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NEUROINTENSIVE
CARE JOURNAL
The Official Journal of the Latin American Brain Injury Consortium
Vol.1
N° 1 - Enero 2024
Latin American Neurointensive Care Journal
Tabla de contenido
Contenido Página
Atención del trauma craneoencefálico grave pediátrico en una región centro de México. Diagnóstico situa- 6
cional
Thoracic spine fracture secondary to anterior mediastinal yolk sac germ cell tumor: A case report and a 31
brief review
Predictors of Shaken Baby Syndrome and its Neurological Impact: Case Report 37
Hemisferectomı́a en Paciente Adulto con Encefalitis de Rasmussen complicada con Estatus Epiléptico Ul- 52
trarefractario
Latin American Neurointensive Care Journal
Es un honor para mı́ anunciar el corolario de otro sueño cumplido y darles la bienvenida al primer número de nuestra revista,
que sin dudas marcara un antes y un despues, como ası́ tambien el inicio de una nueva etapa en la vida de nuestra sociedad. Para
aquellos que no conocen la historia, LABIC nacio en Rosario, Argentina, hace casi dos decadas gracias a la vision de dos grandes
hermanos que la vida me ha regalado; Carlos Rondina, al cual aprovecho la ocasión para homenajear y resaltar sus cualidades
profesionales, pero sobre todo de ser humano y Walter Videtta.
En aquella oportunidad y con la confluencia de múltiples especialistas de todos los paı́ses de Latinoamérica, entrelazamos
nuestros proyectos con los unicos objetivos de promover, aunar, e incentivar el conocimiento, innovación y progreso en el campo de
las neurociencias en situaciones criticas, metas que estoy seguro se han logrado, lentamente, de manera progresiva, desarrollando
distintas actividades con la meta focalizada en el logro de los objetivos planteados en la carta fundacional, como ser: educación
medica continua, colaboración y cooperación estrecha entre todos los colegas de la region.
A lo largo de nuestro joven pasado, con errores, desaveniencias, fracasos, hemos intentado levantarnos antes dichas dificul-
tades y crecer, para lo cual y de acuerdo a nuestras posibilidades hemos trabajado continua e intensamente sin distincion de ninguna
indole.
Hemos llevado a cabo un plan (no planificado, es la verdad) que se ha traducido en múltiples eventos cientı́ficos de altı́sima calidad
en variados paı́ses latinoamericanos, conjuntamente con los mejores profesores de neuro intensivo , neuroimágenes, ciencias
básicas con especialistas afines de Europa, EEUU y el mundo entero.
Paso a paso, nos fuimos integrando a los congresos oficiales de Medicina intensiva, Neurologia y Neurocirugia de cada
paı́s hermano; y sin quererlo fuimos penetrando lentamente en el espacio internacional mediante presencia, trabajo, y perseveran-
cia, al mismo tiempo que fuimos forjando con muchos de ustedes una amistad increbantable.
Aprovecho aquı́, la oportunidad de resaltar las cualidades y el apoyo brindado desde siempre de alguien que ya no esta,
pero sin dudas nos guia desde donde este, ya que dejo su huella, sus conocimientos, pero sobre todo su calidad humana, el Dr. Jose
Nel Carreño.
Poco a poco comenzamos a plasmar nuestro trabajo en publicaciones en distintas revistas indexadas de la especialidad, lo
cual sin dudas incremento nuestra visibilidad y nos permitio ampliar nuestros horizontes y espectativas, los que sin dudas
contribuyeron al crecimiento progresivo de nuestro consorcio.
El camino hasta hoy, creanme no fue nada facil y estuvo plagado de piedras y obstaculos, sin embargo estoy absolutamente
convencido de que hemos llegado a un nivel de madurez cientı́fica y académica que nos ha permitido concretar una de las más
preciadas metas de LABIC, esto es, la creación de nuestra propia revista, el ‘’Latin America Neurointensive Care Journal”,
manuscrito que deseamos se convierta en el órgano de expresión natural de la productividad asistencial, de la investigación básica
y clı́nica de todos los aspectos que circundan los cuidados neurocriticos.
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Latin American Neurointensive Care Journal
A través de ella, anhelamos difundir el conocimiento actualizado y relevante en injuria cerebral y medular, ası́ como pro-
mover el intercambio de ideas, la discusión entre nuestros miembros al mismo tiempo que intentamos difundir la investigacion
conjunta y multidisciplinaria.
Aprovecho aquı́ la oportunidad de agradecer infinitamente la predisposicion, voluntad y sobre todo la colaboracion desin-
teresada de un amigo entrañable, el Profesor Andres Mariano Rubiano quien desinteresadamente y sin pedir nada a cambio, ha
trabajado incansablemente y ha puesto a nuestra disposicion todo el equipo de la fundacion Meditech, los que ha permitido que
nuestro sueño se haga realidad.
Estos hechos, de crucial importancia para la comunidad cientı́fica de nuestra sociedad marca una inflexión histórica que es
muy gravitante en el resto de las sociedades cientı́ficas de Latinoamérica, que han sido testigos del exponencial crecimiento de la
nuestra.
Como socios fundadores de LABIC, estamos emocionados y orgullosos de ver cómo hemos crecido y madurado en estos
últimos años. Hemos logrado alcanzar un peldaño mas tras largos años y sin dudas es un tributo a quienes han preservado el interés
en llevarla a cabo. Sin dudas el esfuerzo colectivo empeñado tiene hoy su fruto concreto y es un incentivo que nos enorgullece y
engrandece.
Espero que disfruten leyendo esta primera edición de nuestra revista tanto como nosotros hemos disfrutado creándola y
poniendo lo mejor de nosotros. El producto logrado, tiene y tendra en ediciones futuras aspectos a criticar, sin dudas, pero ello,
lejos de detenernos debe llevarnos a redoblar esfuerzos y fomentar la colaboracion de toda nuestra comunidad para alcanzar los
objetivos planteados. Desde ya contamos con todos y cada uno de ustedes, por lo que esperamos que sigamos avanzando juntos en
la promoción y el desarrollo de la sociedad en el futuro.
¡Gracias por ser parte de LABIC y por compartir nuestra pasión por las neurociencias!
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Latin American Neurointensive Care Journal
Comité editorial
Editor en Jefe
Daniel Agustin Godoy
Unidad de Cuidados Neurointensivos
Sanatorio Pasteur
Catamarca, Argentina
dagodoytorres@gmail.com
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Latin American Neurointensive Care Journal
Comité cientı́fico
Fabio Taccone
Jorge Flecha Department of Intensive Care
Hospital del Trauma Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB)
Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Adultos Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
Asunción, Paraguay Brussels, Belgium
guilleflecha@hotmail.com ftaccone@ulb.ac.be
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Latin American Neurointensive Care Journal
Christos Lazaridis
Neurocritical Care Franco Servadei (Italia)
Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery Departamento Neurocirugia
University of Chicago Medical Center Humanitas University
Chicago, IL, USA Parma, Italy
clazaridis@neurology.bsd.uchicago.edu fservadei@ao.pr.it
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Latin American Neurointensive Care Journal Garcı́a M.
Atención del trauma craneoencefálico grave pediátrico en una región centro de México.
Diagnóstico situacional
Pediatric severe head trauma care in a central region of Mexico. Situational diagnostic
Cuidados pediátricos com traumatismo cranioencefálico grave em uma região central do
México. Diagnóstico situacional
a Centenario Hospital Miguel Hidalgo, Jefatura Unidad Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos, Intensivista Pediatra , Aguascalientes, , , México
b Centenario Hospital Miguel Hidalgo, Jefatura Unidad Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos, Investigador Ciencias de la Salud , Aguascalientes, , , México
Resumen
Anualmente, Estados Unidos reporta 1.4 millones de vı́ctimas de neurotrauma con un 2% de mortalidad, dentro de ellos, 7,000
son niños y 124,000 presentarán distintos grados de discapacidad.
Históricamente, pese a los esfuerzos de prevención, el Trauma craneoencefálico grave pediátrico (TCEGP) se comporta de
manera multifactorial y heterogénea a nivel global.
En Aguascalientes, localizada en el centro de México, se desconocen datos oficiales en referencia a distintos aspectos de la
atención brindada al TCEGP.
El Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de la Secretarı́a de Salud de México reporta una elevada tasa de prevalencia,
siendo la tercera causa de muerte infantil y discapacidad cognitiva, fı́sica y conductual. La cinemática, excluyendo el maltrato
infantil, corresponde en un 75% a accidentes vehiculares, predominando en escolares masculinos.
Desconociendo datos fiables en nuestra región, surge como objetivo del presente análisis investigar cualitativamente la atención
del TCEGP en Aguascalientes, México.
Keywords: Trauma de craneo, pediatrı́a, epidemiologı́a, atención, organización, neurotrauma pediátrico, encuesta cualitativa.
Abstract Resumo
Annually, the United States reports 1.4 million victims of Anualmente, os Estados Unidos relatam 1,4 milhão de
neurotrauma with a 2% mortality rate, among them, 7,000 are vı́timas de neurotrauma com taxa de mortalidade de 2%, en-
children and 124,000 will present different degrees of disabil- tre elas, 7.000 são crianças e 124.000 apresentarão diferentes
ity. graus de incapacidade.
Historically, despite prevention efforts, Severe Pediatric Historicamente, apesar dos esforços de prevenção, o Trau-
Traumatic Brain Injury (PTBI) behaves in a multifactorial and matismo Cranioencefálico Pediátrico Grave (PTBI) comporta-
heterogeneous manner at a global level. se de forma multifatorial e heterogênea em nı́vel global.
In Aguascalientes, located in central Mexico, official data is un- Em Aguascalientes, localizada no centro do México,
known in reference to different aspects of the care provided to desconhecem-se dados oficiais referentes a diferentes aspectos
the TCEGP. da assistência prestada ao TCEGP.
The National Epidemiological Surveillance System of the O Sistema Nacional de Vigilância Epidemiológica do Min-
Ministry of Health of Mexico reports a high prevalence rate, be- istério da Saúde do México relata uma alta taxa de prevalência,
ing the third cause of infant death and cognitive, physical and sendo a terceira causa de morte infantil e incapacidade cogni-
behavioral disability. The kinematics, excluding child abuse, tiva, fı́sica e comportamental. A cinemática, excluindo abuso
corresponds 75% to vehicular accidents, predominating in male infantil, corresponde 75% aos acidentes veiculares, predomi-
schoolchildren. nando em escolares do sexo masculino.
Not knowing reliable data in our region, the objective of this Não conhecendo dados confiáveis em nossa região, o obje-
analysis is to qualitatively investigate the care of the TCEGP in tivo desta análise é investigar qualitativamente o atendimento
Aguascalientes, Mexico. do TCEGP em Aguascalientes, México.
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1. Introducción 2. Métodos
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débil aportan tratamiento multimodal guiado por monitoreo de neuromonitoreo avanzado es indispensable. Este estudio en
presión intracraneana (PIC), en el 75%, el manejo es empı́rico. gráfico 11 muestra el perfil de competencia del personal san-
El monitoreo neurointensivo avanzado con PIC, oxı́geno itario que atiende TCEGP; solo el 30% (5) de capacidad vari-
cerebral (PtiO2) y diámetro de vaina del nervio óptico (DVNO) able (20% fuerte en resolución por e-Likert) tienen capacitación
se muestra en gráficos 15-17, destaca siempre disponible en médica neurointensiva-demostrable para TCEGP; la mayorı́a
centro respondedor y ocasional en un centro de capacidad de hospitales carecen de personal adecuadamente capacitado,
débil. El gráfico 18 muestra cómo todos los centros que atien- siendo pediatras o de enfermerı́a no entrenados, vulnerando la
den TCEGP aportan terapia hiperosmolar, en su mayorı́a con atención.
hipertónica 3% o mayor concentración y, en minorı́a, en cen- Nuestros resultados muestran que si bien el 75% de hospi-
tros débiles (37.5%), usan manitol. tales cuentan con tomógrafo, no todos pueden categorizar el
En apego a Guı́as-2019, destaca la importancia del tipo de Lesión por neuroimagen; no todos disponen de neu-
seguimiento neuropsicológico pos-hospitalario. Los gráficos rocirugı́a, trascendental para garantizar pronta evacuación de
19 y 20 expresan que solo el centro respondedor (6.25%) brinda masa ante hernia cerebral. Solo el 18% evidenció disponer
seguimiento sistemático-dinámico-multidisciplinario usando e- siempre presente de neurocirugı́a y 7 hospitales (43.7%) no
GOS y 6 centros (37.5%) derivan para seguimiento; el 56.2% garantizan tenerlo, potencialmente devastador. Avances en evi-
(9) restante no da seguimiento. dencia cientı́fica, incluidos en 3er. Edición de Guı́as-TCEGP,
sintetizan y optimizan los cuidados neurocrı́ticos idóneos.
4. Discusión Godoy et al. y Chiaretti et al., entre otras publicaciones re-
cientes, proponen adecuar los protocolos a la mejor disponi-
Esta investigación basa sus resultados en encuestas volun- bilidad de recursos sanitarios enfocados a fortalecer el neu-
tarias y anónimas de profesionales activos que tratan TCEGP, romonitoreo avanzado y mejorar el resultado neurofuncional.
reflejo cualitativo de la atención en dieciséis hospitales al cen- En este aspecto, nuestros datos muestran subóptimo apego di-
tro de México. Con el comportamiento y distribución normal agnóstico-terapéutico para atender el TCEGP ya que solo en
de los datos (IC 95% margen de error 5%) y apego a Guı́as- 12.5% es multimodal guiado por monitoreo de la PIC, inte-
2019 del TCEGP por la BTF, ponderamos los centros por su grando la PtiO2, rNIRS y DVNO. Cerca del 90% atienden
capacidad en débil, intermedio y fuerte. En Latinoamérica, en en forma empı́rica, sin protocolo especı́fico, y solo el centro
2012, Chesnut RM. et al. publican importancia del perfil de respondedor brinda seguimiento neuropsicológico sistemático-
competencia del personal que atiende al TCEGP; nuestros re- multidisciplinario a largo plazo; el resto de hospitales no brin-
sultados reflejan estar disponible solo en un hospital ponderado dan seguimiento. Publicaciones periódicas de Vigilancia Epi-
fuerte en competencia pero insuficiente para la demanda. Si demiológica Nacional-México muestran la complejidad e im-
bien muestra grado de apego a Guı́as-2019 contando con per- pacto social que representa el TCEG, tanto pediátrico como
sonal médico-enfermerı́a capacitados, infraestructura, equipo adulto. En Ags. centro de México, en 2021, con nuestros
de neuromonitoreo avanzado multimodal y seguimiento neu- resultados, pese a sus recursos limitados y ventaja territorio-
ropsicológico sistemático-multidisciplinario a largo plazo, su poblacional, identificamos potencialidad de mejora en su sis-
sistema de atención al TCEGP no está adecuadamente orga- tema de salud para atender al TCEGP, gestionando polı́ticas lo-
nizado, trascendiendo en discapacidad y muerte, similar a re- cales de organización, derivando al TCEGP al centro responde-
portes nacionales y de paı́ses con recursos limitados. Cuatro dor, optimizando la atención inicial, integrando la prehospita-
hospitales (25%) que atienden TCEGP no cuentan con camas laria con el hospital y fase-postinstitucional, convirtiendo su
de UCI; solo el centro respondedor tiene entre 6-10 camas ex- debilidad sanitaria en oportunidad de mejora, monitoreada por
clusivas para pediátricos; sin embargo, como lo revelan nue- indicadores de estructura, proceso y resultado, eficientando re-
stros datos, es polivalente, no neurocrı́tica, implicando compar- cursos y fortaleciendo el pronóstico neurofuncional.
tir camas no censables con otras causas mórbidas, potencial- Los autores reconocemos sesgo potencial por tendencia sis-
mente insuficientes. temática del encuestado a responder en relación al constructo de
Cerca del 70% de camas totales en Ags. se comparten interés, posibles estilos de respuestas aquiescentes, extremas,
con adultos, justificando traslado a centro de mayor capacidad, intermedias o socialmente deseables, incluso potencial sesgo
vulnerando la atención inicial; siendo el TCEGP enfermedad negativo.
tiempo-dependiente, deja fuera de ventana de intervención la Los autores declaramos sin conflicto de interés.
hora dorada. Como describen publicaciones mundiales, es pri-
oritario anticipación, control y resolución de lesiones secun- 5. Conclusion
darias. Nuestros datos muestran que el 75% del traslado se
realiza por ambulantes certificados, en su mayorı́a anticipan la En Aguascalientes, México, como en el mundo, el TCEGP
hipoxia e hipotensión; sin embargo, los datos arrojan evidencia es un problema frecuente de salud pública sin resolver. Similar
de fallo en el tiempo de traslado, estando en el 90% fuera de a otros paı́ses en Latinoamérica, sus recursos sanitarios son lim-
recomendación, vulnerando el pronóstico neurofuncional. itados, tiene una alta tasa de accidentes, discapacidad y muerte.
Destacando lo descrito por Godoy et al., las Guı́as-2019 del El 70% de sus camas de UCI se comparten con población
TCEGP, entre otros registros mundiales, la infraestructura in- adulta (relación 5:1); el 90% derivan a centros de mayor com-
stitucional, personal sanitario capacitado y disponibilidad para plejidad por ser subóptimos en sus recursos institucionales.
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Si bien cuenta con sistemas prehospitalarios certificados, sus • TAC – Tomografı́a Axial Computada de Cráneo
tiempos de traslado están fuera de normativa y solo cuenta
con un centro respondedor con 10 camas de UCI exclusi- • TCEGP – Trauma Craneoencefálico Grave Pediátrico
vas pediátricas capaz de brindar, por profesionales capacita- • UCI – Unidad Cuidados Intensivos
dos en neurotrauma, monitoreo neurointensivo multimodal y
seguimiento neuropsicológico multidisciplinar a largo plazo. Lista de tablas
Sin embargo, es polivalente y no neurocrı́tica, potencialmente
1. Distribución Hospitalaria por capacidad para atender
insuficiente, lo que trasciende en discapacidad y muerte, poten-
TCEGP
cialmente evitables.
A dos años de emitidas las Guı́as-2019 para TCEGP por la 2. Representación de hospitales por tipo de población que
BTF y conforme a reportes latinoamericanos y mundiales que atienden
recomiendan optimizar los cuidados neurocrı́ticos idóneos, en- 3. Representación de hospitales por número de camas
focando a fortalecer y mejorar el pronóstico neurofuncional, 4. Representación de hospitales por traslado del TCEGP
adaptando su disponibilidad local, nuestros resultados, con dis- 5. Representación de hospitales por personal a cargo del
tribución normal de datos y ponderación de la muestra, nos per- traslado TCEGP
miten responder al objetivo planteado, identificando cualitativa- 6. Representación de hospitales por tiempo de traslado de es-
mente a Aguascalientes-México con debilidad sanitaria, siendo cena al arribo hospital
subóptima en su capacidad para atender al TCEGP en apego a 7. Representación de hospitales por aseguramiento respirato-
la recomendación, al carecer de organización sistematizada en rio
su atención. Con su ventaja territorial (0.3% del nacional) y 8. Representación de hospitales por disponibilidad neuro-
pese a sus debilidades encontradas, identificamos potencialidad quirúrgica
de mejora, convirtiendo su debilidad en fortaleza al organizar 9. Representación de hospitales por disponibilidad de tomo-
su sistema de atención al TCEGP, gestionando polı́ticas locales grafı́a
monitoreadas por indicadores de estructura, proceso y resul- 10. Representación de hospitales por disponibilidad de reso-
tado que le permitan eficientar sus recursos y sea derivado el nancia magnética
TCEGP al centro respondedor, permitiendo trascender en mejor
11. Representación de hospitales por perfil competencia
pronóstico neurofuncional de la población pediátrica afectada.
atención en guardia hospitalaria
Como ventajas de este estudio, el haber sido aplicado por
gestores entrenados, 100% de respuestas obtenidas, 0% de ab- 12. Representación de hospitales por personal sanitario con
stención, 80% de las respuestas realizadas por perfil de inten- capacitación neurointensiva
sivistas y pediatras que atienden TCEGP, el ser única, impro- 13. Representación de hospitales por capacitación neurointen-
visada, en su sitio y turno laboral, ser ajenos al estudio, volun- siva en Enfermerı́a
taria, anónima y autoaplicada, de opción múltiple y alternativas 14. Representación de hospitales por tratamiento al TCEGP
variables, sin lı́mite de tiempo y abierto a comentarios. 15. Representación de hospitales por disponibilidad de neu-
Consideramos desventajas del estudio, reconocer sesgo po- romonitoreo de PIC
tencial por tendencia sistemática del encuestado a responder 16. Representación de hospitales por disponibilidad de moni-
en relación al constructo de interés, posibles respuestas aqui- toreo de oxı́geno cerebral
escentes, extremas, intermedias o solamente deseables, incluso 17. Representación de hospitales por disponibilidad de moni-
potencial sesgo negativo. Los autores declaramos sin conflicto toreo del DVNO
de interés. 18. Representación de hospitales por uso de terapia hiperos-
Lista de abreviaturas molar en TCEGP
19. Representación de hospitales por seguimiento neuropsi-
• Ags. – Aguascalientes
cológico pos-hospital
• BTF – Brain Trauma Foundation 20. Representación de hospitales por escala utilizada para
seguimiento al TCEGP
• DVNO – Diámetro de la Vaina del Nervio Óptico
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Gráfica 2: Representación de hospitales en su capacidad para atender TCEGP y el tipo de población que atienden (adultos – pediátricos)
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Gráfica 4: Hospitales en su capacidad de atencion al TCEGP y el uso de sistemas prehospitalarios para traslado de pacientes)
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Gráfica 5: Representación hospitales en su capacidad de atención al TCEGP y el personal pre-hospitalario que realiza el traslado de paciente
Gráfica 6: hospitales en su capacidad para atender TCEGP y el tiempo de traslado desde la escena al arribo hospitalario
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Gráfica 11: Hospitales por su capacidad de atención al TCEGP y perfil de competencia en la atención de la guardia hospitalaria
Gráfica 12: Hospitales por su capacidad de atención al TCEGP y su disponibilidad de personal sanitario con capacitación neurointensiva
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Gráfica 13: Hospitales en su capacidad de atención al TCEGP y su personal de enfermerı́a con orientacion neurointensiva
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Gráfica 15: Hospitales en su capacidad para atender el TCEGP y su disponibilidad de brindar neuromonitoreo avanzado (PIC, PtiO2 y DVNO)
Gráfica 16: Hospitales en su capacidad para atender el TCEGP y su disponibilidad de brindar neuromonitoreo avanzado (PIC, PtiO2 y DVNO)
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Gráfica 17: Hospitales en su capacidad para atender el TCEGP y su disponibilidad de brindar neuromonitoreo avanzado (PIC, PtiO2 y DVNO)
Gráfica 18: Hospitales en su capacidad para atender el TCEGP y el uso de terapia hiperosmolar
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Gráfica 19: Hospitales en su capacidad para atender el TCEGP y disponibilidad para brindar seguimiento neuropsicologico pos-hospitalario
Gráfica 20: Hospitales en su capacidad para atender el TCEGP y disponibilidad para brindar seguimiento neuropsicologico pos-hospitalario
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N.R., Davis-O’Reilly, C., Hart, E.L., Bell, M.J., Bratton, S.L., et al., 2019.
Guidelines for the management of pediatric severe traumatic brain injury:
update of the brain trauma foundation guidelines. Pediatric Critical Care
Medicine 20, S1–S82.
Matas, A., 2018. Diseño del formato de escalas tipo likert: un estado de la
cuestión. Revista electrónica de investigación educativa 20, 38–47.
Secretarı́a de Salud, D.G.d.E., 2022. Boletı́n epidemiológico del sistema
nacional de vigilancia epidemiológica, comunicado de prensa 37, 1–
89. URL: https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/
boletines/2022/dr/dr202107.pdf.
de la Salud, O.P., 2020. Mejorar la vigilancia de la mortalidad por
COVID-19 en américa latina y el caribe mediante la vigilancia
de la mortalidad por todas las causas - documento de orientación,
2020. URL: \url{https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/
10665.2/52309/OPSIMSPHECOVID-19200035_spa.pdf?sequence=
9&isAllowed=y}.
Zaloshnja, E., Miller, T., Langlois, J.A., Selassie, A.W., 2005. Prevalence of
long-term disability from traumatic brain injury in the civilian population of
the united states 23, 394–400.
20 Garcı́a
Latin American Neurointensive Care Journal Pahnke B.
Resumen El SIS es una lesión cerebral traumática deportiva infrecuente y devastadora que ocurre cuando se repite una lesión
cerebral traumática deportiva, aún con sı́ntomas de la previa sin resolver. Reportamos el primer caso de SIS atendido en nuestro
centro, Hospital Municipal de Urgencias, especializado en la ”enfermedad trauma”; el cual contribuye con la existencia del mismo
y proporciona información sobre su fisiopatologı́a subyacente. El gran desafı́o del presente es poder orientar las guı́as clı́nicas del
regreso al entrenamiento para los atletas jóvenes post conmoción cerebral.
Abstract SIS is a rare and devastating sports traumatic brain injury that occurs when a sports traumatic brain injury is repeated, even
with unresolved symptoms of the previous one. We report the first case of SIS treated in our center, Municipal Emergency Hospital,
specialized in ”trauma disease”; which contributes to its existence and provides information about its underlying pathophysiology.
The great challenge of the present is to be able to guide clinical guidelines for the return to training for young post-concussion
athletes.
Resumo SIS é uma lesão cerebral traumática esportiva rara e devastadora que ocorre quando uma lesão cerebral traumática esportiva
é repetida, mesmo com sintomas não resolvidos da anterior. Relatamos o primeiro caso de SIS atendido em nosso centro, Hospital
Municipal de Urgência, especializado em “doença do trauma”; o que contribui para a sua existência e fornece informações sobre a
sua fisiopatologia subjacente. O grande desafio da atualidade é conseguir orientar diretrizes clı́nicas para o retorno aos treinos de
jovens atletas pós-concussão.
Keywords: Traumatic brain injury, head injury, second impact syndrome, neuroworsening, cerebral concussion
21 Pahnke
LANIC Journal (2024), Vol 1, No 1
2. Presentación del caso del lado izquierdo (DVNO ¡6,3 mm e IP ¡1,2). TC control
sc y con contraste (cc), a las 96 hs, donde se objetivó lecho
Paciente masculino de 28 años, boxeador, que durante el quirúrgico de craniectomı́a, HSD residual laminar, ECD, rec-
séptimo asalto de una pelea sufrió un knockout (KO) secundario tificación de lı́nea media, neumoencéfalo y lesiones hipoden-
a un traumatismo encefalocraneano grave (TEC) con scores sas correspondientes a territorios vasculares de la arteria cere-
de gravedad de: AIS (Abreviatted injury scale) 4; ISS (Injury bral anterior bilateral, media y posterior izquierdas; ecografı́a
severity score)16, Test de Antı́geno para SARS-Cov2(-)PCR(-) doppler de vasos del cuello: flujo y calibre conservado, sin ev-
APP. TEC con hematoma subdural (HSD) hemisférico lam- idencia de placas, confirmando esto mediante la realización de
inar izquierdo, con tratamiento médico (2019). Ingesta de angio resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) con T1, T2 y Flair,
Paracetamol 1 gr y Antigripal (paracetamol, D pseudoefed- de cerebro y vasos del cuello, isquemia en sectores distales de
rina, bromhexina, clorfeniramina) previo a la pelea por cefalea la cerebral anterior y posterior del lado izquierdo; sin lesiones
intensa-fatiga y en los entrenamientos, según anamnesis indi- vasculares identificables (trombosis, disección, dilataciones ni
recta. vasoespasmo) Figura C,D,E,F,G y sin respuesta neurológica
Fue atendido en la ciudad del evento, en donde se constató del paciente durante ventanas de sedoanalgesia. Se suspendió
una Escala de coma de Glasgow (SCG) de 5/15, con pupilas la sedación. Se realizó un electroencefalograma, donde se ob-
midriáticas arreactivas, con mala mecánica respiratoria; per- jetivaron ondas lentas y actividad desorganizada.
maneciendo sin aporte de oxı́geno durante un lapso de 10 min-
utos aproximadamente, hasta que se realizó la intubación oro-
traqueal. Posteriormente fue derivado a nuestra institución, in-
gresando, bajo analgosedación, SCG 4/11 (O:1 V:1 M:2) pupi-
las mióticas simétricas, de 2 mm, reflejos fotomotores +, refle-
jos consensuales +, reflejo tusı́geno +, en asistencia respirato-
ria mecánica, con TA 124/72 mmHg, FC 63 lpm, SO2 99%,
Tº 36º. Los estudios de coagulación y el panel de quı́mica
fueron normales. El cribado de toxicologı́a urinaria de anfetam-
inas/metanfetaminas fue de 222,8 ng/ml (Cut-off:100 ng/ml).
Posterior a su estabilización inicial, se realizó una tomografı́a
cerebral (TC) sin contraste (sc) de ingreso la cual evidenció
la presencia de un hematoma subdural agudo (HSDA) fronto-
temporo-parieto-occipital izquierdo, con desviación de lı́nea
media a la derecha de 6 mm, edema cerebral difuso Marshall
III, con un ı́ndice de Zumkeller ¿3 mm Figura A, A’; el cual re-
quirió de la realización de craniectomı́a descompresiva y evac-
uación quirúrgica del HSDA. TC SC control postoperatorio a
las 24 hs. Figura B
22 Pahnke
Latin American Neurointensive Care Journal
23 Pahnke
LANIC Journal (2024), Vol 1, No 1
Referencias
Bollinger, O., 1891. Uber traumatische spat-apoplexie. festschrift. Ein Beitrag
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sideración del trauma como enfermedad y para el reemplazo del
término accidente. Revista Argentina de Terapia Intensiva URL:
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or reality? Neurochirurgie 67, 265–275.
McLendon, L.A., Kralik, S.F., Grayson, P.A., Golomb, M.R., 2016. The con-
troversial second impact syndrome: a review of the literature. Pediatric
neurology 62, 9–17.
Rivara, F.P., Tennyson, R., Mills, B., Browd, S.R., Emery, C.A., Gioia, G.,
Giza, C.C., Herring, S., Janz, K.F., LaBella, C., et al., 2020. Consensus
statement on sports-related concussions in youth sports using a modified
delphi approach. JAMA pediatrics 174, 79–85.
Robba, C., Taccone, F.S., 2019. How i use transcranial doppler. Critical Care
23, 420–420. doi:10.1186/s13054-019-2700-6.
Sacar, B., et al., 2022. Second impact syndrome in adults: a case report and
review of the literature. Neurology 98, 2364.
Saunders, R.L., Harbaugh, R.E., 1984. The second impact in catastrophic
contact-sports head trauma. Jama 252, 538–539.
Sauvigny, T., Göttsche, J., Czorlich, P., Vettorazzi, E., Westphal, M., Regels-
berger, J., 2017. Intracranial pressure in patients undergoing decompressive
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before and after a bout. South African Journal of Sports Medicine 29.
de Souza, M.R., Fagundes, C.F., Solla, D.J.F., da Silva, G.C.L., Barreto, R.B.,
Teixeira, M.J., de Amorim, R.L.O., Kolias, A.G., Godoy, D., Paiva, W.S.,
2021. Mismatch between midline shift and hematoma thickness as a prog-
nostic factor of mortality in patients sustaining acute subdural hematoma.
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Stovitz, S.D., Weseman, J.D., Hooks, M.C., Schmidt, R.J., Koffel, J.B., Patri-
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derstanding of concussion and return to play guidelines. British journal of
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Tator, C., Starkes, J., Dolansky, G., Quet, J., Michaud, J., Vassilyadi, M., 2019.
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Canadian journal of neurological sciences 46, 351–354.
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24 Pahnke
Latin American Neurointensive Care Journal Jardim L.
Leonardo Jardim Vaz de Melloa , Daniel Agustı́n Godoyb , Nathalia Ramos Vieiraa , Larissa Siqueira Camposa , Vinı́cius Jardim
Furtadoa
Corresponding author: Leonardo Jardim Vaz de Mello, Departmento de Neurologia, Universidad Federal de Sao Joao del-Rei, Plaza Frei Orlando 170, Centro
Sao Joao del-Rei, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36307-352, Brazil. Email: rb.ude.jsfu@ollemvjl
a Universidad Federal de Sao Joao del-Rei, São João del Rei, Brazil
b Sanatorio Pasteur, Catamarca, Argentina
Abstract
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT) is an important neurologic emergency among adults, mainly in women. It is associated with
genetic or acquired risk factors, and elevated estrogen exposure stands out. The principal symptom is a headache, characterized
to be intense, progressive, and worsening with the Valsalva maneuver. The diagnosis is mostly based on D-dimer, which has a
high negative predictive value, helping to exclude the hypothesis, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which can confirm the
suspicion by presenting some specific signs such as the dense triangle sign (clot inside the sinus), cord sign (thrombosed cortical or
deep vein), and empty delta sign. The treatment was mostly based on unfractionated heparin (UH), low molecular weight heparin
(LMWH), and Warfarin; however, now direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are assuming an important role in this scenery.
Here we present a brief literature review searched at Pubmed and Embase concerning the best drug method to treat CVT and two
successful cases in young women patients managed with LMWH for a week, followed by a six-month treatment with Rivaroxaban.
Keywords: Cerebral venous thrombosis, stroke, diagnosis, treatment, Low molecular weight heparin, direct-acting oral
anticoagulants.
25 Jardim
LANIC Journal (2024), Vol 1, No 1
0.22/100 to 1.32/100 in worldwide neurological centers. The initial search, we selected articles by title and included those
prevalence of CVT in Latin America is not well established due that involved the clinical management of CVT in adults.
to the lack of robust studies; most of them are only case reports
or series of cases. The specific prevalence of CVT is more com- 3. Similarities and Differences
mon than bacterial meningitis in adults and affects more young
patients. Women are more affected than men [Ferro and Canhão The warfarin is the older and more used anticoagulant in
(2014)]. CVT presents itself in several ways, which makes medical practice. It is a coumaric found in plants (Melilotus of-
quick diagnosis difficult. Fortunately, this is rarely seen as an ficinalis, Fabaceae). After this discovery, many synthetic drugs
ischemic syndrome; when it occurs, the cerebral cortex is much with anticoagulant properties are produced. Warfarin is trans-
more affected than the brain stem. Regarding risk factors for formed in the liver and is eliminated through urine and feces.
CVT, oral contraceptives, pregnancy, puerperium, infections, There are many substances and drugs that interact with war-
and malignant diseases stand out [Ferro et al. (2004)]. How- farin, and the availability depends on many factors that include
ever, any pro-thrombotic state, whether genetic or acquired, can liver and kidney function, gender, weight, age, genetic factors,
cause such pathology. Despite the clinical picture, there is great and adherence to treatment. That is why many physicians and
variability in its presentation, which can be acute, subacute, or patients have difficulty handling this drug.
chronic, although this is much less frequent. In a simplified way, warfarin, a vitamin K antagonist, inter-
Headache is the most frequently observed symptom and is feres with the carboxylation of several factors necessary for the
sometimes the only one. It is usually holocranial, severe, pro- coagulation pathway, making them ineffective (factors II, VII,
gressive, worsening with the Valsalva maneuver, typical of in- IX, X, and protein C and S). It reduces or inhibits the action of
tracranial hypertension [Cumurciuc et al. (2005)]. Transient or vitamin K and decreases the release of coagulation factors.
permanent loss of vision, eye pain, focal deficit with or without On the other side, the new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) or
seizures can occur [Jacobs et al. (1996); Cakmak et al. (2004)]. direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) started to be used in
After the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with medical practice in 2010 with dabigatran, a direct thrombin in-
venography window (MRV), the diagnosis became easier, al- hibitor. Since then, others have appeared, acting as a bound
though the tomography shows very suggestive signs of CVT, and free factor-Xa inhibitor: rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxa-
such as the dense triangle sign (clot inside the sinus), cord sign ban, and betrixaban [Gosselin et al. (2019)]. Initially, they
(thrombosed cortical or deep vein), and empty delta sign [Buo- were approved for secondary prophylaxis in Stroke associated
nanno et al. (1978)]. To help the diagnosis, D-dimer levels with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (FA), the treatment and sec-
can be measured. They are increased in patients with CVT; ondary prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism (VT), and pri-
however, they can show normal values in patients with isolated mary prophylaxis of VT after some surgeries. The DOACs have
headaches [Crassard et al. (2005)]. D-dimer has a high negative some properties that facilitate the handling of the treatment.
predictive value around 97% and a low sensitivity around 85%
[Dentali et al. (2012b)]. 4. The treatment
The management of this condition is usually based on anti-
coagulant agents. In the past years, it was restricted to unfrac- The main objective of the treatment of CVT is to reestablish
tionated heparin (UH), low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), the venous flow of the brain, thus allowing the improvement
and Warfarin; however, now DOACs are assuming an important of symptoms and decreasing the risk of death. Obviously, the
role on the scene. In this study, we intended to make a litera- symptoms resulting from thrombosis must be treated simulta-
ture review of the best way to manage CVT cases, considering neously, as is the case with seizures, infection, and dehydration
the treatment effectiveness and safety, and also report two CVT if it occurs.
cases treated with DOACs with positive outcomes. The first effective treatment for CVT was described in the
late 1930s by Stansfield, a British gynecologist. He described
2. Methodology the use of heparin in a patient with puerperium CVT [Silvis
et al. (2017)].
In the present article, we conducted a review of literature on Since then, heparin has been used as medication in the acute
the standard treatment of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT). phase of the disease. However, some authors opposed its use
To gather the newest information concerning the use of direct- due to the risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) [Cumurciuc
acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) compared to unfraction- et al. (2005); Dentali et al. (2012a)]. Another dilemma is the
ated heparin (UH), low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), use of unfractionated heparin (UH) or low molecular weight
and Warfarin, we performed a search on Pubmed and Embase heparin (LMWH).
using the terms ”Cerebral Venous Thrombosis” AND (”Treat- Unfractionated heparin has been used for a long time, but
ment” OR ”Therapeutics” OR ”Therapy”). The stipulated dates after the appearance of low-weight heparin, it has been used
of publication were articles from 2017 to 2022. We chose these more due to greater convenience, a minor risk of bleeding, and
dates based on the fact that the European Stroke Organization the lack of activated partial thromboplastin time (PTTa) dosage
had already published guidelines for the diagnosis and treat- for correction [Coutinho et al. (2010)]. The advantage of UF
ment of cerebral venous thrombosis, synthesizing information is the fact that the PTTa) normalizes within 1–2 h after dis-
about CVT treatment in a high-quality meta-analysis. After the continuation of the infusion if complications occur or surgical
26 Jardim
Latin American Neurointensive Care Journal
intervention is necessary. The study conducted by Ferro (2019) “Safety and Efficacy
The EFSN guideline recommends the use of UH or LMWH of Dabigatran Etexilate vs Dose-Adjusted Warfarin in Patients
in CVT cases even with uncomplicated intracerebral bleeding With Cerebral Venous Thrombosis, A Randomized Clinical
(level B recommendation, according to the Guidance for the Trial,” was published in 2019. 120 patients with CVT were ran-
preparation of neurological management guidelines by EFNS domized, and 60 were treated with dabigatran, and 60 with war-
scientific task forces – revised recommendations 2004, consid- farin. Although only 109 patients completed the treatment (53
ered as probably effective, ineffective, or harmful). dabigatran and 56 warfarin), in both groups, no major bleed-
ing events happened, there was only one episode of genitouri-
nary bleeding in a patient of the Dabigatran group. The study
5. Oral anticoagulation concluded that the risk of recurrent bleeding in patients with
CVT who received dabigatran or warfarin was low. A sim-
Along with heparin, the anticoagulants are first-choice med-
ilar study was conducted by Pan (2021) “Efficacy and safety
ications for the treatment of CVT and should be continued af-
of rivaroxaban in cerebral venous thrombosis: insights from a
ter the acute phase of the disease. After anticoagulation in the
prospective cohort study.” It evaluated patients with CVT, 33
acute phase, oral anticoagulation should be maintained. Vita-
were treated with Rivaroxaban, and 49 with warfarin. There
min K antagonists are the most commonly used today, as long
were no bleeding events in both groups, and during a 6-month
as there is no patient contraindication. Warfarin is the oldest
follow-up, 87.9% of the rivaroxaban group and 77.6% of the
drug used for this purpose. In the same context of anticoag-
warfarin group obtained recanalization.
ulation, DOACs are successful in treating patients with atrial
A Single-Center Retrospective Evaluation of the Use of Oral
fibrillation, later in deep venous thrombosis, and pulmonary
Factor Xa Inhibitors in Patients With Cerebral Venous Throm-
thromboembolism. DOACs, compared to warfarin, have sim-
bosis was published by Powell (2021), studied 271 patients, 89
ilar efficacy and less risk of bleeding [Hankey et al. (2014); van
were treated with warfarin, 11 with enoxaparin, 7 with apix-
Es et al. (2014)].
aban, and 12 with rivaroxaban. It was concluded that there
In view of this scenario, the use of rivaroxaban and dabiga-
were no significant differences observed in secondary terms
tram had been tried to treat cerebral venous thrombosis. In the
outcomes. Adds to the evidence that apixaban or rivaroxaban
first, there was no major bleeding or recurrent cerebral throm-
may be an alternative to warfarin or enoxaparin in long-term
botic phenomena, and in the second, there were good results
treatment of CVT. However, It’s important to consider that the
in 87% of treated patients and the presence of recanalization in
group treated with DOACs was significantly smaller than the
80% of them [Geisbüsch et al. (2014); Mendonça et al. (2015)].
one treated with Warfarin.
Anticoagulation should be performed for 3 to 6 months if the
Another interesting study “New oral anticoagulants versus
cause is reversible, as in pregnancy, puerperium, and infection,
warfarin for cerebral venous thrombosis: a multi-center, obser-
and 6 to 12 months in the case of idiopathic CVT. In patients
vational study” made by Wasay (2019) analyzed 66 patients on
with mild thrombophilia, that is, isolated thrombophilia, treat-
warfarin, 35 on rivaroxaban, and 9 on dabigatran. There were
ment should be 6 to 12 months, while in patients with com-
only 6 bleeding patients, 2 from DOAC group and 4 from the
bined thrombophilia or recurrent intra- or extra-cranial throm-
Warfarin group, also there were no recurrence of thrombosis.
bosis, treatment should be continued for life [Ferro and Canhão
In conclusion, both medications were considered safe and ef-
(2014)].
fective, although it wasn’t a randomized study, and the radio-
logical follow-up was not performed with most patients.
6. Clinical Evidence Dong et al (2021) published a study with 62 patients treated
with apixaban and 95 treated with warfarin. Interestingly, the
Considering the small prevalence of Cerebral Venous Throm- patients had better therapeutic effects using apixaban, that is a
bosis and the relatively short time of DOACs in the market, cure rate of 41.9% and a significantly improved in 35.48% com-
there is little significant scientific evidence about their applica- pared to the group using warfarin (9.47% cured and 23.16% had
tion in this context. significantly improved, (p = 0.02).
The European Stroke Organization guideline for the diagno- Nepal et al (2022) published a meta-analysis evaluating the
sis and treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis was published safety and efficacy of the use of DOACs in the follow-up treat-
in 2017, and through a systematic review, treatment recommen- ment of CVT. It was selected not only studies in which there
dations for CVD were gathered. As a result, they do not recom- were a control group comparing DOACs efficacy with warfarin
mend using DOACs for the treatment of CVT, especially in the but also observational studies with no control group, only the
acute phase. Although the quality of evidence is very low, and one in use of DOACs. The population of the studies had dif-
the strength of recommendation is weak, considering that all ferent age ranges, including one article with a pediatric group.
studies were observational with a high risk of Bias. In the analysis of the comparative studies, the DOACs and the
Twelve articles were selected and analyzed, published af- warfarin group had a similar positive outcome. In the studies
ter the European Stroke Organization, and it was observed that with no comparative group, the recanalization rates were also
there were no major differences between DOACs and warfarin promising.
regarding efficacy and risks of complications. Here we describe Yagui et al (2022) performed a multicenter retrospective
a brief resume of the articles with a larger number of patients. study with patients with CVT. The participants were divided
27 Jardim
LANIC Journal (2024), Vol 1, No 1
into three different groups, one treated only with DOAC (33%),
another treated with warfarin (51.8%), and the last one with
both drugs at different times. 845 patients were included, and
the conclusion was that all groups had close outcomes, but the
DOAC group had a lower risk of hemorrhage (p=0.02).
7. Opinion
8. Case reports
28 Jardim
Latin American Neurointensive Care Journal
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30 Jardim
Latin American Neurointensive Care Journal Merenciano A.
Thoracic spine fracture secondary to anterior mediastinal yolk sac germ cell tumor: A case
report and a brief review
Fractura de columna torácica secundaria a tumor de células germinativas del saco vitelino
del mediastino anterior: reporte de un caso y breve revisión
Fratura de coluna torácica secundária a tumor de células germinativas do saco vitelino do
mediastino anterior: relato de caso e breve revisão
Ana Carolina Merenciano Sundfeld Pereiraa , Carolina Mulet Reitorb , José Victor Ribeiro Silva Gomesa , Letı́cia Pinto
Andrighetob , Leonardo Jardim Vaz de Melloc , Ludmila Leite Sant‘Anna Vaz de Mellod
Corresponding author: Leonardo Jardim Vaz de Mello, Departmento de Neurologia, Universidad Federal de Sao Joao del-Rei, Plaza Frei Orlando 170, Centro
Sao Joao del-Rei, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36307-352, Brazil. Email: rb.ude.jsfu@ollemvjl
a Universidade Federal de São João DelRei (UFSJ) Campus Dom Bosco, , São João del-Rei, , , Brazil
b Centro Universitário de Valença (UNIFAA), Valença, Brazil
c profesor of Universidade Federal de Sao Joao Del Rei(UFSJ), Sao Joao del Rei, Brazil
d Plastic Surgeon of Santa Casa da Misericordia, Sao Joao del Rei, Brazil
Abstract
Yolk Sac Germ Cell Tumors (GCT) are rare nonseminomatous tumors. When yolk sac tumors (YST) are primarily from the
anterior mediastinum, they may be asymptomatic for an extended period with a bad prognosis. Some tumor markers, such as
cytokeratins, OCT 3/4, SALL-4, and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), are essential for diagnoses. Diagnosis is based on imaging, immuno-
histochemistry, and the presence of tumor markers. In YST, beta-human chorionic gonadotropin hormone is negative. Treatment is
adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy and surgery.
The critical point of this article is to demonstrate how the evolution of a mediastinal tumor can cause an acute neurological
condition, in this case, transversal myelitis, which sometimes requires support in the intensive care unit.
We described a rare clinical case of primary YST of the anterior mediastinum clinically presented as pneumonia followed by the
completed medullary syndrome. We included a complete review of this tumor and discussed the medullary compromise to increase
the medical knowledge and suspicion of lectors. Prompt treatment of medullary syndrome and tumor characterization is critical to
definitive treatment and prognosis estimation.
Keywords: Nonseminomatous, germ cell tumors, mediastinal tumor, yolk sac tumor, vertebral fracture
31 Merenciano
LANIC Journal (2024), Vol 1, No 1
quimioterapia e cirurgia adjuvantes à base de cisplatina. from compartment syndrome culminating in spinal compres-
O ponto crı́tico deste artigo é demonstrar como a evolução sion fracture lead to a drastic loss of quality of life for the pa-
de um tumor mediastinal pode causar um quadro neurológico tient due to the loss of independence and autonomy.
agudo, neste caso, a mielite transversal, que por vezes necessita Furthermore, mediastinal germ cell tumors can be confused
de suporte em unidade de terapia intensiva. with other differential diagnoses with symptoms common to
Descrevemos um caso clı́nico raro de YST primário do me- lung diseases - fever, chest pain, dyspnea - such as pneumo-
diastino anterior, apresentado clinicamente como pneumonia nia, pleural effusion, and atelectasis. Symptoms of paresthe-
seguida de sı́ndrome medular completa. Incluı́mos uma re- sia and paralysis can also be confused with differential neuro-
visão completa deste tumor e discutimos o comprometimento logical diagnoses such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, toxic neu-
medular para aumentar o conhecimento médico e a suspeita ropathy, epidural abscess, transverse myelitis, spondylosis, and
dos leitores. O tratamento imediato da sı́ndrome medular e a spondylodiscitis. Therefore, it is crucial both intensive and non-
caracterização do tumor são fundamentais para o tratamento intensive physicians know better about the possible complica-
definitivo e a estimativa do prognóstico. tions of mediastinal germ cell tumors for a better approach and
treatment.
1. Introduction
2. Case report
Mediastinal tumors are usually asymptomatic and are often
A 25-year-old male arrived in the emergency room with dys-
accidentally detected on a chest X-ray. In symptomatic patients,
pnea, fever, and chest pain. A chest X-ray showed a pneu-
clinical manifestations are secondary to compression of nearby
monic process and a large mass in the mediastinal region Fig-
structures resulting from tumor invasion. The main signs and
ure 1. The patient was admitted and started administration
symptoms are respiratory, such as coughing, dyspnea, hemop-
of Ceftriaxone and Azithromycin. During hospitalization, the
tysis, and shortness of breath. Fever and weight loss can also
patient develops compartment syndrome with pedicle fracture
occur[Wright et al. (1990)].
and spinal cord compression at the T7 level Figure 2, lead-
In most cases, the location and etiology of the tumor are re-
ing to paraplegia and paresthesia. It was necessary to perform
lated to the patient’s age. Thymic neoplasms, germ cell tumors,
some chest drainage procedures to alleviate the compartment
lymphomas, and neurological tumors are the primary mediasti-
syndrome partially. The complication of the disease by spinal
nal neoplasms. Germ cell tumors are neoplasms that most of-
cord compression is difficult to diagnose early since most bone
ten affect the gonads but may primarily affect other body re-
metastases are accidental imaging findings (58%). In this case,
gions[Macchiarini and Ostertag (2004)].
it was only diagnosed due to the large extension of the tumor
Germ cell tumors (GCT) can be classified by location: go-
mass.
nadal or extragonadal or by type: seminomatous or nonsemi-
Vertebral fixation was performed by arthrodesis surgery from
nomatous. YST, also called endodermal sinus tumor, is a non-
T5 to T9. Tomographic studies identified a large mass in the
seminomatous germ cell tumor mainly affecting young adults
anterior mediastinum, measuring 20.0 x 11.0 cm, posteriorly
(15 to 35 years) [Globocan (2004)].
displacing the structures and extending to both hemithoraces
GCTs have a poorly known etiology. Current hypotheses
Figure 3. Chemotherapy was scheduled as soon as the patient
include increased expression of the GATA-4 protein[Siltanen
stabilized, and an immunohistochemical was requested. The
et al. (1999)] and, especially, the presence of the i12p isochro-
biopsy result showed positive parameters for 40, 48, 50, and
mosome[Chaganti and Houldsworth (2000)].
50.6 kDa cytokeratins, alpha-fetoprotein, germ cell transcrip-
Tumor markers and hormones are measurable and are valu-
tion factor (OCT-3/4), SALL4 (zinc finger TC, Drosophila spalt
able tools to indicate the presence of neoplasms. Markers such
(salt) gene), negative for CD30 – Ki-1 antigen, inconclusive
as beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β- HCG) and alpha-
for beta-HCG and focally positive for glypican. These findings
fetoprotein (AFP) are essential in the diagnosis of germ cell
made it possible to confirm the diagnosis of an endodermal si-
neoplasms[Globocan (2004)]. Among all YST patients, pure
nus tumor with stage IIIB and metastases to bones and lungs.
or mixed, high alpha-fetoprotein levels are found in blood and
After stabilization, dexamethasone, etoposide, cisplatin, and
tissue. Glypican3, cytokeratin, SALL4, and OCT3-4 are im-
bleomycin were treated. There was a significant reduction in
munohistochemistry markers that may be important for YST
pain but little change in dyspnea. The patient responded poorly
diagnosis[Liu et al. (2010); Almeida Júnior (2004)].
to the chemotherapy and had a new respiratory infection, evolv-
These tumors are highly aggressive, and the prognosis seems
ing into sepsis and septic shock. After a year of treatment, the
related to the clinical stage and AFP levels[Globocan (2004);
patient died.
Silva et al. (2017)] In the present article, we report a rare, highly
malignant case of the YST type with extramediastinal clini-
cal manifestations, culminating in a thoracic vertebra fracture 3. Discussion
requiring rapid surgical intervention. Because it is a neuro-
critical patient with difficulty maintaining adequate breathing Germ cell tumors (GCT) are rare neoplasms that most fre-
and ventilation and who needs strict monitoring, neurointen- quently attack the gonads, but they can also affect other sites,
sive care may be necessary. Paralysis and paresthesia resulting such as the mediastinum, pineal gland, retroperitoneum, and
32 Merenciano
Latin American Neurointensive Care Journal
sacral area. YST is a highly malignant subtype of GCT [Pa- type. Therefore, besides being a possible element in the eti-
paioannou et al. (2013)], considered non-seminomatous. It is ology of GCTs, this protein is a marker of malignancy in this
more frequent in young adults aged between 15 to 35 years old tumor. However, other tumors with endodermal aspects may
[Macchiarini and Ostertag (2004)]. also express this marker, so joint analysis of other markers and
Mediastinal GCTs (GCTM) can also be classified according histological aspects is necessary for better differentiation and
to their stage of development. Well-delineated tumors without diagnosis [Siltanen et al. (1999)].
microscopic evidence of invasion into neighboring structures,
with or without focal invasion of the pleura or pericardium, are 3.1. Diagnosis
considered stage I. In stage II, the tumor has evidence of macro-
scopic and microscopic infiltration in nearby structures, despite Tumor markers are an essential tool for diagnosis and prog-
being restricted to the mediastinum. In stage III, the tumor has nosis [Globocan (2004)].
metastasized and is subdivided into A (for intrathoracic organs)
and B (for extrathoracic organs) [Moran and Suster (1997)]. 3.1.1. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and Beta-human chorionic
Regarding the epidemiology and clinical presentation, malig- gonadotropin (beta-HCG)
nant GCT in the mediastinum account for 1% to 6% of all me-
diastinal tumors [Dulmet et al. (1993)] and, within this group, The elevation of AFP and beta-HCG correlates with the type
non-seminomatous mediastinal GCT represents 1.0% to 3.5% of GCT the patient has. The first is seen only in patients with
of all anterior mediastinal tumors and have an incidence of 1% teratomas or YST, while the second can be seen in any pa-
to 2% in male patients [Collins (1964)]. GCM can grow slowly tient with a tumor involving syncytiotrophoblast cells [Globo-
and have few symptoms, so many of these tumors are diag- can (2004)]. Therefore, the increase in AFP indicates a non-
nosed at an advanced stage. In a case series of 341 patients seminomatous element of the tumor [Couto et al. (2006)]. The
with mediastinal GCT published by Bokemeyer et al., the most diagnosis of YST is based on high levels of AFP and charac-
common symptoms were: dyspnea (25%), chest pain (23%), teristic histopathological findings [Nakhla et al. (2016)], with
cough (17%), fever (13%), weight loss (11%), superior vena AFP being essential for diagnosis and monitoring response
cava syndrome (6%), fatigue (6%) and pain in sites other than to treatment [Couto et al. (2006)]. On the other hand, beta-
the chest (5%). Less frequent symptoms and signs were: mass HCG is a glycoprotein that plays a vital role in developing
in the chest or neck wall (2%), hemoptysis, hoarseness, nausea, non-gestational neoplasms as a promoter of malignant transfor-
or dysphagia (1% each) [Bokemeyer et al. (2002)]. mation and a sign of poor prognosis [Sisinni and Landriscina
In addition, some clinical conditions are associated with (2015)]. Endodermal sinus tumors rarely produce beta-HCG
YST, according to the literature, such as Klinefelter’s syndrome [Murray et al. (2016); Stenman and Alfthan (2002); Bosl and
(about 20% of cases) [Nichols et al. (1987)], early sexual devel- Motzer (1997)]. This type of tumor is not formed by tro-
opment [Floret et al. (1979)], hematologic neoplasms, such as phoblasts, cells that produce beta-HCG [Globocan (2004)].
leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome [Nakhla et al. (2016);
Hartmann et al. (2000); Orazi et al. (1993)]. 3.1.2. Other important bookmarks
In the present case, in addition to dyspnea and chest pain, the
patient had a fracture of the thoracic vertebra with medullary Cytokeratins (CQ) are components of the cytoskeleton of ep-
structures. This syndrome causes symptoms of complete spinal ithelial cells and have a specific pattern for each type of epithe-
cord injury with paraplegia, loss of sensation at the pain level lium and appendages. Therefore, they can be good markers of
(T7), and retention of feces and urine. Thus, in this specific epithelial differentiation. Hyperproliferative CQ (6, 16, and 17)
case, the fracture has a multifactorial consequence, secondary can be found in pathological conditions such as psoriasis and
to the size of the neoplasm, increased intrathoracic pressure as- tumors. Low specificity antibodies, markers of several CQ, can
sociated with force overload on the thoracic spine, and the clin- be used to diagnose undifferentiated neoplasms such as germ
ical conditions of a patient with malignant neoplasm. cell tumors [Almeida Júnior (2004)].
GCTs have little known etiology. The most accepted hypoth- We can also mention Glypicans (GPCs). These extracellu-
esis for the genetic origin of tumors is related to the increased lar proteins belong to the heparin sulfate proteoglycan family
expression of genes located on the short arm of chromosome [Zynger et al. (2006); Guo et al. (2020)]. It is speculated that
12. The only chromosomal structural aberration consistent in they regulate growth factors. [Guo et al. (2020)] Tumors ex-
GCT is the gain of 12p sequences, either in the form of isochro- press GPC3 with a certain level of fetal differentiation. Still, it
mosome or tandem duplications, which are present in 80% to is absent in neoplasms of poorly or highly differentiated tissues,
100% of GCTs in adults [Sandberg et al. (1996); van Echten revealing a clear relationship between the developmental stage
et al. (1995); Chaganti and Houldsworth (2000)]. of the germ cell that constitutes the tumor and the expression of
In addition to the hypotheses above, overexpression of the the protein [Zynger et al. (2006); Esheba et al. (2008)].
GATA-4 protein also appears as a possible etiological factor. Furthermore, some markers such as SALL4 and OCT4 have
The GATA-4 protein belongs to a superfamily capable of reg- diagnostic utility, with high specificity, as sometimes GCT
ulating gene expression, thus being a transcription factor. In of the primary mediastinum presents diagnostic difficulties.
this sense, the GATA-4 protein controls the function and differ- SALL4 is a sensitive marker for primary mediastinal YSTs,
entiation of the yolk sac endoderm, specifically for this tissue even more so than AFP and glypican 3 [Liu et al. (2010)].
33 Merenciano
LANIC Journal (2024), Vol 1, No 1
3.2. Treatment
Among germ cell tumors (GCTs), primary non-
seminomatous tumors in the mediastinum represent the
worst prognosis [Albany and Einhorn (2013)]. The treatment
strategy for primary mediastinal yolk sac tumors (YST)
consists of adjuvant chemotherapy and surgical resection of
the residual tumor. Such an approach may promote long-term
survival [Albany and Einhorn (2013); Ma et al. (2019)]. In
this context, cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens have
significantly improved the outcome of patients with non-
seminomatous tumors, being the preferred choice [Takeda et al.
(2003); Albany and Einhorn (2013)].
There are two main chemotherapy regimens: bleomycin,
cisplatin, and etoposide (BEP) or etoposide, ifosfamide, and
cisplatin (VIP), administered for at least four cycles. The
ifosfamide regimen is more recommended than bleomycin,
especially for patients undergoing extensive chest surgery after
chemotherapy, as it helps prevent pulmonary complications
[Nakhla et al. (2016); Albany and Einhorn (2013); Kesler et al.
(2008)]. In the presented case, the BEP regimen was used
due to challenges in accessing ifosfamide, according to the
Figure 2: Nuclear magnetic resonance exam, showing compression of the ver- Brazilian Public Health System (SUS).
tebral bodies, especially at T7 level, leading to spinal cord compression (arrow- Surgery is recommended even if tumor markers remain
head). elevated, as salvage chemotherapy regimens are lacking, and
34 Merenciano
Latin American Neurointensive Care Journal
35 Merenciano
LANIC Journal (2024), Vol 1, No 1
Nichols, C.R., Heerema, N., Palmer, C., Loehrer Sr, P., Williams, S., Einhorn,
L., 1987. Klinefelter’s syndrome associated with mediastinal germ cell neo-
plasms. Journal of Clinical Oncology 5, 1290–1294.
Orazi, A., Neiman, R.S., Ulbright, T.M., Heerema, N.A., John, K., Nichols,
C.R., 1993. Hematopoietic precursor cells within the yolk sac tumor com-
ponent are the source of secondary hematopoietic malignancies in patients
with mediastinal germ cell tumors. Cancer 71, 3873–3881.
Papaioannou, A., Porpodis, K., Spyratos, D., Zarogoulidis, K., 2013. Yolk sac
tumor in the anterior mediastinum. Pneumon 26, 361–365.
Sandberg, A.A., Meloni, A.M., Suijkerbuijk, R.F., 1996. Reviews of chromo-
some studies in urological tumors. iii. cytogenetics and genes in testicular
tumors. The Journal of urology 155, 1531–1556.
Siltanen, S., Anttonen, M., Heikkilä, P., Narita, N., Laitinen, M., Ritvos, O.,
Wilson, D.B., Heikinheimo, M., 1999. Transcription factor gata-4 is ex-
pressed in pediatric yolk sac tumors. The American journal of pathology
155, 1823–1829.
Silva, L.L.C.d., Vergilio, F.S., Yamaguti, D.C.C., Cruz, I.A.N.d., Queen,
J.A.G., 2017. Yolk sac primary tumor of mediastino: a rare case in a young
adult. Einstein (Sao Paulo) 15, 496–499.
Sisinni, L., Landriscina, M., 2015. The role of human chorionic gonadotropin
as tumor marker: biochemical and clinical aspects. Advances in Cancer
Biomarkers: From biochemistry to clinic for a critical revision , 159–176.
Stenman, U.H., Alfthan, H., 2002. Tumor markers: Physiology, pathobiology,
technology, and clinical applications , 351–359.
Takeda, S.i., Miyoshi, S., Ohta, M., Minami, M., Masaoka, A., Matsuda, H.,
2003. Primary germ cell tumors in the mediastinum: A 50-year experience
at a single japanese institution. Cancer 97, 367–376.
Telera, S., Raus, L., Pipola, V., De Iure, F., Gasbarrini, A., 2021. Vertebral Body
Augmentation, Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty in Spine Surgery. Springer.
Wright, C.D., Kesler, K.A., Nichols, C.R., Mahomed, Y., Einhorn, L.H., Miller,
M.E., Brown, J.W., 1990. Primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell
tumors: results of a multimodality approach. The Journal of Thoracic and
Cardiovascular Surgery 99, 210–217.
Zynger, D.L., Dimov, N.D., Luan, C., Teh, B.T., Yang, X.J., 2006. Glypican
3: a novel marker in testicular germ cell tumors. The American journal of
surgical pathology 30, 1570–1575.
36 Merenciano
Latin American Neurointensive Care Journal Limache N.
Predictors of Shaken Baby Syndrome and its Neurological Impact: Case Report
Predictores de Sı́ndrome Bebe sacudido y su repercusión neurológica: Reporte de Caso
Preditores da Sı́ndrome do Bebê Sacudido e suas repercussões neurológicas: Relato de
Caso
Nadia Luz Limache Juáreza,b , Daisy Guerrero Padillaa,b , Jesús Ángel Domı́nguez Rojasa,b,c,d,e
Corresponding author: Jesus Angel Dominguez Rojas, Fray Angelico 238 Dpto 103, San Borja, Peru, postal code +25, phone +51953907559,
jesusdominguez24@gmail.com
a InstitutoNacional de Salud del Niño, servicio de Cuidados Intensivos pediátricos,, , , , , Médico pediatra intensivista
b Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, , Postgrado en medicina intensiva pediátrica
c Departamento de Emergencias y Áreas Crı́ticas, , Jefe de la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos
d Red colaborativa pediátrica de latinoamérica, LARed Network, , Brazil
e Miembro asociado a LABIC
Abstract Shaken baby syndrome (SBS) is a serious and prevalent condition that has a profound impact on infants. Despite ongoing
debates regarding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this syndrome, this article presents a clinical case involving
a 7-month-old infant exhibiting clinical symptoms and imaging findings consistent with shaken baby syndrome. The report en-
compasses the severe consequences and predisposing factors associated with the condition. The objective is to contribute to the
enhancement of early intervention strategies and public health initiatives for the well-being of children affected by shaken baby
syndrome.
Resumen El sı́ndrome del bebé sacudido (SIC) es una afección grave y prevalente que tiene un profundo impacto en los bebés. A
pesar de los debates en curso sobre la fisiopatologı́a, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de este sı́ndrome, este artı́culo presenta un caso
clı́nico que involucra a un bebé de 7 meses que presenta sı́ntomas clı́nicos y hallazgos de imagen compatibles con el sı́ndrome del
bebé sacudido. El informe abarca las graves consecuencias y los factores predisponentes asociados con la afección. El objetivo es
contribuir a la mejora de las estrategias de intervención temprana y las iniciativas de salud pública para el bienestar de los niños
afectados por el sı́ndrome del bebé sacudido.
Resumo A sı́ndrome do bebê sacudido (SBS) é uma condição grave e prevalente que tem um impacto profundo nos bebês. Apesar
dos debates contı́nuos sobre a fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento desta sı́ndrome, este artigo apresenta um caso clı́nico envol-
vendo uma criança de 7 meses de idade apresentando sintomas clı́nicos e achados de imagem consistentes com a sı́ndrome do bebê
sacudido. O relatório abrange as consequências graves e os fatores predisponentes associados à doença. O objetivo é contribuir
para o aprimoramento de estratégias de intervenção precoce e iniciativas de saúde pública para o bem-estar das crianças afetadas
pela sı́ndrome do bebê sacudido.
Keywords: Shaken baby syndrome, PICU, retinal hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage, non-accidental
trauma, pediatrics.
37 Limache
LANIC Journal (2024), Vol 1, No 1
2. Case report
38 Limache
Latin American Neurointensive Care Journal
3. Discussion
In the case of our pediatric patient, despite the fact that her
parents did not manifest physical abuse, shaken baby syndrome
(SBS) can be observed by the presence of subdural hematoma,
subarachnoid and diffuse cerebral edema, retinal hemorrhages,
and, in general, the absence of other physical signs of traumatic
injury. Moreover, this infant’s age was within the range prior to
his first year of life, most often between three and eight months
of age.
Fundus imaging showed evidence of retinal hemorrhages
that are especially characteristic of SBS caused by repetitive
acceleration-deceleration injuries with or without blunt impact
to the head (Christian et al., 2009) [Thau et al. (2021)], which
could have been caused in our pediatric patient. There is a great
deal of information on cases of child abuse, despite which early
detection of clinicopathological features and self-imaging in
children is not possible, in order to avoid later neurological dis-
abilities. In two recent systematic reviews, including more than
30 clinical studies and thousands of children, the strong associ-
ation of severe retinal hemorrhage with child abuse trauma was
confirmed [Maguire et al. (2009)]. When the number of reti-
nal hemorrhages is numerous, multilayered, bilateral, and ex-
tending to the ora serrata, they are very specific for child abuse
trauma [Forbes et al. (2010)].
Figure 3: RE: Optic nerve with depressed edges, hemorrhage in the posterior It should be mentioned that in the initial imaging of our pa-
pole. Retinal paleness 2+. tient, CT revealed Subdural Hemorrhage, which is the most
common neuroradiological finding in CSH, and sometimes it is
bilateral or multiple [6 (2014)]. According to a more complete
systematic review of 21 previous studies, the neuroradiological
features that distinguish child abuse trauma from other TBI are
multiple subdural hemorrhages in convexity, interhemispheric
hemorrhages, subdural hemorrhages in the posterior fossa, hy-
poxic ischemic injury (HII), and cerebral edema [Kemp et al.
(2011)], which coincide with the evolution of our patient’s
evolving images.
The presence of a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is present
in almost all fatal cases of child abuse trauma, but the overall
incidence is the same in both AHT and non-AHT. Retrospective
studies demonstrate that SAH is associated with a worse over-
all prognosis and worse outcome, with higher mortality, longer
hospital stay, higher rates of infection, and more days on me-
chanical ventilation [Hochstadter et al. (2014)].
The prognosis of patients with abusive head injury correlates
with the extent of injury identified on CT scan. It is important to
recognize that the long-term symptoms that are going to present
are blindness, attention deficit, developmental delays, intellec-
tual deficits, sensory deficits, hearing impairment, motor dys-
function, growth retardation, feeding difficulties, seizures, be-
havioral, and educational difficulties that are disabilities that
impact the quality of life of our pediatric patients.
Figure 4: LE: optic nerve with defined edges, extensive hemorrhages in the
posterior pole with involvement of the macula.
39 Limache
LANIC Journal (2024), Vol 1, No 1
4. Conclusion
References
, 2014. Caso me: Distinguir un traumatismo craneal accidental de uno infligido
en la autopsia. Pediatr Radiol 44, S632–S640.
Blumenthal, I., 2002. Shaken baby syndrome. Postgraduate medical journal
78, 732–735.
Forbes, B.J., Rubin, S.E., Margolin, E., Levin, A.V., 2010. Evaluation and
management of retinal hemorrhages in infants with and without abusive head
trauma. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and
Strabismus 14, 267–273.
Hochstadter, E., Stewart, T.C., Alharfi, I.M., Ranger, A., Fraser, D.D., 2014.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage prevalence and its association with short-term
outcome in pediatric severe traumatic brain injury. Neurocritical care 21,
505–513.
Kemp, A.M., Jaspan, T., Griffiths, J., Stoodley, N., Mann, M.K., Tempest, V.,
Maguire, S.A., 2011. Neuroimaging: what neuroradiological features distin-
guish abusive from non-abusive head trauma? a systematic review. Archives
of disease in childhood 96, 1103–1112.
Maguire, S., Pickerd, N., Farewell, D., Mann, M., Tempest, V., Kemp, A.M.,
2009. Which clinical features distinguish inflicted from non-inflicted brain
injury? a systematic review. Archives of disease in childhood 94, 860–867.
of Pediatrics, A.A., et al., 2001. Shaken baby syndrome: rotational cranial
injuries-technical report. Pediatrics 108, 206–206.
Thau, A., Saffren, B., Zakrzewski, H., Anderst, J.D., Carpenter, S.L., Levin,
A., 2021. Retinal hemorrhage and bleeding disorders in children: A review.
Child abuse & neglect 112, 104901.
40 Limache
Latin American Neurointensive Care Journal Roosemberg F.
Fernando Roosemberga , Edison Martı́nezb , Carlos Garcı́ac , Miguel Chung Sangc , Aquiles Bowend , Oswaldo Bolañosd
Autor para correspondencia: Fernando José Roosemberg Ordoñez, Instituto Oncológico Nacional, Av. Pedro Menéndez Gilbert, junto a la Cdla, Dr Juan Tanca
Marengo, Guayaquil – Ecuador 090505, Email: fernando roosemberg1@hotmail.com , Teléfono: +593 99 256 5208
Resumen Dentro de las complicaciones neuroquirúrgicas de los pacientes sometidos a craneotomı́a, el neumoencéfalo a tensión
se presenta con poca frecuencia y depende de diversos factores, planteando un desafı́o para la neuromonitorización, el diagnóstico
y el tratamiento. El retraso en el diagnóstico puede provocar resultados desfavorables para el paciente. Este artı́culo realiza una
revisión de la literatura actual sobre esta patologı́a en un paciente de cirugı́a neurooncológica, con el objetivo de facilitar la toma
de decisiones informadas con una adecuada orientación diagnóstica.
Abstract Within the neurosurgical complications of patients undergoing craniotomy, tension pneumocephalus presents infrequently
and depends on various factors, posing a challenge to neuromonitoring, diagnosis, and treatment. Delay in diagnosis can lead to
unfavorable outcomes for the patient. This article conducts a review of the current literature on this pathology in a neuro-oncological
surgery patient, aiming to facilitate informed decision-making with appropriate diagnostic guidance.
Resumo Dentro das complicações neurocirúrgicas de pacientes submetidos à craniotomia, o pneumoencéfalo hipertensivo
apresenta-se com pouca frequência e depende de vários fatores, representando um desafio para o neuromonitoramento, diagnóstico
e tratamento. O atraso no diagnóstico pode levar a resultados desfavoráveis para o paciente. Este artigo realiza uma revisão da
literatura atual sobre esta patologia num paciente de cirurgia neuro-oncológica, com o objetivo de facilitar a tomada de decisão
informada com orientação diagnóstica adequada.
Keywords: Hypertensive pneumoencephalus, tension pneumoencephalus craniectomy, neurosurgery complication, intracraneal
hypertension, Brain tumor
41 Roosemberg
LANIC Journal (2024), Vol 1, No 1
42 Roosemberg
Latin American Neurointensive Care Journal
Congénitas
Defectos de la base de cráneo
Alteraciones de la membrana timpánica
Infecciosa
Otitis y sinusitis crónica
Infección intracraneal por microorganismos generadores de
gas
Tumorales
Osteomas, adenoma epidermoide, o hipofisarios que
erosionan la bóveda, la base de cráneo o estructuras
neumatizadas.
Iatrogénicas
Postquirúrgicas: craneotomı́a, evacuación de hematomas
Figura 4: TAC de cerebro simple: control postquirurgico. Evacuación de neu- subdurales crónicos a través de agujeros de trépano, cirugı́a
moencéfalo a tensión con trepano más colocación de drenaje, evidenciandose
resolución de alrededor del 50% del neumoencéfalo inicial. hipofisiaria, cirugı́a ORL (senos paranasales y oı́do medio),
colocación de sistema de derivación de lı́quido
cefalorraquı́deo.
Procedimientos: punción lumbar, anestesia espinal,
ventriculostomı́a, uso de óxido nitroso con dura abierta.
Espontaneo
Viaje aéreo
Rinorraquia
Barotrauma
Técnica quirurgica
3. Discussion Retracción excesiva de masa encefálica
Drenaje rápido de lı́quido cefalorraquı́deo
Falta de instilación de soluciones durante el cirre de la
duramadre
Falta de uso de cera de hueso para cerrar agujeros de
trepano en el caso de uso de microelectrodos
Consideraciones anestésicas
Posicionamiento del paciente: más frecuente en aquellos
pacientes donde el nivel de la cabeza esta sobre el del
corazón
Hiperventilación
Uso de óxido nitroso, manitol o diuréticos de asa de manera
desmedida
Tiempo quirurgico extendido
En 1866 Par Albert y Louis Thomas en su escrito Du
Pneumatocele Du Crane [Thomas (1866)] describen por
primera vez la presencia de aire a nivel de cráneo, Chiari Tabla 2: Factores de riesgo para neumoencéfalo postquirurgico
en 1884 [Chiari et al. (1884)] describe neumoencéfalo en Fuente: Elaborado por autores.
pacientes con etmoiditis crónica empezando a tomar auge
dicha patologı́a, siendo Wolf en 1914 [Wolff (1914)] quien Fisiopatológicamente, existen diferentes hipótesis que expli-
acuñarı́a el término que describe la presencia de aire en los can el neumoencéfalo, de las cuales destacan dos principales:
compartimentos intracraneales es decir a nivel parenquimatoso, 1) válvula de bola, en la cual el defecto del cráneo está sell-
intraventricular o meninges [Mashiko (2017); Ali et al. (2017)]. ado por un colgajo dural que permite que el aire ingrese a la
Existen diferentes etologı́as de neumoencéfalo Ver tabla 1, y bóveda craneana durante descensos de la presión intracraneana
depende de la técnica quirúrgica empleada además de algunas (PIC), pero no permite su salida, convirtiéndolo en un mecan-
consideraciones anestésicas Ver tabla 2. ismo unidireccional, y 2) el efecto de botella invertida descrito
por Horowitz y Lunsford, donde la evacuación rápida de lı́quido
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LANIC Journal (2024), Vol 1, No 1
cefalorraquı́deo (LCR) genera un efecto de vacı́o en la bóveda pulmonares. Gore et al. observaron que la tasa media de res-
craneal, generando presión negativa que permite el ingreso de olución del neumoencéfalo con aire ambiente (21% de FiO2)
aire [Das and Bajaj (2022); Siegel et al. (2018)]. La impor- es del 31% en 24 horas, y con el uso de mascarilla de no re
tancia clı́nica radica en identificar aquel neumoencéfalo que inhalación utilizada para administrar 68% de FiO2, resulta en
compromete la presión de perfusión cerebral, convirtiéndose una tasa media de resolución del neumoencéfalo del 65% en 24
en una verdadera emergencia quirúrgica para evitar complica- horas [Gore et al. (2008)].
ciones neurológicas. El pronóstico de los pacientes es bueno siempre que se re-
Las manifestaciones clı́nicas incluyen cefalea, náuseas, suelva de manera inmediata en el caso de neumoencéfalo a
vómito en proyectil, alteraciones pupilares y, en pacientes bajo tensión, mientras que el neumoencéfalo simple es una patologı́a
sedación, fenómeno de Cushing o alteraciones en Doppler tran- que resuelve de manera espontánea.
scraneal (DTC) con patrones de alta resistencia. Si se anal-
iza la curva de monitoreo invasivo de la PIC, un aumento de
4. Conclusión
P2 sobre P1 es caracterı́stico de un trastorno de distensibili-
dad y autorregulación. Cuando existen criterios de hipertensión El neumoencéfalo a tensión es una entidad rara, sin embargo
intracraneal secundario a neumoencéfalo, estamos frente a un la existencia de factores de riesgo como es el caso de las inter-
neumoencéfalo a tensión. El estándar para su diagnóstico es la venciones a nivel de base de cráneo pueden generar todas las
tomografı́a de cráneo; Ishiwata describe 2 signos tomográficos condiciones necesarias para su presentación, por ello el interés
caracterı́sticos: el signo de ”Monte Fuji”, que describe la pres- para el médico intensivista radica en entender la vital impor-
encia de aire subdural que separa y comprime los lóbulos tancia de la neuro monitorización continua postoperatoria, que
frontales, imitando la silueta del Monte Fuji, y el signo de ”la le permita identificar rápidamente las complicaciones agudas
burbuja”, que describe la presencia de múltiples burbujas de con compromiso encefálico que pueden generar resultados de-
aire dispersas por varias cisternas (Ver figura 4). La determi- sastrosos en corto tiempo si no se resuelven inmediatamente.
nación del volumen de aire se realiza con la técnica A x B x C Como un aporte a esta revisión planteamos un algoritmo sen-
/ 2, y es importante porque volúmenes pequeños entre 1–2 ml cillo de diagnóstico y tratamiento.
se reabsorben sin repercusión clı́nica, mientras que volúmenes
mayores pueden producir hipertensión intracraneal [Ishiwata
et al. (1988)]. Referencias
El tratamiento del neumoencéfalo a tensión es una inter- Ali, Z., Ma, T., Yan, C., Adappa, N., Palmer, J., Grady, M., 2017. Traumatic
vención quirúrgica inmediata que permita la evacuación del aire cerebrospinal fluid fistulas. Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery 357,
intracraneal. Esto se logra realizando agujeros de trepano a 2980–2987.e3.
través de los cuales se drena el aire con aspiración directa con Arbit, E., Shah, J., Bedford, R., Carlon, G., 1991. Tension pneumocephalus:
treatment with controlled decompression via a closed water-seal drainage
jeringuilla [Harvey et al. (2016)], o se realiza la descompresión system: case report. Journal of neurosurgery 74, 139–142.
controlada a través de un drenaje subdural seguido de cierre Chiari, H., et al., 1884. Uber einen fall von luftansammlung in den ventrikeln
del defecto dural [Arbit et al. (1991)]. También se describe la des menschlichen gehirns. Ztschr f Heilk 5, 384–390.
Das, J.M., Bajaj, J., 2022. Pneumocephalus, in: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls
realización de ventriculostomı́a o craniectomı́a descompresiva Publishing.
[Pulickal et al. (2014)]. Gore, P.A., Maan, H., Chang, S., Pitt, A.M., Spetzler, R.F., Nakaji, P., 2008.
En el caso de un neumoencéfalo simple, existen recomenda- Normobaric oxygen therapy strategies in the treatment of postcraniotomy
ciones generales, donde destaca colocar al paciente en posición pneumocephalus. Journal of neurosurgery 108, 926–929.
Harvey, J.J., Harvey, S.C., Belli, A., 2016. Tension pneumocephalus: the neuro-
Fowler con la cabecera a 30º, además de la administración de surgical emergency equivalent of tension pneumothorax. BJR— case reports
oxı́geno con alta concentración de FiO2, basado en la ley de , 20150127.
Fick. Es importante entender que el aire dentro del cráneo tiene Ishiwata, Y., Fujitsu, K., Sekino, T., Fujino, H., Kubokura, T., Tsubone, K.,
la misma composición que el aire atmosférico y presenta con- Kuwabara, T., 1988. Subdural tension pneumocephalus following surgery
for chronic subdural hematoma. Journal of neurosurgery 68, 58–61.
centraciones de nitrógeno en un 78%, siendo este gas el que Mashiko, R., 2017. Pneumocephalus and cerebrospinal fluid fistula. Horizons
ocupa el mayor volumen. La eliminación del mismo se basa en in Neuroscience Research , 151–172.
generar condiciones que permitan su difusión hacia la sangre y Pulickal, G.G., Sitoh, Y.Y., Ng, W.H., 2014. Tension pneumocephalus. Singa-
posteriormente hacia los alvéolos para su eliminación. Se expli- pore Medical Journal 55, e46–e48.
Siegel, J.L., Hampton, K., Rabinstein, A.A., McLaughlin, D., Diaz-Gomez,
can dos mecanismos: 1) con la administración de oxı́geno con J.L., 2018. Oxygen therapy with high-flow nasal cannula as an effective
alta concentración de FiO2, el nitrógeno alveolar disminuirá, treatment for perioperative pneumocephalus: case illustrations and patho-
permitiendo la difusión del nitrógeno desde la sangre al alvéolo, physiological review. Neurocritical care 29, 366–373.
disminuyendo los niveles sanguı́neos de dicho gas y permi- Thomas, A.L., 1866. Du pneumatocele du crane. A. Delahaye.
Wolff, E., 1914. Luftansammlung im rechten seitenventrikel des gehirns (pneu-
tiendo que el nitrógeno del neumoencéfalo difunda hacia la san- mozephalus). Münch Med Wochenschr 61, 899.
gre, y 2) que el aire intracraneal sea reemplazado por oxı́geno,
que, debido a su alta solubilidad a nivel sanguı́neo, difunde más
rápido que el nitrógeno y, por tanto, su eliminación será efectiva
[Siegel et al. (2018)]. Sin embargo, las concentraciones altas de
FiO2 generan efectos adversos a nivel respiratorio, por lo que
no debe administrarse en pacientes con enfermedades crónicas
44 Roosemberg
Latin American Neurointensive Care Journal Monares E.
a Hospital General de México, Medicina Crı́tica y terapia intensiva, , Ciudad de México, , , México
b Hospital de México, Cordinador de la terapia intensiva obstetrica, Dr., Ciudad de México, México
Resumen La evaluación y manejo hemodinámico en cuidados neurocrı́ticos deben realizarse según la técnica Salvar, Objetivos,
Soportar, Desescalonar; cada una de estas fases requiere diferentes enfoques y debe adecuarse a los recursos disponibles. Una
misma intervención o meta puede ser correcta o un serio error, dependiendo del momento en que parte de la reanimación nos en-
contramos. En el siguiente texto, presentamos un enfoque integral del monitoreo hemodinámico en el paciente neurocrı́tico, acorde
a la medición correcta, terapéutica correcta en el momento correcto.
Abstract Hemodynamic evaluation and management in neurocritical care should be performed according to the Save, Target, Sup-
port, De-escalate technique; Each of these phases requires different approaches and must be adapted to the available resources. The
same intervention or goal can be correct or a serious error, depending on where we are in the resuscitation. In the following text, we
present a comprehensive approach to hemodynamic monitoring in the neurocritical patient, according to the correct measurement,
correct therapy at the right time.
Resumo A avaliação e manejo hemodinâmico em cuidados neurocrı́ticos devem ser realizados de acordo com a técnica Save, Target,
Support, De-escalate; Cada uma destas fases requer abordagens diferentes e deve ser adaptada aos recursos disponı́veis. A mesma
intervenção ou objetivo pode ser correta ou um erro grave, dependendo de onde estamos na reanimação. No texto a seguir apre-
sentamos uma abordagem abrangente da monitorização hemodinâmica no paciente neurocrı́tico, de acordo com a medida correta,
terapia correta no momento certo.
Keywords: Cuidados neurocrı́ticos, monitoreo hemodinámico, presión intracraneana, gasto cardiaco, acoplamiento ventrı́culo
derecho.
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2. Salvar
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más de un evento de choque obstructivo o disfunción ventricu- importante para tomar decisiones hemodinámicas avanzadas
lar derecha [Sondergaard (2013)]. [Guarracino et al. (2020)] Ver figura 7.
Es crucial destacar el escenario de la hemorragia subarac-
Presion sistolica ∗ 0.9 mmHg
noidea, donde la observación de una VPP superior al 12% debe Ea = (2)
alertar sobre alteraciones en la interacción cardiopulmonar que Volumen sistolico ml
pueden comprometer el desenlace adecuado de los pacientes. Fórmula 2. Cálculo de elastancia arterial [Antonini-Canterin
Sin embargo, esta observación no debe limitarse únicamente a et al. (2013); Guarracino et al. (2020)]
determinar si el paciente responde o no al volumen [Dowlati
et al. (2021)]. S istolica
Es = 0.3647 + 1.05 ∗ (3)
PPE
Fórmula 3. Cálculo elastancia [Antonini-Canterin et al.
5. Soportar gasto cardiaco
(2013); Guarracino et al. (2020)]
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tivos, nunca será necesario desreanimar a un paciente, ya que Dowlati, E., Triano, M.J., Felbaum, D.R., Mai, J.C., Aulisi, E.F., Armonda,
no sobre-reanimaremos a ninguno Ver figura 10. R.A., Chang, J.J., 2021. Increased pulse pressure variability within the
first 24 hours leads to poor disposition in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients.
American Journal of Hypertension 34, 645–650.
Garcı́a, M.I.M., Santos, A., 2020. Understanding ventriculo-arterial coupling.
Annals of translational medicine 8.
Guarracino, F., Baldassarri, R., Pinsky, M.R., 2013. Ventriculo-arterial decou-
pling in acutely altered hemodynamic states. Critical care 17, 1–7.
Guarracino, F., Bertini, P., Pinsky, M.R., 2020. Management of cardiovascular
insufficiency in icu: the beat approach. Minerva Anestesiologica 87, 476–
480.
Jean-Louis, V., 2018. How i treat septic shock. Intensive Care Medicine 44,
2242–2244.
Jiang, X., Zhu, Y., Zhen, S., Wang, L., 2022. Mechanical power of ventilation
is associated with mortality in neurocritical patients: a cohort study. Journal
of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 36, 1621–1628.
figura 10: PS = Presión arterial sistólica, Dd VO2 = disminuir demandas de Kattan, E., Bakker, J., Estenssoro, E., Ospina-Tascón, G.A., Cavalcanti, A.B.,
VO2, Llc = llenado capilar, T = temperatura, TR = trabajo respiratorio, Llc = Backer, D.D., Vieillard-Baron, A., Teboul, J.L., Castro, R., Hernández, G.,
llenado capilar, EPM = escala de piel marmorea 2022. Hemodynamic phenotype-based, capillary refill time-targeted resus-
citation in early septic shock: The andromeda-shock-2 randomized clinical
trial study protocol. Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva 34, 96–106.
Kiekkas, P., Tzenalis, A., Gklava, V., Stefanopoulos, N., Voyagis, G., Aretha,
9. Respecto a los vasopresores D., et al., 2022. Delayed admission to the intensive care unit and mortality of
critically ill adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. BioMed research
El medir la elastancia dinámica (la VPP/VVS) nos puede in- international 2022.
López, H.R., Hernández Luna, A., Santana Alba, F., Monares Zepeda, E.,
dicar si este ı́ndice es < 0.9 que se podrá disminuir la dosis Rivera Durón, E., Porcayo Liborio, S., 2011. Valor predictivo de variabili-
de vasopresores con mı́nimos cambios en la PAM. Tratar de dad de curva de presión intracraneal (vpic) para cráneo hipertensivo. Revista
disminuir los vasopresores con ı́ndices VPP/VVS aumenta el de la Asociación Mexicana de Medicina Crı́tica y Terapia Intensiva 25, 184–
196.
riesgo de eventos de hipotensión que como ya hemos comen-
Mazimba, S., Jeukeng, C., Ondigi, O., Mwansa, H., Johnson, A.E., Elumogo,
tado antes, debemos evitar a toda costa [Monge Garcia et al. C., Breathett, K., Kwon, Y., Mubanga, M., Mwansa, V., et al., 2022. Coro-
(2011)]. nary perfusion pressure is associated with adverse outcomes in advanced
heart failure. Perfusion , 02676591221118693.
McNett, M., Koren, J., 2016. Blood pressure management controversies in
10. Conclusiones neurocritical care. Critical Care Nursing Clinics 28, 9–19.
Moerman, A., De Hert, S., 2019. Why and how to assess cerebral autoregula-
tion? Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology 33, 211–220.
Este trabajo debe tomarse como una revisión de la fisiologı́a Monge Garcia, M.I., Gil Cano, A., Gracia Romero, M., 2011. Dynamic arterial
(recordando que en ciertos momentos la fisiologı́a es nuestra elastance to predict arterial pressure response to volume loading in preload-
única arma para guiar un tratamiento, además de que ningún dependent patients. Critical care 15, 1–9.
Monnet, X., Julien, F., Ait-Hamou, N., Lequoy, M., Gosset, C., Jozwiak, M.,
protocolo estandarizado o concepto estadı́stico puede ir por Persichini, R., Anguel, N., Richard, C., Teboul, J.L., 2013. Lactate and
encima de la fisiologı́a) también es una propuesta para futuros venoarterial carbon dioxide difference/arterial-venous oxygen difference ra-
trabajos de investigación. tio, but not central venous oxygen saturation, predict increase in oxygen
consumption in fluid responders. Critical care medicine 41, 1412–1420.
Nag, D.S., Sahu, S., Swain, A., Kant, S., 2019. Intracranial pressure monitor-
ing: Gold standard and recent innovations. World journal of clinical cases
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Andrei, S., Nguyen, M., Longrois, D., Popescu, B.A., Bouhemad, B., Guinot, Cecconi, M., Geeraerts, T., Martin-Loeches, I., Quintard, H., et al., 2018.
P.G., 2022. Ventriculo-arterial coupling is associated with oxygen consump- Fluid therapy in neurointensive care patients: Esicm consensus and clinical
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G.L., 2013. The ventricular-arterial coupling: from basic pathophysiology tion: Early management of isolated severe traumatic brain injury patients in
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autoregulation. Physiological reviews 101, 1487–1559.
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son, K.E., Pandhi, A., Jones, G.M., 2017. Impact of moderate hyper-
chloremia on clinical outcomes in intracerebral hemorrhage patients treated
with continuous infusion hypertonic saline: a pilot study. Critical care
medicine 45, e947–e953.
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Sundgreen, C., Larsen, F.S., Herzog, T.M., Knudsen, G.M., Boesgaard, S.,
Aldershvile, J., 2001. Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in patients re-
suscitated from cardiac arrest. Stroke 32, 128–132.
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Ultrasound-guided cerebral resuscitation in patients with severe traumatic
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51 Monares
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Resumen
La encefalitis de Rasmussen se desarrolla principalmente en niños y se manifiesta clı́nicamente con hemiparesia progresiva,
trastornos cognitivos y se caracteriza por epilepsia refractaria. Es aún más rara en adultos. La comprensión de la enfermedad es
limitada y las opciones de tratamiento son escasas. La hemisferectomı́a ha sido una opción de tratamiento aceptada en niños, pero
su seguridad y eficacia no han sido determinadas en adultos.
Describimos el caso de una mujer de 28 años diagnosticada con encefalitis de Rasmussen, tratada con topiramato, lacosamida y
clobazam. Ingresó al hospital debido al aumento en el número de convulsiones que resultó en un estado convulsivo ultrarrefractario,
sin respuesta a múltiples terapias, como propofol, midazolam, ketamina, esteroides, inmunoglobulina y plasmaféresis. Ante la
imposibilidad de controlar el estado epiléptico, se decidió realizar una hemisferectomı́a izquierda. Permaneció en la UCI durante
45 dı́as después de la cirugı́a y finalmente fue transferida al servicio de neurologı́a, decanulada y con traqueotomı́a, sin convulsiones,
con dosis bajas de fenitoı́na, lamotrigina y lacosamida como terapia anticonvulsiva.
Keywords: Encefalitis de Rasmussen, estado epiléptico, estado epileptico super-refractario, hemiesferectomı́a.
Abstract
Rasmussen encephalitis develops mainly in children and Resumo
manifests clinically with progressive hemiparesis, cognitive A encefalite de Rasmussen se desenvolve principalmente em
disorders and is characterized by refractory epilepsy. It is even crianças e se manifesta clinicamente com hemiparesia progres-
rarer in adults. Understanding of the disease is limited and siva, traumas cognitivos e se caracteriza por epilepsia refratária.
treatment options are few. Hemispherectomy has been an ac- É ainda mais raro em adultos. A compreensão da doença é lim-
cepted treatment option in children, but its safety and effective- itada e as opções de tratamento são escasas. A hemisferectomia
ness have not been determined in adults. tem sido uma opção de tratamento aceita em crianças, mas sua
We describe the case of a 28-year-old woman diagnosed with segurança e eficácia não foram determinadas em adultos.
Rasmussen encephalitis, treated with topiramate, lacosamide Descrevemos o caso de uma mulher de 28 anos com ence-
and clobazam. She was admitted to the hospital due to an falite de Rasmussen, tratada com topiramato, lacosamida e
increase in the number of seizures that resulted in an ultra- clobazam. Ingressou no hospital devido ao aumento no número
refractory seizure state, unresponsive to multiple therapies, in- de convulsões que resultaram em um estado convulsivo ultra-
cluding propofol, midazolam, ketamine, steroids, immunoglob- rrefratário, sem responder a múltiplas terapias, como propo-
ulin, and plasmapheresis. Given the impossibility of control- fol, midazolam, cetamina, esteróides, imunoglobulina e plas-
ling the status epilepticus, she decided to perform a left hemi- maférese. Antes da impossibilidade de controlar o estado
spherectomy. She remained in the ICU for 45 days after surgery epiléptico, foi decidido realizar uma hemisferectomia cance-
and was finally transferred to the neurology service, decannu- lada. Permaneceu na UCI por 45 dias após a cirurgia e final-
lated and with tracheostomy, without seizures, on low-dose mente foi distribuı́do no serviço de neurologia, decanulada e
phenytoin, lamotrigine, and lacosamide as anticonvulsant ther- com traqueotomia, sem convulsões, com doses baixas de fen-
apy. itoı́na, lamotrigina e lacosamida como terapia anticonvulsiva.
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4. Conclusión
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