12:00 midnight so Jake usually has to ___________
Emily up at 6:15 every morning, she then ________________________ and _____________ an
extra strong cup of coffee every morning. She usually__________________ breakfast because she
is _______________ (try) to lose some weight. X
She is _________________ a cup of coffee right now as she _______________ the newspaper. She enjoys
_________ the paper every day. She notices that there _______ a story in the paper about Stewart and
Timmy´s elementary school board refusing to allow boys to have long hair past their shoulders.
This is crazy! Her two boys ______ 1/8th Algonquin Indian! It ____ a tradition for young Algonquin boys to
grow their hair until they _______________ men.
Emily __________ into the bathroom as her husband is __________________. “Did you
read the paper this morning?” she asks as Jake _____________ (put down) the razor and ____________
(turn) to look at her with an amused expression. “Calm down honey,” _________ Jake. “I can’t
___________ down to the school to fight with the school board. I have to go to work now.” Before
he ____________ (go) out the door, he ______________ his wife on the forehead and
____________ (leave) for work.
“No help from my husband,” she _________ (think) to herself. “Alright, I have to fight the school’s rule by
myself!” she ___________ in a determined and defiant voice. However, inside, she is
_____________ (feel) a little unsure of herself and her ability to protect her sons´ indigenous heritage.
Something is _____________ (change) in her. She is ________________ (feel) as if she can sense her
great, great grandmother more than ever. She ________ (know) the long struggle of her people and she
_________ (want) to fight! 158
DISCUSSION: Verbally complete exercises A and B.
A. Answer these questions.
1. How is Emily like her great, great grandmother Pocahontas? Describe their personalities.
2. What was the school board´s decision? Do you agree with it? Why or why not?
3. What is Jake doing when Emily walks in on him in the bathroom?
4. How does Jake feel about Emily´s emotion regarding the new school rule?
5. How does Emily´s emotion differ from her husband?
B. Provide the QUESTIONS to these answers

1. His name is Jake.
2. They are nine and seven years old.
3. They are attending an Atlanta elementary school at the moment.
4. She is feeling unsure of her ability to protect her boys.
5. No, she doesn´t think her husband is helping her enough.
YOU are Emily. As a parent of two Native American boys, write an email to the Atlanta
School Board and let them know how you feel about the new policy on long hair for boys.
Atlantaschoolboard@edu.gov
Regarding the new “long hair” policy…..
Atlanta School Board,
159
7. Present Perfect: involves a time in the past up to right now.
Subject + have/ has + past participle
Today is the big day! Emily _______ __________ (wait) for over two
weeks to talk to the Atlanta School District Board of Directors. She
and her boys _________ ________________ (practice) what she wants
to say at least three times every day. She ______ never _________
(feel) more anxious, but she´s also very determined to win this fight!
Director of the Board: Good evening ladies and gentlemen. We have a lot
on our agenda tonight, so let´s get started. Now, we ________ all
______________ (hear) about the matter of the new rule against long
hair for boys. The school board _______ ___________ (feel) for a while
now that this ________ ______________ (cause) an unnecessary
distraction during school hours. We __________ always __________
(want) what's best for all students in the classroom. We are not
discriminating here.
Emily: Good evening Director and all board members. Thank you for hearing my formal protest of the
new rule that my boys and myself feel is unfair. Since the day I first found out about this new rule I
_________ _____________ (wonder) what the reason is. What ______ changed? Why start now?
Board member #1: Mrs. Rolfe we __________ always ___________ (desire) that everyone be equal.
We want everyone to look the same and act the same. Your boys __________ __________ (be)
different since they started at this school district.
Emily: Aha! My boys are part of the Algonquin tribe - they are different! The brave boys of my tribe
___________ always _______ (have) long hair. I am Emily Rolfe and my great, great grandmother was
Pocahontas. The women in my family __________ ____________ (fight)! We ___________ always
_____________ (dance) in these forests and __________ ________ (run) in the fields since long before
the white man came here. I ___________ always _________ (be) of two races - one white and the other
Native American. Today I am all Native American! I look around and only see old white faces staring
back at me. Even my own white husband _________ not ______________ (support) my fight. I now
___________ ___________ (say) my last word to you silly white people! I will teach my boys at home.
Discussion:
• Describe Emily.
• Did she overreact?
• Was she persuasive? Why or why not?
• What could she have done differently?
• Have you ever had to defend your principles? 160
Provide the QUESTIONS to these answers.
1. She has felt upset about her boys treatment since she read about the rule.
2. No, he hasn´t supported Emily in her fight with the school board.
3. Jake has felt that the school board decision was not a big deal.
4. They have been married for several years.
5. Because he did not agree with her decision to take the boys out of school.
6. Yes, they have thought about going to a marriage counselor.
7. No, she hasn´t cut Stewart and Timmy´s hair yet.
8. No, she hasn´t even considered it!
Write a story about your local leaders and what they are fighting for.
Consider political, religious, and social leaders.
(Use present, present continuous and present perfect in your story.)
161
Pink Floyd was an influential British rock band from
1965 until their last album in 1994. The album, The
Wall, was released in 1979 and touched on a
variety of social themes. The following song
discusses conformity in schools at the time.
Another Brick in The Wall (part 2)

By Pink Floyd
We don't need no education. Did you know that
We don't need no thought control. British school children
sang the chorus?
No dark sarcasm in the classroom.
Teachers leave them kids alone. They were not paid.
Hey! Teachers! Leave them kids alone!

All in all it's just another brick in the wall.
All in all you're just another brick in the wall.
We don't need no education.

We don't need no thought control. This song was banned
No dark sarcasm in the classroom. in South Africa in 1980
Teachers leave them kids alone. after it was used in
protests against racial
Hey! Teachers! Leave them kids alone! inequality in schools.
All in all it's just another brick in the wall.
All in all you're just another brick in the wall.
Discussion:
• What rules do schools in your country have to control
how students appear? Do you think these are helpful?
Would you change them? Explain how these rules do/did
effect you and your family.
• What other kinds of conformity do you face in your life?

162
Pocahontas´ Future Journey
She shudders as she enters the great medicine man´s long house. Her father thought she had
gone hunting, and dancing and running with her brother, but today something told her to seek
her true destiny. “Come in and sit,” Quanah Nacona says with a low, baritone voice that is gentle,
yet commanding. She sits. “You want to know what will be.” “Yes,” she says.
He smiles, “Everyone wants to hear that their lives will turn out sweetly, with love and many
beautiful beads, feathers and shells to put in their hair or to trade with… But your journey is
different, special. It is full of sadness and struggle and the wrong choices.” “What?” she says with
fear….
“That is,” he says patiently allowing her this one interruption, “until the end, far into the future,
then you will finally find your true love, your true happiness, your destiny.” He begins to chant,
he blows smoke into her eyes until they grow heavy and close. He begins his story…
You will die soon, from a disease called pneumonia. But, do

not worry because your blood is strong and will live far, far
into the future. Your blood will save not only your little
Algonquin tribe, but all of humanity. You are a fighter, and
you will always be one; now and far, far into the future. It is
your destiny.
Strange pale white men are approaching our shores. They will arrive in
large ships with white sails and colorful flags. You must protect one of
these white men from your father. He will want to kill this white man, but
you don’t know how important this man will be in the future. 163
You will love him, but now is not the time for you to be together. You
will let him go. Your heart will almost break and you will then make a
choice that will bring your descendants sadness for many generations.
You will choose a weak man who cannot satisfy your fighting spirit.
He is stable and he is what you need now, but this decision will
create a pattern for most of your future. You will choose the safe and
less risky path for you and for your children.
Again, do not worry. You will meet the man who you loved and who
spoke to your heart once again - far into the future. Then, you are
going to be ready to choose the path that lights the fire of your wild
spirit. But remember - not now!
In 250 years your descendant will marry a successful, yet passive tobacco farmer. He will never
understand her desire to fight with the Northern Army against slavery. She’ll be a woman who
hates the white man’s cruel ways.
Almost 400 years from now, your future daughter is going to fight for her kids
in a way that confuses her good, yet passive husband. He will never understand
why she protects her two sons so fiercely. But it is they, not he, who will go on
to become the leaders of the resistance from strange aliens made of metal who
will come from beyond the stars.
The one named Timmy will be killed by the metal robots while saving
the entire Atlanta School Board of Directors as they hide in their
offices. Stewart will fight on and will eventually have a daughter who
he will name after you - Pocahontas. She is going to grow up fighting
for humanity. The Robots will have almost completely destroyed
Earth. Pocahontas and the last remaining humans will nearly be
defeated when fate intervenes again. This time, they will be saved by
the white man, instead of the other way around.
The alien robots will surround the last group of humans and will capture
Pocahontas. They will point their laser guns at her head when a loud
explosion distracts them. A man will hurry in to save her and she will
look up to see his handsome face. He will look familiar somehow…. His
name will be John Smith. Together they are going to defeat the robot
invaders and save humanity. Then they will finally live as they wanted to
400 years earlier.
Now when you wake up, you won´t remember anything. You will tell your father that you were with
your brother in the forest… Also, remember to save that white man!
164
Answer These Questions
1. What will be Pocahontas´ imminent fate?
2. Why do you think she can´t be with John Smith now?
3. Why will Pocahontas be important for humanity´s future?
4. What did Pocahontas tell her father when he asked where she was?
5. Why did she lie?
6. What is she going to do for John Smith soon after she talks to her father?
7. What do most people expect to hear when they go to get their futures read?
8. Have you ever had your future read? What did the fortune teller say?
You are an alien robot spy who has been sent back to 1607. You heard Quanah Nocona´s
prediction. What will you do to stop this horrible (for the robots) prediction from
coming true? Send a detailed report to the Robot High Commander on your Apple iPad.
Robot High Commander,
165
English Tense Quiz
Ask an appropriate question for each response.
_____________________________________________________?
- A steak, please.
_____________________________________________________?
- Oh, I stayed at home and watched TV.
_____________________________________________________?
- She is reading a book at the moment.
_____________________________________________________?
- We are going to visit France.
_____________________________________________________?
- I usually get up at 7 o'clock.
_____________________________________________________?
- No, he is single.
_____________________________________________________?
- For about 2 years.
_____________________________________________________?
- I was washing up when he arrived.
Fill in the blanks quietly to make an interesting story.

Then, ask questions to learn about each other’s stories.
Frank was born in ________________ (where?) in 1987. He went to school in

Buenos Aires for ________________ (how long?) before moving to Denver. He
misses _____________ (what?) , but he enjoys studying and living in Denver. In
fact, he has lived in Denver for ______________ (how long?). Currently, he
_____________ (verb) at the University of Colorado where he is going to receive his
Bachelor of Science next ____________ (when?). After he receives his degree, he is
going to return to Buenos Aires to marry ____________ (who?) and begin a career
in research. His fiancé ____________ (verb) at the University in Buenos Aires and is
also going to receive _____________ (what?) next May. They met in ____________
(where?) in 2008 while they were hiking together in the ______________ (where?)
. They have been engaged for _____________ (how long?).
166
Glossary
ability – (n.) habilidad biomass – (n.) biomasa construction workers – (n.) obrero
about – (prep.) de, sobre black market – (n.) mercado negro continue – (v.) continuar, seguir
accepted – (adj.) aceptado blanket – (n.) cobija continuous – (adj.) continuo
accident – (n.) accidente boil – (v.) hervir cook – (v.) cocinar
across – (adj.) a través de book – (n.) libro cool – (adj.) chévere
action – (n.) acción borrow – (v.) pedir prestado corrupt – (adj.) corrupto
add – (v.) sumar bottle – (n.) batalla costume – (n.) disfraz
addictive – (adj.) adictivo box – (n.) caja cough – (n.) toz
additionally – (adv.) adicionalmente boy – (n.) niño countryside – (n.) campo
advance (v.) – avanzar boyfriend – (n.) novio cousin – (n.) primo
advice – (n.) consejo break – (v.) romper coworker – (n.) compañero
affordable – (adj.) asequible, económico breathe – (v.) respirar crazy – (adj.) loco
after – (prep) después brilliant – (adj.) brillante create – (v.) crear
ago – (adj.) hace bring – (v.) llevar, traer critic – (n.) critico
agree – (v.) estar de acuerdo build – (v.) construir cross – (v.) cruzar
agreement – (n.) acuerdo burnt – (adj.) quemado cut – (v.) cortar
air – (n.) aire busy – (adj.) ocupado daily – (adj.) diario; (adv.) diariamente
alarm clock – (n.) despertador buy – (v.) comprar dam – (n.) presa
alcohol – (n.) alcohol call – (v.) llamar dance – (v.) bailar
allow – (v.) dejar permiso calm – (n.) calma dangerous – (adj.) peligroso
almost – (adv.) casi cancer – (n.) cáncer daughter – (n.) hija
alone – (adj.) solo candy – (n.) caramelos decide – (v.) decidir
always – (adv.) siempre capture – (v.) capturar dentist – (n.) dentista
answer – (n.) respuesta; (v.) contestar carbon – (n.) carbono dependent – (adj.) dependiente
ant – (n.) hormiga carry – (v.) llevar depleted – (adj.) agotado, exhausto
anxious – (adj.) ansioso cause – (n.) causa; (v.) causar desert – (n.) desierto
architect – (n.) arquitecto cell phone – (n.) móvil dessert – (n.) postre
around – (adv.) en este lugar centralized - centralizado developed – (adj.) avanzado
arrested – (adj.) detenido change – (n.) cambio; (v.) cambiar dinner – (n.) cena
arrogant – (adj.) arrogante, creído character – (n.) personaje dirty – (adj.) sucio
ask – (v.) preguntar chef – (n.) chef, cocinero profesional disaster – (n.) desastre
atom – (n.) átomo chemical – (n.) sustancia química disease – (n.) enfermedad
attractive – (adj.) atractivo chicken – (n.) pollo do – (v.) hacer
author – (n.) escritor child – (n.) niño, niña dog – (n.) perro
autograph – (n.) firma childhood – (n.) infancia, niñez dramatically – (adv.) dramáticamente
back – (n.) espalda China – (n.) China dream – (v.) soñar; (n.) sueño
ball – (n.) pelota, balón, bola chocolate – (n.) chocolate dress – (n.) vestido
banned – (adj.) prohibido Christmas – (n.) Navidad drug – (n.) droga
bathroom – (n.) baño citizen – (n.) ciudadano drunk – (adj.) borracho
bathtub - bañera clean – (adj.) limpio dry – (adj.) seco
be – (v.) estar, ser close – (adv.) cerca due to – (adj.) debido a
beach – (n.) playa closed – (adj.) cerrado ear – (n.) oreja, oído
bear – (n.) oso cloud – (n.) nube early – (adj.) temprano
become – (v.) volverse cloudy – (adj.) nublado Easter – (n.) Semana Santa
bed – (n.) cama coal – (n.) carbón eat – (v.) comer
bedroom – (n.) dormitorio coast – (n.) costa efficient – (adj.) eficiente
beer – (n.) cerveza cold – (adj.) frio electricity – (n.) electricidad
before – (prep.) antes collect – (v.) coleccionar elementary school – (n.) escuela primaria
begin – (v.) empezar come – (v.) venir employed – (adj.) empleado
believe – (v.) creer company – (n.) empresa enjoy – (v.) disfrutar
belt – (n.) cinturón comparison – (n.) comparación enough – (adj.) suficiente
benefit – (n.) beneficio; (v.) beneficiarse compete – (adj.) entero entrepreneur – (n.) empresario
best – (adj.) mejor concept – (n.) idea environment – medio ambiente
better than – (adj.) mejor que conditional – (adj.) condicional equation - ecuación
bikini – (n.) bikini conserve – (v.) conservar eruption - erupción
167
Glossary
event – (n.) evento gun – (n.) arma little – (adj.) pequeño
ever – (adv.) alguna vez habit – (n.) habito live – (v.) vivir
every – (adj.) cada hair – (n.) pelo liver – (n.) hígado
exercise – (n.) ejercicio; (v.) hacer ejercicio happen – (v.) pasar, suceder location – (n.) localización
expensive – (adj.) caro hard – (adj.) duro long – (adj.) largo
experience – (n.) experiencia hardly – (adv.) apenas look – (v.) mirar; (v.) perecer
explain – (v.) explicar have – (v.) tener look for – (v.) buscar
extreme – (adj.) extremo head – (n.) cabeza lose – (v.) perder
factory – (n.) fabrica hear – (v.) escuchar lose weight – (v.) bajar de peso
fall – (v.) caer heart – (n.) corazón lottery – (n.) lotería
family – (n.) familia heavy – (adj.) pesado lunch – (n.) almuerzo
famous – (adj.) famoso help – (v.) ayudar; (n.) ayuda make – (v.) hacer
fancy – (adj.) adornado her – (pron.) suyo [de ella] mall – (n.) centro comercial
fast – (adj.) veloz, rápido high school - colegio manage – (v.) manejar
fast food – (n.) comida rápida his – (pron.) suyo [de el] married – (adj.) casado
fat – (adj.) gordo hold – (v.) tener, contener massage – (n.) masaje
favorite – (adj.) favorito home – (n.) casa material – (n.) material
fear – (n.) terror horror – (n.) horror maybe – (adv.) tal vez
feel – (v.) sentir horse – (n.) caballo mean – (adj.) infame (v.) significar
fiancé – (n.) prometido hot – (adj.) caliente medical – (adj.) medico
fill – (v.) llenar house – (n.) casa meet – (v.) encontrarse, conocer
finally – (adv.) por fin how – (adv.) cómo memory – (n.) memoria
find – (v.) encontrar hurt – (adj.) lastimado; (v.) lastimarse messy – (adj.) desordenado
finish - (v.) terminar ice cream – (n.) helado middle – (adj.) mitad
finished – (adj.) terminado illegal - (adj.) ilegal midnight – (n.) medianoche
fire – (n.) fuego; (v.) despedir [de trabajo] imagine – (v.) imaginar milk – (n.) leche
fix – (v.) arreglar immediate - (adj.) inmediato minor – (adj.) menor
fly – (v.) volar in a hurry – (adv.) con prisa miss – (v.) extrañar
follow – (v.) seguir; (v.) continuar por incredibly – (adv.) increíblemente moment – (n.) momento
forest – (n.) bosque innocent – (adj.) inocente Monday – (n.) Lunes
forever – (adv.) siempre interesting – (adj.) interesante money – (n.) dinero, plata
forget – (v.) olvidar international – (adj.) internacional monkey – (n.) mono, chango
fossil fuels – (n.) combustibles fósiles intersection – (n.) intersección mop – (v.) limpiar el piso
France – (n.) Francia investigation – (n.) investigación most – (adj.) el mayor numero
freezer – (n.) congelador invite – (v.) invitar mountain – (n.) montana
frequency – (n.) frecuencia janitor – (n.) conserje move – (v.) mover; (v.) mudarse
Friday – (n.) Viernes keep – (v.) guardar, quedarse con movie – (n.) película
friend – (n.) amigo kid – (n.) niño muscle – (n.) musculo
fruit – (n.) fruta kitchen – (n.) cocina my – (adj.) mi
fun – (n.) diversión know – (v.) saber, conocer myself – (pron.) yo mismo
funny – (adj.) chistoso large – (adj.) grande near – (adv.) cerca
future – (n.) futuro late – (adj.) tarde neck – (n.) cuello
game – (n.) partido; (n.) juego lately – (adv.) recientemente need – (v.) necesitar
generate – (v.) generar laugh – (v.) reír negative – (adj.) negativo
generator – (n.) generador lazy – (adj.) perezoso nephew – (n.) sobrino
give – (v.) dar, regalar learn – (v.) aprender nervous – (adj.) nervioso
get off of work – (phrase) salir de trabajo leave – (v.) dejar; (v.) salir never – (adv.) nunca
girlfriend – (n.) novia legal – (adj.) legal new – (adj.) nuevo
glasses – (n.) gafas leg – (n.) pierna news – (n.) noticias
go – (v.) ir life – (n.) vida norm – (n) lo normal
government – (n.) gobierno like – (v.) gustar, agradar notice – (v.) notar
granddaughter – (n.) nieta likely – (adj.) probable nuclear – (adj.) nuclear
great - (adj.) genial limit - (v.) limitar obtain – (v.) obtener, conseguir
grocery store – (n.) mercado liquid – (n.) liquido offer – (v.) ofrecer
grow – (v.) crecer listen – (v.) escuchar often – (adv.) frecuentemente
168
Glossary
Olympics – (n.) Juegos Olímpicos ride – (n.) tomar; atracción (v.) speak – (v.) hablar
open – (adj.) abierto right - (n.) derecho; (adj.) correcto speculation – (n.) especulación
other – (adj.) otro ring – (n.) anillo spider – (n.) araña
our – (adj.) nuestro rise – (v.) subir stand – (v.) ponerse de pie
overweight – (adj.) sobrepeso risk – (n.) riesgo stand up – (v.) pararse
parent – (n.) padre river – (n.) río start – (v.) empezar
past – (n.) pasado rollercoaster – (n.) montaña rusa steam – (n.) vapor
paw – (n.) pata rotate – (v.) rotar still – (adv.) aun, todavía
pay – (v.) pagar route – (n.) ruta stomach – (n.) estomago
per – (prep.) por run – (v.) correr; (v.) operar stop – (v.) parar, detenerse
percentage – (n.) porcentaje same – (adj.) mismo storm – (n.) tormenta
permission – (n.) permiso sandwich – (n.) sándwich stressful – (adj.) estresante
physics – (n.) física sarcastic – (adj.) sarcástico strong – (adj.) fuerte
pilot – (n.) piloto Saturday – (n.) Sábado students – (n.) estudiantes
pistol – (n.) pistola say – (v.) decir study – (v.) estudiar
plane – (n.) avión scared – (adj.) asustado suggest – (v.) sugerir
plan – (n.) plan seafood – (n.) comida del mar sunblock – (n.) bloqueador solar
play – (v.) jugar seatbelt – (n.) cinturón de seguridad Sunday – (n.) domingo
poison – (n.) veneno see – (v.) ver sunny – (adj.) soleado
police officer – oficial de policía seem – (v.) perecer support – (v.) soportar
polite – (adj.) educado, correcto sell – (v.) vender sushi – (n.) sushi
population – (n.) población semester – (n.) semestre swim – (v.) nadar
positive – (adj.) positivo send – (v.) enviar system – (n.) sistema
potential – (adj.) potencial; (n.) posibilidad sentence – (n.) oración take – (v.) tomar
power plant – (n.) planta generadora serious – (adj.) serio take care – (v.) cuidar
powerful – (adj.) poderoso set – (v.) poner, colocar take off – (v.) quitar
pregnant – (adj.) embarazada shake – (v.) agitar talk – (v.) hablar
present – (n.) presente shark – (n.) tiburón technology – (n.) tecnología
price tag – (n.) etiqueta del precio shelf – (n.) estante tell – (v.) decir, contar
problem – (n.) problema shirt – (n.) camisa tense – (n.) tiempo
product – (n.) producto shoot – (v.) disparar that – (pron.) eso
promise – (v.) prometer shop – (v.) hacer compras their – (adj.) su [de ellos]
public – (adj.) publico shout – (v.) gritar these – (pron.) estos
purchase – (v.) comprar show – (v.) mostrar think – (v.) pensar
put – (v.) poner shower – (n.) ducha this – (pron.) esto
quickly – (adv.) rápidamente sick – (adj.) enfermo those – (pron.) aquellos
radical – (adj.) radical; (adj.) drástico signature – (n.) firma threaten – (v.) amenazar
rain – (n.) lluvia since – (adv.) desde Thursday – (n.) jueves
reactor – (n.) reactor single – (adj.) soltero; (adj.) solo ticket – (n.) boleto, entrada
read – (v.) leer sit – (v.) sentarse tobacco – (n.) tabaco
ready – (adj.) listo sleep – (v.) dormir today – (n.) hoy
realistic – (adj.) razonable; (adj.) realista smart – (adj.) inteligente together – (adv.) juntos
really – (adv.) muy smoke (v.) - fumar tomorrow – (n.) mañana
reason – (n.) razón smoker – (n.) fumador tonight – (n.) esta noche
reasonable – (adj.) razonable sneeze – (v.) estornudar too – (adv.) demasiado; (adv.) también
recent – (adj.) reciente so – (adv.) tan; (adv.) muy towards – (prep.) hacia
receptionist – (n.) recepcionista so far – (adv.) hasta ahora towel – (n.) toalla
relationship – (n.) relación soap – (n.) jabón traffic – (n.) trafico
release – (v.) emitir solar – (adj.) solar traffic jam – atasco, trancón
remember – (v.) recordar solar panel – (n.) panel solar trail – (n.) pista
renewable resource – (n.) recurso renovable solution – (n.) solución travel – (v.) viajar
reserve – (v.) reservar solve – (v.) resolver treasure – (n.) tesoro
responsible for – (prep.) responsable de some – (adj.) algunos trick – (n.) broma
result – (n.) resultado sore – (adj.) irritada, dolorido truck – (n.) camión
rich – (adj.) rico soup – (n.) sopa try – (v.) intentar; (v.) probar
169
Glossary
Tuesday – (n.) martes
turbine – (n.) turbina
turn – (v.) girar, doblar
turn off – (v.) apagar
ugly – (adj.) feo
uncertain – (adj.) inseguro; (adj.) incierto
uncle – (n.) tío
understand – (v.) entender
unemployed – (adj.) desempleado
unreliable – (adj.) de poca confianza
use – (v.) usar
usually – (adv.) usualmente
vacation – (n.) vacaciones
very – (adj.) muy
viable – (adj.) viable, posible
violence – (n.) violencia
vitamins – (n.) vitaminas
volcano – (n.) volcán
voter – (n.) votante
wait – (v.) esperar
wake up – (v.) despertarse
walk – (v.) caminar; (n.) paseo
want – (v.) querer
warm – (adj.) tibia, calientita
watch – (v.) mirar
wave – (v.) decir adiós con la mano
way – (n.) manera
wear – (v.) llevar [ropa]
weather – (n.) clima
Wednesday – (n.) miércoles
what – (adv.) qué
when – (adv.) cuándo
where – (adv.) dónde
whiskey – (n.) whisky
whistle – (v.) silbar
who – (pron.) quien
whose – (pron.) de quien
why – (adv.) por qué
wife – (n.) esposa
wild – (adj.) salvaje
win – (v.) ganar
winter – (n.) invierno
with – (prep.) con
within – (adv.) dentro de
without – (prep.) sin
wood – (n.) madera
work – (v.) trabajar; (v.) funcionar
world – (n.) mundo
worry – (v.) preocupar; (v.) preocuparse
worse – (adj.) peor
write – (v.) escribir
yawn – (v.) bostezar; (n.) bostezo
yesterday – (n.) ayer
young – (adj.) joven
your – (adj.) tu [posesivo]
yourself – (pron.) tu mismo
v.15.1 170

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D ynamic 4

Copyright © 2015 Global Outsourcing Language and Logistics

This book or any portion thereof

Printed in El Salvador and Colombia

How do I really, finally

En nuestra filosofía GOLL la comprensión gramatical del Inglés

El Camino hacia la Fluidez – Donde estoy y para donde voy?

A. Simple Future Review

allow eat learn ride take off

add exercise leave run talk

ask out fall like run into tell

become feel live see travel

begin fight look sell try

borrow follow lose set turn up

break fly make shake understand

bring up forget make up shout use

buy get meet show visit

come give up need speak watch

cut have play start work

drink hear pull over study worry

do hold put swim write

verb + preposition = phrasal verb

Examples Fill in the blanks.

“They woke up at 6:00am yesterday.” - ___________________________________.

“You usually wake up at 6:00am.” - We usually wake up tired.

“He will wake up at 6:00am tomorrow.” - ___________________________________.

The woman made up a ridiculous story about

Some phrasal verbs also use an additional preposition.

Fill in the blanks below with the correct phrasal verbs.

Simple Present: I eat spaghetti. (this action is a habit or a routine)

Complete the conversation between Jen and Liz below!

Hi Liz… what ___________ doing?

Wow, you’re so disciplined. _____ it difficult?

Yes, it is. But I _____________ (try) to learn a lot!

Great! You ______________ (work) hard,

Are you busy? ______ you _____ anything today?

Yes, I _____. My friends and I ________________

That seems fun! _____ my boyfriend eating at McDonalds now?

How do you think Liz responds to Jen’s question?

Slideshow Exercise: Describe these images. Use “so” or “because”.

blonde jokes - a type of joke which plays on the

Complete the Joke Below

A policeman _________ a man who _________________ down

Can you hear me? Can you hear me?

Can you hear me? Can you hear me?

We are ___________, we are ___________,

Oh lord, to be near you, to be free.

This is a cover of a Stewart confessed

WRITING: Write the questions for each of the following responses.

11. QUESTION: _________________________________________________________________

12. QUESTION: ________________________________________________________________

The ocean is fun. Which words are the nouns?

G PC 1. Studying English _____ a very good use of time.

G PC 2. I am not _____ because it is Sunday.

G PC 3. ____ your sisters living in Medellin?

G PC 4. Is ____ tennis difficult?

G PC 5. ____ one time per week is not enough.

G PC 6. Reading books ____ an important part of my experience.

G PC 7. ____ cooking is delicious and healthy.

G PC 8. My coworkers are ____ coffee in a local café.

Practicing the Gerund:

Discussion: What do you like to do when you do nothing?

As the object of a sentence, though, we have to make a decision.

As an object, the gerund appears after an action verb.

Are you busy? __ you _ anything today?

Yes, I _. My friends and I ____________

A policeman _ a man who _________ down

We are _, we are _,

26. 27. 28.

_________. _. ___________.

10. _ 11. _

12. __. 13. _.