m. babuciZe, z.

lolua

feradi liTonebis da
maTi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologia

`teqnikuri universiteti”@
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

m. babuciZe, z. lolua

feradi liTonebis da
maTi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologia

damtkicebulia stu-s
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo
sabWos mier

Tbilisi
2009
© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009
ISBN 978-9941-14-489-9
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,
ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu
meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis
gareSe.
saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.
 Sesavali

SeduReba, rogorc liTonebis damuSavebis erT-

erTi wamyvani teqnologiuri procesi, farTod ga-
moiyeneba sapasuxismgeblo liTonkonstrueciebis
dasamzadeblad. SenaduRi konstruqciis xarisxi da
saimedoba arsebiTadaa damokidebuli konstruqciis
masalisa (ZiriTadi liTonis) da SeduRebis teqno-
logiis Sesabamisobaze. mxolod racionalurad Se-
muSavebuli teqnologia aris garanti miRebuli
produqciis maRali xarisxisa da dabali TviT-
Rirebulebis.
liTonis unari warmoqmnas eqspluataciisaTvis
saimedo SenaduRi SeerTeba, fasdeba misi SeduReba-
dobiT. SeduRebadobis cneba aerTianebs teqnologi-
uri maxasiaTeblebis kompleqss, romlebic asaxaven
ZiriTadi liTonis reaqcias SeduRebis dros mimdi-
nare cvlilebebisadmi da mis unars SeduRebis gark-
veuli teqnologiis gamoyenebiT uzrunvelyofil
iqnes teqnikuri pirobebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
moTxovnebis damakmayofilebeli SenaduRi SeerTebis
miReba.
aRiarebulia, rom SeduRebis mecnierebisa da
teqnikis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze yvela
erTgvarovan liTonebs SeuZliaT warmoqmnan damak-
mayofilebeli xarisxis SedaduRi SeerTebebi. li-
Tonebis dayofa kargi da cudi SeduRebadobis mqone
jgufebad, aris pirobiTi. maT ganmasxvavebel niSans
warmoadgens is faqtori, rom am ukanasknels esaWi-
roeba SeduRebis garTulebuli teqnologia da spe-
cialuri saSemduReblo masalebi. amitom SeduReba-
doba ar warmoadgens liTonebisa da maTi Senadno-
bebis ganuyofel Tvisebas. igi garda ZiriTadi li-
Tonis teqnologiuri maxasiaTeblebisa, agreTve

3
ganisazRvreba: SeduRebis xerxiTa da reJimiT; mis-
arTi liTonis, eleqtrodis dafarvis, flusisa da
damcavi airis SedgenilobiT; dasamzadebeli kvanZis
konstruqciiTa da nakeTobis saeqspluatacio pi-
robebiT.
Savi liTonebisgan gansxvavebuli Tbogamtaroba,
Jangbadisken maRali swrafva da mTeli rigi sxva
faqtorebi arsebiT gavlenas axdenen feradi li-
Tonebisa da maTi Senadnobebis teqnologiur Sedu-
Rebadobaze. iseTi garTulebebi, rogoricaa Sesadu-
Rebel zedapirebze Zneldnadi Jangeulis furCebis
arseboba, forebisa da bzarebis warmoqmnisadmi
midrekileba, SenaduRi nakeris simtkicisa da koro-
ziuli medegobis daqveiTeba sxvadasxva feradi li-
Tonis nakeTobebis SeduRebisTvis specialuri
xerxebisa da teqnologiebis gamoyenebis aucileb-
lobas ganapirobeben.
ase, magaliTad: foladebisagan gansxvavebiT
feradi liTonebis nebismieri nakeTobis dnobiT Se-
duReba moiTxovs winaswar SeTbobas (saerTo an
adgilobrivs); airuli da damcav airebSi rkaluri
SeduReba xorcieldeba specialuri flusebisa da
dafaruli misarTi masalebis gamoyenebiT; rkaluri
SeduRebisTvis rekomendebulia minimaluri denis
Zala; damcav airad gamoiyeneba mxolod inerciuli
airebi da sxva.
saxelmZRvanelo Sedgenilia arsebuli Tanamed-
rove saxelmZRvaneloebis, monografiebisa da gamoq-
veynebuli samecniero Sromebis safuZvelze liTo-
nebis da Senadnobebis dnobiT SeduRebis teqno-
logiis programis mixedviT. masSi ganxilulia
spilenZis, brinjaos, TiTberis, aluminis, nikelis,
titanis, zogierTi feradi liTonis foladTan da

4
gansxvavebuli feradi liTonebis erTmaneTTan Se-
duRebis teqnologiebi, agreTve warmodgenilia Se-
duRebis gavrcelebuli meTodebisa da saSemduRe-
blo masalebis daxasiaTeba.
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo Sedgenilia pro-
fesor m. babuciZis da doqtorant g. loluas mier
da gankuTvnilia qimiuri teqnologiisa da meta-
lurgiuli fakultetis bakalavriatis da magist-
raturis studentebisTvis, romlebic gadian kurss
saswavlo disciplinaSi `liTonebis dnobiT Sedu-
Rebis teqnologia~. agreTve energetikis, manqanaT-
mSeneblobis teqnologiis, hidroteqnikis, kavSirgab-
mulobis, samSeneblo, arqiteqturis fakultetis
magistraturis studentebisTvis, romlebic arCeviT
sagnad gamoiyeneben ganxilul saswavlo discipli-
nas.

5
 nawili I
saerTo sakiTxebi

Tavi I

liTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi

1.1. saerTo cnobebi liTonebsa da Senadnobebze

liTonmcodneoba aris mecniereba, romelic

Seiswavlis liTonebisa da Senadnobebis Tvisebebsa
da aRnagobas, aseve liTonuri Senadnobebis Sinagan
aRnagobasa (struqturasa) da Tvisebebs Soris arse-
bul damokidebulebas.
sxva masalebisgan liTonebis ganmasxvavebeli
niSnebia: bzinva, aragamWvirvaloba, Wedadoba, Tbo-
gamtaroba da eleqtrogamtaroba. termini `liToni~
aerTianebs liTonuri masalebis mTel jgufs –
rogorc sufTa liTonebs, aseve Senadnobebs. sufTa
liTonebs iyeneben im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac masalas
esaWiroeba dnobis maRali temperatura, Tbogam-
tarobisa da eleqtrogamtarobis maRali maCveneb-
lebi.
liTonkonstruqciebis dasamzadeblad ZiriTad
gamoyenebas naxuloben Senadnobebi, romelTa upira-
tesoba sufTa liTonebTan mimarTebaSi Semdegi
faqtorebia: dnobis ufro dabali temperatura;
gamdnar mdgomareobaSi maRali denadoba; mcire Ca-
jdoma; Tvisebebis cvlilebis unari qimiuri Sed-
genilobis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi; Termuli damuSa-
vebis gavleniT Tvisebebis gaumjobesebis unari.

6
 liTonebis fizikur TvisebebsE BmiekuTvneba:
xvedriTi wona, Tbogamtaroba, eleqtrogamtaroba da
dnobis temperatura.
xvedriTi wona – gramebSi gamosaxuli 1 sm3 mo-
culobis liTonis wona.
Tbogamtaroba – liTonis unari gaataros
siTbo. izomeba 1 wT.-Si 1 sm2 kveTis ReroSi gavlili
siTbos raodenobiT.
eleqtrogamtaroba – liTonis unari gaataros
eleqtroba. es Tviseba gansakuTrebiT axasiaTebs
sufTa liTonebs. SenadnobebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
eleqtrogamtarobis Seqceuli Tviseba – eleqtro-
winaRoba. xvedriT eleqtrul winaRobas uwodeben 1
mm2 kveTisa da 1m sigrZis gamtaris winaRobas, ga-
mosaxuls omebSi.
dnobis temperatura – gaxurebis xarisxi, rom-
lisTvisc aRiniSneba liTonis myaridan Txevad
mdgomareobaSi gadasvla (cxrili 1.1).
liTonebis meqanikur TvisebebsE miekuTvneba:
sisale, simtkice, drekadoba da plastikuroba. es
Tvisebebi gvevlineba miyenebuli garegani datvirT-
vebisadmi masalis winaaRdegobis unaris ganmsazR-
vrel gadamwyvet maCveneblebad da axasiaTeben
Senadnobebis unaris ganmsazRvrel gadamwyvet maCve-
neblebad da axasiaTeben Senadnobis vargisianobas
eqspluataciis sxvadasxva pirobebisTvis.
sisale – liTonis unari winaaRmdegoba gauwios
ufro mtkice sxeulis mis zedapirSi SeRwevas.
simtkice – liTonis unari winaaRmdegoba gau-
wios rRvevis process masze datvirTvis zemoq-
medebis pirobebSi.
drekadoba – liTonis unari daibrunos sawyisi
forma da zomebi datvirTvis zemoqmedebis Sewvetis
Semdeg.

7
 plastikuroba (siblante) _ liTonis unari
datvirTvis zemoqmedebiT Seicvalos forma da
zomebi, xolo datvirTvis zemoqmedebis Sewyvetis
Semdeg SeinarCunos miRebuli forma da zomebi.
liTonebis teqnologiur TvisebebsE miekuTv-
neba: WriT damuSavebadoba, Wedadoba, Txevad-
denadoba, Cajdoma, SeduRebadoba da sxva Tvisebebi,
romlebic gansazRvraven masalis vargisianobas
sxvadasxva xerxebiT damuSavebisTvis.
WriT damuSavebadoba – liTonis unari met-
naklebad kargad damuSavdes meqanikurad basri
mWreli instrumentiT.
Wedadoba – liTonis unari daeqvemdebaros
wneviT damuSavebas, miyenebuli datvirTvis gavleniT
miiRos axali forma da zomebi nakeTobaTa mTli-
anobis darRvevis gareSe.
Txevaddenadoba – gamdnari liTonis unari
Seavsos Camosasxmeli forma.
Cajdoma – gacivebis dros liTonis sxmulis
moculobis Semcireba.
yvela Senadnobs gaaCnia garkveuli Cajdomis
sidide, rac moyvanilia 1.1. cxrilSi.
SeduRebadoba – liTonis unari warmoqmnas
calkeuli nakeTobebis mtkice SeerTebebi, rasac ga-
napirobebs adgilobrivi gaxurebiT gamdnari an
plastikuri mdgomareobebis Seqmna.
liTonebis qimiuri TvisebebiE – maTi unari
sxvadasxva nivTierebebTan, upirveles yovlisa, Jang-
badTan warmoqmnas naerTebi. rac maRalia es unari,
miT ufro metia masalis rRvevis SesaZlebloba. ga-
remomcveli garemos zemoqmedebiT liTonebis
rRvevas uwodeben korozias.

8
 cxrili 1.1.
gavrcelebuli liTonebisa da Senadnobebis
Tvisebebi
meqanikuri Tvisebebi

Cajdoma, %
xved- fardo-
liTonebi dnobis simtkicis
riTi biTi sisale
da Senad- tempera- zRvari
wona, wagrZe- brinelis
nobebi tura, 0C gaWimvaze
gr/sm3 leba, mixedviT
kgZ/mm2
%
rkina 7.88 1539 _ 25-32 20-30 90-100
naxSirba- 7.83 1420-1520 2 32-90 4-30 136-260
diani
foladi
ruxi 7.15 1150-1260 1 12-32 1.5-3 180-260
Tuji
Wedadi 7.25 1150-1350 1.5 30-40 3.12 149-201
Tuji
spilenZi 8.94 1083 _ 20-22 55-65 30-40
brinjao 8.6 1000-1050 1.5 28-50 10-35 60-100
TiTberi 8.6 900-1050 1.5 25-50 20-50 40-150
alumini 2.71 658 _ 8-11 25-45 20-37
duralu- 2.55- 610-660 _ 42-47 13-18 100-130
mini 2.83
magniumi 1.74 650 _ 17-20 15-17 25-30
titani 4.5 1825 2.5 12-14 20-30 150-200
nikeli 8.9 1453 2 40-45 35-40 80-100

liTonuri masalebi gaerTianebulia Savi da

feradi liTonis jgufebSi. Sav liTonebs mie-
kuTvneba rkina da misi Senadnobebi (foladebi da
Tujebi). ferad liTonebs miekuTvneba alumini,
spilenZi, magniumi, nikeli, titani da sxva; aseve
Senadnobebi, romlebic fuZis saxiT ar Seicaven
rkinas.
foladi – warmoadgens rkinisa da naxSirbadis
Senadnobs, romelSic naxSirbadis Semcveloba ar
aRemateba 2%-s. garda aRniSnuli elementebisa

9
foladebis garduvali (mudmivi) minarevebia: 0,8% Mn.
0,35% Si, 0,04% S. 0,05%P. 0,05 % O2 (moyvanilia zeda
zRvruli Semcvelobebi). mudmiv minarevebs mieku-
Tvneben agreTve wyalbadisa da azotis garkveul
narCen Semcvelobebs (Mn da Si warmoadgenen
foladis sasargeblo minarevebs, xolo danarCenebi
mavnea). Sedgenilobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben naxSir-
badian da legirebul foladebs.
naxSirbadiani foladebi Seicaven mxolod
zemoT ganxilul elementebs TavianTi zRvruli
SemcvelobiT. naxSirbadiani foladebis meqanikuri
Tvisebebi damokidebulia naxSirbadis Semcvelobaze.
Warbi naxSirbadi ganapirobebs maRal simtkicesa da
sisales, magram dabal plastikurobas (simyifes).
naxSirbadis Semcvelobis zrda uaryofiT gavlenas
axdens SeduRebadobaze. amitom SeduRebadobis moT-
xovnidan gamomdinare naxSirbadiani foladebi dayo-
filia (pirobiTia) dabalnaxSirbadiani (C≤0,25%),
saSualo naxSirbadiani (0,26-0,45% C) da maRal-
naxSirbadiani (0,46-0,75% C) foladebis jgufebad.
legirebuli foladebi gansakuTrebuli Tvi-
sebebis misaRebad damatebiT Seicaven iseT ele-
mentebs, rogoricaa: qromi, volframi, vanadiumi,
molibdeni, titani, spilenZi, alumini, bori, man-
ganumi da siciliumi (zeda zRvarze meti Semc-
velobiT/ da sxv., romlebsac malegirebel elemen-
tebs uwodeben. legirebuli foladebi malegirebeli
elementebis Semcvelobis mixedviT dayofilia: da-
ballegirebuli (TiToeuli elementis Semcveloba
ar aRemateba 2%-s, xolo malegirebadi elementebis
jamuri Semcveloba 5%-s), saSualodlegirebuli
(malegirebeli elementebis jamuri Semcvelobaa 5-

10
10%) da maRallegirebuli (jamuri Semcvelobaa 10-
55%).
daniSnulebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben instru-
mentalur da sakonstruqcio foladebs. instrumen-
taluri foladebisgan mzaddeba meqanikuri damuSa-
vebisTvis gankuTvnili mWreli iaraRebi. sakonst-
ruqcio foladebi gamoiyeneba manqanaTmSeneblobaSi,
mSeneblobaSi da sxva dargebSi. instrumentalur
foladebSi naxSirbadis Semcveloba Seadgens 0,1-
0,7%-s.
Tuji – warmoadgens rkinisa da naxSirbadis
Senadnobs, romelSic naxSirbadis Semcveloba aRema-
teba 2%-s. Tujis klasifikacia dafuZnebulia
grafitis CanarTebis tipze da formaze. am nimuSebis
mixedviT Tujebi SeiZleba daiyos oTx jgufad: 1.
ruxi Tuji (firfitovani grafiti); 2. maRalmtkice
Tuji (sferoiduli grafiti); 3. Wedadi Tuji
(grafitis budobrivi CanarTebi); 4. TeTri Tuji
(grafitis CanarTebis gareSe).
feradi liTonebis gavrcelebuli Senadnobebia:
TiTberi (spilenZis Senadnobi TuTiasTan); brinjao
(spilenZis Senadnobebi kalasTan, tyviasTan, alu-
minTan da sxv./; diuralumini (alumini-spilenZi-
magniumis Senadnobebi); niqromi (nikelis Senadnobebi
qromTan) da sxv.
fizikuri Tvisebebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben
mZime (tyvia, spilenZi, nikeli da sxv./ da msubuq
(alumini, magniumi, titani da sxv./ ferad liTonur
masalebs.

11
 1.2 SenaduRi SeerTebebis ZiriTadi liToni

dasamzadebeli SenaduRi konstruqciis saeqsp-

luatacio saimedoba da ekonomiuroba mniSvne-
lovnadaa damokidebuli misi mdgeneli elementebis
masalebis (ZiriTadi liTonis) sworad SerCevaze.
SenaduRi konstruqciebis detalebi ZiriTadad
mzaddeba dabalnaxSirbadiani da daballegirebuli
sakonstruqcio foladebisgan, romlebic miekuTv-
nebian kargad SeduRebadi liTonebis kategorias,
maT Semcvlelebad xSirad gamoiyeneba aluminisa da
titanis Senadnobebi.
SezRudulia SenaduR konstruqciebSi saSualo-
naxSirbadiani sakonstruqcio foladebis gamoyeneba
(iyeneben manqanaTmSeneblobaSi da gemTmSeneblobaSi).
specialuri daniSnulebis SenaduRi konstruqciebis
detalebis masalebad gamoyenebas naxuloben sxva-
dasxva markis saSualodlegirebuli da maRal-
legirebuli sakonstruqcio foladebi. maRal-
naxSirbadiani sakonstruqcio foladebisgan da Tu-
jebisgan SenaduRi konstruqciebi ar mzaddeba. am
masalebisgan damzadebuli detalebis SeduRebis
aucilebloba aRiniSneba mxolod saremonto samu-
SaoebSi da xorcieldeba gansakuTrebuli teqno-
logiebis gamoyenebiT. aqve unda aRniSnos, rom
TeTri Tuji SeduRebas ar eqvemdebareba.
aluminis Senadnobebis SenaduRi konstruq-
ciebis masalebad (foladebis Semcvlelebad) gamo-
yeneba ganpirobebulia maRali xvedriTi simtkiciT
(cxrili 1.2), maRali dartymiTi siblantiT dabal da
Zalian dabal temperaturebze (nax. 1.1), koroziis wi-
naaRmdeg maRali medegobiT. aluminis Senadnobebis
mniSvnelovan Taviseburebad iTvleba maTi maRali

12
teqnologiuroba wnexviTa da glinviT damuSavebis
dros. daproeqtebis dros saSualeba arsebobs
SeirCes naglinis ufro efeqturi da racionaluri
profilebi, rac uzrunvelyofs liTonis damatebiT
ekonomiasa da Sromatevadobis Semcirebas.
cxrili 1.2
aluminis Senadnobebis fardobiTi xvedriTi
simtkice (droebiTi winaRobis Sefardeba moculo-
basTan) foladebTan mimarTebaSi

aluminis fl. 2 15XСНД 10ХСНД

Senadnobi
АМг5В 2.0 1.4 1.2
АМг6 2.5 1.8 1.5
АМг61 2.7 1.9 1.6

sapasuxismgeblo konstruqciebis dasamzadeb-

lad farTo gamoyenebas naxuloben alumin-magniumis
sxvadasxva Senadnobebi, romelTa simtkicis zRvari
Seadgens 20-34 kgZ/mm2-s, romelTa SeduRebis dros
gamoricxulia nakermimdebare zonis simtkicis
daqveiTeba. am Senadnobebis dartymiTi siblante
TiTqmis ar icvleba temperaturis Semcirebis dros.
АМг6 Senadnobis sxvadasxva tipis SinaduRi SeerTe-
bebis statistikuri simtkicis gamokvleviT
dadgenilia, rom temperaturis Semcireba -600C tem-
peraturamde ar axdens statikuri simtkicis cvli-
lebas.

13
 nax. 1.1. liTonebis dartymiTi siblante: 1-АМг6; 2-
fl.3; 3-15 ГФ.

titansa da mis Senadnobebs axal sakons-

truqcio masalebs Soris umniSvnelovanesi adgili
ukaviaT. Tavisi mcire simkvrivis gamo titanis
Senadnobebi miekuTvnebian msubuqi liTonebis kate-
gorias. sufTa titanis mcire simtkicis (25 kgZ/mm2)
mizeziT ar naxulobs mniSvnelovan gamoyenebas.
gansxvavebiT sufTa titanisgan teqnikuri titani
Seicavs mTel rig minarevebs, romelTagan
mniSvnelovania azoti, Jangbadi, wyalbadi da naxSi-
rorJangi. es minarevebi zrdian simtkices, magram
nawilobriv amcireben plastikurobis maCveneblebs.
teqnikuri titani droebiTi winaRobiT 40-55 kgZ/mm2
da fardobiTi wagrZelebiT 20-30% praqtikul gamo-
yenebas naxulobs konstruqciuli masalis saxiT,
miuxedavad maRal temperaturebze (5002C) simtkicis
garkveuli maCvenebliT Semcirebisa.
titanis meqanikur Tvisebebze umniSvnelovanes
gavlenas axdens civad damuSaveba, rac uzrunvel-

14
yofs plastikurobis Semcirebas, xolo simtkicisa
da sisalis zrdas.
titanis Senadnobebi floben SesaniSnav Tvi-
sebebs, simtkices normalur da maRal tempera-
turebze, maRal koroziul medegobas da sxv. aqedan
gamomdinare titani gvevlineba Zvirfas sakonst-
ruqcio masalad saaviacio mrewvelobis sxva umniSv-
nelovanes dargebSi.
Tumca aluminisa da titanis SenaduR konst-
ruqcebSi gamoyenebis xvedriTi wili gadauWar-
beblad maRalia danarCen ferad liTonebTan mimar-
TebaSi, miuxedavad amisa, spilenZis, brinjaos, TiT-
beris, nikelis, niqromis, Savisa da feradi liTone-
bis SenaduRi SeerTebebis damzadeba ganpirobebulia
uamravi faqtorebiT da moiTxovs sainJinro gadawy-
vetasa da seriozuli SeduRebis teqnologiebis Se-
muSavebas.

1.3. Savi da feradi liTonebis markireba

liTonebis markireba warmoadgens asoebisa da
ricxvebis Sexamebas, romelTagan asoebi gamosaxaven
calkeul elementebs, xolo ricxvebi maT Semcve-
lobebs.
naxSirbadiani xarisxiani foladis markirebis
dros, ricxvi aRniSnavs naxSirbadis saSualo Sem-
cvelobas meased procentebSi.
magaliTi. foladi 20 – xarisxiani naxSir-
badiani foladi, romelic saSualod Seicavs 0,20%
naxSirbads.
foladi 45 – xarisxiani naxSirbadiani, rome-
lic saSualod Seicavs 0,45% naxSirbads.

15
 legirebuli foladebis markirebisTvis gamoi-
yeneba asoebisa da ricxvebis Sexameba. pirveli
ricxvi aRniSnavs naxSirbadis Semcvelobas meased
procentebSi, xolo asoebi miuTiTeben foladSi
malegirebel elementebis arsebobas (cxrili. 1.3).

cxrili 1.3
qimiuri elementebis pirobiTi aRniSvna foladis
markirebis dros
A _ azoti* М _ molibdeni Х _ qromi
Б _ niobiumi Н _ nikeli Ц _ cirkoniumi
В _ volframi С _ siliciumi Ю _ aluimini
Г _ manganumi Т _ titani К _ kobalti
Д _ spilenZi Ф _ vanadiumi Р _ bori
* _ mxolod maRallegirebul SenadnobebSi.

asoebis Semdeg mdgari cifrebi gviCvenebs ekle-

mentebis saSualo Semcvelobas procentebSi, xolo
Tu asos Semdeg ricxvi ar aris, es imas niSnavs, rom
aRniSnuli elementis Semcveloba ar aRemateba 1%-s.
markirebis bolo aso A miuTiTebs gogirdis da
fosforis mimarT gazrdil sisufTaveze.
magaliTi. foladi 20X qromiani foladi, ro-
melic Seicavs ≈0,20% naxSirbads, ≈1% qroms.
foladi 12X2H3 _ qromnikeliani foladi Sem-
cvelobiT ≈0,12% naxSirbadis, ≈2% qromis, ≈3% ni-
kelis.
foladi 25XГ2СА _ maRalxarisxiani foladi
SemcvelobiT ≈25% naxSirbadis, ≈1% qromis, ≈2% man-
ganumis, ≈1% siliciumis.
foladis markireba SAE’-is mixedviT. iTvalis-
winebs foladis markebis cifrul aRniSvnas.

16
 am klasifikaciis mixedviT pirveli cifri aR-
niSnavs xarisxs:
1 _ naxSirbadiani foladi
2 _ nikeliani foladi
3 _ qromnikeliani foladi
4 _ molibdeniani foladi
5 _ qromiani foladi
6 _ qromvanadiumiani foladi
7 _ volframiani foladi
8 _ siliciummanganumiani foladi.
Tujis markireba xdeba asoebisa da ricxvebis
SexamebiT. arsebobs Tujebis Semdegi asoiTi aR-
niSvnebi: Б – TeTri; С – ruxi; К – Wedadi; В –
maRalmtkice; М – modificirebuli. ricxvebiT ga-
mosaxaven Tujis meqanikur Tvisebebs.
feradi liTonebis markireba iTvaliswinebs
elementebis Semdeg aRniSvnebs: A _ alumini; M _
spilenZi; Б _ beriliumi; Бр _ brinjao; Ж _ rkina; К _
kadmiumi; Л _ TiTberi; Мц _ manganumi; Н _ nikeli da
nikelis Senadnobebi; О _ kala; С _ tyvia; Ф _ fos-
fori; Ц _ TuTia.
spilenZisa da mis SenadnobebSi pirveli ricxvi
gamosaxavs spilenZis Semcvelobas %-Si.
deformirebuli aluminis Senadnobebis aRniSv-
nebi xdeba asoebiT: Д, АК, АВ, ВД da В, romlis Semde-
gac iwereba Senadnobis nomeri, magaliTad Д16, АК6
da a.S.
sxmuli aluminis Senadnobebi aRiniSneba asoe-
biT: АЛ romlis Semdegac miTiTebulia Senadnobis
nomeri, magaliTad АЛ1, АЛ3 da a.S.

17
 deformirebuli magniumis Senadnobebi aRiniS-
neba MA asoTi, romlis Semdegac miTiTebulia
Senadnobis nomeri, magaliTad MA3, MA8 da a.S.
sxmuli magniumis Senadnobebi aRiniSneba МЛ
asoebiT, romlis Semdegac miTiTebulia Senadnobis
nomeri, magaliTad МЛ5, МЛ6 da a.S.
aso M masalis markis Semdeg aRniSnavs momwvar
mdgomareobas, xolo aso T _ TermuldamuSavebul
mdgomareobas.

1.4. SenaduRi SeerTebebis Termuli damuSaveba

liTonis struqturis gaumjobesebis, Sinagani

Zabvebis acilebisa da Semcirebis, bzarebis warmoqm-
nisagan dacvis mizniT da sxv., SeduRebis Semdeg mi-
marTaven SenaduRi SeerTebebis Termul damuSavebas.
SenaduRi SeerTebebis (konstruqciebis) Termu-
li damuSavebis moTxovna SeiZleba Semoifarglos
rogorc winaswari da Tanmxlebi SeTbobis operacie-
bis SesrulebiT, aseve Termuli damuSavebis sruli
ciklis Catarebis RonisZiebebiT _ mowva, normali-
zacia, wrToba, moSveba, daZveleba da sxv.
feradi liTonebisa da Senadnobebis Termuli
damuSavebis sakiTxebi ganxilulia maTi SeduRebis
teqnologiebTan erTad, xolo rac Seexeba Sav li-
Tonebs maTgan ZiriTadad mzaddebian dabal-
naxSirbadiani da legirebuli SenaduRi konstruq-
ciebi da umniSvnelovanes gadasaWrel problemas
warmoadgens SenaduRi SeerTebebis bzarebisagan
dacva.
naxSirbadiani foladebisgan damzadebuli Sena-
duRi SeerTebebis bzarebisadmi medegobis gazrdis

18
efeqturi saSualebaa winaswari SeTboba, romlis
temperaturac ganisazRvreba naxSirbadis eqviva-
lenturi raodenobis saSualebiT.
naxSirbadis eqvivalentis angariSisTvis iyene-
ben Semdeg empiriul formulas:
1
CЭ = C + (Mn + Cr ) + 1 Ni + 1 Mo (1.1)
9 8 13
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT nakeTobis sisqis gavlenas
naxSirbadis eqvivalentis Sesasworeblad, maSin nax-
Sirbadis sruli eqvivalenti iqneba:
CЭ′ = CЭ (1 + 0,005S ) (1.2)
xolo SesaduRebeli detalebis winaswari SeT-
bobis temperatura gamoiTvleba formuliT
TSeT = 350 CЭ′ − 0,25 (1.3)

19
 Tavi II
SeduRebis Teoriuli safuZvlebi

2.1. SeduRebis fizikuri arsi

liTonebis SeduReba warmoadgens calkeuli

nawilebisgan dauSleli SeerTebebis miRebis proc-
ess. teqnikaSi iyeneben myari tanebis dasaSleli da
dauSleli SeerTebebis mraval saxeobas. SeerTebebi,
romlebic jer SeiZleba daiSalos, xolo Semdeg ki
kvlav aewyos arsebobs xranuli, sogmanuri, solise-
bri da sxv. ganvixiloT myari tanebis monoliTuri
dauSleli SeerTebebis warmoqmnis pirobebi.
cnobilia, rom nebismieri kondensirebuli niv-
Tiereba, romelic imyofeba myar da Txevad mdgo-
mareobaSi, TavisTavad warmoadgens atomebisa an
molekulebis sistemas, romelic erTmaneTTan da-
kavSirebuli arian atomTaSoriso an molekuluri
SeWidebis ZalebiT. dadgenilia, rom yvela umciresi
nawilakis SeWidebis Zalebi urTierTgawonas-
worebulia, garda imaTi, romlebic ganlagebulni
arian myari tanis zedapirze.
im SemTxvevaSi Tu moxdeba SesaerTebeli
nawilakebis zedapiruli atomebis miaxloeba ra-
modenime angstremis (3_5.10-8 sm) tol manZilze, Sexe-
bis mTel zedapirze damyardeba fizikuri kontaqti
da aRiZvreba atomur molekuluri kavSirebi, maSin
adgili eqneba monoliTuri dauSleli SeerTebis
miRebas.
Tu siTxeebisTvis atomebis miaxloeba gaci-
lebiT iolad xorcieldeba maTTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli didi Zvradobisa da dasvelebis xarjze,
myari tanebis am xerxiT SeerTebis mcdeloba, bevrad
ufro garTulebulia. myari tanebis zedapirebs

20
Tundac saguldagulo meqanikuri damuSavebis Semdeg
/xexva, polireba da sxv./ gaaCniaT mikroskopiuli
usworobebi, borcvebi, Rrmulebi, ris gamoc maTi
miaxloebis dros saWiro kontaqti aRiniSneba
mxolod calkeul fizikur wertilebSi. xolo dan-
arCen sxva ubnebSi, zedapiris reliefSi gadaxra
Seadgens 10-4÷10-5 sm-s, rac gacilebiT metia moTxov-
naze.
zedapiruli atomebis eleqtronuli garsis
uSualo urTierTqmedebis SesaZlebloba garTu-
lebulia im garemoebiT, rom tanis zedapiri aras-
dros ar aris Tavisufali Jangeulebisagan, cxi-
movani furCebisagan da sxva gaWuWyianebebisagan,
aseve haeris atmosferoSi warmoqmnili airebisa da
orTqlis adsorbirebuli fenisagan. amitom myari
tanis SesaerTebeli zedapirebis atomebi Cveulebriv
pirobebSi daubrkoleblad ar Sedian erTmaneTTan
kontaqtSi. ganxiluli problemebi savsebiT tipi-
uria liTonebisa da maTi SenadnobebisTvis, rom-
lebisTvisac mzaddeba sxvadasxva daniSnulebis
SenaduRi konstruqciebi. aRniSnuli sirTuleebis
gadalaxvisTvis gamoiyeneba ori ZiriTadi saSualeba
(xerxi): gaxureba da wneva.
Tu liTonis SesaerTebeli nawilebi gaxurdeba
gadnobamde, maSin TavisTavad warmoiqmneba Txevadi
liTonis abazana, romlis gamyarebis procesSic
aRiZvreba aucilebeli atomTaSorisi kavSirebi da
warmoiqmneba Senaduri nakeri, romelic or liTo-
nur nawils mtkiced aerTebs monoliTSi.
SenaduRi SeerTebebis misaRebad aseve SesaZle-
belia liTonis gadnobis gareSe gaxurebis gamo-
yeneba. gaxurebis procesSi liTonis temperaturis
gazrdiT mimdinareobs atomebs Soris kavSirebis Se-

21
susteba, isini xdebian moZravi, liToni iZens sir-
biles, izrdeba misi plastikurobis Tvisebebi. Tu
SemdgomSi ganxorcieldeba SesaerTebeli nawilebis
dawnexva (Cajdoma), maSin warmoiqmneba plastikuri
deformacia da SeerTebis adgilze liTonis `dena~,
moxdeba Jangeulebisa da sxvadasxva gaWuWyianebebis
zedapiruli fenebis rRveva, ganxorcieldeba fizi-
kuri kontaqti da damyardeba aucilebeli atom-
TaSorisi kavSirebi.
Sesabamisad, gaxureba da Cajdoma ganxilul
SemTxvevaSi SeduRebis dros avseben erTmaneTs. did
gaxurebas pasuxobs mcire Cajdoma da piriqiT.
yoveli liTonisTvis arsebobs gansazRvruli
Tanafardoba aucilebel minimalur wnevasa da
gaxurebis temperaturas Soris, romelic savsebiT
sakmarisia SeduRebis ganxorcielebisTvis. aseTi da-
mokidebuleba teqnikurad sufTa rkinis magaliTze,
pirobebisTvis romlebic gamoricxaven SesaerTebeli
zedapirebis gaWuWyianebas, naCvenebia 2.1. nax-ze.
naxazis veli mrudiT iyofa or ared: SeduRe-
badobis (mrudis zemoT) da xarisxiani SeduRebado-
bis uqonlobis (daStrixuli are mrudis qvemoTaa/.
Strixuli vertikaluri xazebi saSualebas iZlevian
dadgindes temperaturuli sazRvrebi rkinis Se-
duRebis dros. magaliTad, liTonis t1-ze dabal tem-
peraturaze, xarisxiani SenaduRi SeerTebebis miReba
moiTxovs Zalian did, praqtikulad ar gamoyenebul
Cajdomis wnevas. amis gamo aRniSnul ares (I) moix-
senieben rkinis SezRuduli SeduRebadobis saxel-
wodebiT. ufro maRal t1...t2, temperaturis farglebSi
rkinis gaxurebiT SeduRebis ganxorcieleba,
moiTxovs miT ufro naklebi Cajdomis wnevis gamo-
yenebas, rac ufro maRali iqneba liTonis gaxurebis

22
temperatura. rkinis SeduRebis temperaturis am in-
tervals pasuxobs, wneviT SeduRebis saxelwodebiT
cnobili (II) are, da bolos, rodesac teqnikuri
rkina miaRwevs dnobis temperaturas (t2) da ufro
mets, maSin Cajdomis wnevis gamoyenebis saWiroeba
(P=0) aRar arsebobs. rkinis SeduReba procesis
aseTi parametrebisTvis miekuTvneba dnobiT SeduRe-
bis ares (III).

nax. 2.1. rkinis SeduRebisTvis aucilebeli damokide-

buleba temperaturasa da wnevas Soris:
I _ SezRuduli SeduRebadobis are; 11 _ wneviT Se-
duRebis are. III _ dnobiT SeduRebis are.

23
 SenaduRi SeerTebis miReba SesaZlebelia li-
Tonis SesaduRebeli nawilebis yovelgvari gaxure-
bis gareSe, e.w. civ mdgomareobaSi mniSvnelovani
dawnexvis ganxorcielebiT. maRali xvedriTi
simkvrive liTonSi ganapirobebs didi plastikuri
deformaciebis ganviTarebas, gamyofi zedapiris
gaswvriv liTonis `denasa~ da axali liTonis iu-
veliruli `gaSiSvlebuli~ zedapirebis warmoqmnas.
aqedan gamomdinare damyardeba aucilebeli fizi-
kuri kontaqti da aRiZvreba mtkice atomTaSorisi
kavSirebi. liTonebis civad SeduReba SesaZlebelia
iseTi plastikuri masalebisTvis, rogoricaa alu-
mini, spilenZi, tyvia da sxv.
ganvixiloT ori liTonuri Zelis magaliTze
wnevis gamoyenebiT da dnobiT SeduRebis sqemebi.
liTonebis mdgomareobaSi SeduReba (nax 2.2.) iT-
valiswinebs Zelebis gaxurebasa da dawnexvas, xolo
erToblivi plastikuri deformaciiT SeerTebis
miRebas. liTonuri Zelebis SeduRebis Tanmimdevroba
Semdegia: dasawyisSi xdeba torsebis Sexeba cal-
keul wertilebSi; yvela mikroSverilebis daTelva;
atomTaSorisi kavSirebis damyareba; kontaqtSi Cab-
muli marcvlebs Soris sazRvrebis erT kveTSi (kv. I-
I) ganlageba. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom SesaZlebe-
lia adgili qondes Tvisebebis gauaresebas, rogo-
ricaa Zelebis ara adgilze SeerTeba (kv 2-2), rom-
lebmac SeiZleba gadakveTon rogorc marcvlis
sazRvrebi, aseve tanebi.

24
 nax. 2.2. liTonis ori naWris Zelebis myar mdgo-
mareobaSi SeduRebis sqema: a _ sawyis mdgomareo-
baSi; b _ wnevis miyenebis Semdeg;
g _ difuziis da saerTo marcvlebis warmoqmnis
Semdeg.
liTonis gadnobis Sedegad miRebul SenaduR
SeerTebaSi, gamoxatulia iseTive xasiaTis (stru-
qturis uwyvetoba) SeerTebis zonaSi: nakeri-
Sednobis sazRvari _ sawyisi liToni. 2.3. nax.-ze
warmodgenilia SenaduRi SeerTebis ganivi kveTi.
nakeris kristalebi, romlebsac gaaCniaT sveti-
seburi forma, yalibdebian SenaduRi liTonis
Semolxobili marcvlebisgan da qmnian masTan erT
mTlianobas.
25
 nax. 2.3. liTonebis dnobiT SeduRebis sqema:
a _ SesaerTebeli nawiburebis gadnobis momentSi
(g _ saSemduReblo abazanis Txevadi liToni),
b _ Txevadi liTonis kristalizaciis Semdeg
(d _ SenaduRi nakeri; e _ Sednobis sazRvari).

amgvarad, ganxiluli procesebis fizikuri ar-

sidan gamomdinare SesaZlebelia saboloo daskvnis
gakeTeba, rom SeduReba warmoadgens dauSleli
SeerTebebis miRebis process SesaduRebel nawilebs
Soris atomTaSorisi kavSirebis damyarebiT, rac
ganpirobebulia maTi adgilobrivi an erTiani
gaxurebiT, an plastikuri deformirebiT, an orives
erToblivi moqmedebiT. SeduRebiT miRebuli SeerTe-
bebisTvis (SenaduRi SeerTebebisTvis) damaxasiaTe-
belia struqturuli kavSirebis uwyvetoba.

26
2.2. SeduRebis dros gamoyenebuli energiis wyaroebi

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, SeduRebis aucilebel

pirobas warmoadgens SesaerTebeli zedapirebis
aqtivacia anu myari tanis zedapiruli atomebisTvis
garkveuli energiis gadacema.
aseTi saxis energia SeiZleba iyos gadacemuli
siTbos saxiT (Termuli aqtivacia), drekadplas-
tikuri deformaciis (meqanikuri, aqtivacia), eleqt-
ronuli dasxivebisa da sxvadasxva saxis zemoq-
medebiT.
liTonebis SeduRebis dResdReobiT cnobili
procesebi xorcieldeba mxolod ori saxis energiis
xarjze – Termuli (T) da meqanikuri (M) an maTi Sex-
amebiT _ Termomeqanikuri (TM). siTbos matareblebi
da wyaroebi energiis ganxiluli saxeebisTvis
SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebuli. ase magaliTad, Ter-
muli energia SesaduRebel nakeTobas SeiZleba mie-
wodos eleqtruli rkaliT, airuli aliT, eleqtro-
nuli, lazeruli da sinaTlis sxivebiT, gamavali
deniT da sxv.
meqanikuri energiis wyaroebs SeiZleba war-
moadgendnen moxaxune kontaqtebi, vibrirebadi kon-
taqtebi, wnexurmeqanikuri kontaqtebi, dartymiTi
kontaqtebi da sxv. aRniSnuli wyaroebis realiza-
ciisTvis gamoiyeneba ultrabgeriTi rxevebi, sri-
alis xaxuni, wneva, afeTqeba da sxv.
Tanamedrove SeduRebis procesebis ganmasxva-
vebeli niSania is garemoeba, rom maTi didi umrav-
lesoba `Termulia~ da Cveulebrivad xorcieldeba
rkalis zonaSi Termuli an Termulmeqanikuri ener-
giis SeyvaniT. Tu Seiyvaneba mxolod meqanikuri en-

27
 ergia, miuxedavad amisa adgili eqneba mis Termul
formaSi mniSvnelovan gardaqmnas.
SesaduRebel masalaSi Seyvanili energia ixar-
jeba (gardaiqmneba) gaxurebaze, SesaerTebeli ma-
salebis deformaciaze da difuziuri procesebis
ganviTarebaze.
SeduRebaze gamosayenebeli energiis saxeebis
gamartivebuli struqturuli sqema warmodgenilia
2.4. nax-ze. rogorc sqemidan Cans, SeduRebis ganxor-
cielebisTvis SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes energiis
sxvadasxva wyaroebi, romelTa raodenobac maT
modifikaciebTan erTad Seadgens ramdenime aTeuls.
SeduRebis dros gamoyenebuli energiis wyaroe-
bisa da matareblebis fizikur movlenaSi arsebiTi
gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, SesaZlebelia rom moiZeb-
nos kanonzomierebebi da maxasiaTebelebi, romlebic
maTi erTiani niSniT Sedarebas uzrunvelyofen.

energia SeduRebaze

T TM M
Termuli Termomeqanikuri meqanikuri

energiis gardamqmnelebi wyaroebi

Termomatareblebi
xaxuni, wneva, ultrab-
rkali, ali,
gera, afeTqeba da sxv.
sxivi, ganmuxtva gaxureba
da sxv SemolRvoba deformacia difuzia
da sxv.

nax. 2.4. SeduRebaze gamoyenebuli energiis saxeebi

28
 saSemduReblo gaxurebis wyaroebis umniSv-
nelovanesi maxasiaTeblebia: saerTo simZlavre,
farTis erTeulze gaxurebis simZlavris koncentra-
ciis done da gaxurebis efeqturobis margi qmedebis
koeficienti, romelic TavisTavad warmoadgens
SenaduR SeerTebaSi Seyvanili simZlavris Sefarde-
bas, energiis wyarodan warTmeul saerTo
simZlavresTan. zogierTi gaxurebis wyaros
zRvruli maxasiaTeblebi moyvanilia 2.1. cxrilSi.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom cxrilSi moyvanili
gaxurebis wyaroebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes ara
marto SenaduRi dauSleli SeerTebebis misaRebad,
aseve mTliani SeerTebebis rRvevis (Wris) mizniT.
Termuli wyaroebidan yvelaze farTo gamo-
yenebas naxulobs eleqtruli rkali, rac ganpi-
robebulia misi miRebis, SenarCunebisa da
regulirebis simartiviT. Tumca simZlavris Sedare-
biT dabali zRvruli koncentracia gaxurebis
laqaSi, aqveiTebs misi gamoyenebis efeqturobas
sqelkedliani liTonkonstruqciebis SeduRebis
dros.
dResdReobiT sul ufro farTo gamoyenebas
naxuloben maRalkoncentrirebuli eleqtronuli
konebis saSualebiT qimiurad aqtiuri, mxur-
valmedegi, maRali simtkicis da sxv. Senadnobebis
SeduReba. aseve kosmosuri sivrcis pirobebSi Se-
duRebis samuSaoebis warmoeba.
plazmuri Wavli da airuli ali farTo gamo-
yenebas naxulobs ganmacalkevebeli WrisTvis, nake-
Tobis zedapirze specialuri Tvisebebis fenebis
dafrqvevisTvis da sxva sferoebisTvis.

29
 cxrili 2.1.
saSemduReblo gaxurebis wyaroebis zogierTi ener-
getikuli maxasiaTeblebi
gaxurebis simZ- simZlavris gaxurebis gaxure-
wyaroebi lav- koncentracia, umciresi bis
re, vt vt/sm2 farTobi, m2 efeqti-
urobis
mqk
saSemduReblo 2·105 4·104 1·10-4 0,75
rkali
eleqtrorkaluri 1·105 1·105 1·10-6 0,80
plazmuri Wavli
airuli ali 1·104 6·102 1·10-2 0,55
eleqtronuli 1·105 1·107 1·10-7 0,85
sxivi
lazeris sxivi 2,5·104 1·1010 1·10-8 0,05
sinaTlis gama- 105 2·103 _ 0,7
xureblebi

saSemduReblo gaxurebis perspeqtiul wyaros

warmoadgens lazeruli sxivi _ dResdReobiT
simZlavris yvelaze maRali koncentraciis wyaro.
lazeris sxivi jerjerobiT gamoiyeneba mxolod da-
bali sisqis nakeTobebis (15 mm-mde) SeduRebisTvis.
aRniSnuli gaxurebis wyaros seriozuli naklia da-
bali margi qmedebis koeficienti (15%-mde). mZlavri
maRalefeqturi lazeruli gaxurebis wyaroebis
Seqmna, maT saSualebas miscems daimkvidron ufro
sapatio adgili saSemduReblo warmoebaSi.

30
 2.3. SeduRebis xerxebis klasifikacia, SenaduRi
SeerTebebis tipebi,
SenaduRi SeerTebebis defeqtebi

SeduRebis sxvadasxvagvari da mravalricxovani

xerxebis Seswavla mizanSewonilia maTi klasifi-
cirebiT da saerTo niSnebiT gaerTianebul cal-
keul jgufebad dayofiT. dResdReobiT SeduRebis
procesebis klasifikaciis safuZvlad arCeulia ni-
SanTa sami jgufi: fizikuri (SeerTebebis misaRebad
gamosayenebeli energiis forma da wyaros saxe);
teqnikuri (SeduRebis zonaSi liTonis dacvis xerxi,
procesis uwyvetoba da meqanizaciis xarisxi) da
teqnologiuri (calke dgindeba SeduRebis yoveli
meTodisTvis).
unda aRiniSnos, rom yvelaze ufro saerTo da
arsebiTia klasifikaciis fizikuri niSnebi, rom-
lebic moyvanilia 2.2. cxrilSi.
cxrilidan Cans, rom SeduRebis Termul klasSi
gamoyofili saxeobebi xorcieldeba dnobis xarjze,
Tburi energiis gamoyenebiT. meqanikur klasSi gamok-
veTilia SeduRebis saxeobebi, romlebic mimdina-
reoben meqanikuri energiisa da wnevis saSualebiT.
Sualeduri Termomeqanikuri klasis warmoqmnas gana-
pirobeben SeduRebis saxeebi, romlebic xorciel-
debian Tburi energiisa da wnevis gamoyenebiT.
klasifikaciis danarCeni ori niSani (teqnikuri
da teqnologiuri) aerTianebs SeduRebis ZiriTadi
saxeebis mravalricxovan nairsaxeobebs, romlebic
CamoTvlilia 2.2. cxrilSi. ase magaliTad, marto
rkaluri SeduReba iTvlis ara erT aTeul meTods,
nairsaxeobas, xerxs da saSualebas, rogoricaa
dafaruli eleqtrodebiT SeduReba, flusis qveS da

31
damcav airebSi SeduReba, or an mravalrkaliani Se-
duReba, aseve wylis qveS an vakuumSi SeduRebis ga-
moyeneba da a.S.
gamoyenebis are da warmoebis konkretuli
moTxovnebi ganapirobeben SeduRebis ama Tu im
saxeebisa da xerxebis SerCevas, romelTa raode-
nobamac dResdReobiT ramdenime aTeuls SeiZleba
gadaaWarbos.
cxrili 2.2.
SeduRebis klasifikacia fizikuri niSnebiT
SeduRebis saxeebi wnevis gamo- SeniSvna
SeduRebis

yenebis au-
klasi

cilebloba

rkaluri ara Tburi energiis

eleqtrowiduri gamoyenebiT dnobiT
eleqtronul sxivuri SeduRebiT
lazerul-sxivuri gansaxorcielebeli
Termuli

plazmur-sxivuri saxeebi
ionur-sxivuri
bJutvadi ganmuxtviT
sinaTliT
induqciuri
airuli
Termituli
CamosxmiT
kontaqturi aris Tburi energiis ga-
Termomeqanikuri

difuziuri moyenebiT da wneviT

induqciur-wnexviTi SeduRebiT gans-
airwnexviTi axorcielebeli
Termokompresiuli saxeebi
rkalurwnexviTi
widurwnexviTi
TermitulwnexviTi
Rumeluri
civad aris meqanikuri energiis
meqanikuri

afeTqebiT gamoyenebiT da
ultrabgeriT wneviT gansaxor-
magnitoimpulsuri cielebeli SeduRe-
bis saxeebi

32
 rogorc cnobilia myari tanebis dauSleli
monoliTuri SeerTebebis warmoqmnas ganapirobebs
rogorc SeduReba, agreTve rCilva, Sewebeba (nax. 2.5)
da SeduRebis originaluri sxvadasxva kombinacia.
SeerTebebis miRebis dasaxelebuli meTodebi aseve
SeiZleba iqnes klasificirebuli sxvadasxva ro-
melime niSniT, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom am sa-
kiTxis gadawyveta ufro mizanSewonili iqneba Se-
duRebis romelime specialur disciplinaSi.
dnobiT SeduRebis saSualebiT miRebuli Sena-
duRi SeerTeba Sesdgeba ZiriTadi liTonisgan
(SesaerTebeli detalebis liToni), SenaduRi naker-
isgan (ZiriTadi da misarTi liTonebis gadnobisa da
Semdgomi kristalizaciis Semdeg warmoqmnili li-
Toni) da nakermimdebare zonisgan (Termuli gav-
lenis zona), romelic arsebiT struqturul cvli-
lebebs ganicdis gadnobis gareSe. dnobiT SeduRebis
saSualebiT miRebuli nakerebi SeerTebis saxidan
gamomdinare iyofa (cxrili 2.3) oTx ZiriTad jgu-
fad, romlebsac miekuTvneba: pirapira SeerTebebis
nakerebi; kuTxuri SeerTebebis nakerebi; tavruli
SeerTebebis nakerebi da pirgadadebuli SeerTebebis
nakerebi. maTgan yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia pi-
rapira SeerTebis nakerebi.
SenaduR konstruqciebs damzadebis dros,
waeyenebaT sxvadasxva moTxovnebi, romlebic maTi
daniSnulebidan da SeerTebis tipebidan gamomdinare
icvlebian da moiTxoven konkretizacias. aqedan ga-
momdinare, aRniSnuli moTxovnebis saerTo saxiT
formireba SeuZlebelia. SesaZlebelia mxolod im
garemoebis dasabuTeba, rom nebismieri nakeTo-
bisTvis minimalurma Sromatevadobam uzrunvelyos
misi sakmarisi Sromisunarianoba.

33
 nax. 2.5. dauSleli SeerTebebi romlebic miiReba:
dnobiT SeduRebiT (a), rCilviT (b), SewebebiT (g),
kontaqturi SeduRebiT (d) 1,3 – ZiriTadi liToni; 2
_ nakeri; 4 _ nakermimdebare zona; 5 _ wertilis
guli.
SenaduRi SeerTebebisadmi wayenebuli mTeli
rigi moTxovnebidan (rogorc saerTo, aseve specia-
luri), sakmaod mniSvnelovania defeqtebis warmoqm-
nisadmi medegobis uzrunvelyofis moTxovna.

34
 cxrili 2.3.
SenaduRi SeerTebebis nakerebi

35
 SenaduRi SerTebebisa da nakerebis sakmaod
gavrcelebul defeqtebs /nax. 2.6./ miekuTvneba:
kristalizaciuli (cxeli) bzarebi; civi bzarebi;
forebi Seudnoblobis zona, CauduRebloba; gawva;
CanaWrebi; Tia; kraterebi; nakeris zomebis Semcireba
da sxv.
kristalizaciis bzarebs uwodeben makros-
kopiul an mikroskopul aramTlianobebs, romlebsac
aqvT naserebis an CanaWrelis saxe da romlebic
Caisaxebian nakeris liTonis pirveladi kristali-
zaciis procesSi. es bzarebi Semdgom SeiZleba ganvi-
Tardnen gacivebis Semdeg, liTonis myar mdgoma-
reobaSi.
nakeris RerZis mimarT, orientaciis mixedviT
cxeli bzarebi arseboben /nax. 2.6. a, b, g./ grZivi,
ganivi, grZivi da ganivi. xolo nakeris zedapirze
ganlagebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben bzarebs (2.7. a,b),
romlebic rCebian nakeris SigniT an gamodian zed-
apirze (rkaluri SeduRebisTvis).

nax. 2.6. bzarebis orientacia nakeris RerZis mimarT:

a _ grZivi; b _ ganivi; g _ kombinirebuli.

36
 nax. 2.7. kristalizaciuli bzarebis ganlageba nak-
eris kveTis mimarT: a _ bzarebi zedapirze; b _ bza-
rebi zedapiris SigniT.

eleqtrowiduri SeduRebis dros bzarebi (nax.

2.8. a, b./ yovelTvis rCebian SenaduRi nakeris SigniT.

nax. 2.8. bzarebis ganlageba eleqtrowiduri SeduRe-

bis dros: a _ nakeris RerZis mimarT; b _ svetovani
kristalitebis ganStoebebs Soris.

37
 civi bzarebi SenaduR SeerTebSi Caisaxebian
dakristalebuli abazanis liTonis gacivebis proc-
esSi (nax. 2.9. a,b,g,d) da Semdeg viTardebian Zalian
nela SeduRebis damTavrebidan ramdenime saaTis,
zogjer dReRamis an kviris gasvlis ganmavlobaSic.
civi bzarebi warmoadgenen saSualo naxSirbadiani
foladebis tipiur defeqtebs.

nax. 2.9. civi bzarebi SenaduR SeerTebebSi: a _

grZivi bzarebi nakermimdebare zonaSi (moxleCvebi);
b _ grZivi bzarebi Sednobis zonaSi (mowyvetebi);
g _ ganivi bzarebi nakeris liTonSi; d _ ganivi
bzarebi nakermimdebare zonaSi.

CamoTvlili faqtorebi gvevlinebian civi bza-

rebis, kristalizaciuli bzarebisgan arsebiT gan-
masxvavebel niSnebad.
bzarebi (cxeli da civi) gansakuTrebiTi saSiSi
defeqtebia, romlebic safrTxes uqmnian SenaduRi
konstruqciebis saimedobas da saWiroeben maT aR-
mosafxvrelad efeqturi saSualebebis gamoyenebas.
forebs uwodeben airebiT Sevsebul nakerebis
Rruebs (nax. 2.10. a,b,g,d). forebi SeiZleba iyos mik-

38
roskopiuli (ramodenime mikroni) an makroskopiuli
(kveTSi 4-6 mm). Tumca bzarebTan mimarTebaSi fori-
anoba iTvleba naklebad saSiS defeqtad, miuxedavad
amisa misi warmoqmna xarisxian SeerTebebSi mainc
araa sasurveli.

nax. 2.10. forebi nakeris liTonSi: a _ zedapirze

gamosuli; b _ zedapiris SigniT; g _ forebis
jgufuri ganlageba; d _ forebi eleqtrowiduri
SeduRebis dros.

Seudnoblobis zona, romelic warmoiqmneba

eleqtrorkaluri da eleqtrowiduri SeduRebis
gansakuTrebul pirobebSi, xasiaTdeba ZiriTad da
abazanis liTonebs Soris Sednobis uqonlobiT pe-
rimetris nawilze, xolo zogjer mTel perimetrzec.
defeqtis Casaxva aRiniSneba rkaluri SeduRebisTvis

39
gazrdil siCqareebze da maRal denebze, xolo
eleqtrowidurisTvis SeduRebis optimaluri reJime-
bisTvisac.
CauduReblobas uwodeben detalebis SesaerTe-
beli sisqis nawilis Sednobis uqonlobas. rkaluri
SeduRebisTvis ganasxvaveben CauduReblobebs, rom-
lebic (nax. 2.12. a,b,g,d,e) warmoiqmnebian nakeris
kveTSi an fuZeSi, xolo eleqrowiduri Sedu-
RebisTvis (nax. 2.13 v,z,T), romlebic warmoiqmnebian
nawiburebze da SeerTebebis zedapirebze.

a) b)

nax. 2.12. nakeris kveTis an fuZis CauduReblobis

saxeebi: a _ dabali deniT; b _ rkalis araswori
gadaadgilebiT RerZis mimarT; g _ Cadnobis sisqis
SemcirebiT nakeris dasawyisSi; d – nakeris boloSi;
e _ sisqis SemcirebiT SeduRebis ganaxlebis dros.

CanaWrebs uwodeben nakeris sazRvrebze li-

Tonis sisqis adgilobriv Semcirebebs (nax. 2.14.
a,b,v,i,k,l). CanaWrebis wamoqmnas SenaduR SeerTebaSi
ganapirobebs rkalis Zabvis gazrda, eleqtrodis

40
 nax. 2.13 eleqtrowiduri SeduRebisTvis CauduRe-
blobis saxeebi: v – or nawiburze; z –erT
nawiburze; T – nawiburis zedapirze.

diametris Semcireba, SeduRebis siCqaris gazrda, da

aseve SeerTebis RerZidan eleqtrodis arasworad
gatareba.

nax. 2.14 CanaWrebis saxeebi: a – kuTxuri nakerisTvis;

b – ormxrivi pirapira nakerisTvis; g _ navur mdgo-
mareobaSi SeduRebuli kuTxuri nakerisTvis.
Tia warmoadgens defeqts, romelic xasiaTdeba
Sednobis gareSe nakeris liTonis daRvenTiT Ziri-
Tadi liTonis zedapirze (nax. 2.15 a,b). Tias warmo-
qmna upiratesad aRiniSneba erTSriani pirapira nak-

41
erebis nawiburebis gamoyvanis gareSe SeduRebis
dros, aseve kuTxuri nakerebis dawolili eleqt-
rodebiT SeduRebis da daduRebis SemTxvevebSi.

nax. 2.15. Tias warmoqmna SeduRebis dros: a – pirapi-

rasTvis; b – kuTxuri nakerebisTvis.

defeqtis warmoqmnis mizezebia: maRali Zabva,

eleqtrodis didi diametri da SeduRebis dabali
siCqare.

nax. 2.16. gawva SenaduR SeerTebebSi

(nakeris ukana mxare).
gawva warmoadgens (nakeris Rruebs, romlebic
warmoiqmnebian abazanis liTonis gadmoRvriT. Ziri-
Tadi mizezia maRali denis Zala da nawiburebs So-
ris arsebuli RreCos gazrda.

42
 Tavi III
SeduRebis ZiriTadi saxeebis mokle
daxasiaTeba

3.1. eleqtrorkaluri SeduReba

SeduRebis procesebis mimdinareobis dros ga-
moyenebuli energia warmoadgens misi meTodebad
dayofis safuZvels. maTgan yvelaze metad gavrcele-
bulia _ eleqtrorkaluri, ekleqtrowiduri,
airuli, kontaqturi, civad da sxv. SeduRebis meTo-
debi. ganxiluli meTodebis xerxebad (saxeebad) day-
ofa sxvadasxva niSnebiT xdeba. ganvixiloT
eletrorkaluri SeduRebis gavrcelebuli saxeebi.
eleqtrorkaluri SeduRebis dros, ZiriTadi da
misarTi liTonebis gasadnobad saWiro siTbos ga-
moyofs saSemduReblo rkali (mZlavri rkaluri gan-
muxtva eleqtrodebs Soris), romelic warmoiqmneba
ionizirebul airSi maRal-amperaJiani denis gavlis
dros. rkaluri SeduRebis xerxebad dayofa xdeba
ori ZiriTadi niSniT: meqanizaciis xarisxiT (xeliT
SeduReba, naxevaravtomaturi SeduReba da av-
tomaturi SeduReba); abazanis liTonis haeris mavne
gavlenisagan dacvis saxiT (dafaruli eleqt-
rodebiT SeduReba, flusis qveS SeduReba; damcav
airebSi SeduReba da TviTdamcavi an aqtivizebuli
saeleqtrodo masalebiT SeduReba).
xeliT eleqtrorkaluri SeduRebisTvis (nax.
3.1.) ZiriTad muSa rgols warmoadgens damWerSi Cama-
grebuli dnobadi an aradnobadi saeleqtrodo ma-
salebi (mzaddeba grafitisagan, naxSirisagan da
volframisagan), romlis saSualebiTac SemduReblis
mier Tanmimdevrulad sruldeba Semdegi operaciebi:

43
rkalis anTeba da SenarCuneba; eleqtrodis mi-
wodeba-gadaadgileba nakeris RerZis mimarT; rkalis
manipulacia _ garkveuli traeqtoriiT moZraoba
abazanisTvis formis misacemad; rkalis
gadaadgileba _ nakeris mTel sigrZeze SeduRebis-
Tvis da SeduRebis damTavreba.

nax. 3.1. xeliT eleqtrorkaluri SeduReba: 1 _ Ziri-

Tadi liToni; 2_ saSemduReblo abazana; 3 _
krateri; 4 _ saSemduReblo rkali; 5 _ CaduRebuli
liToni; 6 _ daduRebuli liToni; 7 _ saeleqtrodo
Rero; 8 _ eleqtrodis damWeri; 9 _ SeduRebis
wredi; 10 _ kvebis wyaro.

naxevaravtomaturi SeduRebisTvis (nax. 3.2.)

meqanizirebulia mxolod mavTulis (an misarTi ma-
salis) miwodeba rkalis zonaSi, xolo danarCeni
operaciebis Sesruleba SemduReblis mier xeliT
xorcieldeba.

44
 nax. 3.2. naxevaravtomaturi SeduReba: 1 _ mimwode-
beli meqanizmi; 2 _ kaseta mavTuliT; 3 _ moqnili
Slangi; 4 _ eleqtrodis damWeri.

avtomaturi SeduRebis (nax. 3.3.) yvela operacia

aris meqanizebuli. rogorc avtomaturi aseve
naxevaravtomaturi SeduRebisTvis eleqtrodad da
misarT masalad gamoiyeneba rulonad daxveuli
(aradnobadi eleqtrodebiT SeduRebisTvis mxolod
misarT masalad) saSemduReblo mavTuli.

45
nax. 3.3. avtomaturi SeduReba: 1 _ ZiriTadi liToni;
2 _ krateri; 3 _ gamdnari liTonis abazana; 4 _
SenaduRi nakeri; 5 _ saSemduReblo aparati; 6 _
gadasaadgilebeli urika.

avtomaturi SeduRebisTvis rkalis gadaad-

gilebis meqanizacias uzrunvelyofs urika, romel-
zec damontaJebulia saSemduReblo aparati.
dafaruli eleqtrodebiT (nax. 3.4) SeduReba
xdeba xeliT, risTvisac dawnexvis operaciiT,
rogorc wesi, cali mxridan (Reroze denis misayva-
nad), daWril Reros edeba garkveuli Sedgenilobisa
da sisqis dafarva.
rkalis anTebis Semdeg ZiriTadi liTonis
nawiburebi, Rero da dafarva dnebian da warmoqmnian
saSemduReblo abazanas. siTbos wyaros mocilebis
Semdeg mimdinareobs Txevadi liTonis kristali-
zacia da SenaduRi nakeris formireba, xolo gacive-
bis Sedegad widis qerqis warmoqmna, romelic
iolad cildeba gaxurebuli nakeris zedapirs.

46
 nax. 3.4. dafaruli eleqtrodebiT SeduReba:
1 _ dafarva; 2 _ eleqtrodis Rero; 3 _ rkali;
4 _ SeduRebis abazana; 5 _ SenaduRi nakeri;
6 _ widis qerqi.

flusis qveS SeduReba (nax. 3.5) arsebuli meqan-

izebuli xerxebidan efeqturad gamoiyeneba saSem-
duReblo abazanis granulirebuli dafarviT (e.w.
flusiT) dacvis mizniT. flusi romelic SeduRebis
zonaSi SiSveli mavTulisagan damoukideblad mie-
wodeba, gadnobis Semdeg warmoqmnis abazanis li-
Tonis widur dacvas.

47
 nax. 3.5. flusis qveS SeduReba: 1 _ saeleqtrodo
mavTuli; 2 _ flusis fena; 3 _ orTqlisa da airebis
buStovana; 4 _ saSemduReblo abazana; 5 _ SenaduRi
nakeri; 6 _ widis qerqi.

SeduRebis procesSi rkali anTia saeleqtrodo

da ZiriTad liTonebis Soris buStovanaSi, romelic
warmoiqmneba rkalis svetidan gamoyofili
orTqlisa da airebis zemoqmedebiT. rkalis sveti
yvela mxridan garSemortymulia 30-50 mm sisqis
flusis feniT. rkalis mocilebis Semdeg mimdi-
nareobs saSemduReblo abazanis liTonis kristali-
zacia da nakeris formireba. gamdnari flusi amo-
tivtivdeba abazanis zedapirze da gacivebis Semdeg
warmoqmnis qerqs, romelic iolad cildeba nakeris
zedapiridan.
damcav airebSi SeduRebis dros (nax. 3.6),
eleqtrodis mimarT koncentrulad ganlagebuli
SeduRebis zona garemoculia saqSenidan dabali
wneviT miwodebuli haeriT. am xerxs zogjer uwode-
ben aireleqtruls, radganac es termini gamoxatavs
mimdinare movlenis arss. SeduRebis am xerxisaTvis

48
arsebiTia is garemoeba, rom liTonis gasadnobad
saWiro siTbo miiReba ara marto rkaluri gan-
muxtvis Sedegad, aseve qimiuri reaqciebisa an sxva
procesebis xarjze, romlebic mimdinareoben airul
fazaSi.

nax. 3.6. damcav airebSi SeduReba: 1 _ damcavi airi;

2 _ saqSeni.

damcav airebSi SeduRebas awarmoeben: rogorc

aradnobadi, aseve dnobadi eleqtrodebiT; rogorc
arameqanizebuli, aseve meqanizebuli xerxebiT,
rogorc cvlad, aseve sxvadaxva polarobis mudmiv
denze; rogorc aqtiur, aseve inertul airebSi.

3.2. eleqtrowiduri SeduReba

eleqtrowiduri SeduReba ewodeba SenaduRi
SeerTebis miRebas, gamdnar flusSi denis gavlis
dros gamoyofili temperaturis gamoyenebiT. myar
mdgomareobaSi saSemduReblo flusebi denis ara
gamtarebi arian. flusis gadnobiT denis gamtari
widuri abazanis warmoqmnis yvelaze efeqtur (Tumca

49
ara erTaderTs) process warmoadgens rkaluri gan-
muxtva, romelic Txevad widaSi denis gatarebis
dawyebisTanave amTavrebs moqmedebas. ganvixiloT
SesaerTebeli elementebis awyobisa da maTi SeduRe-
bis (nax. 3.7. a, b) Tanmimdevroba: SesaduRebeli de-
talebis awyoba xdeba vertikaluri nawiburebis ga-
moyvanis gareSe maT Soris 20...40 mm sididis
teqnologiuri RreCos dacviT, detalebze orive
mxridan gamomyvani TamasebiT, wyliT gacivebadi
spilenZis mcocebiT, satuCeebiTa da saeleqtrodo
masalebiT.

nax. 3.7. eleqtrowiduri SeduRebis sqema: a _ awyoba;

b _ SeduReba; 1 _ detalebi; 2 – spilenZis wyliT
gacivebadi mcocebi; 3 _ gamyarebuli abazanis li-
Toni; 4 _ gamdnari abazanis liToni; 5 _
eleqtrodebi; 6 _ qveda gamomyvani Tamasa; 7 _ zeda
gamomyvani Tamasa.

SenaduRi SeerTebis dakompleqtebis Semdeg

detalebs Soris RreCo ivseba flusiT da
regulirdeba eleqtrodis Sverilis sidide;
50
danadgaris CarTvis Semdeg rkali inTeba
eleqtrodsa da qveda gamomyvan Tamasas Soris, rac
ganapirobebs flusis gadnobas da widuri abazanis
warmoqmnas; gamdnar widaSi denis gavlis dros
iwyeba rkaluris widur procesSi gadasvla _ saSem-
duReblo mavTulisa da SesaduRebeli detalebis
nawiburebis gadnoba, rac uzrunvelyofs saSemduRe-
blo abazanis (widuri da liTonuri) warmoqmnas;
siTbos wyaros mocilebis Semdeg _ rac xdeba mco-
cebisa da eleqtrodis maRla aweviT da masTan er-
Tad RreCoSi flusis damatebiT, mimdinareobs
SenaduRi nakeris kristalizacia, xolo mis zemoT
gamdnari abazanis Sevseba; SeduRebis bolos zeda
gamomyvani Tamasis meSveobiT xdeba SeerTebidan Ca-
jdomis niJarebis mocileba, mcocebis moxsna da ga-
momyvani Tamasebis CamoWra.
eleqtrowiduri SenaduRi SeerTebebi arsebobs
sami tipis: pirapira; kuTxuri da tesebri. pirapira
da kuTxuri SeerTebebi gamoiyeneba 16-800 mm, xolo
tesebri 16-450 mm-mde sisqis detalebis SeduRebis
dros.
praqtikaSi gamoyenebas naxulobs eleqtrowi-
duri SeduRebis Semdegi (nax. 3.8. a,b,g,d,e,v) xerxebi:
erTeleqtrodiani; sameleqtrodiani; mravaleleqt-
rodiani; firfitovani eleqtrodebiT, dnobadi
satuCiT; kontaqtur-widuri da sxv.

51
 nax. 3.8. eleqtrowiduri SeduRebis xerxebi: a _
erTeleqtrodiani; b _ sameleqtrodiani; g _ mra-
valeleqtrodiani; d _ firfitovani eleqtrodebiT;
e _ dnobadi satuCiT; v _ kontaqtur-widuri.

erTeleqtrodiani SeduReba (nax. 3.8. a) ganivi

moZraobis gareSe gamoiyeneba 50...60 mm, xolo ganivi
moZraobis SemTxvevaSi 150 mm-mde sisqis detalebisT-
vis.
sameleqtrodiani SeduReba (nax. 3.8. b) samfaza
denis gamoyenebiT, ganivi moZraobiT uzrunvelyofs
500 mm-mde sisqis SeerTebebis miRebas.
mravaleleqtrodiani SeduReba (nax. 3.8. g) ga-
moiyeneba Zalze sqelkedliani detalebisTvis.
dadgenilia, rom samfaza denisTvis eleqtrodebis
ricxvi samjeradi unda iyos, e.i. 3, 9 da a.S. risT-
visac firfitovani eleqtrodebiT SeduReba (nax. 3.8.
d) gamoiyeneba SedarebiT mokle nakerebis (1,5 m-mde)
misaRebad, SesaerTebeli nakeTobebis sisqis mixed-
viT SeirCeva firfitebis zomebi da raodenoba.

52
 dnobadi satuCiT SeduReba (nax. 3.8. e) aerTi-
anebs mavTulisa da firfitovani eleqtrodebiT Se-
duRebis saxeebs. am SemTxvevaSi firfitebze miduRe-
buli milebi uzrunvelyofen mavTulebis miwodebas,
xolo uZrav firfitaze damagrebuli milebi ki as-
ruleben dnobadi satuCis daniSnulebas. es xerxi
gamoiyeneba rTuli wrfivi profilis nakerebisTvis.
pirapira eleqtrowiduri anu sxvanairad kon-
taqtur-widuri (nax. 3.8. e) SeduReba gamoiyeneba mis-
arTi masalis gareSe. am SemTxvevaSi deni miewodeba
uSualod SesaduRebel Reroebs. widis abazanis war-
moqmnisa da torsebis gadnobis Semdeg deni ga-
moirTveba da Reroebi erTmaneTs mieTeleba gark-
veuli wneviT. gamyarebis Semdeg miiReba dauSleli
SeerTeba.

3.3. airuli SeduReba

saSemduReblo ali warmoiqmneba airisebri saw-
vavis an sawvavi siTxis orTqlis JangbadSi wvis
Sedegad. sawvavi airebis specialuri sanTurebis ga-
moyenebiT airuli SeduRebis SesrulebisTvis, li-
Tonebisa da Senadnobebis saSemduReblo alis mini-
maluri temperatura unda iyos 30000C. sxvadasxva
sawvavi airebidan am moTxovnas akmayofilebs
mxolod acetileni _ C2H2, romelic miiReba
acetilenis specialur generatorebSi kalciumis
karbidis CaC2 wyalTan reaqciis dros:
CaC2+2H2O=C2H2+Ca(OH)2
kalciumis karbidi _ sali da Zneldnobadi
kristaluri nivTiereba miiReba rkalur eleqtrul
RumelebSi kalciumis oqsidis (CaO) naxSirTan (C)
SednobiT:
CaO+3C=CaC2+O2

53
 acetilenis wvis dros umaRlesi temperaturis
misaRwevad gamoiyeneba TiTqmis sufTa Jangbadi (97-
98%-iani), romelsac Rebuloben specialur danadga-
rebze atmosferuli haerisagan da miawodeben momx-
marebels foladis balonebiT (150 kg/sm2 wneviT).
airuli SeduRebis praqtikaSi farTo sawarmoo
gamoyenebas naxuloben inJeqtoruli an dabali wne-
vis saSemduReblo sanTurebi, romlis sqemac moce-
mulia 3.9. nax-ze.

nax. 3.9. inJeqtoruli saSemduReblo sanTuris kon-

struqciuli sqema da saSemduReblo alis aRnagoba:
1 _ nipeli; 2 _ regulirebadi ventili; 3 _
sanaTuris inJeqtori; 4 _ Semrevi sakani; 5 _ Semrevi
milaki; 6 _ sanTuris buniki; 7 _ nipeli; 8 _ birTvi;
9 _ aRmdgeni zona; 10 _ CiraRdani.

nikelisa da ventilis saSualebiT sanTuris in-

Jeqtors SlangiT miewodeba Jangbadi (3-4 kg/sm2
wneviT). viwro arxidan maRali siCqariT gamosuli
Jangbadi Seiwovs acetilens, romelic nipelidan da-
bali wneviT (0,5 kg/sm2) miyvanilia sanTuraze. Semrev
sakanSi miRebuli Jangbadisa da acetilenis narevi,
Semrevi milakiT miedineba sanTuris bunikisken.
bunikis arxidan gamosvlis Semdeg, sawvavis
narevi inTeba da warmoqmnis (nax. 3.10. a,b,g) rTuli

54
struqturis saSemduReblo als, romelsac gaaCnia
sami damaxasiaTebeli zona.

nax. 3.10. acetilen-Jangbadis ali: a _ normaluri; b _

damJangveli; g _ damanaxSirbadianebeli; 1 – birTvi;
2 _ aRmdgeneli zona; 3 _ CiraRdani.

pirveli zona, romlis temperaturaa daaxloe-

biT 15000C miiReba maSin, rodesac Teoriulad erT
moculoba acetilenisTvis saWiroa erTi moculoba
Jangbadi. Tumca praqtikulad (Jangbadis nawilo-
brivi gaWuWyianebis gamo), rekomendebulia
acetilenis JangbadTan Sefardeba iyos 1÷1,3. am
SemTxvevaSi miiReba normaluri ali, romelsac gaaC-
nia mkveTri moxazulobis odnav kasriseburi da
boloSi momrgvalebuli forma.
birTvis garsacms axasiaTebs kaSkaSiT naTeba,
rac ganpirobebulia ganJanguli naxSirbadis
nawilakebis arsebobiT. TviTon birTvs, romlis tem-
peraturac praqtikulad daaxloebiT 9000C-is tolia
mocisfro feri gaaCnia.
meore zona (aRmdgeneli), romelic birTvis
bolodan 3-6 mm-Taa daSorebuli. muqi feriT ga-
moirCeva. am zonaSi mimdinareobs gamdnari liTonis
Jangeulebisgan aRdgena. aRmdgeneli zonis maRali
temperaturis (daaxloebiT 32000C) mqone aliT xdeba
liTonis gaxureba da gadnoba.
mesame zona (damJangveli), anu CiraRdani Ses-
dgeba naxSirorJangisgan, wylisa da azotis
orTqlisagan. maTi warmoqmna alSi, aRmdgenel
zonaSi naxSiris Jangisa da wyalbadis wviT gare-
momcveli haeris xarjze xdeba. mesame zonis tem-
55
peratura Seadgens 1200-25000C-s. damJangveli alis
warmoqmnis mizezad SeiZleba CaiTvalos acetilen-
Tan mimarTebaSi Jangbadis maRali Semcveloba (1,3%-
ze meti). Jangbadis moculobiTi Semcvelobis zrda
ganapirobebs: birTvis sigrZeSi Semcirebas da
konusis magvari formis miRebas, rac arTulebs Se-
duRebis process. birTvis boloSi warmoiqmneba
momwvano feris ganStoebebi, birTvi kargavs formasa
da moxazulobas da aseTi aliT SeduReba SeuZle-
belia.
amgvarad, normaluri aliT miRebuli Seer-
Tebebi gacilebiT erTgvarovania, nakerSi iSviaTia
forebis, airis buStovanebisa da sxvadasxva Canar-
Tebis arseboba.
detalebis airuli SeduRebis teqnika iyenebs
or xerxs: marjvenas da marcxenas (nax. 3.11 a,b). mar-
jvena xerxisTvis saSemduReblo sanTuris ali nak-
erzea mimarTuli da igi gadaadgildeba misarTi ma-
salis win.

nax. 3.11. airuli SeduRebis xerxebi:

a _ marjvena; b _ marcxena.

56
 marcxena xerxis SemTxvevaSi sanTuris ali nak-
eridanaa mimarTuli da gadaadgildeba misarTi Re-
ros Semdeg marjvnidan marcxniv.
praqtikaSi 3 mm-ze naklebi sisqis liTonebisT-
vis mwarmoebluria marcxena xerxi, xolo didi
sisqeebisTvis marjvena, gansakuTrebiT ki im
SemTxvevaSi Tu iyeneben nawiburebis gamoyvanas.

3.4. kontaqturi da wnexuri SeduReba

dauSleli SeerTebis miReba kontaqturi Se-

duRebis dros xorcieldeba gamavali eleqtruli
deniT liTonis gaxurebiT da SemkumSavi datvirTvis
zemoqmedebiT SeerTebis zonis plastikuri defor-
maciiT.
SenaduRi SeerTebebis Sesrulebis formis
mixedviT ganasxvaveben kontaqturi SeduRebis sam
saxeobas: pirapiras; wertilovans da gorgola-
Wovans.
pirapira kontaqtur SeduRebas ori nairsaxeoba
gaaCnia: SeduReba winaRobiT da SeduReba SemolRvo-
biT (nax. 3.12). winaRobiT SeduRebis dros detalebi
mtkiced magrdeba manqanis momWer mowyobilobaSi da
mcire wnevis gamoyenebiT mieWireba erTmaneTs
SesaduRebeli nawiburebiT.

57
nax. 3.12. pirapira kontaqturi SeduRebis sqema: 1,2 _
SesaduRebeli detalebi; 3 _ denmimyvanebi; 4 _
transformatori.

amis Semdeg irTveba deni da detalebi maTi

kontaqtisa da maTTan mimdebare zonis adgilebSi
swrafad xurdebian maRal temperaturamde. amis Sem-
deg manqanis Casajdomi mowyobilobiT da denis
erTdrouli gamoTiSviT xorcieldeba maTi dawnexva,
rac ganapirobebs SeerTebis miRebas myar mdgomareo-
baSi.
SemolRvobiT SeduReba arsebobs wyvetili da
uwyveti. pirvel SemTxvevaSi detalebis erTmaneTTan
miaxloebis Semdeg irTveba deni da Sverilebisa da
sxvadasxva uTanabrobebis adgilebSi Zabvis qveS
mimdinareobs maTi erTmaneTTan xanmokle Sexebebi,
xolo Semdgom _ maTi erTmaneTisagan gancalkeveba.
naperwkluri gaSxefviT mimdinare miaxloebisa da
gancalkevebis procesebis cikli ganmeordeba
manamde, sanam ar moxdeba nawilobriv SemolRvobili
liTonis mTel SesaduRebel kveTze galRvoba.
mxolod amis Semdeg, gazrdili wnevis moqmedebiT
moxdeba gaTiSul denze detalebis swrafi Cajdoma,

58
rac ganapirobebs gaWuWyianebuli (ZiriTadad daJan-
guli) liTonis gamodevnas SeduRebis zonidan.
uwyveti SemolRvobiT kontaqturi pirapira Se-
duRebis SemTxvevaSi mimdinareobs detalebis erT-
maneTTan Tanabari da neli miaxloeba, sanam ar
moxdeba calkeul wertilebSi (SverilebSi) maTi
Sexeba. am SemTxvevaSi warmoqmnili denis maRali
simkvrive ganapirobebs liTonis gadnobas, nawilo-
briv aorTqlebas da Sxefebis saxiT amoxeTqas pi-
rapiras sibrtyidan. Semdgomi miaxloebis Semdeg
Sexeba moxdeba sxva wertilebSic da procxesi
meordeba. detalebis miaxloeba gagrZeldeba manamde,
sanam masalebis pirapira zedapirebi Tanabrad ar
galRveba. amis Semdeg mniSvnelovani wnevis gamoyene-
biT moxdeba swrafi Cajdoma.
wertilovani SeduReba (nax. 3.13) kontaqturis
erT-erTi gavrcelebuli xerxia, romlisTvisac ga-
moiyeneba is movlena, rom detalebSi gamavali de-
niT yvelaze metad xurdeba maTi Sexebis adgilebi
(sakontaqto zedapirebi), radganac isini denisadmi
sakmaod maRali winaRobiT xasiaTdebian. wertilovan
kontaqtur manqanebSi gamoiyeneba wakveTili konusis
formis spilenZis eleqtrodebi, romlebiTac xdeba
SesaerTebel detalebSi denis gatareba da maTze
datvirTvis miyeneba.
ganvixiloT wertilovani SeduRebis mimdina-
reoba. SeduRebisTvis gamzadebul pirgadadebul
furclebisTvis xdeba nawiburebidan wertilebs So-
ris manZilis moniSvna da moniSnul-awyobili Seer-
Tebebis eleqtrodebs Soris moTavsebis Semdeg, mom-
Widebis dasma ramodenime adgilas. awyobis sisworis
Semowmebis Semdeg iwyeba SeduRebis procesi samar-
Tavi pedlis moqmedebiT. pedalze daWeriT xdeba

59
SesaduRebeli furclebis SekumSva (datvirTva
gadaecema eleqtrodebis saSualebiT), xolo ra-
modenime wamSi furclebSi denis impulsis gatareba.
maRali winaRobis gamo furclebis SeerTebis
adgilze xdeba liTonis gadnoba, ris Semdegac ga-
moyenebuli iqneba damatebiTi datvirTva.

nax. 3.13. kontaqturi wertilovani SeduRebis sqema:

1,2 _ SesaduRebeli detalebi; 3 _ spilenZis
eleqtrodebi; 4 _ saSemduReblo transformatori;
5 _ SenaduRi wertilis birTvi.

gorgolaWovani SeduReba uzrunvelyofs mtkice

da mkvrivi SenaduRi nakeris miRebas. kontaqturi
SeduRebis am xerxisTvis pirgadadebuli SeerTebis
misaRebad eleqtrodebad gamoiyeneba spilenZis
diskebi (nax. 3.14), romelTagan erT-erTi maTgani wa-
myvania, xolo meore mimyoli. SeduRebis procesSi
pedalze daWeris Semdeg mieyeneba wneva, ris gamoc
SesaduRebeli furclebi mkveTrad ikumSeba da irT-
veba deni, romlis Semdegac procesi mimdinareobs
wyvetili impulsebiT.

60
nax. 3.14. gorgolaWovani (nakeruli) SeduRebis sqema:
1,2 _ SesaduRebeli furclebi; 3 _ eleqtrod gor-
golaWebi; 4 _ transformatori; 5 _ SenaduRi nakeri.

airwnexuri SeduReba (nax. 3.15) gamoyenebas nax-

ulobs relsebis, milebis, zolurebis da sxv. pro-
filis detalebis pirapira SeduRebisTvis.

nax. 3.15. airwnexuri SeduRebis sqema: 1,2 _ SesaduRe-

beli detalebi;
3 _ mravalplazmiani sanTura.

61
 aRniSnuli procesisTvis SesaerTebeli de-
talebis plastikur mdgomareobamde misayvanad an
maTi nawiburebis gasadnobad axureben mravalplaz-
miani sanTurebis gamoyenebiT. amis Semdeg RerZuli
wnevis miyenebiT mimdinareobs nawiburebis dawnexva
da SenaduRi SeerTebis miReba. SeduRebis es xerxi
sakmaod mwarmoebluria da ganapirobebs maRali
xarisxis nakerebis miRebas.

3.5. civad SeduReba

am meTodis vargisianoba normalur tempera-
turaze plastikuri liTonebis (alumini, spilenZi
da sxv.) SeerTebisTvis, ganapiroba misi farTo ga-
moyeneba eleqtro samontaJo waroebaSi.
civad SeduRebiT SenaduRis SeerTebis war-
moqmnas (nax. 3.16 a.b) uzrunvelyofs miyenebuli
adgilobrivi wnevis moqmedebiT liTonuri kavSire-
bis damyareba. xanrisxiani SeduRebis ganxor-
cielebisaTvis aucilebelia SesaerTebeli zed-
apirebis saguldagulod gawmenda

nax. 3.16 civad SeduRebis sqema: a-winaswari CaWeris

gareSe; b-winaswari CaWeriT; 1-SesaduRebeli de-
talebi; 2-puansonebi; 3-SemzRudavi sayrdenebi; 4-
SeduRebis adgili; 5-winaswari mimWeri.

62
 cximovani da Jangeulis furCebisgan, rac
xorciledeba meqanikuri da qimiuri xerxebiT. pir-
gadadebuli da kuTxuri SeerTebebiT SeduRe-
bisTvis xvedriTi wnevis SerCeva xdeba detalebis
sisqis mixedviT: 0.5-1.0 mm furclovani aluminis-
Tvis saWiroa 100-125 kg/mm2-ze; xolo 1,0-2,0 mm-is
150-175 kg/mm2-ze.
pirapira SeerTebebis civad SeduRebas (nax. 3.17.)
iyeneben 10 mm2-mde kveTis aluminis sadenebis Seer-
TebisTvis, risTvisac saWiro wnevis sidide unda
Seadgendes 30-80 kg mm2-ze.

nax. 3.17. pirapira civad SeduRebis sqema.

aluminis mavTulebis civad SeduRebas war-

matebiT iyeneben adidvis sawarmoebSi. SeduRebis
stacionaluri danadgarebi saSvalebas iZlevian
SeduRdes 3.5 mm diametramde mavTulebi Semdgomi
adidvisTvis 0.7 mm diametramde, gawyvetis gareSe.
aluminis mavTulebis civad SeduRebisTvis praqti-
kul gamoyenebas naxuloben mcire gabaritiani
saSemduReblo marwuxebi (nax. 3.18. a, b), romelTa
gamoyenebiTac SesaZlebelia 10 mm2-mde kveTis alu-
minis mavTulebis SeduReba.

63
nax. 3.18. mavTulebis civad SeduRebis marwuxebi:
a-xelSi dasaWeri (KC-6 tipis); b-magidaze dasadg-
meli (CHC-2 tipis ).

civad SeduReba xorciledeba specialur

danadgarebze, romelTa gamoyeneba uzrunvelyofs
sxvadaxva saxis SenaduRi SeerTebebis miRebas (nax.
3.19.). civad SeduRebiT SeiZleba damzaddes SeerTe-
bebi:

64
 nax. 3.19. civad SeduRebiT miRebuli SeerTebebi.

aluminis_aluminTan; aluminis-spilenZTan;
aluminis-rkinasTan; aluminis-nikelTan; spilenZis-
spilenZTan; spilendis-vercxlTan; tyviis-tyviasTan;
tyviis-rkinasTan da sxv.

65
 Tavi IV

saSemduReblo masalebi

saSemduReblo masalebma unda uzrunvelyon:

siTbos (energiis) wyaros warmoqmna da gamdnari
(SesaerTebeli) liTonis miReba; siTbos wyaros mo-
qmedebis SenarCuneba da stabilizacia; SeduRebis
zonis dacva haeris mavne zemoqmedebisgan; abazanis
liTonis ganJangva da legireba; garkveuli qimiuri
Sedgenilobis xarisxiani SenaduRi SeerTebis miReba.
CamoTvlili moTxovnebidan gamomdinare saSemdu-
Reblo masalebi SeiZleba daiyos eleqtrodebisa
(misarTi liTonebis) da danarCeni (saeleqtrodo
dafarvebi; saSemduReblo flusebi; damcavi da saw-
vavi airebi da sxv.) masalebis jgufebad.
eleqtruli SeduRebis procesSi eleqtrodis
daniSnulebaa denis miyvana siTbos wyaromde da
amasTan erTad damatebiTi gamdnari liTonis warmo-
qmna dnobiT SeduRebisTvis an datvirTvis warmoqmna
wneviT SeduRebisTvis. SeduRebis sxvadasxva xerxe-
bisTvis gankuTvnili eleqtrodebi SeiZleba iyos:
aradnobadi an dnobadi; mTliani an sxva kveTis, SiS-
veli an dafaruli; wyvetili (daWrili) an uwyveti
(gorglis saxiT) da sxv. aradnobadi eleqtrodebis
masalad gamoiyeneba: naxSiri, grafiti, volframi da
spilenZis Senadnobebi. dnobadi eleqtrodebi mzad-
deba dabalnaxSirbadiani (an legirebuli) folade-
bisgan da feradi liTonebisgan. aradnobadi
eleqtrodebis gamoyeneba rekomendebulia wneviT da
damcav airebSi eleqtrorkaluri SeduRebis xerxe-
bisTvis, xolo dnobadi eleqtrodis eleqtro-

66
rkaluri da eleqtrowiduri SeduRebis nebismieri
xerxisTvis.
elqtrodebis ganxilul nomenklaturaSi gansa-
kuTrebuli adgili ukavia saSemduReblo mavTuls,
romelic warmoadgens rogorc uwyvet eleqtrods,
aseve misarT masalasac. saSemduReblo mavTuli
farTod gamoiyeneba rogorc xeliT (es masala daW-
ril Reroebad ixmareba dafarul eleqtrodebSi)
aseve meqanizebuli (damcav airebSi, flusis qveS da
eleqtrowiduri) SeduRebis xerxebisTvis. agreTve
unda aRiniSnos, rom uwyveti eleqtrodis sakmaod
gavrcelebuli saxeobaa fxvnilgula mavTuli. orive
saeleqtrodo masala mzaddeba rogorc Savi, aseve
feradi liTonebisgan.

4.1. saSemduReblo mavTuli

SiSveli (daufaravi) saSemduReblo mavTuli

ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba flusis qveS an damcav
airebSi naxevaravtomaturi da avtomaturi, aseve
eleqtrowiduri SeduRebisTvis. xeliT SeduRebis-
Tvis mavTuls Wrian 350-400 mm sigrZis Reroebad,
xolo Semdeg zedapirze adeben dafarvas. aseT
saSemduReblo masalas uwodeben saSemduReblo
eleqtrods.
Cveulebriv saSemduReblo saeleqtrodo mav-
Tuli mzaddeba Savi da feradi liTonebis kargad
deformirebad masalebisgan. yvela saSemduReblo
mavTulis pirobiT aRniSvnaSi Sedis indeqsi `Cв~
(saSemduReblo) da Sedgom sxvadasxva liTonebis
markirebis dros gamoyenebuli cifrebi da asoebi.

67
 nebismieri liTonis SeduRebis teqnologiis Se-
muSavebis dros udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba
saeleqtrodo mavTulis swor SerCevas, radganac
misi Sedgeniloba gansazRvravs nakeris qimiur
Sedgenilobas da uzrunvelyofs mis meqanikur,
fizikur da fizikur-meqanikur Tvisebebs. unda aRi-
niSnos, rom SeduRebis procesSi gamdnari liToni
reagirebs damcav aresTan (widasTan da airTan),
romlis drosac mimdinare metalurgiuli procese-
biT sagrZnoblad icvleba nakeris Sedgeniloba mav-
TulTan mimarTebaSi. aRniSnuli garemoeba unda
gaTvaliswinebul iqnes saeleqtrodo masalebis Se-
muSavebis dros da unda iqnes daculi SenaduRi
SeerTebis elementebis Sedgenilobisa da Tvisebebis
Sesabamisoba.
foladis saSemduReblo mavTulebi. gosti 2246-
75 iTvaliswinebs 75 markis saSemduReblo mavTulis
warmoebas, romlebic 3 jgufad iyofian: 6 marka _
dabalnaxSirbadiani; 30 marka _ legirebuli; da 39
marka _ maRallegirebuli. isini mzaddebian 0,3; 0,5;
0,8; 1,2; 1,6; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0; 4,0; 5,0; 6,0; 8,0; 10,0 da 12,0 mm
diametris. aqedan meqanizebuli SeduRebisTvis gaT-
valiswinebuli mavTulis diametri ar unda aRemate-
bodes 6,0 mm-s. mavTuli momxmarebels miewodeba
gorglis saxiT. Tu mavTulis zedapiri aris mos-
pilenZebuli, gamoiyeneba aRniSvna `0~. 4.1. cxrilSi
moyvanilia foladis saSemduReblo zogierTi mav-
Tulis Sedgeniloba.

68
 cxrili 4.1.
zogierTi markis foladis saSemduReblo mavTulis
qimiuri Sedgeniloba, % (gosti 2246-75)

mavTu- C Mn Si Cr Nl S P sxva
lis ara ara umetes elemen-
marka umetes tebi
Св-08 0,35-
0,10 0,03 0,15 0,30 0,040 0,040 0,01 Al
0,60
Св-08А 0,35-
0,10 0,03 0,12 0,25 0,030 0,030 0,01 Al
0,60
Св-08АА 0,35-
0,10 0,03 0,10 0,25 0,020 0,020 0,01 Al
0,60
Св-08ГА 0,80-
0,10 0,03 0,10 0,25 0,025 0,030 -
1,10
Св-10ГА 1,10-
0,12 0,03 0,20 0,30 0,025 0,030 -
1,40
Св-10Г2 1,50-
0,12 0,03 0,20 0,30 0,030 0,030 -
1,90
Св-08ГС 1,40-
0,10 0,85 0,20 0,25 0,025 0,030 -
1,70
Св-12ГС 0,8-
0,14 0,90 0,20 0,30 0,025 0,030 -
1,1
Св- 1,8-
0,11 0,95 0,20 0,25 0,025 0,030 -
08Г2С 2,10
0,20 –
Св-15ГСТЮЦА

0,50 Al,
0,05 –
0,6-
0,18 0,85 0,30 0,40 0,025 0,025 0,15Zr,
1,0 ara
nakleb
0,40 Ce
0,10-
Св-20ГСТЮА

0,20 Ti,
0,6- 0,20 –
0,18 0,85 0,30 0,40 0,025 0,025 0,50 Al,
1,0
0,30 –
0,45 Ce

69
 cxrilSi moyvanili pirveli xuTi marka gamoi-
yeneba dabalnaxSirbadiani foladebis flusis qveS
SeduRebisTvis (mavTulis markis asoebi A da AA mi-
uTiTeben nakeris liTonis gazrdil sisufTaveze
gogirdTan da fosforTan mimarTebaSi).
dabalnaxSirbadiani foladebis naxSirorJangis
areSi SeduRebisTvis gaTvaliswinebulia Св-10Г2, Св-
08ГС, Св-12ГС, Св-08Г2С, markis saSemduReblo mav-
Tulebi. rac Seexeba Св-15ГСТЮЦА da Св-20ГСТЮА
markis saSemduReblo mavTulebs (specialuri
daniSnulebis aqtivizebuli masalebia) maTi gamo-
yeneba SesaZlebelia dacvis gareSe Ria rkaliT Se-
duRebisTvis.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis SesaduRebeli
mavTuli. mTliani kveTis saSemduReblo mavTuli
miewodeba momxmarebels gosti 7871-63-is mixedviT
(cxrili 4.2). aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis mav-
Tuli diametriT 0,8-12 mm, SeiZleba iyos naWimi an
nawnexi. naWimi mavTuli miewodeba mopirsalebul
mdgomareobaSi xveulebad, xolo cxladCawnexili _
xveulebad an wnelebad, sigrZiT ara umcires 3 m-sa.
gorglebis zomebi da masa unda Seesabamebodes 4.3.
cxrilis monacemebs.

70
 cxrili 4.2.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis SesaduRebeli mav-
Tulebis Sedgeniloba
mavTulis Al Mg Mn Fe Si
marka
СвАВ-00 ≤99,97 - - ≤0,015 ≤0,015
СвВА-1 ≤99,5 - - 0,20÷0,35 0,10÷0,35
СвАМц ≤0,05 1,0÷1,5 0,3÷0,5 0,2÷0,4
СвАМг5 4,8÷5,8 0,5÷0,8 ≤0,4 ≤0,4

danarCeni
СвАМг6 5,8÷6,8 0,5÷0,8 ≤0,4 ≤0,4
СвАМг7 6,5÷7,5 0,5÷0,8 ≤0,4 ≤0,4
СвАН5 - - ≤0,6 4,5÷6,0
СвАН10 ≤0,10 - ≤0,6 7,0÷10,0
СвАН12 - - ≤0,3 11,5÷13,5
mavTulis minarevebi ara umetes,
marka %
sxva-

jamuri
dasx
va
minar
Ti Be Zr Zn Cu evebi
СвАВ-00 - - - - 0,005 0,01 0,08
СвВА-1 - - - - 0,015 0,05 0,5
СвАМц - - - 0,1 0,2 0,1 0,35
СвАМг5 0,1÷0, 0,002÷
- 0,2 0,05 0,1 1,4
2 ÷0,005
СвАМг6 0,1÷0, 0,002÷
- 0,2 0,1 0,1 1,2
2 ÷0,005
СвАМг7 -
0,002÷
0,2÷0,4 - - - -
÷0,005
СвАН5 - - - 0,2 0,1 1,0
СвАН10 - - - 0,1 0,1 1,1
СвАН12 - -
0,005÷
- 0,2 0,1 0,6
÷0,25

71
 cxrili 4.3.
aluminis mavTulis gorglebis zomebi da masa

mavTulis dia- gorglis Siga gorglis masa,

metri, mm diametri, mm kg
0,8 150-300 1,5
1,0-2,2 250-400 10
2,5-3,5 350-500 25
4,0-6,0 ≤600 40
7,0-12,0 ≤750 40

mavTuli miewodeba makonservebeli gapoxviT.

misi Senaxva da transportireba rekomendebulia
iseT pirobebSi, romlebic gamoricxaven SefuTvis
mTlianobis darRvevas. amiT uzrunvelyofil iqneba
mavTulis zedapiris dacva koroziisgan, gaWuWyiane-
bisgan da meqanikuri dazianebebisgan.
spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis SesaduRebeli
mavTuli. spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis SesaduRe-
blad gankuTvnili mavTulebis qimiuri
Sedgenilobebi moyvanilia 4.4. cxrilSi. ganxiluli
Sedgenilobebidan

cxrili 4.4.
spilenZisa da qromiani brinjaos SesaduRebeli mav-
Tulebis Sedgeniloba %

mavTulis marka Cr Ti Nl Fe
МТ - - - -
Бр.Х0,7 0,4-0,9 - - -
Бр.ХТО,6-05
0,4-0,8 0,4-0,6 - -

72
МНЖКТ5-1-0,2-0,2
- 0,1-0,3 5,0-6,5 1,0-1,4

Бр.КМц3-1 - - - -
mavTulis marka minarevebis
Si Mn Cu jami

МТ - - 99,95-99,99 0,01-0,05
Бр.Х0,7 - - ≤0,3
Бр.ХТО,6-05 - - ` ≤0,2
МНЖКТ5-1-0,2-0,2 0,15-
0,3-0,8 ` ≤0,7
0,30
Бр.КМц3-1 2,75-3,5 1,0-1,5 ` ≤1,1

flusis qveS SesaduReblad gamoiyeneba mav-

Tulebi МТ, БрХТО,6-0,5 da БрХ0,7, xolo
aireleqtruli SeduRebisTvis _ mavTulebi МНЖКТ5-
1-0,2-0,2 БрНМц3-1.
titanisa da misi Senadnobebis SesaduRebeli
mavTuli. saSemduReblo mavTulebi mzaddeba gansx-
vavebuli Sedgenilobis titanis Senadnobebisgan da
miewodeba momxmarebels teqnikuri pirobebis uwyi-
sebis Sesabamisad. titanis SeduRebisTvis gamoi-
yeneba BT1 Senadnobisgan damzadebuli mavTuli, ro-
melSic Sedis: 0,05%C; 0,3%Fe; 0,05%S; 0,15% Jangbadi;
0,04% azoti da 0,01% wyalbadi. titanis Senadnobe-
bisTvis gankuTvnili mavTulis qimiuri Sedgenilo-
bis SerCeva xdeba im mosazrebidan gamomdinare, rom
iqnes uzrunvelyofili SenaduRi SeerTebebisTvis
simtkicisa da koroziamedegobis moTxovnebi.

4.2. fxvnilgula mavTuli

fxvnilgula mavTuli nax.4.1. warmoadgens uni-
versalur saSemduReblo masalas, romelic praqti-

73
kulad gamoiyeneba nebismieri liTonis SesaduRe-
blad da gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis mqone fenis
dasaduReblad. igi xSir SemTxvevebSi konkurencias
uwevs iseT klasikur saSemduReblo masalebs,
rogoric aris saSemduReblo mavTuli, dafaruli
eleqtrodi, flusi da damcavi airebi. fxvnilgula
mavTuli xSirad gamoiyeneba naxSirbadiani da
legirebuli foladebis, aseve Tujebisa da feradi
liTonebis SeduRebasa da daduRebaSi, rac ganpi-
robebulia misi qimiuri Sedgenilobis farTo
zRvrebSi varirebiT.
fxvnilgula mavTuli, romelic aRiniSneba
rusuli asoebiT ПП («Порошковая проволока»), warmoa-
dgens `milisebri~ an ufro rTuli konstruqciis
uwyvet eleqtrods romlis gulic Sedgenilia mad-
nis, feroSenadnobebis, liTonebis, qimikatebisa da
sxva masalebis fxvnilebisagan mzaddeba (nax.4.3.)

nax. 4.1. fxvnilgula mavTulis konstruqciebi: a,b,g _

milisebri; d,e,v,z _ garsacmis nawilia gulis Sig-
niT Seyvanili: T _ orSriani.

74
gulis iolad deformirebad liTonis lentaSi gax-
veviTa da dawnexviT, rac xorcieldeba filerebSi.
pirveli gatarebis Semdeg fxvnilis SemWidroebisa
da dawnexvis mizniT mimdinareobs mavTulis ga-
tareba ramodenime filerSi (diametrebSi sxvaoba
Seadgens 0,3-0,5 mm-s) saWiro diametris miRebamde.

nax. 4.2. fxvnilgula mavTulis damzadebis sqema: 1 _

lenta; 2 _ kazmiani bunkeri; 3 _ filerebi; 4 _
fxvnilgula mavTuli.

eleqtrodis dafarvis msgavsad, gulis kazmSi

Semaval komponentebs sxvadasxva daniSnuleba gaaC-
niaT. ase, magaliTad, gamdnari liTonis dacva hae-
ris mavne zegavlenisagan, ganJangva, liTonis
legireba, azotis SekavSireba mdgrad nitridebad,
rkalis ganmuxtvis stabiluroba da sxv. yovelive
amis garda, gulis Semdgenebi unda akmayofilebdes
kidev saerTod miRebul pirobebs, romlebic
waeyeneba yvela saSemduReblo masalas, kerZod nak-
eris kargi formirebis uzrunvelyofa, widis qerqis
ioli mocileba, ZiriTadi liTonis CaduRebis sakmao
siRrme, liTonis minimaluri gaSxefa, forebis, bza-
rebis, araliTonuri CanarTebisa da sxva defeqtebis
Tavidan acileba, nakerisa da SenaduRi SeerTebebis
sasurveli meqanikuri, fizikuri da fizikur-qimiuri
Tvisebebis miReba da a.S.

75
 fxvnilgula mavTulebi SesaZloa gamoyenebul
iqnes SeduRebisaTvis rogorc SeduRebis zonis
damatebiTi dacvis gareSe, ise damcavi airebisa da
flusebis gamoyenebiT. fxvnilgula mavTuls, ro-
melic SeduRebis procesSi ar moiTxovs SeduRebis
zonis damatebiT dacvas, TviTdamcavi ewodeba. aseTi
mavTulis gulis SedgenilobaSi Semavali masalebi
rkaliT gaxurebasa da gadnobisas qmnis Txevadi
liTonis widiTa da airiT dacvis ares, amJamad
farTo gavrceleba pova naxSirorJangis airis qveS
TviTdamcavi fxvnilgula mavTulebiT SeduRebam.
ganasxvaveben fxvnilgula mavTulebs
daniSnulebis, liTonis dacvis xerxisa da gulis
Sedgenilobis mixedviT. bolo wlebSi farTo gavr-
celeba hpova fxvnilgula mavTulebma legirebuli
foladebis, Tujebis, feradi liTonebisa da maT
Senadnobebis SeduRebasa da daduRebaSi.
dacvis xerxis mixedviT fxvnilgula mavTulebi
SeiZleba iyos TviTdamcavi da SeduRebis zonis
airiT an flusis damatebiTi dacviT.
gulis Sedgenilobis mixedviT fxvnilgula
mavTulebi xuT ZiriTad tipad iyofa: rutil-
organuli, karbonatul-fluorituli, fluorituli,
rutilisa da rutil-fluorituli. pirveli sami
tipis mavTuli gamoiyeneba yovelgvari damatebiTi
dacvis gareSe, xolo meoTxe da mexuTe tipi _ nax-
SirorJangis aris qveS SeduRebisaTvis.
rutil-organuli tipis guli ZiriTadad Sed-
geba rutilis koncentratisa da aluminsilika-
tebisagan (mindvris Spati, qarsi, graniti, da sxv.)
ganmJangavad gamoiyeneba feromanganumi, xolo air-
warmomqmnel masalebad _ kraxmali an celuloza.

76
aseTi tipis mavTulebi TviTdamcavi TvisebiT
xasiaTdeba.
rutilis tipis mavTulis guli ZiriTadad Sei-
cavs rutilis koncentrats, aluminsilikatebsa da
madans. ganmJangavebad gamoyenebulia feromanganumi,
ferosiliciumi, ferotitani, feroalumini. aseTi
tipis mavTulebi SeduRebisas damatebiT airul
dacvas (ZiriTadad naxSirorJangis airiT) moiTxovs.
karbonatul-fluorituli tipis mavTulis gu-
li Sedgeba airwarmomqmneli masalebisagan _ kal-
ciumis, magniumis, natriumis an sxva liTonebis kar-
bonatebisagan. widis warmomqmnel masalad gamoi-
yeneba rutilis koncentrati, aluminsilikatebi,
tutemiwa liTonis oqsidebi. fluoritis koncent-
rati da sxva, ganmJangavebad Seitaneba feromanganumi
an ferosiciliumi, an orive erTad. mdgrad nitrite-
bad azotis gadayvanisaTvis gulSi SehyavT titani
da alumini. am tipis mavTulebi miekuTvneba TviT-
damcav kategorias, magram maTi gamoyeneba SeiZleba
damatebiTi damcav naxSirorJangis airTan erTad.
rutil-fluorituli tipis mavTulis guli
ZiriTadad Seicavs rutilisa da fluoritis kon-
centratebs. widis warmomqmnelebad zogjer SehyavT
tutemiwa liTonis oqsidebi da aluminsilikatebi.
ganmJangavebs warmoadgenen feromanganumi da
ferosiciliumi. am tipis gulis mqone mavTulebi
moiTxovs damatebiT damcav ares _ naxSirorJangis
airs.
fluoritis tipis mavTulis guli ZiriTadad
Sedgeba fluoritis koncentratisagan. liTonis
gansaJangavad gamoiyenebian feromanganumi, alumini,
magniumi. alumini amasTanave ierTebs azots da gada-

77
hyavs mdgrad nitridis saxeSi. am tipis mavTulebi
gamoiyeneba rogorc TviTdamcavi.
SeduRebis mwarmoeblurobis gazrdisa da kargi
saSemduReblo-teqnologiuri Tvisebebis miniWebis
mizniT, yvela tipis fxvnilgula mavTulis gulSi
SehyavT rkinis fxvnili.

4.3. dafaruli eleqtrodebi

dnobadi eleqtrodiT arameqanizebuli (xeliT)

eleqtrorkaluri SeduRebis dros gamoiyeneba li-
Tonuri da araliTonuri masalebiT Sedgenili kom-
binirebuli saSemduReblo masala _ dafaruli
eleqtrodi. misi elementebia: liTonuri Rero da
masze Semogozili dafarva (nax. 4.3). pirveli war-
moadgens saeleqtrodo da misarT masalas, romelic
uzrunvelyofs rogorc denis rkalze miyvanas, aseve
SeduRebis abazanis gamdnari liToniT Sevsebas.

d
1

D
2

nax. 4.3. dafaruli eleqtrodi: 1 _ saeleqtrodo

Rero; 2 _ eleqtrodis dafarva.

78
 meore elementi warmoadgens mravalkom-
ponentian araliTonur masalas, romelic gadnobis
Semdeg uzrunvelyofs: rkaluri procesis stabi-
lurobas (mdgradobas); SeduRebis zonis dacvas hae-
ris mavne gavlenisgan; abazanis liTonis ganJangvasa
da legirebas; SenaduRi SeerTebis tolsimtkicesa
da xarisxs. ganxiluli moTxovnebis dasakmayo-
fileblad, nebismieri dafarva unda Seicavdes
sastabilizacio, airwarmomqmnel da widis war-
momqmnel mdgenelebs, ganmJangvelebsa da malegire-
bel elementebs.
dafaruli eleqtrodebis klasifikacias ganapi-
robebs Semdegi niSnebi: a) warmoqmnili nakeris
meqanikuri Tvisebebi da xarisxi; b) dafarvis tipi da
sisqe; g) nakeris Sesrulebis sivrciTi mdebareoba;
d) diametri; e) SeduRebis denis saxeoba da po-
laroba. ganxiluli niSnebis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba
ruseTisa da ukrainis warmoebis eleqtrodebis pi-
robiTi aRniSvna (nax. 4.4.).

nax. 4.4. dafaruli eleqtrodebis pirobiTi aRniSvnis

struqtura:
1 _ eleqrodis tipi; 2 _ eleqtrodis marka; 3 _ dia-
metri; 4 _ daniSnuleba; 5 _ dafarvis sisqe; 6 _
jgufi; 7 _ standartis mixedviT daduRebuli li-
Tonisa da nakeris maxasiaTeblebis jgufis maCvene-
beli indeqsi; 8 _ dafarvis tipi; 9 _ SeduRebis
sivrciTi mdebareobis aRmniSvneli indeqsi; 10 _
denis saxeoba, polaroba da kvebis wyaros uqmi
svlis Zabva; 11 _ standarti; 12 _ standarti.

79
 dafaruli eleqtrodis tipi (p.1) aerTianebs
sxvadasxva markis eleqtrodebs, romlebsac erT-
nairi simtkicis maCvenebeli (nakeris minimaluri sa-
garantio winaRoba) gaaCniaT. xolo marka (p.2) war-
mogvidgens eleqtrodebs, romlebsac pirobiTi aR-
niSvnis yvela punqtis erTnairi maCvenebeli gaaCniaT,
eleqtrodis diametris garda.
daniSnulebis mixedviT (h.4) dafaruli eleqt-
rodebi iyofa Semdeg klasebad: naxSirbadiani da
daballegirebuli sakonstruqcio foladebis Se-
duRebisTvis, romelic aRiniSneba У asoTi; legi-
rebuli sakonstruqcio foladebis SeduRebisTvis _
Л asoTi; Tbomdgradi foladebis SeduRebisTvis _ Т
asoTi; maRallegirebuli foladebis SeduRebisTvis
_ BBasoTi; gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis fenis
daduRebisTvis _ H asoTi; Tujebis SeduRebisTvis _
Ч asoTi; spilenZis SeduRebisTvis _ М asoTi; alu-
minis SeduRebisTvis _ А asoTi.
dafarvis sisqis mixedviT (3.5) eleqtrodebs
awarmoeben Txeli dafarviT (D:d≤1,2) _ indeqsi M;
saSualo sisqis dafarviT (1,2+ ≤D:d≤1,45) _ C; sqeli
dafarviT (1,45≤D: d≤1,8) _ D; zesqeli dafarviT (D:
d≥1,8) _ Г.
gogirdisa da fosforis Semcvelobis mixedviT
eleqtrodebi iyofa 1...3 jgufebad (p.6), amasTan jgu-
fis maRal nomers am elementebis ufro dabali Sem-
cveloba Seesabameba da xarisxic maRalia.
SeduRebis sivrciTi mdebareobis aRmniSvneli
(p.9) indeqsebis raodenoba aris oTxi: 1-nebismier
sivrciT mdebareobaSi SeduRebis Sesrulebis
SesaZleblobis aRmniSvnelia; 2-garda vertika-
lurisa zemodan qvemoT; 3-garda Werulisa da verti-

80
kaluris zemodan qvemoT; 4-SeduReba SesaZlebelia
mxolod qveda da navur mdebareobaSi.
eleqtrodebis dafarvis tipebi (p.8) aRiniSneba
Semdegi indeqsebiT: mJave dafarva _ A; rutiliani
dafarva _ P; fuZe dafarva _ Б; celuloziani
dafarva _ Ц; sxva saxis dafarvebi _ А.
magaliTis saxiT ganvixiloT dafaruli
eleqtrodis Semdegi pirobiTi aRniSvna:
Э-46 - eleqtrodis tipia Э rkaluri SeduRebis
eleqtrodi, SenaduRi nakeris minimaluri droebiTi
winaRobaa 46 kv.Z/mm2 (A _ nakeris maRali plas-
tikurobis maCvenebelia); УОНИ – 13/45 eleqtrodis
markaa; 3,0 _ eleqtrodis Reros diametri, mm; У _
daniSnulebaa naxSirbadiani da daballegiuri
foladebis SeduReba; D _ gaaCnia sqeli dafarva: Б
_ aqvs fuZe dafarva; 1 _ SeduReba SesaZlebelia ne-
bismier sivrciT mdebareobaSi; 0-SeduReba xdeba
Seqceuli polarobis mudmiv doneze.
spilenZis SeduRebisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli
dafaruli eleqtrodebis Rerod iyeneben daWril
aralegirebul an fosforiT legirebul spilenZis
mavTulebs, БрКМц3-1 markis silicium-manganumian
brinjaos mavTuls an ZiriTadi liTonis analo-
giuri Sedgenilobis Camosxmul Reroebs. zogierT
SemTxvevaSi rekomendebulia БрФ0 4-03 markis kala-
fosforovani brinjaos sxmuli Reroebis gamoyeneba.
saeleqtrodo Reroebze Semogozili dafarvebis
SedgenilobebSi (cxrili 4.5.) Sedis mdgenelebi, rom-
lebic uzrunvelyofen rkaluri procesis stabi-
lurobas, widis warmoqmnas, abazanis liTonis gan-
Jangvasa da legirebas, normaluri nakeris formire-
bas.

81
 cxrili 4.5.
spilenZis SesaduRebeli eleqtrodebis dafarvis
Sedgenilobebi, won. %-Si

komponentebi Sedgenilobis # da eleqtrodebis marka

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ММЗ-1

Комсомолец

ММЗ-2

ОЗМ-1
ОЗЧ-1
К-100

ЗГ

-
mdnobi Spati 10 32 10 30 82 12,5 7,5 12,5 30 32
mindvris Spati 12 - 12 14 - - - 15 20 -
rkinis - - - - - - 50 - - -
fxvnili
graniti - - - - - 15 - - - -
spilenZis 20 - - - - - - 25 - -
silicidi
ferotitani - - - - - - 6 - - -
titanis or- - - - - 8 - - - - -
Jangi
feromanganumi 38 - 50 - - 47,5 2,5 47,5 - -
manganumis ma- - 17,5 - - - - - - 5 17,5
dani
vercxlisebri - 16 - 8 - - - - - 16
graniti
ferosiliciumi - 32 8 - - 25 2,44 - - 32
(75%)
aluminis - 2,5 - - - - - - - 2,5
fxvnili
kvarci - - - - - - 4,5 - - -
marmarilo - - - - 10 - 27 - - -
potami - - - 5 - - - - - -
siminali - - - 43 - - - - 20 -
krioliti - - - - - - - - - -
jamuri % 80 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 75 100

82
Txevadi mina 20 20 25

narevi

narevi

narevi

narevi

narevi

narevi

narevi
SeniSvna: #4 da #9 darvebSi Seyvanilia sima-
nali (27-30% Al; 19-22% Mn; 31-35% Si; 0,2%-mde C; 0,5%-
mde P), romelic warmoadgens aqtiur ganmJangvels.

TiTberis SesaduRebeli dafaruli eleqt-

rodebis Reroebi mzaddeba ЛК80-3, ЛМц59-02 da ЛМцЖ
59-1-1 markis TiTberisagan an БрКМц3-1 markis brin-
jaosagan. legirebuli TiTberis SesaduRebeli
eleqtrodis Rero igive Sedgenilobis unda iyos,
rogorisac aris SesaduRebeli nakeToba. aseve
dasaSvebia М2 da М3 markis spilenZis Reroebis ga-
moyeneba. Reroebi Semogozilia specialuri
dafarvebiT (cxrili 4.6.), romlebmac unda uzrunve-
lyon rkalis kargi stabilizacia. cxrilSi moyva-
nili dafarvebis mqone eleqtrodebis gamoyeneba
Cveulebrivi (aralegirebuli) TiTberis SeduRebisT-
vis uzrunvelyofen TiTqmis erTnair xarisxs. #7
dafarva yvelaze Zvelia, magram amJamad iSviaTad ga-
moiyeneba, radganac garTulebulia orfeniani
dafarvis damzadebis teqnologia.

83
 cxrili 4.6.
TiTberis SesaduRebeli eleqtrodebis dafarvebi
komponentebi Sedgeniloba, %
1 2 3 4 # #6 #7
ОБ5 БЛ-1 ЗТ КПМ** 5

II fena
I fena
gadadnobili boraki - - - 20 - - - -
biqromati - - - 7 - - - -
bentoniti 2,0 - - - -8 - - -
feromanganumi (da- 75 - - - - 17 15 -
balnaxSirbadiani) 10
natriumis fToridi 9 - - - - - - -
mdnobi Spati 7,5 - 32 17 30 - - -
spilenZis silicidis - - - -26 - - - -
ligatura*
grafiti 4,5 - 16 - 16 - - -
natriumis qloridi - 12,5 - 15 - - - -
alumini (fxvnili) 2,0 - 2,5 - - - - -
carci - - - - - 22 - -
ferosiliciumi - - 32 - 26 - - -
mindvris Spati - - - 9 - - - -
natriumis fosfati - - - - 10 - - -
manganumis madani - - 17,5 - - 26 30 -
titanis koncentrati - - - - - 30 30 -
kaliumis hidroqro- - - - - - 5 - -
mati
krioliti - 35 - - - - - -
kaliumis qloridi - 50 - - - - - -
xis naxSiri - 2,5 - - - - - -
carci - - - - - - 20 -
kaliumis sulfati - - - - - - 5 -
boris wida - - - - - - - 75
Txevadi mina komponentebis jamze _ 35% 25
* ligaturis mdgenelebia: 25% Si; 3% Fe; 0,5% P; danarCeni
spilenZi.
** anazelisTvis Txevadi minis magivrad Seiyvaneba 6% ni-

trolaqi.

84
 brinjaos SesaduRebeli dafaruli eleqt-
rodebis Reroebs umravles SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi
liTonis Sedgeniloba gaaCnia, Tumca saukeTeso
SedegebiT xasiaTdeba nebismieri sxmuli brinja-
osTvis БрКМц3-1 markis Reroebis gamoyeneba. es sak-
maod universaluri mavTuli, romlis Sedge-
nilobaSic Sedis 10%Al da 3-5%Fe uzrunvelyofs nak-
eris maRal simtkicis maCveneblebs. rkinis arseboba
ganapirobebs nakeris liTonis wvrilmarcvlovnebas
da simtkices. rTuli Sedgenilobis aluminiani
brinjaosTvis kargi Sedegebi miiReba nikelisa da
manganumis damatebiT. brinjaos eleqtrodebis
dafarvebma (cxrili 4.7.) unda uzrunvelyos rkalis
stabilizacia, Rerosa da dafarvis Tanabari dnoba,
abazanis liTonis ganJangva da legireba. #1,5,10,13
eleqtrodebi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva markis sxmuli
brinjaos SeduRebisTvis, #5, 6 da 14 aluminiani
brinjaosTvis, xolo #2-4 da 7-9 sxvadasxva
Sedgenilobis kaliani brinjaosTvis.

85
 cxrili 4.7.
sxvadasxva markis brinjaos SesaduRebeli eleqtrodebis dafarvebi
qimiuri Sedgeniloba won %-Si. eleqtrodis marka da #
komponentebi qimiuri Sedgeniloba, won%-Si, eleqtrodis marka da #
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
АБ-2 БЛ-3 Бр1 Бр2 Бр3 К-100 ЭАЛ-1
alumini (fxvnili) 15 - 50 15 - - 35 25 15 2 - - - - -
carci 35 - - - - - - - 5 - - - - - -
marmarilo 35 - - 70 - - - 35 - - 45 45 12,5 - -
xis naxSiri 15 - 35 - - 2,5 35 - - - - - - - -
grafiti - 5 - 15 5 - - 15 - 6 5 5 - - -
feromanganumi - 80 - - - - - - - 55 5 10 62,5 - 28
krioliti - 15 - - - 35 - - - 15 - - - 30 -
boraki gadamdnari - - 15 - - - 15 15 15 - - - - - -
kaliumis qloridi - - - - 33 50 - - - - - - - 40 -
natriumis qloridi - - - - 9 12,5 - - - - - - - 30 -
natriumis fToridi - - - - 28 - - - - - - - - - -
mdnobi Spati - - - - 14 - - - - 17 38 31 - - -
bentoniti - - - - 11 - - - - - - - - - -
spilenZis fosfati - - - - - - 15 15 - - - - - - -
titanis koncentrati - - - - - - - - 10 - - - - - -
karborundi - - - - - - - 55 - - - - - -
fenisiliumi - - - - - - - - - 5 7 9 10 - 41
ferotitani - - - - - - - - - 3 - - - - -
natriumis sulfati - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
mindvris Spati - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 - 28
magnezia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3
 ganxiluli eleqtrodebis Reroebze dafarvis
dadeba xdeba amovlebis (umravles SemTxvevaSi or-
jeradi) xerxiT.
aluminisa da magniumis Senadnobebis Sesadu-
Rebeli dafaruli eleqtrodebis Reroebs unda
gaaCndeT ZiriTadi liTonis Sedgenilobebi, teqni-
kuri aluminisTvis gankuTvnili eleqtrodis ReroSi
dasaSvebia gacilebiT meti raodenobis minarevebis
arseboba, vidre ZiriTad liTonSia. aqedan gamomdi-
nare xSirad gamoiyeneba 5% siliciumis Semcvlelo-
bis AK markis mavTuli. siliciumi amcirebs li-
Tonis Cajdomas da zrdis Txeldenadobas, rac uz-
runvelyofs nakeris formirebis gaumjobesebas. Re-
roze dadebuli dafarvis Sedgeniloba unda flob-
des mniSvnelovan reaqciul unarianobasa da Zlier
flusis warmomqnel moqmedebas, rac ganpirobebulia
SeduRebisa da kristalizaciis maRali siCqareebiT.
saeleqtrodo Reroebis Semosagozad gamoiyeneba
liTiumiani da uliTiumo dafarvebi.
teqnikuri aluminis SesaduRebel eleqtro-
debisaTvis rekomendirebulia naklebad aqtiuri
uliTiumo dafarvebis gamoyeneba, radganac liTiu-
miani dafarvebi ganapirobeben nakerSi formebis war-
moqmnas (cxrilebi 4.8 da 4.9.).
cxrili 4.8.
SesaduRebeli aluminis eleqtrodebis samkomponen-
tiani uliTiumo dafarvebis Sedgeniloba, won. %-Si.

komponentebi marka, Sedgenilobis #

1 2 3 4
qlorovani kaliumi 50 40 50 34
qlorovani natriumi 15 30 30 43
krioliti (Na3AlF6) 35 30 20 23
boraki - - - -

87
 cxrili 4.9.
aluminis SesaduRebeli eleqtrodebis mravalkompo-
nentiani uliTiumo dafarvebis Sedgeniloba,
won. %-Si.

komponentebi marka, Sedgenilobis #

5 6 7 8 9 10
qlorovani 50 35 50 29 40 30
kaliumi
qlorovani na- - 25 13 19 40 40
triumi
qlorovani - 20 - 48 - -
bariumi
fTorovani 9 - - - 8 -
kaliumi
fTorovani - - - 4 - -
kalciumi
fTorovani 10 - - - 8 -
alumini
bifToridi 0,7 - - - - -
krioliti - 20 35 - - 22
(Na3AlF6)
karnaliti 29 - - - - -
(K3AlF6)
natriumis - - 2 - - -
hidrosulfati
boraki - - - - 12 -
kaliumis 1,3 - - - - -
fTorcirkonati

garda teqnikuri aluminisa #1 dafarva agreTve

gamoiyeneba АМц da АМг,@#2 dafarva AMг5 da AMгцGб

88
#3Al-Mg-is sxvadasxva, #4 dafarva AЛ4 da AЛ5 Senad-
nobebis SesaduRebeli eleqtrodebisTvis.
liTiumiani dafarvebiT (cxrili 4.10.) xdeba
aluminisa da magniumis Senadnobebis SesaduRebeli
eleqtrodebis damzadeba. #5,6,14,18,19 eleqtrodebi
gamoiyeneba magniumis Senadnobebis SeduRebisTvis.
maTgan saukeTeso maCveneblebiT gamoirCeva #18
dafarvis mqone eleqtrodebi.
cxrili 4.10.
liTiumiani saeleqtrodo dafarvebis Sedgeniloba,
won. %-Si cxrili

komponentebi marka, Sedgenilobis #

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
qlorovani 50 20 25 - 45 53 33 - 21 40 3
kaliumi 2
qlorovani 35 - 13 - 2 6 - - - 30 18
natriumi
qlorovani 10 24 34 - 15 24 34 - - 8 9
liTiumi
qlorovani - - 8 - - - - - - - -
magniumi
fTorovani - - - 7 - - - - - - -
cirkoniumi
krioliti - - - - 10 10 - - - 20 33
(Na3AlF6)
fTorovani - - - 28 - - - 16 - - -
kalciumi
fTorovani - - - 15 - - - 2 31 - -
liTiumi 0
fTorovani 3 39 11 9 18 - - - 22 - -
kaliumi
fTorovani - - - 24 - - - 35 10 - -
bariumi
fTorovani 2 17 9 - - - 33 - - - 5
natriumi
fTorovani - - - 17 - - - 26 - - -

89
magniumi
fTorovani - - - - - - - - 16 - -
alumini
kaliumis - - - - 3 - - - - - -
fToridi
kaliumis - - - - 3 - - - - - -
biqromati
natriumis - - - - - 4 - - - 1 -
sulfati
bunebrivi - - - - 4 - - - - 0,5 -
siliciumis
mJava (qviSa)
titanis kon- - - - - - - - - 0,5 -
centrati
rkinis Jangi - - - - - - - - - 3
ferosili- - - - - - - - - - -
ciumi
magniumis - - - - - - 3 - - -
oqsidi

nikelis da misi Senadnobebis SesaduRebeli

dafaruli eleqtrodebis Rero SeiZleba damzaddes
Н-1, НП-1 da НП-2 markis nikelis, H30K markis nikel-
siliciumiani, НМц2,5 markis nikelmanganumiani da
nixromis tipis mavTulebisagan.
Txevad minaSi azelili dafarvis (cxrili 4.11.)
kazmis saeleqtrodo Reroze dadeba rekomendebulia
dawnexvis xerxiT.

90
 cxrili 4.11.
nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SesaduRebeli
eleqtrodebis dafarvebis rekomendebuli
Sedgenilobebi, won. %-Si.

komponentebi Sedgenilobis #
1 2 3 4
carci 40 55 48 33
mdnobi Spati 48 30 - 40
feromanganumi 04 - - -
ferosiliciumi 03 05 04 -
kalcirebuli soda 02 - - -
kvarcis qviSa 03 - - 10
kaolini - 05 - -
titanis orJangi - - - 10
ferotitani - 05 - 04
alumini - - 08 03
manganumi (liTonuri) - - 10 -
ligatura nikel- - - 10 -
magniumi (20%...)

4.4. saSemduReblo flusebi

Savi da feradi liTonebis dnobiT SeduRebis

sxvadasxva xerxebisTvis farTod gamoiyeneba spe-
cialuri granulirebuli araliTonuri masalebi _
e.w. flusebi. Savi liTonebisaTvis flusebs iyeneben
mxolod dnobadi eleqtrodebiT meqanizebuli (av-
tomaturi da naxevaravtomaturi) eleqtrorkaluri
da eleqtrowiduri SeduRebis dros. feradi li-
TonebisTvis flusebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
dnobadi da aradnobadi eleqtrodebiT rkaluri,
91
eleqtrowiduri, airuli da SemolRvobiT kon-
taqturi pirapira SeduRebis SemTxvevebSi. Savi li-
Tonebis eleqtrorkaluri SeduRebisTvis
gankuTvnili flusebis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa _
gamdnari liTonis widuri dacvis warmoqmna.
eleqtrowiduri SeduRebis SemTxvevaSi Txevadi
widis abazana warmoadgens, rogorc damcav saSu-
alebas, aseve liTonis gasadnob siTbos wyaros
denis gatarebis procesSi. xolo feradi liTone-
bisTvis gankuTvnili flusebis daniSnulebas
agreTve Seadgens Zneldnadi zedapiruli furCebis
daSla da zogierT SemTxvevaSi Jangeuli furCebidan
liTonis aRdgena. saSemduReblo flusebis klasifi-
kacia sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT xdeba.
daniSnulebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben saerTo da
specialuri daniSnulebis flusebs. saerTo daniS-
nulebis flusebi ZiriTadad gankuTvnilia naxSir-
badiani da daballegirebuli foladebis eleqtro-
rkaluri SeduRebisTvis. specialuri daniSnulebis
flusebs iyeneben eletrowiduri procesebisTvis,
legirebuli foladebisa da feradi liTonebis
sxvadasxva meTodebiT SeduRebisTvis.
damzadebis xerxis mixedviT ganasxvaveben mdnar
da aramdnar flusebs. mdnari flusebi mzaddeba
eleqtrorkalur an alqmed RumelebSi kazmis kompo-
nentebis SednobiT, xolo aramdnari (keramikuli)
flusebi _ myar mdgomareobaSi kazmis komponentebis
urTierTdamagrebiT (SewebebiT).
marcvlebis aRnagobis mixedviT mdnari flusebi
SeiZleba iyos miniseburi an pemziseburi. miniseburi
flusebi gamWirvale marcvlebisgan Sedgeba da maTi
xvedriTi wonaa _ 1,4-1,8 g/sm3. pemziseburi flusebi

92
SedgenilTa qafiseburi marcvlebisgan da maTi
xvedriTi wonaa _ 0,6-1,0 g/sm3.
feradi liTonebis sxvadasxva meTodebiT Se-
duRebisaTvis gamoiyeneba specialuri flusebi, Tum-
ca zogierT SemTxvevaSi rekomendirebulia Savi li-
TonebisTvis gankuTvnili zogierTi markis flusis
(cxrili 4.12.) gamoyeneba.
cxrili 4.12.
naxSirbadiani da legirebuli foladebis SeduRe-
bisTvis gankuTvnili zogierTi flusis Sedgeniloba
flusis Sedgeniloba, %
marka SiO2 MnO Al2O3 CaO MgO K2O Fe2O3 CaF2
Na2O
АН- 41,0- 34,0- 4,5 6,5 5,0- - 2,0 4,0-
348А 44,0 38,0 7,5 5,5
ОСц-45 38,0- 38,0- 4,5 6,5 2,5 - 2,0 6,0-
44,0 47,0 9,0
АН-20 22,0 0,5 30,0 5,0 11,0 2,7 1,0 29,0
АН-26 32,0 3,0 20,0 18,0 14,0 - 1,5 24,0

spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis

sxvadasxva meTodebisTvis aucilebelia flusebis
gamoyeneba, romelebic Slian zedapirze warmoqmnil
Jangeulis furCebs da araliTonur CanarTebTan er-
Tad gadayavT widami.
spilenZis airuli SeduRebisTvis gankuTvnili
flusebis ZiriTadi komponentebia boraki (Na2B4O7)
da bormJava (H3BO3). xSir SemTxvevaSi flusad gamoi-
yeneba marto boraki (mcire sisqis detalebisTvis),
romelic Semdegi reaqciebis mimdinareobiT Slis
Jangeulis furCs:
Na2B4O7 ↔ 2NaBO2+B2O3
2NaBO2+B2O3+CuO ↔ 2NaBO2 Cu(BO2)2

93
 da warmoqmnili wida amotivtivdeba gamdnari
liTonis zedapirze, xolo gamyarebis Semdeg iolad
cildeba SenaduR nakers (cxrili 4.13.).
cxrili 4.13.
spilenZis airuli SeduRebisTvis gankuTvnili
flusebis Sedgeniloba, won. %
flusis kom- flusis #
ponentebi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
boraki 100 50 70 50 50 56 75 20
bormJava - 50 10 35 - - 09 80
sufris - - 20 - - 22 11 -
marili
natriumis - - - 15 15 15 - -
hidrofosfati
xis naxSiri - - - - 20 - - -
siliciummJava - - - - 15 - - -
kaliumis kar- - - - - - 22 05 -
bonati

radganac mowodebuli boraki (Na2B4O7·10H2O)

Seicavs kristalizaciur tens, forebis Tavidan ac-
ilebis mizniT aucilebelia misi gadadnoba 750-8000C
temperaturaze da flusSi aseTi saxiT gamoyeneba.
flusebi #5 da #7 ufro rTuli Sedgeni-
lobisaa. maTi gaxurebisa da gadnobis dros mimdi-
nareobs Tavisufali fosforis gamoyofis reaqcia.
2Na2 HPO4 + 2SiO2 + 5C ↔ 2Na2SiO3 +H2O + 5CO +2P
ris Semdegac xdeba fosforis qveJangidan li-
Tonuri spilenZis aRdgena
5Cu2O + 2P ↔ P2O5 + 10Cu
TiTberis airuli SeduRebisTvis rekomende-
bulia igive flusebis gamoyeneba, Tumca saukeTeso
Sedegebs iZlevian #1,2 da 8 Sedgenilobebi.

94
 siliciumiani da kaliani brinjaosTvis iyeneben
gadamdnar boraks an 4.13. cxrilSi moyvanil flu-
sebs. aluminiani brinjaosTvis Semdegi Sedgeni-
lobis fluss: 45% KCl; 20% BaCl; 15% NaF. nikeliani
deformorebuli brinjaosTvis rekomendebulia
flusis gamoyeneba, romelic Tanabari raodenobiT
Seicavs boraks, bormJavas da sufris marils.
spilenZis grafitis eleqtrodiT eleqtro-
rkaluri SeduRebisTvis savsebiT dasaSvebia airuli
SeduRebisTvis gankuTvnili flusebis gamoyeneba,
Tumca praqtikaSi xSirad iyeneben 4.14. cxrilSi moy-
vanil flusebs, romlebiTac Txevad minaSi gaxsnis
Semdeg ifareba misarTi Reroebi.
cxrili 4.14.
naxSiris eleqtrodiT spilenZis SeduRebisTvis
gankuTvnili misarTi Reroebis dasafari flusebis
Sedgeniloba
flusis komponentebi flusis Sedgeniloba, %
flusis #
1 2 3 4 5
boraki 50 68 68 22 95
bormJava - 10 - - -
natriumis hidrofosfati 15 - 15 - -
siliciummJava 15 - 15 - -
xis naxSiri 20 02 02 - -
sufris marili - 20 - 33 -
kaliumis karbonati - - - 45 -
magniumi (liTonuri) - - - - 05
sul: 100 100 100 100 100
TiTberis grafitis eleqtrodiT SeduRe-
bisTvis rekomendebulia airuli SeduRebisTvis
gankuTvnili da 4.15 cxrilSi moyvanili flusebis
gamoyeneba. #3 flusiT kargad duRdeba ЛО62-1

95
mxolod markis legirebuli TiTberi, sxva SemT-
xvevebSi dadebiTi Sedegebi ar miiReba. #2 flusi
warmoadgens `boridul widas~, romelic miiReba bo-
rakis liTonur magniumTan erTad gadadnobiT.
cxrili 4.15.
TiTberis grafitis eleqtrodiT rkaluri SeduRe-
bisTvis gankuTvnili flusebis Sedgeniloba
komponentebi Sedgeniloba
#1 #2 #3 #4
gadamdnari boraki 100 95 - 20
magniumi (liTonuri) - 05 - -
krioliTi - - 35 -
qlorovani kaliumi - - 50 -
qlorovani natriumi - - 12,5 -
xis naxSiri - - 2,5 -
carci - - - 50
natriumis fosfati - - - 30
sul 100 100 100 100

brinjaos grafitis eleqtrodiT rkaluri Se-

duRebis dros iyeneben airuli SeduRebisTvis gaT-
valiswinebul flusebs. gamonaklisia mxolod alu-
miniani brinjao, romlisTvisac aucilebelia
gacilebiT aqtiuri flusis gamoyeneba. karg Sedegs
iZleva Semdegi Sedgeniloba: 30% krioliTi; 40%
qlorovani kaliumi da 30% qlorovani natriumi.
spilenZis dnobadi eleqtrodiT flusis qveS
meqanizebuli SeduRebisTvis iyeneben foladebis Se-
duRebisTvis gankuTvnili flusebis Semdeg markebs:
AH-348AA, OCц-45,: AH-20 da sxv. aseve iyeneben spe-
cialuri Sedgenilobis keramikul flusebs (cxrili
4.16), rac ganapirobebs SenaduRi nakeris legirebasa
da ganJangvas.

96
 cxrili 4.16.
spilenZis rkaluri SeduRebisTvis rekomendebuli
keramikuli flusebis Sedgeniloba, won. %
komponentebi nomeri da marka
#1 #2

K-13 ЖMM-1

Tixamiwa 20 -
kvarcis qviSa 8,0-10,0 -

magneziti 15,0 -
carci 15,0 -

boraki (gamomSrali) 20,0 -

mdnobi Spati 15-19 8,0
aluminis fxvnili 3,0-3,5 0,8
boris Spati - 3,5
marmarilo - 28,0
mindvris Spati - 57,5
xis naxSiri - 2,2

sul 100 100

aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis

sxvadasxva meTodebisTvis gamoiyeneba qlorovani da
fTorovani marilebis fuZeze damzadebuli specia-
luri flusebi, romlebic Slian Al2O3-is furCs da
gadayavT igi dabal temperaturaze (1830C) TviT-
aqrolebad AlCl3-Si.
aluminis airuli SeduRebis dros iyeneben
saWiro daniSnulebis flusebiT (cxrili 4.17) dafa-
rul misarT masalebs, romelTa gaxurebisa da gad-
nobis Sedegad flusi Seiyvaneba SeduRebis aba-

97
zanaSi. zogierT SemTxvevebSi mimarTaven ganxiluli
Sedgenilobebis fluspastebiT SesaduRebeli nawibu-
rebis dafarvas (funjis saSualebiT), rac ganapi-
robebs SeduRebis procesSi damatebiTi flusis Sey-
vanas SeduRebis abazanaSi.

cxrili 4.17.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis airuli SeduRe-
bisTvis gankuTvnili flusebis Sedgeniloba, won. %-
Si
komponentebi flusis nomeri #
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
qlorovani:
natriumi 30 45 28 35 33 49 30 40 30

kaliumi 45 30 50 48 45 29 45 49 40
liTiumi 15 10 14 09 15 - 15 - -
bariumi - - - - - 18 - - -
fTorovani:
natriumi - - 08 08 - - 10 08 -
kaliumi 07 15 - - 07 - - - -
natriumis 03 - - - - - - 03 -
hidrosulfati
mdnobi Spati - - - - - 04 - - -
krioliti - - - - - - - - 30

sul 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis naxSiris eleqt-

rodiT eleqtrorkaluri SeduRebisaTvis iyeneben
wina SemTxvevaSi ganxilul an 4.18. cxrilSi moyva-
nili Sedgenilobis flusebs.

98
 cxrili 4.18.

aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis naxSiris eleqtro-

diT rkaluri SeduRebisTvis rekomendebuli
flusebis Sedgeniloba, won %-Si
flusis nomeri, #
komponentebi 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9

УФОК-А1
АФ-4А А3

4
qlorovani - 79 48 40 29 45 35 46 -
kaliumi
qlorovani - 16 20 30 19 30 30 25 -
natriumi
qlorovani - - - - - 15 15 13 -
liTiumi
qlorovani - - 20 - 48 - - - -
bariumi
fTorovani - - - - - 03 - - -
liTiumi
fTorovani - - 12 - - 04 10 07 -
natriumi
kaliumis - 05 - - - 03 - - -
hidrosulfati
mdnobi Spati - - - - 04 - - - -
bromovani - - - - - - 10 - -
kaliumi
krioliti - - - 30 - - - 09 35
flusi АФ-4А 100 - - - - - - - 65
sul 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

aluminis da misi Senadnobebis dnobadi eleqt-

rodiT avtomaturi SeduReba xdeba naxevradRia
rkaliT flusis fenaze. am meTodisTvis gaTvalis-
winebulia qlorovani kaliumis (KCl) – qlorovani
natriumis (NaCl) - krioliti Na3AlF6 sistemis fluse-
bis gamoyeneba (cxrili 4.19)

99
 cxrili 4.19.
flusebi aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis dnobadi
eleqtrodiT avtomaturi SeduRebisTvis
flusis flusis daniSnuleba
marka Sedgeniloba,
won %-Si
АН-А1 50 20 30 sufTa aluminisa da АМц
УФОК-А1 40 30 30 SenadnobisTvis aluminisa
МАТН-1 34 43 23 da misi SenadnobebisTvis
АМц da АМг Senadnobe-
bisTvis

nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebisTvis

gamoyenebuli flusi unda iyos aqtiuri, rac uzrun-
velyofs SeduRebis procesSi warmoqmnili
Jangeulebis gaxsnas; unda gaaCndes unari Seamciros
gadabmuli Jangeulebis temperatura da daicvas
gamdnari abazana Jangbadisa da haerisagan; ar unda
Seicavdes nakeris liTonSi mavne elementebis Semtan
elementebs.
airuli da naxSiris eleqtrodebiT rkaluri
SeduRebisTvis gamoiyeneba boratebis fuZeze
damzadebuli mravalkomponentiani flusebi (cxrili
4.20).
cxrili 4.20.
nikelis airuli SeduRebisTvis gankuTvnili fluse-
bis Sedgeniloba, won. %
komponentebi flusis nomeri, #
1 2 3 4 5 6
(CM3)
boraki 100 50 15 30 06 10,5
bormJava - 50 50 50 28 52,5

qlorovanimanganumi - - 10 - 11 5,3

100
ilmeniti - - 05 - 11 5,3

alumini - - 15 - - -
qlorovaninatriumi - - 05 10 - 5,3
bariumis karbonati - - - 10 - -
bariumis zeJangi - - - - - -

qlorovaniliTiumi - - - - - 5,3
qlorovanikobalti - - - - 11 5,3
ferovanadiumi - - - - 11 10,5

titaniskoncentrati - - - - 11 -
sul 100 10 100 100 100 100

yvela flusi mzadeeba wyalze an spirtze.

dnobadi eleqtrodiT avtomatur SeduRebas awar-
moeben keramikuli flusebiT (cxrili 4.21), romelTa
gamoyeneba НМц2 markis mavTulTan erTad ganapi-
robebs nakerisa da ZiriTadi liTonebis erTnair
qimiur Sedgenilobas.
cxrili 4.21.
nikelis avtomaturi SeduRebis dros gamoyenebuli
keramikuli flusebis Sedgeniloba, won. %-Si
komponentebi flusis nomeri, #
1 2
marmarilo (saeleqtrodo) 15 12
mdnobi Spati 55 -
fluoritis koncentrati - 60
Tixamiwa 15 15
manganumi (liTonuri) 06 05
titanis fxvnili 02 02
aluminis fxvnili -2,-3 06 06
sul 100 100
Txevadi mina 16-18 18-20

101
 nakeris xarisxis dacemas. garda aRniSnulisa,
widis qerqi SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnas flusis ga-
modnobisaTvis kazmis SedgenilobaSi.
aluminis, titanisa da maT fuZeze Senadnobebis
flusis qveS SeduRebisaTvis gamoiyenebian uJang-
bado flusebi: AH − A1 ; AH − A4 ; AH − T 1 ; AH − T 3
da sxva. 4.22 cxrilSi mocemulia maTi Sedgeniloba.

cxrili 4.22.
flusebi aluminis, titanisa da maT fuZeze
Senadnobebis SeduRebisaTvis, %
flusis KCI NaC Na 2 AL LiCI CAF2 BaCL2 NaF
marka
AH − A1 50 20 30 - - - -
AH − A4 50 - 30 20 - - -
AH − T1 - - - - 79.5 19 1.5
AH −T3 - - - - 85.5 10 1.5

rac ufro mcirea marcvlis zomebi, miT ufro

didia CaduRebis siRrme da viwroa nakeri siganeSi
da piriqiT. pemziseburi flusebi uzrunvelyofs da-
bali da farTo nakeris miRebas. SeduRebisas 3 mm-ze
mcire diametris mavTulis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi
rekomendebulia wvrilmarcvlovani flusis gamo-
yeneba.

4.5. damcavi airebi

damcav airebSi eleqtrorkalur SeduRebas axa-

siaTebs garkveuli Taviseburebani, romelTa Soris
aRsaniSnavia:
rkalis koncentraciis maRali xarisxi, ro-
melic uzrunvelyofs struqturul gardaqmnebis

102
minimalur zonasa da nakeTobebis SedarebiT mcire
deformaciebs:
• maRali mwarmoebluroba;
• gamdnari liTonis maRalefeqturoba dacva
haeris mavne zegavlenisagan gansakuTrebiT in-
ertuli airebis gamoyenebisas;
• rkalsa da SeduRebis abazanebze uSualod
Tvalyuris devneba;
• saSemduReblo samuSaoebis dabali Rirebu-
leba (gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri airebis gamoye-
nebisas);
• nebismieri sisqis liTonebis SeduRebis SesaZ-
lebloba;
• flusebisa da dafarvebis gamoyenebis Tavidan
acileba;
• meqanizaciisa da avtomatizaciis farTo SesaZ-
lebloba;
SeduRebis samuSaoebis Sesrulebis saSualeba
sivrciT nebismier mdebareobaSi da sxva.
damcav airebSi SeduRebas gaaCnia saxesxvaoba,
romelic SeiZleba klasificirdes Semdegi niSnebis
mixedviT: damcavi airebis saxe, airuli dacvis xasi-
aTi, eleqtrodis tipi, gamoyenebli denis saxe da
sxva. magaliTad, damcavi airebis mixedviT SeiZleba
iyos inertuli, aqtiuri an maTi narevi; dacvis
mixedviT – Wavluri nakadiT, kombinirebuli Wav-
luri nakadiT an makontrolebel atmosferos kam-
eraSi; eleqtrodis tipis mixedviT _ dnobadi da
udnobi eleqtrodebiT; denis saxis mixedviT _ mud-
mivi da impulsuri deniTa da sxva.
dnobiT rkaluri SeduRebisas damcav airebad
ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba inertuli an aqtiuri airebi
an maTi narevi. es damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogoria

103
airebis zemoqmedeba gamdnar liTonze. magaliTad,
azoti, romelic rkinisa da qromis mimarT aqtiurs
warmoadgens, spilenZisa da kobaltis mimarT
praqtikulad neitraluria. yvela liTonebis mimarT
neitralurad gvevlineba erTatomiani airebi (ar-
goni, heliumi).
damcavi airebi SeirCeva SesaduRebeli liTone-
bis Sedgenilobis mixedviT. inertuli airebi gamoi-
yeneba qimiurad aqtiuri liTonebis SesaduReblad,
xolo aqtiuri – roca liTonis sasurveli Tvisebe-
bis miReba SesaZlebelia maTi metalurgiuli da-
muSavebis (daJangviT, aRdgeniT, daazotirebiTa da
sxva). isini gamodevnian haers SeduRebis zonidan,
riTac icaven nakeris liTons haerSi Semavali Jang-
badisa da azotis mavne zegavlenisagan.
inertuli ewodeba iseT airebs, romlebsac ar
gaaCniaT qimiuri reaqciis unari da praqtikulad ar
ixsnebian liTonebSi. esenia erTatomiani airebi, ro-
melTa atomis gare eleqtronuli Sre Sevsebulia
eleqtronebiT, riTac ganpirobebulia maTi qimiuri
neitraloba SeduRebaSi. inertul airebad ZiriTa-
dad gamoiyeneba argoni, heliumi da maTi narevi.
argoni ( Ar ) warmoadgens sruliad ufero da
usuno, arasawvav da arafeTqebad airs. misi kuTri
wona 200 C -ze 1,66 kg/m3 (101,3 mpa) Seadgens. imis gamo,
rom argoni haerze SedarebiT ufro mZimea, amitom
igi SeduRebis procesSi uzrunvelyofs SeduRebis
zonisa da Txevadi liTonis abazanis saimedo
dacvas. gost 10157-79-is Tanxmad, iwarmoeba sami
markis argoni: A , Б da B (cxr. 4.23).

104
 cxrili 4.23.
argonis Sedgeniloba, %
Semcveloba A Б B
argoni 99,99 99,96 99,90
Jangbadi 0,003 0,005 0,005
azoti 0,01 0,04 0,10

yvela markaSi tenis Semcveloba ar unda aRe-

matebodes 0,03 kg/m3-s. A markis argoni ZiriTadad
gamoiyeneba aqtiuri da iSviaTi liTonebisa (titani,
cirkoniumi da niobiumi) da maT fuZeze arsebuli
Senadnobebis SesaduReblad. Б markis argoni
gankuTvnilia dnobadi da udnobi volframis
eleqtrodiT aluminis, magniumisa da maT fuZeze
arsebul Senadnobebis SesaduReblad. B markis ar-
goni gamoiyeneba qromnikeliani, koroziamedegi da
mxurvalmtkice foladebis SesaduReblad.
argonis Senaxva da transportireba warmoebs
specialur foladis balonSi, romelSic 150 at (15
mpa) wnevis qveS Tavsdeba 6m3 moculobis argoni. ar-
gonis Sesanaxi balonebis qveda nawili SeRebilia
Sav ferad, zeda _ TeTrad. balonis zeda nawilSi
Savi rusuli asoebiT warwerilia «Аргон чистый».
argoni ZiriTadad haeridan miiReba, sadac misi
Semcveloba 1,28%-s ar aRemateba. maTi miReba Jang-
badis misaReb danadgarebze specialuri argonis
misaRebi mowyobilobiT warmoebs. masSi miRebuli
argoni sufTavdeba azotisa da Jangbadisagan.
heliumi ( He ), argonis msgavsad, warmoadgens
sruliad ufero da usuno airs. igi, haerTan Se-
darebiT, gacilebiT msubuqia, rac aZnelebs SeduRe-
bisas haerisagan liTonis abazanis saimedo dacvas.
amitom misi xarji SeduRebisas sakmaod didia. ar-

105
gonTan SedarebiT, heliumi 10-jer ufro msubuqia.
misi gamoyeneba SeduRebis procesSi iwvevs SeduRe-
bis zonis SedarebiT intensiur gaxurebas. es
ukanaskneli gamowveulia rkalis Zabvis vardnis
didi gradientiT.
teqnikuri pirobebis tu 51-689-75 Tanaxmad, iwar-
moeba ori sortis heliumi: maRali sisufTavis da
teqnikuri (cxr. 4.24), heliumis Senaxva da transpor-
tireba xdeba foladis specialur balonebSi, sadac
igi moTavsebulia 150 at (15 mpa) wnevis qveS. ba-
lonebi SeRebilia yavisferi saRebaviT, romlis
zeda nawilSic aris warwera rusul enaze «Гелий».
cxrili 4.24.
heliumis Sedgeniloba, moc. %
Semcveloba maRali sisuf- teqnikuri
Tavis
heliumi (araumc.) 99,985 99,8
wyalbadi (araumt.) 0,0025 0,06
azoti (araumt.) 0,005 0,12
Jangbadi (araumt) 0,002 0,005
naxSirwyalbadi 0,003 0,005
neonia 0,002 0,005

heliumi ZiriTadad miiReba specialur danadga-

rebSi bunebrivi naxSirwyalbadiani airebis gadacie-
biT. am dros meTani, eTani da sxva naxSirwyalbadebi
gadadian Txevad mdgomareobaSi, xolo heliumis,
gaaCnia ra gaTxevadebis Zalze dabali temperatura
(-2960 C ), rCeba airad mdgomareobaSi. haerSi heliumi
Zalze mcire raodenobiTaa da, argonis msgavsad,
Jangbadis misaReb danadgarebSi miiReba rogorc
Tanamdevi produqti.
aqtiuri damcavi airebi ewodeba iseT airebs,
romelTac unari SeswevT haeris mavne zemoq-

106
medebisagan saimedod daicvan SeduRebis zona da
gamdnari liToni. amave dros, isini qimiurad
reagireben gamdnar liTonTan an ixsnebian masSi.
SeduRebaSi aseT damcav airad farTod gamoiyeneba
naxSirorJangis airi. igi aqtiuri airia da SeduRe-
bis rkalSi nawilobriv iSleba CO da C 2-ad. ami-
tom SeduRebis dros SeduRebis Txevad liTonur
abazanaSi mimdinareobs zogierTi minarevebis inten-
siuri daJangva da liTonis danaxSirbadianeba.
Txevad liTonSi Semavali elementebidan gansa-
kuTrebiT intensiurad iJangebian alumini, titani da
cirkoniumi; SedarebiT naklebad siliciumi, man-
ganumi, qromi, vanadiumi da sxva. uaryofiT mxared
iTvleboda naxSirorJangis qveS SeduRebisas nakerSi
forebis warmoqmna, rac dakavSirebuli iyo SeduRe-
bis abazanidan CO -s gamoyofasa da liTonis sust
ganJangvasTan. amitom SesaduRebel mavTulSi
siliciumis Seyvanam es uaryofiTi mxare mTlianad
moxsna da SeduRebisas naxSirorJangis damcav airad
gamoyenebis saSualeba mogvca.
naxSirorJangis sawarmoo miReba SesaZloa
kirqvis gamowviT (romelic Seicavs 40%-mde CO 2-s),
specialur RumelebSi koqsis an anTracitis wviT
(≤ 18 % CO 2) an sxva procesebiT. igi warmoadgens
sruliad ufero, odnav gansxvavebuli sunis haerze
mZime aramomwamlav airs. 00 C -ze misi simkvrive 1,98
g/l Seadgens, rac 1,5-jer metia haerze. es Tviseba ki
uzrunvelyofs SeduRebis procesSi gamdnari li-
Tonisa da SeduRebis zonis saimedo dacvas.
naxSirorJangis airi maRali wnevis qveS Txevad
mdgomareobaSi gadadis, xolo gadacivebisas – uSu-
alod myarSi (mSrali yinuli), romelic gaxurebisas
Txevad fazaSi gadausvlelad airad mdgomareobaSi

107
gadadis. Txevadi naxSirorJangi warmoadgens ufero
siTxes, romelic +110 C -ze dabla wyalbadze mZimea,
xolo mis zeviT _ msubuqi. 1 kg Txevadi naxSiror-
Jangis aorTqlebisas normalur pirobebSi (00 C -ze)
miiReba 509 l airi.
gost 8050-76-is mixedviT, SeduRebisaTvis gamoi-
yeneba I da II xarisxis naxSirorJangi, romlebic
erTmaneTisagan ZiriTadad wylis orTqlis Sem-
cvelobiT gansxvavdebian (cxr. 4.25).
cxrili 4.25.
naxSirorJangis airis Sedgeniloba, %

Semcveloba xarisxi
SeduRe- SeduRebisTvis sakvebi teqni-
bisTvis I II xarisxi kuri
xarisxi
CO2 (ara umciresi) 99,5 99,0 98,5 98,0
CO (ara umetesi) 0 0 0 0,05
wylis orTqli (760 0,178 0,515 ar ganisaz-
vr. w. sv. 2000C-ze) Rvreba

xSir SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba sakvebi naxSir-

orJangi, romelic Seicavs Tavisufal wyals
minarevebis saxiT. amasTan dakavSirebiT, auci-
lebelia maTi gaSroba. naxSirorJangi transpor-
tirdeba da inaxeba foladis balonebSi an cis-
ternebSi Txevad mdgomareobaSi, romelic moxmarebis
procesSi gazificirdeba. foladis balonSi 40 l
moculobisaa, masSi moTavsebulia 12,6 m3 (anu 12600
l) Txevadi airi. baloni Sav feradaa SeRebili,
romlis zeda nawilSic ganlagebulia yviTeli
feris saRebaviT warwera ` CO2 saSemduReblo~
(« CO2 сварочный»).

108
 amgvarad, SeduRebisas, naxSirorJangis gamoyene-
bis SemTxvevaSi, warmoqmnili Tavisufali Jangbadis
SekavSirebisa da mis uvnebel mdgomareobaSi gaday-
vanis (widaSi) mizniT saSemduReblo mavTulSi
damatebiT SehyavT ganmJangavi elementebi Si da Mn .
SeduRebisaTvis farTo gamoyeneba hpova mavTulma
C B − 08Γ 2C , C B − 08ΓC .
airebis narevi. xSir SemTxvevaSi mizan-
Sewonilia inertuli da aqtiuri airebis narevis ga-
moyeneba, rac uzrunvelyofs rkalis mdgradobisa da
CaduRebis siRrmis zrdas, nakeris formirebis gaum-
jobesebas, liTonis gaSxefis Semcirebas, nakeris
simkvrivis zrdas, rkalSi liTonis gadatanis xasi-
aTis gaumjobesebas, mwarmoeblurobis gazrdas da
a.S. garda amisa, damcavi airis narevis gamoyenebas
arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs ekonomikuri Tvalsaz-
risiTac. ganvixiloT zogierTi maTgani.
argoni+( 1…5%O2 )-is narevi. argonSi Jangbadis
mcire minarevi dabla wevs kritikul wertils,
romlis drosac liTonis wveTuri gadatana gadadis
WavlurSi, uzrunvelyofs SedarebiT mkvrivi nakeris
liTonis miRebas, aumjobesebs Sednobadobas, amci-
rebs SemoWrebs da zrdis procesis mwar-
moeblurobas. es narevi gamoiyeneba dabalnaxSir-
badiani da legirebuli foladebis SesaduReblad.
argoni+( 10 … 20%CO2 )-is narevi. dabalnaxSir-
badiani da daballegirebuli foladebis SeduRe-
bisas, xels uwyobs nakerSi forianobis Tavidan ac-
ilebas. aRniSnuli raodenobiT argonTan misi narevi
zrdis rkalis stabilurobasa da Txeli furclebis
SeduRebisas aumjobesebs nakeris xarisxs.

109
 75% Ar + 20%CO2 + 5%O2 -is narevi. am proporciis
airebis narevi zrdis rkalis stabilurobas mdnadi
eleqtrodiT foladebis SeduRebisas, sagrZnoblad
amcirebs liTonis gaSxefas, aumjobesebs nakeris
formirebasa da xarisxs da amcirebs nakeris fori-
anobas.
argoni+( 10…30% N 2 )-is narevi. argonze azotis
damateba zrdis rkalis mier Cadnobas. es narevi ga-
moiyeneba spilenZisa da zogierTi markis uJangavi
austenituri foladebis SesaduReblad.
80%CO2 + 20%O2 -is narevi. es narevi gamoirCeva
maRali damJangavi TvisebebiT, ris gamoc, CO2 -Tan
SedarebiT, izrdeba warmoqmnili widis fenis sisqe.
igi uzrunvelyofs CaduRebis siRrmis zrdas, nak-
eris karg formirebas, minimalur gaSxefasa da nak-
eris maRal simkvrives. aRniSnuli narevi ixmareba
dabali naxSirbadiani da daballegirebuli
foladebis SeduRebisas.
Jangbadi gamoiyeneba rkaliT SeduRebisas nax-
SirorJangTan an argonTan erTad. igi warmoadgens
usuno da ufero airs, romelic xels uwyobs wvis
process. Jangbadi ZiriTadad haeris Rrma gadacive-
biT miiReba (iSviT SemTxvevaSi wylis eleqtrol-
iziT). igi unda akmayofilebdes gost 5583-78-is
moTxovnebs. iwarmoeba sami sortis Jangbadi: I –
Seicavs ≥ 99,7 moc. % O2 ; II _ Seicavs ≥ 99,5 moc. %
O2 ; III _ Seicavs ≥ 99,2 moc. % O2. wylis orTqlis
Semcveloba samive sortSi 0,005g/sm3-s ar unda aRe-
matebodes. igi miewodeba lurj ferad SeRebil ba-
loneSi Savi saRebaviT rusul enaze warweriT
«Кисларод».

110
 wyalbadi mgrgvinavi ufero, ugemo da usuno
airia. haerTan an JangbadTan narevi feTqebadia. igi
ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba atomur-wyalbaduri SeduRe-
bisas, xolo bolo wlebSi plazmuri Wrisa da Se-
duRebisas, rogorc plazmis warmomqmneli airi. mik-
roplazmuri SeduRebisas gamoiyeneba argon-
wyalbadis (≤20 moc.% H 2 ) narevi, rac uzrunvelyofs
plazmis svetis karg SekumSvas, ris Sedegad xdis
mas SedarebiT koncentrirebuls. garda amisa, wyal-
badi, rig SemTxvevebSi, qmnis aRmdgeniT atmosferos.
gost 3022-80-is Tanaxmad, miRebis xerxis mixed-
viT iwarmoeba wyalbadis sami marka: A ,Б, B . maTSi
yvelaze sufTaa A markis wyalbadi (99.99 moc. %
H 2 ), romelic wylis eleqtroliziT miiReba. igi
inaxeba da transportirdeba foladis balonebiT,
romelSidac moTavsebulia wyalbadi 150 amt (15 mpa)
wneviT. balonebi muq mwvane feradaa SeRebili,
wiTeli feris sami wriuli zolebiT.
azoti ufero da usuno airia, misi simkvrive
1,25 kg/m3 tolia. igi ar iwvis da xels ar uwyobs
wvas. azoti ar ixsneba spilenZSi da masTan ar
reagirebs. amitom, rogorc damcavi airi, SesaZloa
misi gamoyeneba spilenZis SeduRebisas. gost 9293-74
Tanaxmad, azoti mzaddeba airadi da Txevadi saxiT.
igi inaxeba da miewodeba foladis balonebiT 150
atm (15 mpa) wneviT. amJamad iwarmoeba oTxi xarisxis
azoti: umaRlesi (≥99.994 moc.% N 2 ); pirveli (≥99,6
moc.%N2); meore (≥99 moc.% N 2 ); mesame (≥97 moc.% N 2 ).
mis ZiriTad minarevs Jangbadi warmoadgens.
azoti miiReba haeris atmosferodan misi
gaTxevadebiTa da reqtifikaciiT.

111
 azotis balonebi SeRebilia Sav ferad yavis-
feri zoliTa da zeda cilindrul nawilSi yviTeli
feris warweriT «Азот».

4.6. sawvavi airebi

acetileni

acetileni warmoadgens naxSirwylebis gajere-

bul rigs (CnH2n-2). misi qimiuri formulaa C2H2;
struqturuli formula H-C=C-H. normaluri wnevasa
da temperaturaze. acetileni uferuli airia.
acetilenSi fosforiani wyalbadisa da gogird-
wyalbadis minarevebis arseboba mas mZafr damax-
asiaTebel suns aniWebs. atmosferul wnevaze
(_82,4)÷(_83,6) C-ze acetileni ikumSeba -85 C-is dabla
0 0

acetileni gadadis myar mdgomareobaSi da war-

moqmnis kristalebs. myari da Txevadi acetileni
iolad feTqdeba xaxunis, meqanikuri an hidravli-
kuri dartymebisa da detonatoris moqmedebiT.
acetilenis sruli wva mimdinareobs reaqciiT.
C2H2 +2,502 =2CO2+H2O+Q.
amgvarad, 1 moculobis acetilenis sruli wvi-
saTvis saWiroa 2,5 moculobis Jangbadi.
farTod gamoiyeneba acetileni qimiur warmoe-
baSi, rogorc ZiriTadi sawyisi nivTiereba
sxvadasxva organuli sinTezis produqtebis misaRe-
bad: sinTezuri kauCuki, plastmasebi, gamxsnelebi,
ZmarmJava da a.S, aseve _ rogorc sawvavi nivTiereba
masalebis airaluri damuSavebis SemTxvevaSi. Jang-
badis areSi wvis dros miiReba ali, romlis tem-
peratura 31500C-s aRwevs. am temperaturis miReba

112
sxva sawvavi airebis gamoyenebiT jerjerobiT ucno-
bia. aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom acetileni (iseve,
rogorc wyalbadi) miekuTvneba gansakuTrebiT
feTqebad nivTierebas (airs). acetilenis Tvi-
Taalebis temperatura 240-6300C farglebSia da da-
mokidebulia wnevasa da masSi arsebul sxvadasxva
nivTierebebze:
wneva: mpa ...................................0,2.........0,3.......0,4....................2,2
kgZ/sm2 .........................2.............3..........4.....................22
TviTaalebis temp,0C ... 630.........530....... 475..............350
rogorc vxedavT, wnevis zrda amcirebs
acetilenis TviTaalebis temperaturas.
sawvavi airebi afeTqebasafrTxianobis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia aalebis energiis sidide:
rac mcirea es sidide, miT ufro afeTqeba-
safrTxiania nivTiereba. acetilens, wyalbadis
msgavsad aalebis sididis dabali mniSvneloba ax-
asiaTebs.
Tanamedrove praqtikaSi liTonebis airaluri
damuSavebisaTvis gamoiyeneba kalciumis karbidisa
da wylis urTierTobis reaqcia.
kalciumis karbadi CaC2 aris myari kristaluri
aRnagobis nivTiereba, romlis texsac muqi ruxi an
yavisferi Seferiloba aqvs. kalciumis oqsidisa da
naxSirbadisagan karbidis warmoqmna endoTermulia
da 1900-23000C _ ze mimdinareobs reeaqciiT
CaO +3C =CaC2+CO2 –Q.
amgvarad, erTi kg CaC2 warmoqmnisTvis saWiroa
56,08 36,03
= 0,875 kg CaO da = 0,562 kg C.
64,1 64,1
teqnikuri kalciumis karbidi Seicavs 70_75%
qimiurad sufTa CaC2, 17-24% CaO-s da sxvadasxva
minarevebs, kerZod, magniumis, aluminisa da rkinis

113
oqsidebs, gogirdisa da fosforis naerTebs,
ferosiliciumis, naxSirbadisa da sxv.
kalciumis karbidi sagrZnoblad aqtiuria da
wyalTan urTierTqmedebiT iSleba airadi aceti-
lenisa da kalciumis oqsidis pidratis (Camqrali
kiri) warmoqmniT. es procesi egzoTermulia:
CaC2 +2H2O = C2H2+Ca(OH)2 +Q.
amgvarad, 1 kg qimiurad sufTa CaC2-is
36,032
daSlisTvis saWiroa = 0,562 kg wyali. amas-
64,1
26,036 74,096
Tan, miiReba = 0,406 kg C2H2 da = 1,156
64,1 64,1
kg Ca(OH)2.
dauSvebelia kalciumis karbidis gadaxureba.
gansakuTrebiT saxifaToa adgilobrivi gadaxu-
rebebi, radganac am dros misi daSlis temperatura
700-8000C-s aRwevs. am temperaturaze SesaZloa kar-
bidis polimerizacia, daSla da afeTqeba, gansa-
kuTrebiT reaqciis zonaSi haeris moxvedrisas. ami-
tom kalciumis karbidis daSlis adgilze tempera-
tura 1500C-s ar unda aRematebodes.
kalciumis karbidis nawilakebis zomebis Sem-
cirebiT acetilenis gamosavali mcirdeba, rac
aixsneba masSi gare minarevebis didi raodenobiT
arsebobiT (CaO da sxv.). kalciumis karbidis daSlis
siCqare erT-erTi ZiriTadi maCvenebelia, ramac ga-
napiroba acetilenis generatorebSi gamoyeneba. es
maCvenebeli izomeba 1 kg kalciumis karbididan 1
wuTSi gamoyofili acetilenis raodenobiT. daSlis
siCqare (l/kg.wT) damokidebulia kalciumis karbidis
sortsa da granulaciaze, agreTve, wylis tempera-
turaze. dadgenilia, rom daSlis siCqare sakmaod

114
didia kalciumis karbidis dasvelebidan pirveli 2-4
wuTis ganmavlobaSi.
kalciumis karbidi aqtiurad reagirebs atmos-
feros tenTan, amitom igi Tavsdeba da transpor-
tirdeba hermetulad daxurul taraSi, romelic
unda inaxebodes kargad saniavebel mSral
sawyobebSi.

4.7. acetilenis Semcvleli sawvavi airebi

acetilenis Semcvleli airebi gamoiyeneba

airaluri damuSavebis im procesebSi, romlebic ar
moiTxoven gamaxurebeli alis maRal temperaturas.
aseTebia: advildnobadi liTonebis (aluminis, magni-
umisa da maTi Senadnobebis) SeduReba, maRali da
dabaltemperaturuli rCilva, zedapiruli wrToba,
Txelfurclovani foladebis SeduReba, JangbadiT
zedapiruli da gamyofi Wra.Semcvlelma airebma
farTo gamoyeneba pova JangbadiT gamyofi Wris
dros, rodesac gasaxurebeli alis temperatura ar
moqmedebs procesis mimdinareobaze. amitom Wris
dros SesaZloa yvela airis gamoyeneba, romelTa
narevic JangbadTan iZleva aranakleb 1800-2000oC tem-
peraturis als. Semcvleli airebi, rogorc wesi,
gacilebiT iafia acetilenze. amasTan, igi aradefi-
cituri da xelmisawvdomia.
airSemcvlelebis efeqturoba da gamoyenebis
pirobebi ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba maTi Semdegi
TvisebebiT: dabali TbounarianobiT, simkvriviT,
aalebis temperaturiTa da JangbadTan narevSi wvis
siCqariT, narevSi Jangbadisa da sawvavis fardobiT,

115
alis efeqturi Tburi simZlavriT, JangbadTan nare-
vis wvisas alis temperaturiT.
alis efeqturi simZlavre im siTbos rao-
denobaa, romelic Seitaneba gasaxurebel liTonSi
drois erTeulSi (kal/sT). aRebuli sawvavi airis
alis efeqturi simZlavre damokidebulia or
sidideze: narevSi Jangbadisa da sawvavis fardobasa
VJ
da sawvavi airis xarjze: β0 . acetilenisaTvis
Va
β 0 = 0,9 − 1,5; bunebrivi airisaTvis (meTani)
β 0 = 1,0 − 1,5; teqnikuri propanisaTvis β 0 = 3,0 − 3,5.
bunebrivi airi (meTani). bunebrivi airis
Sedgeniloba ganisazRvreba misi mopovebis mixedviT
da saSualod Semdegia (moc. %): CH4 _ 97,8; C2H6 da
C3H8 _ 0,9; N2 da CO2 _ 1,3. igi xasiaTdeba SedarebiT
dabali TbounarianobiT da misi JangbadTan narevis
wvisas alis temperatura 2100-22000 C-ia. bunebrivi
airi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba foladis gamyofi da
zedapiruli Wris, 4-5 mm sisqis foladis firfitebis
da advildnobadi liTonebisa da Senadnobebis Se-
duRebis, rCilvisa da sxva procesebisaTvis.
teqnikuri propani da propan-butanis narevi. es
airebi miiReba navTobis produqtebis gadamuSavebis
Sedegad. gost 10196-75-is Sesabamisad, teqnikuri pro-
pani ZiriTadad Sedgeba propanis (C3H8) an propanisa
da propilenisagan (C3H6), romelTa jamuri Sem-
cveloba ≥93 moc.%-ia, garda amisa, masSi SesaZloa
4%-mde eTanis (C2H6), eTilenis (C2H4) da 3%-mde buta-
nisa (C4H10) da butilenis (C4H8) arseboba. JangbadTan
maTi narevis wvisas alis temperatura 2400-25000C-s
aRwevs. wnevis gazrdiT an temperaturis SemcirebiT

116
propani, butani da maTi narevi gadadis Txevad
mdgomareobaSi da mas Txevadi airi ewodeba.
Txevadi airi SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes 6 mm-
mde sisqis foladis SesaduReblad, Tujis
SesaduReblad da rCilvisaTvis, feradi liTonebisa
da Senadnobebis Wrisa da SeduRebisaTvis, dasadu-
Reblad, zedapirul wrTobisaTvis, metalizaci-
isaTvis, plastmasebis dasafrqvevad da sxv
acetileni ZiriTadad miiReba kalciumis kar-
bidisagan acetilenis generatorSi (gost 5190-78 `da-
bali da maRali wnevis acetilenis generatorebi~).
am standartis mixedviT igi SesaZloa iyos dabali

wnevis ≤0,01 mpa ⎛⎜ 0,1 ⎞ da saSualo wnevis 0,01-

kgs
⎝ sm 2 ⎟⎠
⎛
0,07 da 0,07-0,18 mpa ⎜ 0,1 − 0,7 da 0,7 − 1,5
kgs ⎞ . ganasx-
⎝ sm 2 ⎟⎠
vaveben gadasaadgilebel da stacionarul genera-
torebs. wyalTan kalciumis karbidis urTierTqmede-
bis mixedviT, SeiZleba iyos: `karbidi wyalSi~ (KB);
`wyali karbidze~ (BK); `sveli~ da `mSrali~ proce-
siani; `wylis gamodevniT~ (BB).

117
 nawili II
SeduRebis teqnologia

Tavi 5
aluminis Senadnobebis teqnologia

5.1. aluminis Senadnobebis mokle daxasiaTeba

aluminis gamoyenebas teqnikaSi ganapirobebs

misi iseTi Tvisebebi, rogoricaa: mcire kuTri wona
(2,7 g/sm3), gazrdili cveTamedegoba da koroziuli
medegoba damJangav areebsa da haerze. sufTa alumi-
nis simtkice dabalia ( δ B ≤80 n/mm2), amitom misgan
mzaddeba nakeTobebi, romlebsac ZiriTadad gaz-
rdili koroziuli medegoba moeTxovebaT.
alumins da mis Senadnobebs gaaCniaT dnobis
dabali temperatura (sufTa aluminis dnobis tem-
peraturaa 6580C), foladTan SedarebiT, wrfivi
gafarToebis koeficientis gadidebuli da drekado-
bis modulis Semcirebuli mniSvnelobebi.
qimiuri Sedgenilobebidan, miRebis xerxisa da
damuSavebis saxeobidan gamomdinare, alumini da misi
Senadnobebi dayofilia or ZiriTad jgufad: arade-
formirebadi (gamoiyeneba sxmulis saxiT) da defor-
mirebadi (iyeneben wnexil, naglin an naWed mdgo-
mareobebSi). aradeformirebads (sxmuls) miekuTvneba
Senadnobebi siliciumisa da spilenZis mniSv-
nelovani SemcvelobiT. Tavis mxriv, deformirebad
Senadnobebs yofen or kategoriad: pirveli _ Ter-
mulad araganmtkicebadi, romelsac miekuTvneba de-
formirebadi alumini A. ormagi Senadnobebi AMn(Al-
Mn) da AMn(Al-Mg); meore _ Termulad ganmtkicebadi

118
Senadnobebi, romlebic TavianTi TvisebebiT iyofian
sam jgufad:
I jgufi _ avialebis AB(Al-Cu-Mg) tipis, rom-
lebic bunebrivad daZvelebul mdgomareobaSi kargi
koroziuli medegobiT xasiaTdebian;
II jgufi _ duraluminebis Д(Al-Cu-Mg) tipis,
romlebSic gamoiyofa sami qvejgufi: 1. kargi plas-
tikurobis mqone (Д18, ДЗП); 2. saSualo simtkicis (Д);
maRali simtkicis mqone (Д16, Д17);
III jgufi _ maRali simtkicis Senadnobebi B(Al-
Cu-Mg-Zn) tipis.
aluminis zogierTi Senadnobis qimiuri
Sedgeniloba moyvanilia 5.1 cxrilSi.
SenaduRi konstruqciebis umravlesoba mzad-
deba Termulad araganmtkicebadi deformirebadi
aluminis Senadnobebisagan aramopirsalebul mdgo-
mareobaSi. Tumca, bolo wlebSi gamoyenebas pou-
lobs Termulad ganmtkicebadi Senadnobebic. sxmu-
li Senadnobebi SenaduR konstruqciebSi SezRudu-
lad gamoiyeneba. maT SeduRebas awarmoeben mxolod
defeqtebis gamosworebis mizniT.

5.2. aluminis Senadnobebis SeduRebadobis

Taviseburebani
metalurgiuli Taviseburebani. alumini aqti-
urad urTierTqmedebs JangbadTan, ris Sedegadac
warmoqmnili aluminis oqsidi faravs mis zedapirs
sakmaod Zneldnobadi mkvrivi da mtkice oqsidis
furCiT. normalur temperaturaze furCis sisqis
warmoqmnis Semdeg, aluminis Semdgomi Jangva praqti-
kulad Cerdeba. amiT aixsneba furCis saukeTeso
damcavi Tvisebebi.

119
 cxrili 5.1.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba
stan- siste- marka qimiuri Semcveloba, %
darti ma sxva
Al Cu Mg Mn Fe Si Zn Ti elemen-
tebi
deformirebadi Termulad araganmtkicebadi
gosti A95 99,95 0,01 - - 0,03 0,03 0,005 0,002 0,05
Al
11069-64 АДО 99,50 0,02 0,05 0,025 0,30 0,30 0,1 0,1 -
АМг dana- 0,02 0,05 1,0÷1,6 0,7 0,6 0,1 0,02 0,1
Al-Mn
АМгС rCeni 0,1 0,05 1,0÷1,4 0,25÷0,45 0,15÷0,35 0,1 0,1 0,1
gosti АМг-2 - 1,8÷2,6 0,2÷0,6 0,4 - - - 0,1
АМг-3 0,1 3,2÷3,8 0,3÷0,6 0,5 0,5÷0,8 0,2 - 0,1
4784-74 Al-Mg АМг-5 dana- 0,1 14,8÷5,8 0,5÷0,8 0,4 0,5 0,2 0,02÷0,10 0,1
АМг-6 rCeni 0,1 5,8÷5,6 0,5÷0,8 0,4 0,4 0,2 0,02÷0,10 0,2
АМг-6.1 0,05 5,5÷6,5 0,8÷0,11 0,4 0,4 0,2 - 0,1
deformirebadi Termulad ganmtkicebadi
Al-Mg-Si АГВ 0,1÷
dana- 0,45÷0,9 0,15÷0,35 0,5 0,5÷1,2 0,2 0,15 0,1
0,5
rCeni
АДЗ1 0,1 0,4÷0,9 0,1 0,5 0,3÷0,7 0,2 0,15 0,1
Al-Cu-Mg Д1 3,8÷
0,4÷0,8 0,3÷0,8 0,5 0,7 0,3 0,1 0,1
dana- 4,8
Д16 rCeni 3,8÷
1,2÷1,8 0,3÷0,9 0,5 0,5 0,3 0,1 0,15
4,9
gosti sxmuli (aradeformadi)
2685-63 Al-Si АЛ-2 dana- 0,8 0,1 0,5 - 10÷13 0,3 - 2,3
АЛ-4 rCeni 0,3 - 0,25÷0,5 0,8 10÷14 0,3 - 0,01

120
 Jangis furCis umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTebelia
airebis (gansakuTrebiT wylis orTqlis) adsorbciis
unari. am Tvisebas furCi inarCunebs liTonis dnobis
temperaturamde. miuxedavad imisa, rom oqsidis
furCis simkvrive (2,85....3,95 g/sm3) aRemateba
aluminisas, gaaCnia ra mniSvnelovani meqanikuri
simtkice (20 n/mm2, roca sisqe 10-5 sm), zedapiruli
daWimulobis ZalebiT igi iolad kavdeba gamdnari
liTonis zedapirze, furCis Tburi gafarToebis
koeficienti 3-jer naklebia aluminisaze, ris gamoc
liTonis gaxurebisas adgili aqvs furCSi bzarebis
warmoqmnas.
aluminis legirebis dros icvleba furCis
Sedgeniloba. tute da tutemiwa elementebis
minarevebis arsebobisas, adgili aqvs furCis
gamdidrebas maTi oqsidebiT. aseTi furCi fxvieria.
higroskopulia da SedarebiT cudad icavs liTons
airebis difuziisagan.
zedapirze furCis arseboba arTulebs
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebas, gaaCnia
ra dnobis maRali temperatura (20500C), SeduRebis
dros furCi ar dneba, faravs liTons mtkice
garsiT, rac xels uSlis saerTo abazanis
warmoqmnas.
Jangbadis mimarT aluminis maRali aqtiurobis
gamo, SeduRebis pirobebSi SeuZlebelia aluminis
aRdgena misi oqsididan, amitom SeduRebis dros
miRebul unda iqnes zomebi furCis dasarRvevad, mis
mosacileblad da liTonis ganmeorebiTi daJangvi-
sagan dasacavad.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
dros did garTulebas qmnis SenaduR nakerSi fore-
bis warmoqmna. dadgenilia, rom aluminis nakerSi
forebis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezi wyalbadia, ro-

121
melsac, sxva airebisagan gansxvavebiT, gamdnar alu-
minSi maRali xsnadobis unari gaaCnia, xolo Se-
duRebis abazanaSi gaxsnili wyalbadis wyaros war-
moadgens misarTi da ZiriTadi liTonebis zeda-
pirebze arsebuli oqsidis furCsa da cximovan ga-
binZurebebSi, saeleqtrodo dafarvebsa da flusebSi
dagrovili teni. gamdnar aluminTan tenis
urTierTqmedeba mimdinareobs Semdegi reaqciiT:
2Al+3H2OQAl2O3+6H
abazanis liTonis kristalizaciis dros,
temperaturis vardniT mimdinareobs wyalbadis gamo-
yofa. wyalbadis buStulebi, romlebic ver aswreben
abazanidan amotivtivebas, rCebian nakeris liTonSi
da warmoqmnian forebs.
aluminis Senadnobebis SeduRebis dros,
forianobasTan brZola upirvelesi amocanaa,
romlis gadasawyvetad saWiroa SemuSavdes rigi
RonisZiebebisa SenaduR nakerSi wyalbadis
koncentraciis Sesamcireblad.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis dros
mniSvnelovani garTuleba iqmneba kristalizaciuri
bzarebis warmoqmnis gamo. teqnikuri aluminis da
aluminmagniumis Senadnobebis medegoba bzarebis
warmoqmnisadmi damokidebulia SenaduR nakerSi
rikinisa da siliciumis Semcvelobaze. soliciumis
Semcvelobis 0,6%-mde zrda aqveiTebs, xolo rkinis
Semcvelobis 0,7%-mde gadideba zrdis medegobas
kristalizaciuri bzarebisadmi. amasTan, 0,1%
siliciumi sakmarisia bzarebis warmoqmnisaTvis,
xolo 0,1% rkina ar aris sakmarisi rom gamoiricxos
cxeli bzarebis warmoqmna. aluminmagniumis Senadno-
bebSi SenaduRi nakeris medegoba kristalizaciuri
bzarebisadmi damokidebulia magniumis Semcvelo-

122
baze, romlis moqmedebac rkinis moqmedebis analo-
giuria. foladebisagan gansxvavebiT, aluminis
Senadnobebis SeduRebis SemTxvevaSi winaswari
gaxureba 200...2500C temperaturamde ar uzrunvelyofs
cxeli bzarebis aRkveTas, radganac igi ganapirobebs
kristalitebis mniSvnelovan gamsxvilebas da Zabve-
bisa da deformaciebis zrdas.
legirebuli aluminis Senadnobebis SeduRebis
dros damatebiTi garTuleba iqmneba civi bzarebis
warmoqmnis gamo, e.w. TviTwrTobadi
SenadnobebisaTvis (alumini-TuTia-magniumi). civi
bzarebi warmoiqmneba SeduRebis Semdeg garkveuli
drois monakveTSi. aseT bzarebs xSirad dayovnebul
rRvevas
undauwodeben.
aRiniSnos is garTulebebic, romlebic
dakavSirebulia aluminis Senadnobebis SeduRebis
Zabvebisa da deformaciebis warmoqmnasTan, rac
ganpirobebulia wrfivi gafarToebis koeficientis
maRali mniSvnelobiT.
SenaduRi SeerTebebis struqtura da Tvisebebi.
nakeris struqtura da Termuli gavlenis zonaSi
struqturuli cvlilebebi arsebiTad gansazRvraven
SenaduRi SeerTebis fizikur-meqanikur Tvisebebs.
rogorc foladis, aseve sufTa aluminis
SenaduRi SeerTebis nakeris struqtura xasiaTdeba
uxeSi, svetovani aRnagobiT. Tumca am ukanasknelis
kristalitebis zomebi gacilebiT ufro didia.
amitom maRali sisufTavis aluminis SeduRebis
dros xSiria nakerSi kristalizaciuri bzarebis
warmoqmna. struqturaSi, garda fuZisa (aluminis
myari xsnari), SeiniSneba aluminis interliTonuri
naerTebi rkinasTan da siliciumTan.
aluminmagniumis Senadnobebis SenaduRi SeerTe-
bis nakeri ufro wvrilmarcvlovani aRnagobiT

123
xasiaTdeba. masze gacilebiT wvrilmarcvlovani aR-
nagoba gaaCniaT aluminmagniumisa da sxva legire-
buli Senadnobebis nakerebs, rac dakavSirebulia
minarevebis arsebobasTan. struqturaSi SeiniSneba
aluminis naerTebi manganumTan, magniumTan da aseve
ufro rTuli Sedgenilobis fazebi, romlebic Sei-
caven rkinisa da siliciumis minarevebs.
teqnikurad sufTa aluminisa da Termulad
araganmtkicebadi Senadnobebis SenaduRi nakeris
mimdebare zonebSi SeduRebis dros mimdinareobs
liTonis rekristalizacia umTavresad naglinis
mimarTulebiT, rasac Tan axlavs sisalis garkveuli
Semcireba.
Termulad ganumtkicebadi maRalmagniumiani
aluminmagniumis Senadnobebis SeduRebadoba
garTulebulia, radganac nakermimdebare zonas
gaaCnia gazrdili mgrZnobiaroba gaxurebisadmi da
uSualod nakerTan momijnave ubnebSi afuebisadmi
midrekileba. gaxurebis dros afuebas iwvevs
molekuluri wyalbadi, romliTac Sevsebulia
mikrosicarieleebi. afuebisadmi midrekileba
izrdeba SenadnobSi magniumis Semcvelobasa da
SeduRebis dros gaxurebis xangrZlivobis gazrdiT.
Termulad ganmtkicebadi Senadnobebis SeduRe-
bis dros, nakeris mimdebare zonebSi mimdinareobs
marcvlebis sazRvrebis Semolxoba da marcvlebs
Soris Txevadi SuaSreebis warmoqmna. cxel mdgo-
mareobaSi aRniSnuli rTuli Sedgenilobis fazebi
ganapirobebs Termuli gavlenis zonaSi liTonis
meqanikuri Tvisebebis daqveiTebas, rac bzarebis
warmoqmnis mizezi xdeba. SeduRebis Semdeg
Semolxobis zonebi myifed irRveva da maTi simtkice
ecema. evteqtikebis ganawileba Semolxobis zonebSi

124
damokidebulia Senadnobis sawyis mdgomareobaze.
nawrTobi Senadnobebis SeduRebis dros, evteqtika
ganlagdeba myaris xsnaris marcvlebis garSemo uwy-
vetad SuaSreebis saxiT, maSin rodesac momwvari
liTonebisaTvis evteqtikebi wyvetilia.
sufTa aluminis SenaduRi nakeri simtkicis
maCveneblebiT axlosaa momwvari ZiriTadi liTonis
maxasiaTeblebTan ( δ B ≤60...80 n/mm2), xolo Senadnobis
SenaduRi nakeris meqanikuri Tvisebebi uaxlovdeba
ZiriTad liTonisas ( δ B ≤120...140 n/mm2). garTulebulia
aluminmagniumis Senadnobebis SenaduR SeerTebebSi
TanaSris simtkicis uzrunvelyofa, radganac adgili
aqvs nakeris myari xsnaris magniumiT gaRaribebas.
ufro rTulia miRebul iqnes Tanabari simtkicis
SenaduRi SeerTebebi Termulad ganmtkicebad
SenadnobebSi, radganac interliTonebis gamoyofis
gamo xdeba nakermimdebare zonis simtkicis
daqveiTeba.
atmosferul pirobebSi koroziuli medegobiT
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis SenaduRi SeerTebebi
umniSvnelod gansxvavdebian ZiriTadi liTonisagan.
agresiul areebSi nakeris koroziuli medegoba
gansxvavebulia ZiriTadi liTonisagan, radganac
rkinisa da siliciumis minarevebi uaryofiT
zemoqmedebas axdenen masze.

125
5.3. aluminis Senadnobebis SeduRebis teqnologiuri
Taviseburebani

aluminis Senadnobebis SeduRebis dros oqsidis

furCis mocileba denis, flusis an eleqtrodis
dafarvis Semdgenebis zemoqmedebiT xorcieldeba.
aluminis furCis daSla denis moqmedebiT
Semdegi meqanizmiT mimdinareobs: Tu detali
kaTodad gvevlineba, misken didi siCqariT moZravi
dadebiTi ionebi, xvdeba ra liTonis zedapirs,
axdens furCis rRvevas da e.w. kaToduri gafrqveviT
acilebs mas. Seqceuli polarulobis mudmivi deniT
SeduRebis SemTxvevaSi denis gamwmend moqmedebas
adgili aqvs mTeli procesis ganmavlobaSi, xolo
cvlad denze SeduRebis dros _ im
naxevarperiodebSi, roca nakeToba kaTodia. amgvarad,
aluminis SesaduReblad iyeneben cvlad dens an
Seqceuli polarulobis mudmiv dens.
marto denis moqmedebiT SeiZleba dairRves
SedarebiT mcire sisqis furCi. furCis dasaSlelad
da mosacileblad gacilebiT ufro efeqturia
eleqtrodebis dafarvis an flusebis Semdgenebis
denTan erToblivi moqmedeba.
ganvixiloT aluminis oqsidze flusebis an
eleqtrodis dafarvebis zemoqmedebis meqanizmi.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis SesaduRebeli
flusebi da saeleqtrodo dafarvebi (cxr. 5.2) erT-
nairi tipis arian. maT fuZes tute da tutemiwa ele-
mentebis qloriduli marilebis advildnobadi
narevebi warmoadgens, romlebsac damatebuli aqvT
fToriduli naerTebis garkveuli raodenoba. radga-
nac furCis Tburi gafarTovebis koeficienti
sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba liTonis Tburi gafar-

126
Toebis koeficientisagan, amitom gaxurebis procesSi
furCSi wvrili bzarebi warmoiqmneba.
bzarebSi Sesuli gamdnari flusi moqmedebs
aluminTan da warmoqmnis aluminis qlorids (AlCl3),
romelic 1800C temperaturaze qroldeba. Txevad
liTonTan kontaqtis adgilze warmoqmnili aluminis
qloridis orTqli, romelic maRali drekadobiT
xasiaTdeba, mowyvets furCis nawilakebs, ris
Semdegac moZravi flusi axdens SeduRebis zonidan
aluminis furCis gamotanas.
forianobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT,
SesaduRebeli detalebisa da saeleqtrodo
(misarTi) masalebis zedapirebs (SeduRebamde)
furCisa da cximovani gabinZurebebis mocilebis
mizniT winaswar amuSaveben. amisaTvis iyeneben
meqanikur an qimiur saSualebebs, xolo cximebs
cxeli wyliT an organuli xsnarebiT Camorecxaven.
didi sisqis detalebis xeliT eleqtrorkaluri
SeduRebis dros, Txevadi abazanidan airuli
buStulebis mosacileblad, mimarTaven winaswar da
Tanmxleb SeTbobas 200...4000C temperaturamde.
aluminmagniumis SenadnobebisaTvis, meqanikuri
Tvisebebis mosalodneli daqveiTebis gamoricxvis
mizniT, SeTbobis temperatura 100...1500C-s ar unda
aRematebodes.
kristalizaciuri bzarebis warmoqmnisadmi
medegobis gasazrdelad, aluminisa da masSi
Senadnobebis nakerebSi siliciumis Semcveloba 0,1%-
ze naklebi unda iyos, xolo rkinis (aseve magniumis
aluminmagniumis SenadnobebSi) 0,1%-ze meti.
legirebul aluminis SenadnobebSi civ bzareb-
Tan brZolis efeqturi saSualebaa SenaduRi SeerT-
bebis 200...2200C temperaturamde gaxureba (gadaZ-
veleba), rac xels uwyobs rogorc myari xsnaridan
interliTonuri fazebis droul gamoyofas da ko-

127
agulacias, aseve saSemduReblo struqturuli Zabve-
bis Semcirebas.
narCeni Zabvebisa da deformaciebis Sesamci-
reblad, aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
dros mimarTaven specialur zomebs, kerZod,
konduqtorebSi SeduRebas, koncentrirebuli siTbos
wyaroebis gamoyenebas da sxv.
Termulad ganmtkicebadi aluminis Senadno-
bebisaTvis Tanabari simtkicis SenaduRi SeerTebebis
misaRebad, saWiroa Termuli damuSavebis sruli
ciklis Catareba _ wrToba da daZveleba.
minarevebiT gabinZurebuli nakerebis koro-
ziuli medegobis gaumjobeseba SesaZlebelia cxel
mdgomareobaSi mopirsalebiT, risTvisac mimarTaven
SenaduRi SeerTebebis mowvas.
maRali Txeldenadobisa da dabali simtkicis
gamo, 5500C temperaturis zemoT, aluminisa da misi
Senadnobebis SeduRebis dros saWiroa gamoyenebul
iqnas qvesadebebi.
airuli SeduReba. es aris aluminisa da misi
Senadnobebis SeduRebis yvelaze Zveli xerxi,
romlis ganviTarebasac safuZveli Caeyara XIX
saukunis 90-iani wlebidan. Tumca Tavidan airuli
SeduRebis warmatebiT praqtikul gamoyenebas
abrkolebda is garemoeba, rom ver xerxdeboda
Jangis (Al2O3) furCis moSoreba, rac xels uSlida
SeduRebis procesis mimdinareobas. aRniSnuli
problema moixsna 1906-1907 wlebSi, rodesac Soopma
aluminis Jangis furCis gasaxsnelad gamoiyena
Semdegi Sedgenilobis flus-pasta: qlorovani
kaliumi (60 nawili), qlorovani natriumi (12
nawili), gogirdmJava kaliumi (4 nawili) da wyali
(24 nawili).

128
 aluminis nakeTobebis airuli SeduRebisTvis
momzadeba iTvaliswinebs Semdegi operaciebis Cata-
rebas: misarTi masalis flusiT dafarva;
SesaduRebeli zedapirebis gasufTaveba; nawiburebis
gamoyvana da SenaduRi SeerTebis awyoba.
SeduRebis abazanaSi flusis Seyvana xdeba mi-
sarTi masalidan, romlis zedapirsac winaswar
faraven flusis feniT. misarTi masalis flusiT
dafarvas anxorcieleben ori xerxiT; 1.
saSemduReblo mavTuls an wnels axureben airuli
sanTuriT da Semdeg amoavleben flusian qilaSi; 2.
mavTuls an wnels 200-250 mm sigrZeze Semogozaven
wylis an spirtis (sufTa aluminisTvis) flusiani
xsnariT.
SesaduRebeli zedapirebis gasufTaveba iTva-
liswinebs 30-35 mm siganeze orive mxridan meqanikuri
gziT _ mbrunavi liTonis jagrisebiT gawmendas,
Semdeg qimiurad damuSavebas mowamvliT.
aluminisa da misi SenadnobebisaTvis yvelaze
gavrcelebulia pirapira SeerTebebi. 4 mm-mde sisqis
aluminis furclebis awyoba xdeba nawiburebis
gamoyvanis gareSe 0,5-2 mm teqnologiuri RreCos
datovebiT. 1-1,5 mm sisqis furclebisTvis
rekomendebulia nawiburebis moqimva, romlis
simaRlec 2-3-jer meti unda iyos furclis sisqeze.
4-12 mm sisqis furclebisaTvis rekomendebulia
nawiburebis V-ri gamoyvana 30-450 gadaxsnis kuTxiT,
xolo 12 mm-ze meti sisqis furclebisTvis
nawiburebis X-ri gamoyvana 350 gadaxsnis kuTxiT
TiToeuli mxridan da dablagvebiT, romlis
sididec unda iyos furclis sisqis meoTxedi da ar
undaaluminisa
aRematebodes
da misi
4 mm-s.
Senadnobebis airuli SeduRe-
bis warmoeba rekomendebulia ganxorcieldes
acetilen-Jangbadis alisa da specialuri flusebis

129
gamoyenebiT. ali unda iyos mkacrad normaluri
O2
Semcvelobis ≈ 1,1 , radganac Jangbadis meti
C2 H 2
Semcveloba ganapirobebs Al2O3-is warmoebas, xolo
Warbi acetileni (C2H2) ki forianobis mizezi xdeba.
aluminis Senadnobebis airuli SeduRebisTvis
acetilenis Semcvleli sawvavi airebis gamoyenebis
sfero Zalian SezRudulia. SeduRebis abazanaSi
flusis Seyvana ZiriTadad xdeba misarTi masalidan
da zogierT SemTxvevaSi damatebiT SesaduRebeli
nawiburebidan, romlebsac winaswar faraven jagri-
sis gamoyenebiT. aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis
airuli SeduReba dasaSvebia nebismier sivrciT
mdgomareobaSi, garda didi ganfenilobis horizon-
taluri nakerebisa. mcire sisqis (4 mm-mde) fur-
clebis SeduRebisTvis aucilebelia qvesadebebis
gamoyeneba. moqimviT awyobili furclebis SeduReba
xdeba misarTi liTonis gareSe. saSualo sisqis
furclebis (V-ri gamoyvaniT) SeduReba xdeba cali
mxridan, xolo sqeli furclebis (X-ri gamoyvaniT)
orive mxridan horizontalidan nakeTobis 300-ani
kuTxiT daxriT `aRmarTze~ (qvemodan zemoT).
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis tavruli
SeerTebebis SeduReba rekomendebulia ganxorciel-
des `navur~ mdgomareobaSi, rom iqnes Tavidan
acilebuli vertikalur kedelze CanaWrebis
warmoqmna.
naxSiris an grafitis eleqtrodebiT xeliT Se-
duReba. aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduReba
naxSiris an grafitis eleqtrodebiT gamoiyeneba
mxolod nakleb sapasuxismgeblo konstruqciebisaT-
vis. SeduRebas axdenen pirdapiri polarulobis
mudmivi denis gamoyenebiT, mxolod qveda mdgo-
mareobaSi. furCis mocilebis mizniT, gamoiyeneba

130
АФ-4Ф tipis flusi, romelic ixsneba wyalSi da
funjiT esmeva nakeTobis an misarTi Reros ze-
dapirs. 2 mm-mde sisqis nakeTobebis SeduReba xdeba
misarTi liTonis gareSe nawiburebis gamouyvanlad.
2 mm-ze meti sisqis nakeTobebis SeduRebis
SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba nawiburebis gamoyvana an
RreCo, romelic Seadgens SesaduRebeli furclebis
sisqis 0,5-0,7 nawils. misarT masalebad ixmareba
saeleqtrodo mavTulebi A0, A1 (gost 7871-75) an AK
Senadnobi Reroebi, romelic 5% siliciums Seicavs.
SeduRebas axorcieleben vertikalidan 10-200
kuTxiT gadaxrili eleqtrodebiT, 15-25 mm sigrZis
rkaliT, ganivi rxevebis gareSe. SeduRebis Semdeg
narCen widas meqanikuri xerxebiT an CamorecxviT
acileben. naxSiris an grafitis eleqtrodebiT
SeduRebis naklad SeiZleba CaiTvalos rkalis
mZlavri gamosxiveba, nakeTobis sagrZnobi
deformacia da sxv.
cxrili 5.2.
aluminis SeduRebisaTvis gankuTvnili flusebisa da
eleqtrodis dafarvebis Sedgeniloba

Semcveloba, %
masala LiCl-is ar Semcveli LiCl-is Semcveli
flusebi dafarvebi flusebi dafarvebi
qlorovani
natriumi 16 41 12,5 30 30 28 35,5 30,5
(NaCl)
qlorovani
kaliumi 79 51 50,0 40 45 50 50 -
(KCl)
qlorovani
liTiumi - - - - 15 14 10 18,2
(LiCl)

131
 fTorovani
natriumi - 8 - - - 8 1,5 -
(NaF)
fTorovani
kaliumi - - - - 7 - 3 -
(KF)
mJave
gogirdmJava
5 - 2,5 - 3 - - 5,8
kaliumi
(KHSO4)
krioliti
- - 35,5 30 - - - 45,5
(Na3AlF6)

pirapira SeerTebebisTvis nawiburebi ar gamoi-

yvaneba 6mm-mde sisqis liTonis calmxrivi
SeduRebisas. agreTve 10...12 mm da meti sisqis
liTonebis ormxrivi SeduRebisas mimarTaven
0
nawiburebis gamoyvanas 60...70 kuTxiT da 1...2 mm
dablagvebiT. 6 mm-mde sisqis liTonebi duRdeba
SeTbobis gareSe, xolo 6 mm-ze meti sisqisaTvis
winaswari SeTbobis temperatura SeirCeva nakeTobis
sisqis Sesabamisad (100...4000C intervalSi).
magaliTad, 6...8 mm sisqisaTvis gamoiyeneba 1000C
temperaturamde, 8...10 mm sisqisaTvis 160-2000C-mde
SeTboba; ufro met sisqisaTvis saWiroa SedarebiT
maRali winaswari SeTbobis temperatura.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis SesaduReblad
ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba ori tipis dafarva: dafarva I
Sedgeba 35% kriolitiTa (Na3AlF6) da 65% flusiT
АФ-4А (50%KCl; 15% LiCl; 8% NaF da 28% NaCl); dafarva I
Sedgeba: 50% KCl; 30% NaCl da 20% Na3AlF6).
sufTa aluminisa da AMr SenadnobebisaTvis
eleqtrodebis Reroebad gamoiyeneba daaxloebiT
ZiriTadi liTonis Sedgenilobis liTonebi. koro-

132
ziamedegi SeerTebebis misaRebad iyeneben cirkoni-
umiT, qromiT an titaniT legirebul mavTulebs.
aluminmagniumis Senadnobebis SesaduRebel
saeleqtrodo ReroebSi mizanSewonilia magniumis
ufro maRali Semcveloba. magaliTad, AMr3 da AMr5
SenadnobebisaTvis gamoiyeneba mavTulebi Св-АМг3 da
Св-АМг6.
SeduReba xorcieldeba 6...8 mm diametris eleqt-
rodebiT Seqceuli polarulobis mudmiv denze,
rkalis swrafi gadaadgilebiT ganivi rxevebis
gareSe. SeduRebis reJimebia ISed=55...60a; Urk=28...34v.
dafaruli eleqtrodebiT SeduRebisaTvis dama-
xasiaTebelia nakeris Sinagani forianoba da dabali
mwarmoebluroba. amitom es meTodi SezRudulad
gamoiyeneba.
flusis qveS avtomaturi SeduReba. aluminisa
da misi Senadnobebis SesaduReblad gamoiyeneba
naxevrad Ria rkaliT SeduReba, romlis drosac
flusis dozirebuli Txeli fena iyreba rkalis win,
rac uzrunvelyofs abazanis saimedo dacvasa da
furCis fenis mocilebas. aRniSnuli teqnologiis
gamoyenebis aucilebloba ganpirobebulia im garemo-
ebiT, rom Txevad mdgomareobaSi maRali
eleqtrogamtarobis mqone flusis Txeli fena ar
moaxdens denis Suntirebas, rac gamoiwvevs rkalis
mdgradobis rRvevas.
flusiT avtomaturi SeduReba gamoiyeneba 10...35
mm detalebisaTvis; SesaZlebelia erTi, ori an
xSirad dawyvilebuli saeleqtrodo mavTulebis ga-
moyenebac. calmxriv nakerebs aduReben foladis
droebiT qvesadebze. SeduReba xorcieldeba Seq-
ceuli polarulobis mudmiv denze, romlis sididec
3-jer ufro naklebia, vidre foladebisTvis igive

133
siRrmeze CaduRebis SemTxvevaSi. 5.3 cxrilSi moyva-
nilia aluminis Senadnobebis SesaduReblad gamo-
yenebuli saeleqtrodo mavTulebis, xolo 5.4
cxrilSi flusebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba.
sxva meTodebTan SedarebiT naxevrad Ria rka-
liT aluminis Senadnobebis SeduRebis upiratesobas
ganapirobebs maRali mwarmoebluroba da
konstruqciis umniSvnelo deformacia. flusis qveS
SeduRebis naklovanebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
SeduRebis Semdeg widis qerqis mocilebis
aucilebloba. amis gamo, am meTodiT ZiriTadad
aduReben pirapira nakerebs, romlisaTvisac ufro
iolia widis qerqis mocileba.
eleqtrowiduri SeduReba. process asruleben
specialurad SemuSavebuli flusebis (AH-A301 da
AH-A302) saSualebiT firfitovani eleqtrodiT.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis eleqtrowiduri
SeduRebis teqnologia principulad ar gansxvavdeba
sxva liTonebis eleqtrowiduri SeduRebis cnobili
xerxebisagan.
eleqtrowiduri SeduRebiT miRebuli SenaduRi
SeerTebebi mkvrivi struqturiT da maRali meqa-
nikuri TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba.
inertul airebSi aradnobadi eleqtrodiT
SeduReba. aluminsa da mis Senadnobebs umravles
SemTxvevaSi damcav airebSi aduReben dnobadi an
aradnobadi eleqtrodebiT. damcav airad gamoiyeneba
A da Б markis argoni, argon-heliumis narevi an
gazrdili sisufTavis heliumi. aradnobadi
eleqtrodis masalad volframi gamoiyeneba,
romelsac damatebuli aqvs Toriumi, lanTani,
itriumi da sxva elementebi. sufTa volframis
gamoyeneba saeleqtrodo masalad rekomendebuli ar
aris.
134
 argonSi aradnobadi eleqtrodiT SeduReba sau-
keTeso xerxia Txelfurclovani aluminis nake-
TobebisaTvis. specialuri flusebis gamoyenebis
gareSe igi uzrunvelyofs SesaduRebeli
konstruqciis minimalur deformaciasa da nakeris
maRal xarisxs. SeduReba cvlad denze warmoebs da
SesaZlebelia rogorc xeliT, aseve naxevrad
avtomaturad da avtomaturad. aluminis detalebis
zedapirze volframis eleqtrodis uSualo SexebiT
rkalis anTeba garTulebulia, amitom rkals jer
anTeben damxmare grafitis firfitaze da Semdeg
gadaaqvT
aradnobadi
nakeTobaze.
eleqtrodiT xeliT SeduReba
SesaZlebelia sivrcis nebismier mdgomareobaSi
eleqtrodis ganivi rxevebis gareSe rogorc misarTi
liToniT, aseve mis gareSe. misarT masalad
gamoiyeneba saSemduReblo mavTuli, romlis qimiuri
Sdgenilobac uaxlovdeba ZiriTad liTonisas.
rkalis sigrZe 1,5...2,5 mm-s ar unda aRematebodes.
aradnobadi leqtrodiT xeliT SeduRebis reJimebi
moyvanilia 5.5. cxrilSi.
aradnobadi eleqtrodiT naxevrad avtomaturi
da avtomaturi SeduReba mimdinareobs sanTuris
vertikalur mdgomareobaSi. misarTi mavTuli
rkalis zonaSi miewodeba specialuri meqanizmiT.
SeduReba xorcieldeba cvladi deniT, romlis
reJimebic moyvanilia 5.6 cxrilSi. aluminisa da misi
Senadnobebis aradnobadi eleqtrodebiT inertul
airebSi SeduRebisaTvis gamoiyeneba specializebuli
danadgarebi УДАР-300 da УДАР-500; naxevrad
avtomaturi ПШВ-1 da ПШВ-3, avtomati АДНГ-300.
didi sisqis detalebis SesaduReblad gamoyene-
bas poulobs damcav airebSi samfaza rkaliT Se-
duRebis meTodi. am SemTxvevaSi Tburi nakadis

135
regulirebis saSualebas iZleva nakeris RerZis mi-
marT volframis eleqtrodis ganlagebis, maTi dia-
metrebisa da maT Soris kuTxis cvlileba. nawibure-
bis gamoyvanis gareSe samfaza rkaliT erTi gavliT
SeiZleba SeduRdes 30 mm-mde sisqis aluminis Senad-
nobebi. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac,
rom miRebuli SenaduRi SeerTeba maRali xarisxiTa
da meqanikuri TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba. SeduReba
SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes rogorc xeliT, ise
avtomaturad. aluminis Senadnobebis pirapira Seer-
Tebebis samfaza rkaliT SeduRebis rekomendebuli
reJimebi moyvanilia 5.7 cxrilSi.
Txelfurclovani aluminis nakeTobebis Seer-
Tebis saukeTeso meTodia mikroplazmuri SeduReba.
am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba 0,8...1,2 mm diametris ВЛ-10
markis volframis eleqtrodebi. plazmis warmomq-
mnel airad ixmareba araumcires 99,6% sisufTavis
argoni, xolo damcavi airia _ heliumi. denis Zalis
cvlileba 10...100a intervalSi uzrunvelyofs 0,2...2 mm
sisqis aluminis Senadnobebis xarisxian SeduRebas.

136
 cxrili 5.3.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis saeleqtrodo
mavTulebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba, %

mavTulis Al Mg Mn Fe Si
marka
СвАВ-00 ≤99,97 - - ≤0,015 ≤0,015
СвВА-1 ≤99,5 - - 0,20÷0,35 0,10÷0,35
СвАМг ≤0,05 1,0÷1,5 0,3÷0,5 0,2÷0,4
СвАМг5 4,8÷5,8 0,5÷0,8 ≤0,4 ≤0,4

danarCeni
СвАМг6 5,8÷6,8 0,5÷0,8 ≤0,4 ≤0,5
СвАМг7 6,5÷7,5 0,5÷0,8 ≤0,4 ≤0,4
СвАН5 - - ≤0,6 4,5÷6,0
СвАН10 ≤0,10 - ≤0,6 7,0÷10,0
СвАН12 - - ≤0,3 11,5÷13,5
mavTulis minarevebi ara umetes
marka
sxva- mina-
dasxva revebi
minare- s jami
Ti Be Zr Zn Cu vebi
СвАВ-00 - - - - 0,005 0,01 0,08
СвВА-1 - - - - 0,015 0,05 0,5
СвАМг - - - 0,1 0,2 0,1 0,35
СвАМг5 0,002÷
0,1÷0,2 - 0,2 0,05 0,1 1,4
÷0,005
СвАМг6 0,002÷
0,1÷0,2 - 0,2 0,1 0,1 1,2
÷0,005
СвАМг7 0,002÷
- 0,2÷0,4 - - - -
÷0,005
СвАН5 - - - 0,2 0,1 1,0
СвАН10 - - - 0,1 0,1 1,1
СвАН12 - - - 0,2 0,1 0,6

137
 cxrili 5.4.
aluminisa da misi SenadnobebisaTvis saSemduReblo
flusebis Sedgeniloba, %

flusis Sesadu- NaF KCl Na3AlF6 BaCl2 LiCl NaCl

marka Rebeli
liToni
МАТИ-1 АМг 42 47 3 - 8 -
МАТИ-10 АМг6 - 30 2 68 - -
АН-А1 АД1, АМг - 50 30 - - 20

cxrili 5.5.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis aradobadi
eleqtrodiT xeliT pirapira SeduRebis reJimebi

liTonis volframis misarTi denis airis

sisqe, eleqtrodis mavTulis Zala, a xarji,
mm diametri, mm diametri, l/wT
mm
0,8÷0,9 1,5÷2,0 - 40÷55 4÷5
1,0÷2,0 1,5÷2,0 1,0÷2,5 55÷75 5÷6
3,0÷4,0 3,0÷4,0 2,5÷3,0 100÷150 7÷8
5,0÷6,0 4,0÷5,0 3,0÷4,0 200÷280 7÷8
8,0÷10,0 5,0 4,0÷5,0 270÷300 9÷12

inertul airebSi dnobadi eleqtrodiT Se-

duReba. aluminis Senadnobis damcav airebSi dno-
badi eleqtrodiT meqanizebuli SeduReba mizanSe-
wonilia, Tu SesaerTebeli liTonis sisqe 4 mm-ze
metia. am meTodisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia SeduRebis
maRali mwarmoebluroba, rasac ganapirobebs Seq-
ceuli polarobis mudmivi denis gamoyeneba. am
ukanasknels didi upiratesoba gaaCnia cvlad denTan

138
 SedarebiT. rkalis kvebas axorcieleben xisti gare
maxasiaTeblis mqone kvebis wyarodan, rkalis
aRgzneba xdeba nakeTobasTan mavTulis SexebiT.
rkalis wvis mdgradobas ganapirobebs denis Zala,
romelic 130a-s aRemateba. saeleqtrodo mavTulis
diametri unda iyos 1,4 mm-ze meti, raTa SesaZlebeli
gaxdes rkalis zonaSi misi Seuferxebeli miwodeba.
dnobadi eleqtrodiT argonSi avtomatur SeduRebas
awarmoeben maformirebeli Rarebis mqone liTonis
qvesadebebze. miRebuli SenaduRi nakeri maRali
xarisxiTa da TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba.

cxrili 5.6.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis aradnobadi
eleqtrodiT avtomaturi pirapira erTi gavliT
Sesrulebuli SeduRebis reJimebi

liTon volfr misarTi denis SeduRebi mavTulis airis

is amis mavTuli Zala, a s siCqare, miwodebi xarji,
sisqe, eleqt- s m/sT s siCqare, l/wT
mm rodis diametri, m/sT
diamet mm
ri, mm

1,5 4 2 80÷110 15÷20 40÷45 7÷8

2,0 4 2 100÷120 15÷20 40÷45 7÷8
2,5 4 2 120÷130 15÷20 36÷42 7÷8
3,0 4 2 150÷170 10÷16 36÷40 8÷9
5,0 6 2 240÷260 10÷14 30÷35 12÷16
8,0 10 2-3 480÷490 12 - 12÷16
10 10 2-3 490÷520 9 - 28÷30
14 10 2-3 550÷600 6 - 29÷30
16 10 2-3 640÷660 6 - 28÷30

139
 cxrili 5.7.
samfaza rkaliT aluminis Senadnobebis
SeduRebis reJimebi

liTonis SeduRebis eleqtrodis misarTi SeduRebis SeduRebis

sisqe, xerxi diametri, mm mavTulis siCqare, denis
mm diametri, m/sT Zala, a
mm
2 xeliT 1,5÷2 2÷3 10÷12 60
6 3 3 8÷12 150
10 avtoma- 8 2 28-30 390÷430
14 turi 10 2 13-15 500÷540
20 10 2,5 7-8 520÷550
30 10 2,5 4-6 620÷650

kontaqturi pirapira SeduReba. aluminisa da

magniumis Senadnobebis SemolRvobiT pirapira
kontaqturi SeduReba warmoebs gacilebiT iolad,
vidre spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis. procesi
mimdinareobs uwyveti SemolRvobiT da
mniSvnelovani CajdomiT maRal siCqareebze.
saukeTeso Sedegebi miiReba SeduRebis dros damcav
airul areSi, Tumca savsebiT damakmayofilebel
Sedegebs Rebuloben dacvis gareSe SeduRebis
drosac. SeduRebis reJimebis SerCeva xdeba
SesaduRebeli masalis qimiuri Sedgenilobisa da
zomebis mixedviT. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
eniWeba Cajdomis maqsimaluri siCqaris sworad
SerCevas, rom Cajdoma ganxorcieldes udides
temperaturaze da Sesabamisad minimaluri Zalvis
miyenebiT. aluminis rbili sortebisTvis Sveris
dasayenebeli sigrZe detalis d diametris mixedviT,
iangariSeba formuliT:lS=(1,5÷2,0)d mm

140
 am SemTxvevaSi Cajdomis xvedriTi wnevis
sididea 1,0-1,5 kg/mm2.
aluminisa da magniumis mtkice da Termulad
ganmtkicebadi Senadnobebis SemolRvobiT pirapira
SeduRebis reJimebi moyvanilia 5.8 cxrilSi.
cxrili 5.8.
aluminisa da magniumis Senadnobebis zogierTi
namzadis SemolRvobiT pirapira SeduRebis
saorientacio reJimebi

SeduRebis aluminis wnelis Senadnobebi

reJimis diametri, mm АК6 da АМг6Т
parametrebi 80 mm siganis
zoluras
sisqe, mm
20 25 30 38 4 6 4-7
Sveris dasaye- 38 43 50 65 12 14 13-
nebeli sigrZe, 18
mm
nameti 17 20 22 28 08 10 14
SemolRvobaze,
mm
SemolRvobis 1,7 1,9 2,8 5,0 1,2 1,5- 5,0
xangrZlivoba, 1,8
wm
SemolRvobis 11,3 10,5 7,9 5,6 5,8 1,5- 2,8
saSualo 7
siCqare, mm/wm
nameti 13,0 13,0 14,0 15,0 7,0 8,5 12,0
Cajdomaze, mm
Cajdomis 150 150 150 150 100- 100- 200
siCqare, mm/wm 150 150
Cajdomis 16,4 12,7 19,0 12- 18- 20- 13,0
xvedriTi wneva, 20 20 22
kg/mm

141
Cajdomis denis 6,0 6,0 7,0 7,0 3,0 3,0 6-8
qveS, mm
xvedriTi - - - - 0,4 0,4 -
simZlavre,
kva/mm
SeduRebis deni, 58 63 63 63 - - -
a

kontaqturi wertilovani SeduReba. aluminis

Senadnobebis wertilovani SeduReba gansakuTrebiT
ganviTarebulia TviTmfrinavmSeneblobaSi,
xelsawyoTmSeneblobaSi da manqanaTmSeneblobis
zogierT sferoebSi.
wertilovani (da gorgolaWovani) SeduRebis
Sesruleba saWiroa `xist~ reJimebze. bzarebis
Tavidan acilebis mizniT rekomendebulia АМг, АМг-
3, АМг5, АМг5В, АМг6Т, Д20, Д16Т da Д20 Senadnobebis
momwvar mdgomareobaSi SeduReba. aluminisa da
magniumis sxvadasxva Senadnobebis wertilovani
SeduRebis reJimebi moyvanilia 5.9 cxrilSi.
cxrili 5.9.
sxvadasxva msubuqi Senadnobebis wertilovani
SeduRebis reJimebi

masali furcli Zalva furclis Sedu- SeduRebis

s marka s sisqe, eleqtrodze, gadnobis Rebis xangrZli-
mm kg xarisxi, % deni, voba, wm
zed qved ka
a a
АМц- 2+2 625 45 55 42,5 0,23
АМ 3+3 910 43,4 46,7 53,0 0,18
2+3 500 45 66,5 48,0 0,23
2+4 670 30 55 48,0 0,24
АМг6Т 2+2 690 55 60 33,4 0,23
3+3 700 63,4 63,4 41,5 0,22

142
 1,5+1,5 800 40 58 46,0 0,21
2+4 750 45 62,5 39,4 0,22
Д16- 2+2 950 40 50 48,5 0,18
АМ 2,5+2,5 450 52 60 44,5 0,21
2,0+0,4 500 50 72,5 46,7 0,23
Д16- 2+2 500 50 50 53,5 0,22
АТ 3+3 750 60 66,5 45,0 0,22
2+3 1000 50 53,5 55,4 0,23
2+4 910 50 48,5 52,0 0,18
АМг- 2+2 750 50 50 - 0,21
5В 2,5+2,5 600 50 50 - 0,24
Д16 1+1 450 - - 31,7 0,13
2+2 700 - - 42,2 0,20
3+3 850 - - 49,0 0,20
4+4 1100 - - 55,4 0,25

gorgolaWovani kontaqturi SeduReba. alu-

minisa da misi Senadnobebis gogolaWovani SeduReba
farTod gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva nakeTobebis
dasamzadeblad, romlebisTvisac ucilebelia
germentiulobis dacva. SeduReba xdeba bijuri
xerxiT, rac iTvaliswinebs detalis gadaadgilebas
gamorTul denze da mudmiv wnevaze. АМц Senadnobis
SeduRebis reJimi МШШИ-400-2 tipis manqanaze
moyvanilia 5.10 cxrilSi.
cxrili 5.10
МШШИ-400-2 tipis manqanaze gorgolaWovani
SeduRebis reJimebi
furclis Zalva SeduRebis SeduRebis denis biji, mm
sisqe, mm gorgola dro, wm deni, ka milevis
Webze, kg dro, wm

2+2 500 0,08 50 0,05 2,8

0,8+0,8 250 0,04 32 0,05 1,5

143
 Tavi 6
magniumis Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologia

6.1. magniumis Senadnobebis daxasiaTeba

magniumi gansakuTrebiT msubuqi liTonia,
3
romlis simkvrive (1,75 g/sm ) TiTqmis 15-jer naklebia
aluminisa da 4,5-jer rkinisaze. teqnikurad sufTa
magniums dabali simtkice ( δ B =80...100 n/mm2) gaaCnia. ami-
tom sakonstruqcio masalebad gamoiyeneba magniumis
Senadnobebi, romlebic inarCuneben ra mcire kuTr
wonas, gacilebiT ufro maRal simtkices avlenen.
yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul malegirebul
elementebs, romlebic amtkiceben magniumis myar
xsnars, warmoadgenen alumini da TuTia, Tumca maTi
ganmtkicebis unari SenarCunebulia mxolod
150 ..200 C temperaturamde, niodiumiT da naklebad
0 0

ToriumiT legirebiT, aRniSnul temperaturul

intervalSi gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad izrdeba
mxurvalmtkicobis Tvisebebi. niodiumiT ganmtkicebis
unari 2500...3000C temperaturaze ufro vlindeba.
magniums Jangbadisadmi gaaCnia gansakuTrebiT
maRali qimiuri swrafva, ris Sedegadac misi
zedapiri ifareba MgO oqsidis metad fxvieri
furCiT, romelic cudi damcavi TvisebebiT
xasiaTdeba. amitom sxva liTonebisagan gansxvavebiT,
magniumsa da misi Senadnobebis damaxasiaTebelia
sxvadasxva areebSi koroziisadmi metad maRali
midrekileba. magniumis Senadnobebisagan
damzadebuli detalebis koroziisagan dacvis
mizniT rekomendebulia zedapiris laqsaRebavebiT
dafarva. furCebis gasamkvriveblad xSirad magniumis
SenadnobebSi umateben beriliums.

144
 cxrili 6.1.
magniumis Senadnobebi

legire- marka qimiuri Sedgeniloba

bis Mg Al Mn Zn Zr Nd La Cd
sistema
1. deformirebadi Senadnobebi (gosti 14957-76)
Termulad araganmtkicebadi
Mg-Mn MA-1 0,3 1,3÷2,5 0,3 - - - -

fuZe
MA-3 0,3 1,5÷2,5 0,3 - - - -
MA-8 0,3 1,3÷2,2 0,3 - - - -
Mg-Al- MA-2 3÷4 0,15÷0,5 0,2÷0,8 - - - -
Zn fu
Z
MA-2-1 3,8÷5 0,3÷0,7 0,8÷1,5 - - - -
Termulad ganmtkicebadi
Mg-Zn-Zr MA-14 - - 5÷6 0,3÷ - - -
fuZe

÷0,9

Mg-Zn- MA-15 - - 2,5÷3,5 0,45÷ - - 1,2÷

÷2,0
fuZe

Zr-Cd ÷0,9

2. samsxmelo Senadnobebi
Mg-Al- МЛ-3 2,5÷3,5 0,15÷0,5 0,5÷1,5 - - - -
Zn
fuZe

МЛ-5 7,5÷9 0,15÷0,5 0,5÷0,8 - - - -

Mg-Nd- МЛ-10 - - 0,1÷0,7 0,4÷1 2,5÷ - -

,0 4,0
fuZe

Zn

Mg-Zn- МЛ-15 - - 4,0÷5,0 0,7÷1,1 - 0,6÷ -

fuZe

La 1,5

145
 magniumis Senadnobebi aluminis msgavsad, day-
ofilia or ZiriTad jgufad _ samsxmelo da
deformirebad Senadnobebad (cxr. 6.1). Termuli
damuSavebisadmi mgrZnobiarobis mixedviT,
deformirebad SenadnobebSi gamoyofen Termulad
araganmtkicebad da Termulad ganmtkicebad
magniumis Senadnobebs. Termulad araganmtkicebad
Senadnobebi warmoadgens myar xsnars, romelSic
malegirebeli elementebis koncentracia oTaxis
temperaturaze xsnadobis zRvarze dabalia, xolo
Termulad ganmtkicebad deformirebadi
SenadnobebisaTvis malegirebeli elementebis
koncentracia aRemateba xsnadobis zRvars oTaxis
temperaturis
SenaduRipirobebisTvis.
konstruqciebis dasamzadeblad
ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba deformirebadi Termulad
araganmtkicebadi magniumis Senadnobebi, romlebic
kargi SeduRebadobiT xasiaTdebian.

6.2. magniumis Senadnobebis SeduRebadobis

Taviseburebani

magniumis Senadnobebis SeduRebis dros erT-

erT problemas warmoadgens zedapirze arsebuli
oqsidebis furCis daSla, romelsac dnobis maRali
temperatura (2000C) gaaCnia da arTulebs SeduRebis
erTiani abazanis warmoqmnas.
SenaduRi nakeris xarisxsa da Tvisebebze
mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens garemomcveli atmos-
fero, saidanac SesaZlebelia SeduRebis abazanaSi
iseTi airebis gadasvla, rogorebicaa: naxSiror-

146
Jangi, Jangbadi, wylis orTqli, azoti da wyalbadi.
magniumi reagirebs aRniSnul airebTan da warmoqmnis
karbidebs, nitridebs da Jangeulebs, romlebic
auareseben magniumis Senadnobebis meqanikur Tvise-
bebs. garda amisa, nitridebi SenaduRi nakerisaTvis
gvevlineba koroziis kerad da aqveiTebs Senadnobis
koroziamedegobas. rac Seexeba wyalbads, sxva aire-
bisagan gansxvavebiT, igi ixsneba Txevad magniumSi.
magniumis Senadnobebis SeduRebis abazanaSi
kristalizacia garkveuli TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba.
myarTxevadi mdgomareobis intervalSi liTons
sakmaod dabali plastikuroba gaaCnia. krista-
lizaciis Semdeg miiReba uxeSi, msxvilmarcvlovani
struqturis mqone SenaduRi nakeri. sxvadasxva
elementebi, magniumSi SezRuduli xsnadobis gamo,
warmoqmnis evteqtikebs, romlebic SuaSreebad
ganlagdebian marcvlebs Soris sazRvrebze.
Termuli gavlenis zonaSi SeiniSneba marcvlebis
gamsxvileba. Termulad ganmtkicebadi
SenadnobebisaTvis xSiria marcvlebis sazRvrebis
Semolxoba, rac ganapirobebs nakeris mimdebare
zonaSi liTonis simtkicis daqveiTebas.
magniumis Senadnobebis SenaduR SeerTebebSi
xSiria iseTi defeqtebis warmoqmna, rogoricaa
kristalizaciuri bzarebi da forebi. kristali-
zaciuri bzarebis Casaxva da ganviTareba SesaZle-
belia rogorc SenaduR nakerSi, aseve nakermimdebare
zonaSi. bzarebisadmi medegobaze mavne gavlenas
axdens iseTi faqtorebi, rogorebicaa: daqveiTebuli
plastikurobis mqone msxvilmarcvlovani stru-
qturis warmoqmna, marcvlebis sazRvrebze evteqtike-

147
bis ganlageba, nakermimdebare zonis sazRvrebze
struqturis gamsxvileba da marcvlebis sazRvrebis
Semolxoba, SeduRebis procesSi konstruqciis xisti
Camagreba da sxva. bzarebisadmi midrekilebaze gav-
lenas axdens agreTve simyifis temperaturuli in-
tervali.
magniumis SenadnobebSi forianobis gamomwvevi
mizezia wyalbadi, romelic SeduRebis abazanaSi
xvdeba garemomcveli aridan an warmoiqmneba
magniumis furCis nawilakebSi arsebuli nestis
daSlis Sedegad. garemodan SeRweuli wyalbadi
ixsneba SeduRebis abazanis liTonSi.
kristalizaciis dros temperaturis daqveiTebis
gamo, wyalbadis xsnadoba mkveTrad ecema, xdeba misi
swrafi gamoyofa SeduRebis abazanidan da
mimdinareobs warmoqmnili buStulebis Seviwroveba
didi siCqariT zrdadi dentritebis mier. amitom
SeiZleba adgili qondes Taviseburi, naZvisebri
moyvanilobis forianobis warmoqmnas. Tumca,
rogorc kvlevebma daadastura, magniumis
SenadnobebSi forebis gaCenis ZiriTadi mizezia
wyalbadi, romelic warmoiqmneba Jangis furCSi
arsebuli nestis daSlis Sedegad. am SemTxvevaSi
wyalbadi ver aswrebs liTonSi gaxsnas da
molekulis
magniumis
saxiT
Senadnobebis
gamoiyofa. SeduRebis dros Tburi
gafarToebis koeficientis didi mniSvneloba
SeerTebebSi warmoqmnis mniSvnelovan Zabvebs.
aRniSnuli faqtori iwvevs konstruqciis dabrecas,
rac damatebiT arTulebs magniumis Senadnobebis
teqnologias.

148
6.3. magniumis Senadnobebis SeduRebis teqnologiuri
Taviseburebani

acetilen-Jangbadis aliT air-flusuri

SeduReba, magniumis Senadnobebis dauSleli
SeerTebis miRebis erT-erTi pirveli meTodi iyo.
aseve gamoiyeneboda rkaluri SeduRebis iseTi
xerxebi, rogoricaa naxSiris eleqtrodiT SeduReba
abazanaSi flusis miwodebiT da dafaruli
eleqtrodebiT SeduReba. ganxiluli
SemTxvevebisaTvis gamdnar liTonSi flusis Seyvana
SesaZlebeli iyo misarTi Reros dafarvidan an
flusis pastiT dafaruli zedapiridan. aRniSnuli
miznisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli flusebi da
dafarvebi (mzaddebodnen qloriduli da
fToriduli marilebis fuZeze) aqveiTeben SenaduRi
SeerTebebis koroziamedegobas. am faqtoridan
gamomdinare ganxiluli meTodebis gamoyeneba
magniumisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebisTvis
rekomendebuli
magniumis araa. Senadnobebisagan SenaduRi
konstruqciebis dasamzadeblad farTo gamoyenebas
naxulobs volframis eleqtrodiT argon-rkaluri
SeduReba, romelsac awarmoeben xeliT minimaluri
sigrZis (1......2mm) mokle rkaliT, an avtomaturad
cvlad denze, rac ganapirobebs erTis mxriv
zedapiruli oqsidis TiTqmis mTlianad mocilebas,
xolo meores mxriv SeduRebis zonis saimedo dacvas
haeris zemoqmedebisagan. zog SemTxvevaSi oqsidisa
da damcavi furCebis mocilebis mizniT SeduRebamde
mimarTaven nawiburebis meqanikur an qimiur
damuSavebas.
volfarmis eleqtrodiT SeduReba (xeliT, an
avtomaturad) xorcieldeba foladis qvesadebebis
gamoyenebiT, romlebsac Rari ukeTdebaT nakeris

149
ukuformirebisaTvis. 2.....6mm sisqis furclebs aduRe-
ben nawiburebis gamoyvanis gareSe Semdeg reJimebze:
denis Zala 160....290 a; SeduRebis siCqare 1.....20m/sT.
6....10mm sisqis furclebisaTvis iyeneben X-sebr gamoy-
vanas. bzarebis da konstruqciis dabrecis Tavidan
acilebis mizniT, xSir SemTxvevaSi axdenen nakeTo-
bis winaswar SeTbobas da Semdgom Termul da-
muSavebas.
argon-rkaluri SeduRebiT damzadebuli Sena-
duRi SeerTebebis simtkice Seadgens 60-90%-s
ZiriTadi liTonisas. am meTodiT agreTve xorciel-
deba magniumis sxmulebis defeqtebis gamosworebac.

150
 Tavi 7
titanisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologia

7.1. titanisa da misi Senadnobebis daxasiaTeba

axal sakonstruqcio masalebidan pirvel
adgilzea titani da Senadnobebi mis fuZeze,
romelTa upiratesobasac sxva masalebTan
mimarTebaSi ganapirobebs Semdegi ori faqtori:
normaluri da maRali temperaturis pirobebSi
maRali kuTri simtkice da mravali agresiuli aris
mimarT maRali koroziuli medegoba. mudmivad
izrdeba titanis gamoyenebis sfero qimiur
manqanTmSeneblobaSi, saaviacio mrewvelobaSi da
mravaltitani
sxva dargSi.
aramagnituri liTonia, romelsac
gaaCnia dabali kuTri wona (4,5 g/sm3), dnobis maRali
temperatura (16600C), dabali Tbogamtaroba da
maRali eleqtrogamtaroba.
gansakuTrebiT sufTa titani (romelsac
iodidurs uwodeben) SezRudulad gamoiyeneba.
teqnikuri titani Seicavs minarevebs, maT Soris,
airebs _ Jangbads, azots, wyalbads, romlebic
garkveulwilad zrdian simtkices, magram aqveiTeben
plastikurobas da siblantes. aRniSnuli airebi da
naxSirbadi uaryofiTad moqmedeben titanis
SeduRebadobaze, amitom ZiriTad liTonSi da
misarT masalebSi maTi maqsimaluri Semcveloba
unda iyos: Jangbadi ≤0,15%, azoti ≤0,04%, wyalbadi
≤0,01,titanis ≤0,1%.
naxSirbadilegirebiT miRebuli Senadnobebi,
gazrdili simtkiciT, sakmarisi plastikurobiTa da
siblantiT xasiaTdeba.
teqnikuri titanisa da misi zogierTi Senadno-
bis qimiuri Sedgeniloba moyvanilia 7.1. cxrilSi.

151
aqve SevniSnoT, rom yvela Senadnobi Seicavs alu-
mins, romelic zrdis simtkices plastikurobis Sen-
arCunebiT, aumjobesebs koroziul medegobas da da-
muSavebas.
cxrili 7.1.
titani da misi Senadnobebi (gosti 19807-74)

Senadnobis qimiuri Sedgeniloba, %

marka Al Mn V Mo Cr
erTfaza α-struqturiT
BT1-00
teqnikuri titani
BT1-0
BT1-1
BT5 4,3÷6,2 - - - -
orfaza (α+β) struqturiT
OT4-1 1,0÷2,5 0,7÷2,0 - - -
OT4 3,5÷5,0 0,8÷2,0 - - -
BT6 5,3÷6,8 - 3,5÷5,3 - -
BT8 5,8÷7,0 - - 2,8÷3,8 -
BT14 3,5÷6,3 - 0,9÷1,9 2,5÷3,8 -
erTfaza β struqturiT
BT15 2,3÷3,6 - - 6,8÷8,0 9,5÷11,5
BT22 4,4÷5,7 - 4,0÷5,5 4,0÷5,5 0,5÷1,5

titans ori alotropiuli forma gaaCnia.

normalur temperaturaze mas aqvs heqsagonaluri
meseri (α-faza). 8820C temperaturaze igi ganicdis
alotropiul gardaqmnas da ufro maRal tempera-
turaze mas gaaCnia sivrciT dacentrebuli meseri (β-
faza). α-fazas axasiaTebs wvrilmarcvlovani
struqtura da gaxurebis Semdeg ar aris mgrZ-
nobiare gacivebis siCqaris mimarT, xolo β-fazas _
msxvilmarcvlovani struqtura da maRali mgrZno-
biaroba gacivebis siCqarisadmi. fazuri mdgomare-
obidan gamomdinare, titanis Senadnobebi SeiZleba
daiyos sam jgufad: α, α+β da β Senadnobebad.

152
 malegirebeli elementebi gansxvavebul gavle-
nas axdens titanis Senadnobebis fazur mdgoma-
reobaze. alumini, kala, cirkoniumi da sxv. ar
cvlian teqnikuri titanis kristalur aRnagobas,
romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia normalur tempera-
turaze α-fazis arseboba, amitom maT α-stabiliza-
torebs uwodeben. magniumi, molibdeni, vanadiumi,
qromi da sxv. saSualebas iZlevian dabal tempera-
turaze SenarCunebuli iqnas maRaltemperaturuli β-
faza. amitom maT β-stabilizatorebs uwodeben.
teqnikuri titani da erTfaza α-Senadnobebi
Termuli damuSavebiT ar mtkicdebian, isini kargad
duRdebian da sakmaod plastikur nakrebs iZlevian.
calkeul SemTxvevebSi mimarTaven mowvas Zabvebis
moxsnis mizniT.
erTfaza β da orfaza α+β _ Senadnobebi ganm-
tkicebisaTvis ganicdian Termul damuSavebas _
wrTobas Semdgomi moSvebiT (daZveleba). amis Semdeg
am Senadnobebis simtkice izrdeba 1400 n/mm2-mde da
isini damakmayofilebel plastikurobas inarCuneben.

7.2. titanisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebadobis

Taviseburebani

titani maRal temperaturebze (gansakuTrebiT

gamdnar mdgomareobaSi) qimiur aqtivobas amJRavnebs
sxvadasxva airebis mimarT. amitom rogorc teqnikuri
titani, ise misi Senadnobebi Seicaven Jangbads,
azotsa da wyalbads. ganvixiloT titanis
zemoqmedeba zogierT airebze.
oTaxis teperaturaze titani metad medegia
Jangvisadmi, magram maRal temperaturebze Jangbadi

153
iolad ixsneba rogorc α-, aseve β-titanSi, war-
moqmnis myar xsnarebs, rac ganapirobebs α β gardaqm-
nis temperaturis gazrdas, simtkicis amaRlebas da
plastikurobis daqveiTebas. haerze gaxurebis dros,
4500C temperaturaze warmoiqmneba titanis oqsidi
(TiO2), romelic xenjis saxiT efineba liTonis zeda-
pirs. aRniSnul fenas alfirebuls uwodeben.
azoti titanis mimarT gacilebiT ufro
energiuli elementia, vidre Jangbadi. 8000C
temperaturis zemoT warmoiqmneba titanis nitridi
(TiN), romlis dnobis temperatura 29500C-ia. azoti
titanSi Sedis myari xsnarisa da nitridebis saxiT.
titanSi azotis mcire minarevebsac ki SeuZlia
gamoiwvios nemsisebri moyvanilobis martensituli
α′-fazis warmoqmna.
wyalbadis xsnadoba titanSi gansakuTrebiT
maRalia. es imiT aixsneba, rom masSi wyalbadis
0,18%-ze meti Semcvelobis SemTxvevaSi wyalbadis
Canacvlebis myari xsnaris warmoqmnasTan erTad
aRiniSneba dabaltemperaturuli γ fazis (titanis
hidriti TiN2) warmoqmna. titanis hidridebi
ganlagdeba marcvlebis SigniT da maT sazRvrebze.
airebTan urTierTqmedeba arTulebs titanisa
da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebas, amasTan arsebiT
gavlenas axdens SenaduRi SeerTebebis xarisxsa da
Tvisebebze. SenaduRi SeerTebebis yvelaze
gavrcelebuli defeqtebia forebi da civi bzarebi.
ganvixiloT maTi warmoqmnis meqanizmi.
titanisa da misi SenadnobebisaTvis forebis
warmoqmnis ZiriTad wyaros wyalbadi warmoadgens.
TxevadTan SedarebiT, myar xsnarSi wyalbadis
xsnadobis naxtomisebri mkveTri Semcireba iwvevs
kristalizaciis dros am airis intensiur gamoyofas
SeduRebis abazanidan. xelSemSleli pirobebis arse-

154
bobisas adgili aqvs airuli Rruebis _ forebis
warmoqmnas.
SenaduR SeerTebebSi civi bzarebis warmoqmnas
xels uwyobs zogierT ubnebSi liTonis
plastikurobis daqveiTeba. titanis Senadnobebis
simyifes ganapirobeben airuli minarevebi da
naxSirbadi. bzarebisadmi medegobaze gansakuTrebiT
mavne gavlenas axdens wyalbadi, radganac titanis
hidridebis warmoqmna iwvevs liTonis Zlier
gamyifebas da, amasTan erTad, igi aZlierebs
Jangbadisa da azotis gamyifebad zemoqmedebas. civi
bzarebis warmoqmnis mizezi SeiZleba agreTve gaxdes
SesaduRebel zedapirze arsebuli alfirebuli fena.
titanisa da misi Senadnobebis SenaduR SeerTebebSi
civi bzarebis Casaxva-ganviTareba SesaZlebelia
drois Semdeg (Senelebuli rRveva). am ukanasknelis
gamomwvevi mizezia SenaduR SeerTebaSi wyalbadis
Semdgomi gadanawileba.
titanis dabali siTbogamtarobis gamo,
SenaduRi konstruqciis maRali temperaturis
pirobebSi dayovnebis dro sakmaod didia, amitom
nakermimdebare zonaSi aRiniSneba marcvlebis
mniSvnelovani zrda. garda amisa, temperaturuli da
ZabvaTa velebis uTanabrobis gamo, Termuli
gavlenis zonaSi mimdinareobs wyalbadis difuzia
da am airiT mdidari myife ubnebis formireba. zemo
aRniSnuli faqtorebi bzarebis warmoqmnis mizezia
da damatebiT garTulebebs qmnis titanisa da misi
Senadnobebis SeduRebis dros.

155
 7.3. titanisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologiuri Taviseburebani

titanis maRali qimiuri aqtiuroba, specifikuri

Tbofizikuri Tvisebebi, nakermimdebare zonis
midrekileba marcvlebis gamsxvilebisake da sxva
faqtorebi, titanis da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologiis SemuSavebis safuZvels warmoadgens.
xarisxiani SenaduRi SeerTebis miRebis
aucilebeli piroba ara marto SeduRebis abazanis
saimedo dacvaa haeris zemoqmedebisagan, aramed
sruli ormxrivi dacva yvela im ubnis, romelic
5000C temperaturis zemoT xurdeba. amisaTvis saWi-
roa vakuum-kamerebi da sxva specialuri
mowyobilobebi. SenaduRi nakeris
ukuformirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba spilenZis
qvesadebebi wylis mimwodebeli sistemiT, rac
SenaduRi SeerTebebis gacivebis siCqaris
regulirebis
titanis saSualebas
da misi iZleva.
Senadnobebis SeduReba
xorcieldeba aradnobadi eleqtrodebiT, dnobadi
eleqtrodebiT damcav airebSi an flusis qveS da
eleqtrowiduri SeduRebiT.
aradnobadi eleqtrodiT rkaluri SeduReba.
SeduRebas awarmoeben inertul airebSi volframis
eleqtrodiT xeliT an avtomaturad. misarT
liTonad gamoiyeneba BT-1 tipis Senadnobebisagan
damzadebuli mavTuli, romelsac winaswar
ukeTdebva vakuumuri mowva. SenaduRi SeerTebis
damakmayofilebeli xarisxis misaRwevad, gamoiyeneba
A markis sufTa argoni (gosti 10157-75) an heliumi.
rkalis kvebis wyaroebi da saSemduReblo aparatura
TiTqmis ar gansxvavdebian sxva liTonebis
SesaduReblad gamosayenebeli mowyobilobebisagan.

156
 0,5...1,5 mm detalebi pirapirad duRdeba RreCosa
da misarTi liTonis gareSe. 1,5...3 mm sisqis
furclebs aduReben misarTi liToniT an mis gareSe
nawiburebis gamouyeneblad. 3 mm-ze meti sisqis
detalebisaTvis saWiroa nawiburebis gamoyvana da
misarTi liTonis gamoyeneba. titanisa da misi
Senadnobebis aradnobadi eleqtrodiT inertul
airebSi SeduReba xorcieldeba pirdapiri
polarulobis mudmiv denze zedapiruli an
CayvinTuli (CaZiruli) rkaliT. airis miwodeba win
unda uswrebdes rkalis naTebas. CayvinTuli rkaliT
aduReben didi sisqis (3 mm-ze meti) detalebs, xolo
zedapiruli rkaliT (rkalis sigrZea 1,5-2,5 mm) mcire
sisqis
titanis
nakeTobebs.da misi Senadnobebis volframis
eleqtrodiT argonSi avtomaturi SeduRebis
reJimebi moyvanilia 7.2. cxrilSi.

cxrili 7.2.
titanis da misi Senadnobebis volframis
eleqtrodiT argonSi
avtomaturi SeduRebis reJimebi

detalis eleqt rkalis ISed, Urk, VSed, argonis

sisqe, mm rodis sigrZe, a v m/sT xarji, l/wT
diamet mm rka- nake-
ri, mm lis ris
zonis meo-
aTvis re
mxa-
res-
Tvis
1,0 1,5÷2,0 1,5÷2,0 60÷80 8÷10 25÷30 14÷17 3÷4
1,5 1,5÷2,0 1,5÷2,0 80÷100 10÷12 25÷30 15÷18 3÷4
2,0 ÷2,5 2,0÷2,5 2,0÷2,5 120÷200 12÷14 20÷25 18÷20 4÷5
2,5÷3,0 2,5÷3,0 2,0÷2,5 200÷220 12÷14 20÷25 22÷26 4÷5

157
 aradnobadi eleqtrodiT argon-rkaluri
SeduRebis xarisxis asamaRleblad xSirad iyeneben
pasta-flusebs, romlebsac adeben SesaduRebeli
nawiburebis torsul zedapirze. titanisa da misi
SenadnobebisaTvis SemuSavebulia АН-ТА (agebulia
CaF2-is fuZeze) da МАТИ (agebulia AlF3-isa da AlCl
fuZeze). seriuli pasta-flusebi, romlebic
uzrunvelyofen nakeris siganis Semcirebasa da
CaduRebis siRrmis gazrdas, axdenen nakeris
liTonis nawilobriv rafinirebas da modifikacias,
amaRleben SenaduRi nakeris forebis warmoqmnisadmi
medegobas.
mcire sisqis (0,5...2 mm) titanis furclebisaTvis
rekomendebulia aradnobadi eleqtrodiT impulsur-
rkaluri SeduRebis gamoyeneba, romlisTvisac dama-
xasiaTebelia liTonis umniSvnelo gadaxureba da,
aqedan gamomdinare, saSemduReblo deformaciebis
sagrZnobi Semcireba. ase magaliTad, impulsur-
rkaluri SeduRebiT, Cveulebriv, argon-rkalur
SeduRebasTan SedarebiT, deformaciebi 15...20-iT
mcirdeba.
inertul airebSi dnobadi eleqtrodiT rka-
luri SeduReba. am SemTxvevaSi iyeneben 2...5 mm
diametris saeleqtrodo mavTulebs, romelTa
qimiuri Sedgeniloba TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba
ZiriTadi liTonis Sedgenilobisagan. SeduRebas
awarmoeben Seqceuli polarulobis mudmiv denze,
reJimebiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofen liTonis
wvrilwveTovan gadatanas. optimaluri reJimebidan
gadaxra ganapirobebs saeleqtrodo liTonis
intensiur gaSxefas, airuli dacvis darRvevasa da
nakeris formirebis gauaresebas.

158
 dnobadi eleqtrodiT SeduRebis dros damcavi
atmosferos Sedgeniloba gavlenas axdens nakeris
formaze. magaliTad, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, Tu
argonSi SeduRebuli nakeris siganea 7...8 mm,
heliumSi SeduRebis dros, igi 12 mm-mde izrdeba.
titanisa da misi SenadnobebisaTvis rekomendebulia
gamoyenebul iqnas aurebis narevi _ 80% heliumi da
20% argoni an sufTa heliumi. 3...6 mm sisqis
furcles pirapira aduReben RreCoTi an nawiburebis
V-sebri gamoyvaniT 600-iani kuTxiT. ufro meti
sisqis detalebisaTvis mimarTaven nawiburebis V-
sebr sxvadasxva
an X-sebr gamoyvanas.
sivrciT mdgomareobaSi ganlagebul
titanisa da misi Senadnobebis nakeTobebis
samontaJo pirobebSi xSirad aduReben impulsuri
naxevrad avtomaturi SeduRebiT. am SemTxvevaSi
iyeneben 1,2...2 mm diametris mavTuls, xolo damcav
airad _ argons. aRniSnuli xerxi gamoricxavs gaS-
xefas, uzrunvelyofs ZiriTadi liTonis gadnobis
stabilizacias, mniSvnelovnad aumjobesebs nakeris
formirebas da amartivebs vertikaluri da Weruli
nakerebis naxevrad avtomaturi SeduRebis teqnikas.
flusis qveS SeduReba. titanisa da misi Senad-
nobebisagan damzadebuli detalebisaTvis, romelTa
sisqe 2,5 mm-s aRemateba, gamoiyeneba flusis qveS Se-
duRebis xerxi. SeduRebas awarmoeben Seqceuli po-
larulobis mudmiv denze imave Sedgenilobis
eleqtrodiT, rogoric ZiriTadi liTonia. titanis
maRali qimiuri aqtiurobis gamo, mis SesaduReblad
gankuTvnilma flusebma unda uzrunvelyos abazanis
saimedo dacva haeris zemoqmedebisagan da ar unda
moaxdinos nakeris liTonze damJangavi zemoqmedeba.
amis garda, aRniSnuli flusebi unda iyos Zneld-
nadi, vidre foladebis SesaduRebeli flusebi. aR-

159
niSnul moTxovnebs akmayofilebs mSrali granu-
laciis uJangbado fToridul-qloriduli АН-Т
seriis flusebi. 2...8 mm sisqis detalebisaTvis iyene-
ben АН-Т1 da АН-Т3, xolo ufro sqeli de-
talebisaTvis АН-Т7 markis flusebs. SeduRebis win
aucilebelia am flusebis gamoSroba 200...2500C tem-
peraturaze erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi. widis qerqis
mocileba rekomendebulia 4000C temperaturamde
nakeTobis gacivebis Semdeg. titanis maRali
eleqtrowinaRobis gamo eleqtrodis didi Sveris
SemTxvevaSi saSemduReblo mavTuli gadaxurebas
ganicdis, riTac irRveva SeduRebis procesis
mdgradoba da uaresdeba nakeris formireba. amitom
SeduRebas awarmoeben eleqtrodis mcire SveriT.
qvemoT moyvanilia eleqtrodis Sveris optimaluri
mniSvnelobebi sxvadasxva diametris mavTulebisaT-
vis:
eleqtrodis diametri, mm _ 2...2,5 3...4 5
eleqtrodis Sveri, mm _ 14...16 17...19 20...22
flusis qveS aduReben rogorc pirapira, aseve
kuTxur da Tavgadadebul SeerTebebs. furclovani
titanis pirapira nakerebis flusis qveS avtomatur
SeduRebas, romlis reJimebic moyvanilia 7.3.
cxrilSi, asruleben flusis baliSze an daRarul
spilenZisa da gamyol Tamasebze.
flusis qveS SeduRebiT miRebuli nakeris
struqtura, damcav airebSi SeduRebiT miRebuli na-
keris struqturasTan SedarebiT, ufro wvrilmarcv-
lovania, rac aixsneba flusis modificirebuli
moqmedebiT.

cxrili 7.3.

160
 titanisa da misi Senadnobebis flusis qveS
avtomaturi pirapira SeduRebis reJimebi

liTo SeduReba mavTu ISed,v a Urk, Vmiw, VSed,

nis lis v m/sT m/sT
sisqe, diame
mm tri,
mm
2,5 gamyol 2,0 180÷200 30÷32 150÷170 45÷55
qvesadebze
3 gamyol 2,0 190÷210 28÷30 150÷170 45÷55
qvesadebze
3 gamyol 2,5 240÷260 30÷32 150÷170 45÷55
qvesadebze
4 gamyol 2,5 170÷290 30÷32 170÷190 45÷55
qvesadebze
4 spilenZis 3,0 340÷360 32÷34 145÷155 45÷55
qvesadebze
5 gamyol 3,0 350÷380 32÷34 150÷160 45÷55
qvesadebze
5 spilenZis 3,0 370÷390 32÷34 160÷170 45÷55
qvesadebze
6 gamyol 3,0 420÷450 32÷34 200÷210 45÷55
qvesadebze
6 spilenZis 3,0 390÷420 30÷32 170÷180 45÷55
qvesadebze
6 ormxrivi 2,5 240÷260 30÷32 160÷170 45÷55
8 ormxrivi 3,0 350÷380 32÷34 160÷170 40÷55
8 spilenZis 4,0 590÷600 30÷32 90÷100 45÷55
qvesadebze
10 ormxrivi 3,0 440÷460 32÷34 180÷190 40÷55
12 ormxrivi 3,0 450÷500 32÷34 90÷100 40÷55
16 ormxrivi 4,0 590÷600 30÷32 90÷100 40÷55
18...20 ormxrivi 4,0 600÷610 30÷32 90÷100 40÷55

eleqtrowiduri SeduReba. titanisa da misi

Senadnobebis 30 mm-ze meti sisqis detalebis Se-
duRebisaTvis mizanSewonilia eleqtrowiduri xer-

161
xis gamoyeneba. am SemTxvevaSi iyeneben АН-Т7 markis
Zneldnobad (dnobis temperatura 14000C) uJangbado
fluss, romelic gamodnobilia sufTa fToriduli
kalciumisagan.
titanis BT5-1 markis Senadnobi, romelic
legirebulia 5% aluminiT da 3% kaliT, flobs
damakmayofilebel SeduRebadobas da maRal
simtkices xangrZlivi datvirTvebis dros 5000C
temperaturamde. maTgan damzadebuli didi kveTis
detalebis SeduReba sakmaod garTulebulia, Tumca
efeqturad xorcieldeba eleqtrowiduri SeduRebiT
АН-Т2 markis da I xarisxis argonis gamoyenebiT.
60X60 mm kveTis naWedi detalebis SeduRebis
reJimebia: denis Zala _ 1600-1800 a; Zabva _ 14-16 v;
nawiburebs Soris RreCos sidide _ 26 mm; Cayrili
flusis masa _ 130 gr; argonis xarji _ 8 l/wT-Si.
es reJimi firfitovani eleqtrodis (zomiT 12X60 mm)
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelyofs procesis
stabilurobas, SenaduRi SeerTebis xarisxsa da
tolsimtkices. igive reJimi gamoiyeneba BT1-1
Senadnobis, 8 mm sisqis firfitovani eleqtrodiT
didi kveTis nawnexi profilebis eleqtrowiduri
SeduRebis dros.
titanisa da misi Senadnobebis eleqtrowiduri
SeduReba warmoebs gare xisti maxasiaTeblebis mqone
transformatorebidan miwodebuli cvladi deniT.
amisaTvis gamoiyeneba rogorc mavTuli, aseve
firfitovani eleqtrodi da dnobadi satuCe. rom
gamoiricxos struqturis gadaxureba da marcvlebis
intensiuri zrda, mimarTaven SeduRebis rac
SeiZleba mcire RreCoTi (22...26 mm) da minimaluri
grZivi energiiT ganxorcielebas.

162
 kondensatoruli SeduReba. es xerxi naxulobs
gamoyenebas BT1-1 markis titanisagan damzadebuli 10-
23 mm da 1,0-1,5 mm kedlis sisqis mqone milebis
airuli dacvis gareSe SeduRebisTvis. SeduRebis
dawyebamde xdeba zedapirebis mowavliT damuSaveba.
procesi gansakuTrebuli stabilurobiT
mimdinareobs Zabvis Semcirebis da kondensatorebis
tevadobis zrdis SemTxvevaSi. SeduRebis reJimebi
moyvanilia 7.7 cxrilSi.
cxrili 7.6.
titanis gorgolaWovani (nakeruli) SeduRebis
reJimebi

furcle nakeris Zalva SeduRebis SeduRe- saSem-

bis sigane, gorgo xangrZlivoba, wm bis duReb
sisqe, mm mm la- impulsi pauza siCqare, lo
Webze, m/wT deni, a
kg
0,8+0,8 3,5-4,0 300 0,1-0,12 0,18-0,20 0,8-1,0 6000
1,0+1,0 4,5-5,5 400 0,14-0,16 0,24-0,28 0,6-0,8 7500
1,5+1,5 5,5-6,5 500 0,20-0,24 0,3-0,4 0,5-0,6 10000
2,0+2,0 6,5-7,5 650 0,24-0,28 0,4-0,5 0,4-0,5 12000
2,5+2,5 7,0-8,0 800 0,28-0,32 0,6-0,8 0,3-0,4 15000

cxrili 7.7.
titanis milebis kondensatoruli pirapira
SeduRebis reJimebi
milis SeduRebis reJimi
diame- teva- dasamu- Zalva milis trans-
tri, mm doba, xti Cajdoma Sveri, forma-
marka
mkf Zabva, v ze, kv mm ciis
koefi
cienti
BT-2-1 10X1 5000 850-900 900-1000 1-1,5 84
23X1,5 7000 2000- 2300-2450 1,2-1,8 84
2100

163
 Sveris optimaluri sidide 10 mm diametris
milebisTvis Seadgens 1,0-1,5 mm-s, 23 mm diametris
milebisTvis _ 1,2-1,8 mm-s. rodesac Sveris sidide
naklebia 0,8 mm-ze adgili aqvs liTonis amoSxefas,
xolo rodesac metia 2,2 mm-ze xdeba torsebis ga-
daxra, rac ganapirobebs CauduReblobas. rodesac
Cajdomis Zalva naklebia 2100 kg-ze _ CauduRebloba,
rodesac damuxtvis Zabva aris 1900 v adgili aqvs
CauduReblobas, xolo 2200 v-ze amoSxefas. milebis
SemolRvobis simaRlea 1,5 mm, sisqe 0,3 mm.
kontaqturi pirapira SeduReba. SeduRebis win
rekomendebulia torsi gasufTavdes freziT an
zumfaris qaRaldiT. kvleviT dadgenilia, rom didi
nakeTobebisaTvis 2 mm/wm-Si lRvobis siCqare aris
optimaluri, xolo misi Semdgom zrda ganapirobebs
SeerTebis simtkicis daqveiTebas, im SemTxvevaSic Tu
damcav airad argoni iqneba gamoyenebuli. titanis
pirapira SeduRebis saorientacio reJimebi, rodesac
lRvobis sawyisi siCqarea 0,5 mm/wm-Si moyvanilia 7.4
cxrilSi.
cxrili 7.4.
titanis pirapira kontaqturi SeduRebis reJimebi

saSemdu Cajdom nakeTo nameti, mm SemolR- Semol

Reblo is bis Semol- Cajdo- vobis Rvobis
kveTis wneva, Sveri, Rvoba ma saboloo deni, a
farTi, kg/mm2 mm siCqare,
mm2 mm/wm

150 0,3 25-mde 8 3 6 1,5-2,0

250 0,5-0,8 25-40 10 6 6 2,5-3,0
500 1,0-1,5 45 10 6 6 5,0-7,0
1000 2,0-2,5 50 12 10 5 5
1500 3-6 60 15 10 5 7,5
2000 4-10 65 18 12 5 10
2500 5-15 70 20 12 5 12,5
3000 10-20 100 22 14 4 15,0

164
 4000 15-30 110 24 15 4 20,0
5000 20-40 130 26 15 3,5 25,0
6000 35-50 140 28 15 3,5 30,0
7000 30-50 150 30 15 3,0 35,0
8000 35-60 165 35 15 3,0 40,0
9000 45-90 180 40 15 2,5 45,0
10000 50-100 180-200 40 15 2,5 50,0

wertilovani da gorgolaWovani SeduReba. 4 mm-

mde sisqis titani duRdeba МТП da МШП tipis
seriul manqanebze. titanis wertilovani da
gorgolaWovani (nakeruli) SeduRebis reJimebi
moyvanilia 7.5. da 7.6. cxrilebSi.

cxrili 7.5.
titanis wertilovani SeduRebis reJimebi

furcle sakontaq Zalva SeduRe- deta- saSem-

bis to zeda- eleqtro bis lebis duReblo
sisqe, mm piris debze, kg xangrZ- kumSvis deni, a
diametri, livoba, dro, wm
mm wm

0,8 4,0-4,5 200-250 0,10-1,15 0,1 7000

1,0 4,5-5,0 250-300 0,15-0,20 0,3 8000
1,2 5,0-5,5 320-350 0,20-0,25 0,3 8500
1,5 5,5-6,0 400-500 0,25-0,30 0,4 9000
2,0 6,0-7,0 500-600 0,25-0,30 0,4 10000
2,5 7,0-8,0 600-700 0,30-0,40 0,4 12000

165
 Tavi 8
nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologia

8.1. nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis daxasiaTeba

nikeli movercxlisfro-TeTri feris liTonia,

romlis simkvrive 8,9 g/sm3-ia, dnobis temperatura _
14530C. mas gaaCnia maRali plastikuroba da simtkice.
garkveuli agresiuli areebis mimarT maRali
koroziamedegoba, mxurvalmtkicoba da zogierTi
sxva specialuri Tvisebebi, ganapirobeben nikelisa
da misi Senadnobebis gamoyenebas qimiur manqanaT-
mSeneblobaSi, xelsawyoTmSeneblobaSi,
eleqtroteqnikur mrewvelobasa da meurneobis sxva
dargebSi.
gansxvavebuli sisufTavis nikelis naxevarfab-
rikatebi (furclebi, zolebi, lentebi, mavTulebi da
sxva). xSirad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva detalebisa da
konstruqciebis dasamzadeblad. mrewveloba
awarmoebs nikelis naxevarfabrikatebis xuT markas:
НП-0 – 99,98%Ni; НП-1 – 99,9% Ni; НП-2 - 99,5%Ni; НП-3 –
99,3%Ni; НП-5 – 99,0%Ni. isini minarevebis saxiT
Seicaven naxSirbads, siliciums, spilenZs, gogirds
da fosfors.
sakonstruqcio masalebad farTod gamoiyeneba
Senadnobebi nikelis fuZeze, nikelis Senadnobebi
iyofa sam jgufad: koroziamedegi, mxurvalmtkice,
mxurvalmedegi.
koroziamedegi Senadnobebisagan mzaddeba nake-
Tobebi, romlebic muSaoben agresiul areebSi. am
jgufis Senadnobebs miekuTvneba monel-liToni,
inkoneli da xasteloi.

166
 monel-liToni Seicavs spilenZs, rkinas da man-
ganums. igi medegia ftorwyalbadmJavis, gogirdmJavas
xsnarebis, zRvis wylis da koncentrirebuli tu-
teebis mimarT.
inkoneli legirebulia qromiT da rkiniT,
xasiaTdeba rogorc maRali koroziamedegobiT, aseve
maRali simtkiciT.
xasteloi legirebulia molibdeniT, xolo
zogierT modifikacias damatebuli aqvs qromi. misi
modifikaciebi medegia gogirdmJavas, marilmJavasa
da damJangavi areebis mimarT.
mxurvalmtkice nikelis Senadnobebi legi-
rebulia qromiT, xolo minarevebis saxiT Seicavs
titans, alumins, molibdens, volframs, niobiums da
sxva. isini ZiriTadad gamoiyenebian airturbinul
Zravebis detalebis dasamzadeblad, romlebic ma-
Ral temperaturul pirobebSi muSaoben.
mxurvalmtkice Senadnobebis modifikaciaa
nimonikebi, romlebsac damatebuli aqvT kobalti.
mxurvalmtkice Senadnobebi (niqromebi) legirebulia
qromiT. maTgan mzaddeba Rumelebis gamaxurebeli
elementebi, romlebic 700...11000C temperaturebze
muSaoben.
nikelis Senadnobebisagan, romlebisganac mzad-
deba SenaduRi konstruqciebi, SeiZleba gamovyoT
monel-liToni (65....70% nikeli, 27....29% spilenZi,
2...3% rkina, 1,2...1,8% manganumi), niqromi (55...60%
nikeli, 15...18% qromi, danarCeni rkina) da nimonikebi,
romlebic legirebulia qromiT, titaniT, molib-
deniT, volframiT, niobiumiTa da kobaltiT.
magaliTad, Senadnobi ЭИ-475Б (XH77ТЮР) romelic
farTod gamoiyeneba saaviacio airturbomSeneblo-
baSi.

167
 8.2. nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebadobis
Taviseburebani

nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis dros

mosalodnelia iseTi defeqtebis warmoqmna, rogo-
rebicaa forebi da kristalizaciuri bzarebi.
nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SenaduR nake-
rebSi forebis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezi azotia,
Tumca SeiZleba forebi, agreTve warmoqmnan wyal-
badma da Jangbadmac.
JangbadTan kontaqtSi nikelis zedapirze war-
moiqmneba nikelis oqsidis (NiO) furCi. myar
liTonSi nikelis oqsidis xsnadoba Zalian mcirea,
maSin rodesac Txevad liTonSi misi xsnadoba mniSv-
nelovania. SeduRebis abazanaSi naxSirbadis
arsebobisas mimdinareobs oqsididan nikelis
aRdgenis reaqcia NiO+C Ni+CO, rac SeiZleba
forebis gamomwvevi mizezi gaxdes.
nikelSi wyalbadis xsnadoba damokidebulia
temperaturaze. myaridan Txevad mdgomareobaSi ga-
dasvlisas nikelSi wyalbadis xsnadoba naxtomi-
seburad izrdeba da temperaturis gadidebasTan
erTad ganagrZobs matebas.
myar nikelSi azoti praqtikulad uxsnadia,
Tumca TxevadSi misma xsnadobam SeiZleba maRal
mniSvnelobas miaRwios. kristalizaciis dros xsna-
dobis Semcirebis gamo, SeduRebis abazanidan
azotis intensiuri gamoyofa ganapirobebs SenaduR
nakerSi forebis warmoqmnas.
kristalizaciuri bzarebisadmi midrekileba,
nikelis umniSvnelovanesi Taviseburebaa. nikelisa
da mis SenadnobebSi bzarebis warmoqmnis ZiriTadi
mizezi gogirdia, romelic warmoqmnis advildnobad

168
evteqtikas (dnobis temperaturaa 6450C) da aqveiTebs
liTonis plastikurobas. cxeli bzarebi agreTve
SeiZleba warmoqmnas kristalizaciis dros ganvi-
Tarebulma likvaciurma procesebma.

8.3. nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis

teqnologiuri Taviseburebani

nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis dros,

forebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, saWiroa damcav
atmosferoSi, 0,05%-mde SeizRudos azotis
Semcveloba; gamoyenebul iqnas flusebi, romlebsac
aqvT unari miierTon nikelis oqsidebi; SeduRebis
abazanaSi Seyvanil iqnen Zlieri ganmJangvelebi
(alumini, titani da sxv.) da a.S.
kristalizaciuri bzarebisagan dacvis mizniT
gogirdis Semcveloba SeduRebis abazanaSi unda
SeizRudos 0,001%-mde (riTac Sesustdeba misi mavne
gavlena), gamoyenebul iqnes misarTi masalebi,
romlebic Tavisufali iqnebian likvaciis unaris
mqone elementebisagan.
nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SerTebisaTvis
gamoiyeneba SeduRebis iseTi meTodebi da xerxebi,
rogoricaa: airuli; naxSiris eleqtrodiT; dafa-
ruli eleqtrodebiT; flusis qveS; damcav airebSi;
kontaqturi da sxv.
airuli SeduReba. es meTodi gamoiyeneba mcire
sisqis (3-4 mm-mde) furclebis da zolurebis an
mcire gabaritis namzadebis SeerTebisTvis, nawibu-
rebis gamoyvanis gareSe. 1,5 mm-ze naklebi sisqisTvis
rekomendebulia nawiburebis moqimva da misarTi ma-
salis gareSe SeduReba. ufro sqeli namzadebis

169
awyoba xdeba teqnologiuri RreCos datovebiT
(romlis sididec furclis sisqezea damokidebuli)
da momWidebis dasmiT nakeris sigrZis yovel 200 mm
manZilze.
nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis airuli Sedu-
Reba xorcieldeba normaluri Sedgenilobis
⎛ O2 ⎞
⎜⎜ = 1,1 ÷ 1,15 ⎟⎟ aliT specialuri daniSnulebis
⎝ H2 ⎠
flusebisa da misarTi masalebis gamoyenebiT.
praqtikulad nikelisTvis SeiZleba gamoyenebul
iqnes spilenZis SenadnobebisTvis gankuTvnili
flusebi, (cxrili....). wyalSi an spirtSi gaxsnili
flusiT faraven misarTi masalis zedapirs da zog
SemTxvevaSi SesaduRebel nawiburebsac. nikelis
maRali Tbogamtarobis gamo rekomendebulia
gacilebiT ufro mZlavri sanTurebis gamoyeneba,
vidre igive sisqis foladebisTvis. sanTuris
simZlavris SerCeva S furclis sisqis mixedviT
xdeba formuliT.
W=(140-200)S l/sT
misarTi masala SeirCeva daaxloebiT igive
Sedgenilobis, rac ZiriTadi liTonia. sasurvelia
gamoyenebul iqnes siliciumiT, manganumiT da aseve
rkiniT (Tu dasaSvebia koroziuli medegobis
TvalsazrisiT) legirebuli nikelis mavTulebi.
nikelis SeduReba xdeba `marjvena xerxiT,~
sanTuris daWeriT 900-iani kuTxiT misarTi masalis
mimarT da 450-iani kuTxiT nakeTobis mimarT.
bzarebis warmoqmnis TvalsazrisiT, awyobili nam-
zadis xisti Camagreba dauSvebelia. grZeli
nakerebis SeduReba xdeba `uku-safexurebrivi~
xerxiT, romlis dawyebac rekomendebulia napiridan
250-300 mm-iT daSorebuli adgilebidan.

170
 ufro dabali Tbogamtarobis gamo nixrobis
SeduRebisTvis sanTuris simZlavre SeirCeva 2-jer
ufro mcire, vidre igive sisqis nikelisTvis.
nixromis SeduRebisTvis irCeven ZiriTadi liTonis
daaxloebiT analogiuri Sedgenilobis misarT
masalas, oRond qrobis odnav meti SemcvelobiT.
SenaduRi konstruqciebis Sromisunarianobis gasaum-
jobeseblad, nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis airuli
SeduRebis Semdeg mizanSewonilia Termuli
damuSaveba _ normalizacia 825-9000C temperaturaze.
naxSiris eleqtrodiT SeduReba. am xerxiT
SeduRebis Sesruleba SesaZlebelia yovelgvari
garTulebis gareSe. Tumca aRsaniSnavia is gare-
moeba, rom sufTa nikelis SeduRebis SemTxvevaSi
adgili aqv nakeris naxSirbadiT `gabinZurebas~, rac
dauSvebelia nikelisaTvis. amis gamo nikelis
naxSiris eleqtrodiT SeduReba Zalian iSviaTia da
gamoiyeneba mxolod mcire sisqis nakeTobebisaTvis
misarTi masalis gareSe. nikelis SeduReba xdeba
pirdapiri polarobis mudmiv denze airuli
SeduRebisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli flusebis gamoye-
nebiT, romliTac winaswar ifareba SesaduRebeli
nawiburebi. SeduRebis reJimebia: eleqtrodis
diametri _ 6-8 mm; denis Zala _ 120-140 a; rkalis
Zabva _ 22-26 3. nikelis sqeli furclebis naxSiris
eleqtrodiT SeduReba praqtikulad ar
xorcieldeba.
nixromis mavTulebis, zolurebisa da sxva gama-
xurebeli elementebis naxSiris eleqtrodiT Se-
duReba saukeTeso SedegebiT xasiaTdeba. SeduReba
xdeba gadagrexili mavTulebiT, borakis (flusad)
gamoyenebiT vertikalur sibrtyeSi (zemodan qvemoT).
procesis Tanmimdevroba Semdegia: jer xdeba torse-
bis gaxureba, Semdeg flusis dayra da gadnoba.

171
procesi mimdinareobs maqsimalurad Cqara, gamdnari
liTonis burTulas warmoqmnisTanave momentalurad
xdeba rkalis alis mocileba. SeduReba xdeba
cvladi deniT Semdeg reJimebze: naxSiris eleqtro-
dis diametri _ 8-10mm, denis Zala _ 60-90 a, rkalis
_ 24-26 v.
naxSiris eleqtrodiT SeduReba agreTve reko-
mendebulia radioteqnikaSi gamoyenebuli nikel-
aluminis Semdegi SenadnobisaTvis: 25% Ni, 15% Al,
60% Fe. misarT masalad iyeneben monel liTonis an
Св08Г markis mavTulebs, xolo flusad mdnar
boraks. SeduReba xdeba pirdapiri polarobis
mudmivi deniT Semdeg reJimebze: eleqtrodis
diametri _ 6-8 mm, SeduRebis deni _ 160-180 a, rkalis
Zabvadafaruli
_ 28-32 v. eleqtrodebis SeduReba. sapasuxis-
mgeblo qimiuri aparaturisTvis 5 mm-ze sqeli
nikelis furclebis SeduRebisTvis (xeliT an meqani-
zebulad) sakmaod gavrcelebulia mdnari liTonis
eleqtrodiT rkaluri SeduReba. xeliT SeduReba
xorcieldeba dafaruli eleqtrodebiT, xolo meqa-
nizebuli flusis qveS.
nikelisa da misi SenadnobebisTvis gankuTvnili
dafaruli eleqtrodebis markebia: H-10, H-37, НМц-23.
am eleqtrodebSi Rerod gamoyenebulia H1, НП-1 da
НП-2 markis daWrili saSemduReblo mavTulebi,
romlebzec Semogozilia fTorkalciumis (fuZe)
dafarvebi. nikelis maRali eleqtruli winaRobis
gamo, 3-5 mm diametris eleqtrodebis sigrZe Seadgens
300 mm-s, xolo dafarvis sisqe 1-1,5 mm-s. 5 mm-ze meti
diametris eleqtrodebi praqtikaSi ar gamoiyeneba.
maqsimaluri Cadnobis siRrmis misaRebad nike-
lis dafaruli eleqtrodebiT SeduReba saWiroebs
nawiburebis gamoyvanas, romelic SeiZleba iyos V-ri

172
350-iani gadaxsniT (TiToeuli mxridan) da um-
niSvnelo dablagvebiTi (1-2 mm) an X-ri /15 mm-ze meti
sisqeebisTvis.
eleqtrodis diametris SerCeva xdeba
SesaduRebeli detalebis S sisqis mixedviT Semdegi
formuliT.
S
d= + 1 mm
2
xolo SeduRebis dens SeirCeven eleqtrodis
diametris Sesabamisad.
I S = (35 − 45)d a
SeduRebis procesSi, romelic mimdinareobs
Seqceuli polarobis mudmiv denze, eleqtrods
iWeren perpendikularulad, an xrian 150-ani kuTxiT
nawiburebis mxares da misi boloTi asruleben
umniSvnelo grZiv rxevebs, rac ganapirobebs ufro
Warbi raodenobiT airebis gamodevnas Txevadi
abazanidan da ufro mkvrivi nakerebis miRebas
(ganivi rxevebis SesrulebasTan SedarebiT).
8 mm-ze naklebi sisqis furclebis SeduReba
xdeba cali mxridan. 8-15mm sisqis furclebis (V-ri
gamoyvaniT) calmxrivi orSrianis sanacvlod,
rekomendebulia erTSriani ormxrivi SeduReba.
15 mm-ze meti sisqis (X-ri gamoyvaniT)
nakeTobebisTvis aucilebelia winaswari SeTboba
200-2500C. temperaturamde da Semdeg ormxrivi
SeduReba.
flusis qveS avtomaturi SeduReba. am meTodiT
mdnari flusis qveS SeduReba uaryofiT Sedegebs
iZleva, radganac mimdinareobs nakeris gabinZureba
mavne minarevebiT, rac ganapirobebs bzarebisa da
forebis warmoqmnas. amitom nikelisa da misi Senad-
nobebis meqanizebuli SeduRebisTvis rekomendebulia
keramikuli flusebis gamoyeneba, romelTa widis

173
warmomqmnel fuZed SerCeulia sistema CaO-5CaO; 3Al2-
CaF2. saSemduReblo mavTuls iyeneben daaxloebiT
iseTive Sedgenilobisas, rac ZiriTadi liTonia (Н-
1. НП da sxva). mavTulis diametris SerCeva xdeba
SesaduRebeli nawiburebis saxeobidan gamomdinare.
Txeli mavTulis (diametri 1,6-2mm) gamoyeneba Zalian
SezRudulia, radganac aRiniSneba misi
mniSvnelovani gadaxureba `Sveris~ (denmimyvanidan
rkinamde) adgilas. amis gamo mcire diametriani mav-
TulebisTvis Sveris sidide ar unda aRematebodes
25 mm-s, xolo didi diametrebisTvis flusis sisqes,
rac Seadgens 35 mm-s, SeduRebis reJimebis SerCeva
xdeba SesaduRebeli nakeTobis sisqis mixedviT. 8.1.
cxrilSi moyvanilia nikelis ЖН-1 keramikuli flu-
sis qveS Seqceuli polarobis mudmiv denze av-
tomaturi SeduRebis reJimebi.
cxrili 8.1.
nikelis ЖН-1 markis keramikuli flusis qveS
avtomaturi SeduRebis saorientacio reJimebi
liTo- mavTu- nawiburebis dablag- RreCo, deni, SeduRe gavl
nis lis di- gamoyvana vebis mm a bis aTa
sisqe, ametri, sidide, siCqare ricx
mm mm mm vi

3 ara ara ara 350 24 1

5 4 V ara 0,5 375 27
5 kuTxe 350 ara 1,5 400 30
3 ara ara 360 23 1
6 4 V 1-2 0,7 390 26
5 kuTxe 350 1-2 1,5 420 29
3 V 1-2 370 22 1
7 4 kuTxe 350 1-2 1,0 415 25
5 kuTxe 350 1-2 1,5 450 28
8 3 V 1-2 380 21 1-2
4 kuTxe 350 1-2 1,2 435 24

174
 5 kuTxe 350 1-2 1,5 480 27
3 V 1-2 390 20 1-2
9 4 kuTxe 350 1-2 1,2 450 23
5 kuTxe 350 1-2 1,7 510 26
3 V 1-2 400 19 1-2
10 4 kuTxe 350 1-2 1,5 475 22
5 1-2 1,7 540 25
3 V 1-2 410 18 1-2
11 4 kuTxe 350 1-2 2,0 495 21
5 kuTxe 350 1-2 2,5 570 24
3 V 1-2 420 17 2-3
12 4 kuTxe 350 1-2 2,0 515 20
5 kuTxe 350 1-2 2,5 600 23

damcav airebSi SeduReba. feradi liTonebis

SeerTebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli xerxi _
volframis eleqtrodiT argonSi SeduReba nikelis
SemTxvevaSi uaryofiTi SedegebiT xasiaTdeba, rac
gamoixateba Warbi raodenobiT forebis warmoqmnaSi.
praqtikulad dadgenilia, rom argonisTvis
garkveuli raodenobiT gazisebri wyalbadis
damateba, uzrunvelyofs nikelis SeduRebis dros
forebisgan Tavisufali SenaduRi nakeris miRebas.
eqsperimentebiT dadasturda, rom aseTive Sedegi
aRiniSneba argonisTvis garkveuli raodenobiT
azotis damatebis SemTxvevaSic, amitom argonis
sortis SerCevis dros yuradReba unda gamaxvildes
mis SemadgenlobaSi ara azotis, aramed Jangbadis
Semcvelobis
damcavi airebis
SezRudvaze.
areSi nikelisa da misi Senad-
nobebis SeduReba volframis eleqtrodiT da argon-
wyalbadis narevis gamoyenebiT. praqtikulad
dadgenilia, rom Н-1 da :ПН-1 markis nikelis Se-
duRebis dros efeqturia argonisTvis 3,2-3,5%
wyalbadis damateba. airebis Sereva xdeba sanaTurSi,

175
romelsac argoni da wyalbadi miewodeba garkveul
xarjze daregulirebuli rotametrebidan.
argon-wyalbadis narevSi nikelis SeduReba
xdeba pirdapiri polarobis mudmiv denze.
rekomendebulia misarT masalad titaniT, niobiumiT
da sxva aqtiuri liTonebiT legirebuli Н-1 da ПН-1
markis mavTulebis gamoyeneba. deficitis SemTxvevaSi
dasaSvebia am masalebis HMц 3 markis mavTulis
Secvla.
1,5-2,0 sisqis furclovani nikelis pirapira
SeduReba (maRali drekadobis gamo nawiburebis
moqimva gamoricxulia) xdeba misarTi masalis
gareSe. 3 mm-de sisqis furclovani nikelisTvis
misarT masalad iyeneben 2-3 mm diametris mavTuls.
rogorc xeliT, aseve avtomaturi SeduReba xdeba
2mm diametris BТ-15 markis volframis eleqtrodiT.
3mm-ze naklebi sisqis furclebisTvis SeduReba
xdeba Semdeg reJimebze: denis Zala _ 50-60 a
nikelisTvis da 60-80 a SenadnobebisTvis; argonis
xarji _ 540 l/sT-Si, wyalbadis xarji – 18-20 l/sT-
Si. kontaqturi SeduReba. kontaqturi SeduRebis
yvela saxeoba ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba nixromis tipis
nikelis Senadnobebis SeerTebisTvis. teqnikuri
nikelis kontaqturi SeduReba iSviaTia da
gamoiyeneba mcire sisqis furclebis SeerTebisTvis
xelsawyoTmSeneblobis mxolod zogierT sferoSi.
nixromis nakeTobebi floben ra maRal
eleqtrul winaRobas, saukeTesod duRdebian dabal
denebze Cajdomis mniSvnelovani wnevis miyenebiT.
nikelisa da misi SenadnobebisTvis wertilovani
SeduRebis safuZvlad miCneulia nixromis SeduRebis
reJimebi, romlebic moyvanilia 8.2. cxrilSi.

176
 cxrili 8.2.
nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis wertilovani
SeduRebis saorientacio reJimebi
TiToeuli eleqtro Zalva SeduRebis SeduRebi
detalis dis muSa eleqt- denis CarTvis s
diametri, diametri rodze, xangrZlivoba, deni, a
mm mm kg. wm.
0,5 4 200-300 0,04-0,88 3500-4500
1,0 5 350-450 0,55-0,10 6000-7000
1,5 6 600-650 0,10-0,16 8000-10000
2,0 7 700-900 0,15-0,20 10000-12000

nikelis Txeli mavTulebi kargad eqvemdebare-

bian kondensatorul SeduRebas pirapira SeerTebiT
CK tipis manqanebze da pirgadadebuli SeerTebebiT
TK tipis manqanebze. 0,5 mm nixromis mavTulis
pirapira SeerTebisTvis kondensatoruli SeduRebis
reJimebia: kondensatorebis tevadoba _ 920-960 mkf;
kondensatorebis muxtis Zabva _ 530-560 v; pirapiras
kumSvis Zala – 16 kg.
nixromis mniSvnelovani kveTis nakeTobebis
SeduReba SesaZlebelia maRali simZlavris
manqanebze. 1000 kva simZlavris manqanebze awarmoeben
855 mm2, kveTis ЭH-435 markis (76,5% NNi, 21,18% Cr)
nixromisgan damzadebuli profiluri rgolebis
pirapira SeduRebas. manqanaze SeTbobis operacia
sruldeba xeliT, xolo SemolRvoba da Cajdoma
avtomatizirebulia. profiluri rgolebis
kontaqturi pirapira SeduRebis reJimebia:
Sveris Casayenebeli jamuri sigrZe......................................70
nameti, mm:
SeTbobaze.......................................................................................................10-15

177
SemolRvobaze............................................................................................16-18
denis qveS qveS Cajdomaze .........................................................6
udenod Cajdomaze................................................................................2
Cajdomis Zalva, kg............................................................................ 30000
mokle CarTvis deni,a ......................................................................47200
galRvobis siCqare, mm/wm................................................................3,5
Cajdomis siCqare, mm/wm....................................................................15,0
SeduRebis ciklis xangrZlivoba, wm.................................40

178
 Tavi 9
spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologia

9.1. spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis daxasiaTeba

spilenZis simkvrive 8.9 g/sm3–ia, dnobis tempe-

ratura - 1083 oc, droebiTi winaRoba momwvar
mdgoreobaSi – 200 n/mm2, fardobiTi wagrZeleba –
50%. misi specifikuri fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebi
(maRali eleqtrogamtaroba, Tbogamtaroba,
koroziuli medegoba da gamyarebisadmi mdgradoba
Zalian dabali temperaturis pirobebSi)
ganapirobeben spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis
farTo gamoyenebas eleqtroteqnikuri mrewvelobis,
xelsawyoTa teqnikisa da qimiuri
manqanaTmSeneblobis sxvadasxva aparaturis
dasamzadeblad. bolo wlebSi spilenZs iyeneben
speceleqtrometalurgiaSi, vakuumur-rkaluri
Rumelebis, eleqtrowiduri da plazmuri gadadnobis
kristalizatorebis Seucvlel
cnobilia spilenZis markebi: M0 (99,95%
masalad.
Semdegi
Cu, minarevebi 0,05%); M1 (99,90% Cu, minarevebi <0,1 %);
M2 (99.70% Cu, minarevebi <0.3%) MЭC (99.5% Cu
minarevebi <0.5%) da sxva. sufTa spilenZi wneviT
kargad muSavdeba rogorc civ, aseve cxel
mdgomareobaSi. temperaturis gazrdiT spilenZis
meqanikuri Tvisebebi sakmaod farTo zRvrebSi
icvleba.
manqanaTmSeneblobaSi sakmaod gavrcelebulia
Senadnobebi spilenZis fuZeze - TiTberi da brinjao,
romlebsac ukeTesi simtkicis maCveneblebi da
teqnologiuri maxasiaTeblebi gaaCniaT spilenZTan
mimarTebaSi.
TiTberi warmoadgens spilenZis Senadnobs Tu-

179
TiasTan. maT yofen or jgufad - ubralo (erTfaza)
da specialuri (mravalkomponentiani).
brinjao warmoadgens spilenZis Senadnobs
kalasTan, aluminTan, manganumTan, rkinasTan da sxv.
Tu brinjaos ZiriTadi malegirebeli elementia
kala, mas uwodeben kalians. arsebobs agreTve
aluminiani, beeriliumiani, kadmiumiani da sxva
brinjaoebi.
spilenZisa da misi zogierTi Senadnobis
qimiuri Sedgenilobebi moyvanilia 9.1. cxrilSi.
cxrili 9.1.
spilenZi da misi Senadnobebi
Senadnobebi elementebis Semcveloba, %
jgufi marka Cu Mn Zn Si Al Fe mina-
reve-
bi
M0 99,95 - - - - - 0,05
spilenZi

M1 99,90 - - - - - 0,1
M2 99,70 - - - - - 0,3
МЭС 99,5 - - - - - 0,5

Л90 88÷91 - danarC - - - 0,2

eni
Л62 60,5÷ - danarC - - - 0,5
TiTberi

÷63,5 eni

ЛМц-58-2 57÷60 1,0÷ danarC - - - 1,2

÷2,0 eni
ЛК-80-3 79÷81 - danarC 2,5÷ - - 1,5
eni 4,0
БрКМц3 fuZe 1,0÷ - 2,75 - - 1,1
÷1,5 ÷3,5
brinjao

БрЛМц9-2 fuZe 1,5÷ - - 8÷10 - 1,7

÷2,5
БрЛЭКМц fuZe 1,0÷ - - 9÷11 2÷4 1,75
10-3-1б5 ÷2,0

180
 9.2 spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis
SeduRebadobis Taviseburebani

spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebadobis

SefasebisTvis saWiroa gaTvaliswinebul iqnas
sxvadasxva Taviseburebani, romlebic arsebiT
gavlenas axdenen SeduRebis teqnologiaze.
maRali Tbogamtaroba, romelic arTulebs
spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis lokalur
gaxurebas, saWiroebs misi SeduRebisTvis
koncentrirebuli siTbos wyaroebisa da maRali
reJinebis
gamdnar
gamoyenebas.
mdgomareobaSi spilenZis swafva
Jangbadisaken warmoqmnis spilenZis oqsids, romelic
xsnadia Txevad mdgomareobaSi da Zalian
SezRudulad myarSi. igi warmoqmnis spilenZTan
advildnobad evteqtikas (Cu-CuO2), romelic
ganlagdeba ra marcvlebs Soris, aqveiTebs liTonis
koroziamedegobasa da plastikurobas. Jangbadis
0,1%-ze Warbi Semcvelobisas mniSvnelovnad
rTuldeba spilenZis nakeTobebis cxlad
deformacia, SeduReba, rCilva da cxlad
damuSavebis sxva saxeebi. aqedan gamomdinare,
saWiroa SeduRebis abazanaSi aqtiuri
ganmJangvelebis (fosfori, manganumi, siliciumi da
sxv.) Seyvana. fosforis ganmJangavad gamoyeneba unda
SeizRudos, radganac man SeiZleba warmoqmnas
advildnobadi evteqtikebi, daaqveiTos koroziuli
medegoba
gamdnar
da eleqtrogamtaroba.
mdgomareobaSi spilenZis mier wyal-
badis STanTqmis unaris gazrdis da maRali Tbogam-
tarobiT ganpirobebuli abazanis liTonis swrafi
gacivebiT gamowveuli wyalbadis xsnadobis mkveTri
Semcirebis gamo, wyalbadi ver aswrebs gamoyofas da
SenaduR nakerSi forebis saxiT rCeba. garda amisa,

181
wyalbadi reaqciaSi Sedis spilenZis oqsidTan da
warmoqmnili wylis orTqli grovdeba ra mikrode-
feqtebSi, qmnis wnevasa da warmoqmnis mikrobzarebs.
amitom saWiroa SeizRudos SeduRebis abazanaSi
wyalbadis moxvedra.
spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis Tburi gafar-
Toebis koeficientis maRali mniSvelobiT gamow-
veulma narCenma Zavebma da deformaciebma SeiZleba
ganapirobos SeduRebis dros nakerSi bzarebis war-
moqmna. deformaciebis Sesamcireblad SeduRebas
awarmoeben konstruqciis xisti CamagrebiT. bzarebis
mizezi agreTve SeiZleba iyos kristalitebis saz-
Rvrebze ganlagebuli advildnobadi evteqtikebi.
amitom saWiroa spilenZSi SeizRudos mavne minareve-
bis koncentracia.
TiTberis SeduRebis dros SesaZloa TuTiis
aorTqleba, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios nakeris
forianoba. garda amisa, warmoqmnili TuTiis oqsidi
momwamvlelia da aucilebelia SeduRebis procesSi
kargi ventilacia. aRniSnuli garTulebis Tavidan
acileba SesaZlebelia winaswari SeTbobiT da Se-
duRebis siCqaris gazrdiT.
gamdnari spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis
maRali Txeldenadoba (gansakuTrebiT brinjaosi)
arTulebs SeduRebas vertikalur da Werul mdgo-
mareobebSi. amitom SeduRebas awarmoeben qveda
mdgomareobaSi da qvesadebebis gamoyenebiT.
spilenZisa da misi SenadnobebisTvis damaxasia-
Tebelia nakeris liTonis midrekileba macvlebis
gamsxvilebisken (gansakuTrebiT mravalSriani Sedu-
RebisTvis). amitom rekomendebulia liTonis daTe-
lva TiToeuli Sris gavlis win.

182
 9.3. spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologiuri Taviseburebani

spilenZisgan damzadebuli nakeTobebis dauS-

leli SeerTebebisTvis gamoiyeneba airuli, naxSiris
eleqtrodiT, dafaruli eleqtrodebiT, flusis
qveS, damcav airebSi, kontaqturi da sxv. SeduRebis
meTodebi da xerxebi.
airuli SeduReba. am procesisTvis gankuTvnili
saSemduReblo masalebia. sawvavi airebi, misarTi
liToni da flusebi. SesaduRebeli detalebis
nawiburebisa da misarTi masalis gasadnobad Ziri-
Tadad iyeneben acetilen (C2H2) Jangbadis narevs.
danarCeni sawvavi airebi acetilenis Semcvlelebia
da gamoiyeneba mxolod mcire sisqis nakeTobebis
SeduRebis SemTxvevebSi. airuli SeduRebisTvis
flusebis gamoyenebis daniSnulebaa zedapirze arse-
buli Jangeuli furCebis daSla da araliTonur Ca-
narTebTan erTad, widaSi gadayvana. feradi liTone-
bis airuli SeduRebis SemTxvevaSi, didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba misarTi liTonis Sedgenilo-
bisa da zomis SerCevas. xarisxiani SenaduRi Seer-
Tebis misaRebad arsebobs ori saSualeba, pirveli –
gamoyenebul iqnes mavTuli romlis Semadgenloba-
Sic Sedis elementi ganmJangveli, da meore –
Cveulebrivi mavTuli da ganmJangvelis Semcveli
flusi. mcire sisqis nakeTobebisTvis misarTi masa-
lis diametri gamoiTvleba formuliT d=S/2+1 didi
sisqis detalebisTvis (S>4 mm-ze) d1=S/2+2 mm.
spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebisgan damzadebul
SenaduR nakeTobebSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba pirapira
SeerTebebi, radganac pirgadadebulisTvis garTule-
bulia sakmarisi Cadnobis uzrunvelyofa, xolo

183
kuTxur da tavrul SeerTebebSi adgili aqvs CanaW-
rebis warmoqmnas. SeduRebis procesis winmswrebi
mosamzadebeli samuSaoebia: zedapiris gasufTaveba,
nawiburebis gamoyvana, konstruqciis awyoba teqno-
logiuri RreCos datovebiT (RreCos sidide damo-
kidebulia detalebis sisqeze) da momWidebis dasma.
spilenZis awyoba-SeduRebis teqnologia damoki-
debulia SesaduRebeli detalebis sisqeze. mcire
sisqis (S<3 mm 3 mm-ze) furclovani spilenZisTvis
nawiburebis gamoyvanas ar mimarTaven. 1,5-2,0 mm sisqis
furclebisTvis iyeneben nawiburebis moqimvas, rom-
lis simaRlec detalebis sisqis toli unda iyos. 2-
3 mm sisqis furclebis awyoba xdeba 1,5-2,0 mm
teqnologiuri RreCos datovebiT. Rrma Cadnobis
misaRebaT xmaroben qvesadebebs. saSualo sisqis
(3<S<10 mm-ze) furclovani spilenZisaTvis mimarTaven
nawiburebis gadaxsnas 45o–ani kuTxiT, 1,5-2,0 mm au-
cilebeli dablagvebiTa da 2-3 mm teqnologiuri
RreCos dacvas.
Txeli da saSualo sisqis furclovani spilen-
Zis SeduReba xdeba nawiburebis uwyveti gadnobiT
erTi sanTuris ganoyenebiT. 5 mm-ze naklebi sisqee-
bisTvis iyeneben marcxena xerxs, Semdgom ki marjve-
nas. moqimviT miRebuli nawiburebis SeduReba xdeba
flusisa da misarTi liTonis gareSe, Tumca mis-
arTi masala xelSi unda eWiros SemduRebels, war-
moqmnis SemTxvevaSi Rrmulebis Sesavsebad. mcire
sisqis detalebis SeduRebis dros gamoiyeneba bo-
rakis an borakisa da bormJavas Semcveli flusebi.
saSualo da ufro meti sisqis detalebisTvis reko-
mendebulia ufro rTuli Sedgenilobis flusebis
gamoyeneba. saSualo sisqis furclovani spilenZisT-
vis gamoyvanili nawiburebis Sevsebis mizniT, mimar-

184
Taven SeduRebas nakeTobis horizontalidan 7-10o-iT
daxril sibrtyeze. zogierT SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebas
naxulobs saSualo sisqis detalebis ormxrivi Se-
duReba nawiburebis gamoyvanis gareSe 3 mm-de
teqnologiuri RreCos dacviT. didi sisqis (10 mm-ze
meti) furclovani spilenZisTvis rekomendebulia:
nawiburebis V-ri gamoyvana 90o–ani kuTxiT da dab-
lagveba ara umetes 5 mm-sa, SeduReba xdeba verti-
kalur sibrtyeSi ori sanTuriT, orive mxridan.
furclovani spilenZis grZeli nakerebis Sesruleba
mizanSewonilia Catardes 9.1. nax.-ze warmodgenili
sqemiT.

nax. 9.1. spilenZis grZeli pirapira nakerebis

airuli SeduRebis sqema.

TiTberis pirapira SeduRebisTvis nawiburebis

momzadeba xdeba furclebis sisqis Sesabamisad. 0,5-
1,5 mm sisqis furclovani TiTberisTvis gamoiyeneba
nawiburebis moqimva, romlis simaRlec Seesabameba
gaormagebul furclis sisqes. 1-6 mm furclovani
TiTberisTvis nawiburebis gamoyvana araa saWiro,
magram awyobis dros saWiroa 1-2 mm teqnologiuri
RreCos dacva, xolo qvesadebebis gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi RreCos sidide Seadgens 3-4 mm-s. 6-25 mm
sisqis furclebisTvis iyeneben nawiburebis V-bur
gamoyvanas an X-bur gamoyvanas 30-45o gadaxsnis
kuTxiT TiToeuli mxridan 4 mm sididis dablagve-

185
biT. TiTberis sxmulebSi arsebuli bzarebisa da
niJarebis SeduRebamde xdeba defeqtiani adgilebis
amoWra, nawiburebis gadaxsna 90o-iani kuTxiT, bzare-
bis boloebSi 6-15 mm diametris naxvretebis gakeTeba
da Semdgom SeduReba. bzarebis Tavidan acilebis
mizniT, TiTberis Sedurebas anxorcieleben maqsi-
malurad Cqari reJimebiT. didi sisqis furclovani
TiTberis SeduRebas asruleben „aRmarTze“ (qvemo-
dan-zemoT) horizontalidan nakeTobis 10-15o-iani
daxriT. Tanmxlebi SeTbobisTvis zogjer iyeneben
meore sanTurasac. TiTberis SeduRebisTvis reko-
mendebulia qveda sivrciTi mdgomareoba, Tumca
dasaSvebia vertikaluric. grZeli nakerebis Ses-
ruleba xdeba „uku-safexurebrivi“ xerxiT. sxmulis
wunis gamosworebis mizniT, winaswar xdeba SeduRe-
bis zonis dayalibeba romelime cecxlgamZle ma-
saliT da Semdeg SeduReba daxril sibrtyeze.
brinjaos airuli SeduReba ZiriTadad xdeba
sxmulSi arsebuli wunis (bzarebi, niJarebi da sxv.)
gamosworebis mizniT. aRniSnuli defeqtebi SeiZleba
iyos zedapiruli an gamWoli. SeduRebis winmswrebi
zedapiris momzadeba iTvaliswinebs defeqtebiani
adgilebis amoWras, nawiburebis gamoyvanasa da Se-
duRebis adgilis dayalibebas. brinjaos airuli
SeduRebisTvis gamoiyeneba spilenZisTvis gankuTv-
nili flusebi. kaliani da siliciumiani brinjaosT-
vis gamoiyeneba gadamdnari boraki (Na2B407); xolo
aluminiani brinjaosTvis flusi, romlis Se-
madgenlobaSic Sedis: 45% KCl 20% BaCl 20% NaCl, 15%
NaF. nikeliani deformirebuli brinjaosTvis gamoi-

186
yeneba flusi, romelic warmoadgens borakis,
bormJavas da sufris marilis narevs maTi Tanabari
Semcvelobisas. brinjaos SeduReba xdeba „marcxena
xerxiT“ da spilenZisa da TiTberisTvis gaTvalis-
winebuli meTodebiT. brinjaos sxmulis ramodenime
defeqtis gamosworeba Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT
xdeba: jer duRdeba msxvili defeqtebi, xolo Sem-
deg mcire. am SemxvevaSi xurdeba nakeToba da
ioldeba mcire defeqtebis SeduReba. grZeli Rrma
bzarebis SeduRebas anxorcieleben „amarTze“ 15o–iT
daxrili nakeTobisTvis.
naxSiris eleqtrodiT SeduReba. eleqtrodad
iyeneben 4...20 mm dimetris naxSiris an ufro xSirad
grafitis Reroebs. SeduReba xorcieldeba xeliT
pirdapiri polarobis mudmiv denze dacvis gareSe an
flusis gamoyenebiT. flusiT winaswar faraven
Txevadi miniT dasvelebul misarTi Reroebis zed-
apirebs an pudris saxiT SesaduRebel nawiburebs da
haerze aSroben. pirapira SeerTebebis awyoba xdeba
azbestis an grafitis qvesadebebze.
spilenZis SeduRebis dros misarT liTonad
iyeneben 3...5 mm diametris M0 an M1 markis spilenZis
Reroebs da Semdegi Sedgenilobis fluss: 94...96%
gamomwvari boraki da 4...6% liTonuri magniumi.
nawiburebis gamoyvanas (70...90o kuTxiT) mimarTaven 5
mm-ze meti sisqis pirapira SeerTebebSi. SeduRebis
dawyebamde aucilebelia sawyisi ubnebis gaxureba
250oC temperaturamde. SeduRebas awarmoeben qveda
mdgomareobaSi eleqtrodis win daxriT vertikali-
dan 10...20o–iani kuTxiT, reJimebze ISed=(45...55)d da

187
Urk= 40...50 v.
spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis naxSiris
eleqtrodebiT SeduRebis rekomendebuli reJimebi
mocemulia 9.2. cxrilSi.
cxrili 9.2.
spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebs naxSiris
eleqtrodiT SeduRebis rekomendebuli reJimebi

liTonis eleqtrodis rkalis SeduRebis

sisqe, mm diametri, sigrZe, mm deni, a
mm
2 6÷7 5÷8 125÷200
5 8 10÷15 200÷350
8 10÷12 15÷20 300÷450
13 15 25÷30 500÷700

SeduRebis Semdeg rekomendebulia nakeris

civad Telva (5 mm-de sisqis SeerTebebisaTvis) an
cxlad 800oC temperaturamde gaxurebiT (didi sisqis
SeerTebebisaTvis) da Semdgomi swrafi gacivebiT.
TiTberis SeduRebis dros misarT masalad ga-
moiyeneba 6...8 mm diametris ЛК 80-3 markis TiTberis
Reroebi da flusi (35% krioliti, 50% qloriduli
kaliumi, 12,5% qloriduli natriumi da 2,5% xis
naxSiri). mcire sisqis detalebs aduReben misarTi
liTonis da nawiburebis gamoyvanis gareSe, xolo
3...16 mm sisqis pirapira SeerTebebisaTvis saWiroa
nawiburebis gadaxsna 70o–iani kuTxiT, xolo ufro
sqeli detalebisTvis mimarTaven finjnisebur gamoy-

188
vanas. 10 mm-ze meti sisqis SeerTebebis SesaduRe-
blad aucilebelia winaswari SeTboba 300-350oC tem-
peraturamde gaxurebiT.
brinjaos SeduRebis teqnologiis SerCevas ma-
salis Sedgeniloba ganapirobebs. winaswar SeTbobas
mimarTaven samsxmelo da 4 mm-ze meti sisqis defor-
mirebadi SenadnobebisaTvis. misarTi liTonis Sedge-
niloba ZiriTadi liTonis Sedgenilobis msgavsia.
kaliani brinjaosaTvis gamoiyeneba flusebi boris
fuZeze. kalis araSemcveli brinjaosaTvis gankuTv-
nili flusebi Seicavs tute da tutemiwa liTonebis
qloridul da fToridul marilebs da kriolits.
dafaruli eleqtrodebiT SeduReba. xorciel-
deba 4...6 mm diametris sqlad dafaruli eleqtro-
debiT.
spilenZis SeduRebisaTvis gamoiyeneba eleqt-
rodebi `komkavSireli-100~ da 3T. eleqtrodebis
`komkavSireli-100~ Reroebi mzaddeba M1 da M2 markis
spilenZisagan, xolo 3T eleqtrodebis Reros masa-
laa БрКМц3-1 markis brinjao. maTi dafarvebi Sem-
degi Sedgenilobisaa: 15% mdnobi Spati, 12,5% mind-
vris Spati, 25% siliciumini spilenZi, 47,5% fero-
manganumi da 20% (mSrali komponentebis masis)
Txevadi mina. 0,4 mm sisqis dafarvas Reroze adeben
amovlebis meTodiT. nawiburebis gamoyvana saWiroa
4mm-ze meti sisqis detalebisTvis. 5-20 mm an ufro
meti sisqisTvis iyeneneben SeTbobas 750oC tempera-
turamde gaxurebiT. SeduRebas awarmoeben Seqceuli
polarulobis udmiv denze (ISed=50del) mokle rka-

189
liT eleqtrodis rxevis gareSe.
dafaruli eleqtrodebiT TiTberis SeduRebas
ZiriTadad mimarTaven Camosxmis wunis gamosas-
woreblad risTvisac iyeneben 3T markis eleqt-
rodebs. TuTiis amowvis gamoricxvis mizniT, Se-
duRebas awarmoeben mokle rkaliT.
brinjaos SesaduRebeli eleqtrodebis Reroebi
ZiriTadi liTonis analogiuri Sedgenilobisaa.
maTi dafarvebis fuZes boris oxsidebi warmoadgenen.
flusis qveS SeduReba. dafaruli eleqtro-
debiT SeduRebasTan SedarebiT, spilenZisa da misi
Senadnobebis flusis qveS meqanizebuli SeduRebis
upiratesobas mravali faqtori ganapirobebs, ro-
melTagan ZiriTadia SeduRebis SesaZlebloba winas-
wari SeTbobis gareSe.
spilenZis SeduReba flusis qveS warmoebs Seq-
ceuli polarobis mudmiv denze M1 da M2 markis
spilenZis mavTulebiT. iyeneben AH-20, AH-26, AH-348
da ОСЦ-45 markis mdnar da aseve ЖM-1 markis
keramikul flusebs, zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki _
БрКМц3-1 markis brinjaos mavTuls. 15 mm-mde sisqis
pirapira SeerTebebs aduReben nawiburebis gamoyvanis
gareSe, erTi gavliT, grafitis qvesadebze an flu-
sis baliSze. ufro didi sisqis SeerTebebisaTvis
iyeneben gaorebul eleqtrods. SeduRebis reJimebi
moyvanilia 9.3. cxrilSi.

190
 cxrili 9.3.
spilenZis flusis qveS avtomaturi SeduRebis
reJimebi

liTo eleqtrodis eleqt- SeduReb rkalis Sedu-

nis diametri, rodebs is deni, Zabva, Rebis
sisqe, mm Soris a v siCqa-
mm manZili, re,
mm m/sT
6 4 _ 520÷540 40÷42 40
8 4 _ 600÷620 40÷42 40
10 5 _ 700÷720 42÷44 23
12 5 _ 800÷820 42÷44 16
18 4 12 1050÷1100 44÷46 10,8
22 4 18 1200÷1250 46÷48 9,3
30 4 24 1650÷1700 46÷48 6,3

TiTberis avtomaturi SeduRebisTvis gamoi-

yeneba AH-20 da AH-5 markis flusebi da БрOЦ4-3
markis brinjaos mavTuli.
9.4. cxrilSi mocemulia sxvadasxva markis (С59-
1, ЛС62-1, ЛС62, ЛМц 58-2) TiTberis flusis qveS av-
tomaturi SeduRebis rekomendebuli reJimebi.

191
 cxrili 9.4.
TiTberis flusis (AH-20) qveS avtomaturi SeduRe-
bis reJimebi (saeleqtrodo mavTuli БрOЦ4-3)

saeleq- Sedu- Zabva, SeduRe- SeniSvna

trodo Rebis v bis

liTonis
sisqe, mm
mavTu- deni, siCqare,
lis a m/sT
diametri,
mm
3 1,5 160÷180 24÷26 20 calmxrivi
SeduReba
1,5 180÷200 24÷26 20 calmxrivi
4 SeduReba
1,5 140÷160 24÷26 25 ormxrivi
SeduReba
1,5 300÷380 26÷28 20 calmxrivi
8 SeduReba
1,5 260÷300 28÷30 22 qveda
SeduReba
1,5 320÷340 28÷30 24 meore
gavla
2 450÷470 30÷32 25 calmxrivi
12 SeduReba
2 360÷375 30÷32 25 fuZe nakeri
2 400÷425 30÷32 28 meore
gavla
18 3 650÷700 32÷34 30 fuZe nakeri
3 700÷750 32÷34 30 meore
gavla

damcav airebSi SeduReba. es xerxi saSualebas

iZleva miRebul iqnas gansakuTrebiT maRali Tvise-
bebis mqone SenaduRi SeerTebebi. radganac nakeris
liToni Seicavs minarevebis minimalur raodenobas,

192
amitom damcav airad SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas ar-
goni, heliumi an maTi narevi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi
xarisxis gaumjobesebis mizniT, iyeneben flusebs
boris oqsidis fuZeze. SeduReba SesaZlebelia ro-
gorc udnobi (volframis), aseve dnobadi eleqt-
rodebiT.
spilenZis damcav airebSi SeduRebis dros mis-
arT liTons warmoadgens M0, M1 da M2 spilenZis,
БрX07 qromis Semcveli brinjaos an БрКМц 3-1 man-
ganumiani brinjaos saSemduReblo mavTulebi. Se-
duRebisTvis nawiburebis momzadeba damokidebulia
detalebis sisqeze. roca detalis sisqe naklebia 5
mm-ze – nawiburebis gamoyvana ar xdeba, roca sisqea
6...12 mm – mimarTaven V–sebr, xolo roca aRemateba
12 mm-s _X-sebr gamoyvanas. detalebis awyoba xdeba
specialur xist samarjvebSi (romlebic uzrunvely-
ofen nakleb deformaciebs) an momWidebiT. nakeris
fuZis formirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba grafitis an
spilenZis (wyliT gacivebadi) qvesadebebi.
aradnobadi eleqtrodiT SeduRebas awarmoeben
cvladi an pirdapiri polarobis mudmiv denze.
volframis eleqtrodisa da misarTi misarTi mav-
Tulis diametris SerCeva xdeba SesaduRebeli li-
Tonis sisqis mixedviT:
liTonis sisqe, mm _ 1...1,15 2...3 4...6 7...10 11...16
volframis eleqtrodis _ 1,6...2 3...4 4...5 4...5 5...6
diametri, mm
misarTi mavTulis _ 2 3 4 5 5...6
diametri, mm
SeduRebis denis Zalis SerCeva damokidebulia
volframis eleqtrodis diametrze, denisa da dam-
cavi airis saxeobaze.
dnobadi eleqtrodiT SeduReba xdeba damcav

193
airebSi Cveulebrivi SesaduRebeli naxevar-
avtomatebiT, Seqceuli polarobis mudmiv denze.
denis Zalis sidide 1 mm-iani mavTulisTvis Seadgens
150...200 a-s, 2 mm-ianisTvis 300...450 a-s. rkalis Zabva
icvleba 22...26 v-is farglebSi. SeduRebis siCqare
damokidebulia nakeris kveTze. 10 mm-mde sisqis li-
Tons aduReben mxolod nakeris dasawyisis SeTbo-
biT. didi sisqis detalebisTvis mimarTaven winaswar
da Tanmxleb SeTbobas 250...350oc, temperaturamde
gaxurebiT.
TiTberis damcav airebSi SeduReba SesaZlebe-
lia rogorc volframis aseve dnobadi eleqtrodiT.
misarT liTonad gamoiyeneba БрOЦ4-3 da БрКМц 3-1
markis brinjaos Reroebi da aseve ЛК 62-05 markis
TiTberis mavTuli. winaswar SeTbobas 100...150oC tem-
peraturamde gaxurebiT mimarTaven 12 mm-ze meti
sisqis liTonebis SeduRebas.
kontaqturi pirapira SeduReba. sufTa spilen-
Zis SemolRvobiT SeduReba Zalian garTulebulia,
radganac Zneldeba Txevadi liTonis Sekaveba da
saWiro siRrmeze detalis gaxureba Semdgomi Ca-
jdomis misaRebad. Cajdomis ganxorcielebisaTvis
saWiroa mniSvneloani wnevis (40 kg/mm2) zemoqmedeba.
amitom praqtikul gamoyenebas naxulobs spilenZis
nakeTobebis mxolod zogierTi saxeobis SeduReba.
saukeTeso SedegebiT xasiaTdeba pirapira Cajdomis
ganxorcieleba denis gatarebis dros, rac uzrun-
velyofs nakerisa da ZiriTadi liTonis tol-
simtkices. warmatebiT gamoiyeneba spilenZis mav-
Tulebis SeduReba maRalvoltiani kondensatorebis
ganmuxtviT. spilenZis zogierTi detalis pirapira
SeduRebis reJimebi moyvanilia 9.5. da 9.6. cxrilebSi.
spilenZis detalis dasayenebeli sigrZe Seadgens
2,0...2,5 mm-s, wnelis gadnobis siCqare aris 10-12 mm/wm-
Si, xolo SeduRebis mTliani ciklis xangrZlivobaa
1-2 wm.

194
 cxrili 9.5.
spilenZis SemolRvobiT kontaqturi pirapira
SeduRebis reJimebi
reJimis parametrebi wneli mili mm lenta
diametriT 9,5X1,5 44,5X10 mm
10 mm
Sveris dasayenebeli 20 20 _
sigrZe, mm
nameti Semolxobaze, mm 12 _ _
nameti Cajdomaze, mm 08 _ _
Semolxobis siCqare mm/wm 08 _ _
Cajdomis siCqare, mm/wm 200 _ _
Cajdomis xvedriTi 38 29 22
datvirTva, kg/mm
SeduRebis deni, ka 33 20 60
meoradi Zabva, 3 06 05 10

cxrili 9.6.
kondensatoruli ganmuxtviT spilenZis
mavTulis pirapira SeduRebis saorientacio reJimebi
mavTulis kondensatoreb muxtis pirapiraSi Cajdomis
diametri, is tevadoba, Zabva, sawyisi Zalva, kg
mm mkf v daSoreba,
mm
1,6 256 900 14 140
2,0 380 1000 15 140
2,8 380 1400 16 150
3,0 440 1500 16 160
3,0 1200 1000 09 120
3,0 1200 800 05 120
3,0 550 1400 05 150
3,0 540 1300 08 160
3,0 540 1500 12 160
3,2 550 1500 14 180

195
 TiTberis pirapira kontaqturi SeduReba Ziri-
Tadad gamoiyeneba adidvis warmoebaSi wnelebisa da
mavTulebis SeerTebisTvis. procesi mimdinareobs
maqsimalurad Cqari SemolRvobiT SeTbobis gareSe,
raTa Tavidan iqnas acilebuli TuTiis amowva.
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom TuTiis amowvis
SesaZlebloba TiTberis SemolRvobiT SeduRebis
SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT naklebia, vidre rkaluri
SeduRebis dros, radganac Cajdomis dros liTonis
gamdnari nawili ganicdis pirapiraSi SemWidroebas.
TiTberis pirapira SeduRebis dros gadnobis saSu-
alo siCqarea 6-8 mm/wm, Cajdomis 25-60 mm/wm, xolo
Cajdomis wneva 25/kg/sm2. SemolRvobiT SeduRebis
dros aRiniSneba nakeris liTonis wrToba da gamy-
ifeba, rac mavTulis gawyvetis mizezi xdeba adidvis
procesSi. aqedan gamomdinare Л59 da ЛС59-1 markis
mavTulebis adidvis win rekomendebulia norli-
o
zaciis Catareba 600-650 C temperaturaze, romlis
Semdegac garantirebulia maTi filerebSi gatareba
gawyvetis gareSe. TiTberis wnelebis pirapira Se-
duRebis reJimebi mocemulia 9.7. cxrilSi.

196
 cxrili 9.7.
zogierTi markis TiTberis wnelebis SemolRvobiT
pirapira kontaqturi SeduRebis saorientacio
reJimebi

reJimis TiTberi Л62 TiTberi TiTberi Л59

parametrebi ЛС59-1
wnevis diametri, mm
6,5 10,0 6,5 12,0 6,5 10,0
jamuri 15 22 18 25 18 25
dasayenebeli
xazi, mm
nameti 06 08 07 10 07 10
gadnobaze, mm
Cajdomis dros 12,5 24,3 13,5 41,0 13,5 41,0
SeduRebis deni,
ka
meoradi Zabva, 3 2,17 4,41 2,4 7,5 2,4 7,5
xvedriTi 0,9 1,14 1,1 2,7 0,95 2,7
simZlavre kva/mm2
xvedriTi zalva, 45 23 54 27 55 27
kg/mm2
Cajdomis 09 13 10 12 10 12
sidide, mm
SemolRobis 09 2,3-0,6 10 08 3,5 4,5
siCqare, mm/wm
Cajdomis 2,4-05 25 50 65 50 65
siCqare, mm/wm
SeduRebis 2,5 3,5 2,0 2,2 2,0 2,2
jamuri dro, wm
denis qveS 0,24 0,36 0,16 0,18 0,24 0,36
Cajdomis dro,
wm

197
 brinjaosTvis gamoyenebas naxulobs mxolod
SemolRvobiT pirapira kontaqturi SeduReba. es
xerxi farTod gamoiyeneba deformirebuli brin-
jaosgan damzadebuli zolurebis, salteebisa mi-
lebis SeerTebisTvis. SeduRebas kargad eqvemdebare-
bian (cxrili 9.8.) deformirebuli brinjaos Semdegi
markebi: Б.р.X.0,5; Б.р.A.M.ц. 9-2; Б.р.o.Ф. 6,5-0,15. da sxv.
romelTagan yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia Б.р.o.Ф
6,5-0,15 kala-fosforovani defomirebuli brinjaos
SeduReba.
cxrili 9.8.
brinjaos zolurebisa da salteebis SemolRvo-
biT pirapira SeduRebis saorientacio reJimebi

brinjao Бр ОФ 0 brinjao Бр
6,5-0,15 ХО5
reJimis parametrebi zolura sisqiT, mm salte
kveTiT, mm
1-4 4-8 06X60
jamuri dasayenebeli 25 40 43
sigrZe, mm
nameti Semolxobaze, 15 25 20
mm
Cajdomis dros - - 47
SeduRebis deni, ka
xvedriTi simZlavre, 0,5 0,25 0,25
kva/mm2
Cajdomis sidide, mm - - 10
Cajdomis siCqare, 125 200
mm/wm
Semolxobis siCqare, 05 2,5 14,4
mm/wm
SeduRebis jamuri 03 10 07
dro, wm

198
 wertilovani kontaqturi SeduReba. TiTberis
wertilovani SeduRebisTvis gamoiyeneba МTП tipis
seriuli da МTИП tipis impulsuri manqanebi.
maRali eleqtrogamtarobis gamo, erTi da igive man-
qanaze TiTberis furclebis sisqe aiReba 2-jer
ufro naklebi vidre foladebisTvis (cxrili 9.9. da
.9.10) МTП–200 tipis manqanaze SesaZlebelia 2+2 mm,
xolo gadatvirTviT 3+3 mm sisqis TiTberis fur-
clebis SeduReba.
cxrili 9.9.
МTП tipis manqanebze Л62 markis TiTberis
wertilovani SeduRebis saorientacio reJimebi

SeduRebis xangrZli
muSa zeda piris ra

wneva eleqtrodze,

SeduRebis deni, ka
furclebis sisqe

eleqtrodebis

simZlavre, kva
moxmarebuli
SekumSvis
Zalva, kg
diusi, mm

voba, wm

manqanis
tipi
atm.

0,5+0,5 50 0,7 130 0,10 1,6 68 МТП-75-66

1,0+1,0 50 1,0 180 0,20 1,8 95 МТП-75-6
1,5+1,5 70 0,8 260 0,20 27 167 МТП-200
3,0+3,0 150 1,2 400 0,35 38 290 МТП-200
3,0+1,5 150/75 0,9 300 0,25 27 167 МТП-200

199
 cxrili 9.10.
МTИП tipis manqanebze Л62 markis TiTberis
wertilovani SeduRebis saorientacio reJimebi

furclebis SeduRebis SeduRebis SekumSvis birTvis

zomebi, mm deni, ka CarTvis Zalva, kg zoma, mm
maqsi- faqti xangrZli

diametri

simaRle
ma uri voba, wm
luri

2+2 45 35 0,16 700 8,0 2,0

3+3 51 42 0,24 850 11,0 3,5

4+4 60 50 0,38 1000 13,5 5,0

5+5 62 56 0,44 1350 15,0 6,5

2+5 45 37 0,20 700 9,0 4,0

3+5 51 42 0,26 850 11,2 5,1

spilenZisa da brinjaosTvis SeduRebis es xer-

xi praqtikul gamoyenebas ar naxulobs.
gorgolaWovani (nakeruli) SeduReba. spilenZis
Senadnobebidan es xerxi SezRudulad gamoiyeneba,
mxolod TiTberis Txeli furclebis SeerTebe-
bisTvis, rasac anxorcieleben (cxrili 9.11.) МШП
tipis seriul gogolaWovan manqanebze.

200
 cxrili 9.11.
МШП-150 tipis manqanaze Л62 markis TiTberis
gorgolaWovani (nakeruli) SeduRebis saorientacio
reJimebi

gorgolaWebis sigane, mm

moxmarebuli simZlavre,
wneva gorgolaWebze, kg
mwyvetaras

furclebis sisqe, mm

muSaobis safexuri
SeduRebis deni, ka
momarTva
periode gaxu
reJimis #

bis reba
raoden Ska

kva
oba lis
dayo

impulsi
fa

pauza
1 0,5+0,5 3-3 250 23 110 4 1 5 17

2 0,5+0,5 3-4 250 26 140 6 1 5 17

3 1,0+1,0 4-5 380 27 160 7 3 5 17

4 1,0+1,0 4-5 380 30 195 7 3 5 17

201
 Tavi 10
gansxvavebuli liTonebis SeduRebis
teqnologia
liTonkonstruqciebis kvanZebis calkeuli
detalebi zogjer damzadebulia gansxvavebuli
liTonebisgan. maTi SeerTebisTvis xSirad mimar-
Taven feradi da Savi sxvadasxva feradi liTonebis
erTmaneTTan SeduRebas. garda amisa, deficituri
feradi liTonis ekonomiis mizniT, sakmaod
gavrcelebulia feradi liTonebis Sav liTonebze
daduRebiT bimetaluri nakeTobebis damzadeba. sxva-
dasxva liTonebis gansxvavebuli fiziko-meqanikuri
Tvisebebis gamo, maTi erTmaneTTan SeduReba
garkveul sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli da moiT-
xovs gansakuTrebuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebas.

10.1. feradi liTonebis Sav liTonebze daduReba

spilenZis foladze an Tujze daduReba SesaZ-

lebelia dnobiT SeduRebis yvela gavrcelebuli
xerxis gamoyenebiT.
airuli daduReba xorcieldeba fxvnilisebri
flusebis БМ-1 airuli flusis an gadamdnari
borakis gamoyenebiT, romlebiTac winaswar ifareba
misarTi masalis zedapiri. daduRebis teqnika imiT
gansxvavdeba SeduRebisgan, rom Savi liTonisken
mimarTulma alma uzrunvelyos misi minimaluri
fenis Semodnoba, romelSic adgili eqneba gamdnari
feradi liTonis Camodinebas.
spilenZis an brinjaos foladze daduRebis
dros warmoiqmneba Sualeduri Sre, romelic

202
Seicavs spilenZs, rkinas, siliciumsa da TuTias.
warmoqmnili Sualeduri liToni Zalian myifea da
amitom namzadis Runvaze muSaobis dros
SesaZlebelia adgili qondes daduRebuli fenis
foladisgan aSrevebas. cveTis pirobebSi muSaobis
dros daduRebuli liToni sakmaod mtkicedaa
dakavSirebuli foladTan. daduRebis dawyebamde
aucilebelia foladis detalisa da misarTi
masalis zedapirebis saguldagulod gawmenda,
umravles SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven namzadis winaswar
gaxurebas an Tanmxleb gaxurebas (meore sanTuriT)
900-9500C temperaturamde. spilenZisa da misi
Senadnobebis airuli daduRebis reJimebia:
daduRebis fenis sisqe, mm ..................... 3-4 5-6 6-7
misarTi mavTulis diametri, mm ...... 4-6 8-10 10-12
sanTuris simZlavre, l/sT-Si ........... 750 900 1200
TiTberis airuli SeduRebisTvis gankuTvnili
flusebisa da misarTi masalebis gamoyenebiT xSirad
mimarTaven TiTberis foladze airul daduRebas.
gansakuTrebiT kargi Sedegebi miiReba ЛКН-56-03-6
markis TiTberis daduRebis SemTxvevaSi.
naxSiris eleqtrodiT rkaluri daduReba
SedarebiT iSviaTia da xorcieldeba pirdapiri
polarobis mudmiv denze. am meTodisTvis efeqturia
misarT masalad spilenZis an brinjaos burbuSelis
gamoyeneba. winaswar xdeba burbuSelis mowamvla,
gacris gamoyenebiT zomebad sortireba da gamdnar
borakTan areva 1/10 moculoibiT. miRebuli nareviT
ifareba dasaduRebeli foladis detalis zedapiri,
romelzec Txevadi liTonis Sesakaveblad rekomen-
debulia dasaduRebeli adgilis dayalibeba. rkalis
aRgznebis Semdeg mimarTaven eleqtrodis miwodebiT
moZraobasa da ganivi rxevebiT manipulacias, rac

203
uzrunvelyofs ZiriTadi liTonisa da burbuSelas
gadnobas. forianobis Sesamcireblad
rekomendebulia daduRebuli zedapiris xelaxali
gaxureba da gadnoba. burbuSeliT zedapiris
dafarvis dros gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba,
rom daduRebuli liTonis simaRle orjer naklebi
xdeba burbuSelas fenis sisqeze.
dafaruli eleqtrodebiT rkaluri daduReba
xorcieldeba xeliT Seqceuli polarobis mudmiv
denze, Semdegi reJimebis gamoyenebiT: eleqtrodis
diametri Seadgens 6-7 mm-s, denis Zalis sidide 220-
240 a-s, rkalis Zabva 25-35 v-s, erT gavlaze
daduRebuli fenis sisqe 6-8 mm-s.
foladze da Tujze spilenZisa da misi
Senadnobebis dafaruli eleqtrodebiT daduReba
rekomendebulia ganxorcieldes mravalfenovnad,
rac uzrunvelyofs daduRebuli liTonis simkvrivis
amaRlebas. mizanSewonilia jer napirebis daduReba
da Semdeg lilvakebs Soris Suagulis amovseba.
didi zedapirebis xeliT daduRebisTvis zogjer
iyeneben flusebsac.
flusis qveS avtomaturi rkaluri daduReba
xorcieldeba sxvadasxva diametris M1, M2 da M3
markis spilenZis mavTulebiTa da 0,8-1,0X60-65 mm
zomebis lentebiT. gamoiyeneba spilenZis
SeduRebisTvis gankuTvnili flusebi. saukeTesi
Sedegebs Rebuloben AH-20 da AH-60 markis
flusebis qveS daduRebis Semdeg. meore flusi
pemziseburia da uzrunvelyofs minimalur
forianobas lenturi eleqtrodiT daduRebis dros.
spilenZis lentiT daduRebis SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi
liTonis Cadnoba da daduRebul fenaSi rkinis
Semcveloba aris minimaluri.

204
 spilenZis fenis misaRebi zomebis Sesabamisad
xdeba daduRebis Sesrulebis xerxis SerCeva. Tu
arsebobs moTxovna mniSvnelovani sididis spilenZis
fenis daduRebaze, upiratesoba eniWeba `aRmarTze~
daduRebis xerxs. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi `daRmarTze~
daduRebasTan mimarTebaSi, gacilebiT maRalia
spilenZSi rkinis Semcveloba (4-6%) da aRiniSneba
foladis ufro Rrmad CaduReba. CaduRebis siRrmesa
da daduRebuli fenis simaRlis regulireba xdeba
dasaduRebeli sibrtyis daxris kuTxiT, romlis
optimaluri sidide unda iyos 10-120, xolo
0
maqsimaluri 30 .
spilenZis foladze flusis qveS avtomaturi
daduReba xdeba Seqceuli polarobis mudmiv denze
Semdegi reJimebis gamoyenebiT: denis simkvrive
mavTuliT daduRebis dros Seadgens 65-70 a/mm2-ze,
xolo 08X65 mm zomebis lentiT daduRebisTvis
denis Zalis sididea 500-550°a; rkalis Zabva aris
mavTulisTvis _ 38-40 v, xolo lentisTvis _ 45 v;
daduRebis siCqare _ 20-25 m/sT-Si. daduRebis win
rekomendebulia winaswari SeTboba 200-4000C
temperaturebze.

10.2. spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis foladTan

SeduReba

manqanaTmSeneblobisa da xelsawyoTmSeneblobis
sxvadasxva sferoebSi xSirad Cndeba spilenZisa da
foladis erTmaneTTan SeduRebis aucilebloba, rac
umravles SemTxvevebSi xorcieldeba pirapira
SeerTebebSi. konstruqciis saxeobidan gamomdinare
nakerebi SeiZleba iyos Sinagani an garegani.

205
 TiTberis foladTan SedurebisTvis mizan-
ewonilia airuli SeduReba, xolo wiTeli spilenZis
foladTan SeerTebisTvis rekomendebulia eleqtro-
kaluri SeduReba liTonis eleqtrodiT. kargi
SedegebiT xasiaTdeba flusis fenis qveS naxSiris
eleqtrodiT SeduReba da airuli SeduReba БМ-1
flusis gamoyenebiT.
erTnairi sisqis spilenZisa da foladis elemen-
ebisTvis nawiburebis gamoyvana iseTivea, rogorc
Savi liTonebisTvis, nawiburebis gadaxsnas mimaraven
3 mm-sa da meti sisqeebis SemTxvevebSi. nawiburebis
kargi Cadnobis miReba gamoricxulia nawiburebis
arasakmarisi gadaxsnis SemTxvevebSi. amitom
liTonebis didi sisqeebisTvis, romlebisTvisac
rekomendebulia nawiburebis X-ri gamoyvana,
dablagvebis gakeTeba mizanSewonili araa.
spilenZis foladTan SeduReba sakmaod rTuli,
magram savsebiT Sesrulebadi amocanaa. igi war-
atebiTaa gadawyvetili qimiuri aparaturis detaebis,
spilenZis sadenebisa da foladis xundebis SeerTe-
ebisTvis, romelTa simtkicis maCveneblebi savsebiT
akmayofileben praqtikul moTxovnebs.
kvleviT dadgenilia, rom spilenZis simtkice
izrdeba 2%-mde rkinis SeyvaniT, Semdgom ki adgili
aqvs simtkicis maCveneblebis daqveiTebas.
naxSiris eleqtrodiT SeduReba xdeba pirdapiri
polarobis mudmiv denze Semdegi reJimebiT: denis
Zala _ 300-550 a (damokidebulia eleqtrodis
diametrze); rkalis Zabva _ 40-55 v; rkalis sigrZe _
14-20 mm. gamoiyeneba spilenZis SeduRebisTvis
gankuTvnili flusebi, romliTac xdeba gamoyvanili
nawiburebis winaswari Sevseba. SeduRebas awarmoeben
`marcxena~ xerxiT.

206
 spilenZis salteebis foladis ReroebTan
SeerTebis saukeTeso Sedegebs Rebuloben `navur~
mdgomareobaSi SeduRebis dros, rac warmodgenilia
10.1. nax-ze. dasawyisSi xdeba spilenZis SeTboba,
xolo Semdgom, SeduReba naxSiris eleqtrodisa da
misarTi masalis gansazRvruli ganlagebiT.
SeduRebis siCqare Seadgens 0,25 m/sT-s. spilenZisa da
Tujis SeduReba igive xerxebiT xdeba.

nax. 10.1. 1 – spilenZis salteebis foladis

ReroebTan SeduReba; spilenZis salte an lentebis
paketi; 2 _ naxSiris eleqtrodi; 3 _ misarTi masala;
4 _ foladis Rero; 5 _ grafitis sayalibe firfita.
saukeTeso SedegebiT xasiaTdeba mcire sisqis
(1,35 mm) daballegirebuli brinjaos 2,5 mm sisqis
foladTan pirgadadebuli SeerTebis avtomaturi
SeduReba, volframis eleqtrodiT argonis areSi.

207
SeduReba xdeba pirdapiri polarobis mudmiv denze
Semdegi reJimebiT: misarTi masalis diametri _ 1,8
mm; misarTi masalis mowodebis siCqare _ 70 m/sT;
denis Za,la _ 190 a; rkalis Zabva _ 11,5 v; SeduRebis
siCqare _ 28,5 m/sT. SeduRebis xarisxze gavlenas
axdens spilenZis mxridan pirgadadebulze rkalis
sworad mimarTva, rac unda ganxorcieldes
spilenZis furclis napiridan garkveuli
dacilebiT.
spilenZi da TiTberi sakmaod kargad duRdeba
foladTan SemolRvobiT kontaqturi pirapira
SeduRebis saSualebiT. am SemTxvevaSi foladis
namzadi ganicdis mniSvnelovan, xoo feradi liToni
umniSvnelo galRvobas (xvedriTi eleqtrowinaRo-
bebis gansxvavebis gamo). am garemoebebis gamo
Casayenebel Sveris sidides Rebuloben fola-
disTvis 3,5d-s, TiTberisTvis 1,5d-s da spilenZisTvis
1,0d-s, sadac d _ SesaduRebeli Reroebis diametria.
Cajdomis xvedriTi wneva Seadgens 1,0-1,5 kg/mm2-ze.
spilenZis foladTan SeerTeba SesaZlebelia
dafaruli eleqtrodebiT rkaluri SeduRebiT. karg
Sedegebs iZleva K-100 markis eleqtrodebis
gamoyeneba.

10.3. aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis foladTan

SeduReba

fiziko-qimiuri Tvisebebis gansxvavebis gamo

aluminisa da foladis SeduReba Zalian garTu-
lebulia. aRniSnuli masalebis dauSleli SeerTeba
SesaZlebelia: dnobiT mxolod argonis areSi,
kirapira kontaqturi da difuziur-vakuumuri
SeduRebis meTodebiT.

208
 dnobiT SeduRebis procesSi warmoiqmneba:
aluminis rkinasTan Senadnobebi; aluminisa da FeAl3-
is myari xsnarebi; sakmaod mtkice da myife
kristalSorisi SeerTebebi. am garemoebidan gamom-
dinare winaRobiT kontaqturi SeduReba ukeTes Se-
degebs iZleva. SemolRvobiT SeduRebis dros Seir-
Ceva iseTi reJimebi, romlebic ar axureben Sesaer-
Tebel detalebs, radganac warmoqmnili Zneldnadi
minarevebi praqtikulad ar ganicdian SemWidroebas
pirapiras Cajdomis procesSi. dnobiT SeduRebisas
rogori Txeli Sualeduri furCic ar unda iqnes
miRebuli, SenaduRi nakeri mainc amaRlebuli
simtkiciT xasiaTdeba.
SenaduRi SeerTebis xarisxis gaumjobesebis
mizniT gamoiyeneba. xerxebi, romlebic ganapirobeben
spilenZisa da misarTi liTonis dnobas, xolo
foladis gadnobas gamoricxaven. aRniSnul xerxebs
miekuTvneba foladis namzadis nawiburebis sxvada-
sxva liTonebiT cxlad dafarvisa da galvanizaciis,
plazmuri dafrqvevisa da metalizaciis procesebi.
Sualeduri liToniT nawiburebis dafarvis
yvelaze martivi xerxia cxlad alitireba _
filadis nawiburebis gamdnar aluminSi amovleba,
dayovneba (40 wT-mde) da neli gaciveba. nawiburebis
dafarvis xerxis SerCeva xdeba konstruqciisTvis
simtkiceze wayenebuli moTxovnebidan, teqnikuri
SesaZleblobebidan da ekonomikuri mosazrebebidan
gamomdinare. 10.1 cxrilSi moyvanilia sxvadasxva
xerxebiT dafaruli nawiburebis argon-rkaluri
SeduRebiT miRebuli SeerTebebis simtkicis maCve-
neblebi. dafarvis saSualebiT nawiburebis momza-
deba mniSvnelovani garTulebebis sawindaria
sawarmoebebisTvis. amitom am xerxebs iyeneben konst-

209
ruqciebis mxolod wvrilmani kvanZebisTvis. gaci-
lebiT ufro efeqturia sxvadasxva konstruqciebis
kvanZebSi elementebis bimetaluri CadgmebiT Sedu-
Reba, rac warmoqmnilia 10.2 nax-ze.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis foladTan Se-
duRebisTvis zogierT SemTxvevaSi SuaSred iyeneben
TuTiiTa da spilenZiT Sedgenil kombinirebul
dafarvebs (nax. 10.3). rkalis anTeba xdeba aluminis
nakeTobaze pirapiridan 1-2 mm-is daSorebiT. Sedu-
Reba warmoebs pirdapiri polarobis mudmiv denze
Semdegi reJimebiT: volfarmis eleqtrodis diametri
2-3 mm, denis Zala _ 80-130 a, SeduRebis siCqare _ 6-12
m/sT, misarT Reros diametri _ 2-3 mm.

cxrili 10.1.
argon-rkaluri SeduRebiT miRebuli aluminisa da
foladis SeerTebebis simtkice

misaduRebe nawiburebis dafarvis pirapira misarTi

li dasafari dadebis SeerTebis liToni
Senadnobis liToni xerxi simtkice,
marka kg/mm2
АД1 alumini cxlad 6,2-7,8 АК
amovleba
kala galvanuri 7,4-7,6
cxlad
7,4-7,8
amovleba
АМц alumini galvanuri 9,1-9,5 АК
TuTia cxlad 9,8-10,1
amovleba 6,2-9,8
АМг kala cxlad 10,8-15,0 АМг5В
amovleba
aluminis liTonis 2,6-3,5
plakirebuli plakirebu

210
 fena li
liTonis
Cadgma
АМг3 igive 6,7-9,6 АД1
АМг “ – “ 8,2-9,8
vercxli galvanuri 5,7-18,4
TuTia galvanuri 11,1-15,0
cxlad 10,2-15,6
amovleba
ori fena galvanuri
1. spilenZi 11,6-20,7
2. TuTia 9,0-18,7
TiTberi
АМг6 TuTia galvanuri 5,0-8,0 АД

nax. 10.2. bimetaluri CadgmebiT folad-aluminis

SenaduRi kvanZebis sqema: 1 _foladi, 2 _ bimetali,
3 _ alumini.

211
 nax. 10.3. aluminis Senadnobebis foladTan argon-
rkaluri SeduRebis sqema: 1 _ aluminis Senadnobi;
2 _ kombinirebuli dafarva; 3 _ foladi;
4 _ misarTi Rero.

10.4. spilenZis SeduReba aluminTa

spilenZisa da aluminis dnobiT SeduRebis Ziri-

Tadi garTulebaa umravles SemTxvevaSi ganusazRv-
reli Sedgenilobis Znelad regulirebadi Senad-
nobebis warmoqmna. SenaduRi nakeris meqanikur Tvise-
bebze gavlenas axdens aluminSi spilenZis Semcve-
loba. SenadnobSi 12%-mde spilenZis Secvelobis
zrdiT gaWimvaze simtkice ar izrdeba, magram xdeba
siblantisa da koroziuli medegobis daqveiTeba.
alumin-spilenZis Senadnobebs 12%-ze meti spilenZis
SemcvelobiT gaaCnia midrekileba bzarebis warmo-
qmnisadmi, rac ganpirobebulia sakmaod maRali
simyifis maCveneblebiT.
aluminSi spilenZis xsnadoba 5480C tempera-
turaze SezRudulia 5,7%-mde, xolo evteqtika igive
temperaturaze Seicavs 33% spilenZs. qimiuri naerTi

212
CuCl2 warmoqmnis aluminSi spilenZis myari xsnaris
evteqtikas 54,1%-mde spilenZis SemcvelobiT.
naxSiris eleqtrodiT SeduRebuli aluminisa
da spilenZis pirapira SeerTeba dadebiT Sedegebs
ar iZleva. amitom eleqtrometalurgiaSi eleqtruli
kontaqtebis konstruqciebSi gamoyenebas naxulobs
sxvadasxva feradi liTonebis e.w. `klituri~
SeerTebebi, rac warmodgenilia 10.4 nax-ze.

nax. 10.4 spilenZis saltis aluminis saltesTan

`klituri~ SeerTeba: 1 _ aluminis salte, 2 _
spilenZis saltre, 3 _ daduRebuli liToni

`klituri~ SeerTebebi Semdegi teqnologiiT

mzaddeba: jer xdeba aluminis salteze dadgmuli
spilenZis saltis SeduReba mTel perimetrze misi
sisqis toli simaRlis nakeriT. Semdgom warmoebs
nakerebis SemaerTebeli daduReba. amgvarad
warmoiqmneba aluminis Senadnobis Taviseburi saketi.
SeduReba xorcieldeba pirdapiri polarobis
mudmivi deniT Semdeg reJimebze: aluminis sxmuli
misarTi Reros diametri _ 12-20 mm; grafitis
eleqtrodis diametri _ 15-20 mm; SeduRebis deni _
500-550 a; rkalis Zabva _ 50-60 v; rkalis sigrZe _ 20-
25 mm. gamdnari liTonis Sesakaveblad gamoiyeneba
grafitis firfitebiT Sedgenili yalibebi. SenaduR
SeerTebebSi aluminis salteebis sisqea 30 mm, xolo
spilenZis salteebis 10 mm. abazanis dacvisTvis

213
rekomendebulia aluminisTvis gankuTvnili fluse-
bis gamoyeneba.
aluminis salteebisa da spilenZis bunikebis,
aluminis sadenebisa da spilenZis bunikebis Seer-
TebisTvis rekomendebulia kontaqturi pirapira
SeduReba. sakabelo warmoebaSi gamoyenebas naxu-
lobs aluminisa da spilenZis sadenebis konden-
satoruli pirapira SeduReba, romlis reJimebic
moyvanilia 10.2. cxrilSi.
cxrili 10.2.
spilenZisa da aluminis sadenebis kondensatoruli
pirapira SeduRebis reJimebi

SesaduRe- kondensat kondensa SesaduRebel Cajdomis

beli orebis torebis detalebs Zalva, kg
mavTulis tevadoba, Zabva, v Soris sawyisi
diametri, mkf daSoreba
mm
2,5 256 1100 14 150
2,8 256 1400 10 150
2,8 260 1400 15 150
2,8 380 1350 15 160
2,8 550 1200 15 175
3,5 550 1500 12 160
5,0 1000 1500 14 175

samacivre warmoebaSi gamoiyeneba calkeuli

milakebis pirapira kontaqturi SeduReba. ufro War-
bi raodenobiT dnobis gamo, aluminis dasayenebeli
sigrZe aiReba ufro meti, vidre spilenZis.

214
 sarCevi

Sesavali

nawili I
saerTo sakiTxebi

Tavi I
liTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi
1.1. saerTo cnobebi liTonebsa da Senadnobebze
1.2 SenaduRi SeerTebebis ZiriTadi liToni
1.3. Savi da feradi liTonebis markireba
1.4. SenaduRi SeerTebebis Termuli damuSaveba

Tavi II
SeduRebis Teoriuli safuZvlebi
2.1. SeduRebis fizikuri arsi
2.2. SeduRebis dros gamoyenebuli energiis wyaroebi
2.3. SeduRebis xerxebis klasifikacia, SenaduRi
SeerTebebis tipebi, SenaduRi SeerTebebis
defeqtebi

Tavi III
SeduRebis ZiriTadi saxeebis mokle
daxasiaTeba
3.1. eleqtrorkaluri SeduReba
3.2. eleqtrowiduri SeduReba
3.3. airuli SeduReba
3.4. kontaqturi da wnexuri SeduReba
3.5. civad SeduReba

Tavi IV
saSemduReblo masalebi
4.1. saSemduReblo mavTuli
4.2. fxvnilgula mavTuli

215
4.3. dafaruli eleqtrodebi
4.4. saSemduReblo flusebi
4.5. damcavi airebi
4.6. sawvavi airebi. acetileni
4.7. acetilenis Semcvleli sawvavi airebi

nawili II
SeduRebis teqnologia
Tavi 5
aluminis Senadnobebis teqnologia
5.1. aluminis Senadnobebis mokle daxasiaTeba
5.2. aluminis Senadnobebis SeduRebadobis
Taviseburebani
5.3. aluminis Senadnobebis SeduRebis teqnologiuri
Taviseburebani

Tavi 6
magniumis Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologia
6.1. magniumis Senadnobebis daxasiaTeba
6.2. magniumis Senadnobebis SeduRebadobis
Taviseburebani
6.3. magniumis Senadnobebis SeduRebis teqnologiuri
Taviseburebani

Tavi 7
titanisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologia
7.1. titanisa da misi Senadnobebis daxasiaTeba
7.2. titanisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebadobis
Taviseburebani
7.3. titanisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologiuri Taviseburebani

216
Tavi 8
nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologia
8.1. nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis daxasiaTeba
8.2. nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebadobis
Taviseburebani
8.3. nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologiuri Taviseburebani

Tavi 9
spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologia
9.1. spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis daxasiaTeba
9.2 spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebadobis
Taviseburebani
9.3 spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologiuri Taviseburebani

Tavi 10
gansxvavebuli liTonebis SeduRebis teqnologia
10.1. feradi liTonebis Sav liTonebze daduReba
10.2. spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis foladTan
SeduReba
10.3. aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis foladTan
SeduReba
10.4. spilenZis SeduReba aluminTan

217
 gamoyenebuli literatura

1. iakobaSvili s., babuciZe m. liTonebis dnobiT

eleqtrorkaluri SeduRebis teqnologia. Tb.,
2003 w.
2. Акулов А.И., Бельчук Г.А., Демянцевич В.П. Технология
и оборудование сварки плавлением. М.,
«Машиностроение», 1977.
3. Думов С.Н. Технология электрической сварки
плавлением. Л., «Машиностроение», 1978.
4. Китаев А.М., Китаев Я.А. Справочная книга сварщика.
М., «Машиностроение», 1985.
5. Никофоров Г.Д., Бобров Т.В., Никитин В.М., Дъяченко
В.В. Технология и оборудование сварки плавлением. М.,
«Машиностроение», 1986.
6. Подгаецкий В.В., Люборец И.И. Сварочные флюсы. К.,
Техника, 1984.
7. Походня И.К., Суптель А.М., Шлепаков В.П. Сварка
порошковой проволокой. К. Наукова думка, 1972.
8. Рыбаков В.М. Дуговая и газовая сварка. М., Высшая
школа, 1986.
9. Технология электрической сварки метталов и сплавов
плавлением. Под ред. акад. Патона Б.Е., М.
«Машиностроение», 1974.
10. Клячкин Я.Л. Сварка цветных металлов и их сплавов.
М., «Машиностроение», 1964.
11. Серенко А., Роянов В. Сварка. Введение в
специальность. Мариуполь. 1998.

218
 SeduRebis terminebis mokle ganmartebebi da
leqsikoni

1. liTonis Sxefebi _ defeqti romelic war-

moiqmneba SenaduRi
SeerTebis zedapirze gamdnari liTonis
wveTebis gamyarebiT
2. lilvaki _ SenaduRi nakeris liToni, ro-
melic miiReba erTi gavliT daduRebiT an gadadno-
biT
saSemduReblo abazana _ SesaduRebeli nakeris
liTonis nawili, romelic dnobiT SeduRebis dros
aris Txevad mdgomareobaSi
arapirdapiri moqmedebis _ romelic anTia or
eleqtrods Soris rkali
5. pirdapiri moqmedebis _ anTia eleqtrodsa da
SesaduRebel rkali nakeTobas Soris
6. daduReba _ dnobiT SeduRebis saSualebiT
liTonis
fenis dadeba nakeTobis zedapirze
7. misarTi liToni _ gamdnari ZiriTadi li-
Tonis Sesavsebad
SeduRebis abazanaSi Seyvanili liToni
8. Seqceuli polaroba _ eleqtrodi mierTebu-
lia kvebis wyaros dadebiT polusTan, xolo de-
tali uaryofiTTan
9. pirdapiri polaroba _ eleqtrodi mierTebu-
lia uaryofiT xolo nakeToba dadebiT polusTan
10. SenaduRi SeerTeba _ detalebis SeduRebiT
miRebuli dauSleli SeerTeba
11. bzarebi SenaduR _ nakerSi an mis mimdebare
zonaSi
SeerTebaSi naserebis an CanaWrebis saxis

219
 aramTlianobebi
12. forebi nakerSi _ gamyarebul nakerSi aire-
biT Sevsebuli
sxvadasxva formis Rruebi
13. SenaduRi nakeri _ saSemduReblo abazanis
gamyarebuli
liToni
14. momWidi _ mokle nakeri asawyobi detalebis
fiqsaciisTvis
15. misarTi mavTuli _ gamoiyeneba mxolod mis-
arT masalad
_ da ara eleqtrodad
16. saSemduReblo mavTuli _ aris rogorc
saeleqtrodo, aseve misarTi masalac
17. saeleqtrodo mavTuli _ saSemduReblo mav-
Tuli, romelic gamoiyeneba dnobad eleqtrodad.

220
 ibeWdeba avtorTa mier warmodgenili saxiT

gadaeca warmoebas 01.05.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad

14.05.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 13,5.
tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi,

kostavas 77