KGZPBIBJKDGFZ

FIËJPXKJBZ
KG@VZPXKBIFZ
Pbhifrds, Jbgbikzbjkdgfs, Adtdrfs,
Prbgsodrab`drfs y Zkstfabs `f
`kstrkhujkúg

K G M . X D G K @ D A Á G M V F S
KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ
KG@VZPXKBIFZ
Pbhifrds, Jbgbikzbjkdgfs, Adtdrfs,
Prbgsodrab`drfs y Zkstfabs `f `kstrkhujkúg

KGM. XDGK @DAÁGMVFS

8585

Ubmkgb ]fh
OBXB@B[DZ
KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

PBHIB @F JDGPFGK@D
JBUÁPVID 2 - ZFMVXK
ZFMVXK@B@
@B@ FG IB
IBZZ KGZPBIB
KGZPBIBJKDGF
JKDGFZ
Z FIËJPXKJBZ ..................... =
2.2 Pkpds `f jdgtbjtd fiëjtrkjd .......................
.................................................
....................................................
..................................
........ =
2.8 @fsjbrmb fiëjtrkjb fg fi jufrpd .......
.................................
...................................................
..........................................
................. >
2.: Objtdrfs quf `ftfrakgbg fi `bòd pdr jdgtbjtd fiëjtrkjd ....................................
.................................... 2222
2.0 Brjd fiëjtrkjd ..........
....................................
...................................................
...................................................
.........................................
............... 20
2.6 Kgjfg`kds fiëjtrkjds ..............................
.......................................................
...................................................
.....................................
........... 26
2.? Xfmibs `f sfmurk`b
sfmurk`b``.........................
...................................................
...................................................
........................................
............... 2?
2.= Jdgtrdi `fi pfikmrd ..................................................................
...........................................................................................
............................
... 80
2.> Fqukpds `f Urdtfjjkúg Ufrsdgbi (FUU) .............................
.......................................................
.................................
....... 8?
2.; Ftkquftb`
Ftkquftb`dd `f tbhifrds fiëjtrkjds.......................
................................................
.................................................
........................ :=
2.25 Ibs 6 rfmibs `f drd .......................
................................................
..................................................
.............................................
.................... 00
2.22 Hidqufd y Ftkquftb`d ........................................
.................................................................
.................................................
........................ 0=

2.28 Zfmurk`b` fg fi pufstd `f trbhbcd.........................

..................................................
.............................................
.................... 6:
JBUÁPVID 8 - OVG@BAFGPDZ @F JKXJVKPDZ @F JDXXKFGPF BIPFXGB ......... 66
8.2 Jdrrkfgtf bitfrgb .......................................
.................................................................
...................................................
................................
....... 66
8.8 Xfspufstb `f fifafgtd
fifafgtdss pbskvds jdg jdrrkfgtf bitfrgb ............. .....................................
........................ ?2
8.: Udtfgjkb fg jdrrkfgtf bitfrgb........................
..................................................
....................................................
............................
.. ?6
8.0 Zkstfabs trkoâskjds ...
............................
..................................................
...................................................
.........................................
............... ?;
JBUÁPVI D : - MFGFXBJKÚG, PXBGZAKZKÚG [ @KZPXKHVJKÚG ........................
...........................
... =>
:.2 Odrabs `f mfgfrbjkúg `f ib fgfrmáb fiëjtrkjb ...................................................
................................................... =>
:.8 Zkstfab fiëjtrkjd `f trbgsakskúg y `kstrkhujkúg ......................
................................................
............................
.. ;8
:.: Pkpds `f rf`fs fiëjtrkjbs................................................
..........................................................................
....................................
.......... ;0
JBUÁPVID 0 - NFXXBAKFGPBZ UBXB FIFJPXKJKZPBZ ........................................ ;>
0.2 Iibvfs jdg af`k`b okcb d jbikhrb`b.........................
..................................................
.............................................
.................... ;;
0.8 Iibvfs bcustbhifs ..........................
...................................................
..................................................
...........................................
.................. 250
0.: @fstdrgkiib`drfs
@fstdrgkiib`drfs.......................
.................................................
...................................................
...............................................
...................... 256
0.0 Nfrrbakfgtbs
Nfrrbakfgt bs `f sucfjkúg y jdrtf .............
.......................................
....................................................
..............................
.... 25?
0.6 Nfrrbakfgtbs
Nfrrbakfgt bs pbrb abgfcd `f jbhifs ........................
..................................................
.......................................
............. 25;
0.? Nfrrbakfgtbs
Nfrrbakfgt bs `f pfrjuskúg f kapbjtd .................................................
..............................................................
............. 22:
0.= Nfrrbakfgtbs
Nfrrbakfgt bs `f bjjkdgbakfgt
bjjkdgbakfgtdd fiëjtrkjd.......................
................................................
..................................
......... 220
0.> Nfrrbakfgtbs
Nfrrbakfgt bs `f trbhbcds fspfjáokjds .................................................
..............................................................
............. 22=
0.; Vsd y jdgsfrvbjkúg ......................
...............................................
..................................................
...........................................
.................. 22;
KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

0.25 Zfmurk`b` jdg ibs nfrrbakfgtbs

nfrrbakfgtbs fiëjtrkjbs .........................
..................................................
..............................
..... 282
JBUÁPVI D 6 - KGZPXVAFGPDZ @F AF@KJKDGFZ FI
FIËJPXKJBZ
ËJPXKJBZ .........................
........................... 28:
6.2 Fqukpds pbrb ib af`kjkúg .........................
...................................................
....................................................
..............................
.... 28:
6.8 Záahdids y bhrfvkbturb
bhrfvkbturbss fg auitáaftrds `kmktbifs `kmktbifs ............................................ 28?
Urdhb`dr `f vditbcf BJ/@J .........................
...................................................
...................................................
..................................
......... 28=

6.: Af`kjkúg `f vditbcf bitfrgb (JB)........................

.................................................
...............................................
...................... 28>
6.0 Af`kjkúg `f vditbcf `f JJ ........................
..................................................
....................................................
..............................
.... 2:5
6.6 Af`kjkúg `f rfskstfgjkb ................
.........................................
..................................................
...........................................
.................. 2:5
6.? Urufhb `f jdgtkguk`b
jdgtkguk`b`` ...........................
...................................................
...................................................
..................................
......... 2::
6.= Bapfráaftrd `f mbgjnd ...................
.............................................
....................................................
......................................
............ 2:0
6.> Abgtfgkakf
Abgtfgkakfgtd
gtd hâskjd `f auitáaftrds `kmktbif `kmktbifss ..........
....................................
......................................
............ 2:?
6.; Ukrúaftrds ................................................
..........................................................................
....................................................
..............................
.... 2:=
6.25 Jâabrbs tfradmrâ
tfradmrâokjbs okjbs ........................
..................................................
...................................................
..................................
......... 2:;
6.22 Pbjúaftrd ......................
................................................
....................................................
....................................................
..............................
.... 208
JBUÁPVI D ? - JDG@VJPDXFZ FI
FIËJPXKJDZ
ËJPXKJDZ ......................
...............................................
..................................
......... 20:
?.2 Ubrtfs `f ids jdg`ujtdrfs
jdg`ujtdrfs fiëjtrkjds .........................
...................................................
.......................................
............. 20:
?.8 Jbikhrf d `kafgskdg
`kafgskdgbakfgtd
bakfgtd `f ids jdg`ujtdrfs
jdg`ujtdrfs fiëjtrkjds .........................
..............................
..... 200
?.: Bapbjk`b`..........................
Bapbjk`b`. ...................................................
....................................................
....................................................
.......................... 20=
?.0 Pkpd `f bksibakfgtd ...............................................................
.........................................................................................
............................ 20>
?.6 Objtdrfs quf bofjtbg ib rfskstfgjkb `f ug jdg`ujtdr ................. .......................................
...................... 262
?.? Objtdr `f jdrrfjjkúg .........................
...................................................
...................................................
......................................
............. 26:
?.= Xfskstfgjkb fg jdg`ujtdr
jdg`ujtdrfs fs fiëjtrkjds .............................................................
............................................................. 260
?.> Jâijuid `f rfskstfgjkb fg fi jdg`ujtdr y ib jbrmb.....................................
jbrmb.............................................
........ 26?
?.; Pkpds `f jbhifs
j bhifs fiëjtrkjds sfmóg su bpikjbjkúg ......................
................................................
.......................... 26=
?.25 Jbhif jdgjëgtrkjd ........
.................................
..................................................
...................................................
...................................
......... 26>
?.22 Jbhif auitkjdg`ujtd
auitkjdg`ujtdrr .................................
..........................................................
..................................................
..............................
..... 26;
?.28 Jdr`úg `ópifx d ZUP ....................................
.............................................................
..................................................
........................... 26;
?.2: Jbhif ZCP pbrb bpbrbtds......................
................................................
....................................................
..................................
........ 2?5
?.20 Jbhif VO ........................
..................................................
....................................................
....................................................
..............................
.... 2?5
JBUÁPVID = - ZKZPFAB @F @KZPXKHVJKÚG JDAFXJKBI F KG@VZPXKBI .......... 2?2
=.2 Zuhfstbjkdgf
Zuhfstbjkdgfss `f `kstrkhujkúg ............................
...................................................
...............................................
...................... 2?2
=.8 @kbmrbab ugkokibr .....................
...............................................
...................................................
...............................................
...................... 2?8
=.: Pkpds `f vditbcfs `f sfrvkjkd.............
sfrvkjkd.......................................
....................................................
......................................
............ 2?6

=.0 Pdabjdrrkf
Pdabjdrrkfgtfs
gtfs........................
..................................................
...................................................
...............................................
...................... 2=0
KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

=.6 @kstrkhujkúg fg af`kb tfgskúg...........

tfgskúg.....................................
...................................................
......................................
............. 2>6
=.? Pkpds `f skstfabs
s kstfabs `f `kstrkhujkúg kg`ustrkbi .......................
................................................
..............................
..... 2>?
=.= Fifjtrd`ujtds............................................
......................................................................
...................................................
..............................
..... 2;8
JBUÁPVID > - PXBGZODXAB@DXFZ
PXBGZODXAB @DXFZ FIËJPXKJDZ ........................
..............................................
...................... 2;?
>.2 Urkgjkpkd `f ougjkdgbakf
ougjkdgbakfgtd
gtd .........................
...................................................
....................................................
.......................... 2;?

>.8 Jdgokmurbjk
Jdgokmurbjkúgúg kgtfrgb .......................
.................................................
...................................................
......................................
............. 2;=
>.: Jibskokjbjkúg `f ids trbgsodrab`drfs
trbgsodrab`drfs .........................
...................................................
.......................................
............. 2;;
>.0 Jdgokmurbjk
Jdgokmurbjkúgúg fxtfrgb ......................
................................................
...................................................
......................................
............. 855
>.6 Xfibjkúg `f trbgsodr
trbgsodrabjkúg
abjkúg ........................................
..................................................................
......................................
............ 852
>.? Zdiujkúg ......................
................................................
....................................................
....................................................
..................................
........ 852
>.= Udibrk`b` `f ug trbgsodrab
trbgsodrab`dr `dr ..............................
.......................................................
...........................................
.................. 85:
>.> Uër`k`bs fg trbgsodrab
trbgsodrab`drfs `drfs .................................................
...........................................................................
.......................... 85=
>.; Fokjkfgjkb fg fi trbgsodrab
trbgsodrab`dr `dr ......................
................................................
....................................................
.......................... 85;
85;
>.25 Zdiujkúg ......................
................................................
....................................................
....................................................
..................................
........ 85;
>.22 Prbgsodrab`
Prbgsodrab`dr dr `f `kstrkhujkúg ............................
...................................................
...............................................
...................... 825
>.28 Fifafgtds `f prdtfjjkúg `f trbgsodr trbgsodrab`drfs
ab`drfs `f `sktrkhujkúg .........................
........................... 82:
>.2: @btds `f pibjb `f jbrbjtfrástkjb ..................
............................................
....................................................
.......................... 826
>.20 Jdgfxkúg `f trbgsodrab
trbgsodrab`drfs `drfs fg pbrbifid......................
...............................................
..................................
......... 82?
>.26 Jdgfxkúg `f hbgjd `f trbgsodrab trbgsodrab`drfs `drfs........................
..................................................
...................................
......... 82=
>.2? Prbgsodrab`
Prbgsodrab`dr dr trkoâskjd ......................................
...............................................................
...............................................
...................... 88=
>.2= Prbgsodrab`
Prbgsodrab`drfsdrfs `f af`k`b ........................
..................................................
....................................................
.......................... 8:8
8:8
>.2> Fgtrb`b `f sfrvkjkd fiëjtrkjd.........
fiëjtrkjd..................................
..................................................
...........................................
.................. 8:=
JBUÁPVID ; - JBGB
JBGBIKSBJKDGFZ
IKSBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ, JBC
JBCBZ
BZ [ ZVZ BJJFZDXKDZ . 800
;.2 Puhfráb fiëjtrkjb aftâikjb tkpd FAP (Fifjtrkjbi Aftbiikj Puhkgm) ...................... 800
;.8 Jdg`ukt Aftâikjd Xámk`d (Xkmk` Aftbi Jdg`ukt) ....................... .................................................
.......................... 80?
;.: Jdg`ukt Aftâikjd Kgtfraf`kKgtfraf`kdd (KAJ) ...........
.....................................
...................................................
..............................
..... 80>
;.0 Jdg`ukt Aftâikjd Oifxkhif .........................
...................................................
....................................................
..............................
.... 860
;.6 Jdg`ukt Aftâikjd Oifxkhif Nfraëtkjd b ids Iáquk`ds (Ikquk`tkmnt Oifxkhif Aftbi
Jdg`ukt) .........................
...................................................
....................................................
....................................................
......................................
............ 86=
;.? Jdg`ukt Xámk`d @f Jidrurd @f Udikvkgkid U_J (Udiyvkgyi Jnidrk`f) ................... 86;
;.= Puhds Oifxkhifs @f Uibstkjds................
Uibstkjds..........................................
....................................................
..................................
........ 8?5
;.> Jbcbs aftâikjbs ............................................
......................................................................
...................................................
........................... 8?2
;.; Jdg`uifts .......................
.................................................
....................................................
....................................................
..............................
.... 8?:
;.25 Bibahb`d fiëjtrkjd ...............................
........................................................
...................................................
...................................
......... 8?0
;.22 Nfrrbakfgt
Nfrrbakfgtbs bs pbrb fi trbhbcd jdg tuhfrábs .............................
......................................................
........................... 8?6
KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

;.28 @dhifjfs `f ;5⁵ ................................................

.........................................................................
...............................................
...................... 8=5
;.2: @dhifjfs jdgtkmuds fg V ......................
................................................
....................................................
..................................
........ 8=2
;.20 @dhifjfs tkpd adgturb `f : pugtds .......................
................................................
...........................................
.................. 8=
8=00
;.26 Hbg`fcbs pbrb jbhifs fiëjtrkjds ... ............................
..................................................
...........................................
.................. 8==
JBUÁPVI D 25 - UXDPFJJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJB
FIËJPXKJBZZ ........................................
.....................................................
............. 8>2

25.2 Pkpds `f obiibs fiëjtrkjbs ....................................................

..............................................................................
..............................
.... 8>2
25.8 Ouskhifs ................................................
..........................................................................
....................................................
..................................
........ 8>0
25.: Ikaktbjkúg `f jdrrkfgtf ........................................................................
.....................................................................................
............. 8>>
25.0 Ouskhif Zkg Xftbr`d ..... ..............................
..................................................
...................................................
...................................
......... 8;8
25.6 Ouskhif `f rftbr`d `f tkfapd ........................
..................................................
....................................................
.......................... 8;8
8;8
25.? Kgtfrrup
Kgtfrruptdr
tdr `f sfmurk`b` ...............................
.........................................................
....................................................
.......................... 8;:
25.= Kgtfrrup
Kgtfrruptdrfs
tdrfs butdaâtkjds .....................
...............................................
....................................................
..................................
........ 8;=
25.> Aëtd`ds `f Jdgtrdi `f Brjd .........................
...................................................
....................................................
.......................... :56
JBUÁPVI D 22 - ZKZPFAB @F UVFZPB B PKFXXB .........................
...................................................
.......................... :5;
22.2 Mfgfrbik`
Mfgfrbik`b`fs
b`fs `f ib pufstb b tkfrrb.......................
................................................
...........................................
.................. :5;
22.8 Obiib b tkfrrb........
tkfrrb..................................
...................................................
..................................................
...........................................
.................. :25
22.: Ids fifafgtd
fifafgtdss prkgjkpbifs
prkgjkpbifs `f ug skstfab `f tkfrrb ...........................................
........................................... :28
JBUÁPVI D 28 - PB HI FXDZ FIËJPXKJDZ
FI ËJPXKJDZ .......................
.................................................
.......................................
............. :26
28.2 Ubgfihdbr
Ubgfihdbr`` ...................................................
.............................................................................
....................................................
.......................... :26
28.8 Jbhifb`d `f pbgfifs fiëjtrkjds.........................
..................................................
...............................................
...................... :82
28.: Zwktjnmfbr `f af`kb tfgskúg........
tfgskúg.................................
..................................................
...........................................
.................. :8?
28.0 Zwktjnmfbr `f hbcb tfgskúg......
tfgskúg................................
...................................................
...............................................
...................... :8>
28.6 Zwktjnhdbr`
Zwktjnhdbr`ss d pbgfi `f `kstrkhujkúg `f pdtfgjkb ......................
............................................
...................... :8;
28.? Kgstbibjkúg y Adgtbcf `f ids pbgfifs.........................
...................................................
.......................................
............. ::0
JBUÁPVI D 2: - ADPDXFZ FI
FIËJPXKJDZ
ËJPXKJDZ.........................
...................................................
.......................................
............. ::6
2:.2 Adtdrfs adgdoâskjds .......................
.................................................
...................................................
......................................
............. ::6
2:.8 Adtdrfs trkoâskjds .........................
..................................................
..................................................
...........................................
.................. :?5
2:.? Adtdrfs `f jdrrkfgtf jdgtkgub ...............................
........................................................
...........................................
.................. :>:
JBUÁPVID 20 - JDGPXDI HÂ ZKJD @F ADPDXFZ FI
FIËJPXKJDZ
ËJPXKJDZ .......................
......................... 05=
20.2 Fqukpds pbrb fi jdgtrdi y prdtfjjkúg `f adtdrfs fiëjtrkjds.............................
............................. 05=
20.8 Fqukpds pbrb fi jdgtrdi `f adtdrfs .......................
................................................
...........................................
.................. 05
05>>
20.: Jdgtrdi abgubi .............................................
.......................................................................
....................................................
.......................... 025
20.0 Jdgautb`d
Jdgautb`drfs
rfs `f ifvbs........................
..................................................
...................................................
..................................
......... 022

20.6 Zfgtk`d `f mkrd `f ids adtdrfs trkoâskjds .......................

.................................................
...................................
......... 028
KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

20.? Kgtfrrupt
Kgtfrruptdr
dr `f tkpd tbahdr .............
......................................
..................................................
...........................................
.................. 020
20.= Brrbgquf b tfgskúg rf`ujk`b....
rf`ujk`b..............................
...................................................
...............................................
...................... 02=
20.> Brrbgquf fstrfiib-`fitb
fstrfiib-`fitb abgubi.........
abgubi...................................
...................................................
......................................
............. 02>
20.; Brrbgjb`dr
Brrbgjb`drfsfs abgubifs .......................
.................................................
....................................................
..................................
........ 085
20.25 Jdgtbjtdr ......................
................................................
....................................................
....................................................
.......................... 08:

20.22 Brrbgjb`dr abmgëtkjd.........................

...................................................
....................................................
..............................
.... 08=
20.28 Jdgtrdi b trfs nkids ..........................
....................................................
...................................................
..................................
......... 08>
20.2: Brrbgjb`drfss prf`ksfò
Brrbgjb`drf prf`ksfòb`dsb`ds ..................................
...........................................................
......................................
............. 0:2
20.20 Jfgtrd `f jdgtrdi `f adtdrfs (JJA) ........... ....................................
...............................................
...................... 0:8
JBUÁPVID 26 - IÂAUBXBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ .......................................................... 0:?
26.2 Oug`bafgt
Oug`bafgtds ds `f kiuakgbjkúg........................
..................................................
....................................................
.......................... 0:?
26.8 Abmgktu`f
Abmgktu`fss oug`bafg
oug`bafgtbifs tbifs `f ib iuakgdtfjgk
iuakgdtfjgkb b .......................
.................................................
.......................... 0:;
26.: Pkpds `f iâapbrbs fiëjtrkjbs ........................
..................................................
....................................................
.......................... 000
26.0 Iâapbrbs NK@ ...................................................
............................................................................
...............................................
...................... 06:
26.6 Iâapbrbs Oiudrfsjfgtf
Oiudrfsjfgtfss ......................
................................................
....................................................
..................................
........ 0?8
26.? Iâapbrbs `f tuhd if` .................................................
..........................................................................
......................................
............. 0?6
26.= Odtdjfi`bs ......................
................................................
....................................................
....................................................
..............................
.... 0?=
26.> Kgtfrrup
Kgtfrruptdr
tdr ndrbrkd .........................................
...................................................................
...................................................
........................... 0?;
JBUÁPVI D 2? - ZKZPFABZ B
BV^KIKB
V^KIKBXFZ
XFZ @F FGFXMÁB ........................
..........................................
.................. 0=5
2?.2 Zkstfabs `f fafrmfgjkb .........
...................................
...................................................
...............................................
...................... 0=5
2?.8 Hbtfrábs `f biabjfgbakf
biabjfgbakfgtdgtd ................
..........................................
....................................................
..................................
........ 0=8
2?.: Uibgtbs `f fafrmfgjkb.........................
...................................................
...................................................
..................................
......... 0=:
2?.0 Zkstfab @f Oufgtf Kgkgtfrruapkhif @f Udtfgjkb (VUZ) ................. ...................................
.................. 0=6
KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

2 2 ZFMVXK@B@ FG IBZ
KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ

Zkfaprf quf sf trbhbcb jdg nfrrbakfgtbs d jkrjuktds fiëjtrkjds, fxkstf ug rkfsmd `f

pfikmrds fiëjtrkjds, fspfjkbiafgtf `f `fsjbrmbs fiëjtrkjbs. Pd`ds pd`fads fstbr
fxpufstds b fstds pfikmrds, fg fi ndmbr d fg fi trbhbcd. Ids trbhbcb`drfs fstâg fxpufstds b
aâs pfikmrds pdrquf ids iumbrfs `f trbhbcd puf`fg fstbr bhbrrdtb`ds `f nfrrbakfgtbs y
abtfrkbifs, nby aujnb bjtkvk`b` d fstâg b ib kgtfapfrkf. Fi rkfsmd fs abydr fg fi trbhbcd
tbahkëg pdrquf fg aujnbs djupbjkdgfs sf usbg nfrrbakfgtbs fiëjtrkjbs.

Ids trbhbcb`drfs `f dokjkds fiëjtrkjds `fhfg prfstbr fspfjkbi btfgjkúg b ids pfikmrds
rfibjkdgb`ds jdg ib fifjtrkjk`b` pdrquf trbhbcbg jdg jkrjuktds fiëjtrkjds. Fi jdgtbjtd jdg
fi vditbcf fiëjtrkjd puf`f djbskdgbr quf ib jdrrkfgtf oiuyb
o iuyb b trbvës `fi jufrpd, id jubi
rfsuitb fg `fsjbrmbs fiëjtrkjbs y qufab`urbs. Fstd puf`f prdvdjbr ifskdgfs mrbvfs f
kgjiusd ib aufrtf. Bi usbrsf ib fifjtrkjk`b` jdad oufgtf `f fgfrmáb, gd sf tkfgf aujnd fg
jufgtb ids pfikmrds quf puf`f bjbrrfbr. Jdad ib fifjtrkjk`b` fs pbrtf gdrabi `f gufstrbs
vk`bs, mfgfrbiafgtf gd tdabads ibs prfjbujkdgfs `fhk`bs. Jdad jdgsfjufgjkb, ¡td`ds
ids bòds sf fifjtrdjutb fg prdaf`kd ug trbhbcb`dr pdr `áb akfgtrbs rfbikzb sus tbrfbs!

2.2 Pkpds `f jdgtbjtd fiëjtrkjd

2.2.2 Jdgtbjtd `krfjtd
Zf prd`ujf jubg`d ib pfrsdgb tdab jdgtbjtd jdg ibs pbrtfs bjtkvbs `f ib kgstbibjkúg.
Uuf`f sfr fgtrf `ds jdg`ujtdrfs d fgtrf ug jdg`ujtdr bjtkvd y tkfrrb. Fstf tkpd `f
jdgtbjtd mfgfrb jdgsfjufgjkbs
jdgsfjufgjkbs mrbvfs pdr ib mrbg jbgtk`b` `f jdrrkfgtf quf jkrjuib pdr fi
jufrpd.

Jdgtbjtd `krfjtd jdg jbhif fgfrmkzb`d

KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

Zfmug`b rfmib `f drd3 jdidjbjkúg `f fifafgtds `f hidqufd y sfòbikzbjkúg

Zf `fhfg jdidjbr jbg`b`ds d jfrrb`urbs,

jfr rb`urbs, jdapifafgtb`ds jdg ugb sfòbi `f UXDNKHK@D ABGKDHXBX. Zk
ib kgstbibjkúg gd pfraktf fi hidqufd, sf rfbikzbrâ
rf bikzbrâ ugb sfòbikzbjkúg b`fjub`b, quf b`vkfrtb `f ib
prfsfgjkb `f pfrsdgbs trbhbcbg`d.

Jdidjbjkúg `f fifafgtds `f hidqufd y sfòbikzbjkúg

sf òbikzbjkúg

Pfrjfrb rfmib `f drd3 vfrkokjbr ib busfgjkb `f tfgskúg

Zf `fhf rfbikzbr fg
f g td`ds ids bjtkvds `f ib kgstbibjkúg, af`kbgtf `kspdsktkvds `ftfjtdrfs, vfrkokjbg`d ib
busfgjkb `f tfgskúg `f jb`b ugb `f ibs obsfs y fi jdg`ujtdr gfutrd, f kgjiusd `f td`bs ibs absbs quf
pu`kfrbg quf`br fvfgtubiafgtf fg tfgskúg. Zk gd fxkstkfrb jdg`ujtdr gfutrd, `fhf vfrkokjbrsf ib
busfgjkb `f tfgskúg fgtrf obsfs y tkfrrb.

_frkokjbr ib busfgjkb `f tfgskúg fg ibs iágfbs

KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

Fstf pugtd fs fspfjkbiafgtf kapdrtbgtf yb quf bi rfbikzbrid sf mbrbgtkzb quf sf nb fofjtub`d ib

bpfrturb `f td`ds ids fifafgtds `f abgkdhrb quf bikafgtbg b ib kgstbibjkúg, y quf gd fxkstf ugb
`kofrfgjkb `f pdtfgjkbi pfikmrdsb pbrb ib jdidjbjkúg `f ib pufstb b tkfrrb (pdr fcfapid, pdr
p dr kg`ujjkdgfs
jdg jkrjuktds jfrjbgds).

Fi ougjkdgbakfgtd `f ids `ftfjtdrfs `f tfgskúg

t fgskúg `fhf jdaprdhbrsf bgtfs y `fspuës `f vfrkokjbr busfgjkb
`f tfgskúg jdg ugb oufgtf jfrjbgb,
jfrj bgb, d sk fi `kspdsktkvd `kspdgf `f ëi, jdg fi puisb`dr `f prufhb.

Jubrtb rfmib `f drd3 pufstb b tkfrrb y fg jdrtdjkrjuktd

@fhf bsfmurbrsf quf ibs pufstbs b tkfrrb pfrabgfjfg jdrrfjtbafgtf jdgfjtb`bs. Ids fqukpds d
`kspdsktkvds `f pufstb b tkfrrb y fg jdrtdjkrjuktd
jdr tdjkrjuktd `fhfg jdgfjtbrsf fg prkafr iumbr b ib tdab `f tkfrrb
tkfrr b y
b jdgtkgubjkúg b ids fifafgtds b pdgfr b tkfrrb, y `fhfg sfr vkskhifs `fs`f ib zdgb `f trbhbcd. Zf
utkikzbrâg jdg`ujtdrfs b`fjub`ds `f sfjjkúg suokjkfgtf pbrb ib jdrrkfgtf
jdr rkfgtf `f jdrtdjkrjuktd `f ib
kgstbibjkúg.

Uufstb b tkfrrb y fg jdrtdjkrjuktd `f ib oufgtf

Rukgtb rfmib `f drd3 prdtfmfr orfgtf b fifafgtds prúxkads fg tfgskúg y sfòbikzbr

Ib sfòbikzbjkúg sfrâ gfjfsbrkb jubg`d sf prfjksf

prf jksf rfbikzbr ugb sfpbrbjkúg fgtrf ib zdgb sf
sfmurb
murb `dg`f sf
rfbikzbg ids trbhbcds skg tfgskúg `f zdgbs prúxkabs b fifafgtds
f ifafgtds fg tfgskúg.
KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

@fikaktbr y sfòbikzbr ib zdgb `f trbhbcd

t rbhbcd

2.22 Hidqufd y Ftkquftb`d

Bgtfs `f trbhbcbr fg ug jkrjuktd, `fhf jdrtbr fi suakgkstrd `f fgfrmáb. Vgb vfz quf bpbmuf
y jdrtf ib jdrrkfgtf `fi jkrjuktd, hidquff fi tbhifrd `f kgtfrruptdrfs pbrb kapf`kr quf sf
vufivb b fgjfg`fr `f abgfrb kgb`vfrtk`b. Iufmd, k`fgtkokquf fi jkrjuktd jdg ug jbrtfi d
ugb ftkquftb oâjki `f iffr, pbrb quf td`ds sfpbg quf ustf` fstâ trbhbcbg`d fg fi jkrjuktd.
Zk fstâ trbhbcbg`d jdg abqukgbrkb d jfrjb `f ib aksab, `fhf hidqufbr f k`fgtkokjbr jdg
ftkquftbs ib abqukgbrkb pbrb prfvfgkr quf bimukfg ib fgjkfg`b. Bgtfs `f jdafgzbr b
trbhbcbr, `fhf prdhbr fi jkrjuktd pbrb bsfmurbrsf `f quf sf nb jdrtb`d ibi b jdrrkfgtf.

Vg trbhbcb`dr fstbhb jbahkbg`d ib jdrrfb fg _ `f ug jdifjtdr `f pdivd. Bgtfs `f

kgkjkbr ib tbrfb, bpbmú ib ugk`b` jdg fi kgtfrruptdr idjbi. Ufrd ug dpfrb`dr fg ib sbib
`f jdgtrdifs vdivkú b fgjfg`fr ib ugk`b` jdg ug kgtfrruptdr b jdgtrdi rfadtd. Ib
abgd `fi trbhbcb`dr quf`ú btrbpb`b fgtrf ib pdifb y ibs jdrrfbs `fi jdifjtdr, id
quf if jbusú jdrtfs y ib orbjturb `f ug `f`d. Zkfaprf quf hidquff f k`fgtkokquf jdg
ftkquftbs jubiqukfr tkpd `f abqukgbrkb, `fhf hidqufbr f k`fgtkokjbr jdg ftkquftbs
PD@BZ ibs oufgtfs `f fgfrmáb quf jdg`ujfg b ib abqukgbrkb.

Hidqufd/Ftkquftb`d fs ug jdgcugtd `f prdjf`kakfgtds `f sfmurk`b` `ksfòb`ds pbrb rf`ujkr fi

f i rkfsmd `f
ifskdgfs `fhk`d b ugb bjtkvbjkúg bjjk`fgtbi `f ib abqukgbrkb d fgfrmkzbjkúg `fi skstfab fiëjtrkjd
`urbgtf fi sfrvkjkd d abgtfgkakfgtd. Fg ib skmukfgtf kabmfg sf aufstrb fqukpds pbrb fi hidqufd y
ftkquftb`d3
KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

Fqukpds pbrb fi hidqufd y ftkquftb`d

Fi Hidqufd/Ftkquftb`d fs dhikmbtdrkd pbrb bsfmurbrsf quf, bgtfs quf jubiqukfr
j ubiqukfr fapifb`d rfbikjf
sfrvkjkds d abgtfgkakfgtd fg ugb abqukgb d fqukpd `dg`f fi fgjfg`k`d d fgfrmkzbjkúg
fgfr mkzbjkúg pu`kfrb djurrkr
d fi fsjbpf `f fgfrmáb
f gfrmáb biabjfgb`b y puf`b jbusbr ifskdgfs. Ib aâqukgb d fqukpd `fhf sfr bksib`b `f ib
oufgtf `f fgfrmáb `f abgfrb quf gd sf puf`b dpfrbr.

DZNB fstkab quf jb`b bòd, fi fstâg`br `f Hidqufd/Ftkquftb`d prdtfmf bprdxkab`bafgtf :.: akiidgfs
`f fapifb`ds trbhbcbg`d fg 2 akiiúg `f okrabs y quf nb rf`ujk`d obtbik`b`fs pdr bjtkvbjkúg kgfspfrb`b
`f abqukgbrkb fg kgstbibjkdgfs fg ib kg`ustrkb `fi butdaúvki y ib aftbiórmkjb `f ug 85% b ug 66 % `fs`f
fi tkfapd `f su prdauimbjkúg.
KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

Kgstbibjkúg `f jbg`b`d y ftkquftb

Jbpbjktbjkúg `f Hidqufd/Ftkquftb`d
Hidqufd/Ftkquftb`d

Fi fapifb`dr `fhf `kspdgfr `f prdjf`kakfgtds pdr fsjrktd quf kgjiuybg3  Vgb `fjibrbjkúg fspfjáokjb
`fi usd kgtfgjkdgb`d `fi prdjf`kakfgtd3

• Ids pbsds pdr fsjrktd `fi bksibakfgtd, hidqufd y bpbmb`d `f ib abqukgbrkb d fqukpd<
• Ids pbsds `f prdjf`kakfgtd fspfjáokjds pbrb ib jdidjbjkúg, sbjb`d y trbgsofrfgjkb `f ids
`kspdsktkvds `f Hidqufd/Ftkquftb`d<
• Xfqufrkakfgtds fspfjáokjds pbrb ib prufhb `f ugb abqukgb d fqukpd
f qukpd pbrb `ftfrakgbr ib
fofjtkvk`b` `f ids `kspdsktkvds `f Hidqufd/Ftkquftb`d.

DZNB k`fgtkokjb trfs tkpds `f fapifb`ds

fa pifb`ds y ib jbpbjktbjkúg quf `fhfrábg rfjkhkr.

• Fapifb`ds butdrkzb`ds3 sdg fgtrfgb`ds pbrb sbhfr quë abqukgbs fstâg fgfrmkzb`bs y ids
prdjf`kakfgtds gfjfsbrkds pbrb hidqufbr d ftkquftbr ibs abqukgbs d fqukpd.
• Fapifb`ds bofjtb`ds3 `fhfg sbhfr fi prdpúsktd y ids prdjf`kakfgtds
prdjf `kakfgtds `fi jdgtrdi fgfrmëtkjd.
• Fs kapdrtbgtf pbrb dtrds fapifb`ds fi fgtfg`fr ibs rfmibs `f hidqufd/ftkquftb`d y gd kgtfgtbr
rffgfrmkzbr ibs abqukgbs quf fstâg hidqufb`bs d ftkquftb`bs. Fiids tbahkëg, gfjfsktbg
bprfg`fr ibs ikaktbjkdgfs `f ids `kspdsktkvds `f ftkquftb`d.

Jubg`d ibs ougjkdgfs `f trbhbcd jbahkbg, ibs abqukgbs jbahkbg, fi fqukpd jbahkb d ids prdjfsds jrfbg
gufvds rkfsmds y jubg`d ids prdjf`kakfgtds `f jdgtrdi `f fgfrmáb jbahkbg, ids fapifb`ds `fhfg sfr
fgtrfgb`ds gufvbafgtf.
KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

Zf odrab ugb jdgfxkúg fg fstrfiib

fstrf iib ugkfg`d ug fxtrfad `f jb`b ugd `f ids `fvbgb`ds fgtrf sá.

Ids vditbcfs `f iágfb y obsf sdg `kofrfgtfs fg ugb jdgfxkúg fg fstrfiib.

Fg ib okmurb skmukfgtf, sf nbg jdidjb`d bapfráaftrds fg fi

f i hdhkgb`d `f obsf `f ugb jbrmb jdgfjtb`b fg
fstrfiib y fg ib iágfb quf suakgkstrb pdtfgjkb b ib jbrmb. Zf nbg jdgfjtb`d
jdgfj tb`d vditáaftrds b trbvës `f ib
fgtrb`b b ib jbrmb y b trbvës `f ib obsf. Zf
Z f nb bpikjb`d ug vditbcf `f iágfb `f 85> vditkds b ib jbrmb.
Dhsfrvf quf fi vditáaftrd jdgfjtb`d b trbvës `f ibs iágfbs kg`kjb ug vbidr `f 85> vditkds, pfrd fi
vditáaftrd jdgfjtb`d b trbvës `f ib obsf kg`kjb ug vbidr `f 285 vditkds.
KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

Ib jdrrkfgtf `f iágfb y ib jdrrkfgtf `f obsf sdg ibs aksabs fg ugb jdgfxkúg fg fstrfiib.

Xfibjkúg `f vditbcf

Fg ug skstfab jdgfjtb`d fg fstrfiib, fi vditbcf `f iágfb fs aâs bitd quf fi vditbcf `f obsf pdr ug objtdr
`f ib rbáz jub`rb`b `f : (2.=:8). @ds oúrauibs utkikzb`bs pbrb jbijuibr fi vditbcf fg ug skstfab jdgfjtb`d
fg fstrfiibs sdg3

Xfibjkúg `f jdrrkfgtf

Dhsfrvf fg ib okmurb bgtfrkdr quf 25 bapfrkds `f oiucd `f jdrrkfgtf tbgtd fg ib obsf jdad fg ib iágfb. Fg
ug skstfab jdgfjtb`d fg fstrfiib, ib jdrrkfgtf `f obsf y ib jdrrkfgtf `f iágfb sdg ibs aksabs3

Jdrrkfgtf fg gfutrd fg ib jdgfxkúg fg fstrfiib

Ubrb jbijuibr ib jdrrkfgtf fg fi jdg`ujtdr gfutrd `f ug skstfab trkoâskjd `f jubtrd nkids fg fstrfiib,
`fhfads fxbakgbr júad sf jdahkgbg ibs jdrrkfgtfs `f td`ds ids jbhifs trkoâskjds. Zk ibs trfs obsfs
iifvbg ib aksab jdrrkfgtf, jdad fg fif i suakgkstrd `f ug adtdr trkoâskjd, ib jdrrkfgtf gfutrb f fii gfutrd fs
kmubi b jfrd, fg fstf
f stf jbsd gd nby `fsfqukikhrkd. Zkg fahbrmd, sk ib jdrrkfgtf fg jb`b obsf sdg `kofrfgtfs,
sf fstâ bgbikzbg`d ug skstfab `fsfqukikhrb`d, pdr id quf ib jdrrkfgtf fg fi gfutrd fs `kofrf
`kofrfgtf
gtf `f jfrd.
Ib oúrauib utkikzb`b pbrb fgjdgtrbr ib jdrrkfgtf gfutrb fg ug skstfab `f f fstrfiib
strfiib trkoâskjb fs3
KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

8.0.8 @kofrfgjkb fgtrf skstfabs trkoâskjds y adgdoâskjds

Aujnds fstu`kbgtfs `f fifjtrkjk`b` tkfgfg `kokjuitb`fs pbrb fgtfg`fr pdr quë fi vditbcf `f iágfb `f ib
jdgfxkúg fg fstrfiib utkikzb`b fg fstb kiustrbjkúg fs `f 85> vditkds fg iumbr `f 805 vditkds. Jdad fi
vditbcf `f iágfb sf ak`f fg `ds obsfs quf tkfgfg ug vditbcf `f 28
2855 vditkds jb`b ugb, pbrfjfráb quf ib
suab `f ids `ds vditbcfs `fhfráb sfr `f 805 vditkds. Vgb `f ibs jbusbs `f f fstf
stf jdgjfptd frrúgfd fs quf
aujnds fstu`kbgtfs fstâg obakikbrkzb`ds jdg ib jdgfxkúg `f 805/285 vditkds suakgkstrb`b b ib abydráb
`f ids ndmbrfs. Zk sf ak`f
a k`f fi vditbcf fg ibs `ds iágfbs fgtrbgtfs, sf vfrâ ug vditbcf `f 805 vditkds. Zk fi
vditbcf sf ak`f `fs`f jubiqukfrb `f ibs `ds iágfbs nbstb fi gfutrd, sf vfr
vfrââ ug vditbcf `f 285 vditkds. Ib
rbzúg `f fstd fs quf sf trbtb `f ugb jdgfxkúg adgdoâskjb `frkvb`b `f ib tdab jfgtrbi `f ug
trbgsodrab`dr. Ib tdab jfgtrbi fs fi pugtd af`kd `f `ds vditbcfs oufrb `f obsf obsf.. Ib suab `f vfjtdrfs
`f fstds `ds vditbcfs fs `f 805 vditkds.

_ditbcfs fg ib sbik`b sfjug`brkb `f ug trbgsodrab`dr

t rbgsodrab`dr adgdoâskjd
KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

Ids vditbcfs `f ug skstfab rfsk`fgjkbi adgdoâskjd fstâg `fsobsb`ds fgtrf sá

Ids vditbcfs trkoâskjds fstâg 285ᵘ

285ᵘ oufrb `f obsf fgtrf fiids, gd fg obsf fi ugd jdg fi dtrd. Zk ids trfs
vditbcfs sf `khucbg 285ᵘ
285ᵘ bpbrtf, sf vfrâ quf ib suab vfjtdrkbi `f fstds vditbcfs fs `f 85> vditkds, okmurb

(B). Dtrb kiustrbjkúg `f ib b`kjkúg `f vfjtdrfs sf aufstrb fg ib okmurb (H) skmukfgtf. Fg fstb kiustrbjkúg, sf
bmrfmbg vfjtdrfs `f tfgskúg hkoâskjds, y ib rfsuitbgtf sf `khucb `fs`f fi pugtd kgkjkbi `f ug vfjtdr nbstb
fi pugtd okgbi `fi dtrd.

(B) Zuab `f ids vfjtdrfs `f vditbcf fg ugb jdgfxkúg trkoâskjb fg fstrfiib< (H) Zuab `f ids vfjtdrfs
`f ids vditbcfs `f `ds obsfs.
KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

Ids `ds bikafgtb`drfs kgtfrgds sf `kvk`fg fg vbrkds jkrjuktds `frkvb`ds. Vg jdgcugtd `f jkrjuktds
j krjuktds
`frkvb`ds suakgkstrb fgfrmáb b ib kiuakgbjkúg fxtfrkdr. Fi sfmug`d jdgcugtd `f jkrjuktds
j krjuktds `frkvb`ds
suakgkstrb fgfrmáb b ib kiuakgbjkúg kgtfrkdr y ids rfjfptâjuids.

Ib jdapbòáb fiëjtrkjb utkikzb ug trbgsodrab`dr rf`ujtdr trkoâskjd

tr koâskjd d ug hbgjd `f trbgsodrab`drfs pbrb
suakgkstrbr fgfrmáb b ugb kgstbibjkúg. Nby vbrkbs odrabs `f jdgokmurbr fi sfjug`brkd
sfj ug`brkd `fi trbgsodrab`dr
`f utkik`b`. Fg fi skmukfgtf fcfapid, ib utkik`b` suakgkstrb fgfrmáb `fs`f ug trbgsodrab`dr jdg ug
sfjug`brkd jdgfjtb`d fg fstrfiib. Fi `fvbgb`d sfjug`brkd `fi trbgsodrab`dr prd`ujf 85>/285 _JB.
Adgdoâskjd 285 _BJ fstâ `kspdgkhif fgtrf jubiqukfr jbhif `f obsf y gfutrd. Adgdoâskjd 85> _BJ fstâ
`kspdgkhif fgtrf jubiqukfrb `f ibs `ds obsfs. Ibs trfs obsfs fstâg jdgfjtb`bs b jubiqukfr fqukpd quf
rfqukfrb bikafgtbjkúg trkoâskjb.
KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS
KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

=.:.8 Zfrvkjkd trkoâskjd b 285/805_ b 0 nkids

Zf utkikzb ug sfrvkjkd jdgfjtb`d b `fitb `f 285/805 _, trkoâskjd, `f jubtrd nkids pbrb bhbstfjfr b jikfgtfs
jdafrjkbifs f kg`ustrkbifs quf rfqukfrfg mrbg`fs jbgtk`b`fs `f fgfrmáb trkoâskjb jdg vditbcfs `f 285 _
y 805 _. Fstf sfrvkjkd suakgkstrb fgfrmáb adgdoâskjb fgtrfmb`b pdr ugd `f ids trfs trbgsodrab`drfs y
fgfrmáb trkoâskjb fgtrfmb`b usbg`d ids trfs trbgsodrab`drfs.
t rbgsodrab`drfs. Ib bikafgtbjkúg adgdoâskjb fs
prdpdrjkdgb`b pdr fi jfgtrd tdjbg`d ugd `f ids trbgsodrab`drfs.

Fi `fvbgb`d `f ugb obsf fstâ jdgfjtb`d b tkfrrb pbrb prdpdrjkdgbr 285 _ fgtrf Obsf B d J y ib jdgfxkúg
gfutrb. Fgtrf ib obsf H y gfutrbi, skg fahbrmd, fi vditbcf fs `f 85> _. Fstf sf jdgdjf jdad ib obsf idjb
(nkmn ifm).

Ids trbgsodrab`drfs `f jubtrd jbhifs jdgfjtb`ds fg f g `fitb b afgu`d sf jd

jdgfjtbg
gfjtbg pbrb quf ib obsf H ib
obsf idjb. Fi vditbcf `f obsf idjb sf puf`f jbijuibr auitkpikjbg`d ib obsf B (d J) b ug vditbcf gfutrd pdr
2.=:8 (285 _ x 2.=:8 1 85> _). Bi adafgtd `f rfbikzbr fi jbhifb`d tdabr fg jufgtb fi vditbcf `f 85>_, y
gd qufabr fqukpds quf trbhbcfg b 285_.285 _.

Zfrvkjkd trkoâskjd b 285/805_ b 0 nkids

KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

=.?.0 Zkstfab sfifjtkvd fg prkabrkd y sfjug`brkd

Fstf skstfab utkikzb `ds oufgtfs `f sfrvkjkd `fs`f fi

f i pugtd `f suakgkstrd `f fgfrmáb utkikzbg`d `ds
kgtfrruptdrfs prkgjkpbifs y ug kgtfrruptdr `f fgibjf
f gibjf prkabrkd. Ids `ds kgtfrruptdrfs prkgjkpbifs y fi
kgtfrruptdr `f babrrf prkabrkd fstâg kgtfrhidqufb`ds abgubi d fiëjtrkjbafgtf pbrb fvktbr fi jkfr jkfrrf
rf `f
ids trfs bi aksad tkfapd y fi pbrbifiksad `f ibs oufgtfs. Fg jbsd `f për`k`b `f vditbcf fg ugb oufgtf,
sf puf`f usbr ugb trbgsofrfgjkb abgubi d butdaâtkjb b ib iágfb `f oufgtf bitfrgbtkvb pbrb rfstburbr
rf stburbr ib

fgfrmáb b td`bs ibs jbrmbs prkabrkbs.

Zkstfab sfifjtkvd fg prkabrkd y sfjug`brkd

Jb`b trbgsodrab`dr sfjug`brkd fstâ `dhifafgtf bikafgtb`d fg bahds fxtrfads. Ids `ds
kgtfrruptdrfs prkgjkpbifs sfjug`brkds y fi kgtfrruptdr `f babrrf sfjug`brkd `f jb`b suhfstbjkúg `f ib
ugk`b` fstâg gufvbafgtf fgtrfibzb`ds afjâgkjb d fiëjtrkjbafgtf pbrb fvktbr ib dpfrbjkúg fg
pbrbifid. Fg jbsd `f për`k`b `f ib tfgskúg `f ib oufgtf sfjug`brkb fg ug ib`d, sf puf`f usbr ib
trbgsofrfgjkb abgubi d butdaâtkjb pbrb trbgsofrkr ibs jbrmbs bi dtrd ib`d, rfstburbg`d bsá ib fgfrmáb b
td`bs ibs jbrmbs sfjug`brkbs.

Fstb `kspdskjkúg pfraktf ugb râpk`b rfstburbjkúg `fi sfrvkjkd b td`bs ibs jbrmbs
j brmbs jubg`d sf
prd`ujf ug obiid fg fi bikafgtb`dr prkabrkd d fg
f g fi trbgsodrab`dr bhrkfg`d ib iágfb sfjug`brkb
bsdjkb`b y jfrrbg`d fi kgtfrruptdr `f fgibjf
f gibjf sfjug`brkd. Zk sf nb prd`ujk`d ugb për`k`b `f
vditbcf sfjug`brkd `fhk`d b ug obiid `fi bikafgtb`dr prkabrkd jdg ib bpfrturb `fi kgtfrruptdr `fi
KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

bikafgtb`dr prkabrkd bsdjkb`d, fgtdgjfs td`bs ibs jbrmbs sfjug`brkbs quf gdrabiafgtf rfjkhf
fi bikafgtb`dr jdg obiibs `fhfrâg trbgsofrkrsf bi bikafgtb`dr prkabrkd dpufstd.

Fstd skmgkokjb quf jb`b jdg`ujtdr `fi bikafgtb`dr prkabrkd `fhf tfgfr fi tbabòd b`fjub`d pbrb
trbgspdrtbr ib jbrmb fg bahds ib`ds `f td`ds ids husfs sfjug`brkds quf fstâg skrvkfg`d hbcd
trbgsofrfgjkb `f fafrmfgjkb sfjug`brkb. Zk ib për`k`b `f vditbcf sf `fhkú b ugb obiib `f ugd `f ids
trbgsodrab`drfs fg ib suhfstbjkúg, fgtdgjfs ids ouskhifs prkabrkds bsdjkb`ds sf bhrkrábg, `fcbg`d sdid fi
trbgsodrab`dr bvfrkb`d oufrb `f sfrvkjkd, y fgtdgjfs sdid ibs jbrmbs sfjug`brkbs quf gdrabiafgtf
rfjkhf fi trbgsodrab`dr `fofjtudsd tfg`râg quf sfr trbgsofrk`bs bi trbgsodrab`dr dpufstd.

Fg jubiqukfrb `f ibs jdg`kjkdgfs `f fafrmfgjkb bgtfrkdrfs, fi trbgsodrab`dr fg sfrvkjkd `f ugb

suhfstbjkúg `f ugk`b` `f `dhif fxtrfad `fhfráb tfgfr ib jbpbjk`b` `f sfrvkr ibs jbrmbs fg bahds ib`ds
`fi kgtfrruptdr `f fgibjf. Udr fstb rbzúg, ids trbgsodrab`drfs utkikzb`ds fg fstb bpikjbjkúg `fhfg tfgfr
vbidrfs `f l_B kmubifs fg jb`b ib`d `f ib suhfstbjkúg.

=.= Fifjtrd`ujtds
Vg fifjtrd`ujtd fs ug skstfabs `f `kstrkhujkúg fiëjtrkjb prfobhrkjb`d, fg ids quf ids jdg`ujtdrfs sdg
hbrrbs `f jdhrf d biuakgkd, bksib`bs y adgtb`bs `fgtrd `f ug mbhkgftf prdtfjtdr.

Ubrtfs `f ug fifjtrd`ujtd

Fi fifjtrd`ujtd bikafgtb`dr sf usb pbrb trbspdrtbr ib fgfrmáb fiëjtrkjb `f ib suhfstbjkúg b ibs ârfbs `f
jdgsuad, sf obhrkjbg pbrb fxtfrkdrfs (b ib kgtfapfrkf) f kgtfrkdrfs.

Fi fifjtrd`ujtd tkpd fgjnuof sf utkikzb pbrb jdgfjtbr ids fqukpds jdgsuak`drfs.

Ids fifjtrd`ujtds tkpd fgjnuof jdgtkfgf vbrkbs tdabs `f fgfrmáb fiëjtrkjb. Udr id quf sdg aâs jbrds.

KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

 Zkstfab Fifjtrd`ujtd tkpd fgjnuof

Ids tdabjdrrkfgtfs `fi fifjtrd`ujtd pfraktf rfuhkjbr oâjki y râpk`d ids fqukpds jjdgsuak`drfs,
dgsuak`drfs,
aâqukgbs y iuakgbrkbs fg pibgtbs `f abguobjturb, mrbg`fs jfgtrds jdafrjkbifs y f`kokjkds.

Fi skstfab jdg fifjtrd`ujtd fs aâs vksubi pdr id quf sf fvktb frrdrfs, fs `f râpk`b pibgfbjkúg y adgtbcf.

Fg jubgtd b ib prfsfgtbjkúg ibs juhkfrtbs `f biuakgkd jdg rfjuhrkakfgtd fpúxk`d, nbg sustktuk`d b
mbhkgftfs prdtfjtdrfs jdg iâakgb `f bjfrd.

Jdafrjkbiafgtf fi trbad rfjtd aâs jdaóg fs `f : aftrds (≎ 25 pkfs) jdg tdabs `f jdrrkfgtf b ?5
jfgtáaftrds, idgmktu`fs pfqufòbs, jd`ds P y jrujfs fstâg `kspdgkh
`kspdgkhifs,
ifs, pfraktkfg`d pfrsdgbikzbr ib
kgstbibjkúg.

Ubrb kgstbibjkdgfs râpk`bs sf puf`fg b`qukrkr fg trbads `f ?.2 aftrds (≎ 85 pkfs).

@ftbiif `f bikafgtb`dr fgjnuof `f ug fifjtrd`ujtd

f ifjtrd`ujtd
KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

> > PXBGZODXAB@DXFZ FIËJPXKJDZ

Ids trbgsodrab`drfs sdg aâqukgbs fstâtkjbs jdg `ds `fvbgb`ds `f jdrrkfgtf bitfrgb brrdiib`ds sdhrf ug gójifd
abmgëtkjd. Fi `fvbgb`d pdr `dg`f fgtrb fgfrmáb bi trbgsodrab`dr sf `fgdakgb prkabrkd y fi `fvbgb`d pdr `dg`f
sbif fgfrmáb nbjkb ibs jbrmbs quf sdg bikafgtb`bs pdr fi trbgsodrab`dr sf `fgdakgb sfjug`brkd.

>.2 Urkgjkpkd `f ougjkdgbakfgtd

Bi jdgfjtbr ugb tfgskúg bitfrgb _2 bi prkabrkd, jkrjuib ugb jdrrkfgtf pdr ëi quf mfgfrb ug oiucd bitfrgd fg
f g fi gójifd
abmgëtkjd. Fstf oiucd abmgëtkjd, fg vkrtu` `f ib Ify `f Obrb`by, kg`ujf fg fi sfjug`brkd ugb oufrzb fifjtrdadtrkz
(o.f.a.) F8 quf `b iumbr b ugb tfgskúg _8 fg hdrgfs `f fstf `fvbgb`d. @f f
fstb
stb abgfrb sf jdgskmuf trbgsodrabr ugb
tfgskúg bitfrgb `f vbidr fokjbz _2 fg dtrb `f vbidr fokjbz _8 y `f ib aksab orfjufgjkb. Gútfsf quf fstb aâqukgb
a âqukgb súid
vbif pbrb trbgsodrabr tfgskdgfs bitfrgbs, pfrd gd skrvf pbrb tfgskdgfs jdgtkgubs.

Jbapd abmgëtkjd fg fi gójifd `f ug trbgsodrab`dr

Fg ids fsqufabs fiëjtrkjds ids trbgsodrab`drfs sf rfprfsfgtbg

rfprfsf gtbg jdg ids skmukfgtfs sáahdids3

Záahdids pbrb trbgsodrab`drfs fiëjtrkjds

KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

>.?.2 Pbps d jbahkb`drfs `f `frkvbjkúg

@fhk`d b ibs jbá`bs `f vditbcf fg

f g ibs iágfbs `f trbgsakskúg, fi vditbcf fg ugb rfmkúg pbrtkjuibr `f ug
skstfab `f `kstrkhujkúg puf`f sfr jdgskstfgtfafgtf aâs hbcd quf id gdrabi. Udr id quf fi usd `f ids
tbps sdg `kspdsktkvds quf pfraktfg vbrkbr ib rfibjkúg `f fspkrbs d trbgsodrabjkúg `f ids trbgsodrab`drfs
jdg ib okgbik`b` `f abgtfgfr ugb rfqufrk`b tfgskúg fg ib jbrmb.

Gdrabiafgtf ids jbahkb`drfs `f `frkvbjkdg d tbps fstâg idjbikzb`ds fg ids `fvbgb`ds prkabrkds (`f
bitd vditbcf), `fhk`d b quf sf tkfgf quf abgfcbr fg ids jbahkds afgds jdrrkfgtf
j drrkfgtf `f ib quf sf abgfcbráb
sk sf idjbikzbrâg fg fi `fvbgb`d `f hbcd vditbcf. Jubg`d sf jbahkbg ibs tdabs, id quf sf nbjf fs bòb`kr d
`ksakgukr fspkrbs fg fi prkabrkd.

Zfifjtdr d jdgautb`dr `f tbp `f ug trbgsodrab`dr adgdoâskjd

Mfgfrbiafgtf ids Pbps vkfgfg tbgtd kgtfrgd jdad fxtfrgd pbrb su abgkpuibjkúg. Zu dpfrbjkúg
sf `fhf rfbikzbr jubg`d fi trbgsodrab`dr fstf `fsfgfrmkzb`d, gugjb hbcd tfgskúg, b afgds quf
id kg`kquf fi obhrkjbgtf.

@f fstb abgfrb, biu`kfg`d bi trbgsodrab`dr `f ib okmurb 25.2:, sk fi vditbcf `f iágfb fs `f súid 85=? _
(fg iumbr `f 8055 _), utkikzbrábads ib tfrakgbi 2 y ib tdab 6 pbrb dhtf
dhtfgfr
gfr 285 _ fg fi ib`d `fi
sfjug`brkd.

Prbgsodrab`dr `f `kstrkhujkúg jdg tdabs b (Pdab 21 8055 _),(tdab 8 1 88;8 _), (tdab : 1

82>0 _), (tdab 0185=? _) y (tdab 612;?> _)

KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS
Ids tbps fg fi prkabrkd sdg jdaógafgtf nfjnds fg pugtds jdgvfgkfgtfs `fi `fvbgb`d, mfgfrbiafgtf, vbg b ib
aktb` d bi okgbi `f ëstf y sdg fspfjkokjb`ds fg pdr jkfgtd `f ib tfgskúg tdtbi. Vg brrfmid jdaóg fs pbrb prdvffr
pr dvffr aâs
y afgds `ds `frkvbjkdgfs `f `ds y af`kd pdr jkfgtd jb`b ugb (8 `f 8 2/8 % j/u).

>.= Udibrk`b` `f ug trbgsodrab`dr

Ib pdibrk`b` `f ids hdhkgb`ds `fpfg`f `f ib `krfjjkúg fg quf sf fgrdiifg ibs hdhkgbs sdhrf fi gójifd (fg sfgtk`d
ndrbrkd d bgtkndrbrkd), y tbahkëg `fi júad jdgfjtfads ids jbhifs `f sbik`b `f ib hdhkgb b ibs tfrakgbifs.

Fi sfgtk`d `f fahdhkgb`d `fi trbgsodrab`dr

Ibs hdhkgbs sfjug`brkbs `f ids trbgsodrab`drfs adgdoâskjds sf brrdiibg yb sfb fg fi

f i aksad sfgtk`d `f ib hdhkgb
prkabrkb d fg fi sfgtk`d dpufstd, fstd
f std sfmóg fi jrktfrkd `fi obhrkjbgtf. @fhk`d b fstb sktubjkúg, pd`ráb sfr quf ib
kgtfgsk`b` `f jdrrkfgtf fiëjtrkjb fg ib hdhkgb prkabrkb y ib kgtfgsk`b` `f jdrrkfgtf fg ib hdhkgb sfjug`brkb jkrjuifg
fg ug aksad sfgtk`d, d fg sfgtk`d dpufstd.

Jubg`d ib jdrrkfgtf oiuyf fg bahbs hdhkgbs fg ib aksab `krfjjkúg, ib pdibrk`b` `fi trbgsodrab`dr
rfsuitb sfr b`ktkvb. Zk ib `krfjjkúg fs dpufstb fg ibs hdhkgbs, ib pdibrk`b` rfsuitb sfr sustrbjtkvb.
KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS
Ib pdibrk`b` kg`kjb ids pdids pdsktkvds d gfmbtkvds `f ids tfrakgbifs `fi trbgsodrab`dr fg ug
`ftfrakgb`d kgstbgtf.

Ubrb ug trbgsodrab`dr adgdoâskjd, fstds sf abrjbg jdg N2, N8 fg fi prkabrkd y ^2, ^8, ^: fg fi
sfjug`brkd.

Fxkstfg `ds tkpds `f pdibrk`b`fs quf puf`f tfgfr fi trbgsodrab`dr3 pdibrk`b` b`ktkvb y sustrbjtkvb. Fg
ib b`ktkvb N2 y ^2 abrjbg `f odrab `kbmdgbi fgtrf prkabrkd y sfjug`brkd. Fg ib sustrbjtkvb N2 y ^2 sf
abrjbg `f odrab b`ybjfgtf.
KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS
Fg ids trbgsodrab`drfs adgdoâskjds fg fi prkabrkd ib iftrb N2 skfaprf vb bi ib`d kzqukfr`d y ib N8 bi
ib`d `frfjnd. Ibs abrjbs fg fi sfjug`brkd gds kg`kjbg sk fs b`ktkvd d sustrbjtkvd. Zk fg f
fii sfjug`brkd sk
tfgfads ^2 bi ib`d kzqukfr`d y ^8 b ib `frfjnb su pdibrk`b` fs sustrbjtkvb, fg jbahkd sk fi dr`fg fs quf
^2 fstë b ib `frfjnb jdrrfspdg`f b ug trbsodrab`dr b`ktkvd.

>.=.2 Urufhb `f pdibrk`b`

2. Jdgfjtbads fi `fvbgb`d `f bitd vditbcf b ugb oufgtf `f jdrrkfgtf bitfrgb `f hbcd vditbcf (pdr
fcfapid, `f 285 _).
8. Jdgfjtbads ug bibahrf `f jkfrrf d pufgtf C fgtrf `ds ttfrakgbifs
frakgbifs (BP) y (HP) b`ybjfgtfs
jubifsqukfrb.
:. Jdgfjtbads ug vditáaftrd fgtrf ibs dtrbs `ds tfrakgbifs (BP) y (HP) b`ybjfgtfs.
0. Zk fi vditbcf _x fs abydr quf fi vditbcf `fi prkabrkd _p, fgtdgjfs fi trbgsodrab`dr tkfgf
pdibrk`b` b`ktkvb. Akfgtrbs quf sk fi vditbcf _x fs afgdr quf fi vditbcf `fi prkabrkd _p, fgtdgjfs
fi trbgsodrab`dr tkfgf pdibrk`b` sustrbjtkvb

Fi trbgsodrab`dr adgdoâskjd bikafgtb`d jdg 285_ `b ug vditbcf `f 0 _ fg fi sfjug`brkd. Bi af`kr fi

vditbcf fgtrf ids tfrakgbifs rfstbgtf `b 22? _, ib `kofrfgjkb `f 285_ y 0 _. Udr id quf fi trbgsodrab`dr
fs `f pdibrk`b` sustrbjtkvb.

KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

Ib jdgokmurbjkúg `fitb b fstrfiib fs ib jdgfxkúg `f trbgsodrab`dr trkoâskjd aâs utkikzb`b. Fg ib okmurb
skmukfgtf sf kiustrb ugb trbgsodrabjkúg tápkjb `f vditbcf. Fi sfjug`brkd prdpdrjkdgb ug pugtd gfutrd
pbrb suakgkstrbr fgfrmáb `f iágfb b gfutrd b jbrmbs adgdoâskjbs. Fi pugtd gfutrbi tbahkëg fstâ
jdgfjtb`d b tkfrrb pdr rbzdgfs `f sfmurk`b`. Ibs trfs obsfs suakgkstrbg 85> _, akfgtrbs quf fi vditbcf
pbrb jbrmbs adgdoâskjbs fs `f 85> _ d 285 _. Jubg`d fi trbgsodrab`dr sfjug`brkd suakgkstrb mrbg`fs
jbgtk`b`fs `f jbrmbs `fsfqukikhrb`bs, fi `fvbgb`d prkabrkd `fitb prdpdrjkdgb ug afcdr fqukikhrkd `f
jdrrkfgtf pbrb ib rf` `f bikafgtbjkúg.

KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

 BJJFZDXKDZ UBXB IB ZVCFJKÚG @F PVHFXÁBZ

Bhrbzb`frb tkpd uòb `f ug bmucfrd Bhrbzb`frb tkpd dafmb `f `ds bmucfrds

Zdpdrtf Ztrut tkpd jdimbgtf

Kgstbibjkúg `f sdpdrtf

Zucftb`d y bsfmurb`d. Jb`b jdg`ukt aftâikjd kgtfraf`kd (KAJ) sf `fhf sucftbr

sucf tbr y bsfmurbr b ugb
`kstbgjkb gd abydr `f ;55 aa (: pkfs) `f jb`b jbcb `f sbik`b, jbcb `f fapbiafs, jbcb `f `kspdsktkvds,
mbhkgftf, jufrpd `f jdg`ukt u dtrb
dtr b tfrakgbjkúg `f jdg`ukt.

KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

Zucftb`d y sdpdrtfs fg tuhfrábs XAJ f KAJ

Ids rfjdrrk`ds rfjtds `f tuhfrábs XAJ f KAJ nfjnds jdg bjdpibakfgtds

bjd pibakfgtds rdsjb`ds sf puf`fg sdpdrtbr
jdad sf aufstrb ib okmurb. Fstd sf `fhf nbjfr skfaprf quf `kjnds sdpdrtfs fvktfg ib trbgsakskúg `f
tfgskdgfs b ib tfrakgbjkúg `dg`f fi jdg`ujtd sf `fsváb fgtrf ids sdpdrtfs.

Zf pfraktkrâ buafgtbr ib `kstbgjkb `f sucfjkúg

sucf jkúg b 2.6 a (6 pkfs) sk ids akfahrds fstrujturb
fstrujturbifs
ifs gd
pfraktfg ugb sucfjkúg oâjki `fgtrd `f ids ;55 aa (: pkfs). Zk sf bprufhb, gd sf fxkmkrâ quf fi jdg`ukt
fstë sucftb`d y bsfmurb`d b ;55
; 55 aa (: pkfs) `f ib auob `f
` f bjdaftk`b pbrb ib tfrakgbjkúg `f ug
pdstf pdr fgjkab `fi tfjnd.

KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

Ib `kstbgjkb fgtrf ids sdpdrtfs sf puf`f buafgtbr b 85 pkfs (? a) pbrb fifvbjkdgfs vfrtkjbifs pbrb
bikafgtbr abqukgbrkb kg`ustrkbi d bimóg fqukpd okcd. Zf `fhf jdidjbr ids bjdpibakfgtds rdsjb`ds
gfjfsbrkds y ib tuhfráb `fhfr fstbr
f stbr bpdyb`b y hkfg sucftb fg ib pbrtf supfrkdr f kgofrkdr `f ib jdiuagb
bsjfg`fgtf.

;.0 Jdg`ukt Aftâikjd Oifxkhif

Fsbtb fs ug jbgbikzbjkúg `f sfjjkúg trbgsvfrsbi jkrjuibr
jkrj uibr nfjnb `f ugb hbg`b aftâikjb fgtrfibzb`b,
jdgodrab`b, y fgrdiib`b fg fspkrbi. Fstds sf jdgstruyfg fg tbabòds
t babòds quf vbg `fs`f 2? aa
(tbabòd jdafrjkbi `f 2/8‑) b 25: aa (tbabòd
(t babòd jdafrjkbi `f 0‑) `f `kâaftrd.

Puhd aftâikjd oifxkhif

Jdg`ukt aftâikjd oifxkhif (OAJ) sf puf`f utkikzbr fg iumbrfs fxpufstds

f xpufstds y djuitds.

Vsds

Zf `fhf fvktbr usbr jdg`ukt

j dg`ukt aftâikjd oifxkhif (OAJ) fg ibs skmukfgtfs jdg`kjkdgfs3

• Fg iumbrfs adcb`ds.
• Fg jubrtds pbrb hbtfrábs `f bjuauib`drfs.
•
Fg jubiqukfr iumbr (jibskokjb`d jdad) pfikmrdsd.
• Jubg`d fstë fxpufstd b abtfrkbifs quf tfgmbg ug fofjtd `ftfrkdrbgtf sdhrf ids jdg`ujtdrfs
kgstbib`ds, tbifs jdad bjfktf d mbsdikgb.
• Zuhtfrrâgfd d fapdtrb`d fg jdgjrftd vbjkb`d d `f bmrfmb`d.
• Jubg`d fstë fxpufstd b `bòds oáskjds.

KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

 20 20 JDGPXDI HÂZKJD @F
ADPDXFZ FIËJPXKJDZ

20.2 Fqukpds pbrb fi jdgtrdi y prdtfjjkúg `f adtdrfs fiëjtrkjds

Fg td`bs ibs kgstbibjkdgfs fiëjtrkjbs kg`ustrkbifs ib kgstbibjkúg `f ids adtdrfs fiëjtrkjds,
f iëjtrkjds, gd sdid jdgskstf
fg iifvbr ib fgfrmáb nbstb fiids,
f iids, tbahkëg rfqukfrf `f af`kds `f jdgfxkúg y `f
`fsjdgfxkúg,
sjdgfxkúg, bsá jdad
`kspdsktkvds `f jdgtrdi `f ids aksads, `fpfg`kfg`d `f ib bpikjbjkúg fspfjkokjb pbrb ib jubi oufrdg
sfifjjkdgb`ds.

Fstds fifafgtds fg ib odrab quf bpbrfjfg

bpbr fjfg fg ibs gdrabs tëjgkjbs pbrb kgstbibjkdgfs fiëjtrkjbs sf
aufstrb fg ib Okmurb skmukfgtf.

Fifafgtds `f ug jkrjuktd `frkvb`d jdg adtdr

KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

20.: Jdgtrdi abgubi
Fi jdgtrdi `f ids adtdrfs fiëjtrkjds
fiëjtr kjds jdgskstf fg rfbikzbr fi brrbgquf, ib rfmuibjkúg `f vfidjk`b`, fi
orfgb`d, ib kgvfrskúg `fi sfgtk`d `f abrjnb, bsá jdad fi
f i abgtfgkakfgtd `fi rëmkafg `f su
ougjkdgbakfgtd, `f bjufr`d jdg ibs fxkmfgjkbs `fi prdjfsd tfjgdiúmkjd.

Fg ids jbsds aâs sfgjkiids, fi brrbgquf, ib rfmuibjkúg `f vfidjk`b` y fi orfgb`d, sf rf

rfbikzb
bikzb pdr af`kd `f
`kspdsktkvds bjjkdgb`ds abgubiafgtf3 kgtfrruptdrfs `f jujnkiibs, rfústbtds `f brrbgquf y `f rfmuibjkúg,
rf muibjkúg,
jdahkgb`drfs, ftj.

Ib utkikzbjkúg `f fstds `kspdsktkvds kapikjb ugb për`k`b `f tkfapd supifafgtbrkb y, pdr id tbgtd,
t bgtd, rf`ujf
ib prd`ujtkvk`b` `f ib aâqukgb, sdhrf td`d, jubg`d su ougjkdgbakfgtd fstâ rfibjkdgb`d jdg orfjufgtfs
or fjufgtfs
brrbgqufs d jdg ugb rfmuibjkúg `f ib vfidjk`b`. B`faâs, fi fapifd `f `kspdsktkvds bjjkdgb`ds
abgubiafgtf fxjiuyf fi abg`d b `kstbgjkb, id quf rfsuitb kgjdgjfhkhif fg
f g guafrdsbs kgstbibjkdgfs
ad`frgbs. Ubrb ids skstfabs `f pdtfgjkb fifvb`b, fi abg`d abgubi rfsuitb
rf suitb `koájki y fg djbskdgfs
kapdskhif b jbusb `f ids mrbg`fs fsoufrzds quf sfrábg gfjfsbrkds pbrb bsfmurbr ib abgkdhrb `f ids
bpbrbtds.

Zfjjkdgb`drfs d kgtfrruptdrfs `f ifvbs

Ids bpbrbtds `f brrbgquf y abgkdhrb puf`fg jibskokjbrsf

j ibskokjbrsf `f auy `kvfrsbs abgfrbs, pfrd
oug`bafgtbiafgtf jbhf `kvk`krids sfmóg quf ib abgkdhrb `f ids aksads sfb abgubi d butdaâtkjb, y
sfmóg quf jdgfjtfg fi adtdr b pifgb tfgskúg `f ib rf` d b ugb tfgskúg rf`ujk`b.

Vg jdgtrdi abgubi fs ug `kspdsktkvd quf jdgstb `f ugd d vbrkds jdgtbjtds aúvkifs y dtrds okcds, ugk`ds b
ug tbahdr mkrbtdrkd, bjjkdgb`d fg odrab abgubi.

Fxkstfg guafrdsbs jdahkgbjkdgfs sfmóg ids jbsds, sf obhrkjbg jdad kgtfrruptdrfs, jdgautb`drfs,
kgvfrsdr `f sfgtk`d `f mkrd `f ids adtdrfs, ftj.

Ubrb idmrbr ugb jbpbjk`b` `f jdgtbjtd abydr (jbpbjk`b` `f jdrrkfgtf), fg ug fspbjkd afgdr quf ids
`kspdsktkvds `ksfòb`ds jdg jdgtbjtds `f bpfrturb sfgjkiib, sf utkikzbg ids jdgtbjtdrfs `f `dhif jdgtbjtd
`f bpfrturb.

Zf `fhf bjibrbr quf nby `kofrfgjkb fgtrf ids jdgtbjtdrfs abgubifs y ids brrbgjb`drfs abgubifs. Vg
jdgtbjtdr abgubi fs ug `kspdsktkvd quf bhrf y jkfrrb
j kfrrb abgubiafgtf ug jkrjuktd fiëjtrkjd y ids

KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

brrbgjb`drfs abgubifs sf usbg ógkjbafgtf fg fi jdgtrdi `f adtdrfs fiëjtrkjds pdr af`kds
fifjtrdabmgëtkjds.

Vgb `kofrfgjkb kapdrtbgtf fgtrf fi jdgtbjtdr y fi brrbgjb`dr, fs ug sfmug`d jdapdgfgtf fg fstf

óitkad, iibab`d ib prdtfjjkúg jdgtrb sdhrfjbrmb. Fi brrbgjb`dr sf jdapdgf `f ug jdgtbjtdr y ug
`kspdsktkvd `f prdtfjjkúg jdgtrb sdhrfjbrmb, `fhk`d b quf ibs gdrabs tëjgkjbs pbrb kgstbibjkdgfs
fiëjtrkjbs fstbhifjfg jdad rfquksktd, quf ug brrbgjb`dr gd súid skrvb pbrb brrbgjbr y pbrbr, skgd

tbahkëg pbrb prdpdrjkdgbr prdtfjjkúg y fvktbr quf sf `bòf fi adtdr hbcd sktubjkdgfs `f sdhrfjbrmb d `f
rdtdr hidqufb`d.

20.0 Jdgautb`drfs `f ifvbs

Ids jdgautb`drfs `f ifvbs pfrtfgfjfg bi mrupd `f ids kgtfrruptdrfs `f bjjkdgbakfgtd abgubi quf jdg
ib rdtbjkúg `fi fcf jdgfjtbg
jd gfjtbg ids `kofrfgtfs jkrjuktds fiëjtrkjds. Ids `ksjds `f ifvbs, `f adi`fb`d
jdrrfspdg`kfgtf y `f piâstkjd rfskstfgtf b ib bhrbskúg y bksibgtf, fstâg fapdtrb`ds sdhrf fi fcf y sfmóg
ib pdskjkúg tdab`b, bhrfg d jkfrrbg ugd d `ds jdgtbjtds.

Jdgautb`dr `f ifvb DG/DOO

Ids jdgautb`drfs `f ifvb `f fgjfg`k`d

fgj fg`k`d (DG12) y bpbmb`d (DOO15) tkfgf `ds fstb`ds fg sus jdgtbjtds,
bhkfrtd d jfrrb`d. Fstds puf`fg sfr `f `kofrfgtfs pdids ( `f 2,8,:,0, 6…
6…) skfg`d ids aâs jdaugfs `f
ugd, `ds d trfs pdids, yb sfb pbrb jdgtrdibr ids fqukpds fg skstfabs adgdoâskjds d trkoâskjds.

Jdgautb`dr `f ifvbs DG/DOO `f trfs pdids

Fg fstf jdgautb`dr jubg`d fstâ fg ib pdskjkúg 5 (DOO) sus pbrfs `f jdgtbjtds 2

2-8,
-8, :-0 y 6-? fstâg
bhkfrtds, jubg`d sf pbsb b ib pdskjkúg 2 (DG) sus jdgtbjtds sf jkfrrbg, pfraktkfg`d fi pbsf `f jdrrkfgtf
fg ibs trfs obsfs.

Fg fi skmukfgtf jkrjuktd sf jdgskmuf fi brrbgquf `krfjtd `f ug adtdr fiëjtrkjd abgubiafgtf jdg ug

jdgautb`dr `f ifvb sfgjkiid3

KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

 Brrbgquf `krfjtd `f ug adtdr trkoâskjd `f odrab abgubi.

20.6 Zfgtk`d `f mkrd `f ids adtdrfs trkoâskjds

Jubg`d gfjfsktbads quf fi mkrd sfb bi jdgtrbrkd
j dgtrbrkd (sfgtk`d bgtk-ndrbrkd), hbstb jdg pfrautbr `ds obsfs `f
bikafgtbjkúg `fi adtdr, jdad sf vf fg
f g ib Okmurb 22.2>, jdg id quf fi adtdr mkrb fg sfgtk`d dpufstd.

Fsqufab `f jdgfxkdgfs pbrb fi jbahkd `f mkrd fg

f g adtdrfs trkoâskjds `f jdrrkfgtf bitfr
bitfrgb.
gb.

Nby quf tfgfr juk`b`d `f gd pfrautbr ibs trfs obsfs pufs fg fsf jbsd fi adtdr skmuf mkrbg`d fg fi
aksad sfgtk`d.

KGZPBIBJKDGFZ FIËJPXKJBZ KG@VZPXKBIFZ XDGK ]. @DAÁGMVFS

Jubg`d ugb aâqukgb nb `f mkrbr fg bahds sfgtk`ds, gfjfsktbads ug jdgautb`dr (kgvfrsdr) quf rfbikjf
ib kgvfrskúg `f ib bikafgtbjkúg skg tfgfr quf abgkpuibr
a bgkpuibr ibs jdgfxkdgfs

Fstds jdgautb`drfs nbg `f fstbr `kafgskdgb`ds pbrb ib kgtfgsk`b` `fi adtdr y pdsffg trfs pdskjkdgfs,
jdg fi jfrd fg fi af`kd pbrb jdgsfmukr quf ib kgvfrskúg gd sf rfbikjf b jdgtrbabrjnb.

Kgvfrsdrfs `f mkrd abgubifs.