Elãuahc Eklcmcr

Eklcmcrek
ek

EOCYEZQCYHC
HQCLHCFC
C tèefhec pkr trãs
t rãs ac crtj aj bcz
bczjr
jr k ^rjsuftk
^rjsuftk
^crmc, k ekppc, c pcfejtt
pcfejttcc, k sclcmhfok, k
pjppjrkfh, k icekf, c lhfguhçc...

Ekmk bczjr k

^CUQYCMH
pcssk c pcssk
QJYMK AJ YJU^KFUCIHLHACAJ
Sucfak ju ekmjejh c bcirhecr mjus prkautks aj eocreutcrhc,
clèm aks ekfojehmjftks tèefheks quj caquhrh bkrmclmjftj fc
ufhvjrshacaj skirj químhec aj clhmjftks, tjefklkghc aj ecrfjs,
mherkihklkghc aj clhmjftks j kutrks, ju tcmièm ajsekirh j
ajsjfvklvh umc sèrhj aj scecacs j hfbkrmcçújs quj vkeà vch vjr
fjstj j-ikkd quj såk brutk acs mhfocs jxpjrhàfehcs prkbhsshkfchs
fjstc ãrjc.
Qkaks ks fkmjs aj mcrecs, prkautks j sjrvhçks quj pkrvjfturc
mjfehkfk cquh såk prkprhjacaj aj sjus rjspjethvks akfks j såk
uscaks skmjftj ekmk rjbjràfehc.
Fufec, jm fjfoum mkmjftk, jxhsthu c hftjfçåk aj ahbcmcr,
ajsrjspjhtcr, hfsultcr, oumhlocr ku mjfksprjzcr quclqujr
pjsskc, ecrgk ku hfsthtuhçåk.

©9>37 pkr Elãuahc Eklcmcrek - AHYJHQ

AHYJHQKU
KU CZQKYCHU
Qkaks ks ahrjhtks skirj jssc kirc jståk prktjghaks pkr ljhs aj
ahrjhtks cutkrchs.kuFhfguèm
grctuhtcmjftj tjm pjrmhssåk
chfac ekphcr pcrc vjfajr,
ku rjprkauzhr ahstrhiuhr
fc íftjgrc ku
pcrehclmjftj k ekftjðak ajstj j-ikkd jm fjfoum vjíeulk aj
hfbkrmcçåk, ahstrhiuhçåk j míahc. C vhklcçåk aks ahrjhtks cutkrchs
aj quclqujr pk jstcrã ̃ su`jhtc c cçújs ljgchs.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 9
 K quj è
eocreut
eocreutcrhc;.....
crhc;..............
...............
..............
................
..............
..............
.......... >1
^rjbãehk
^rjbãehk .....................
.........................................................
.................................... >:

k Mhfoc ohstõrhc ...............................................39

rhã Ecp
Ecpítu
Ecpítulk
lk 3 ― Ecr
Ecrfj
fj ― c mctèrhc
mctèrhc prh prhmc..
mc......
........
......
..91
91
Ecpítu
ítulk
lk 9 ― Jq
Jquhp
uhpcmj
cmjftftks
ks j utjfsí
utjfsílhk lhkss ....... 9?

m Ecp
Ecpítu
ítulk
lk 5 ― Eur
Eurcc j mctu
mcturcrcçåk
çåk a acc ecrfj
ecrfj ..........
.. 5>
u Ecpít
U Ecpít
Ecpítulk
ulk 1 ― Jfvkltõ
Jfvkltõrhks
rhks ........
..............
..............
..............
..........
.... 1:
Ecpítulk
ulk : ― Qhpks aj ^rkautks
^rkautks ..........
................
...........
.....1?
1?
Ecpítulk
Ecpítulk 2 ― Ekmk bcz
bczjr
jr k ^cstr
^cstrcmh......
cmh.............
......... :>

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 5
 Qcmièm ekfojehac pjlk tjrmk
htclhcfk aj Uclumjrhc

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 1
 Eocreutcrhc è umc pclcvrc ajrhvcac ak brcfeàs
Eocreutjrhj (eochr = ecrfj j euht = ekzha
kzhac)
c) j tkr
krfk
fku-
u-sj
sj
um tjrmk cejhtk pcrc ajserjvjr k quj sj pkaj
eocmcr aj eec crfjs eurcacs j mcturcacs
(bjrmjftcacs ku fåk), j hfeluh umc grcfaj vcrhjacaj
aj ecrfjs erucs j ekzhacs, hfajpjfajftj ak pcís aj
krhgjm.
Ks htclhcfks tcmièm eocmcm aj Uclumjrhc, mcs è
umc ajbhfhçåk mchs jspjeíbhec pcrc ajshgfcr ks
sclcmjs.
HK
E C crtj ac eocreutcrhc rjmkftc oã mchs aj 2>>> cfks
Ã
B ctrãs j sju ãphej bkh fk Hmpèrhk Ykmcfk. Jljs bkrcm
J ks prhmjhrks c hfsthtuhr k ekmèrehk aj prkautks aj
Y eocreutcrhc, j c pcrthr ací erhcrcm ljhs
^ rjgulc
gulcmmjf
jfttcfa
cfak c pr
prk
kauçåk
uçåk cajq
jquucac acs ecrf
rfjjs aj
pkrek
pkr ek eur
eurcacs
cacs..
Fk ahehkfãrhk jfekftrc-sj c ajbhfhçåk0 fkm
fkmjsjs acs
acs
ecrfjs ajbumcacs j jfeohacs ku lk`c kfaj sj vjfajm
jsscs ecrfjs.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir :
C crtj ac eocreutcrhc surghu prhfehpclmjftj ekmk
mètkak aj prjsjrvcçåk aj ecrfjs cftjs ac jxhstàfehc
aks ctuchs mètkaks aj rjbrhgjrcçåk j ekfgjlcçåk. Ks
mètkaks aj ekfsjrvcçåk uthlhzcaks fc eocreutcrhc
hfelujm0
• Uclgc,
• Eurc,
• Bjrmjftcçåk,
• Ajsharctcçåk,
• Ajbumcçåk,
• Ekzhmjftk,
• Ekfbhtcgjm ku
• c ekmihfcçåk aj akhs ku mchs ajssjs mètkaks.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 2
C eocreutcrhc hfeluh
umc gcmc jfkrmj aj
prkautks eãrfjks...

... j fåk cpjfcs ks jmiuthaks ekmk muhtks

cer
erj
jahthtcm
cm,, mcs clè
clèm ajss
ajssj
js hfel
hfeluh
uh00

• ^rka
^rkaut
utks
ks aj tkueh
tkuehfo
fok
k ekm
ekmk
k k icekf, c pcfejttc j k
gucfehcllj.
• ^rjsuf
suftks eru
eruss,
• ^rjs
^rjsu uftk ekzh
ekzha ak,
• Ecrf
crfjs mctu
mcturc rca
acs,
cs,
• Cs lhfguh
lhfguhçcs
çcs,, sclc
sclcmjs
mjs,, sclc
sclcmhf
mhfoks
oks,,
• ^cstrcmh,
• Ecrf
Ecrfjsjs ekfb
ekfbhthtca
cacs
cs,,
• j tuak
tuak mchs
mchs quj
quj sj pkaj
pkaj bczjr
bczjr pcrc
pcrc ekfsj
ekfsjrvcr
rvcr c
ecrfj.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 7
C hajhc ajssj lhvrk ahghtcl è ekfvjrscr um pkuek skirj
c tèefhec jsekfahac ctrãs ac crtj mhljfcr aj eurcr c
ecrfj
rfj j bcirhecr prkautks ekm cmplc vhac aj prctjljhrc
ekm ks mchs vcrhcaks ekrtjs aj ecrfjs j umc hmjfsc
gcmc aj scikrjs.

K tjrmk ecrfj eurcac rjbjrj-sj prhfehpclmjftj c

ecrfj
rfjs quj bkrcmrcm mkah
kahbheca
ecacs ctr
trc
cvès ac cpl
cplhecçåk
çåk aj
scl,l, cçð
sc cçðecr
ecr j/k
j/ku ajbu
ajbumc
mcçå
çåk.
k.

C eurc cbjtc k scikr,

scikr, c tjxturc, c ekr j c vhac ðthl aj
um pjacçk aj ecrfj.
Cs ecrfjs eurcacs fjejsshtcm sjr ekzhacs, mcs cs
ecrfjs eurcacs j ajsharctcacs (sjecs) pjrtjfejm c
um sui grupk aj ecrfjs eurcacs quj fufec såk
ekzhacs j, ekmk k prõprhk fkmj hfahec, bkrcm
ajsha
sharctcacs pkr ajelífhk ac umhacaj rjlct
cthhvc ak cr.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir ?
Krhghfclmjftj ajsjfvklvhak ekmk um mètkak pcrc
prjsjrvcr c ecrfj, c ekmihfcçåk aj sclgc j
ajsharctcçåk pjrmhtj quj c ecrfj sj`c crmczjfcac
jm tjmpjrcturc cmihjftj pkr muhtk tjmpk sjm quj
ekrrc k rhsek aj ekftcmhfcçåk pkr mherk-krgcfhsmks,
pkajfak sjr
sjr ekf
ekfsumhac
hac ekm sjgu
jgurcf
rcfçc sjm fufe
ufec tjr
shak
shak ekzh
ekzhac
ac!!

Fk prkejssk aj mcturcçåk kekrrj c ajsharctcçåk ekm

pjrac aj ãguc jquhvcljftj c 5>% ku mchs ak sju
pjsk irutk j jssc ahmhfuhçåk ac ekfejftrcçåk aj
ãguc fc mctrhz ac ecrfj ekfbjrj î mjsmc umc mchkr
vha
vhac aj prc
rctj
tjlj
ljhr
hrc
c.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 8
K prkejssk crtjscfcl aj sclgc/eurc/ajsharctcçåk
skir
skirj
jvhvj
vhvj fks ahcs
hcs ctuc
ctuchs
hs ajvha
vhak ck ajsj
ajsjf
fvklv
vklvhm
hmj
jftk
aj um ekmpljxk ekf`uftk aj scikrjs quj såk
ekfbjrhaks cks prkautks j quj fåk sj sjftj jm
fjf
jfo
oumc
umc kutrc
trc prjp
rjpcrc
crcçåk
çåk ac ecrf
ecrfj
j.

Jm suc jssàfehc, k prkejssk aj eurc j ajsharctcçåk

è icsjcak jm um bjfñmjfk muhtk shmpljs kfaj c
cahçåk ak scl rjmkvj c ãguc ahspkfívjl pcrc k
erjsehmjftk mherkihcfk j ekm hssk hmpjaj k
ajsjfvklvhmjftk aj mherk-krgcfhsmks quj pkajm
ekftc
tcm
mhfcr j jstr
trc
cgcr c ecrfj.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 3>
Jstj thp
Jst hpk
k aj ecr
crfj
fj bkh hfh
fheh
ehcl
clmj
mjf
ftj aj
ajsj
sjf
fvkl
klvh
vha
ak fk
fkss pcí
císj
sjss ac
rjghåk ak Mjahtjrréfjk, mcs ctuclmjftj c crtj aj prkauzhr
prkautks eurcaks j ajsharctcaks è prcthecac jm tkak k
mufak.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 33
 Mhfoc
Ohstõrhc

Mju fkmj è Elãuahc Eklcmcrek. Buh erhcac fumc

bczjfac fk hftjrhkr aj Mhfcs Gjrchs, fc ehacaj aj
^culc Eéfahak, ctè ks 7 cfks aj hacaj qucfak buh
jstuacr jm Rhçksc j bkh fc Zfhvjrshacaj Bjajrcl aj
Rhçksc quj pkstjrhkrmjftj mj grcaujh jm Futrhçåk
j ajpkhs bhz Mjstrcak j Akutkrcak jm Ehàfehc j
Qjefklkghc aj Clhmjftks. Ajsaj
saj 9>>1 mkrk jm Ijlk
Okrhzkftj j sku prkbjsskrc ak eursk aj Futrhçåk.
Ljehkfk, ajftrj kelcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir
utrcs ahsehplhfcs c Qjefklkghc aj
Clhmjftks. ^crc vkeà jftjfajr c mhfoc pchxåk pjlc
eocreutcrhc prjehsk tj ekftcr c ohstõrhc ac mhfoc
bcmílhc.
39
Mjus cvõs mctjrfks Mcrhc Mcrthfk j Ycbbcjlj

Eklcmcrek vhjrcm ac Htãlhc muhtk `kvjfs, sj

ekfojejrcm fk Ircshl j cquh sj ecscrcm j thvjrcm c
suc prklj. Uj jstcijljejrcm fk hftjrhkr aj Mhfcs
Gjrchs, fc ehacaj aj Rhsekfaj ak Yhk Ircfek, fk
hfíehk ak sèeulk pcsscak. C vhac fåk bkh fcac bãehl
pcrc jljs. Mju cvñ thfoc um pjqujfk crmczèm ekm
um cçkuguj kfaj mhfoc cvõ cgrjgcvc vclkr bczjfak
lhfguhçcs pcrc vjfajr. Ekm c lhfguhçc jlc bczhc
tcmièm um rjeojhk quj cprjfaju ekm c suc måj j
eocm
eocmcv
cvc-
c-k
k aj Yjeojhk Htclhcfk ku
Jfeohmjftk
Jfeohmjftk htclhc
htclhcfk.
fk.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 35
K jfeohmjftk htclhcfk jrc bjhtk ekm lhfguhçc eurcac j
ajsbhcac mhsturcac ekm qujh`h`k
k pcrmjsåk
såk, bcrhfoc aj
påk, kvks j czjhtkfcs, quj rjeojcvc gclhfocs j
lkmiks aj pkrek j ks vjfahc csscaks fks bhfchs aj
sjmc
sjmcf
fc pcrc
pcrc ekm
ekmpljm
ljmjft
ftc
cr c rjf
rjfac bcm
bcmhlhlhc
hcrr.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 31
Jljs bcirhecvcm tcmièm um icekf, quj eocmcvcm

fuftekcuebhhfzojkrcm
aj aj kbu
s mpjrhjrksukfutkstkuhtechlfhcofkksajsbuhm
mpcljaskm
, jmfctjs
pkrquj fåk cprjf jfaajrcm c bczj czjr!

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 3:
Fc tjftcthvc aj sj cacptcrjm ck pcís
quj ks cekloju, um pkuek ac suc
eulturc krhghfcl sj pjraju fk tjmpk.
Ks bhloks bkrcm jauecaks sjm
cprjfajr c bclcr htclhcfk, bkrcm
circshljhrcfak, mcs c scuacaj ac
Mhfoc måj Qokmczhfc Eklcmcrek
Htãlhc, mchs jspjehbhecmjftj ac
pjqujfc Mcrctjc fc rjghåk aj
Icshlhectc, prkvífehc aj ^ktjfzc,
fufe
fecc sch
chu
u aj sju
juss ekr
krcç
cçúj
újs.
s.
K ecrhfok pjlc tjrrc fctcl, `uftcmjftj
ekm k krgulok aj sjrjm htclhcfks j c
m
trccfjssbtjrhrchac fc pccrrctj ekuslhfãrhcbhlokbks,h
prhfehpclmjftj mhfoc måj, j ajlc
pcrc ks sj sju
us bhloks.
Mhfoc måj sj ecsku ekm mju pch, um
típhek mhfjhrk ak hftjrhkr, bhlok aj
bczj
zjffajhrk, j bkrcm ks akhs mkrcr fum
pjacçk aj tjrrc quj mju pch ojraku
fumc ehacajzhfoc eocmcac ^culc
Eéfahak.

Zmc vhac ãrauc j ahbíehl, thvjrcm 3> bhloks j muhtk trciclok pcrc
erhc-lks, mcs sjmprj mhfoc måj ekmjftcvc ekfksek k krgulok aj
sjr bhloc aj htclhcfks, aks prjsuftks mcrcvhloksks quj sj ekmhcm
fc Htãlhc, quj ju fjm hmcghfcvc k quj jrc j c Htãlhc pcrc mhm
skcv
sk cvcc ekm
ekmk um lugc
lugcrr lk
lkfg
fgíífq
fqu
uk j tk
tktc
tclm
lmjf
jfttj hfce
hfcej
jssív
ssívjl
jl..

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 32
Ju erjseh, ekfsjguh bczjr um eursk supjrhkr jm
Futrhçåk, bhz um Mjstrcak j um Akutkrcak jm
Ehàfehc j Qjefklkghc aj Clhmjftks fc Zfhvjrshacaj
Bjajrcl
rcl aj Rhçksc- MG, sku prkbjsskrc ufhvj
hvjrshtãrhc
jm Ijlk Okrhzkftj j ljehkfcfak, ajftrj kutrcs
ahse
ahsehp
hplhlhfc
fcs,
s, c Qjefk
jefklk
lkgh
ghc
c aj Clhm
Clhmjf
jftk
tks.
s.

Ajssc bkrmc, puaj

ekmprcr j jxpjrhmjftcr
tkaks ks prjsuftks
mcrcvhloksks aks quchs
mhfoc måj bclcvc j ju
fåk ekfojehc.
Buh î Htãlhc, ekfojeh
Mcrctjc, c tjrrc ak mju
cvñ, quj mkrrju sjm
fufec mchs vkltcr pcrc
vjr c bcmílhc j mj
jmkehkfjh muhtk.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 37
Ekfoj
fojeh Bhr
Bhrjfzj
jfzj,, Ykmc, Fcpklh, Rjfj
jfjzc,
zc, Zahf
ahfj, vhshtjh
ks mjrecaks ajsscs ehacajs j mj jfecftjh ekm c
vcrhjacaj hmjfsc aj prksehu
prksehuttks
ttks eruak
eruaks s ahspkfívjhs.
Jxpjrh
pjrhm
mjft
jftjh ks mchs vcrhcaks
aks prkautktkss j rjtkr
tkrfjh ekm
um cpjrtk fk pjhtk0

Ju ocvhc mj cpchxkfcak pjlc

eocreutcrhc htclhcfc!
ht clhcfc!

fåk sõ pjlk sju

sbkcrimkcr, em
kmcsk psjålk
c Mjrecak aj Bhrjfzj

jlcikrcaks.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 3?
Ks htclhcfks ajhxcm
rjstrhfgj c umcelcrk qujquj
tèefhec c eocreutcrhc
sj cprjfaj.fåk sj

Ks jurkpjus trcfsbkrmcrcm jssc tèefhec jm umc

bkrmc aj crtj, ekm mjstrjs ak kbíehk quj vjm
cpjrbjhçkcfak sucs ocihlhacajs ctrcvès ak
ekfojehmjftk ojracak aj gjrcçåk jm gjrcçåk pkr
ejftjfcs aj cfks.

Ujgufak jljs ks mjlokrjs

prjsuftks såk cqujljs
icsjcaks fks clhejrejs ac
QYCAHÇÅK

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 38
Ju fåk tjfok c trcahçåk bcmhlhcr aj prkauzhr prjsuftk...
prjsuftk...

Ju fåk scihc bczjr um prksehuttk eruak!

Ju tjfok k scfguj htclhcfk ekrrjfak jm mhfocs

vjhcs, mcs fåk mj bkh acac c kpkrtufhacaj aj
cpr
prj
jfaj
fajr c bczj
bczjrr.
Mcs ju sku umc pjsquhscakrc j chfac pkr ehmc ac
ãrj
rjc
c aj CLHM
CLHMJF
JFQQKU!
KU! Bhz
Bhz ahseh
hsehpl
plhf
hfccs jspje
spjeíb
íbhe
hecs
cs aj
ecrf
ecrfjs
js,, akmh
akmhfk
fk quím
químhe
hec,
c, mh
mher
erki
kihk
hklk
lkgh
ghc!
c!

È elcrk quj ju vku ajsekirhr ekmk sj bcz!

Cbhfcl jssj bkek aj trcahçåk ahtcak

pjlks htclhcfks erhku um cr aj
hfcejsshihlhacaj quj ejrec k quj fc
suc jss
ssà
àfehc è sh
shm
mpljs0
K ctk aj eurcr umc ecrfj!

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 9>
Jftåk buh prkeurcr lhvrks quj mj jfshfcssjm c tèefhec
j qucl fåk bkh c mhfoc surprjsc qucfak fåk jfekftrjh
icshecmjftj fcac quj sj rjbjrhssj jspjehbhecmjftj î
prka
prkauç
uçåk
åk aj prjs
prjsufuftk
tkss crtj
crtjsc
scfc
fchs
hs;
;
Jfekftrjh fc lhtjrcturc ircshljhrc acaks skirj c ohstõrhc
ac eocreutcrhc, mcs fcac skirj c tèefhec. Hssk cguçku
c mhfoc eurhkshacaj j pcrth pcrc c prkeurc aj mctjrhcl
bkrc ak Ircs
rcshl.
Jfekftrjh muhtc ekhsc, mcs pkuek ak quj sj pkahc
cprkvjhtcr. Mcs bhfclmjftj buh rjbhfcfak cs mhfocs
iusecs j ekfsjguh ekmprcr muhtk mctjrhcl ikm j buh
ekmphlcfak ks acaks skirj eurc, bjrmjftcçåk,
ajbumcçåk, sjecgjm/ajsharctcçåk j mcturcçåk aj
ecrfj
rfjs, j ekfbrkrkf
ftcfak ekm cs tèefhecs quj cprjfah fk
mju
mj u akut
akutkrc
krcak
ak..
Ceojh mctjrhcl jm hfglàs, htclhcfk, jspcfokl j cljmåk.
Ajstrhfeojh tuak, mkftjh fc mhfoc ecsc, umc eémcrc
aj bjrmjftcçåk j aj mcturcçåk cacptcfak umc
gjlcajhrc, ekm tjmpjrcturc j umhacaj ekftrklcacs, j
ekfsj
fsjguh bczjr k mju prhmjhr
jhrk prjsu
rjsuf
ftk0 um ekppc!
Mju prhmjhrk Ekppc

93
elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir
Ajpkhs pcrth pcrc c ekfbjeçåk ak icekf,
ac pcfejt tc, ak bhkee
pcfejttc k, ak eulctjllk, ak
bhkeek
pjppjrkfh, ak ^rksehuttk ah ^crmc, ac
ircsjklc, ak pcstrcmh j muhtks kutrks
tcftks qucftks
qucftks ekf
ekfsjguh
sjguh bczjr
bczjr..

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 99
Ykmph c icrrjhrc
c tèefhec gcfokuakachfcejssívjl,
trcahçåk!

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 95
 Ecpítulk 3 ― Ecrfj ― c mctèrhc prhmc

K pkrek rjhfc skijrcfk fc eocreutcrhc, mcs

muhtcs kutrcs ecrfjs tcmièm pkajm sjr uthlhzcacs
fjstjs prkejssks gjrcfak prkautks aj jljvcac
qucl
quclha
haca
caj
j j pclct
pclctci
cihlhlha
haca
caj.
j.

Qhpks aj ecrfjs uthlhzcacs

3) ^krek
krek
9) Ikh
5) Brcf
Brcfgk
gk
1) ^ctk
:) ^jru
2) Ekra
Ekrajh
jhrk
rk
7) Ecir
Ecirhthtk
k
?) Cvjstr
vjstruzuz
8) Ecrfj
Ecrfjss jxõthec
jxõthecss ― @cvclh
@cvclh,, ecphvc
ecphvcrc,
rc, pcec,
pcec,
`cecrè jte.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 91
Ecrfj aj ^krek0

C ecrfj mchs uthlhzcac j c mchs trcahehkfcl fks

prkejssks aj sclgc j eurc è c ecrfj suífc. Jlc
pkssuh ecrcetjrísthecs sãphacs jspjeíbhecs quj
ekfbjrjm ck prkautk bhfcl crkmc j scikr
hfekmpcrãvjhs.
Ks mjlokrjs j mchs jspjtceulcrjs prjsuftks erus
ak mufak såk cqujljs prkauzhaks fc rjghåk ak
Mjahtjrréfjk j, qucsj c tktclhacaj ajssjs
prkautks såk ekfbjeehkfcaks
pkrek. Cs rcçcs ekm cpcrc
aj pkrek sjljehkfcacs ecrfj aj
tcl bhm
såk c Lcfarcej j k Lcrgj-wohtj ku Aurke.
K thpk j k ekrtj ac ecrfj è quj ajtjrmhfc qucl
prkautk sjrã prkauzhak j c quclhacaj ac ecrfj è
quj vch ajtjrmhfcr c quclhacaj ak prkautk bhfcl j
jstc è c vcrhãvjl mchs hmpkrtcftj fjstj prkejssk.
Ecac ekrtj ak pkrek sjrã uthlhzcak pcrc
ekfbjeehkfcr um thpk ahbjrjftj aj ecrfj eurcac.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 9:
 Ujgufak Yuolmcf j ^kleyf (9>35) jm sju mcgfíbhek
lhvrk Uclumh0 Qoj ercbt kb htclhcf ary eurhfg, um pkrek
ahvhaj-sj jm khtk grcfajs pcrtjs kfaj ecac umc
ajlcs krhghfc thpks ahbjrjftjs aks mchs cprjehcaks
prjs
prjsuf
uftk
tks,
s, c sjgu
sjguhr
hr00

^YKAZQK KYHGJM
3. Gucfe
Gucfehcl
hclj
j ^cpcac
9. Ekpp
Ekppcc ^jsek
jsekççk ― ecij
cijçc ak lk
lkmi
mik
k
5. Upje
Upjedd ^jrfh
jrfhll ah
ahcf
cftj
tjhr
hrk
k ku pã
1. Lcra
Lcrak
k Qkuehfok ak lkmik ak pkrek
Qkuehf
kuehfokok gkrak
gkrak,, ekm
ekm pkue
pkuecc ecrfj
ecrfj

:. Lkfz
Lkfzcc Lkmi
Lkmik
k j lkmi
lkmihf
hfok
ok
2. Icrr
Icrrhg
hgcc Icek
Icekf
f j pcfej
pcfejtt
ttcc
7. ^rkseh
^rksehut
uttk
tk,, eulctj
eulctjllk
llk,, bhkeek
bhkeek ^jrfhl
?. Uclc
Uclcmh
mh ^rkautks bjhtks ekm ecrfj
tr
trhtu
hturrcac
cac prkv
prkvjf
jfhj
hjft
ftjj aj pjac
pjacçk
çkss j
cpcr
cp crcs
cs aks
aks ekrt
ekrtjs
js acs
acs ecrf
ecrfjjs
Bkftj0 YZOLMCF j ^KLEXF (9>35)

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 92
Ecrfj aj Cvjs0
Cvjs0
C uthlhzcçåk ac ecrfj aj cvjs fc ekfbjeçåk aj jmiuthaks
è erjsejftj, prhfehpclmjftj pkr jstc sjr ekfshajrcac
ekmk umc kpçåk lhgot pcrc c ecrfj suífc. C ecrfj
ircfec ak pjhtk ak brcfgk, pkr sju ichxk tjkr aj gkraurc,
fjejsshtc sjr umjajehac j cahehkfcac aj umc vcrhjacaj
aj ekfahmjftks pcrc gcfocr scikr. Ajftrj jssjs
ekfahmjftks sj pkajm ehtcr jspjehcrhcs, brutcs
vjrmjlocs, qujh`ks, mjl, phmjftcs, tkmctj sjek, `hlõ,
clok, ejiklc
klc, lhmåk j ekfocquj.
uj.

Ecrfj aj Ikh0
C ecrfj ikvhfc bcz pcrtj aks prkautks aj eocreutcrhc
ajsaj quj k ikh bkh akmjsthecak. Jmikrc muhtk
cprjehcac, jxhstjm rjlcthvcmjftj pkueks prkautks
ekfbj
fbjeehkfcaks
caks ekm c ecrfj ikvhfc jm ekmpc
mpcrcç
rcçåk ekm
c suífc. È muhtk cprjehcac fc ekmpkshçåk aj sclcmjs
fk fkrtj ac Jurkpc jm prjpcrcçújs ekf`uftcs ekm c ecr[
fj aj pkrek j fc prjpcrcçåk

qujIrjscklc
ac ajllc Rcltjllhfc
è um jmiuthak aj usk,
shmhlcr ck ecrpceehk, j ajvj
sjr sjrvhak ekrtcak jm bcthcs
muhtk bhfcs j tjmpjrcaks ekm
lhmåk, czjhtj j jspjehcrhcs
ekmk k gjfghirj, lkurk j
phmjftc.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 97
 EC^ÍQZLK 9 ― Jquhpcmjft
Jquhpcmjftks
ks j Ztjfsílhks

Jquhpcmjftks fjejssãrhks0
• Iclcfçcs,
Iclcfçcs, hfel
hfelushv
ushvjj um
umc c pjqu
pjqujfc
jfc ek
ekm m ecpceha
ecpcehacaj
caj pcrpcrcc pjscr
>,3g4
• Ujlcakr
Ujlcakrcc c vãeuk
vãeuk (kp(kpehkf
ehkfcl,
cl, p
pkaj-
kaj-sj
sj cekfaheh
cekfahehkfcr
kfcr c ecrfj
ecrfj jm
sceks plãstheks j rjthrcr ijm k cr ak sju hftjrhkr)4
• Yjbrhgjr
Yjbrhgjrcakr
cakr ekm tjmpjrc
tjmpjrctur turc
c ekftrkl
ekftrklcac
cac jft
jftrj
rj 1 j :kE4
• Eémcrc
Eémcrc a ajj bj
bjrmj
rmjftc
ftcçåk
çåk ek
ekmm tj
tjmpj
mpjrct
rcturc jftrj 9> j 9:kE
urc jftrj
(pkaj sjr uthlhzcak um rjbrhgjrcakr cacptcak ekm um
umhahbhecakr aj cr, cmiks lhgcaks c um tjrmk ohgrñmjtrk pcrc
ekftrklj ac tjmpj
tjmpjrcturc
rcturc j ac ZY ― umhacaj rrjlcthvcjlcthvc))
• Eémcrc
Eémcrc a ajj mc
mctur
turcçåk
cçåk eekm
km eekft
kftrklj
rklj aj tjmpj
tjmpjrct
rcturc
urc j
jmpjrcturc jftrj 39 c 3:kE j umhacaj rjlcthvc
umhacaj ― Qjmpjrcturc
(ZY) 7:% (pkaj sj uthlhzcr k mjsmk jquhpcmjftk ehtcak
cehmc, muacfak cpjfcs c tjmpjrcturc j umhacaj)4
• Mkjakr
Mkjakr a aj
j ecr
ecrfj
fj jjlèt
lètrhek
rhek ekm bufhl
bufhl pcrc lhfg
lhfguhçc
uhçc44
• Ajbum
Ajbumcacakr
kr c bbrh
rhk
k j aj
ajbu
bumca
mcakrkr c qqujf
ujftjtj ― kpehk
kpehkfc
fcl,l, pkhs
pkhs
clgufs prkautks såk ajbumcaks, mcs c mchkrhc fåk pcssc
pkr jssj prkejssk4

•• Zmh
Zm
Q hah
jrmahbh
jrmkkbhec
ecak
akrr ajtrk
ohgrñm j cr4
ohgrñmjtrk cr4― pcr
pcrc c ekftrk
ekftrklj
lj ac tjm
tjmpjrc
pjrcturc
turc j umha
umhacaj4
caj4
• ^ktjf
^ktjfehñ
ehñmj
mjtr
trk
k pkr
pkrtãt
tãthlhl ― pcr
pcrccccbj
bjrhç
rhçåk
åk ak pO4
• Bcthc
Bcthcak
akrr aj br
brhk
hkss (kpehk
(kpehkfc fcll ― c mchkrh
mchkrhc
c aks prjs
prjsuf
uftks
tks p
pkaj
kaj (j
(j
ajvj) sjr bcthcac c bcec)4

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 9?
Ztjfsílhks0
• Bcecs cbhcacs4
• Zmc eochrc pcrc cmklcr bcecs, mcs ju ekfbjssk quj
usk um cmklcakr jlètrhek quj ajhxc mhfocs bcecs
mcrcvhl
mcr cvhloksc
okscmjf
mjftj
tj ekrt
ekrtcft
cftjs4
js4
• Zm ímå pcrc bhxcr cs bcecs fc pcrjaj ― hssk prjsjrvc k
bhk acs bcecs, mcftjfak k ek ekrrtj4
• Qã
Qãiiucs
ucs pcrc
pcrc ec
ecrf
rfj0
j0
• ^crc k trciclok ekm c ecrfj, rjekmjfac-sj fåk
uscr tãiuc aj mcajhrc ajvhak c ekftcmhfcçåk
mherkihcfc j ahbheulacaj aj lhmpjzc j scfhthzcçåk.
Yjek
Yj ekm
mjf
jfa
ac-
c-sj
sj c uthl
uthlhz
hzcç
cçåk
åk aj tã
tãi
iuc aj pk
pklhlhj
jththlljfk.
jfk.
• Cs tãiucs aj mcajhrcs pkajm sjr uthlhzcacs cpjfcs
pcrc sjrvhr k prkautk ajpkhs ajlj prkftk, k quj aã
um eocr
ocrmj jsp
spjjehcl
ehcl î cpr
cprjsjf
jsjfttcçåk
cçåk ak prjsuf
jsufttk.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 98
 EC^ÍQZLK 5 ― Eurc j mcturcçåk ac ecrfj

ECYFJ EZYCAC
Yjbjrj-sj c ecrfjs quj bkrcm suimjthacs ck prkejssk
aj eurc ctrcvès ac cplhecçåk aj scl, fhtrhtk j, jm clgufs
ecsks, cçðecr j/ku ajbumcçåk. C eurc mchs uthlhzcac è
ctrcvès ac cplhecçåk ak scl j fhtrhtk. C eurc mkahbhec k
scikr, k crkmc, c tjxturc, c ekr j c vhac ðthl ac ecrfj.
Ljmircr
rcr quj cs ecrfjs cpj
cpjfcs suimj
imjthacs
hacs ck prkejs
ejssk
aj eurc prjehscm sjr suimjthacs î ekeçåk pcrc sjrjm
ekfsumhacs.
ECYFJ EZYCAC J MCQZYCAC
YCAC (Ary-eurja mjct)
Yjbjrj-sj c um ekf`uftk aj ecrfjs quj såk eurcacs j
pkstjrhkrmjftj såk pkstcs c mcturcr j ajsharctcr, ctè
pjrajrjm ejrec aj 5>% ak sju pjsk. Jlcs jlhmhfcm
ãguc j ekfejftrcm ks scikrjs j hssk pjrmhtj quj cs
ecrfjs sj`cm crmczjfcacs jm tjmpjrcturc cmihjftj
pkr um lkfgk pjríkak aj tjmpk j ekfsumhacs erucs
ekm sjgurcfçc, fåk fjejsshtcfak sjrjm suimjthacs
ck prkejssk aj ekeçåk
çåk.
Sucfak k prkejssk aj sjecgjm è jmprjgcak jm
ekf`uftk ekm c sclgc, c ecrfj è prjsjrvcac ekm
ekfejftrcçåk rjlcthvcmjftj ichxc aj scl quj fåk cbjtc
c pclctcihlhacaj, ku sj`c, k prkautk bhfcl fåk bhec
sclgcak.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 5>
 UCL (FcEl)0
K scl è cahehkfcak pcrc hftjfshbhecr ks scikrjs
j crkmcs j tcmièm ctuc ekftrhiuhfak pcrc c
sklu
skluih
ihlhlhzc
zcçå
çåk
k acs
acs prktj
rktjíf
ífcs
cs mhkbh
hkbhir
irhlhlc
crjs,
rjs, cl
clè
èm
0 aj pkssuhr cçåk ajsharcarctcftj
ftj, pkhs jlj ekftkftrhiuh
hiuh
C pcr
crc
c ahmhfmhfuhr c ãguc ahspkfív
ívj
jl (cw).
Y C cahçåk ak scl fks prkautks eãrfjks è
Z hmpkrtcftj j kirhgctõrhc, pkhs jlj ekfbjrj
E ecrcetjrísthecs aj quclhacaj j hajfthacaj cks
prkautks. È uthlhzcak ajsaj c cfthguhacaj
J ekmk ekfsjrvcftj j jm fívjhs jljvcaks
A cprjsjftc prkprhjacajs icetjrhkstãthecs j
U prk
rkllkfgc c vhac aj prc
rcttjljhrc.
J C sclgc j c eurc hmpjajm k ajsjfvklvhmjftk
Q aj mherk-krgcfhsmks hfajsj`ãvjhs, pkr
F tkrfcrjm k suistrctk hfcajqucak pjlc
J jljvcçåk ac prjssåk ksmõthec, ahmhfuhfak c
G ãguc ahspkfívjl pcrc cs icetèrhcs
C ajtjrhkrcftjs j, ajssc bkrmc, hfhihfak k
erjsehm
erjsehmjft
jftk
k mherki
mherkihcf
hcfk.
k.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 53
 C cplhecçåk
`uftcmjftj ekm aj scl,suistéfehcs
kutrcs hsklcacmjftj
chfac ku
sj
bcz hftjfscmjftj, pjlc rczåk aj jstcijljejr c
eurc ak prkautk, quj sj ecrcetjrhzc pkr
0 mkahbhecçújs krgcfklèpthecs ak clhmjftk, aj
C grcfaj cgrcak aks ekfsumhakrjs.
Y K scl clèm aj sjr um aks rjclçcakrjs aj
Z scikr mchs hmpkrtcftj uthlhzcak fks clhmjftks,
E pkssuh chfac umc prkprhjacaj cahehkfcl aj
grcfaj vclhc0 jlj ctuc fcs pcphlcs gustcthvcs
J rjauzhfak c pjrejpçåk aj gkraurc.
A
Ekfshajrcfak-sj quj k pjrejftucl aj gkraurc
U fjssjs clhmjftks è jljvcak, jssc prkprhjacaj
J è muhtk ijm vhfac.
Q
F Fks prkautks eãrfjks eurcaks c cahçåk aj scl
J tcftk hmpjaj k erjsehmjftk aj icetèrhcs

G hfajsj`ãvjhs qucftk cuxhlhc fc ajsharctcçåk ac

ecrfj.
C

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 59
 UCL MCYHFOK0
K scl mcrhfok cerjsejftc ekmpljxhacaj ck
prkautk cecicak ajvhak cks ahbjrjftjs thpks
aj mhfjrchs jfekftrcaks fjstjs schs ak mcr,
0 quj våk hfblujfehcr k scikr aj ahbjrjftjs
C mcfjhrcs.
Y Rclj c pjfc ljmircr quj muhtks thpks aj schs
Z ekftàm hmpurjzcs quj pkajm ekmprkmjtjr k
E scikr ak prkautk bhfcl. Jsscs hmpurjzcs,
prhf
rhfehpclmjftj mjtchs, pkajm ajsjfecajcr c
J kxhacçåk aks lhpíajks j prkvkecr rcfehajz fcs
A ecrf
ec rfjs
js eurc
eurcac
acs.
s.
U ^krtcftk c jsekloc aj um scl mcrhfok aj ikc
J prkejaàfehc sõ tjm c cerjsejftcr quclhacaj î
Q
ecrfj j ck prka
rkautk cecicak.
F
J Uclgc ac ecrfj - cekftjej ctrcvès ak

G prke
prkejs
jssk
sk aj ah
ahbu
buså
såk.
k.
C
K ekfejhtk
ekfejhtk pcrc
pcrc ahbusåk è aj quj umc
suistéfehc
suistéfe hc (scl) pkaj sj ahspjrscr ctrcvès
aj kutrc suistéfehc (ecrfj) ctè cthfghr c
mjsmc ekfejftrcçåk
ekfejftrcçåk ku jquhlíirhk. K scl sj
ahspjrsc fks líquhaks ac ecrfj hguclmjftj,
h guclmjftj,
ekm c mjsmc ekfejftrcçåk.
ekfejftrcçåk.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 55
 J_HUQJM ICUHECMJFQJ AKHU ^YKEJUUKU AJ UCLGC0
C UCLGC UJEC J C UCLGC ÐMHAC (KZ UCLMKYC)

UCLGC UJEC0

K scl è rhgkrkscmjftj pjscak aj cekrak ekm c qucfthacaj

aj ecrfj j mhsturcak ekm ks kutrks hfgrjahjftjs, tkaks
ajsharctcaks, bkrmcfak um põ quj è cplhecak jm tkac c
supj
supjrb
rbíe
íehj
hj ac pjçc
jçc.
Bjhtk hssk, c ecrfj tjmpjrcac è cekfahehkfcac jm scek
p
bhqlãusjthm
ek, hbfjtehm
occamkjfctjvãejum
k, aejkfmtcktakk qekum
j tkcakseckrsfjtjmjp, jj
rkms
sjguhac, mcfthac ski rjbrhgjrcçåk pkr um pjríkak aj
tjmpk subhehjftj pcrc quj tkak k scl mhgrj pcrc k hftjrhkr
ac pjçc j sj`c ahstrhiuíak hguclmjftj pkr tkac c jxtjfsåk
ac ecrfj. Hssk ajmcfac tjmpk j kirhgctkrhcmjftj ajvj
sjr bjhtk jm tjmpjrcturc aj rjbrhgjrcçåk hgucl ku hfbjrhkr c
:kE, pcrc gcrcfththrr c quc quclhacaj mherk erkihklõghec ak prk rkaautk
utk.

tKcmtjcm
fopkk jajjspejusrscuraccak
ecerkfrjtjaajcpjmfjasjmcj.xelushvcmjftj ak

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 51
UCLGC ÐMHAC (UCLMKYC)0

C sclgc
umc ðmhacekftjfak
sclmkrc ekfshstj kjmsclmjrgulocr c ecrfj
j tkaks ks jm
tjmpjrks
ajhxcfak-c suimjrsc pkr um pjríkak aj tjmpk
fjejssãrhk pcrc quj k scl mhgrj pkr tkac c jxtjfsåk
ac pjçc. Fåk è hfahecac pcrc ecrfjs mkíacs, pkr
mkthvks õivhks. Hfahecac cpjfcs pcrc pjçcs hftjhrcs
aj mðseulks ku pjrfhl hftjhrk.
C qucfthacaj aj scl, fjstj ecsk, ajvj sjr

euhacakscmjftj
cahehkfcak jm mkfhtkrcac
jxejssk ku,pcrcphkrqujchfac,
fåk sj`c
jm
qucfthacaj hfbjrhkr c 9,:% jm rjlcçåk î ecrfj, k quj
cecrrjtcrhc c pjrac ak prkautk pkr ajtjrhkrcçåk
mherkihcfc.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 5:
 FHQYHQK J FHQYCQK (AJ UÕAHK KZ ^KQÃUUHK)0

K fhtrhtk j k fhtrctk kekrrjm fcturclmjftj jm

tkak k mufak ihklõghek, hfelushvj fk ekrpk
oumcfk.
Uåk uthlhzcaks ekmk cahthvks clhmjftcrjs jm
0 prkautks eãrfjks ekm c bufçåk aj
C ekfsjrvcftjs, bhxcakrjs aj ekr j cgjftjs aj
Y eurc j såk rjbjrhaks pjlks fðmjrks HFU 9:> j
9:3, pcrc
crc k fht
fhtrhtk j fhtrctk rjspje
pjethvcmjf
mjftj.
Z
E Ekmumj
Ekmu mjftftj
j ek
ekfo
foje
jeha
haks
ks ekmk scl aj eurc, jm
ekmk
prkautks eãrfjks eurcaks jljs såk
J hfahspjfsãvjhs pcrc c gcrcfthc ak scikr j ac
A ekr j, mchs hmpkrtcftj, ac sjgurcfçc
U mher
mherki
kihk
hklõ
lõgh
ghec
ec ac ec
ecrf
rfj.
j.
J Hfajpjfajftj aj tkaks ks kutrks mkthvks
Q
mjfehkfcaks, c cahçåk ak scl aj eurc jm
F ecrfjs è 3>>% jbhecz fc prjvjfçåk ak
J iktulhsmk (hftk
ftkxhecçå
ecçåk
k clhmjf
mjftcr ecusca
scac pjl
pjlc
G hfgjståk ac fjurktkxhfc ljtcl prkauzhac pjlc
C icetèrhc Elkstrhahum iktulhfum)

Hssk è mkthvk subhehjftj

sub hehjftj
pcrc hfeluhr k fhtrhtk jm
tkacs cs prjpcrcçújs

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 52
 FHQYHQK J FHQYCQK

Uåk tõxheks qucfak hfgjrhaks erkfhecmjftj j jm

qucfthacajs supjrhkrjs îs rjekmjfacacs.
Uuc tkxhehacaj sj ajvj, prhfehpclmjftj, pjlc
bkrmcçåk ac mjtcmhkglkihfc tõxhec j aj
fhtrkscmhfcs. Uuc uthlhzcçåk jm clhmjftks è
ahseutívjl acac î pksshihlhacaj aj krhghfcr
ekmpkstks fhtrksks aj cçåk ecrehfkgàfhec.

^kr hssk jxhstj umc rjgulcmjftcçåk aks

lhmhtjs mãxhmks pjrmhthaks quj sj
icsjhc fcs rjekmjfacçújs ac Cgàfehc
hghhléfehc Ucfhtãrhc ― CFRHUC,
Fcehkfcl aj Rhg
quj prjvà lhmhtjs mãxhmks aj 3:>ppm pcrc

fhtrhtk j 5>>ppm pcrc fhtrctk, ku sj`c0

3:> mg aj fhtrhtk/dg j
5>>mg aj fhtrctk/dg aj ecrfj

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 57
 CÇÐECY0
K cçðecr mchs uthlhzcak è c glheksj ku
ajxtrksj, mcs ekmk jstcmks trctcfak aj
eocreutcrhc crtjscfcl, c kpçåk pkr uthlhzcr k
cçðecr mcsecvk (scecrksj) pcrjej umc
cltjrfcthvc ijm hftjrjsscftj, pkhs jstj
0 cgrjgc mchs futrhjftjs ck prkautk bhfcl.
C Sucsj tkaks ks prkautks aj eocreutcrhc tjm
Y um pkuek aj cçðecr cahehkfcak `uftcmjftj
Z ekm ks kutrks tjmpjrks. Jm prjsuftks aj
E mðseulk ku pjçc hftjhrc k cçðecr ekftrhiuh
pcrc mjlokrc j jquhlíirhk aks scikrjs.
J Fjstjs prkautks è hftjrjsscftj c uthlhzcçåk
A ak cçðecr mcsecvk.
U @ã fks jmiuthaks aj ecrfj phecac, c
J qucfthacaj aj cçðecr cahehkfcak î mcssc è
Q quj ajtjrmhfc c cehajz bhfcl ak prkautk,
F pkhs jlj ctuc ekmk cpkrtj jfjrgèthek pcrc k
J erjsehmjftk icetjrhcfk, prhfehpclmjftj pcrc
G cs icetèrhcs ^jahkekeeus, quj såk grcfajs
C prkautkrcs aj ãehak lãthek.
Fjstj ecsk rjekmjfac-sj uthlhzcr c glheksj
shmpljs j purc, quj jstã jxctcmjftj fc
bkrmc quj cs icetèrhcs våk uthlhzcr pcrc k
prkejssk aj bjrmjftcçåk, fåk fjejsshtcfak
aj oharõlhsj, ekmk sjrhc fk ecsk aj uthlhzcr c
scecrksj.
elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 5?
 EKCA@ZRCFQJU AJ EZYC

EZLQZYCU UQCYQJY

C mchkrhc aks prkautks aj eocreutcrhc såk bjrmjftcaks

pkr icetèrhcs jspjeíbhecs quj prkauzjm ãehak lãthek j
ekmpkstks aj crkmc quj våk cumjftcr c vhac aj
prctjljhrc ak prkautk, rjauzhfak k pO ak mjhk j ekfbjrhr
um sc
sci
ikr rjcl
rjclmj
mjft
ftj
j jspje
spjehc
hcl.l.
Ks prkautks eãrfjks bjrmjftcaks såk kithaks pjlc
cçåk aj mherk-krgcfhsmks sjl sjljehkfcaks fcturclmjftj
pjlc cahçåk aj elkrjtk aj sõahk (scl aj ekzhfoc), quj
hfhij cs icet
cetèrh
rhc
cs pctkgà
gàffhecs j putrjb
rjbcthvcs,
cs, pkhs jstcs
fåk tkljrcm sclhfhacaj jljvcac j hfejfthvcm c
prklhbjrcçåk acs icetèrhcs lãthecs, quj supkrtcm umc
sclhlhfha
sc fhaca
caj
j mchs
mchs jljv
jljvca
cac.
c.
Ks mherk-
rk-krgcfh
cfhsmks pka
pkajm tcmi
cmièm sjr cahehk
ehkfcaks
aks î
ecrfj fc bkrmc aj eulturcs stcrtjrs, quj såk icetèrhcs
ijfèbhecs quj ekftrklcm k erjsehmjftk aj umc grcfaj
gcmc aj mherk-krgcfhsmks quj pkajm ajtjrhkrcr c
ecrfj.
Jsscs eulturcs
rcs bczjm pcrtj ac tjefklkghc aj kistãeulks
quj ekfsthtuh umc hmpkrtcftj bjrrcmjftc pcrc prkauzhr
prkautks sjgurks ak pkftk aj vhstc mherkihklõghek,
ufhbkrmjs j ekm vhac ðthl jstãvjl.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 58
 EKCA@ZRCFQJU AJ EZYC

J_HUQJM AKHU GYCFAJU GYZ^KU AJ EZLQZYCU

UQCYQJY0

H ― CU ICEQÈYHCU CEHAHBHECFQJU (icetèrhcs ãehak-

lãthecs - ^jahkekeeus j Lcetkicehllus)0 såk cs
prkautkrcs aj ãehaks krgéfheks, prhfehpclmjftj k ãehak
lãthek, quj ekfbjrjm cehajz ck prkautk bhfcl, rjauzhfak k
pO pcrc mjfkr
sjgurcfçc quj :,5,pkhs
mherkihklõghec, ekfshajrcak c bchxc
jm pO hfbjrhkr aj
c jssj
vclkr k erjsehmjftk aj icetèrhcs pctkgàfhecs è hfhihak.

HH ― CU ICEQÈYHCU BLCRKYHPCFQJU
(Utcpoylkekeeus j Mherkekeeus)0 cs icetèrhcs
pjrtjfejftjs ck grupk aks Utcpoylkekeeus prkauzjm
jfzhmcs lhpklíthecs j prktjklíthecs quj ekfbjrjm k blcvkr
ecrcetjrísek ajssjs prkautks. Ctucm fc bkrmcçåk ak
crkmc, clèm aj prkauzhr ectclcsj, jfzhmc quj vch ctucr
prjvjfhfak c ajseklkrcçåk ak prkautk j jvhtcfak c
elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir

rcfehajz.

1>
 EKCA@ZRCFQJU AJ EZYC
BZFGKU
K ^jfhehllhum fclghkvjfsj è ekfs
ekfsha
hajr
jrc-
c-
ak k bufgk pcaråk aj tkaks ks prk-
aut
utkks eãrf
eãrfjjks eurc
eurcak
aks/
s/m
mctu
cturca
rcaks j sju
sju
erjsehmjftk pkaj sjr bcehlmjftj hfejfthvcak ekm c
cahçåk
aj umc eulturc stcrtjr, mcs jssj è cpjfcs um aks
5>>
5> > ahvj
ahvjrs
rsks
ks
thpks aj bufgks ak gàfjrk ^jfhehllhum.
Jljs såk c bkftj krhghfcl ac pjfhehlhfc, k prhmjhrk
cfthihõthek ajsekijrtk pjlk okmjm. K ^jfhehllhum
fclghkvjfsj prkauz pjfhehlhfc jm umc ekfejftrcçåk
tåk ichxc quj c hfgjståk aks clhmjftks cahehkfcaks
ajssj bufgk fåk eojgc c sjr umc prjkeupcçåk pcrc
ks hfah
fahvíauks quj såk clèrgh
rgheks c jssj
ssj cfthi
thihõthek.
Jssj bufgk, qucfak cplhecak ekrrjtcmjftj, vch
prrc
i kf
aeukzshr uqm
ujc bvhfcch ejkmsc
pu
jathrãvjelkmecmkcsackuatrjksbufthgpkkss
hfajsj`ãvjhs quj pkrvjfturc vjfocm c ocihtcr k
prj
rjsu
suft
ftk k ku sclc
sclcm mj.
Jlj ekftrklc c blkrc fc supjrbíehj hfhihfak, ajssc
bkrmc, k erjsehmjftk aj kutrks bufgks, ljvjaurcs j
icetèrhcs quj pkajm prkauzhrzhr tkxhfcs ku sui
suistéfehcs
ekm scik
cikrjs
rjs hfajsj`
sj`ãvjh
vjhs cumjftcfak, ajssc bkrmcrmc,
c sjgu
jgurcf
rcfçc ak prkautk bhfcl.
elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 13
 EKCA@ZRCFQJU AJ EZYC

JU^JEHCYHCU
Cs jspjehcrhcs såk suistéfehcs vjgjtchs quj ekftàm
suistéfehcs sãphacs crkmãthecs ekm ku sjm vclkr
fut
utrrhthvk j quj ajsjmpj
mpjfocm
ocm c bufçå
fçåk aj jxcl
jxclttcr, rjclçcr,
mjlokrcr j mkahbhecr cs prkp rkprhjacajs krgc
rgcfklèpthecs
ecs aks
prk
rkaautks eãrfjkfjks, ekfb
kfbjrhf
rhfak-l
k-lojs um scikr pjeulh
eulhc
cr, quj
muhthtc
mu cs vjzj
vjzjss ecrc
ecrcet
etjr
jrhz
hzc
cm k prka
rkautk.
tk.
^kajm sjr uthlhzcacs hftjhrcs, mkíacs, cmcsscacs ku fc
bkrmc aj suistéfehcs kljkscs. Cs mchs uthlhzcacs såk c
phmjftc ak rjhfk prjtc j ircfec, phmjftc eclcirjsc,
phmjftc rksc, clok, fkz mksecac, tkmhlok, zhmirk,
cljerhm, pãprhec akej, phecftj ku ajbumcac, ecfjlc, jrvc
ake
kejj, ercvk
cvk, cfhs
fhs jstr
strjlcak jte.
Cs jspjehcrhcs ku ekfahmjftks ctucm ekmk
ekca`uvcftjs fk prkejssk aj eurc ac ecrfj mchs
jsp
spjjehbhecm
ecmjftj pkr hftjrbjrh
rhrj
rjm
m fk scikr ak prkau
kautk bhfcl
ak quj pkr ctucrjm ekmk jljmjftk aj ekfsjrvcçåk, mcs
clgumcs ajlcs pkajm ekftjr õljks jtèrjks ekftjfak
suistéfehcs quj hfhijm k erjsehmjftk mherkihcfk j
qucsj tkacs ctucm ekmk cfthkxhacftjs fks clhmjftks,
prhf
prhfeh
ehpc
pclm
lmjf
jftj
tj qu
qucf
cfak
ak suim
suimjt jtha
hacs
cs ck eclk
eclkrr.
Ekmk jxjmplk pkaj-sj ehtcr k clok, quj ekftèm c clhehfc
quj ekm
ekmprk
prkvc
vca
acmj
cmjftj
ftj ctuc
tuc ek
ekmk
mk hfhi
hfhiha
hak
kr ak erj
erjsehm
sehmjf
jftk
tk
aj icet
icetèrh
èrhcs
cs.. elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 19
 EKCA@ZRCFQJU AJ EZYC

ÃEHAK CUEÕYIHEK J CUEKYICQK UÕAHEK

K ãe
ãeha
hak
k cseõ
cseõri
rihe
hekk ku vhtcmhf
mhfc E (fc bkrmc hkfhzcac è
csekrictk) è muhtk uthlhzcak fc bcirhecçåk aj prkautks
eãrfjks mcturcaks ajvhak ck sju pktjfehcl rjautkr quj
rjcgj ekm k fhtrhtk j fhtrctk pcrc cejljrcr k prkejssk aj
eurc j c bkrmcçåk ak õxhak fítrhek j okmkgjfjhzcr c ekr
ak prkautk eurcak, clèm aj rjauzhr c bkrmcçåk aj
fk
phtrakjsm
cmshjfrcbsk,rmqcuajkssåqkucefkam
k pakcsctkashçåekcraekhffkhgtràhtfkhejksfhtrqcutk
j
fcss ecrf
fc ecrfjs
js..
C vhtcmhfc E ctuc tcmièm fc prjsjrvcçåk acs gkraurcs,
jvhtcfak c cçåk ak tjmpk skirj ks clhmjftks.
È um cahthvk clhmjftcr rjbjrhak pjlk fðmjrk HFU 5>>,
ekm pktjftj cçåk cfthkxhacftj, uthlhzcak jm clhmjftks
pcr
crc
c prj
prjvjfh
vjfhrr c rcfe
rcfehbhbhe
hec
cçåk
çåk acs
acs gkrau
raurcs,
rcs, tr
trc
cfsbk
fsbkrm
rmc
cfak
fak
ks rca
rcahechs lhvrj
vrjs aj kxhgàfhk jm bkrmc
rmcs hfjr
fjrtjs.

RHFCGYJ
RHFCGYJ J RHFOK
Uåk suistéfehcs quj våk cgrjg
rjgcr scikr ck prkautk, clèm
aj ekftrhiuírjm pcrc rjauzhr k pO ak mjhk.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 15
 EKCA@ZRCFQJU AJ EZYC
EKYCFQJU
Ks ekrcftjs såk suistcfehcs cahehkfcacs î ecrfj ekm c
bhfclhacaj aj acr eklkrcçåk cajqucac j ufhbkrmj,
mjlokrcfak c cpcràfehc ak prkautk bhfcl. ^kajm sjr
uthlhzcaks ekrcftjs fcturchs ku crthbhehchs0

Ekrcftjs Fcturchs0
Aj krhgjm vjgjtcl0 pãprhec, urueum, cçcbråk, eðreumc.
Cfhmcl0 Ecrmhm.

Ekrcftjs Crthbhehchs0
Ks ekrcftjs crthbhehchs fåk pkssujm fjfoum vclkr futrhthvk
j muhtcs vjzjs pkajm ctè sjr tõxheks,
t õxheks, trczjfak mcljbíehks
pcrc c scðaj, qucfak uthlhzcaks jm qucfthacajs
jljvcacs. Mjsmk csshm såk cahehkfcaks cks clhmjftks
ekm k ki`jthvk aj ekfbjrhr ekr, tkrfcfak ks prkautks mchs
ctrcthvks.
Ajvhak î tkxhehacaj ajssjs ekrcftjs j î vcrhjacaj aj
ekrcftjs fcturchs cmplcmjftj ahspkfívjhs, fåk è
rjekmjfacac c cahçåk aj ekrcftjs crthbhehchs fks prkautks
aj eocreutcrhc.
K trciclok crtjscfcl ekm c ecrfj fåk ekmihfc ekm k usk
aj cahthvks crthbhehchs. C rjekmjfacçåk è quj sj`cm,
qucfak fjejssãrhk, uthlhzcaks ks ekrcftjs fcturchs. Ekmk
jxjmplk pkaj-sj ehtcr k pjppjrkfh, quj è cahehkfcak aj
pãprhec phecftj, quj clèm ac ekr ecrcetjrísthec, tcmièm
cgrjgc scikr j hssk gcrcftj ccrehajfthacaj
elcuahceklcm k.ekm.ir ak prkautk. 11
 EC^ÍQZLK 1 ― Jfvkltõrhks

Jfvkltltõr
Jfvk õrhk
hkss såk
såk pjlíe
jlíeu
ulcs
lcs fctur
cturc
chs ku crth
crthbhbheh
ehc
chs,
hs, uththlhlhzc
zcac
acss
ekm c bhfclhacaj aj jmiuthr c ecrfj, acfak bkrmctk
ecrcetjrís
rísthek ck prk
rka
autk ceci
ecicak, prktjgjfak ekftrc c
pjrac jxejsshvc aj umhacaj, jvhtcfak, csshm, k
rjssjecmjftk ac ecrfj j ekftrhiuhfak pcrc c tjxturc
ecrc
ecrcet
etjrí
jríst
sthe
hec
c aks
aks jmiu
jmiuththak
aks.
s.

Uåk elcsshbhecacs jm fcturchs j crthbhehchs, ekmk

ajsshgfc
aj hgfcak
ak c sjgu
sjguhr
hr00
JFRKLQÕYHKU FCQZYCHU (trhpcs) ― thpks j
uthlhzcçåk0

• Qrhpc bhfc aj suífks, ikvhfks, kvhfks j ecprhfks ―

uththlhlhzc
zca
acs jm lhlhfg
fgu
uhçcs
hçcs jm gjrcl4
rcl4
• Qrhpc grkssc aj ikvhfk ― sclcmhfoks j prjsuftks
eurcaks4
• Bufak ikvhfk ― k ekppc krhghfcl è jmiuthak fjstc
trhpc4
• Ijxhgc aj ikvhfk j suífk ― k bhkeek j k eulctjllk
krhg
kr hghf hfcl
cl uthl
uthlhz
hzcm
cm jssj
jssj jfvk
jfvkltltõr
õrhk
hk..

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 1:
Rcftcgjfs ac uthlhzcçåk aks jfvkltõrhks
(trhpcs) fcturchs0
• ^jrmjãv
^jrmjãvjhsjhs c umhac
umhacaj
aj ― ekftrhi
ekftrhiuh
uh pcrc
pcrc umc
mjlokr pjrac aj ãguc ak prkautk aurcftj c jtcpc
aj mcturcçåk kfaj kekrrj c
ajsharctcçåk/sjecgjm4
• ^jrmjãv
^jrmjãvjhsjhs î bumc
bumcçc
çc ― bcvkrj
bcvkrjej
ej umc
umc mjlo
mjlokr
kr
ahstrhiuhçåk ac bumcçc jm tkak k hftjrhkr ac pjçc
aurcftj k prkejssk aj ajbumcçåk4
• Uåk ekmj
ekmjstí
stívjh
vjhs,
s, pkhs
pkhs såk
såk mjmirc
mjmircfcs
fcs ihkl
ihklõg
õghecs
hecs..

Ajsvcftcgjfs ac uthlhzcçåk aks jfvkltõrhks

Ajsvcftcgjfs
(trhpcs) fcturchs0
• Fåk pkss
pkssujm
ujm ufhb
ufhbkrm
krmhac
hacaj
aj ― sjfak
sjfak fc
fcturc
turchs
hs
rjthrcacs ak hftjsthfk aj cfhmchs, fåk pkssujm
ufhbkrmhacaj aj eclhirj, pkajfak okrc pcrjejr
mchs
ajsscbhfc j okrc
bkrmc, mchs grkssc,
c cpcràfehc ekmprkmjtjfak,
ak prkautk.
• Uåk pjrj
pjrjeív
eívjhs
jhs,, mcs pkaj
pkajmm sjr ekf
ekfsjr
sjrvca
vcacs
cs pkr
pkr
um lkfgk pjríkak aj tjmpk
t jmpk qucftk ajsharctcacs
j sclgcacs.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 12
JFRKLQÕYHKU
JFRKLQÕYHKU C
CYQHBHEHCH
YQHBHEHCHUU

Jxhstjm vãrhks thpks aj jfvkltõrhks crthbhehchs,

ecac um ekm suc ecrcetjrísthec pjeulhcr0

• Jfvk
Jfvkltõ
ltõrh
rhk
k aj
aj ejl
ejlul
ulksj
ksj - fåk
fåk ekm
ekmjs
jstív
tívjl
jl /
pjrmjãvjl î umhacaj j bumcçc4
• Jfvkltõ
Jfvkltõrhk
rhk aj eklãgj
eklãgjfk
fk rjekfst
rjekfsthtuí
htuíak
ak - ekmjstí
ekmjstívjl
vjl /
pjrmjãvjl î umhacaj j bumcçc4
• Jfvkltõ
Jfvkltõrhkrhk aj pklhj
pklhjthlj
thljfk
fk pklhvh
pklhvhfhl
fhlhaj
hajfk
fk j elkrjt
elkrjtk
k aj
aj
pklhvh
pklhvhfhl
fhl ― fåk
fåk ekmjstí
ekmjstívjlvjl / p
pjrm
jrmjãv
jãvjl
jl î umhac
umhacaj
aj j
bumcçc.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 17
 EC^ÍQZLK : ― Qhpks aj prkautks

QKZEHFOKU
• Icekf
• ^cfejttc
• Gucfehclj

LHFGZHÇCU - Jmiuthaks aj ecrfj phecac bjrmjftcac

LHFGZHÇCU
• Lhf
Lhfguhçc
uhçc echp
echphr
hrc
c
• Lhfg
Lhfguh
uhçc
çc eclc
eclcir
irjs
jsc
c
• Lhfguhç
uhçc brc
brcf
fgk
• ^chk

UCLCMJU - Jmiuthaks aj ecrf

UCLCMJU ecrfjj phecac bjrmjftc
bjrmjftcac
ac
eurcac j mcturcac
• Uclc
Uclcmh
mhfo
fok
k htclh
htclhcf
cfk
k iãsh
iãshek
ek
• ^jppjrkfh

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 1?
^YJUZFQK EKPHAK ― ^rksehuttk ekttk
• ^rjs
^rjsuf
uftk
tk ek
ekzh
zhak
ak trca
trcahe
hehk
hkfc
fcll

Qjpfrjasjur ftcak
• C

^YJUZFQK EYZ (^rksehuttk eruak) ― mðseul

mðseulk
k hftjh
hftjhrk
rk
eurcak j mcturcak0
• Ekppc akej j ekppc phecftj
• ^rjs
rjsuftk
ftk er
eru aj
aj llk
kmik
mik
• ^rjs
^rjsuf
uftk
tk er
eru
u aj pj
pjhthtk
kaaj
jppct
ctk
k
• ^rjs
^rjsuf
uftk
tk er
eru
u aj
aj p
pjr
jrfc
fc aj ekra
ekrajh
jhrk
rk
• Irjscklc
• Bhkeek
• Eulctjllk
• ^rjs
^rjsuf
uftk
tk eur
eurca
cak
k ck jst
jsthlhlk
k mjah
mjahtj
tjrré
rréfj
fjk0
k0
• ^rksehuttk ah ^crmc

^jhtk aj ^ctk

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 18
EC^ÍQZLK 2 ― ^cstrcmh

Ekmk bczjr k ^CUQYCMH

K prhfehpcl hfgrjahjftj ak scfauíeoj

símiklk aj Fkvc Xkrd
K pcstrcmh è prkauzhak uthlhzcfak ecrfj aj ikh,
fkrmclmjftj ak pjhtk ak ikh ekm k mífhmk aj
g
ck
eèramurkcucepkcxråjkftmj,klm
j.cs tcmièm pkaj sjr bjhtk ekm
C ecrfj è eurcac, ajbumcac j pkstjrhkrmjftj
ekzhac jm ichxc tjmpjrcturc, k quj loj ekfbjrj
ekfs
ek fshshstà
tàf
fehc
ehc muhtk uhtk mcehc
cehc j sueu
sueulj
ljf
ftc.
tc.
Krhghfãrhk aks Iãleås j ahssjmhfcak pjlc Htãlhc,
pkpulcrhzku-sj jm Fkvc Xkrd, trczhak pjlks
hmhg
hm hgrc
rcfftjs
tjs htc
htclhlhc
cfks,
fks, sjf
sjfak ekf
ekfshaj
shajrc
rcak
ak ctucl
tuclm
mjftj
ftj
k hfgrjahjftj prhfehpcl ak scfauíeoj símiklk ac
ehacaj.
HFGYJAHJFQJU0
• ^jhtk aj ikh4
• Ucl mcrhfok mkíak4
• Ucl aj eurc 3#4
• ^hmjftc ak rjhfk prjtc
tkrrcac j mkíac
grkssjhrcmjftj4
• Ujmjftjs aj ekjftrk4
• ^ãprhec ajbumcac4
• Ekmhfok4
• Clok jm põ4
ZQJFUÍLHKU0
• ^hmjftc eclcirjsc4
• • Bcecs cbhcacs4
Ercvk4
• Gjfghirj4
• Qãiuc aj ekrtj4
• • Yjbrhgjrcakr4
Lkurk4
• • Ajbumcakr4
Ecfjlc4
• Cçðecr mcsecvk4
• Echxc plãsthec4
• • ^cfjlc4
Mjl.
• Iclcfçcs4
• ^cpjl clumífhk.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir :3
 Hfgrjahjftjs ak ^cstrcmh jm % (g/3>>g)

Hfgrjahjftjs ac % (g/3>>g)
(g /3>>g)
sclmkurc (jm rjlcçåk c ecrfj + ãguc)
Ucl mcrhfok mkíak 9,:
Ucl aj eurc 3# >,9:
^hmjftc ak rjhfk prjtc >,3>
Ujmjftjs aj ekjftrk >,9>
^ãprhec akej ajbumcac >,9>
Ekmhfok >,>:
Clok jm põ >,9>
^hmjftc eclcirjsc >,>:
Gjfghirj >,3>
Lkurk >,>:
Ercvk ac Ífahc >,>3
Ecfjlc >,>3
Cfhs jstrjlcak >,>5
Cçðecr mcsecvk 3,>>
Mjl 3,>>

Hfgrjahjftjs pcrc % (g/3>>g)

ekijrturc (erkstc) (jm rjlcçåk c ecrfj)
^hmjftc ak rjhfk prjtc >,2
Gråks aj ekjftrk 3,>
Bhvj sphej >,9
Cçðecr mcsecvk >,2
Ejiklc jm põ 3,>

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir :9
JLCIKYCÇÅK0

3. Ekrtcr c ecrfj aj bkrmc ufhbkrmj, rjthrcr cs cpcrcs j

ejrthbhecr quj fåk jxhstjm ekrtjs fc ecrfj kfaj cs
icetèrhcs pkajrhcm jftrcr. K pjhtk ikvhfk tjm umc pcrtj
ekm icstcftj gkraurc, quj sjrã jlhmhfcac. Ajhxcr
cpjfcs umc pjqujfc ecpc aj gkraurc fc supjrbíehj ac
pjç
jçcc, hssk cgrj
grjgc sci
scikr ck prkautk
tk..

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir :5
9. Ujpcrcr umc echxc plãsthec bufac ekm tcmpc kfaj
echic c ecrfj. ^jscr c echxc j cfktcr k pjsk.
5. Eklkecr c ecrfj fc echxc j ekirh-lc ekm ãguc ctè bhecr
tktclmjftj suimjrsc. ^jscr c ecrfj j c ãguc j
suitrchr k pjsk ac echxc. K pjsk rjsultcftj è k sju
pjsk tktcl, quj è hgucl ck pjsk ac ãguc mchs k pjsk
ac ecrfj. Cfktcr k pjsk (jm grcmcs) ac ecrfj ekm c
ãguc j ecleulcr k pjrejftucl aj ecac um aks
hfgrjahjftjs quj vch uthlhzcr jm rjlcçåk c jssj pjsk
(sclmkurc
(sclmk urc ðmhac
ðmhac).
).
1. ^jscr tkaks ks tjmpjrks jm iclcfçc ekm
sjfshihlhacaj aj >,3g pkrquj clgufs sjråk jm
qucf
qucftha
thaca
cajs
js muht
muhtk
k pjqu
pjqujf
jfcs
cs..

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir :1
:. Yjthrcr tkac c ãguc ac ecrfj j eklkeã-lc jm umc
pxcefjjtlkc jk csecrjl saejjfetcurrct,kajksljkvscrtjcmkpjbkrkgsk acctèsclljmvk
j cufrtccr,
bjrvurc. Cpõs : mhfutks aj bjrvurc ajslhgcr k bkgk j
ajhxcr jsbrhcr j cerjsejftcr k scl aj eurc.

Jssc jtcpc è fjejssãrhc pcrc

jlhmhfcr icetèrhcs
ekftcmhfcftjs quj pkrvjfturc
pksscm jstcr fks tjmpjrks.

Ajssc bkrmc gcrcfthmks c

quclhacaj mherkihklõghec aks
tjmpjrks.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir ::
2. Cahehkfcr jssc ãguc ekm tjmpjrks ajftrk ac echxc
plãsthec, ekirhfak tkac c ecrfj ctè quj bhquj

tktclm
tktclmjft
jftj
j suimjr
suimjrsc.
sc.
7. Eklkecr c echxc fc gjlcajhrc jm tjmpjrcturc aj 1 c
:kE pkr pjlk mjfks 3> ahcs, mjxjfak ahcrhcmjftj
pcrc quj kekrrc c ahbusåk aks tjmpjrks pcrc ajftrk ac
pjçc.

Jssj mètkak è ekfojehak ekmk UCLGC ÐMHAC

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir :2
 elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir :7

C ahbusåk aks tjmpjrks pcrc k hftjrhkr ac pjçc aj

ecrfj è ljftc j grcaucl
?. Cpõs tjr
tjr ajekrrhak
ajekrrhak ks 3> ahcs,
ahcs, rjthrcr c eecrfj
crfj ac echx
echxc
c
aj tjmpjrks, sjecr ekm pcpjl tkcloc j ljvcr ck
ajbumcakr pkr ejrec aj 1 okrcs.

8. Y
sujpthjrcrbríehcj eeckrmfj c am
k hsatjubrucmackaskr,tjemkpijrhrfkask atckaecrksstucc0
gråks aj phmjftc ak rjhfk mkíaks grkssjhrcmjftj,
gråks aj ekjftrk, `uftcmjftj ekm k cçðecr mcsecvk,
bhvj sphejs j c ejiklc jm põ. Jsbrjgcr ijm jm tkac c
supj
su pjrb rbíe
íehj
hj ac ecrf
ecrfj.j.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir :?
3>.Jfvklvjr c ecrfj jm pcpjl clumífhk ijm vjacak j
mcftjr rjbrhgjrcac pkr, fk mífhmk 91 okrcs. Cpõs
jssj tjmpk, ljvcr c ecrfj jmirulocac jm pcpjl
clumífhk ck bkrfk jm tjmpjrcturc aj 32>kE pkr
ejrec aj 1 okrcs.
33.Jm sjguhac rjsbrhcr jm tjmpjrcturc cmihjftj j
rjbrhgjrcr.
39.Cpõs rjbrhgjrcac, cirhr k pcpjl clumífhk j
cerj
ce rjse
sejf
jftc
tcrr mchs
mchs ekij
ekijrt
rtur
urc,
c, sj fjej
fjejss
ssãr
ãrhk
hk..
35.Ekrtcr jm bcthcs ijm bhfcs j sjrvhr brhk.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir :8
 J....

Jserjvh tuak k quj bhz fc bkrmc

aj lhvrk j rjsklvh trcfsbkrmã-lk jm
um eursk kfaj vku jfshfcr k
pcssk c pcssk ac ekfbjeçåk aks
mchs vcrhcaks prkautks ac
eocreutcrhc crtjscfcl htclhcfc.

elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir 2>
^crcc scijr mchs skirj mhm j skirj k prk`jtk
^cr
Eocreutcrhc Htclhcfc vhshtj k shtj
www.elcuahceklcmcrek.ekm.ir

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