Eursd ha Bddhdd

@õhucd K

Enlhca ]dri
 

Àlhkea
Bkstõrked ........................................................................................................................................
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Bddhdd ë u` tk
tkpd
pd ha `îmken4 ...........................................................
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Ed`d Bddhdd ë hkjaralta hns rackmkñas hn Hkîspdrn Njrkenln, ed`d Zdhdul du Unltarkn4 ........ : 
Ed`d d Bddhdd sa racnek
racnekdln
dln ed` ns eralíns trnhkekdlnks hn Îjrken4 .......................................... : 

Bddhdd nklhn pdharkn sar raedlbaekhd pdr u` `a`ord ha u`n rack mkåd trnhkekdlnc njrkenln4 ... : 
rackmkåd
Ed`d Bddhdd ë vkstd ln `dharln ed`ulkhnha njrd-n`arkenln4................................................. : 
Zdeç nebn qua n ra`díåd hd nspaetd aspkrktunc ha Bddhdd ta` hamrnhdu n prîtken4 Nklhn astî
a` bnr`dlkn ed` ds hausas4 ............................................................
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............................................ = 
Zdeç jnz u`n hkstklíåd altra eurn trnhkekdlnc (rddtwdri) a edlgurníåd. Ed`d ncmuë` pdha
raedlbaear d trnoncbd ha rnkz ha edlgurnr4....................................................................................
.................................................................................... = 
@uktns passdns nssdekn` edlgurns ed` `nmkn lamrn du `nckmln. Ed`d d Bddhdd sa racnekdln
ed` d `nc4 ...........................................
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................... = 
Q`n hns jdr`ns `nks vksàvaks ha Bddhdd pnrn n N`ërken ornlen såd ds prdhutds
ed`areknckznhds pnrn n ed`ulkhnha njrd-n`arkenln, ed`d ds vîrkds õcads a klealsds
aledltrnhds a` ncmu`ns îrans. Zdeç nebn qua assas prdhutds jnza` pnrta hn trnhkíåd hd
Bddhdd4 .......................................................................................................
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Eurkdskhnha .................................................................
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N jdrín asernvn...........................................................
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Nctnras ln Xrnhkíåd Bddhdd ......................................................................................................... ; 
E_KNLHD UAQ V_ÕV_KN NCXN_ ............................................................................................
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@DOKCKÎ_KD VN_N D NCXN_ ...................
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XN@NLBD HD NCXN_ ............................................................................
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Q@ NCXN_ DQ ZN_KDU4..............................................................
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XDNCBN HD NCXN_ .....................................................................
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HK_AÍÅD HDU NCXN_AU .......................................
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ARA@VCD HA NCXN_AU...............................................................
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NCXN_ HA V_DUVA_KHN
V_DUVA_KHNHA HA JKLNLEKA_N A UD_XA ........................................................
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NCXN_ HA N@D_ .............................
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NCXN_ HDU KLK@KMD
KLK@KMDU
U ...........................................................................................................
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NCXN_HA UNOAHD_KN A UQEAUUD ..........................................
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.......................................... >? 
NCXN_ HA OALÍÅD, V_DXAÍÅD A HAUE_QNWN
HAUE_QNWN@ALXD
@ALXD ........................................
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...... >? 
Zacns.................................................................
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Ornled ...................................................................................................................................
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Zar`acbd .....................................................................
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_dsn.............................................................................................................................................
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Nzuc .............................................................................................................................................
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_dxd .............................................................................................................
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?
 

Zarha ...........................................................................................................................................
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N`nracd .......................................................................................................................................
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Cnrnlgn...................................................................................................................................
Cnrnlgn.........................................................................................................................................
...... >: 
@nrrd`...............................................................................................................................
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......... >= 
Vratd .................................................................
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...... >= 
Zacn ha envakrn ........................................................................
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..................................................... >2 
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Zacn ha sata odtñas ......................................................................................................................
Zacn ha mntd pratd ....................................................................................................................... >2 
Zacns ha `÷`kn ......................................................................
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Zacns ha jkmurns ......................................................................
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Zacns ha eruz ...............
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Zacns ha malktnks .........................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................... ?> 
Zastkr ...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... ?> 
Xdríåd ...................................................................................................................................
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...... ?>  
Mrnvnr/aseucpkr ............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ ?? 
Enrramnr .......................................................................................................................................
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@dhacnr ...........................................................
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............................................................................
Altncbnr ..............................................................................................................................
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......... ?5 
Kltarpratníåd hn Ebn`n hn Zacn ................................................................................................. ?5 
Zacn quak`n tdhn earn ha jdr`n ulkjdr`a ..................................................................................
.................................................................................. ?5 
Ebn`n ha vacn nctn a orkcbnlta. ...................................................................................................
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Ebn`n paqualn a jkr`a. ........................................................
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Ebn`n ha vacn paqualn a jrnen. ..................................
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Ebn`n ha vacn qua sa `dva du hnlín. .........................................................
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............................... ?1 
Ebn`n ha vacn n pksenr rnpkhn`alta. ..........................................................................................
.......................................................................................... ?: 
Zacn qua astncn du qua edspa.......................................................................................................
edspa....................................................................................................... ?: 
N ebn`n ha rapalta sa npnmn. ............................................................................................ ......... ?= 
.....................................................................................................
Zacn qua låd sa npnmn. ................................................................................................................
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N vacn qua låd nealha.................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................ ?2 
Zacn neasn jnz `uktn ju`nín. ..........................
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......... ?2 
N vacn jnz u`n onjdrnhn ha ju`nín ornlen. .........................................................................
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...... ?; 
N vacn jnz ju`nín pratn...............................................................................................................
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N ju`nín hn vacn sa `dva a` sun hkraíåd..............................................................
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.................... 56 
N ju`nín hn vacn sa njnstn ha vdeç. .............................................................
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Ebn`n ha vacn quak`n nzuc. ........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................ 5> 
N vacn neasn jdr`n u`n erntarn
er ntarn ld ealtrd, hakxnlhd earn
ea rn lns cntarnks. ...................................... 5> 
Zacn harrata rnpkhn`alta a` u`n pdín ha earn. ......................................................................... 5? 
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5
 

N vacn quak`n sa` pklmds ha earn (sa` ebdrnr). ...............................................................

........................................................................
......... 5? 
N earn pklmn npalns ha u` cnhd. .................................................................................................
................................................................................................. 55 
Vahníds pratds npnraea` ln earn harratkhn. ................................................................................
................................................................................ 55 
N juckma` sa neu`ucn ld raekpkalta hn vacn................................................................................ 58 
Q`n vacn axpcdha du u` raekpkalta
rae kpkalta quaorn, du ncmu` dutrd nekhalta ha vacn hrn`îtked. ......... 58 
Ebn`n hn vacn ........................
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Vnvkds .......................................................................................................................................... 51 
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N Zacn ..........................................................................................................
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Zacns ha sata hkns ........................................................................................................................
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8
 

Bkstõrked
D qua ë Bddhdd, drkma` a kljcuçlekns
_asu`khn`alta, "Bddhdd"
"Bddhdd" ë u` sksta`n `àstked njrd- harkvnhd ha jdrtncaek`altd passdnc
a pskedcõmked, ntrnvës hd usd aspaeknckznhd ha rnàzas, arvns a `klarnks ha jdr`n oalëjken
du `ncëjken pnrn dotar u` rasuctnhd hasagnhd, pdr axa`pcd, prdtaíåd, eurn, rkquazn,

 gustkín,
edstu`as vktõrkn sdoraa klk`kmds,
lntkvds ate. Uau axtalsd
eralíns pdpucnras edrpdsåd
ulkvarsnks, ha edlbaek`altd asdtërked
asdtërked,
trnhkekdlnc`alta , atbds,
trnls`ktkhds
Ymarnc`alta a` jn`àcknsP ha marníåd a` marníåd.
Bddhdd ë u` tkpd ha `îmken4
 Låd. Låd ed`d d tar`d "`îmken" ë hajklkhd
hajklkhd a pareaokhd ln eucturn dekhaltnc. Ld altnltd,
altnltd,
" Bddhdd " ë ha jntd u`n trnhkíåd `àstken njrkenln, edlbaekhn pdr vîrkds ld`as, qua ë
 prntkenhn a` tdhn
tdhn n Îjrken, a ta
ta`
` skhd bî `kcbnras ha nlds. Ë tncvaz n prk`akrn npckeníåd
npckeníåd
tnlmàvac hd sdoralnturnc, onsanhn ln àltk`n racníåd hds njrkenlds ed` ds jalø`alds hds
Aspàrktds qua ds alsklnrn` a ds nguhnrn` n sdoravkvar nd n`okalta pdhardsn`alta rked,
`ns nklhn klhd`îvac, a` qua sa aledltrnvn`.
Vdr axa`pcd, ln trnhkíåd hn Îjrken Dekhaltnc a hn Hkîspdrn @n`k ]ntn Zdhdul, ds
aspàrktds hn jcdrastn,
jcdrastn, qua prk`akrdedlbaekhds ed`d
sa nprasaltnvn
nprasaltnvn` "Nzzkzns",
` nds arn`
enínhdras ds munrhkñas
njrkenlds `nks avdcuàhds
a pcnltnhdras. hn
Alsklnrn`-
cbas d usd asdtërked, `ahkeklnc (nbn`) a prdprkahnhas ncquà`kens klaraltas æ noulhïlekn
ha arvns, îrvdras, rnàzas, `klarnks a jdr`ns ha vkhn qua prdsparn` a` suns lëvdns.
Jdrn` ds nzzkzns qua tn`oë` alsklnrn` ds njrkenlds n jnzar valalds, pdíñas, ra`ëhkds
a Mod, "aod" a "odkebd / od" (edlbaekhds bdga ed`d "`dgd, n`ucatds, tncks`å, dunlmns").
Nzzkzns, jdk n hkvklhnha `nks tnrha khaltkjkenhn ed`d "Camon", d mrnlha `alsnmakrd hds
hausas, qua tn`oë` alsklnvn nds njrkenlds d usd ha Mod a trnlspdrtnvn saus pahkhds
 prapnrnhds pnrn
pnrn ns raspaetkvn
raspaetkvnss hkvklhnhas.
D prk`akrd usd prîtked a axtalskvd ha arvns, n`ucatds a tncks`ås ln jcdrastn jdk pnrn
 prdtaíåd edltrn nekhaltas a hdalíns trdpkenks, nlk`nks parkmdsds, rapnrníåd ha
jark`altds, oa` ed`d pnrn mnrnltkr d sueassd a` sun enín. Ld altnltd, sau usd asdtërked
arn prklekpnc`alta pnrn prdtaíåd ha klvagn, klvagn a `drta pdr dutrds enínhdras, oa`
ed`d prdtaíåd edltrn ds aspàrktds znlmnhds hnquacas nlk`nks qua jdrn` `drtds pdr
ed`khn, du pdr nekhalta hurnlta d eursd hn enín. N pnrtkr hassas nleastrnks prk`îrkds,
avaltunc`alta hasalvdcvau-sa u` mrupd ha snearhdtas aspaeknckznhds a snearhdtksns
edlbaekhds ld Hnd`ë ed`d Odidldls (mad`nltas), Nzdlhdtd, Wdins, Mnronrn, Nipnsas
(sdearars) a Odtdldls.
Jdk assa edlbaek`altd qua ds njrkenlds trduxarn` pnrn d Ldvd @ulhd ed` acas, a `nks
tnrha kledrpdrnrn` a nhnptnrn` ed` ds klhàmalns, a ncmu` jdcecdra aurdpau, qua vakd n
sar edlbaekhd ed`d "Bddhdd". Kssd ë npalns hd Hnbd`ay. D taxtd nek`n låd edora ns
trnhkíñas hd Edlmd, qua tn`oë` såd jdrta`alta kledrpdrnhns æ trnhkíåd hd Bddhdd nquk
ln N`ërken.

Barsidvkts, a` sau ckvrd "Lnrrntkvn Hnd`knln7 Q`n Nlîcksa Xrnlseucturnc9 @acvkcca G

Barsidvkts a Jrnleas U. Barsidvkts. >;;2, Ldrtbwastarl Qlkvarskty Vrass." djaraea u`
1
 

edrpd rked ha jdcecdra a eralíns ramkdlnks hns Bkstõrkns ha Enínhdras a sun racníåd ed`
assas aspàrktds hn jcdrastn ln eucturn hnd`anln.
Ed`d Bddhdd ë hkjaralta hns rackmkñas hn Hkîspdrn Njrkenln, ed`d
Zdhdul du Unltarkn4
Zdhdul a Unltarkn (Debn), såd trnhkíñas njrd-aspkrktunks, onsanhns ld euctd a valarníåd
ha hkvklhnhas aspaeknckznhns
aspaeknckznhns (du Drksbns ln Unltarkn) a Nleastrnks, lns qunks sun astruturn
ckt÷rmken, rktunc a `drnc ns ecnsskjkenrkn` ed`d "rackmkñas" pacn pnrta dekhaltnc. Nd pnssd
qua n prîtken ha "Bddhdd" ë sk`pcas`alta u`n nrta `îmked- odtïlken, `àstken, ln qunc
nspaetds ha sun prîtken pdha` sar kledrpdrnhds æs julíñas rktunks hd snearhõekd, `ns
tn`oë` pdha` sar prntkenhds ed`d nrta saeucnr sapnrnhn pdr quncquar passdn. Vrntkenr
Bddhdd ed`d ë prntkenhd ld Dekhalta, tn`oë` låd axkma klkekníñas jdr`nks du
edlsnmrníådd n quncquar hkvklhnha. Ë a` mrnlha pnrta "`nmkn hd jdcecdra".
edlsnmrníå
Ed`d d Bddhdd sa racnekdln ed` ns eralíns trnhkekdlnks hn Îjrken4
 Ln Îjrken Dekhaltnc, ds Nzzkzns & Camon såd ds aspàrktds munrhkñas qua prk`akrd
alsklnrn` astn nrta a suns caks ned`pnlbnltas æ prk`akrn jn`àckn ha njrkenlds. D usd ha
"Mod" (tncks`ås, n`ucatds) pnrn n "`nmkn" djalskvn a prdtatdrn arn malarnckznhd a td`nhd
ed`d u` rktd ha sdoravkvçlekn ln eucturn hnd`anln. Jdk Camon qua` alskldu astn nrta
nd prk`akrd
n`pcd edrpd edlsnmrnhd
edlbaek`altd ha arvns,ha`klarnks,
snearhdtarnàzas
ln prîtken
a sau`àstken a rackmkdsn njrkenln.
usd aspaeknckznhd a` eurn,D
klkekníñas, eark`ølkns rktunks, " `nmkn pdpucnr " a `ahkekln, ë assaleknc pnrn ldssd
hasalvdcvk`altd
hasalvdcvk`al td prdjksskdlnc a ed`patçlekn ed`d snearhdtas.
Bddhdd nklhn pdharkn sar raedlbaekhd pdr u` `a`ord ha u`n
rackmkåd trnhkekdlnc njrkenln4
Nosdcutn`alta. Ecnrd, ed` ncmu`ns vnrkníñas eucturnks a ed` `nks çljnsa ln edlgurníåd
a `ahkekln. "Bddhdd" jdk pnssnhd ha ldssds nltapnssnhds `nks nltkmds Yntrnvës ha
cklbnmals jn`kcknras hkratnsP, a såd acas qua nklhn bdga pdssua` d `nks axtalsd
edlbaek`altd asdtërked, d qua ds hkstklmua hds prntkenltas marnks "jdcecõrkeds"
Yaspaeknc`alta lds AQNP qua npralha` nrta prklekpnc`alta n pnrtkr ha ckvrds, a saus

 oalajàekds såd tda`

(hasalvdcvk`altd
(hasalvdcvk`al mrnlha pnrta hapalhaltas ha sau prõprkd làvac ha "nsa"
aspkrktunc).
Ed`d Bddhdd ë vkstd ln `dharln ed`ulkhnha njrd-n`arkenln4
 Lds Astnhds Qlkhds, bnvkn Ya nklhn axkstaP hkserk`klníåd a praedleaktd malarnckznhds
malarnckznhds
edltrn tdhns ns rackmkñas a prîtkens rktunks njrkenlns, qua arn` `uktd ta`khns pacds
aurdpaus. Kstd jdk nssk` pdrqua "edlgurníåd" (u`n jdr`n `nks pdtalta hasta sksta`n) jdk
jdrta`alta aljntkznhn a usnhn ed`d u`n nr`n pnsskvd- nmrasskvn edltrn n asernvkhåd a n
 orutnckhnha ha `uktds asernvkznhdras
asernvkznhdras edltrn ldssds pnks a pnks njrkenlds. Caks jdrn`
 prd`ucmnhns pnrn pnrnr tdhns ns jdr`ns ha prîtkens njrd- rackmkdsns, ntrnvës ha u`n
en`pnlbn `uktns vazas vkdcaltn pnrn hasnerahktnr saus snearhõekds a raonkxnr suns
 prîtkens bdcàstkens. D "Uacvn odla- kl- LDUA jaktkeakrd" ad "gkva- tnciklm- `kss- Ecad-
jaktkeakrn" såd d `nks kljn`a hassns k`nmals hapraekntkvns.

 
  Låd dostnlta, `uktds suckstns, nnjrd-
jrd- n`arkenlds a nquacas
nquacas qua `kmrnrn`
`kmrnrn` hd suc rurnc pnrn
pnrn
ns ekhnhas uronlns edltklunrn` n prntkenr suns trnhkíñas jdcecõrkens, a `uktds du ds
asedlharn` du ds ack`klnrn` ed`pcatn`alta. Krdlken`alta, bdga, `uktds nspaetds ha
Bddhdd aståd salhd a`pnedtnhds ed`d "]keen, Ldvn Arn" a "@ahkekln Nctarlntkvn a
Eurn", sa` lalbu` erëhktd hnhd æs suns rnàzas njrkenlns
njrk enlns lntkvns.
Zdeç nebn qua n ra`díåd hd nspaetd aspkrktunc ha Bddhdd ta`
hamrnhdu n prîtken4 Nklhn astî a` bnr`dlkn ed` ds hausas4
 Låd ë n lnturazn ha Bddhdd qua astî "jdrn ha bnr`dlkn
bnr`dlkn ed` Haus", `ns sk` n lnturazn
hns jrnquazns klaraltas nd enrîtar bu`nld, qua enusdu suns prîtkens `ncëjkens sa
`nlkjastnra` a` prk`akrd cumnr.
N `nkdrkn hd qua bdga ë ebn`nhd ha "Bddhdd" arn prntkenhn ln Îjrken, a` mrnlha pnrta
 pnrn jkls hajalskvds. Du sagn, jdk ulkvarsnc`alta edltrntnhd pnrn prdtamar ncmuë` hd
"dcbd hd `nc", hn vklmnlín (klvagn) a hd õhkd hds dutrds a hds jaktkeakrds. Jdrn hns `klbns
julíñas ldr`nks, u`n pnrta skmlkjkentkvn hd `au trnoncbd ë ra`dvar d qua `uktds
nerahktn` sar "Bddhdd" talhd skhd jaktd n acas ha dutrns passdns.
Vdr dutrd cnhd, Bddhdd, a`odrn pnrta hns prîtkens rktunks a` NX_s lulen jdk vkstd ed`d
u`n "trnhkíåd aspkrktunc". D qua enusdu n hkvksåd a` qua ds prntkenltas ha Zdhdul

`aldspraznrn`
hkjaraleknr altradns"Bddhddkst", jdk havkhd
huns trnhkíñas. æ kmldrïlekn
Assn kmldrïlekn hd p÷ocked
rasuctdu a` låd
a` tdhds sar enpnz
ds NX_s ha
salhd
nmrupnhds ln `as`n entamdrkn qua "Bddhdd".
Kssd julekdldu pnrn n vnltnma` ha `uktds Bddhddkstns, qua ed`aínrn` n sa pnssnr pdr
"snearhdta vdhu". Kssd sarkn aqukvncalta n u` qukrdprîtked sa pnssnr pdr ekrurmkåd
drtdpëhked. Jdk assn kltrusåd `drnc a prdjksskdlnc qua aljuraeau `uktds prntkenltas ha
NX_. Kljackz`alta, d qua bdga ë asenssd ln eds`dcdmkn / rackmkåd njrkenln ë vkstd ed`d
"Bddhdd" a n `nkdrkn hd qua pnssn pdr "Zddhdd" pdr Bdccywddh, a n eucturn pdpucnr ë,
ln varhnha, `nmkn pdpucnr njrkenln, du "Bddhdd". @uktds hds ebn`nhds snearhdtas
"vdhus" jn`dsds såd ln varhnha "Bddhddkstns", `ns assn hkstklíåd ë õovkn pnrn lõs a
 pnrn ds dutrds qua altalha` ldssns trnhkíñas. Assn kmldrïlekn
kmldrïlekn julekdldu aspaeknc`alta
aspaeknc`alta
 oa` pnrn ds avnlmëckeds erkståds, ntnhds ed` rneks`d aurdeçltrked,"@nmkn `ncëjken a

suparstkíåd".
Zdeç jnz u`n hkstklíåd altra eurn trnhkekdlnc (rddtwdri) a edlgurníåd.
Ed`d ncmuë` pdha raedlbaear d trnoncbd ha rnkz ha edlgurnr4
"_ddtwdri" (rddt`nl / `ucbar) ë npalns ncmuë` qua usn rnàzas prklekpnc`alta ln
nqukskíåd ha ra`ëhkds, entnpcns`ns a dutrns npckeníñas ha eurn pnrn d jàsked, a` dpdskíåd
n hdalíns aspkrktunks. Edlgurníåd, pdr dutrd cnhd, ë ncmd ed`pcatn`alta hkjaralta. N
edlgurníåd astî `nks prõxk`n ha ed`d Bddhdd ë prntkenhd ln Îjrken a raquar u`
edlbaek`altd
edlbaek`al td a u` pdhar `nks aspaeknckznhds qua låd pdha` sar hkseutkhds lasta jõru`.
@uktns passdns nssdekn` edlgurns ed` `nmkn lamrn du `nckmln. Ed`d
d Bddhdd sa racnekdln ed` d `nc4

Hasha d klàekd hds ta`pds, ds njrkenlds sa`pra nerahktnrn` a` u` haus suparkdr, a

ntrnvës hn níåd ha saus nleastrnks a ha suns hkvklhnhas, sa`pra kledrpdrnrn` ds
=

 
 alskln`altds `drnks a` sun astruturn sdeknc a jkcdsõjken. Ld altnltd, n jkcdsdjkn a n
tadcdmkn njrkenlns låd edlskharn` d "`nc" tåd axtra`d a hajklktkvd qunltd d dekhaltnc.
 Ln Îjrken, "`nc" ë u` tar`d racntkvd, a sa racnekdln prklekpnc`alta ed` d `dhd ed`d
u` ntd du níåd njatn u` klhkvàhud, sun jn`àckn, sun nchakn a sun lníåd. Låd såd ds *
skmlkjken
skmlkjk en *, `ns sk` ds * rasuctnhds * a suns edlsaqóçlekns qua hatar`kln` d qua ë "`nc".
Q`n hns jdr`ns `nks vksàvaks ha Bddhdd pnrn n N`ërken ornlen såd ds
prdhutds ed`areknckznhds pnrn n ed`ulkhnha njrd-n`arkenln, ed`d ds
vîrkds õcads a klealsds aledltrnhds a` ncmu`ns îrans. Zdeç nebn qua
assas prdhutds jnza` pnrta hn trnhkíåd hd Bddhdd4
Ed`d hktd nek`n, ds njrkenlds, a` sau ldvd n`okalta, utkckznrn` qunksquar raeursds
lnturnks pnrn prdtamar suns trnhkíñas (qua astnvn` edlstnlta`alta sdo ntnqua), oa` ed`d
 pnrn kledrpdrnr suns prîtkens `àstkens trnhkekdlnks a` sun ldvn vkhn ln N`ërken hd Ldrta.
Ldrta.
Kssd jdk dotkhd ed` u`n vnrkahnha ha jdltas låd klhàmalns hn Îjrken (du sagn, lntkvns
n`arkenlns a aurdpëkns). @nks u`n vaz, astns jdrn` npalns nhnptníñas cdenks
kledrpdrnhns a` u` sksta`n njrkenld asdtërked gî hasalvdcvkhd a pdhardsd. Acas snokn`
qua rnàzas a arvns sarvkrkn` `acbdr ed`d suostktutds a ns utkckznrkn`. D `ktd pdpucnr ha
qua acas npralharn` assns prîtkens pdr ornleds a lntkvds n`arkenlds låd ë npdknhd la`
 pacn bkstõrkn la` pacn pasquksn. Ha jntd, n bkstõrkn ravacn qua jdk d rktunc njrkenld a ns
 prîtkens odtïlkens
odtïlkens qua kljcualekn
kljcualeknrn`
rn` jdrta`alta d ÷ctk`d.
Vdr axa`pcd, talbd u`n jdtd hd `au prõprkd oksnvø ln `klbn pîmkln Bddhdd, ln qunc
aca usn u`n gnquatn onininrk `dhkjkenhn. Q`n gnquatn ed` n`ucatds (`uctk- odcsds) pnrn
 prdtaíåd edltrn
edltrn jaktkínrkn. Nquk, n gnquatn hhaca
aca ë ha aastkcd
stkcd dekhaltnc, `ns `dhkjkenhn pnrn
u` prdpõsktd tdtnc`alta hkjaralta. Aca låd praeksnvn hn gnquatn ha astkcd dekhaltnc, `ns
n paca trnhkekdlnc usnhn låd astnvn hkspdlàvac. Npalns u` axa`pcd ha sun enpnekhnha
almalbdsn ha sa nhnptnr nd n`okalta.

Eurkdskhnha
A` >=>?, bnvkn npalns >6 lamrds a` tdhn n Cduksknln. A`pramnhds aurdpaus edltrntnhds
suo`atkhds n edltrntds ha 5: `asas ranckznrn` n `nkdr pnrta hd trnoncbd ranckznhd npalns
 pdr asernvds. A` >=??, earen ha >=6 àlhkds jdrn` asernvkznhds a` jnzalhns hn
Cduksknln, dlha edltrkouàrn` ed` tëelkens ÷taks pnrn enínr a erknr nck`altds. Ensn`altds
jdrn` malarnckznhds altra njrkenlds a klhknlds. "Mrkj" arn n haskmlníåd rneknc usnhn pdr
saus jkcbds. Ns passdns asernvkznhns ln Cduksknln prdvklbn` prklekpnc`alta hn
Ualamï`okn, hd mdcjd ha Oalkl, hn onàn ha Oknjrn a hn Îjrken Ealtrd-Dekhaltnc. Ncmuls
hacas vkarn` hd suhasta hn Îjrken. Ds jrnleasas k`pdrtnrn` earen ha :.666 asernvds ln
Cduksknln.

N jdrín asernvn
 Ln edlecusåd hn Muarrn hd Uëtk`d Nld (>=1:->=:5), ds orktïlkeds deupnrn` n `nkdr
 pnrta hn `nrma` casta hd rkd @kssksskppk
@kssksskppk a d rastnlta hn Cduksknln jdk ea
eahkhd
hkhd æ Aspnlbn.

 
 N Cduksknln jdk ranoartn pnrn k`pdrtníñas
k `pdrtníñas `nekíns ha asernvds hn Îjrken. A` >=;1, bnvkn
>;.;?: asernvds a >:.568 passdns ckvras ha edr ln
l n Cduksknln, klecuklhd ?.=;= asernvds ln
edstn nca`å. Npõs n prdkokíåd hd trîjked ntcïltked ha asernvds a` >26=, `uktds vkarn`
hd Nctd Uuc hds AQN ntrnvës hd trîjked hd`ëstked ha asernvds a `kcbnras jdrn`
edltrnonlhanhds
edltrnonlhan hds hn Îjrken a hd Enrkoa ntrnvës hd ed`ërekd kcamnc ha asernvds. A` >2:6,
bnvkn 55>.=?: asernvds a >2.:8= passdns ckvras ha edr a` Cduksknln, klecuklhd 2.==:
asernvds ln edstn nca`å. Udo d hd`àlkd jrnleçs (>:;;->=:5), n Edstn Nca`å cdmd sa

tdrldu
hd cnhdnha
prklekpnc jdrlaeahdrn
saus sarvds ornledshaa asernvds
nck`altdsnjrkenlds,
pnrn Ldvnnssk`
Drcanls,
ed`dprdhuzkhn pacds nlds
lds prk`akrds edcdlds
hn
edcølkn jrnleasn ha ]ast Hd`klmua. . Ds asernvds njrkenlds ck`pnrn` n tarrn a pcnltnrn`
`kcbd, nrrdz a camu`as. Acas edlstruàrn` hkquas pnrn prdtamar bnoktníñas a pcnltníñas.
Acas tn`oë` sarvkn` ed`d sarrnhdras, enrpkltakrds, pahrakrds a jarrakrds. Erknvn`
envncds, odks, `ucns, vnens, dvacbns, suàlds a nvas. Ds asernvds tn`oë` sarvkn` ed`d
edzklbakrds, ckhnlhd ed` n axkmalta tnrajn ha hasensenr nrrdz ed` `drtakrds a pkc
pkcñas.
ñas. Acas
ranckznvn` tdhds ds tkpds ha tnrajns, trnoncbnlhd hasha d lnsear hd sdc ntë d pør hd sdc,
 pnrn tdrlnr n vkhn jîekc a nmrnhîvac pnrn saus `astras. Asernvns njrkenlns erknvn` saus
 prõprkds jkcbds alqunltd eukhnvn` hds jkcbds ha saus salbdras. Ds asernvds
jraqualta`alta asenpnvn` a sa tdrlnvn` enstnlbds lds pïltnlds pnrn avktnr trnoncbd
`drtnc a ebkedtnhns. Nquacas qua jdrn` raenpturnhds sdjrarn` pulkíñas savarns, ed`d
`nrenr ed` jarrd qualta, `utkcníåd a, avaltunc`alta, n paln ha `drta.

Nctnras ln Xrnhkíåd Bddhdd

E_KNLHD UAQ V_ÕV_KN NCXN_

N prk`akrn edksn n jnzar, nltas ha trnoncbnr pnrn ds eckaltas, ë `dltnr pacd `alds u` nctnr
a jn`kcknrkznr-sa ed` d trnoncbd hn vacn. Asta hava sar u` nctnr par`nlalta, a hava sar
hnhn n `nkdr edlskharníåd astëtken pdssàvac.
@DOKCKÎ_KD VN_N D NCXN_
Zdeç låd praeksn klvastkr a` prdhutds enrds ha kmragn, `ns vnk axkmkr, ld `àlk`d, vacns,
enstkínks, u` ornsakrd ha klealsd, õcads a klealsds, a quncquar astntuîrkn, jdtds a mrnvurns
a`dchurnhns raprasaltnlhd sun jdr`n passdnc ha havdíåd.
Zdeç praeksnrî ha u`n enkxn ha jõsjdrds ha `nhakrn a ha u` cdenc pnrn `nltç-cds
klvksàvaks qunlhd låd astkvara` a` usd. Nr`nzaln`altd pnrn ns vacns tn`oë` ë
laeassîrkd.
Zdeç pdha quarar edcdenr tkmacns ha îmun du Edcølkn pnrn oaokhns aspkrktunks9 ë edstu`a
usnr tníns ha vkhrd trnlspnralta pnrn kssd.
Zdeç pdha quarar
quarar qua ds pkras munrha
munrha`` ns arvns, ds `klarnks a n tarrn ha
ha ea`ktërkd pnrn
sara` edlsnmrnhds pnrn usd pdstarkdr a` `øgds.

Zdeç praeksnrî ha u` nctnr `aldr sk`pcas pnrn d hasa`palbd ha `nmkns ha ravarsd. Q`

cnhrkcbd du pcnen ha pksd sarî sujkekalta, `ns u` nctnr
nct nr `aldr pdha sar `nks hd sau mdstd.
;

 
 Zdeç praeksnrî ha pacd `alds trçs cdhastdlas mrnlhas du axtrnmrnlhas pnrn trnoncbnr a`
ld`a hds eckaltas - u` pnr ed`oklnhd pnrn jaktkíds ha n`dr a u`n ÷lken pnrn jaktkíds ha
ntrníåd (sdrta, prdsparkhnha...).
Au tn`oë` raed`alhd qua vdeç talbn huns cn`pnrklns ha quardsala ed` rasarvntõrkds
ha vkhrd. Alebn u`n ed` õcad var`acbd a n dutrn ed` õcad varha, pnrn jnzar edlgurns ha
n`dr a trnoncbds n cdlmd prnzd.

XN@NLBD HD NCXN_
D tn`nlbd hd sau nctnr hapalha kltakrn`alta ha vdeç, `ns hava bnvar aspníd sujkekalta
 pnrn qua ns jdtds hds eckaltas
eckaltas a saus pnpaks
pnpaks ha patkíåd sagn` ned`dhnhds.
ned`dhnhds. Ua tuhd d qua
vdeç jnz ë nealhar ns vacns pnrn sk `as`d, u` erknhd `uhd ë mrnlha d sujkekalta. Ua vdeç
axaeutnr "jaktkíds ha vacn a` `dvk`altd" hd tkpd haserktd pdr Balrk Mn`neba a` " D
Ckvrd @astra ha ^uak`n ha Zacns ", vdeç praeksnrî ha aspníd sujkekalta pnrn `dltnr ns
vacns, d klealsd a n Oàockn ha nedrhd ed` saus cnyduts.

Q@ NCXN_ DQ ZN_KDU4
Ncmuls edlguras `a hkza` qua n `ksturn ha patkíñas pnrn hkvarsns edlhkíñas a` `as`d
u` nctnr ë aspkrktunc`alta edljusn, `ns au vk nctnras ha dutrds trnoncbnhdras dlha tuhd
astî `ksturnhd.
Edlbaíd trnoncbnhdras qua `dltn` vîrkds nctnras par`nlaltas (u` pnrn n`dr, dutrd pnrn
hklbakrd, oçlíåds, ensds guhkeknks ate.) a tn`oë` edlguras qua usn` u` nctnr ed`prkhd a
d sapnrn` a` edlhkíñas.
Ncmuls trnoncbnhdras edcden` vacns pnrn ds eckaltas a` hkns hkjaraltas, ha nedrhd ed` n
edlhkíåd n sar trntnhn, a `dva` ns edksns pnrn haltrd a jdrn
jdr n hd nctnr, ha `dhd qua a` u`
hkn acas jnza` tdhds ds saus jaktkíds ha n`dr, a` dutrd, tdhds ds saus jaktkíds ha bdt jddt.

XDNCBN HD NCXN_
Q`n tdncbn ha nctnr låd ë laeassîrkn a axkmkrî ck`pazn parkõhken du suostktukíåd, `ns
axaeutn quntrd julíñas ÷taks7
  Ë u` dogatd astëtked qua edltrkouk pnrn n oacazn hd sau nctnr.
  Uun edr du haskml pdha sk`odckznr d trnoncbd qua astî salhd jaktd.
  Vrdtama n suparjàeka hd sau nctnr hn earn harratkhn.
  Ua jdr edcdenhd l u` nctnr ha `asn, vdeç pdha usnr d aspníd a`onkxd pnrn munrhnr
ds suprk`altds hd nctnr.

>6

 
 HK_AÍÅD HDU NCXN_AU
 La` tdhds ds trnoncbnhdras aljntkzn` n hkraekdlnckhnha, a `as`d altra nquacas qua d
jnza`, d sk`odcks`d hns hkraíñas vnrkn7
  Casta pnrn ntrnkr ldvns edlhkíñas, Dasta pnrn ra`dvar nltkmns edlhkíñas, Ldrta
 pnrn `a`ords hn jn`àckn a nltapn
nltapnssnhds.
ssnhds.
  Casta pdr hklbakrd a n`dr, Dasta pnrn harruonr klk`kmds
k lk`kmds onkxds, Uuc pdr kljcuçlekn
sdora ds dutrds, Ldrta pdr nleastrnks.
  Casta pnrn eckaltas, Dasta pnrn trnoncbd passdnc a nleastrnc.

ARA@VCD HA NCXN_AU

NCXN_ HA V_DUVA_KHNHA JKLNLEKA_N A UD_XA

D nctnr ha hklbakrd ë edoartd ed` u`n tdncbn astn`pnhn ed` hasalbd ha ldtns ha hõcnr.
Ë `dltnhd ed` vacns varhas, u`n mrnlha Cdhastdla, pkrktn, hnhds, astîtuns ha snltds a
hkvklhnhas ha sdrta a rkquazn (Lnlm Iwni, Uåd @nrtklbd Envncakrd, Unltd Axpahktd,
@nlaik Laid), alenltds ha hklbakrd a pkcbns ha hklbakrd
hk lbakrd ranc.
Bî paqualds ocdeds ha pnpac qua sa pnraea` ed` pkcbns a` `klknturn ha ldtns ha u`,
ekled, haz a vklta hõcnras, sdora ns qunks pdha` sar jaktns patkíñas. Õcads ha ck`pazn
usnhds ln axaeuíåd ha `nmkns ha hklbakrd tn`oë` såd axkokhds cî. Asta nctnr ë
edltklun`alta usnhd pnrn ntrnkr hklbakrd pnrn n cdgn, oa` ed`d pnrn ds eckaltas, ncmuls
hds qunks hapdsktn` ldtns ha hõcnr du `dahns ld nctnr ed`d djaralhn.

NCXN_ HA N@D_
D nctnr ha n`dr ë edoartd ed` eatk` var`acbd a raha pratn k`prassn ed` orkcbnltas
edrníñas var`acbds `atîckeds. Vnrn ha`dlstrníåd pnrn ds eckaltas, cavn u`n vacn
var`acbn hd Ldkvd a hn Ldkvn, vacns ebî ha cuz a` edpds ha vkhrd var`acbds a vacns ha
nctnr a` onlenhns ha ecdksdlla var`acbns - ncë` ha vacns ha Zkmàckn pnrn ds eckaltas. Bî
mrnlhas cdhastdlas nensncnhns, eåas Uedtty `nmlëtkeds, n`ucatds ha pçlks tnkcnlhasas,
vucvn klhdlëskn a n`arkenln a n`ucatds ha `n`dck (÷tard), cklmås ha Ubkvn, vklbd ha
Hn`knln a` u`n mnrrnjn a` jdr`n ha `ucbar vdcuptudsn saltnhn a u`n vnrkahnha ha
astntuîrkds - u`n ldkvn a ldkvd "D Oakgd", ha _dhkl, u` enstkínc ha onron lamrn parunln
`ulnebk, u` mrnlha pçlks ha erkstnc ha qunrtzd, u` haus Njtkenld ktbkjîcked, @kl d haus
hn jartkckhnha amàpekd a u` vnsd ha rdsns var`acbns ha sahn.

NCXN_ HDU KLK@KMDU

D nctnr hn hastrukíåd astî alvdctd a` vacuhd pratd a` racavd ed` u` pnhråd ha paca ha
edorn.

>>

 
 Ds ktals klecua` vacns pratns, u` mntd pratd ha pac÷ekn (ln varhnha jaktd ha paca ha
edacbd), u` edrvd pratd (a`
( a` tn`nlbd lnturnc, `ns ed`pcatn`alta nrtkjkeknc), u`n odlaen
jatkeba Lnmn, u`n odlaen ha pnld pratd, astîtuns ha altkhnhas qua nguhn` n trnoncbnr
`nmkn lamrn dotar vklmnlín a edltrdca, du `ahknr n `drta (Unltn @nrtn, n Hd`klnhdrn,
@nrka Cnvanu, Unltàssk`n @uarta, Nlk`n Udcn), u`n mrnlha mnrrnjn ebakn ha pk`altns
var`acbns a vacns pratns hn Zkmàckn pnrn ds eckaltas.

NCXN_HA UNOAHD_KN A UQEAUUD

D nctnr ha snoahdrkn a sueassd ë edoartd ed` u` pnld nzuc k`prassd ed` astracns ha Hnvk
a` prntn. Ds ktals
kt als klecua` u`n envakrn, u`n mrnlha edrdn ha `atnc, astîtuns ha altkhnhas
qua edleaha` snoahdrkn (Xnrn Ornlen, _ak Uncd`åd), vacns hdurnhns, u`n jdlta ha îmun
ha hrnmåd varha gnha, tarrn ha sapucturn ha u` nleastrnc a u`n enonín altncbnhn
raprasaltnlhd d trnoncbd ha u` eurnlhakrd n`nzølked.

NCXN_ HA OALÍÅD, V_DXAÍÅD A HAUE_QNWN@ALXD

D nctnr ha prdtaíåd a eurn ë edoartd ed` pnld ornled haedrnhd ed` paqualds aspacbds.

Ds ktals aklecua`
 prdtaíåd oçlíåd, vacns
oçlíåd, ornlens
n`ucatds edltrna dnzuks
edltrn pîckhns, as
@nc Dcbnhd, tncks`ås
astntuîrkn `îmkeds
tntuîrkn ha a srackmkdsds
altkhnha
altkhnhas pnrn
qua prdtama`,
eurn` a edlsdcn` (Gasus, @nrkn, Uåd @kmuac, Lkþd ha Ntdebn, Uåd Gdsë, Ouhn, Uåd Guhns,
Iwnl [kl) a vacns pnrn quaornr d nznr (gklx), prdtaíåd, ensds guhkeknks a eurn.

Zacns
Uuns vacns, du "cuzas", ed`d æs vazas såd ebn`nhns, såd assaleknks pnrn prntken`alta
tdhds ds rktunks. Astas såd ds "`dtdras" du "pdharas" qua såd sa`pra usnhds pnrn

sk`odckznr
a` d prdpõsktd
u` rktunc ha n`dr,oîsked
vdeç hd sau usnlhd
astnrî rktunc. A` dutrns
u`n vacnpncnvrns,
var`acbnsaduvdeç astîUatrnoncbnlhd
rdsn9 vdeç astî
trnoncbnlhd a` u` rktunc ha hklbakrd du sueassd, eartn`alta vdeç dptnrî pdr u`n vacn
varha9 Ua vdeç astkvar trnoncbnlhd a` u` rktunc ha haseruzn`altd, altåd sa` h÷vkhn ns
vacns ornlens du rdxns kråd aljaktnr sau nctnr. Xaltnr u` rktunc ha haseruzn`altd usnlhd
vacns pratns, dovkn`alta, sõ pkdrnrkn d prdoca`n9 taltnr u` rktunc ha hklbakrd usnlhd vacns
rdsns sõ edljulhkrkn ds pcnlds aspkrktunks. Altåd, n prk`akrn edksn a` quncquar rktunc ë
hasedorkr qunc edr ha vacn (du edras) vdeç astnrî usnlhd. Zn`ds nmdrn var d qua enhn edr
skmlkjken ha nedrhd ed` jdltas trnhkekdlnks.

Ornled

D ornled
 pacd ë n u`n
`alds `nks vacn
aspkrktunc hnsHaltrd
ornlen. edras ahn
lalbu`
prîtkenrktunc ha `nmkn
`îmken, ornlen
salta-sa quahakxnrkn
ns vacnshaornlens
klecukr

>?

 
 klvden` ns `nks nctns vkorníñas aspkrktunks pnrn d sau nctnr. Ë praeksn`alta assn vkorníå
vkorníådd
aspkrktunc qua vdeç praeksn pnrn dotar ds `acbdras rasuctnhds. Ds prntkenltas nerahktn`
qua axksta` assaleknc`alta hdks tkpds ha aspàrktds7 cu`kldsds a sd`orkds, a qua ds
aspàrktds hns travns jnza` dorns ha hastrukíåd du "`nc", alqunltd ds aspàrktds cu`kldsds
sa hahken` n quastñas ha n`dr, sdrta a "oa`". @nks ed`u`alta usn`ds huns vacns
 ornlens a`
a` u` rktunc ha `nm
`nmkn
kn ornlen qu
quaa såd edcde
edcdenhns
nhns ln pnrta ha trîs hd nctnr - u`n æ
asquarhn a dutrn æ hkraktn. Lõs ebn`n`ds assns ha vacns ha nctnr. Lds astîmkds klkeknks hn

 prîtken, ë klsalsntd
 prdtatdrns. ack`klnr pdha`
Nculds nvnlínhds ns vacns
pdha` lådornlens, u`n vaz qua
saltkr laeasskhnha ha taracns
assasåd
tkpdedlskharnhns
edlskharnhn
ha prdtaíåds
nhkekdlnc, talhd hd`klnhd ns lunleas ha õcads a klealsds. Ld altnltd, ë nedlsacbîvac
qua d klkeknlta sa`pra kledrpdra vacns ornlens a` saus trnoncbds ntë qua sa skltn
jksken`alta samurd a` trnoncbnr sa` acns.

Zar`acbd
D var`acbd ë n edr trnhkekdlnc hd n`dr, `ns `nks a` sau saltkhd npnkxdlnhd hd qua
rd`ïltked. D var`acbd tn`oë` ë n edr oîsken hn "alarmkn" a, edlsaqualta`alta, æs vazas
ë usnhd a` rktunks pnrn nguhnr u` edlvncasealta n raeuparnr n vktnckhnha. A`pramn`ds
vacns var`acbns a` sktuníñas a` qua quara`ds n hk`alsåd saxunc hd n`dr, a` dpdskíåd
në kltarassnlta
nspaetds `nks pcntølkeds
dosarvnr qua hd n`dr.
saxd A` vkstn
a alarmkn s åd hn
såd edlaxåd hdhaltrd
aqukvncaltas var`acbd ed` n hns
hn trnhkíåd vktnckhnha,
vacns -
u`n pareapíåd hn vksåd hn `nmkn hn saxunckhnha bu`nln. Haltrd hn `nkdrkn hns
trnhkíñas deuctns, låd bî lnhn ha `nc du arrnhd ed` n saxunckhnha a acn ë vkstn ed`d u`n
alarmkn oîsken qua `dchn d ulkvarsd.
^unlhd ds prntkenltas a`pramn` vacns var`acbns a` rktunks ha eurn, acas såd
ldr`nc`alta rasarvnhds pnrn neacarnr n raeuparníåd a hnr `nkdr jdrín vktnc nd pnekalta.
 Lõs låd taltn`ds eurnr u`n hdalín ed` acns. Vnrn nguhnr n eurnr, ds prdjksskdlnks
raed`alhn` vacns ornlens. Xalbn a` `alta tn`oë` qua ns vacns låd suostktua` ds
edlsacbds `ëhkeds ed`pataltas.

_dsn
D rdsn ë u` td` `alds kltalsd ha var`acbd a ë ha lnturazn rd`ïltken, talhd `nks n var
ed` n`kznha a "odns vkorníñas" hd qua ed` d n`dr "qualta" a jdrta. D rdsn ë
varhnhakrn`alta
varhnhakrn`al ta n edr hn bdspktnckhnha a hd od` saltk`altd a ë pnrtkeucnr`alta oalëjked
 pnrn nguhnr n rasdcvar prdoca`ns altra n`kmds a sunvkznr ns hkjkeuchnhas haltrd ha u`n
jn`àckn. Ds prntkenltas nerahktn` qua d rdsn erkn u`n salsníåd ha encdr a edlvkvçlekn.
Edlsaqualta`alta, acas raed`alhn` ed`d n edr khanc pnrn quak`nr a` jastns du
raulkñas sdeknks. Jraqualta`alta, a` rktunks ha n`dr, ed`aín-sa ed` u`n vacn edr-ha-
rdsn pnrn ntrnkr ncmuë`, a altåd sa `uhn pnrn u`n vacn var`acbn pnrn a`purrnr n racníåd
 pnrn u`n hk`alsåd saxunc. Kstd ë onstnlta nedlsacbîvac pdrqua æs vazas sd`ds ntrnàhds
 pdr ncmuë`, `ns hapdks qua d edlbaea`ds
edlbaea`ds,, pareaoa`ds qua d racnekdln`altd låd ta`

 pdtaleknc. Ua ln
`uktd rîpkhd ncmuë` ed`aídu
ed`aí
hkraíåd du ed`
arrnhn. u`
u`nn vacn
Ld altnltd, sa var`acbn
var`acbn,
, d racnekdln
racnekdln`altd
ncmuë` ed`aídu ed``altd pdha
u`n vacn sa
sa `dvar
rdsn, pdha-

>5

 
 sa hasedorkr `nks sdora n passdn nltas ha sa alvdcvar ha`nks. A` u`n arn ha saxd
klstnltïlad a mrntkjkeníåd, n `nkdrkn hns passdns klsalsntn`alta dptn pdr ed`aínr ed`
vacns var`acbns pnrn jnzar ns edksns nedltaeara`. Ed`aínr ed` rdsn par`kta qua vdeç
 prdva d enrîtar hn passdn n`nhn nltas ha sa altracnínr a` làvaks qua pdha` låd sar
hasagîvaks. D rdsn tn`oë` ë onstnlta prdtatdr. Q`n vaz qua ë `alds hkratd hd qua d
var`acbd a` `dvar ns edksns pnrn d qunrtd, aca jdrlaea ta`pd pnrn snoar sa vnca n paln
 prdssamukr ed` u` racnekdln`altd.

Nzuc
D nzuc ë n edr hn pnz a hn trnlqukckhnha a lõs d usn`ds qunlhd u`n vacn rdsn låd
edlsamua trnzar vkorníñas ha edlvkvçlekn du n`kznha. D nzuc ë jraqualta`alta usnhd
 pnrn sunvkznr sktuníñas hkjàeaks a` qua d rdsn du d ornled jncbn`. Ed`d ramrn marnc, ë
`acbdr ed`aínr ed` ornled du rdsn pnrn ckhnr ed` sktuníñas a`dekdln
a`dekdlnks
ks lamntkvns nltas
ha pnssnr pnrn d nzuc. Ln varhnha, asta ë u` edlsacbd sîokd a` marnc7  sa`pra ed`aea
ed` n edr `nks jrnen a pnssa pnrn edras `nks jdrtas sa n sktuníåd axkmkr .

 Låd sa pdharkn
pdharkn ntkrnr u`n od`o
od`onn ntø`ken pn
pnrn
rn `ntnr u` `dsq
`dsquktd.
uktd. Altåd, tn`oë`,
tn`oë`, ed`
`nmkn - sa`pra ed`aea sunva a vî jdrtncaealhd nds pdueds. N rnzåd pnrn kstd ë qua u`
 prntkenlta varhnhakrn`alta parktd raedlbaea qua n jdrín axeasskvn, a` vaz ha ra`ahknr
u` prdoca`n, jraqualta`alta pkdrn n sktuníåd! Vnrn ds prdoca`ns altra eølgumas, d nzuc
ë marnc`alta
ha prdoca`nsna` edrensn.
ha prajarçlekn,
Nzuc, rdsn u`n
a ntëvaz quapdltd
eartd ë pnrtkeucnr`alta nssdeknhn
var`acbd, tdhds æ sunvkzníåd
sa racnekdln` ed`
Zçlus, a`odrn d var`acbd sagn `nks jraqualta`alta nssdeknhd n @nrta, pdrqua sun
vkorníåd ë `nks nmrasskvn hd qua nzuc du rdsn. D var`acbd lulen ë usnhd pnrn nenc`nr
ns edksns, pdrqua d sau ajaktd oîsked ë axektnr du astk`ucnr. _dsn a nzuc, pdr dutrd cnhd,
tç` u`n edldtníåd enc`nlta a ds usn`ds lassas tkpds ha sktuníñas. Dutrn nssdekníåd pnrn
d nzuc ë n hn "ed`ulkeníå
"ed`ulkeníåd".
d". Ed`d d nzuc ë ldr`nc`alta edlskharnhd n edr ha @are÷rkd,
d haus hn ed`ulkeníåd, ë jîekc var pdrqua n edr dotava assn edrraspdlhçlekn.

_dxd
D rdxd ë nssdeknhd `nmken`
`nmken`alta
alta ed` pdhar a jjdrín.
drín. Xrnhkekdlnc`alta, ta` skhd n edr hn
rancazn a ë, ha jntd, n `nks `ngastdsn hns edras hns vacns. Zacns rdxns pdha` sar
nhkekdlnhns n quncquar tkpd ha rktunc pnrn hnr pdhar a jdrín, `ns eartn`alta låd n
usnràn`ds n `alds qua jdssa laeassîrkd. Æs vazas, d usd ha vacns rdxns ë praenrkn`alta
 prõxk`d hn `nmkn lamrn, pdrqua acns talha` n jdrín
jdrínrr nncmuë`
cmuë` n jnzar
jnzar ncmu`n
ncmu`n edksn. Jdrínr
ncmuë` n jnzar ncmu`n edksn ë, ln `acbdr hns bkpõtasas, u` ntd `îmked quastkdlîvac. A`
sau saltkhd pdsktkvd, ns vacns rdxns såd pnrn prdtaíåd, a låd pnrn jdrínr.
Ds prntkenltas edlskharn`-lns ÷taks a` sktuníñas ha haseruzn`altd qunlhd n edlhkíåd
eruznhn par`nlaea kltrnlskmalta nds ajaktds hns vacns ornlens. A` sktuníñas a` qua n
vkhn du n ckoarhnha ha ncmuë` astî a` rksed,
r ksed, altåd n edr rdxn ë klquastkdlnvac`alta n edr
ha asedcbn. Ld altnltd, ë praeksd sar erktarkdsd qunltd nd õcad usnhd pnrn vastkr vacns
rdxns. Ed`d ramrn, npalns ds õcads "ed`nlhnltas" du "ntrnaltas" såd usnhds lns vacns
rdxns, a`odrn ds prntkenltas usa` dutrds õcads sdo edlhkíñas aspaeknks. Ë axtra`n`alta
k`pruhalta usnr vacns rdxns klhkserk`klnhn`alta. @uktds ldvntds nebn` qua, nd

>8

 
 nerasealtnr d rdxd n u` rktunc, taråd rasuctnhds `nks pdhardsds a `nks rîpkhds. A`odrn
kssd æs vazas sagn d ensd, jraqualta`alta
j raqualta`alta d rktunc sa vdctn pnrn acas klasparnhn`alta.
Vdr axa`pcd, ldtak u` usd axeasskvd ha vacns rdxns a` rktunks ha n`dr dlha, mdstnlhd
du låd, såd axtra`n`alta klnprdprknhns. Jdrín a n`dr låd tç` nosdcutn`alta lnhn n var
u` ed` d dutrd. Ld altnltd, vacns rdxns pdha` sar `uktd ÷taks a` sktuníñas dlha bî
laeasskhnha ha gustkín du prdtaíåd. Zacns rdxns, pdr axa`pcd, såd jraqualta`alta
a`pramnhns a` rktunks qua ousen` dotar ncàvkd ha u`n klgustkín, neusníåd jncsn,
 prdoca`ns ha prdprkatîrkds
prdprkatîrkds,, ate. A`odrn lõ
lõss sarkn`ds klmçluds a` nssu`kr
nssu`kr qua u`n vacn
vacn
rdxn pdharkn prdtamar u` kljrntdr, acns såd `uktd ajkenzas a` prdtamar u` kldealta.
Haltrd ha ldssn sdekahnha `aenlkekstn a ourderîtken, ë `uktd jîekc pnrn u`n vàtk`n
kldealta tar saus hkraktds ntrdpacnhds pacn edlvalkçlekn du pacn nutdrkhnha klhkjaralta.
Q`n vacn rdxn vnk cdlma pnrn ravartar assn klgustkín. Alqunltd u`n vacn rdxn låd suostktuk
d edlsacbd camnc ed`patalta, `uktds prntkenltas nerahktn` qua eartds rktunks alvdcvalhd
vacns rdxns pdha` nguhnr ns ebnleas ha ncmuë` ed` hkjkeuchnhas camnks.

Zarha
Hklbakrd, jartkckhnha a erasek`altd såd ns qunckhnhas nssdeknhns nd varha. Lõs
jraqualta`alta a`pramn`ds vacns varhas a` rktunks hastklnhds n prd`dvar n sdrta. N
jartkckhnha ë u` nspaetd k`pdrtnlta hn vkorníåd varha. @uktds ensnks sa` jkcbds
aledltrnrn` ncàvkd ntrnvës ha vacns varhas a dutrns pdíñas. A`odrn d usd `nks ed`u`
ha vacns varhas sagn n dotalíåd ha rkquazn, havd snckaltnr qua, ln `acbdr hns bkpõtasas,
u`n vacn varha ntrnkrî npalns u`n dpdrtulkhnha pnrn mnlbnr hklbakrd. Xuhd qua n vacn
 pdha jnzar, jnekcktnr u`n dpdrtulkhnha du "nrrnlgd" pnrn ntklmkr u` dogatkvd. N `nmkn
sdzklbn låd jnrî d dogatkvd nedltaear.
A` vaz hkssd, npalns d trnoncbd hurd nltkmd ë laeassîrkd. @uktns passdns nodrhn` n
`nmkn ed`d u`n pnlneakn pnrn tdhds ds prdoca`ns hn vkhn, `ns nquacas qua nebn` qua
n `nmkn ë u` suostktutd pnrn d trnoncbd aståd ed`pcatn`alta arrnhds! @nmkn sõ pdha
trnzar dpdrtulkhnhas du pdtaleknckhnhas. Enoa n vdeç, d `nmd, nmnrrnr n dpdrtulkhnha a
nprdvaktî-cn ntrnvës hd trnoncbd. Kljackz`alta, `uktns passdns qua sa alvdcva` a` `nmkn
 palsn` qua ë u` sksta`n ha bd`a` pramukídsd! Cdlma hkssd! Ed`d u` n`kmd `au
sa`pra hkz7 "Låd axksta nc`díd mrîtks". Altåd, sa vdeç astkvar prdeurnlhd pdr u` nc`díd
mrîtks, prdeura dutrd cumnr. Assn ck`ktníåd ë pnrtkeucnr`alta varhnhakrn lns îrans ha
hklbakrd a sueassd.
Zdeç låd vnk edlsamukr tar sueassd saltnhd a hasenlsnlhd, låd k`pdrtn d qunltd ha `nmkn
vdeç pdssn trnoncbnr! Ua vdeç låd ë u`n passdn n`okekdsn, nlskdsn pnrn nprdvaktnr tdhns
ns dpdrtulkhnhas, altåd ë `acbdr asquaear d usd hn `nmkn pnrn k`pucskdlnr sun enrrakrn.
Alqunltd u`n vacn varha, sa` h÷vkhn, cba trnrî ncmu` tkpd ha dpdrtulkhnha, rnrn`alta
hakxnrî enkr u` `níd ha hklbakrd ld sau odcsd. Alqunltd u`n vacn varha pdha,
denskdlnc`alta,
denskdlnc`al ta, klspkrnr u`n sërka ha gdmnhns ha sdrta, n `alds qua vdeç usa d hklbakrd
 pnrn `acbdrnr n vkhn, d hklbakrd vnk hasnpnraear rnpkhn`alta. Ed` ha`nsknhn jraquçlekn,
u` gdmnhdr vnk palsnr qua sõ pdrqua n `nmkn edcden u` rdcd ha ldtns ld odcsd, aca pdha
edltklunr gdmnlhd pnrn edltklunr nu`altnlhd saus mnlbds. Haseucpa, `ns kssd
marnc`alta låd ë d ensd! Aca jnrkn `acbdr a` klvastkr sau hklbakrd a` ncmu` tkpd ha

>1

 
 lamõekd, snkr ha sau `nrns`d a ed`aínr n trnoncbnr. Lulen asquaín - ln `acbdr hns
bkpõtasas, n `nmkn jdrlaearî u`n nrrnlgd. Npalns u`n dpdrtulkhnha.

N`nracd
D n`nracd ë n edr hn ncamrkn a hn jackekhnha a ë jraqóalta`alta usnhd qunlhd jnctn` assns
huns qunckhnhas. @uktds prntkenltas, pdr axa`pcd, aledltrnlhd-s
aledltrnlhd-saa haprk`khds, nealharåd
u`n vacn n`nracn vastkhn ed` u` õcad nprdprknhd, ed`d "Gdy (Ncamrkn)". N`nracd ë n
edr hd Udc a, ed`d tnc, supdstn`alta kcu`kln a trnz cuz æ aseurkhåd. Lõs tdhds snoa`ds
ed`d u` pnssakd nd sdc pdha acavnr d aspàrktd ha ncmuë` sa astkvar sa saltklhd sd`orkd
du haprk`khd. Astn ë tn`oë` n julíåd hn vacn n`nracn. Zacns n`nracns du hdurnhns såd
jraqualta`alta usnhns a` rktunks ha hklbakrd, pnrtkeucnr`alta a` ed`oklníåd ed` vacns
varhas. Acans tn`oë` pdha` sar usnhns ed`d pnrta ha prdeahk`altds ha
ned`pnlbn`altd pnrn rktunks ha haseruzn`altd, u`n vaz qua jraqualta`alta u`
klhkvàhud raeë`-eruznhd praeksn ha ncmd pnrn kcu`klnr sau bu`dr. Ns passdns marnc`alta
aståd tåd nedstu`nhns ed` d jaktkíd qua, qunlhd ns cavnltn`ds, salta` qua parharn`
u` vacbd "n`kmd"! Ë pdr kssd qua jraqualta`alta ranckzn`ds u` rktunc ha sueassd du
jackekhnha npõs u` prdeahk`altd ha haseruzn`altd7 Marnr edrraltas ldvns a pdsktkvns
 pnrn d klhkvàhud raeë`-haseruznh
raeë`-haseruznhd. d. Zacns n`nracns tn`oë` pdha` sar usnhns a`
 prdeahk`altds ha eeurn
astî hdalta. Ed`d urn pnrn nguhnr
n hdalín n trnza
trnzarr ncam
jraqualta`altancamrkn
rkn du vkorníñas
rasuctn pdsktkvns
a` haprassåd, nspnrn ncmuë`
vacns qua
n`nracns
 pdha` sar ÷taks pnrn `dhkjkenr assa prdoca`n. Ed`d ds odls aspàrktds såd laeassîrkds
 pnrn u`n rîpkhn raeuparníå
raeuparníåd,
d, llåd
åd hava`ds lds asquaear hd n`nracd a` lalbu` prdeassd
ha eurn.

Cnrnlgn
Cnrnlgn ë n`nracd ed` u` pdued ha var`acbd `ksturnhd a usn`ds a` sktuníñas ha eurn
dlha d n`nracd låd ë jdrta d sujkekalta pnrn ed`palsnr n lamntkvkhnha du n haprassåd.
Ns vacns cnrnlgn tn`oë` såd ÷taks qunlhd u` ensd ha n`dr du ensn`altd astî
aljraltnlhd sërkds prdoca`ns, pnrtkeucnr`alta ln îran rd`ïltken.
Alqunltd d nzuc ë ÷tkc pnrn nenc`nr ns passdns a ack`klnr ns hkseussñas edlstnltas, d
cnrnlgn supdstn`alta nu`altn d rd`nlea a n ncamrkn altra ds hdks pnreakrds. Vdha`ds
usnr vacns cnrnlgn a n`nracns qunsa ha jdr`n kltaren`okîvac, `ns n edr cnrnlgn marnc`alta
julekdln ed` u` pdued `nks ha jdrín
j drín qua d n`nracd.
 Ldr`nc`alta, usn`ds vacns n`nracns du ornlens ed`d `ahkhn pravaltkvn, alqunltd n
cnrnlgn altrn a` níåd qunlhd ns edksns sna` hd edltrdca. Zdeç ldtnrî qua lns ensns ha
`uktds prntkenltas bî jraqualta`alta u`n vacn ornlen du n`nracn quak`nlhd pnrn
nu`altnr ns vkorníñas pdsktkvns haltrd ha ensn. N cnrnlgn ë jraqualta`alta ÷tkc pnrn
`acbdrnr n ed`ulkeníåd altra ns passdns, a`odrn ns vacns nzuks tn`oë` sagn` `uktd
÷taks lassa saltkhd. Ua ncmuë` hasagn sa ed`ulkenr ed` u`n passdn qua låd vç bî ncmu`
ta`pd, du qua astî cdlma, ns vacns nzuks såd prajaràvaks (marnc`alta a` ed`oklníåd ed`

u` sacd {pnltîeucd}
ed`ulkeníåd nprdprknhd).
altra passdns Ds prntkenltas
qua `drn` partd du quausn`
astådvacns cnrnlgnedlstnlta.
a` edltntd pnrn klealtkvnr n

>:

 
  Ln trnhkíåd ha Ldvn Drcanls, d cnrnlgn tn`oë` ë n edr usnhn pnrn edltrdcnr. Au lulen
juk enpnz ha dotar u`n axpckeníåd ecnrn hd `dtkvd, `ns d cnrnlgn pnraea sar `uktd ajkenz
n assa raspaktd.

@nrrd`
Haltrd hn prîtken ha quak`n ha vacns, ns vacns `nrrdls såd sk`oõckens hd prdeassd ha
`ntarknckzníåd, kstd ë, ha trnzar u` hasagd æ ranckhnha. Ed`d d `nrrd` ë n edr hn tarrn, a
ed`d n tarrn ë n ÷ctk`n `nlkjastníåd hd pcnld `ntarknc, ë jîekc var pdr qua ns vacns
`nrrdls tç` assa skmlkjkenhd sk`oõcked. Zdeç pdha usnr vacns `nrrdls a` quncquar rktunc
ha sdrta du hklbakrd, u`n vaz qua acns såd usnhns pnrn nguhnr n neacarnr n `ntarknckzníåd.
 Ld altnltd, vacns `nrrdls låd tç` julíåd aspkrktunc a, pdrtnltd, såd klnhaqunhn
klnhaqunhnss a`
rktunks aspkrktunc`alta drkaltnhds (ed`d eurn, haseruzn`altd
haseruzn`altd ate...).
Alqunltd ns vacns `nrrdls såd nprdprknhns pnrn ds rktunks ha sueassd, acns såd
klnprdprknhns a` rktunks ha n`dr, pdrqua trnza` `uktn jdrín pnrn sa supdrtnr lu`n
sktuníåd. Ed`d snckaltn`ds a` ldssds ed`altîrkds sdora vacns rdxns, n`dr a jdrín låd
tç` lnhn n var u` ed` d dutrd. D dutrd prdoca`n ed` d usd ha vacns `nrrdls ed` rktunks
rkt unks
ha n`dr ë qua acns klvden` làvaks purn`alta npnkxdlnhds ha racnekdln`altd saxunc a
 pdha` avktnr ds nspaetds `nks aspkrktunks.
aspkrktunks.

Vratd
Zacns pratns tç` `uktns nssdekníñas lamntkvns ckmnhns n acns, la` tdhns aståd edrratns.
Ed`d ramrn marnc, vdeç avktnrkn d usd ha vacns pratns pdrqua acns klvden` aspàrktds
lamntkvds du praguhkeknks nd sau nctnr a såd prdeahk`altds `îmkeds rasarvnhds. Ld
altnltd, axksta` ncmuls usds pdsktkvds pnrn ns vacns pratns, qua hkseutkra`ds. N prklekpnc
edldtníåd hd lamrd ha u` pdltd ha vkstn `îmked ë "asernvkznr". Nssk` ed`d låd bî lnhn
qua u` varhnhakrd `nmd lamrd dhaka `nks qua ckoarhnha
ck oarhnha a klhkvkhunckhnha, ns vacns pratns
rastrklma` n ckoarhnha a d pdtaleknc hnquacas edltrn ds qunks ns usn`ds. Vassdns qua
a`pramn` vacns pratns ed`d pnrta ramucnr ha sun prîtken aståd klavktnvac`alta ld amd du

a` vknmals
Xn`oë` ta`haskhd
pdhar. Ë `klbn
ha `klbn dosarvníåd
axparkçlekn, qua
qua lalbu`
låd hacas sa hî oa`
bî nosdcutn`alta pdr `uktd
lalbu`n ta`pd.
sktuníåd qua
axkgn `nmkn lamrn. Bî sa`pra u`n `nlakrn ha usnr n `nmkn ornlen pnrn ncenlínr ds
rasuctnhds qua sa hasagn a prntken`alta lalbu`n rnzåd pnrn raedrrar æs nrtas lamrns.
D qua hkssa`ds sdora ns edras hns vacns sa npcken nklhn æs edras hds õcads, onsas ha
klealsd, pnlds ha nctnr, odlaens a dutrds neassõrkds rktunks, qua hkseutkra`ds n samukr.
Zdeç hava ravar ldssds ed`altîrkds ncmu`ns vazas pnrn qua d oîsked sagn ecnrd pnrn
vdeç, gî qua acas sa racnekdln` ed` `uktns dutrns jneatns hns nrtas hn vacn. Haltrd hn
quak`n ha vacns, ed`d a` `uktns dutrns hksekpcklns aspkrktunks, d pnpac hn edr ë
edlskharnhd vktnc pnrn `uktds prdeahk`altds. Ckvrds kltakrds jdrn` aserktds sdora
tëelkens ha eurn a `ahktníåd alvdcvalhd edr. Lds ÷ctk`ds nlds, ds pskeõcdmds jkzarn`
u`n mrnlha qunltkhnha ha pasquksns sdora ds ajaktds hn edr ln pskqua hns passdns, ln

sn÷ha a lds astnhds a`dekdlnks. A`odrn n edr a sau pnpac a` kljcualeknr n lnturazn

>=

 
 bu`nln sagn` u` ldvd orklquahd pnrn ds pskeõcdmds, d edlbaek`altd assaleknc hns edras
ë edlbaekhd pacds deuctkstns bî sëeucds.
Ncë` ha vîrkns vacns edcdrkhns, axksta` `uktds tkpds hkjaraltas ha "vacns ha jkmurn"
hkspdlàvaks pnrn ds prdjksskdlnks. Vrntkenltas nvnlínhds usnråd quncquar vacn qua
edlsamukra`, `ns ds klkeknltas marnc`alta prajara` trnoncbnr ed` vacns ha jkmurns. Zacns
ha jkmurn vç` a` vîrkns jdr`ns - ncmu`ns såd a` jdr`n ha passdns (`nseuckld a
ja`klkld), ncmu`ns ed`d erïlkds, mntds, `÷`kns, ate... Ln varhnha, astns vacns ha jkmurn
såd npalns u` npdkd pnrn n k`nmklníåd, `ns acns pdha` prdhuzkr rasuctnhds `uktd
surpraalhaltas. Ua, pdr axa`pcd, vdeç astî quak`nlhd u`n vacn ha erïlkd a` sau nctnr,
 pdha k`nmklnr
k`nmklnr sun ra
raníåd
níåd ps
psàquken
àquken kltarkdr alqunltd dcbn pnrn acn. Eartn`alta
Eartn`alta sarkn `nks
jdrta a `nks hd`klnlta hd qua npalns dcbnr pnrn u`n vacn ornlen ed`u`. Altåd, vn`ds
hnr u`n dcbnhn a` ncmu`ns vacns ha jkmurns a saus usds trnhkekdlnks7
tr nhkekdlnks7

Zacn ha envakrn
Zacns ha envakrn vç` a` vîrkns edras, a`odrn n `nkdrkn hns vazas ds prntkenltas usn`
 ornled du pratd. Æs vazas, praserava`ds
praserava`ds vacns ha envakrn ornlen pnrn prdeahk`altds
prdeahk`altds ha
haseruzn`altd du njnstn`altd. N `nkdrkn hds prntkenltas nerahktn qua acns julekdln`
`acbdr hd qua ns vacns ornlens
o rnlens ed`uls a` quastñas iîr`kens - kstd ë, prdoca`ns qua sa
alrnàzn` ln pskqua hd klhkvàhud. Ns vacns pratns ha envakrn såd usnhns pnrn kljckmkr baxas.
Au tn`oë` vk vacns ha erïlkd hkspdlàvaks a` var`acbd a varha - acns pdha` sar ÷taks a`
haseruzn`altd
haseruzn`al td ha n`dr a hklbakrd du prdoca`ns ha sdrta, raspaetkvn`al
raspaetkvn`alta.
ta.

Zacn ha sata odtñas

Q`n vacn ha sata odtñas ë ed`d quncquar dutrn vacn, axeatd qua ë `dchnhn ed` sata
"puxnhdras" kmunks. Zacns ha sata odtñas vç` a` vîrkns edras hkjaraltas a lõs ns
a`pramn`ds a` rktunks ha sata hkns, du sata hasagds, dlha d prntkenlta quak`n u` odtåd
 pdr hkn hurnlta sata hkns. Ncmuls prntkenltas usn` vacns ha sata odtñas pnrn nguhnr ds
rktunks hd "ta`pd", nssamurnlhd qua acas trnoncba` pdr u` paràdhd ha ta`pd kmunc pdr

hkn hurnlta sata hkns.

Zacn ha mntd pratd

Zacns a` jdr`n ha mntd vç` a` pratd du var`acbd a ë kk`pdrtnlta
`pdrtnlta raedlbaear qua haltrd
hn trnhkíåd ha quak`n ha vacns ds mntds pratds såd u` sà`odcd ha odn sdrta, låd ha `î
sdrta. Astn ë u`n hns pduens sktuníñas a` qua n edr pratn astî hkspdlàvac pnrn ajaktds
astrktn`alta odls. Vnrn u` prntkenlta hns nrtas hn vacn, sa u` mntd pratd eruzn sau
en`klbd, ë u` axeacalta prassîmkd! Nssk`, qunlhd n sdrta astî eurtn, u` prntkenlta pamn
u`n vacn ha mntd pratd, n vasta ed` õcad ha Uueassd du Hklbakrd, a n quak`n sdzklbn du
ed`d pnrta ha u` rktunc ha sueassd `nks acnodrnhd. Vrntkenltas usn` vacns ha mntd
var`acbd pnrn sdrta ld n`dr. D Õcad ha Udrta _îpkhn Zar`acbd (_ah Jnst Cueiy) du
quncquar dutrd õcad jdrta ha n`dr ë nprdprknhd pnrn vastkr asta tkpd ha vacn.

>2

 
 Zacns ha `÷`kn
Zacns ha `÷`kn såd usnhns qunlhd n sdrta ë u` prdoca`n, pnrtkeucnr`alta qunlhd sa
salta qua n odn sdrta ë ocdquanhn pdr enusn ha prdoca`ns iîr`keds, ha vkhns pnssnhns. N
quak`n ha u`n vacn ha `÷`kn supdstn`alta ra`dva prdoca`ns iîr`keds, hasvknlhd d
ajaktd hacas hn îran ha sdrta. Ë praeksd altalhar qua d inr`n ë u` aqukcàorkd eõs`ked
k`pnreknc, pdrtnltd låd bî ed`d "ckvrnr-sa" haca. Ld altnltd, d inr`n lamntkvd pdha æs
vazas sar enlnckznhd pnrn îrans `nks erkntkvns. Vdr axa`pcd, supdlbn qua u` klhkvàhud
altra lastn vkhn ed` prdoca`ns iîr`keds havkhd n níñas kcàektns a` vkhns pnssnhns. Æs
vazas, ntrnvës hn `nmkn, u` prntkenlta pdha klkeknr u` en`klbd prdhutkvd pacd qunc d
klhkvàhud pdha ebamnr n u` nedrhd ed` sau inr`n. Ë nquk qua n vacn ha `÷`kn ë
 pnrtkeucnr`alta ÷tkc, pdks pdha hasvknr ajaktds lamntkvds pnrn dutrds enlnks `nks
jrutàjards. Ha `nlakrn ncmu`n vdeç parharî suns hàvkhns iîr`kens, `ns prdvnvac`alta
vdeç pdha tar u`n sktuníåd ruk` a tdrlî-cn `nks maralekîvac. Vdr axa`pcd, u`n vaz
edlbaek u` gdva` qua tklbn prdoca`ns erølkeds ed` saus rd`nleas,
r d`nleas, `ns tuhd d `nks a`
sun vkhn pnraekn julekdlnr oa`. Aca arn oa` sueahkhd, ebnr`dsd, ahuenhd - `ns qunlhd
sa trntn ha edlqukstnr ns hn`ns, aca arn u` hasnstra nosdcutd. Hapdks ha `uktn hkseussåd,
hkseussåd,
haekhk`ds qua d prdoca`n haca arn iîr`ked a usn`ds n vacn ha `÷`kn pnrn nguhnr n
raenlnckznr d ocdquakd avkhalta a` sun vkhn rd`ïltken. Hasedork`ds qua cdmd hapdks ha
quak`nr n vacn ha `÷`kn, aca edlsamuku u` a`pramd a` u`n nmçlekn ha sarvkíds sdeknks,
dlha nguhnvn npõs
k`ahkntn`alta ns passdns n aledltrnr
aca neaktnr a`pramd
d ldvd a`pramd, sun avkhn
n rd`ïltken
ed`aínr ldvns vkhns. a^unsa
sa asecnraeau nmdrn
aca astî jackz a ensnhd. Nd hnr nd sau inr`n u`n `nlakrn ha trnoncbnr
tr noncbnr sdzklbd nguhnlhd
dutrns passdns ed` saus prdoca`ns, lõs ra`dva`ds ed` sueassd d "jaktkíd" ha sun vkhn
saxunc.
Ns vacns hn `÷`kn tn`oë` såd ÷taks sa ncmuë` tkvar u`n `nchkíåd edcdenhn ln sapucturn.
Vdr axa`pcd, sa u` pnralta prõxk`d du ax-n`kmd ta n`nchkídnr a` sau caktd ha `drta,
kssd pdha erknr sërkds prdoca`ns a sar `uktd hkjàekc ha sar ra`dvkhd pdr prdeahk`altds
ldr`nks ha haseruzn`altd. @uktds prntkenltas gurn` qua n vacn hn `÷`kn ë
 pnrtkeucnr`alta ajkenz
ajkenz ln sdcuíåd ha
ha prdoca`ns has
hassn
sn lnturazn.

Zacns ha jkmurns
Zacns ha jkmurn, a` jdr`n ha bd`als du `ucbaras, aståd hkspdlàvaks a` u`n mrnlha
vnrkahnha ha edras. Edstu`d raed`alhnr qua ds ldvntds usa` vacns ha jkmurn a` saus
 prdeahk`altds.. @uktns vazas, acas nebn` `nks jîekc vksunckznr n passdn a` qua` aståd
 prdeahk`altds
trnoncbnlhd, sa n vacn tkvar u`n jdr`n `nks du `alds bu`nln. Vrntkenltas `nks
nvnlínhds ldr`nc`alta låd sa kled`dhn` ed` vacns ha jkmurns pdrqua hasalvdcvarn`
sujkekalta`alta saus pdharas ha vksunckzníåd
vksunckzníåd pnrn par`ktkr qua usa` vacns ed`uls pnrn
raprasaltnr ns passdns.

Zacns ha eruz

Zacns ha eruz
ranckznhds pacdsvç` a` vîrkns
erkståds. Zacnsedras a såd
ha eruz jraqualta`alta
pdha` usnhns
sar usnhns a` a` rktunks
vaz hns ha nctnr"
"vacns hd vacns

>;

 
 `alekdlnhns nltarkdr`alta. Zacns ha eruz pratns tn`oë` aståd hkspdlàvaks a ds
 prntkenltas ns usn` a` rktunks ha aljaktkín`altd. Ha eartd `dhd, ns vacns ha eruz
julekdln` ha jdr`n sa`acbnlta æs vacns ha envakrn a såd edlskharnhns tåd pdtaltas a`
sau k`pnetd ln pskqua ensd vdeç talbn u` oneimrdulh erkståd. Ua låd, jkqua ed` ns vacns
ha erïlkd.
N prklekpnc edksn n tar a` `alta sdora n asedcbn ha u`n vacn ë qua n edr hava astnr a`
tdhn n vacn9 Låd usa vacns ed` npalns u`n en`nhn ha edr ln suparjàeka axtarln. @uktns
vacns tç` u`n edr hd cnhd
c nhd ha jdrn a såd ornlens
or nlens pdr haltrd. Assns vacns låd sarva`. A`
vaz hkssd, talta cdenckznr u`n cdgn ha vacns partd ha vdeç qua talbn u`n n`pcn sacaíåd ha
vacns ha edras sõckhns. (Ed`d nedltaea ed` tdhns ns ramrns, bî u`n axeaíåd. Ncmuls
 prntkenltas raed`alhn` assns vacns edcdrkhns pnrn rktunks ha haseruzn`altd a` îrans
aspaeàjkens. Vdr axa`pcd, vdeç pdha sacaekdlnr u`n vacn ornlen ed` ravastk`altd varha
 pnrn haseruznr
haseruznr u`n edlhkíåd hhaa hklbakrd. D ravastk`altd varha (sk`odckznlh
(sk`odckznlhdd hklbakrd)
a n vacn ornlen kltarln (klvdenlhd ds raklds aspkrktunks a n edr hd haseruzn`altd),
trnoncbnlhd a` edlgultd pnrn sk`odckznr n`ods ds hasagds a` u`n ÷lken vacn. Vnrn assa
 prdeahk`altd usn-sa
usn-sa u`n `ksturn ha õcad ha ulerdssklm
ulerdssklm a õcad ha hklbakrd.
Q` jntdr qua pdha sar k`pdrtnlta, ld altnltd, ë d tn`nlbd hns vacns qua sa hasagn usnr.
N `nkdrkn hds rktunks ha quak`n ha vacns ta` sata hkns ha hurníåd a a`pramn d qua ds
 prntkenltas ebn`n`
ebn`n` ha "vacns ha sata hkns". Zacns ha sata hkns såd mrnlhas
mrnlhas vacns qua vç`
alvdctns a` pdtas ha vkhrd. Vnrn sar `nks ajkenz, ns vacns hava` sar ra`dvàvaks hd jrnsed
 pnrn par`ktkr n ulíåd tdtnc. @uktds `arenhds ha `a`areanrkns
reanrkns a cdgns ha deuctks`d
deuctks`d valha`
vacns ha sata hkns qua låd såd ra`dvàvaks a, a`odrn vdeç pdssn usî-cns, acns låd såd
khanks. Lõs ebn`n`ds assns vacns ha "sata hkns" pdrqua acns ha`drn` earen ha sata hkns
 pnrn quak`nr. Ld altnltd, hapalhalhd
hapalhalhd hd sau rktunc a hds ed`pdlaltas
ed`pdlaltas alvdcvkhds, acas
 pdha` sa asmdtnr a` npalns ?8 bdrns! Vdr axa`pcd, au vk rktunks ha prdtaíåd ranckznhds
dlha n vacn rdxn quak`du a` `alds ha u` hkn havkhd æ axtra`n bdstkckhnha a` tdrld t drld hn
 passdn salhd prdtamkhn. Vdr dutrd cnhd, vk vacns ha sata hkns quak`nra` pdr ntë huns
sa`nlns! Vdrtnltd, låd td`a d tar`d "sata hkns" `uktd cktarnc`alta.
Vassdnc`alta, prajkrd usnr vacns ha sata hkns du d qua ebn`n`ds ha vacns mkmnltas. Zacns
 gu`od såd earen ha ldva pdcamnhns ha ed`prk`altd a tncvaz u`n pdcamnhn a `akn ha
aspassurn. Ed`d ns vacns gu`od såd `uktd `alds enrns hd qua vacns ha sata hkns, acns
såd jaktns pnrn rktunks onrntds, `ns nd `as`d ta`pd ajkenzas. Bî, ë ecnrd, vacns `aldras
hkspdlàvaks, `ns låd klealtkvd ds klkeknltas n usî-cns. Acns pdha` låd quak`nr d
sujkekalta pnrn edlealtrnr n alarmkn laeassîrkn pnrn d sueassd hd nculd.
@uktds prntkenltas qua edlbaíd usn` vacns vdtkvns. Zacns vdtkvns såd usnhns a` kmragns
a edlsksta` a` u` paquald edpd ha vkhrd ecnrd du edcdrkhd qua edltë` u`n klsaríåd
k lsaríåd ha
vacn. Ds edpds ha vkhrd såd rautkckzîvaks a n `nkdrkn hns cdgns ha vacns ta` u`n mrnlha
vnrkahnha ha edras. Ë `acbdr dotar edpds ha vkhrd trnlspnralta pnrn qua ns edras hns suns
vacns sagn` ecnrn`alta vksàvaks. Zacns vdtkvns ldr`nc`alta quak`n` pdr earen ha quklza
bdrns, `ns ed`d nedltaea ed` ns vacns ha sata hkns, acns pdha` quak`nr `nks rîpkhd du
`nks havnmnr, hapalhalhd hd sau rktunc a hds jntdras qua d njatn`.

?6

 
 Zacns ha malktnks
 Ld jklnc hn hhëenhn
ëenhn ha >;=6
>;=6,, ncmuls
ncmuls jdrlae
jdrlaeahdras
ahdras ha vacns ed`aínrn` n jdrlaear
jdrlaear vacns a`
jdr`n ha malktnks `nseucklds a ja`klklds. Assns vacns tç` `uktds prdpõsktds
aspaeknckznhds,
aspaeknckznhd s, hasha n eurn ntë n k`pdtçlekn a jrkmkhaz.
Hapdks ha sacaekdlnr ns edras a ds tkpds
t kpds ha vacns qua vdeç pratalha usnr, bî eartns edksns
qua vdeç hava jnzar pnrn edlsnmrnr ns vacns pnrn d a`pramd `îmked. Alqunltd vîrkds
nutdras a prntkenltas
aståd ncmu`ns låd aståd
sumastñas a` ed`pcatd
ha tëelkens nedrhd
qua `uktds qunltd na`pramn`.
prntkenltas quncquar prdeahk`altd, nquk

Zastkr
"Zastkr" u`n vacn ë npalns u` tar`d ebkqua pnrn asjramnr õcad lacn. Ld altnltd, axksta
u`n `nlakrn trnhkekdlnc ha jnzar kssd, d qua au sumkrd qua vdeç edlskhara. Nmnrrnlhd n
vacn pacn sun onsa ed` n `åd asquarhn, vastkr n `atnha suparkdr hn vacn, ed`aínlhd ld
ealtrd a trnoncbnlhd tdhn n pnrta suparkdr. ^unlhd n `atnha ha ek`n astkvar
ed`pcatn`alta vastkhn, klvartn n vacn, nklhn samurnlhd-n ln `åd asquarhn, a vastkr n
`atnha ha onkxd, ed`aínlhd ldvn`alta ld ealtrd a hasealhd. D sk`odcks`d pdr trîs
hassa prdeahk`altd ha ulíåd ë sk`pcas7 prk`akrd vdeç jnz u`n patkíåd pnrn ds pcnlds
aspkrktunks pnrn trnzar sau hasagd æ `nlkjastníåd ld pcnld `ntarknc. Ua hasagnr, vdeç pdha
usnr `nks ha u` õcad a` u`n vacn9 Ln varhnha, astn ë u`n tëelken ed`u`. Ld altnltd,
 prk`akrd vdeç vasta n vacn ed`pcatn`alta ed` u` õcad, a hapdks vasta-n
vasta-n ed` d samulhd
samulhd
õcad. Nd usnr `nks ha u` õcad, eartkjkqua-sa ha qua acas sagn` ed`pntàvaks pdr lnturazn
- pdr axa`pcd, vdeç låd hasagnrkn `ksturnr u` õcad ha n`dr ed` u` õcad ha baxa n
`alds qua sun kltalíåd jdssa enusnr `îs vkorníñas altra ds n`nltas.

Xdríåd
^unlhd ncmuë` astî trnoncbnlhd ed` u`n vacn ed`nlhd du ha parsunsåd (rdxn), usn-sa
u` prdeahk`altd hkjaralta pnrn vastkr hd qua d aspaekjkenhd nek`n. Asta prdeahk`altd
tn`oë` ë usnhd ed` vacns pratns. Edcdqua d õcad qua vdeç vnk usnr ln pnc`n hn `åd
hkraktn a samura n vacn pacd tdpd ed` n `åd asquarhn.
Altåd, ed`aínlhd pacn pnrta ha onkxd, samura n vacn a` sun `åd hkraktn a mkra-n,
samurnlhd-n ed` jdrín a usnlhd u` `dvk`altd ha tdríåd. Xrnoncba sun `åd hkraktn ntë
d tdpd hn vacn hastn `nlakrn, vastklhd n vacn ed`pcatn`alta. Ua vdeç låd edcdedu õcad
sujkekalta a` sun `åd hkraktn, sk`pcas`alta edcdqua u` pdued `nks ln pnc`n hn sun
`åd a edltklua d `dvk`altd ha tdríåd ha dlha pnrdu. Xalbn a` `alta7 sa`pra qua vdeç
usnr quncquar tkpd ha õcad baxklm, cnva k`ahkntn`alta ns `åds qunlhd tar`klnr d
 prdeassd ha vastkr. D `as`d edlsacbd tn`oë` ë marnc`alta varhnhakrd qunlhd sa usn
quncquar tkpd ha õcad ha ed`nlhd du parsunsåd. Ld altnltd, axksta` ekreulstïlekns
aspaeknks qunlhd npcken`ds õcads ha ed`nlhd a ntrníåd hkratn`alta ld edrpd pnrn ajaktds
aspaeàjkeds. A` lalbu`n ekreulstïlekn ë usnhd u` õcad baxklm ld edrpd a vdeç hava tar
`uktd eukhnhd sa jdr tdcd d sujkekalta pnrn usî-cd. Ncmuls prntkenltas usn` cuvns ha
 odrrnebn qunlhd
qunlhd npcken` õcads ldekvds.

?>

 
 Mrnvnr/aseucpkr
Ed`u`alta, ds prdjksskdlnks asedcba` mrnvnr d ld`a ha ncmuë` ed` qua` aståd
trnoncbnlhd. Vdr axa`pcd, hkmn`ds qua au astagn trnoncbnlhd a` u` rktunc ha n`dr pnrn
qua Vn`acn `a ldta. Au prk`akrd mrnvd d ld`a ha Vn`acn a` u`n vacn var`acbn, hapdks
vkstd ed` u` õcad nhaqunhd ha n`dr du ntrníåd. Vrntkenltas `nks nvnlínhds tn`oë`
 pdha` quarar aseucpkr sklnks a sà`odcds nstrdcõmkeds du dutrds a` u`n vacn pnrn hnr
`nkdr pdhar n acn. Mrnvnr u` ld`a a` u`n vacn jnz ed` qua sau "ncvd" sa tdrla
aspaeàjked ln `alta hd prntkenlta. Æs vazas, a` rktunks `uktd ed`pcaxds, dlha vdeç
sk`odckzn vîrkns passdns pdr vacns ld nctnr, mrnvnr d ld`a ë `uktd ajkenz. Ncë` hkssd, ë
u`n mnrnltkn nhkekdlnc ha qua ds pcnlds aspkrktunks saråd ed`pcatn`alta ecnrds sdora ns
khaltkhnhas hnquacas a` qua vdeç astî trnoncbnlhd. Ncmuls nutdras raed`alhn`
r aed`alhn` aseucpkr
u` ld`a ed` l÷`ards hkjaraltas ha vazas - sata vazas pnrn sdrta a ntrníåd, ldva vazas
 pnrn hd`àlkd, ate. Ld altnltd, ln prîtken, nebd qua assa sk`odcks`d lu`ërked låd ë tåd
k`pdrtnlta. Npalns aseucpkr d ld`a du ld`as u`n u` n vaz ë sujkekalta. Ds aspàrktds låd såd
ast÷pkhds - acas snoa` d qua jnzar.

Enrramnr
Enrramnr u`n vacn ë u` prdeahk`altd nvnlín
nvnlínhd
hd qua pdha talhar n sar u` pdued edljusd
ntë vdeç pamnr d gaktd haca. Uk`pckjkenlhd, alvdcva asenvnr
asenvnr n onsa ha u`n vacn ed` n qunc
vdeç astî trnoncbnlhd a "enrramî-cn" ed` arvns nhaqunhns. Vdr axa`pcd, ld axa`pcd
nek`n, au pdharkn asenvnr n vacn var`acbn ha Vn`acn a praalebç-cn ed` odtñas ha rdsn
jkln`alta a` põ a cnvnlhn pnrn nu`altnr d pdhar hn prõprkn vacn. D enrramn`altd ë `nks
ed`u`alta a`pramnhd ed` vacns ha jkmurns, a`odrn tn`oë` pdssn sar jaktd ed` dutrds
tkpds ha vacns. Nd trnoncbnr ed` u`n vacn ra`dvàvac ha sata hkns, a` vaz ha asvnzkî-cn,
edcdqua ns arvns a` põ ld julhd hd edpd ha vkhrd a klskrn ldvn`alta n vacn. Xa` skhd
ha `klbn axparkçlekn qua d usd ha arvns a` vacns ha sata hkns nu`altn hrnstken`alta n
sun ajkeîekn.
 Ld altnltd, vdeç låd hava edcdenr `nks hd qua earen ha u` qunrtd n `akn pdcamnhn ha
arvns ld julhd du vdeç pdha tar hkjkeuchnha a` `nltar n vacn neasn.

@dhacnr
Vnrn "`dchnr" u`n vacn, ë praeksd nquaeç-cn sunva`alta ntë qua acn sa tdrla `ncaîvac,
`ns låd nd pdltd ha jusåd. ^unlhd n earn astî jcaxàvac, vdeç pdha `dchnr n vacn a`
quncquar jdr`n qua hasagnr, `nks ed`u`alta a` jdr`n bu`nln.
 Ld altnltd, a` vaz ha aljraltnr tdhd assa prdoca`n, pdha sar `nks salsntd ed`prnr u`n
vacn a pdupnr `uktn edljusåd a asjdríd. Æs vazas utkckzn`ds d prdeassd ha `dhacnma`
 pnrn trnoncbnr arvns
arvns a` põ ln prõprkn
prõprkn earn hn va
vacn,
cn, dutrn jdr`n ha "enrra
"enrramnr".
mnr".

??

 
 Altncbnr
Ed`d `uktds rktunks ha quak`n ha vacns hurn` sata hkns, ds prntkenltas æs vazas altncbn`
u`n vacn, usnlhd u`n jnen, a` sata sam`altds nprdxk`nhn`alta kmunks. Ua hasagnr, vdeç
 pdha ed`prnr
ed`prnr u`n vacn ha sata odtña
odtñas,
s, u`n va
vacn
cn aspaeknc hkspdlàvac
hkspdlàvac ln `nkdrkn
`nkdrkn hns cdgns
ha suprk`altds deuctds. Ld altnltd, vdeç pdha aedld`kznr hklbakrd ed`prnlhd u`n vacn
 gu`od ldr`nc
ldr`nc a altncbnlhd-n vdeç `as`d. A Altåd,
ltåd, tuhd qua vdeç
vdeç ta` qua jnzar
jnzar ë quak`nr
u`n saíåd pdr hkn hurnlta sata hkns.
Hkseutkra`ds `nlakrns ha drmnlkznr vacns ha nctnr a vîrkns sutkcazns pdssàvaks ntrnvës ha
hkjaraltas ed`oklníñas ha vacns a` ckíñas pdstarkdras. @uktns vazas, u`n ÷lken vacn ë
sujkekalta pnrn ncenlínr ajaktds surpraalhaltas9 ld altnltd, `uktns vazas, qunlhd u`n
sktuníåd ta` `uktn ed`pcaxkhnha du vîrkds jntdras aståd alvdcvkhds, vdeç hava usnr `nks
ha u`n vacn. Ncmuls rktunks paha` u`n `ksturn ha hkjaraltas tkpds a tn`nlbds ha vacns,
`ns tnks rktunks såd nvnlínhds a lõs ckhnra`ds ed` acas a` dutrn denskåd.

Kltarpratníåd hn Ebn`n hn Zacn

Nquk aståd ns kltarpratníñas pnrn enhn pdssàvac jdr`n qua n vacn jkqua7

Zacn quak`n tdhn earn ha jdr`n ulkjdr`a

Marnc`alta, vacns quak`nlhd rîpkhd ha jdr`n ulkjar`a såd u` od` sklnc. ^unlhd n vacn
quak`n sa` `uktn ju`nín, `dvk`altd, ruàhd du mdtagn`altd, sau trnoncbd ha jaktkíds
astî klhd ed`d pcnlagnhd. Ds rasuctnhds saråd `nlkjastnhds edljdr`a d asparnhd.
(A`odrn låd sagn, tncvaz, tåd rîpkhn du hrn`ntken`alta qunltd vdeç mdstnrkn.)

?5

 
 Ebn`n ha vacn nctn a orkcbnlta.

Bî `uktn alarmkn pdr trîs hd sau jaktkíd. Onrrakrns nd sau sueassd aståd rnpkhn`alta
hasnpnraealhd.
hasnpnraealhd. Q` rasuctnhd rîpkhd a jackz ë prdvîvac.

Ebn`n paqualn a jkr`a.

Q`n ebn`n onkxn ln sun vacn klhken qua `alds alarmkn astî nck`altnlhd n `nmkn. Q`n
ebn`n paqualn, `ns edlstnlta, nklhn ë u` od` sklnc - a`odrn sklnckza n laeasskhnha ha
 pnekçlekn a jded. Q` rasuctnhd pdsktkvd ë prdvîvac, a`odrn pdssnpdssn bnvar u` ntrnsd. Uagn
 parskstalta a jkqua ha dcbd ld dogatkvd. U
Uaa n ebn
ebn`n
`n hn vacn nnu`altnr
u`altnr ha tn`nlbd hurnlta
hurnlta
d trnoncbd, kssd skmlkjken qua n alarmkn pdr trîs hn `nmkn astî erasealhd.

?8

 
 Ebn`n ha vacn paqualn a jrnen.

Q`n paqualn ebn`n qua jken pksenlhd a sa hdornlhd låd ë u` mrnlha sklnc ln `nmkn hns
vacns. D tk`klm hd trnoncbd pdha astnr arrnhd. Du vdeç pdha astnr pahklhd u` rasuctnhd
k`prdvîvac du hasjnvdrîvac n cdlmd prnzd. Ua n paqualn ebn`n jncbnr du sa njdmnr ln
earn harratkhn, kssd ë u` sklnc ecnrd ha qua sun patkíåd låd sarî edleahkhn lasta `d`altd.

Ebn`n ha vacn qua sa `dva du hnlín.

Q`n ebn`n hnlínlta tn`oë` skmlkjken nctn alarmkn a` u` jaktkíd - `ns tn`oë` alarmkn
enõtken. Q`n mrnlha ebn`n hnlínlta sumara sueassd, `ns ed` pdtaleknks ed`pckeníñas.
Q` paquald skmlkjken qua d jaktkíd pdha sar suogumnhd pdr jdríns dpdstns. Vdha bnvar
dutrns vdltnhas, edlsekalta du kledlsekalta`alta, trnoncbnlhd edltrn vdeç. Dosarva
ntaltn`alta n ebn`n pnrn var sa sun jdr`n
j dr`n du `dvk`altd cba ravacn ncmu`n edksn.

?1

 
 Ebn`n ha vacn n pksenr rnpkhn`alta.

Æs vazas, u`n ebn`n ha vacn aseuraea a kcu`kln (pksen), aseuraea a kcu`kln ed`d sa
ncmuë` astkvassa nekdlnlhd u` kltarruptdr ha cuz. A` ncmu`ns trnhkíñas ha `nmkn
 pdpucnr, u`n ebn`n cntalta ë u` eartd klhkenhdr ha qua ds aspàrktds aståd prasaltas. Ua
n vacn astkvar salhd usnhn pnrn trnoncbd
tr noncbd havdekdlnc (pdr axa`pcd, ed` hausas, nlgds du
mukns aspkrktunks suparkdras), kssd skmlkjken qua n klvdeníåd jdk oa`-sueahkhn a suns
drníñas aståd salhd raedlbaekhns. Q`n ebn`n cntalta ë cava`alta klhutdrn ha trnlsa,
altåd vdeç pdha usî-cn ed`d u`n dpdrtulkhnha ha var d jdmd pnrn klskmbts nhkekdlnks.

Zacn qua astncn du qua edspa.

Q`n vacn rukhdsn klhken ed`ulkeníåd ed` (du kltarjarçlekn ha) jdríns axtarlns. Q`n
quak`nhurn krramucnr pdha sklnckznr qua ncmuë` du ncmu`n edksn astî trnoncbnlhd edltrn
vdeç. Nhkekdla `nks edlealtrníåd a alarmkn nd jaktkíd. (Du ratkra-sa sa saltkr qua n
raskstçlekn ë mrnlha ha`nks.) Æs vazas ë hktd qua nssdokds, astncds a nssdokds enrramn`
`alsnmals ha nleastrnks
nleastrnks a aspàrktds - talta duvk-cds a duvkr d qua acas hkza`.

?:

 
 N ebn`n ha rapalta sa npnmn.

D trnoncbd astî tar`klnhd. Q`n jdrín dpdstn `nks jdrta nenodu ed` kssd. Marnc`alta,
kssd skmlkjken qua sun patkíåd du jaktkíd - sagn cî d qua jdr - låd sa `nlkjastnrî. Ld altnltd,
a` ncmuls ensds, kssd pdha skmlkjkenr qua d dogatkvd hd trnoncbd gî jdk ntklmkhd.

Zacn qua låd sa npnmn.

Q`n ebn`n ha vacn qua tak`dsn`alta par`nlaea neasn skmlkjken7 –Ualta -sa - vdeç låd
tar`kldu‐. Xncvaz vdeç talbn pucnhd u` pnssd du talbn parhkhd ncmu`n `alsnma`
k`pdrtnlta hurnlta d rktunc ha `nmkn hns vacns. Ncmu` aspàrktd du mukn ÷tkc d astî
k`packlhd n vdctnr pnrn d qua vdeç asquaeau. ^unlhd vdeç salsaltkr
tkr qua kssd jdk rasdcvkhd,
talta axtklmukr n vacn ldvn`alta. Xrnhkekdlnc`alta,
Xrnhkekdlnc`alta, ns vacns ha jaktkíds såd oacksenhns du
npnmnhns - lulen sdprnhns.

?=

 
 N vacn qua låd nealha.

Asta jaktkíd låd pdha nguhî-cd n mnlbnr d rasuctnhd qua vdeç prdeurn. D rasuctnhd pdha gî
tar skhd haekhkhd du astnr jdrn hd sau edltrdca. Xkra ncmu` ta`pd (hkns du sa`nlns) pnrn
radrkaltnr sun kltalíåd nltas ha taltnr ldvn`alta. (Zdeç pdha jnzar u`n nhkvklbníåd
 pnrn hasedorkr `nks sdora d qua astî ocdquanlhd vdeç.) @ahktníåd a ck`pazn aspkrktunc
 pdha` sar laeassîrkns
laeassîrkns nltas qua vdeç pdssn prdssam
prdssamukr
ukr ed` d jaktkíd.

Zacn neasn jnz `uktn ju`nín.

Ju`nín noulhnlta
noulhnlta låd ë u` sklnc od` du ruk`. Klhken qua d aca`altd Nr astî prasalta
ln `nmkn, d aca`altd ha ed`ulkeníåd a dosarvníåd
dosarvníåd.. ^unlhd u`n vacn `îmken sdctn
`uktn ju`nín, vdeç astî salhd ebn`nhd pnrn usnr saus dcbds a `alta pnrn car n
sktuníåd. Dosarva n jdr`n, edr, ta`pd a `dvk`altd hn ju`nín pnrn edcatnr kljdr`níñas
÷taks sdora d trnoncbd.

?2

 
 N vacn jnz u`n onjdrnhn ha ju`nín ornlen.

N ju`nín ornlen ë n`pcn`alta edlskharnhn ed`d u` sklnc ha oçlíåds a aspàrktds

 oalavdcaltas.
 oalavdcaltas. Ua u`n vacn sdctnr u`n onjdrnhn ha ju`nín ornornlen,
len, aspaeknc`alta a` u`
`d`altd skmlkjkentkvd, kssd skmlkjken qua sau hasagd sarî edleahkhd.

N vacn jnz ju`nín pratn.

Nerahktn-sa qua n ju`nín lamrn a halsn prdvalkalta ha u`n vacn a` u` rktunc raprasalta
alarmkn lamntkvn. Edljcktd, `î sdrta a prdpõsktds dpdstds earen` sun dorn `îmken. Vnssa
ncmu` ta`pd a` drníåd du `ahktníåd a jnín u` rktunc ha ck`pazn nltas ha prdssamukr
ed` d trnoncbd.

?;

 
 N ju`nín hn vacn sa `dva a` sun hkraíåd.

Ua n ju`nín ha u`n vacn rktunc sa nprdxk`nr ha vdeç, acn nlulekn d sueassd a` ntrnkr d
qua vdeç prdeurn. Vnrn jaktkíds pnrn trnzar n`dr, hklbakrd
h klbakrd du eurn, asta ë u` õtk`d sklnc.
Kssd skmlkjken qua vdeç cdmd ncenlínrî d qua hasagn. N axeaíåd ë pnrn julekdln`altds
lamntkvds - `nchkíñas, jaktkíds a truquas. Ua n vacn neasn ha u`n vacn baxnmdlnc sa
nprdxk`nr ha vdeç (du aleba n sncn), kssd sumara qua vdeç låd sarî enpnz ha asenpnr hn
raspdlsnokckhnhaa hds ajaktds ha sun `nmkn.
raspdlsnokckhnh

N ju`nín hn vacn sa njnstn ha vdeç.

Ju`nín qua sa njnstn hrnstken`alta ha vdeç raprasaltn alarmkns qua aståd ckmnhns
axtarln`alta. Ln `nkdrkn hds jaktkíds, kssd låd ë u` od` prassîmkd. Kssd skmlkjken qua
ncmd astî asenpnlhd hd sau ncenlea.
 Ld altnltd, a` jaktkíds pnrn eurnr, kljcualeknr a `nlkpucnr ds dutrds, n ju`nín klhd a`
hkraíåd edltrnrkn n sun pdha skmlkjkenr qua d trnoncbd astî klhd ed`d pcnlagnhd. Vrasta
ntalíåd ln vacdekhnha, hkraíåd a jdr`ntd hn ju`nín pnrn hatar`klnr sa sun `nmkn astî ld
en`klbd eartd.

56

 
 Ebn`n ha vacn quak`n nzuc.

Jdmd nzuc ë u` sklnc ha prasalín aspkrktunc. Ua u`n vacn `îmken quak`n nzuc du nzuc-
 ornlen, ë u` sklnc ha qua saras aspkrktunks acavnhds sa kltarassnrn` pacn sun `nmkn.
Ebn`n var`acbn du n`nracn skmlkjken qua n alarmkn `nks `ulhnln - `ns nklhn
 pdtaleknc`alta pdhardsn
pdhardsn - astî nck`altnlhd
nck`altnlhd d jaktkíd.

N vacn neasn jdr`n u`n erntarn ld ealtrd, hakxnlhd earn lns cntarnks.

Kssd ë `nks ed`u` ed` mrnlhas pkcnras a vacns ha edltçklar, `ns tn`oë` pdha nedltaear
ed` vdtkvns a dutrns jdr`ns ha vacns. N earn harratkhn astî ealtrnhn a` tdrld hd pnvkd,
hakxnlhd pnrahas nctns ha earn lns cntarnks.
 Lklmuë` mdstn
mdstn qun
qunlhd
lhd u`n vacn qua
quak`n
k`n kled`pcatn
kled`pcatn`alta
`alta a tn`oë` låd
låd ë u` od` sklnc
ha `nmkn. Kssd marnc`alta skmlkjken qua sun vdltnha ë jrnen ha`nks pnrn cnlínr u` jaktkíd
ajatkvd lasta `d`altd. Du qua ns alarmkns hn `nmkn jdrn` k`pahkhns ha ncenlínr d ncvd
 pratalhkhd.

5>

 
 Zacn harrata rnpkhn`alta a` u`n pdín ha earn.

Q`n vacn qua låd astagn havkhn`alta edltkhn du lkvacnhn jraqualta`alta hasalvdcva
hasalvdcvarî
rî
u` ourned ld cnhd, jnzalhd ed` qua n earn harratkhn asedrrn rnpkhn`alta a aleurtnlhd n
vkhn hn vacn. –Mnstnr‐ u`n vacn rnpkhn`alta låd ë laeassnrkn`alta u` `nu sklnc - pdha
skmlkjkenr qua bî alarmkn npnkxdlnhn a neacarnhn pdr trîs hd sau jaktkíd.
Q`n pkcbn ha mdtns ha earn ë sa`pra u` edlvkta æ eard`nlekn (nhkvklbníåd pdr earn).
Axn`kla n earn alhuraekhn ed` n `alta noartn, valhd sa ncmu`n jdr`n du `alsnma`
surma. Bî tdhn u`n edcaíåd ha jdcecdra sdora d qua ns vîrkns jdr`ns skmlkjken`… du vdeç
 pdha sk`pcas`alta
sk`pcas`alta usnr sun kltukí
kltukíåd.
åd.

N vacn quak`n sa` pklmds ha earn (sa` ebdrnr).

Asta ë u` sklnc ha u` jaktkíd oa` edleaokhd a axaeutnhd edrratn`alta.

edrratn`alta. (Ë ttn`oë`,
n`oë`, havd
hkzar, d sklnc ha u` pnvkd oa` pdskekdlnhd a ha tn`nlbd edrratd.) Uau jaktkíd vnk
axntn`alta ed`d vdeç aseravau a axprassdu.

5?

 
 N earn pklmn npalns ha u` cnhd.

Ncmd astî hasaqukckornhd. Aspara u` rasuctnhd kled`pcatd. Ncmuls hkza` qua pklmn æ
asquarhn (a` racníåd nd trnoncbnhdr ha `nmkn) raprasaltn u` hasaqukcàorkd a`dekdlnc du
 psàquked, alqunltd
alqunltd mdtagn æ hkraktn qua saus palsn`altds a eral
eralíns
íns aståd ntrnpncbn
ntrnpncbnlhd
lhd d
jaktkíd.

Vahníds pratds npnraea` ln earn harratkhn.

Æs vazas, paqualds pahníds ha pnvkd quak`nhd sa quaorn` a njulhn` ln earn harratkhn.

("Orutd hn vacn" ë d tar`d ekaltàjked.) Ds rastds ln earn skmlkjken` edlsaqóçlekns låd
kltalekdlnks du trnoncbd qua praeksn sar jaktd npõs n edlecusåd hn `nmkn. Eucpn,
E ucpn, edrníñas
 pnrtkhds, onmnma` eîr`ken, ldvns hkjkeuchnhas a nssk` pdr hknlta. Marnc`alta låd ë
supar-sërkd
 pnrn - `ns
`n tn`oë`
jnzar ncmu`n
ncmu låddks.
ck`pazn hap ë hkvartkhd. Vrdsskmn ed` d trnoncbd, `ns astagn prdltd
hapdks.
55

 
 N juckma` sa neu`ucn ld raekpkalta hn vacn.

Ë rnrd u`n vacn nctn quak`nr sa` quncquar juckma` npnraealhd ln vacn. Ds trnoncbnhdras
ha `nmkn caa` n qunltkhnha a n cdenckzníåd hn juckma` pnrn edcatnr kljdr`níñas sdora d
sueassd du d jrnenssd hd trnoncbd.
N juckma` lamrn ë marnc`alta edlskharnhn u` sklnc ha alarmkn lamntkvn du kltarjarçlekn
haltrd ha u` jaktkíd. Ua npnraear npalns ld tdpd hd gnrrd, n dpdskíåd prdvnvac`alta jdk
suparnhn.
jrustrnhd aUa edorkr
pdha tdhnsar
praeksnr n rapatkhd.
suparjàeka hd edltçklar, kssd skmlkjken qua d trnoncbd jdk

N juckma` ornlen ë u`n dedrrçlekn `uktd `nks rnrn a hkza` qua raprasaltn n
ed`ulkeníåd a n nsskstçlekn aspkrktunc.

Q`n vacn axpcdha du u` raekpkalta quaorn, du ncmu` dutrd nekhalta

ha vacn hrn`îtked.

Q` jklnc hrn`îtked pnrn d sau rktunc ha quak`n ha vacns skmlkjken qua d jaktkíd
j aktkíd jdk vatnhd
 pdr u` pdhar `nkdr. Ck`pa-sa a sau aspníd rktunc, a nonlhdla d trnoncbd ntë qua vdeç
talbn `nks kljdr`níñas.

58

 
 Ebn`n hn vacn
Ebn`n Nzucnhn7 Bî `uktn prdtaíåd hd pcnld aspkrktunc, `ns n aspkrktunckhnha paha
 pnekçlekn pnrn
pnrn qua sau pahkh
pahkhdd sagn ranckznh
ranckznhd.
d.
Ebn`n N`nracn7 Uun jackekhnha astî prõxk`n du odns ldtàekns nearen hd sau pahkhd qua
ebamnråd.
Ebn`n Zar`acbn7 Uau pahkhd ë jnvdrîvac a astî salhd ranckznhd, ha`dlstrn rnpkhaz a
nmkckhnha ld pahkhd.
Ebn`n nctn a Orkcbnlta7 Uau pahkhd astî talhd çxktd.
Ebn`n qua cavnltn a onkxn7 Xalta sa edlealtrnr `nks ld sau pahkhd, pdks n sun `alta astî
`uktd tu`uctunhn.
Ebn`n qua sdctn jnmucbns ld nr a n vacn jnz onrucbd7 Vdha bnvar ncmu` hasnpdltn`altd
du nodrraek`altd nltas hd sau pahkhd sa ranckznr.
Ebn`n a` jdr`n ha Aspkrnc a qua sa `dva ed` bnr`dlkn a` tdrld hd pnvkd7 saus pahkhds
saråd ncenlínhds.
Ebn`ns a` jdr`n ha Aspkrnc `ns qua sa `dva ed` rnpkhaz a` tdrld hd pnvkd, jken ed`d
sa astkvassa tra`alhd7 Klhken qua d sau pahkhd pdharî sar ranckznhd, `ns ë laeassîrkd qua
bngn u`n trnlsjdr`níåd, `dhkjkqua n kltalíåd du `nlakrn ed`d pahku.
Ebn`n aljrnquaekhn (ebn`n paqualn)7 ë praeksd rajdrínr d sau pahkhd, tar `nks
hatar`klníåd ld pahkhd. Ck`pa d n`okalta.
Ebn`n qua par`nlaea onkxn7 Astn låd ë nklhn æ bdrn ha sau hasagd sa ranckznr. Bî u`n
laeasskhnha
laeasskhnha ha vdeç eukhnr prk`akrd.
Ebn`n qua vnekcn a jken
jk en n pdltd ha npnmnr7 ha`dlstrn qua, havkhd æs ekreulstïlekns, sau
 pahkhd tarî ncmu`ns
ncmu`ns trnlsjdr`níña
trnlsjdr`níñass (laeassîrkns), nnltas
ltas qua sa
sauu pahkhd sa ranckza.
ranckza.
^unlhd sa nealha `nks ha u`n vacn a u`n hns ebn`ns astî `nks orkcbnlta hd qua ns
dutrns7 klhken odn sdrta. A n ebn`n pnssnrî alarmkn pnrn tdhns ns dutrns tn`oë`.
^unlhd sa nealha `nks ha u`n vacn a, tdhns ns ebn`ns aståd nctns a orkcbnltas7 astî
raeaoalhd oçlíåds.
Ebn`n qua jken oa` nctn7 sau pahkhd sarî ntalhkhd.

Vnvkds
Vnvkd qua sa hkvkha a` hdks7 (qunlhd d pnvkd låd va` hupckenhd ha jîorken) aca nora
hkseratn`alta ln pdltn, klhken qua sau pahkhd jdk jaktd ha jdr`n h÷okn, talta ldvn`alta.
Vdltn ha pnvkd orkcbnlta7 sdrta a sueassd ld sau pahkhd.
Vnvkd qua jdr`n u`n jcdr, edrníåd, `akn cun, jdcbn du sk`kcnras7 såd klhàekds hn
aspkrktunckhnha ntunlhd ld sau pahkhd. Ë sa`pra u` sklnc `uktd pdsktkvd.

51

 
 N Zacn
^unlhd n vacn
vacn quak`n pdr kltakrd (låd ssdorn
dorn lnhn hn vvacn)7
acn)7 sau pahkhd jdk pcaln`alta
pcaln`alta
neaktd.
^unlhd n vacn ebdrn a jdr`n u`n asenhn nd cnhd7 Klhken qua sau pahkhd astî sa
edleratkznlhd ed` eartn caltkhåd.
Zacn qua ebdrn `uktd. Hkjkeuchnhas a` ranckznr d sau pahkhd, pdks vdeç astî `uktd
a`dtkvn a sa` jdríns. Aca
Ac a praeksn ha `uktn alarmkn pnrn ranckznr. Xrnoncba suns a`díñas.
^unlhd sdorn `uktn earn ld prntd ed` d pnvkd qunsa kltakrd (n vacn harratau qunsa sa`
quak`nr)7 hasenrta, pdks axksta` jdríns
j dríns lamntkvns taltnlhd ntrnpncbnr. Nealhn dutrn vacn
ln `as`n kltalíåd.
Zacn qua lådlåd nealha prdltn`
prdltn`alta7
alta7 D nstrnc nd sau ra
rahdr
hdr pdha astnr
astnr pdcuàhd. Ck`pa d
cdenc, sa ck`pa a rajnín.
Zacn qua npnmn, hapdks ha neasn (sa` valtd pdr partd)7 hava sar kltarrd`pkhd a raklkeknhd
npõs u`n ck`pazn.

Zacns ha sata hkns

Jkenr earn a` vdctn hd pnpac, ed`d u` t÷lac7 Ë ldr`nc.
^unlhd dedrra hn vacn tar`klnr nltas ha ed`pcatnr ds sata hkns (hava-sa dosarvnr n
qunckhnha hn vacn)7 Klhken qua n passdn pdha astnr jrnen aspkrktunc`alta ë laeassîrkd
kltalskjkenr ns drníñas.

^unlhd jkenr u` eàreucd kled`pcatd a` vdctn hn vacn (u`n `akn cun)7 Nltas ha sau pahkhd
sar ntalhkhd axksta u` ekecd n sar eu`prkhd.
^unlhd ena` klsatds ln vacn7 @kns`ns qua cba
c ba praguhkenvn` n en`klbnhn, pdha klhkenr
klk`kmds.

^unlhd (sa` `dtkvd npnralta, edrraltas ha nr/qunckhnha hn vacn ate.) n vacn npnmn hurnlta
d rktunc7 ë sklnc qua astî bnvalhd hkjkeuchnha. Vrdeura ck`pnr
Ë `uktd rnrd, `ns qunlhd n vacn axeahar ds sata hkns asparnhds pnrn qua sa npnmua7 Uun
quaståd astî nrrnstnhn, caltn, krî ha`drnr u` pdued `nks pnrn tar çxktd.
^unlhd d rktunc ë hkraekdlnhd pnrn onlk`altd/ck`pazn a n vacn astdurn d prntd7 pdha sar
u` klhkentkvd ha qua ncmu`n alarmkn ruk` du ncmu` `ncajàekd astnvn ntunlhd a
 pdsskvac`alta jdk hastruàhd, altratnltd, ë laeassîrkd u`n ck`pazn ld n`okalta a ln
 passdn, npõs
npõs kssd rajnín d rktunc.
Ua d jntd sa rapatkr, du sagn, n vacn tdrlnr n astdurnr d prntd, ë nedlsacbîvac qua sa ousqua
nguhn.

5:

 
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