resumen environmental

Variaciones en la cantidad de uso de agua:

El consumo medio de agua por cabeza en el mundo es desigual
La mayoría de las personas en África viven en zonas rurales.
Deben comprar sus suministros diarios. Camina o espera durante horas para usar un pozo
En otras partes del mundo no es un gran problema. La gente usa agua para tirar de la cadena de
inodoros, grifos, lavado automático de platos, máquinas, etc.
4
Calidad y disponibilidad del agua:
3
La precipitación llena los ríos superficiales, el almacén serface y los acuíferos.
Muchos de los lugares más secos y húmedos del mundo se encuentran alrededor de las latitudes
2
tropicales.
Los desiertos son lugares con una precipitación media de Iess de más de 250 mm al año.
1
Rico en agua: países con abundantes suministros de agua.
Pobres en agua: países sin suministros de agua de alto nivel
Estrés hídrico: Preocupaciones por los suministros de agua presentes y futuros.

DIFERENCIA EN LA DISPONIBILIDAD DE AGUA p.117

¿Por qué el acceso a agua SEGURA es HiGHER en las zonas urbanas?
Los ingresos de las personas son más altos (paga impuestos)
Casa más moderna - Gente arico.
Caties es más rico
Las tuberías de agua son más baratas y fáciles de construir.
Es más fácil presionar a los líderes para mejorar.

POTENTIAL WATER CONFLICTS BETWEEN COUNTRIES

. INVESTIGATE and Write important Information. Mendoza argues that, beyond the historical
use of the river, the rivers of the mountain range are currently decreasing their flows due
to climate change, so the affirmation of La Pampa cannot be satisfied.
. Which is the conflict between Mendoza and la Pampa? Is a social and judicial conflict
between Mendoza and La Pampa, over the access to the water of the Atuel River.
. When did it start and why? It started 75 years ago, in 1947. It started because with the
construction of the “El Nihuil dam”, which left the people of the Pampas without water.
. What is your opinion about it? For me the pampas has reasons to be angry since mendoza
took out a lot of water and that caused the decrease of crops for the pampas

DAMS ADVANTAGES
1- Water supplies are assured throughout Egypt, one of the world's. SC
2- the cultivated area of Egypt has doubled from four to eight per cent. EC
3- farmland is being reclaimed from the desert. EN
4- Farmers can grow crops all year. EC
5- HEP from the dam provides electricity for homes, factories, and water pumps. SC
6- Farmers need to spend more on fertilizers to maintain crop yields.EC
7- The energy produced is renewable and clean. EN
8- it reduces fossil fuel use. EN
9- It helps governments to meet their CO, reduction targets. EN
10- There are no contributions to global warming. EN

DAMS DISADVANTAGE
1- Large dams are expensive; developing countries may get into debt. EC
2- The best physical conditions are often remote from places where people live; long distance
power lines need to be built. SC
3- Forests and other types of natural vegetation are affected and destroyed, as also are wildlife
habitats. EN
4- People already living in the valley that is going to be flooded are forced to move into
new settlements. SC
5- Nile silt Is bulding behind the dam and farmers need to Spend mare on Fertilzers to maintain
Crop yields. EC

water stores:
● river
● lakes
● dams
● glaciers
● rain
● underground store

main causes of water pollution

AGRICULTURAL: surpluses of nitrogen and phospphosphorus, animal manure, cynthetic
fertilizer, pesticides.
DOMESTIC: detergent, metals, human waste, toxic chemicals, plastic, photogenic
microorganisms.
INDUSTRY: leaching of metals, untreated industrial effluents processing of metal ores

impacts of water pollution.

– Threat to Ecosystems
– Health Risks
– Economic Consequences
– Scarcity of Clean Water
– Agricultural Impact
– Climate Change
bioaccumulation
Bioaccumulation is a process in which certain substances, typically environmental contaminants
or toxins, accumulate within the tissues of living organisms over time. This accumulation occurs
at a rate faster than the organism can metabolize or excrete the substance.

Water- related diseases

• Water-based: the carrier lives in water →bilharzia
• Water-borne: diseases spread by drinking contaminated water → cholera
• Water-bred: the carrier breeds in water and spreads disease by biting its victims →zika,
dengue, malaria

information about malaria

1.the female anopheles mosquitos is the vector.
2.It Is a debilitating disease
3. Malaria can be eradicated
4. There Is a vaccine to prevent malaria
5. spraying with insecticides like DDT, destroy far more than just the larvae and the mosquitoes.
6. the males are vegetarians.
7. The invaders continue to multiply until the victim is cured by drug treatment.
8. Chloroquine works to prevent malaria
9. Malaria Is a water- bred disease
10. Insecticides help to prevent malaria

– malaria is described as water-bread disease because the carrier breas in water and
spreads disease by biting his victims.
cycle of the malaria parasite.
. larva pupates
. adult emerges and feeds
. adult mates in swarm
. it feeds on blood
. rest for 2 or 3 days
. female lays eggs
. feeds again on blood

reasons why outbreaks of malaria are more likely in the wet season than the dry season and
in rural areas than urban areas.
. because they bread in stagnant fresh water, in swamps or lies that are plentiful in the wet
season.
. because in rural areas there is more water concentration.

Describe the methods which might be used to control or destroy malarial mosquitoes at
stages
 – trying not to leave stagnant for tourists many time
– sleeping under a net to keep out the mosquitoes and insecticide

State the information that shows that malaria is still a major killer, especially in sub-Saharan
Africa.
– in the sub-saharan african countries particularly the central african republic and nigeria,
account for 49 percent of all malaria deaths.

Describe how and why there are signs of hope for the future in the fight against malaria.

– thanks to the "roll back malaria" campaign, since 2010, deaths have come down from more
than a million per year in 2000 to 400000. also sri lanka has eradicated, making the
country a single of hope

Explain why some countries have been, and will be, more successful than others in
eradicating malaria.
– because some countries have good economy or the resource to eradicate while others no.

information about cholera

. cholera is water-borne disease. it is caught from drinking unsafe water
. It can also be spread through food with the bacterium “vibrio cholera”.
. cholera is endemic in many developing countries.
. This disease is characterized by severe diarrhea and vomiting, which can lead to rapid
dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
. The development of oral rehydration therapy has been a crucial advancement in treating
cholera, as it helps replace lost fluids and electrolytes, reducing mortality rates.

Why is cholera described as a water-borne disease?

– because is caught from drinking unsafe water

Describe the circumstances which lead to countries having cholera outbreaks.

– Places where people are most at risk of catching cholera are squatter settlements around
big cities, war zones, refugee camps, and earthquake disaster zones, where the minimum
requirements of clean water and sanitation are not, or just cannot be, met.

Explain why cholera is described as a 'poor country disease'.

. Because where there is more poverty there is more pollution, and the waters are stagnant,
dirty and contaminated, and there is also less likely to find remedies.

Are the chances of eradicating cholera from the world higher, the same, or lower than those
for eradicating malaria? State and explain your view on this.
– Yes, there are more possibilities, because there are effective vaccines and there are
strategies that help prevent bacteria.