Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia – Universidad Nacional de Tucumán

Cátedra de Biometría y Técnica Experimental

Año 2007


PRÁCTICO CONTRASTES DE HIPÓTESIS EN R

# EJERCICIO Nº1
> library(boot)
> c <-norm.ci(conf=0.95,var.t0=(7.5)^2,t0=43) #interválo del 95% de confianza
> c
conf
[1,] 0.95 28.30027 57.69973
# EJERCICIO Nº3
> porc.pl.caidas <-c(5,0,11,3,7,10,0,3,0,2,5,8,0,3,3,11)
> t.test(porc.pl.caidas,alternative="greater",mu=5,conf.level=0.95)
#(Esta prueba determina si la media del porcentaje de plantas volcadas es
significativamente mayor a 5 (mu) con un valor de significación del 5%)
One Sample t-test
data: porc.pl.caidas
t = -0.5747, df = 15, p-value = 0.713
alternative hypothesis: true mean is greater than 5
95 percent confidence interval:
2.721593 Inf
sample estimates:
mean of x
4.4375

# EJERCICIO Nº6
> MetA<-c(11,5,9.8,5.7,6.5,8.2,5.9,6,7.5,5.4)
> MetB<-c(11.5,5.6,9.7,5.3,6.7,8.5,5.6,5.8,7.1,5.5)
> t.test(MetA,MetB,alternative="two.sided",paired=TRUE,conf.level=0.95)
#(Esta prueba se realiza para determinar si la media de las diferencias entre los
dos métodos a los que se sometió cada individuo es significativamente igual a 0, es
decir, no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los dos métodos
con un valor de significación del 5%)
Paired t-test
data: MetA and MetB
t = -0.2597, df = 9, p-value = 0.801
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:


R – A Language and Environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna,
Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL http://www.R-project.org. – The R Development Core Team
1
 Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia – Universidad Nacional de Tucumán
Cátedra de Biometría y Técnica Experimental
Año 2007

-0.2913202 0.2313202
sample estimates:
mean of the differences
-0.03

# EJERCICIO Nº7
> PureFresco<-c(12,15,14,16,19,13,12)
> PureEnvasado<-c(17,19,15,20,18,17,16)
> t.test(PureFresco,PureEnvasado,alternative="two.sided",paired=TRUE,
conf.level=0.95)
Paired t-test
data: PureFresco and PureEnvasado
t = -3.6742, df = 6, p-value = 0.01040
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
-4.997895 -1.002105
sample estimates:
mean of the differences
-3

# EJERCICIO Nº8
> binom.test(310,400,p=0.8,alternative="two.sided",conf.level=0.95)
#(con esta prueba se determina si 310 éxitos en 400 intentos difieren
significativamente de la proporción 0,8 (80%) con un valor de significación
del 5%)
Exact binomial test
data: 310 and 400
number of successes = 310, number of trials = 400, p-value = 0.2114
alternative hypothesis: true probability of success is not equal to 0.8
95 percent confidence interval:
0.7308701 0.8150068
sample estimates:
probability of success
0.775

> binconf(310,400,alpha=0.05,method="exact")
# (Construye el intervalo de confianza para la proporción observada)
PointEst Lower Upper

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 Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia – Universidad Nacional de Tucumán
Cátedra de Biometría y Técnica Experimental
Año 2007

0.775 0.7308701 0.8150068

# EJERCICIO Nº9
> binom.test(80,1000,p=0.1,alternative="two.sided",conf.level=0.95)
Exact binomial test
data: 80 and 1000
number of successes = 80, number of trials = 1000, p-value = 0.03487
alternative hypothesis: true probability of success is not equal to 0.1
95 percent confidence interval:
0.06394198 0.09857978
sample estimates:
probability of success
0.08

# EJERCICIO Nº10
> productores<-c(200,400)
> comprar<-c(110,250)
> prop.test(comprar,productores,alternative="two.sided",conf.level=0.95)
# (Esta prueba compara si las proporciones de éxitos observadas en ambos casos es
estadísticamente igual, con un nivel de significación del 5%)
2-sample test for equality of proportions with continuity
correction
data: comprar out of productores
X-squared = 2.8203, df = 1, p-value = 0.09308
alternative hypothesis: two.sided
95 percent confidence interval:
-0.16244385 0.01244385
sample estimates:
prop 1 prop 2
0.550 0.625

# EJERCICIO Nº11
> total<-c(70,80)
> eclosionados<-c(34,31)
> prop.test(eclosionados,total,alternative="two.sided",conf.level=0.99)
2-sample test for equality of proportions with continuity
correction
data: eclosionados out of total

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 Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia – Universidad Nacional de Tucumán
Cátedra de Biometría y Técnica Experimental
Año 2007

X-squared = 1.0939, df = 1, p-value = 0.2956

alternative hypothesis: two.sided
99 percent confidence interval:
-0.1234119 0.3198404
sample estimates:
prop 1 prop 2
0.4857143 0.3875000

# EJERCICIO Nº12
> binom.test(16,48,p=0.25,alternative="greater",conf.level=0.95)
Exact binomial test
data: 16 and 48
number of successes = 16, number of trials = 48, p-value = 0.1232
alternative hypothesis: true probability of success is greater than 0.25
95 percent confidence interval:
0.2215148 1.0000000
sample estimates:
probability of success
0.3333333
# ADICIONALES: Contrastes de hipótesis.
# ADICIONAL 1
> con<-c(2.1,5.3,1.4,4.6,0.9)
> sin<-c(1.9,0.5,2.8,3.1)
> var(con)
[1] 3.883
> var(sin)
[1] 1.3625
> var.test(con, sin, alternative="greater") # Test de Homogeneidad de
Varianzas (Determina si la varianza del grupo “con” es estadísticamente mayor a la
del grupo “sin” o ambas varianzas son homogéneas)
F test to compare two variances
data: con and sin
F = 2.8499, num df = 4, denom df = 3, p-value = 0.208
alternative hypothesis: true ratio of variances is greater than 1
95 percent confidence interval:
0.3125865 Inf
sample estimates:
ratio of variances
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 Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia – Universidad Nacional de Tucumán
Cátedra de Biometría y Técnica Experimental
Año 2007

2.849908

> t.test(con, sin, alternative="greater", var.equal=T) # (Esta prueba

determina si las medias de ambos tratamientos difieren significativamente al 5%
(por defecto), considerando que las varianzas son estadísticamente homogéneas)
Two Sample t-test
data: con and sin
t = 0.699, df = 7, p-value = 0.2536
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is greater than 0
95 percent confidence interval:
-1.342717 Inf
sample estimates:
mean of x mean of y
2.860 2.075

# ADICIONAL 2
> prod1<-c(10,9,10,8,9,9,7)
> prod2<-c(12,17,10,13,12,11,11)
> var(prod1)
[1] 1.142857
> var(prod2)
[1] 5.238095
> var.test(prod2, prod1, alternative="greater")
F test to compare two variances
data: prod2 and prod1
F = 4.5833, num df = 6, denom df = 6, p-value = 0.04312
alternative hypothesis: true ratio of variances is greater than 1
95 percent confidence interval:
1.069906 Inf
sample estimates:
ratio of variances
4.583333

> t.test(prod2, prod1, alternative="greater", var.equal=F)

Welch Two Sample t-test
data: prod2 and prod1
t = 3.591, df = 8.499, p-value = 0.003201
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is greater than 0
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 Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia – Universidad Nacional de Tucumán
Cátedra de Biometría y Técnica Experimental
Año 2007

95 percent confidence interval:

1.666576 Inf
sample estimates:
mean of x mean of y
12.285714 8.857143

# ADICIONAL 3
> trat1<-c(5030,13700,10730,11400,860,2200,4250,15040,4980,11910,8130,
26850,17660,2280,1130,1690)
> trat2<-c(2800,4670,6890,7720,7030,7330,2810,1330,3320,1230,2130,2190)
> var(trat1)
[1] 53020720
> var(trat2)
[1] 6147936
> var.test(trat1, trat2, alternative="greater")
F test to compare two variances
data: trat1 and trat2
F = 8.6242, num df = 15, denom df = 11, p-value = 0.0004721
alternative hypothesis: true ratio of variances is greater than 1
95 percent confidence interval:
3.17223 Inf
sample estimates:
ratio of variances
8.62415

> t.test(trat1, trat2, alternative="greater", conf.level=0.99,var.equal=F)

Welch Two Sample t-test
data: trat1 and trat2
t = 2.2976, df = 19.365, p-value = 0.01644
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is greater than 0
99 percent confidence interval:
-464.667 Inf
sample estimates:
mean of x mean of y
8615.000 4120.833

# ADICIONAL 4

6
 Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia – Universidad Nacional de Tucumán
Cátedra de Biometría y Técnica Experimental
Año 2007

> antes<-c(224,270,400,444,590,660,1400,680)
> despues<-c(116,96,239,329,437,597,689,576)
> t.test(antes, despues, paired=T)
Paired t-test
data: antes and despues
t = 2.6731, df = 7, p-value = 0.03186
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
22.92250 374.32750
sample estimates:
mean of the differences
198.625

# ADICIONAL 5
> marca1<-c(3.2,2.8,2.4,3.6,2.7)
> marca2<-c(2.5,2.2,3.7,2.1,2.9)
> var(marca1)
[1] 0.218
> var(marca2)
[1] 0.422
> var.test(marca2, marca1, alternative="greater")
F test to compare two variances
data: marca2 and marca1
F = 1.9358, num df = 4, denom df = 4, p-value = 0.2690
alternative hypothesis: true ratio of variances is greater than 1
95 percent confidence interval:
0.3030227 Inf
sample estimates:
ratio of variances
1.93578

> t.test(marca1, marca2, var.equal=T)

Two Sample t-test
data: marca1 and marca2
t = 0.7267, df = 8, p-value = 0.4881
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0

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 Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia – Universidad Nacional de Tucumán
Cátedra de Biometría y Técnica Experimental
Año 2007

95 percent confidence interval:

-0.5650211 1.0850211
sample estimates:
mean of x mean of y
2.94 2.68

ADICIONAL 7
> binom.test(80,150,p=0.9, alternative="less")
Exact binomial test
data: 80 and 150
number of successes = 80, number of trials = 150, p-value < 2.2e-16
alternative hypothesis: true probability of success is less than 0.9
95 percent confidence interval:
0.0000000 0.6027089
sample estimates:
probability of success
0.5333333

# ADICIONAL 8
> binom.test(250,1000,p=0.33)
Exact binomial test
data: 250 and 1000
number of successes = 250, number of trials = 1000, p-value = 3.944e-08
alternative hypothesis: true probability of success is not equal to 0.33
95 percent confidence interval:
0.2234304 0.2780500
sample estimates:
probability of success
0.25

# ADICIONAL 9
> exitos<-c(93,72)
> total<-c(300,300)
> prop.test(exitos, total, alternative="greater", correct=F)
2-sample test for equality of proportions without continuity
correction
data: exitos out of total

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 Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia – Universidad Nacional de Tucumán
Cátedra de Biometría y Técnica Experimental
Año 2007

X-squared = 3.6865, df = 1, p-value = 0.02743

alternative hypothesis: greater
95 percent confidence interval:
0.01021687 1.00000000
sample estimates:
prop 1 prop 2
0.31 0.24