Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
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PROLOGO
Quimica y Hetaluz'gia
U a del Norte
;':Jm~:)?kR.fl.CION HECANICA DE HINERALES
,- - - - . .- - - ..~---=_--::~-~--"-::--;" ---- '-.~--::-=----=~~-.""
~~s~'.~·.c::~on.eo )?éJJ:-"a Pulpas 0-:' ü l' C' 0 r:' Cl c· (, (;'1 o ... n ,-,,~ (t ,~, 0 e ~. ,~. (' <;:. o (, 1
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.Eq,uJ.pos de ·Holiend3. •.; (. D " " ·c· ,.:,. " • • .;.•, • ,. (. -, ' .•.;. (. '0' '.' (. e,.;·, ,. ,. 24
:"luestr,eo en HolinoEi ,......, .c·.,. ( '" o o ¿. 6 .,. • •; . " ( ,. e (. o . ( .•. c'.;" 26
Datos sobreDistribucion~s Granulométricas •· •• 00. 27
I):lablas de Work Inde'X (, .. , .,.• o '0' -, " " •• " ,. o u '0' •• ,'• • ,. (. , ., , . • • o 28
Datos parA Inst:l1actón de Equi pos Pe.séJ.dos o • •· o o o o 30
Equivalehcias e~tre Series de Tamices 0000000.0.0 31
"'-Generalirhde.::: s()')r,~ Procesamiento de J-1incrale:.:; 0<, 3j
AntRccden~e~ p~ro el transporte de minerales •. 00 34
,sel8(;C;~,6n de b'J'~b~~ Centrií'urr,í'ls '" n 0.<" " : " " 0 . " ; ,.0'''.0 _.36
IrRANSPOR'rE: --HIDRAU1ICO
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1
Pronj.edades de A~ua como Fluido
~ ~
L~
.CAPITULO III
CAPI 'rULO 1 v
HIDRO=ELECTRONETALURGIA
Derivaci6n de Ecuaciones par~ Jnterconversi6n
de U~idndcG do Conccntrn~i6n OD •• OOO.OD.oo~on.o·o 1
TahlasAe Solubili~nd " ••....••.••.•••• ~ ••.•• o •• 2
Re~cciones de Lixi viaci6n ••• o , • ,. e , ( t'" o • • o, { (, , o O
4
Equi1ihri~) REDOX y Potenciales Standard", o • • o","" 6
Electroquímica 9
Gld'ITULO V
CAPITULO VI
CAPITULO VII
'.
PROPIEDADES
'
DE ELEMENTOS Y COMPUESTOS
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\Jl\D:DADES y ... .MEDIDAS
6
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2~,OO
'0 c-um:, b~ r:ttrlHon Ut.'.:-d tnr ~~1l'.
3 7~ 60') 4U I r~.:IUWS~;:v. 1..~'tI·~fy eN=J't~tl. 10-1 CU~1: 1:""-::';)":',
640 c!Cocod n"',"Il1UJt:'J fu'\~,:I. rC'-::-J no1 '.. ~,d Ci C!):,-Cit!,:"
Il 1 ~70 c.fl..uil
.- ------------ --------------------------1
Ch...,D~ICfU;cd by btr:.:::~l:::: pl')IC(I cn-d o!)-:-n
rljoC:h.o,g(, ;:01 ~rlm~,,~. t·~,eond~I'V, tC11i~.1'V
. '0 '0 '0 41); , c'wt>hJftll ,,' coU. frl<jtJlc tnelo,tr.t::l
1------------------------------------------------------1
, o ........... II .. Uí'A. t.o ,(jh:~ r:::'O!;~(\, ri"'G
v'otcCI~ t,um '.")(/':1 llv rJN~!,~n' l"'lVC1 .... , 1')
'0 '0 2 1 ~oduCI Ececnlidlto (j lalic"V cru:::h:: k-1 ... ~
lo h~1\1 wr-b ~CO:'l P\;:' crn1 ~r.; eH~C ~C-=-_"":'1
1aoo 100 ,~k;h..,c '0 hcmm-;:, rndlc.
11
------------------------------------------------------------------~------~----~.~
SIZr. 1",1 lIMITINO VOL ~;., SOLIOS , SVITABIUrv
Wldlh SllE
FetO
ClASSIFIF.R ITvpo ., OESCRIPTIOI~ RAYE rood POWER ANO .
DinmotOf tMoJl. Food O~o,lIo", IhWI
MOA, longlh Slrol II/h" Ai>PlICATIONS'
$ondo
jil
Gloplng 10nll Clo!:!)lflor 1M. SI Uood fe: cloccd drCI;" erlnC:ln'D.
füplrvl. folto, drDAI Cln:¡p'flcot!on oecura no", 0.3107.0 ~JO(Lhlno cnd dOt·.~N("lno. ~··.::ol!mb\g:
1 mm Nol cr',lccl
dnoJ"l r,nd 01 1l1opl"V. pnr'Uc:ulc-,'., 1..-"",':>:'':1'0 c~-o(;n drr (;[.ntJo
olongnuH' 'lool Spirol 24 'o 0.4 ero lmportcnl. «Orcg CS.:Jr.clfbr
4~1 um lO 2 \1> 20 10
(F10. 10.4l, 'D~(I Of drDg Ir.pirnll oond~ nol r.o docnl. Cn c!occd
mocho."'ti~m lih:. (\ondt hom 850 110 cl,cu~ 1',lndlnp dloc~o,~o
pool 14 125 mml 45 lo GS r.tochonicrn lop!rcJD O(l~:,c~=nv1 rnoV
O
91"0 cnouoh t!f. ;0 cllmL"":Cto pumD,
log Wntlhor
0,8 lo 2,0
E$~""tlnlly t¡ nr1rnl Uood ~or rougtl aoporot!ttO'to OUC" r:o
40 7.5
clnssffier wlth puddles
reploclng !1It' 9pirnl. 06 '0 1,1 lo 10
fomOvino trcuh. clo\, ~rom ccnc1,
Aluo to romOV'J cr b:cch OOt"'Jn
lfo'g, 10,31, 450 GO . úgglom~rotúo.
4,R 10 11 1100 mml
'-------------.. ----'-------------------------------------.,,-----------.:.------------~_:_----------l
Bowl CIOHificr IM-Sl b:lans;on of uJopln1 tnn" Bom:
clM!lsifjo,~, wlth rlOU\lnrJ
No' critico! Uóod lo, dncod chéult "flnol"!!
0,6 lo 6,0 0.76
nr.r.t1llh9 In Inr~o r.lrC¡JllH Ipor1l.ul~';V "úgrlnd et,eullOl .•
lo
pool. whieh hS3 rot~'¡P')Q lo s o,~ lo (',
7,S IrlhQrCr cla(.n oandll er·) n0e.:'~l('t:rv.
1,2 to 15 45 um Lera;;.:r EXtOI r..:~IO\-)C' 'h~or
m"chnnkm 10 o(';r(,II'> !\~"'th no-to é) RohC'.:
Inw"ul'J Inulwnrdn 1., Ilnwl Conl DcoUior I,co
(I('>Pr.t[JtlCrtO.
112 mm' '1 O r") 2; In 0.711
brgor u·oolo Icnd c~p~bol.
D""lIwt} lU dlrehDrn'~ ,o~n
Dr nrlro!. Bowl'bol:lfflor) '0
20
R,':llotlvoly cttp-:nclvo _
..,._\ ¡
r : .... lo
H~
~ C\ ••
1--------------_._-------------------------
Cono Cloulfler IN-SI
I--------------_._-_.,-----------~--~~~~~-'=-~~~.,
400 ~m NOI.,IUce.!
Opon ev'l"rlrlenl uptlu
nor.lion tvilh cnnlr.r.1 t. v/o,
lo 10 3 UOQd 1l,lmDrUv " clored Il~~ull ~
ooctlon (:onl"h,h,O olowly
0,0 In 1,0 ,00"", lO 3 10 ~a 10 erlndlng 10 le,olooollV '.C,I ..
120 7.S hydrocyclono undorllot':l, ,,:1 '
rOl9tlng mccl1onism. 16 mml 30 lo 60 ,'" o,;
12
~ontinuac:l.6!1,,00
--------------------------------------------------------- SIZE Iml llMITING VOL '\', SOLIOS SUIT ABlllTY
W,dlh SIZE fHO FC(;d PQWER
ClASSIr-I~A lT,po '1 O[SCRIPTIO;~
OH:mOfOl liJlCl11 FG~)d Rato ANO
O'WOIUOtf.t IhWI
MOA longth Suol I"h,) Sono, APPLlCP.TlO",S
IN SI
A~ S(;P""~to,
'" SI
SCNbtH'1 1M SI
Slmilcr r:pplicD1!onn lO log
LI E5~(:ntlDIi, o ,ol.,(lnO (],'-!fT1 t':1()ohor. huI ~~yhlc, ce!!nn
~.. .J mounlNl on slu.;hf InclIne
¡t, J I U ~.
5 10 3 5
10
lOO
to
55
Tumbhng 185't'o enllcel cpcr.dl
r.tttUion 10 tcmO\fO clGy
····n _u-,_,":(}~f
provldos
:s lo 10 "VIII Ol'l",J Abo IcnlOVOC HnGn
0,....
3\1t.n::tor IN FI
B~::IC~¡I1V t: lubc wlth
hyIJ'llIJIIC ~t:t:-:, tod nor.,
2.4 mm t5 10 35 Simplo cnd rdctl"clv cfflciont
hO'fc,m 10 rHnduC:J t'"nd~"'d
10 4 0.75 Ccpút[";lion. ¡\!o,mr;!Iy e It:"$O pro"'~l.Icl
1cHllln., 5Qnd!i ....... llhdfLlt.. "
1 2 to 4 J '00 ",m lo O 'U to S fOI do ""ice bul mey b~ ~c,ctod in
tn/oug/l VlJlY"c ni b.'.!.c
120 ~ch.~IJ!l 1:.: tI·~c to nltrc (~ t~ n[l0 of CI!""'
CohJmn mcy het fil1;:d "",'ith
175 mml 20 la 35 hcctiono.
notwo,l!; 10 cvvn ou, tia*'
¡r'\1 lO JI
1,.=
rn'h.~tI' t~ ~~
:tl'..3'to
-------------------------=~,--==-----
c:::J fOVII'M.!NT
l.""
Dj sr.
\ Cu
\ Fe
\ ~Io
le"U'OI,lIle]
l. UOI ,1
~.tltj'ln --
o.nUII
1. RUIIO 98.2000
43.c.o56 ,0.2190
14.9~'3 1.7629
O.HII% U.0016
'~I'i
~I
&,
~¡
~¡
~I
~I ,
~
.
~
.3
I
I
= 15=
L~o= '-To concentratl', rima anu disseminalcd through the conlact chry~ocol1a and ienoritf; preseM 'in'
Mining Co.'s Pima COllnt ~, Aril., silicatcs. mincr :::mO'..lnt~,
orebody al 3,000 tpd, Ore, llccurs ',Tw(\ <listinct typl's of mineraliza- Chalcopyríte is principal mirlen:! e
Llong lhe Mincrnl HiII fault. usually lion ,occur - high-grade, slrongly with smaller, amounts :of Qomite ano,
uf iritcrscctions wilh cross faulLs, or mmcralizcd in limcslone which is high- chalcoc'iie.:· Sorne "filligneqtli::"Pyl'it¡;.
al or ncar intrusivc contacts with Iy altcrcu. and low-grade uisseminated ~phalcrite, molybdenite &nd scheeliíe
lirncslonc or quartz:ite. DcrQsil~ are in \\'h;,t wns ori!!in;¡lIy n dolomítc nnrl occur. Gnngue is ¡¡mestonc, qlÍartz,
of thccontact metamorphic typc with is noVo' a ca1cium silicatc rock called hemacite, pyritc, calcite and silicates.
'í'nineralization occurring sporadical1y hornfels. Sorne oltidation ex.tends' MilL heads assav 1.78% Cu (1.66%
¡¡long shear zones in (he limestonc, a short dislancc into bedroclc Wilh sulphide,and O:l:!% o;;¡ide),
@
ll~o
1·6 o,Z-11
.--_.....u._..ll........,.onlhoto ¡'IIDC
r,
(
t..IEGIt:ND I
/
'i, ¡(cnl"lorlh 302. B 34-yd I'rncioHruckj 13. 36· in. bcll- convcyor Dnd l· B trippor, 'Fivú ,56-in. Fil~Cr¡;rCIl ccllz 111 ¡:mc .01.'1
2. Rcceivint; hoppcr 125-ft ccnlcrs Four 65-in. í=q;cq¡rCil ccll[, In OIlO ron
3. Roap ch!Jin Iccd~r 14. T,·/o 50-ft- dia alcel fino-oro bingo en· 50· f~ Dorr-Olivcr ~llicllc)flor
~. Ocr grizzly, ~ .. ;0 7 .. ln. npon'ngD i'Dclly 2,000 lo 2,500 IIva ¡'"na arel, 7"'JO Elmco i'.u.1cllt,e UlItorr., Sovúr. éll~~l(',
5. 3irdsboro-\3uch3n~n' 66~84·jn. I-i- Type 1 S. Four 30-in. bclt gccd~r", '15·H ccnlc~¡., (5 VI' ';b.
C·Df jJI.') erushcr conrrollecl DutorowticDlly 29. í3-iíl. bGil' COIII"'I'or, l~.()·r~ i::cntor"
6. 54.in. bell' con\'cyor, 350-h cenler~ 1 G. 30.in. bel! con'Jeyor, 70-H cenlel'~: 29. COf¡!:Cfl¡'fDt~ E~Or~[lc
7. T",o 'N.' S. Trler doublc-dcclt F-900 17. Al1i~·Chdmer¡: IOJl13·f¡ rod l11ill 30. Trucb ~o rDi! point
Tyrodt ocrccnn. Top dCc!t, 3~ 18 in, 18. T"/O Hczel¡""'n lO-in. pumpr. VvrÍ[.blo :,n. Cn'nodien AlIif<-G~'Dlmcr:', üypo :;¡U" 10·1:0.
30ttom dCc!t hlin. spced driv\!. Trpe eT ntlncl í>urnpn
D. 7 -H sZ;'¡ldarc! hlordber:¡ cone crusher 1~. TI.'IO Amcric~1I :Vlilngancse ID-in. sleel AI1i$-C:'drncr~ 7n1!.-h bnll ¡¡¡ill
9 •.¡-~~ Nordberg dlori-hc~d cono pump~. '\f"riablc :;pecd. Type T Sin Modd D·l0·3 IO-Íl•• t(rcbs cydoncr
10. 36- in. Dcll convayor, 220·r-¡ cen~c ...,¡ 20. Two AlIh·Chalmcr3 10~o)x13·h ball milis Eighteen 66·;n. r-Dllcr[lI'Gíl ~lo¡'D¡jofl c~IlG
í í. 36-10. ;'cl¡, ctlnvcl'or, l80·H i:cnlor. 21. S~¡ of ¡hrcc Modol D·lO-u t(;t;b3 20~in. ¡¡rr¡¡n¡;ucl In:l ¡'O\,JG or- G c01ln QCC~
!~. :¡'crridt Modd ;:: Wcighl'omclcr, GOO Ipll el'clon"" 16 lolnl) , C~""dion .'\IlÍD·C~dm(jI'~ II'PC, 5R!, 10·1...
cúpacíl)' 22. Disl'ribulo. ,o t~iling~ pump3
23. TwclvG 65-in. ¡=¿;gcl'grcn floldiol1 celb
llrrangecl in 3 ¡'O\'/S of 4 cel!, cjach
r,,) ...... (~ ~ .. '1 (', ,r. •
.. ,,,O'., ,,"' .. i,,'r Total recovery lS 87.82% centrales assay 25.56% Cu find 3.27
eu. !'ails average 0.25% Cu. Con- Ol:Ag. Molybdenite i5 Dot DOW re-
- lG -
A, V, R, etc.
F D _D
(ABt~~~~"CERRADO)
F
,. r.- D
R --...--_ _~_l"_
'------, ---.. R
L~ j -- ...... ---
, TR
•
D
R R
ESPESAOOR
F
COLm1NAS DE INTERCA11BIO
I
F __ O O O O _.T IOIUCO
-. C
CELDAS DE FLOTACION
F~.OF
.. yUF
HIDlWCICLC1!
'\7 , I
C,~
,U
CHld::GADOR GYRJ\DISC
CAL lUI 'l'UL'J A
CHANCADOR GIRATORIO
-=q--
~
-
STOCK PILt\
hOLniO lE BOLÁS
= 19 =
U
rV'L');;
¡""L
I.t 'L' a
L
'::-:>_:J
Originnl f('ctl Olny he !'P¡,li2cl m S~t~
ball mill or the classifier.
:-'==== T - Tons of ori~inal feed.
fi,~'[Hr tUL UJ! [;{I!;;, f¡ v.:: ¿~ P. f; (iJo IJU1~ rrJJ LfJ, s X-Circulation factor.
A-% of minus designated si;;:e ¡n ~e~d.
(3)1' ,':ifr.rt. 1'. W."ifU'~~C{E, ChOc¡1 'iic;cl¡¡¡r¡úcc;U ognéaf', PtI!O!Í!ÚlTDpj IDG:/plrQ)I<\'mr:;;IJDu, D-% oE minus desil'nated sbe in c·:!~¡·-
\fif:f,C:;Ii'$ FWIo~,,",H\: !P~')'., Hd., !?Údt"'1¡(~lTId, Vkvodcs, !~Msii?l!:iEDi:J. flo"".
C-% oE minus designated sia:e en s¡;nds.
'-"Thq,- foll()\vin~ [onu'lilai wrre dcn!· clissol vinE: of certain solids as contained Circulating load = XT.
opcd by Mr. Warnelu' during- his Ion," in a pulp of which:
nssoC'intion not only with f)l'sig-n nlld B-A
\V-1'on< uf s(llíd~ per 24 hours. Where X= A-e
rll""l~lIrtillll, hlll nlso ",il h 11,,· "I'I'rn· l<-){nlio by weis:hts: ~olution/solids.
tion of ()r~ rlressin," -- ),Iants. Th('Sl' L-Specific l'rayit)'. solution.
[ormulaR WCf(' !:('nt lO \I!: b)' ~lr. Classifi ee efficiency:
S-Spccifie ¡!ravity, solids.
Warneke lor puhlication in lh!' hope T-Contaet lime in minutes. 100 B (A - C)
that they would pro\'(' <of "nlut& 1(1 C-Volume of the lank in eu. fr. A (·B ..... e)
othe~ in the ore drNIH¡n," indu!<1 ry.
LOR9 Tono, 01 SolidO!
[.~) Iíúi ¡~'~,Iwrí~ f1!J iI':~!§ISS ¡v5eélJ~'ol§,rru
I?'fI!1BrF" <ef:'lkIJ.llICl~'¡~[f¡]S
W-Tons oí solids Jlcr 24 hours. c-- \\7 ~(~+..!.) To estimnte the circulnt!og ~oEcls io
40 L S' and the efficieney o( each of the i:'¡;o,ro
R-Ratio ol wei¡::hes: solution Isolids,
V-Rntio of \'ol\ll1'le~: ~olulion;,olid", Shod 10"0) o~ ZolldJl! classifiers operntin¡; in closcd e:il'cll!it'w1t!:l
, L-S/>ccilic s:rn\'iq', $Ollllioll. n hnll mili:
P-Specilie ~ravi[y. pu~p. e = \\1 45>( T (~ + 2)
S--Specilic gravit)', solios. . l. S
Weight of Solulion L (S - Pl 7
Imp. Aallons of solulion per mln.
W
- X ..-(R-R,)
y 1111111111"'" D
.1:; bol::t 1) !:: ":>:'~>:::'~!(: : : <:: ~:: :r:: {;!:·:';'.~!~¡I::'" :~~_: :.~. :;:c:)"n:t.;J~;1 (: ,~ ronT..: ~1~uknZ(; r:l ~on('l;J; eL: r,lim':Jnt,:< ¿-f1
CIÓ n ori!,:in::l ::1 ;~~~::J¡n ~: :: : : :-~!:;:.
ru~sto t;V:1 ;:": dl:·~~:·.:·I'?::~:-: ~ ~ r: ~:>:'¡'~~.:,:::::ti.~'. ~: ~'.;~:::'::~: .:::,: t.:; (:,~. !ric:;{.:;:, ~, L: :·.j~:;rt.:: C ::I~;, jr.lr:'I::,~~t.!'"'·IL'~·n:;;::'·n.~. 11¡:,~~~1 ;;:,.. }.
,lo: ca:) ~jj:";f:;~t:·: )j·t:~:~:-:,~c:: ~~·· e:" i:'L:..r [; l.ú!¡t;~t. ~::: cl.k;ül0 (.;~. I: ~ ~,o90rl..ió¡¡ ci :~ .~:.: rr~·: ... - '-' .~ _... - ... ~
\¡jrw (;1'1 une ~t!li.\f.dc C;oJ (.:..: ;:;..~I,C;;:~ (Í,:; y ,d:r.
O -.; t:C;IC': ~,; ! :rt:l,~ :;.~ ~.d:,-: ( : l O :;:.i{'jccc.'.::r .t::.., .: :'\-~ Lf C1<;¡~I~~!t'
-------
;..,f¡(,...;., s~ %Cvm. ~Cum (".~ 'l,Cu",.
;;1 ¿iCigrCW1tl ,,¿junio ¡O pro;;. + -6 <2 .3
""1 2 557
zunlo la elisIlozici6n u~uol .+ !S 15.3 57G 66 76 1G 2 7~ C)
(°clcanoie puntOl ele mUGstr(¡o). P,~ciio ~LQ.ti. Si cf lonch·a clao tlim"Jnt¡,e~n dicri;~I: 'm;lino C:.i rJ·:: :?OO tonoltd r.:l. (jI to-n::Jlt·jú d3 trene.
C~ ontOl'C:', SOS tondtdG'.
Oo-Dm
~u~go lti ):-::Jpbn:i6n do carpo r.irculontc = ---- (S) Cúlo.tlo ~G !:,flci :::"e1::-:: t.: ::.~ cl~\ic;.:::dC)r
Om-Ds
LL ~ficiortCl(; (Í;:; un clulVicc:or {I;.) pu-:,·cjo tL:~~:::n C:·:t~, r"',1inL·r p:t)1' fiI.:,olo d: cn(~Jbl r, d~ ttml::¿]:; '1 :3~ do· :,c.
OO-Dlll rinido como Ir. !lroporcí6n, ~!!pT""::'1.Qd r en p...-:rc.:;;f'\tcjJ. dol P',::....:.O d ~:I rntt::rirJ clr...:>i1Ic:::do .:m ,';1 r j llclKl, con re.:.>
'V el ~Ol\doi8 ck <:or(30 cin::l!lonlc=F---- (9) ".;<10 l:I ;!:.""z,o óol m,~t.:' ritl c:.simc~:::: en le rJim;:n,ceión. ::1 r·.}b.~, ltC ~.J,'j tI.:n·') Ir. f'i\iJrtv.; !lT\.t.:b.':. (1"_! ttmdiQJ
Dm-Os '1I
qua le cliri·t~ntl:t:ión, f\O tlO ~n$ilder(¡ 1í1,::t.:.;r.t;J clr..;Hiccdo.
Su~~mu:; que:
r:¡:mplO: IJ" ;:..~In~ c., <:¡·':r.·~IIO Cc:'I"I"L-:1o Gan ca clrc~i"~'.'1$or ,("ti;:" 3t:l0 lo",lt<k~ (';=1 do mlro,.:1 crudo j g :: r.:o;o,:'n~:!.:: (let "'i1.Dtr.,Jri,~1 (.~ te. c'ir."t::,nt[;tiÜfl dd ckJIfl!;t::a,o~ rnb .1no ~U" j 1[, ril:Jk do {,-':J;>:.'rc:íltn
p·07 c;it; V !tl,~ , u7c::11tr:l::·:, t: :: c.ól:t!~ t:~n rc-:'.!!".:1:~!'rr.\':,,"c~ ~S. ~O V J'::~\ -':" i1 el rr:;'b;'f~ óo( cI~~iflct<1Of V [:rr:-'i\C ....~
"Quivr:!';ni:) :: ::-:tJ:::r.4:f:::j"cz."(~-=· L:f ~;'." :.0, 1.0 V O.•tr~ (!lO.r Ir- QÓ, i'"ri"UI.~ G). :::ntCr\c~ Iv !'roporc1ontl de le I
o = p-orc:.:nt:~,: d::i I'i\..:~c::ntl en .:-1 "':Í)drD r,'t';,J ilno O,L!:.:o le ri\.::IIc C:'J 7'':P.:.rc06l1
:: c: ton . . ;I:-;j:: eh (h':t'jr1t t -c¡ón el d D Hiecdor
,:",~,:: cim!kn~c~ 0":: Ifl.d e:
O = tO'ndci~ rc::.cb·:: dd c1uifit1~C7
CÍ(:
:i-1.00
- - - - - {; 2.';' (ti 2<;7';(,)
~.OC!')-_~~
;:nIOSlc-,"\l 1.::1 dici::.nCK!, :: = 10,000 º f-
l( _ctJ__
I(IOO-~;
(11:
Lo 'ó:-(,"\\.I'[; mt$ ':.:,nc-Jlc V !in umbc:;r90 h"\t:J ::r:1:.:1.-: !)ti'",:" 1(: d:ri::r.d.,:: t:."J un C':'Ci:-;20. irnor::'nC:o 1[; cr.ltcicd d:::l
',1 h,j~.:: miz ~)t:CC¡~~ ~::7.:· :::::.:C'Jt,:í" e..: ie~:]tr}~ :; n W'l t;irctd¡o (1..1 co"'\cJj..;nd.:; :,:~. el ::::1tIi1il Ó:1 tcmil.:J::'. LM
producto ::;'~:
"t\.t O\tf (."1. ~~ I~ ~':lCt.r[~ ( ':2 r,1:C~lno • .'";¡ J nr: C:'':: 7:]'io-rH:) V r(;~¿::I~.J c.!nl clf:!igictdc1 ~0-1'1 ri~dld~s !lor lr.mll \' 10:,
.q ,·nr.I¡('<;' .:cumu1.:Itt.·j·Z %-~;.,;JC\ll<:n ~.:n lJui:,:. :-."1,'-:";:\.
I ~
,,/
E.c<h
1s.,.In.1
\ c... F•.
IX¡.ln.1
At:I~.
NUMSE:t
T""
ISq. FI.I
._-_ ...
Y;~IT
t"OPn)":I.
NUMBr~
SWt,t""(!
'i.
SUR Fl,cr
AREA
SUP.FACE
'MEA pr~
/--..;;:;:
1~~1p1~~ \··1~r
¡vllLL Wt\TER REQUIREMEHT5 WATER FACTS 'C:~IT'CI~' EACH PE~ ¡'\CH rO' PN AREA. VCH Co. F•• TON \.l~fT
II
1 .52.\ 280 3.14 5929.4 29·!.12 1-'
Tt.bl~ cnd Arn~ICllm::tion . , I ~1 1.023 280 .290 966 6902 .1.91 ,1743.S 235.21' .059
d ~~r~ujt,»•........•............ 8. 12 Tcnsper tonort 1.767 280 .501 559 399<1 7 07 39S2.~ A 196.08 .071
'"_ll.~
1\".i
- VJP.TER tH PIPES (Gdlo"n p(;r M¡nu~c)
2.BOti 280 .. 795 ~ 352 2515 9.61 3388.2 ' j88.07 .cal
2 4.169 28J 1.187 236 1685 12.57 296~.7 ,;7.06 .094
Nomin.:1 o¡~. 01 P;pe. D=
P;.e DiD. D
.1611. per ~\ ~.~ 1 V~ IY, 1 211, ! , 5 '2~
3
8.ISl
14.137
28J
280
2.318
4.006
12\
70
G63
499
19.64
2S.27
23nS
1976.5
117.65
99.04
.1 i8
.1·12
$.GC. ~)::(imum 31"> 8.2 lJ.6 2.1 JJ 55 91 130 2'j1 365 2BO 6.361 44 314 33,48
H".! 22.<!49 1694.1 S4.03 .1-ó5
at fr. per
Ij 4 33.510 280 9.495 29 211 5027 1482.4 73.53 .189
!lee. n-orm-DI 2~ 55 9~ 15 22 39 61 A1 156 245 ¿~ 47.713 280 13519 21 1~18 63.62 1317 b tl5.36 .212
5 65,450 280 18.544 15 ICS 78.54 1185.9 58.82 .236
PUlP CAlCU!..ATiONS
w cqulJls wcigh~ 01 [) Gi\'en volumr: o~ wnter
Wz CCl,,~I. woighl 01 tn c<1uLl 'JOlum'l 01 dry :olid~
Wp cc¡u<'ll. wOlghl 01 cr. cqtJ,1 volu,"~ 01 pulp. Cf ¡,,¡ 9,1I )t • Y. c· )t!V ' j 'Á!v No. . :;J
w,;¡tI;na ;oliel~ lo mokc ",,"Ier le.,,,, "q •.d C!o. "':Vt. En. .,~'t't:l eolIO. W'.IYni-t $urbc-o o, Totcl 'J n t CCOO Qclb bello..
cqU..jls ~pceilic ~r.!l';1it}· 01 tolid:l '--32.038
CClu"'~ sptelfic e.w.-ity 01 pulp Cp· 1 Cubi: FI. - -:c¡;- 2.318 19.64 . ¡¡ ¡¡ ¡~.~ 34S6 ¡j9i :'3.5
cc¡u<'llz pcrconl' 01 roJleló In pulp W. =C.w -C....-:-r por Ion .\.006
6.361
28.27
38.48
.1'12
.165
23.1
26.!l
.:l158
L18'11
1038
761
2~.8
t~.t;·
S, _ 100 Gp. 1 n Cn 7on~ 01 dry ¡clid-~ por fool c):-pth fo< O·lep·! le. ._ 9.'195 50.27 .18~ 30.0 55·)·1 5S-C !5.t
- - 'C•• l ·t~- rou"d Itnl:llo¡di:mQlcr. O(in~~.:.t:: _ _ _ _ _
JO_.a IC_'·:_,______
.61.:1 100.0 1!lOo{¡ 3íl7J 100.0
. TIlMPl!RAYURl! /
Cs:-;;Icrock-Th.c frco¡;!n¡¡ poln) o~ ",í;t¡Jr'l¡ O°. Ihej' /J¡¡uro ¡"i i~ dh,'d~ ~y 9. To w",-,,:.I
S "./.
Th" boo;linC polnl 01 ,-,Olor ID lOO". Tho Ce,," Ccnli¡¡rúdo inte Fr.f',rcnh·cil muw::>r,. dcareo Wc r<:<:or,v;lOnd grinding 'oo. h~vlnr. IIx 101· I<ml~ oro (<:¡ 1J1] ,.;i;¡. ,011(4. ¡;,,~ ::uiw~cl o. ~~,~.&
il~.nc¡'') ,cDlo In dlvid0d lnlo 100 Gqunl de- by 9 Dnd d'vlde, Ir, ", Ih·'n ndd 32.·
nO[1Ur;l",J f,(U,Jc.- Thc- frc:n.lhC ~o¡n" oU wf.'lt~" fe bwlnf. tPPn:Jnlm¿¡l<1 !l¡:X,;ificnli.",,, WlU1 ~~tjMdtlrd i-u'Qr,'~hC(" c~ m::¡:nfnu ~,~rd~hicnc~
n ~Jr~o~) br~twcr:., thana p:otntr.. . . . .:~. .... .,,-./ .
OOJ. ThG boiHnG t=t.lill~· o~ wctrlr r~ 80:. TI,,:)
_·;-;:lrc •• '~:::.-!;·_ TI,.:' rl'"Q~tJnr.~ pt;)in~ o~ vJticr 1:.> 3~. C1rbc;-¡¡,- .85· 1.00%
R0.,~-¡'\'tr sedo I~. 1:lb¡dccl Into 90 cQunl d··.·
rh;:, ~lInn rmln~ añ',ol,"r in 312<. TIlO Fow.-. V!Jo h¿'.'.J 1'6u;,,¿1 ¡h~l' ú t,~~tl biCdc o~ í.)r¡;;(;~
~~·;.l~"·:-?.j ~'-C{.ro in óh... fck¿ Into '00 LqW' dq~r¿G-J
f!rC;:'t\ bC~'w:ar'l thc·ú f.itllr~H.'. To co:rnrcrt F.":h7~ ¡"'tna(n~~.J . .(¡o· .90 nl'~d (~rIMdlnc t,.r!II~¡1;). dJn(?;ll\' r.-,~~" 2m:;:~:'.) b ~
::.i"\':-:~:;::"~ thG~.:: p-oln:1J.. Th~1 :!~-m.:' iltGddhl:~ c-n:,cil'¡nto R·11.U",",'· ru(¡ir.ocl 32 tr.-tl mUlri Surp~,w,: .05 M~"
:,t: 1"01 1>-; ~ ~"CJ ellyl.!:] b, 9. To CO""'"" <:;,, Ji· U~r] ''-';dtf, CUí rv1tJ'-1"I t'o~c c.t¡a:h·.:rÜc D(~lJ r.-:fiG
~.I3.Q"t"':J bef",·;.> 1-.:, ur,}(] rr:.6 \!"_.h:::,..~
lampar['. I"""sp!-torou~ .04 M~"
erzdc ;nlO Ro,,,",ur mullíply by ~/5. ... -',
.:i.J7í..::_C~~ ?:-!~'" ¡.:...:- 1.:'ro F:n" b minu-; $in;? S-!IIccm .10 M~"
~r, r.; •. _-~ ... _(¡. I (i co...-o:'Crt Ctcgrccz r-:::h,c-nh,,; . ._-- ~ .-" . -:-?" ~:. .. ." .
,:~~¡~ C''n .. qrold..... iu-'~~'.xt 32. ,he" mulliplV
= 22 C>
lOWi
\v = [ ----
(pll2
Wllcrt::
Wi Work InJex
P the size in mlerons that 80% of the proJ u( t
pJS~t:\
Material Slze
80% Passlnll EqUivalen! 0. 21 -t-----i!----t----t----+---_-.-':
1
rl (1"1% ur 1'1"1
I ----- ¡
/--]I
9~% f'.)~!:d"Y I UI . rv'lcron, f
1· /, in.
1 In.
25,000
18,000
1:,(lU
134 O
010------~i:-- I ~p~ r~~I~.
,.'J. In.
. ~v L--:~,-~/~
/'1 in.
12,OUO
8,GOO
109 5
92.2
;:¡
- I,/~ I \.\~?~- I
~
t' %/~
-;lV',,,,,
:r
~
3/8 in. 6,000 77.4
~. O 11- '~.,/L~t----+----}---~.
64 H
3 mesh
4 mesh
4.700
3,000 54.d
o
~
:? I
6 mesh 2.100 4J 8
""
~
~
:;,
~
¡.//i'
I
8 mesh 1.500 38.7 O10- ~tiL-,----+----+----1----
~I
10 mesh 1,000 31 6
14 mesh 800 28 3
20 mesh
28 mesh
500
400
23.4
20 (J
OO~ - -t--
~
- f - - - - - ti nr IlI<lu.", L'nc,,[ cnd G"nd,n~ I!.cdoc.---!
I
35 mesh 270 164 ro
O
48 mesh 150 12 2~ D
MILL ,RPiVl.
,,~oo j00
FECr P[R iVí i NlJ' Cf:
'!'!,::... :·.bl.a·....; .:~:'¡~;J~: ;:Jí·ot1id~: ~(,dph.Jr¡ji fol'...I'Jd:: (.0;' vr.dour ;·"ill
;:;1:....)·_I~::ií·.:. :;~.I:.;:·l ~.;)J:,¡d., ¿.'le. ~."I:!l:t:uicd 011 :-ho !j\ddc dicm~;'o~'
:ú ~;I:;\' :;:¡:¡,~.
Mili Si:c
Ola b,
Ap~ro~.
\V:;ighl
A 5.
2 ¡¡II
~-ó
Mill ,:EED i ,~ .. ):, . ,1. .,
.~
JIo .. V:~ Vo"
ID. Volur'1e GRlr'.ID :W mc,h 35 i11..::sh .to B mesh JO mesh 100 mes:' 1SO ¡-,,-,"s!; 200 mesh
L~ng!h W le Balls::"!,-¡r~:: l~..,c. ¡vi i 11 Sh~JI (Cu. o.' .')00 35 . .\0 75·82 82·88 38·95 95·98
(Fec!. Pounds :To,",s) HP RPM Inches Ft.l ,J. -
45 55 55·65
¡Vlcsh
ll\ J!Z'J /.1,J\"){) lE',OOO 15/1t)O '2,(\00 9,720 7.810 0.110 ~\7S0
G'tnOtntllon(JIt,).,
,'. '
fI.D.$t'c!lx '-" .. ~.~I=rod:·
""(;'Inrt
IW~
::'G M1'!>h
~'I·
':\r. Mrr.tl
r.~ MNlh
'Y2""
"0 f...tl"r.h,
.
':'\":\7"\
•
',,:.,,\1"
/. P-O MOf'lh
t'1,;" "\'
100 Mor.h. '150 r. .1~!:h
. v.· V."'
200 Meth
___'_"_0.1_'_._._._o,,¿, ;100 ."""';!_'__ *~~~ ~'~---22:~~~"" 7~) 7[.. 07. O~·(\(I [1(\·95 05·90
5':"'4 142 118 100 , n) 61 ,50 ,,',' 40 31
-..:.....?'" x 6 ·215 ' In 151 .120 ".·92' .... ,75,' ";.. 60 47
61?~ . t ' . . . .J.10_ _.•-?S.5_ _ _2_1~175 '. '"I3D ~Q 67
--(;-¡;,~-' 4:15 3~~ 30~ . 2~5
~ 123 ~4 " 19d
___ 7~,._1_',__ · _._. ______ .¿no_·___ .op___ J._o___._:rr.0_....:.....-·~;,,;J.?2·r.' 130. 108
_ _ _ 7\~.,II_ •. ~_,_""-_~_. _ _ _ _ _ . _f'~O.P .• __ .. ~,r.0. __ •• -!'7_0 _ _ ,2!'Q __,_,~QP-.:...-..-.JA~~_ _ .~_ ..
a\~. o 11('0 130 G20 ~oo :lBS 305·,' " 250 193
DI', x e ,,~!l_O____ 97_0_ _ _ .Jl~ 670 5,0 .410 330 260
6.-;-7 1,~~O_ _ _I,.!.~O"' _ _!&LO___n_~o G40 510 ,.,O_~
g\~. 9 1.~.:'Q ___1}0.9___'2º~O n<o 050 / 530 '-20
10\'H 10· 2.7).o_ _ _7.~_12!_O_ _ _'&Q0 1,240 ·980 ¡ea 520
::..- 10"",;¡ 3,7I..o_ _ _EOO_ _ _~¡;jJ~~~..o I,SOQ 1,330 1,000 830
__'.~2:.!_~_'__'_"":':' _ _
· _ _~t~!O_ _ JFiJ..O 1 3 1.10' ~ __~~~.950 1',560 ',260 970
__'_~:!.!_'~ _____.~~Q~O_ _ ¿...!~O___3~;e:10 2 220 ',770 1,.430 1,100
_ _'?\::"'~1~ ~L~)!,~.r !_n__ ~l:2.0 3t~'2U 2 ~10 ',990 ,,(i10 1,250
12\'1 x 11. ~~_~~!~1.(1~~~_ _ _:J~,900 2,2~O 1,660 l/,/¡O
.... Grind ISo nomtr'\~1 mo~h Ind'Cél!cd -+- ~'X.·5"k
·ntJn~¡r' o' -200 mC"~h In rroclvcl 1m r,f.l""\d Indlc;!l"d
l"r:- flOr, .... e C~{1,'c:.ly l¡'Ihl.,~ h~IIt"~ mr)~1 <:omnv-'r! '.~,1rr;y b~1I mili Sl;ot"~ Capilcilí'!!J ntc bn~('d on mr.Ó;um hnrd ore wllh mili
(¡pl'f,1hft9 111 c:.o ... "r1 ('f(\)11 unrl,., 1I'It'I g'I".1tr,) (.tl(vhllün!; lo con~,lttlr::1 '''''~e t;tblr .... t.1tn41 r.nd Srnclt,;:!'", IIr!!.1 gall¡Ned
comp.,rallve dttln IrQm Qn~r~It('ln~ o' Qv('tllC" ..... í)n( qr;\l~ mlll;,- 1)' Ih~ ~1mc Sllc: Ftom ~'t(\ah·sjs 0111\15 C1alC:, Ihe emotrtcol rnl¡;,tlO"
\Ir,r,nlnr 1/""''',1' 1:1:)Ir", W:l': fh"\ttVi'11 rN t1rV Ollnr1tnn ~Dnt'C1s ¡Hfl fe,SlJccd [lnd cnnnCtlltl"i drn!,~_~lwnen 30'% to 50%.
4 1~.O 114 :'!\ 14.1 wu e.111 113 1:'~ I( ~ 124 14:! l!J9
4.72 15.5 4.57 15.0 64 2.5 13.8~¡ 69.0 648 121 .138 155 133 152 171 1838 {'56 2037 2132 ~ 2363 ~.5l~ ífi.2 ,
4,88 16.0 4.88 16.0 64 :'.5 13 45 G8.9 651 137 157 179 151 173 19. 208. r~17 2309 l/il7 1073 I :.32 ~;;J Ts71
'503 16.5 4.B3 15.0 6,4 2:5 132 . 68.7 659 146 167 lBB ISI lB4 207 2223 ;3702.68 25B5 :mo :¿G53 .,;,sS 'j~.i: '/.
1
!, le 17.0,5 10 11.0 75 3.0 13.0 ca 7 670 165 189 212 182 :/Oa ?..J. :;.595 ,1,"54 :l8B3 ZOlU :t~'03 !.f:;.~( ¡j .L~ ';:u"
5.33117 ~¡ ~.le 17.0 75 3.0 12.7 6n.I ó74 176 201 226 19é 221 2~9 2750 .?31!1 :>053 31~ 3:3·; :i.Y2 j
S '91'B.0 5.49 18.0 75 3.0 12.. 6í.5 678 197 225 253 2\7 248 279 30n 1~276 3<;\( :i5BS Jüt~ ::!BSí L~
.,.!,. ,.~
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.' :
99.D
~71"""
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OD.O
0 0
·o
¡¡;
10
00.0
, .'..
e
o .0.0
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'Il 70.0
.:• Q
00.0
l ,:. \ .
(; SO.O
'e" .o
ao.o
30,0
, ,.,
C>
t:o
11. -r '0.0
..
~
t~ 10.0
Diamelar dA' mm
10
.o
o
.~
.!:
12 ~
~
U
o
'0 0
•
~
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'.0
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I
eo '. l. ,'~
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/
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OIDMolor, dlJ.
10,..m 10m,"
'9,9
'00
••
90
CD
9S
~'" 00 0 .~
...
:; .0
~
"-
<'O 00 <'o 70
~ ~
o SO
~ U.
00
O .g 30
·
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e
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(,)
>O ~,
U
10
o ,,,,.,
10,...,.. 100" ... '0 ....
Dlnmolflf. dA
0.1
10~m 1.0mM
0
.r
~
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~
.~
O
¡;
10
."
$
~
~
U
'.0
10pF.1 100",... 1.0m", '0...... Si" methods (see te"t for discussion of c!!ch)' oí'
Dlomo'or. dA plotting size distrlbution data of Table 2.2.
I
I "vnrinllf't'!l ..... I"'~~n rnntrndlt In cI1y dn ... ih . . aliun 1n:1)' 1.. • II',itt>
8tHII
B¡:UllItC
10 :"
6.:1:
20,t, 1
.7"
;:.:~ 90
lor~f'. Cer:unt chn~:r 60 J :q
Cerneot r~~~ mr.lcn::! 13,69
Chromc orc 10,57
~
~~(:~:,tc;:.t.c;;~O;:'!l.1 c,,~ 9,110
ft 9 1.10
l.
)rICme Clf.y. ",Jcincd
:.~t.1 :::l¿'.l G:llVI1Y MAUGll\l tl('l OJ Ga.... I1l' l'l='1X Co,,1 LO
10 LIl
---1--' -;1 _.... - ----1
·s·· HST\ 'S ·w, CO," 1 U·¡
' _ _ .. ~........--_---J-
l.! 1 ~0.70
Al! Moloríols TCSI!!d ~I;~~:,;----'-'-- Co!..c. fluid peUOli."Uhl 2 Id 3;;.110
Ca:;,c. pctrolcuCl 2
Coppcr ore 1 'S 73.eO
Ándcsite 2 S~ 1875 'Jo He"",::I,lc ~ 1 3 5) ''2 B..t J 303 J :1 Il. i 3
CorrJ
~orilo 45J 473
'i HI!~cllle - \P' \ulor 3 i8 ;J h.4 I Dlonte
Dolomllo
5
6 .:."-. 10.lú
19.1,0
I 352 11 33 Em<ry t,
II.J 1
Sosoll 17,10 ! ~3
F<ld,pu
t
%.18
3 6~' 11.6'/
Bouzcito 2.20 8.78
F errO<.hrome 1a U1
.,. loccnild 354 t 4.61 Ferro- Cl4.D %llt:.S G 10
Fm-c>-ull""" 171
Cemonr dioler .. 16' 315 lJ.¿5 1$ 11.33
"1leod C'O 3 35 11.9 n Flmt
$ 26.16
fluonJPs.r ¡¡
Cemen1 'OVl motcriol 19 267 10.51 leed c.'e 16 3,35 C ... bbro 9:16
'<. llflC 1093 ¿
G.-J<-n.-, 1I:;,t,5
Clay 2,51 79 127.
1 10.19
2 G6 Cromet 3
Gb:~ 17..3'1
CooL", lA l3.00 12 3,53 12,20 3 3,OU
GnclS'S 3
Gold ore ~.13
L31 15,13 )' Mognesilt' 3.06 11 13 Gnrulo
209 IG.¡;l
H 16,39
Grephjrc 6
~ Coppcr N" 3,02 17.7J • Mol,bder,..:m 27e 12,80 43.03
). Nickc: efe
I I Gn;~
G YP'WD roe!<
62 :5.17
Dioril0 1.B2 20,,0 3.26 130
IlmcrulO
5 0.16
7 13.11
Oil shde 1 S4 15 8~ lron ore G
1,,1
Dolomito. 2.74
I ::'~:
Hcmctltc IS.M
79 11.6D
Emery 348 274 9.07 Ih-rnntlt<>-<»=lu 76
Oolll>c 1S.t>O
6 IU3
PO!O,t., oro. 8,05 Limc.niu.
Fclrhpor 2.59 1 10.se MODlctltO
l u.G5
., Pyrilo ore. ~ 06 89J TuorrllO
63 10.21
Fcrro-chromo 666 ~
28:
13 57
!268
M n nC1l.nese C'N:
!vi .. (::nOI(e. dc::cd bumed
10.10
i:.M;
MIC'" 16,HO
Fluor1por 5 i 01 81'1
Molybdcnur:'Í-J IH.50
7 6J 1587 6 ·~~;~..ll.1~~
Gobbro 283 18.J5 NickeJ ore 1:
S.lico \ond 267 1.10 Oi! sht:lc IUU
9 lu.IO
Glou. 7,5R 1231 Pho,pht". rcrtilizl:' 3
Siti-:'Or"l cotbido 275 75,87 Phosphr.le ro<:~ 13.03
POUlsh orc 10,13
Gnolu ..... . : ?1 2C. )~ O.UO
Slo; iJ 274 10,24 Por",h "Jt
Pumi"" 0.23
8 Gold ore 197 2.81 IJ.93 1L93
Sycnilo 273 1J 13 l'ynte ore
Pynhotito ore 0.90
"Granito. 37 2.66 15 13 y Tin oro 395 10.90 9.57
QUUtlJlC
Qur.ru I~.IS
Gl"QphilC 6 1.75 ~J.56 l' lJlonivm ore 1J J 01 1733 11. 77
Rulile ore
15 2.66 Sc.nd"onc 12. 12
Grovcl." ................... . 1606 Trop rod: 17 787 1931 11.S3
ShuJc
Gypsum toch. .......... . 2.69 6.73 'f Zinc ore 12 Silicz 11>.«1
3M 11.56 lUl
Sili"" nnnd
Silicen c¡¡rbiéc 16.44
Silv;:r ore 26.11
SiOt.C"l· 17.30
Skg 0.//
Sin!;. iron blr.st rUCIU= IS.n
SI C/c 11.16
Sodiurl':l ziliCltC 13.03
S!)Odurnt:nc Or.l 13,1:0
Sycnnc :3.70
"¡ile ¡().~
!ll~ O~ IS.S3
"!'"it:'.DIUTI10r:! ¡O.f.!
"[;::t;; ..n-c.1: <~ l.C-,\
U;'~';nium or..:. 1.l.e(.
:..: ... ~OC'<:
~f,jj~
= 29 =
The fQlloning hllm¡JIG mtl~'¡:Hrte$ the !l'[lrlim!:i(lí! Orl 'i; he ,Q.bo"J'G 'i:\'!lrnlcrlioí1i'. "i:~1 01 ~tJ!Gd~¡,; \?li'0IM(:;L;:;~
\ .
A crushed stone.'producer desires a primary crusher MATERIAL: limes'"",, WORK iNDE)( ~ 10.7
to hundle thc product from a 3-ynrd shovel lit nn CRUSHER: 42-65 Suporior Primory
Op"n Sido Solli"9: S": Ecccnl'rit Jhrow, 1n
average rate oí 350 tph. The rated capacity oí t:hc Rocommondcd Oporotlno Spood, <1lJO npm
(Approltimot"ly 80% of MOl:imum ()pcc·d)
crus1ler must, oI course, be grcater than this becausc Copacily al RüCO"'Múndcd Spcod! ;jJ8 Sllor) To¡dl-jour
oí inevitable quarrying and crushi'ng delays. A MOl:imum HorsePDwor Allb\Oloblc a? Sc-kclod Thro\"1 and
$pood, 213 Horoopow"r.lSoo 01:09'1'10 bol!or;¡ PClO¿ 22)
crusher BeLting oI 5 in. on the opcn siele is clcsirccl FEElJ SIZE: (F) 00% Po",'" 20· (66% DI r-ood OponlnfJ)
because of following equiprrf'fmt and the require- F =
711.000 Microns 'l/f 942 =
ments for stone.
PRODUCT SIZE: (P) 80% Panol 4%". P
'l/P = 328 =. 108.000 Micro,,;.
A Proccssing Machinery Laboratory test indicaL('s \/F - \/p = 514
HORSEPOWER/SHORT TON = 10.7" 13.4" 514
the limcstonc has an impact value oí 10.8 ft.-Ib/in. ( 8<12 j¡ 328 267 =..
and a specific gravity oí 2.60. The Work Index 15, .267 Hor,cpowor/Short Ton ;i 438 Short Tonlhlour Capaclly = 117
Ho;,epowcr Required ' .
thcreIorc, 10.7 (see Rcfcrcncc 1 ahove). RECOMMEblDED MOTOR SIZE: 150 H~"oPo\"lor Molor.
D
THIC¡U:¡,llhlG
. . ".-. T /!.NK'
. Flotatlon Concentrates 5 to 12 sq;¡. fr'. per 24 hr. ton iD~ solids
REQU¡REIvlENTS . Slimes (Cyanide Planl) 3 to 10 s0. ft. per 24 hr. ton of solids
[ilSY Scttling Ore 3 to 6 sq. ft. per 24 hr. ton of solids
Difficult Settling Ore lOto 40 s~, ft.per 24 hr. ton of solias:-
LA. )]~Sl'.4.LACION DE -..E:)U ...IPOS
¡ - PESADOS" ------~ -"~"~-~-
,
\
.~
t·
An determlOatlOn by el(per,mcntc1tion
aCCurate ji:,
and dose e'Camln.'ltlon !.nould be made fo chec!!. ,Oc
I\CL-:qU;lIC foundatlon~ for any hc.avy ('qllq,m('nt P'1:..,lCt !.od d',¡uolt;'lcrlstlc5
::..,d in p.1ttlcul<~r M.lrcy r.rjndlOr milis. are extrem(:-!-{
C'C'tl'wnt miJ{("n with sand c:nd ~-;Gg,cgcfc
Porrl1nd
Import.-:nr to ¡as.ure propcl OpCr.J11QII uf Ih,JI equ,p
In the plOp-:r prc,pvrt1ons h ... !. Cvme lo be st:;ndard
;IK'nt. Any sltght sculing el fowndatloos WI)I cau':>c
beoiJrlng and gear mls.:;llgnmcnr resultlng In e,<ce!.!.lve pracrlCl' In mabng Concrete Fer general rcterenc:c
WCar ;::nd hlgher m(jlntcnance co!:t!.. Ir hJ!. ~een Cement r:' usual;'! shlpped In sactu containing one
found Ih¿t cc.Jf"\crot~ toundiltlons on .' wel~ht b:1"i I 'So cublc fOGr oi mJ!(>IIJI A barrei usually ConSlsts of 4
should bL) .'!ppro)'omart'ly \}'2 tlmC:i the tot~1 wC't:ht c.ublc r.:et Cernen! "",11, dC:~'lo/.)tc wlrh ,::r.c r.nd wilJ
ef tnG grindlne mili \-Vllh It~ C'lnding ,MC'dia qutckly .lb~orb mOltturc so ir lnou:d be storcd in .".
,c'Ol. dry pID'. Th, ,ond .1nd aro"cl usad should b.
Allow('lble bearing press\Jre between concrete carefu[ly clcaned for best rcsulrs to be sure of m.ni-
foorjn~s. 4Jnd the soil upon which the toundatlcn rests mlztng thc amount 01 Icdlmcntctlon in tNt matcrial
snould fl1sr bo consldcrcd. Thc ,cnter ef prcssure
rnus,t r.lw.~yz p"~H rh,ou~h Ihe ccntcr of thi.' fOO'ln.': Concreta mt.y be rnildo up In difleront m;,:;turcs
rount.J."lons ~utllt!ct fu ~hI1C"'. dHlIlld 1>0 dO!.Jt;Ili"d h:1\I1n": dlflerent ptoportions 0# s.·md .Jnd l':[!(frcr::atc.
Tr'r'\c a/u (.I)fpr:lHcd In P..'lrU- fo( ctl.~mplo ~ 1.2'd
~;.¡tih, J.;,~~ u~,.t !1rp¡.~~utv:' .,fhün ~Qllnd¡H,IC':u. .tO(, !,r,c.f .on-
. . f!:u\.:¡('u vI .:!,¡Uwu,tJlu J!Jft.·H..JrU I lt',Jt' ,fí,'J.I:/I\!;'U' l."'::, 41111 r;,,~lur·i Il)d¡"ju"'í::OI'lC, b~a ·DI.'<:Cr¡.'IonL:2 ·~.,.b,,;•. f.co,
'/~;·I¡i:jí¡;t r¡t,:-:i,:H¡:-;-;:(.!\·,i #I:':ur:,!; f'I't¡V be 'U'H~r.J '"r '111I~13 ('.,,!,!\n';,'.~'" :.l,J Jo.fu.jl] ,-"111.,,,8 '':'l;. ,h·¡lIliIuu¡,",.,1
D(AnlNC lOAD IH TO"'S ~:~~l~1~~~tl1:l~~{;;~~~~~··~~;~',?~·~~:!~~/~~;~~~\~~VJ1;i¿;:F.;~i
HA ~QUAIl( ~OOT
In other material ratios, Betwcen 5 Vl to ~ Y2 gallons
So" . .: i ~ ... 1 2
Or,. ';1 I I .; J~ l o, water to a sc1ck of cement is usually rccommended.
O'''' tt'o,:~, ('!l:l' J • tnl! lo ....... er amounr '0 be uscd ..... nerc hlBhlJr sfrcneth
Sol, ;"'0<" ' ~ 9 I~ rC(j\Jlfcd 0' wherc rhe concrete \'~.·i" be sub/ocf fa
Ct::vCI l:I"'Id (0."(\,, ~.)<'W~ 7 1(')
S'.~'.CIC wC.lfhl.'flng condlllon~
Hord Roen Ipl!r, ... tty bto .. o". 15 ,1~
H::rd RecI> h''!l·",I", brol.on) 20 ]:;
H."d HOC'" I,n "-,/u.,,1 u... rr0vn<1'''6\' U>, 10 2e1
Elcc~ric~1 Abbrcvii'tions
K V A K,lo-vol: .;¡mperes
A. e I\itcrnJlln& Currt'nt
K.\V K,:;Jwatt ...
Dr DHfCt Currenl
E EICClrO/lloll'w'e tUfL:!.; 1fl v(,)ll~ r Po ....·ef
P,F Power fdctor
EIf {'.J Ef"cI~n(y
1-1 l' Ho,~clJÜ""'l."r R
1 Lurrenl ,n .. ,nl..H,r,,~
OHMS LAW
(S;ngle pha.e A.e )
E
II~ 1- R R_- T
1 K VA.
K\V l .
1000
(D e únlv:
173x[~I~PF
W."" KW
r F \'011.'- A"':;¡::cre, KVA-
K\V lCoo---
.' .. r • I .. r I
(.·I.I",L .. l.)
KW -
1000
D
sieves. In this series the sieve opcnings inerease' in
the ratio oí the fourth root of 2 or 1.189.
2 G
.742
TyJer Every Even' Ev"ry Yor CJo,;'c!"
Slnndard Olhor Ol.h,,·r 4th S Si;:'n!.
D
Sereen Sleve From Sleve From Slevc From . leve ...[ rom
ScaJe .H~" to 1.050" to .7-I~' lo J .050 "}o Mesh
\/2:1 .0015" .OO~I" .002n" .OOb Dcsl¡:natlon
or 1.414 Rntlo Rollo ¡¡nllo R~t1o
Opcnln¡:~ uf al of v7:1 .525
1n lnches 2 to 1 2 lo 1 4 to 1 01' n~9
D
1.050 ].050 1.0!i0
.... .883
.742 .742 .í42 .74~
.(;24 .371
.52.5
.525
.371 .:J7l
, .
.52!i
.-141
.:J71
.312 2 112
D Mesh
3 .263
1"1\, f.l·IIU"h rli:\lnt"tt'r full-hl'i¡..:l'l .. i~\·~ nf(' "'lnl~rl d :'Inri :'Irl' c·:tn;('rl in ":~,rk (.,1' ,,:I1"r ~ '('- ... ,
:'''1: 1':':\1,
-,.,
i\m'JERAl PROCESSJNG_ }~ctlll nnd 3Iinrral Pl'ocl',;,;in~ -Eo\\" ¡\jcI111s Are Rccovcred
I
In lh" E'o"b 1" Tlr." Su
¡HI: ,.t~TAL1 T; ,T'Ctt\ cOHy!nTEO ::; f
~ILG'rTl) (VP'''II'' IPP ~1) 111 OR MI~EQ.tU COHVc:H::~ TO
FI1-4ISH;;O lJeTALi el
~ «
ffyr:T~en
. ~~'xr:r ~3 !'~uctl~
~T;~ft!~~Sh ~ ?"l~d Chlerld(!
EI:x-tte'ysh .., ;'Js~d Ollorld;)
i- ,.
SO e Ppln. ft~_: Solr..
e R " d,,('tI~ t: ¡: : :trlc Fum.:to:-
Ir. OIS.~. EJ;~"l y~ ls o;' A9
El:¡><;trol ytIO d P' u~~ Chlolh'i'
~I elc-::ltolrsl :-. o:-~ F'"lIt:·d Chlot'~('
T~!r,' Sodlum R:,~c::t!c:.:) Vecuur.l Sit:! c.~r-,;
l.~-: I.~ud~ !.."':ZI-.m T"II\lrld(' . T"lfc er~ so : :?pltl. :.,-; .; t ....... SOf,.... /
T:::!SO.h ~ St lh by Fr ;:<t.. C'i't:'or:.:;Tl(~ EI«I,~frd~ <:: ;:"<;::d C!llorld.::";
n~h"ld "
T!tlO.11 ~::~'r.~I~\~hr,~~~;:~I}ror._\!~Ch. . Ek",<lrofrsl ~ ~ :JJ.. So":.. '
Rcc;;~'tll .;<"; c.o; i"oO t \lr C:-. lc1u'"
To ñSO.h :-"\~.' Sell' b1 rrc-:L c,,:t.ifo~-~t:(.h. r!:lc-chely:l:.; (":' 1 '':I1 ~ l! eMe,'!! t·
t~ -: TI" ~'('c"olyllc ~·.zf'"t:;ln~
Ti'3 4 Sodle!: l:~~· ~ . . :::
~ :;..o:7'qSbt(' ~g~
~!' ' ~","~JI:o t'rO~
g~':J~::~r;.;::~.~~:;t:~tll~~:
~.:t>v).,. :--:::-:: $:11 1) ti, F,:::L Ctr-:t 'Io:"... :r !: c:t. EI-:;·:ltol1¡:,I-: t:" ~". ,! ;, ~ I"i)ie"'~'~
V~~sn .. h Ff~ Ctv l¡ tc~_ !c:c:).
~:~E!~.~:~~~;;~::~~· .~~ ~~'If~~:
. :--0:;-':> J:II, br
l~ .
t-:7 ;-. ~., I ", _ _.1-_
r.~_._:1 ':'_'_
'; Ud &-,1 r::.-... ~. (,"'11. ~.::' Lfe, e
í' '.," ,'~: --:"1 ~(''G; r;
• \...1.. " ,; • , ' - ;. ~ 1, .. \ \ l ! .
rabie (A) lisl, ~;':J'v\A material class descriplions and corre- foclor in densily 01 very fine moleriol. Angle of iQf.lO~':: :',lt'r
s!)ondin¡¡ cad es ;',jbrrcd to in roble (9). Table (B) lisIs typical Increuse wlth Ihe percenlage o'; '¡¡nes a:; vlell as Zh" on['L,IQj"¡;"
VQlu¡;s. Some iílClZ.:tic!ls, porticulorly ores, 'lar)' widely. Weight 01 Ihe !)orlicJes. Fines carry mosl of Ihe moi~lur.:~ ':Q.l:~'/
::;;~~ Clnr!lo ay ;J,ln3;¡ r:;;;pand !arg::.ly on ¡'he SiZ0 dislribulion which is afien Ihe controlling factor. for ~hes.: ;~;mons: ,::;:'
in o given moL::,ioL Degree 01 aerolion may be imporlonl values given can only be approltimate.
CodO
Ver'. fine -- 100 melh nnd under A
fine _. ~ ¡neh llnd unCler B
SUD G,.nul", - Uoder \2 ,oeh . . . e
lurnpy ,- tllntalnlOg lurnp~ QY!!I lh Inth ". o
Irrc¿uIJI'- :.trln;:t, IOtorlocklO&, mats tozelher, E
flaw.:Jt,dll)' \'"t:f'r' 'reo fJowlnZ - Dnt1t: 01 ICpC.!.!l le!.!> thlln 20 degrees,
Angle of Free 110.,.",,'& --- (Ingle 01 repose 20 d~Rrte~ lo 30 Oer,rl!es, "
Repo~e A,,'~rClí!e h"\'I11\5 - Dn~la 01 ropose 30 dc~!Cel (J ¡\~ degree~"
SIUtl:,sl1-- D,,~¡e 01 fL;JlllO 4~ OCd'ICl'S Jn~ aver,
Non·abra~l\<e .. C S
Abr a~IVb 6
\Jery nOram'e ." , . .. 7
Ver) shnrp - euts oc gouges bt:1t ca\'er~ 8
Vory dUlt, L
AellltE'S t::d Clrvclopl lIuld chotr3t,;\eU<;(I';\ Il
Con111lRs elploslVO dus!. . N
illl~cellaneola Cúnt~m1n~Llc Dtfcctlng uso O( Hlo.:Jbdl~Y P
Oeaflldablo, r..ftec!lOe U~6 er UI4;dt.,l¡t.,.
Cl1f.¡DC!cflst,Cl
(Someumes mOlo
Ihr.n 000 01
Gl'I#tS oH húcmlul lumos ar aust.
HIEhly corroSl.o .....
a
s
thasl) chDlCclonstlcs Mlldlt tOf1DlIYQ T
fl"Y r.ppl)') Hy~rosc\Jp,c U
InterlocKS or mat~ .. ,.. .. , ... '. V
Oils or chemlCilJ pre.sen! - may .1fiC";t rubbor J:,roducls .... fI
Pael\!. UIlOl'r plC"i':UfO X
Veryllgflt un'" lIuro,. -- :1).11) be \'IIfH~ :'t'tc~t Y
flevaleá tem~erature. l
::'.r:\~lIt,1
Ave,or.e \'Iolr.~1
A~fl. ~~~~~~d
Heposo Incllll.
Coda
(sc~
-"'1----------- Roposo
AmOR. \'}.iehl
Inclln.
(de.:, • .,) (d_'_'r._,._"._._)+-_,._¡'_I._A_)__ II __~_'t_tc_r_'J_I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _+-_'_b_,'_t_'-I__k_llI_m_'_+(_d_Dg:..'_OO_S.)_~(d_o:..,~_r"_o_s)
A~1'" I~~~~::d COI!
"...,
t[bl;~A)
illlr./t"mec/ '" 1&-17 260-270 B.\G'( Carbon bilck, pelletizod ... ,. 25-lJ /,00-480
r\lum. . .. 4!H;0 no 9{,O 30-45 B·[¡J5
g~~~;~~u~~~~' f~~d:~l'dG'r" .. .
4 7 60-110
Alumll1(', (.-:lunllnum u.. ld¡:;) .. ' 55 10 K',) 11;0 23 10 17 "11M 100 1LOO
IlO-,40 l4tJy ~80
~::!~~~ ~~ilr~.ú~· ~:. ' ....... .
/-15 Cas!!," ,.,,' ..... , 36
ID 29<l 34 ZO-,4 el5 C~Sllron, chips S bonnr.s 125-700' 2000-3203
AlumiOllrn sllic~to.. . . ,.' 43 no BJ\~ C~m{'"I, Po.tlJnd, In l'lr.l . 94-1UO 1~OO-lbOO f.O 20-23
AJurnmum sulpht!t~, !!r~nuJ&r .•. 54 8/0 32 17 C15 Cemenl, Portland. ~~rdtcd .. ' LO 75 960-1Z00 38
Arnmonll.lm ,hlolld], cTj'St::llino, 4>'52 720-GJ3 B2~S Cl:ment, c1lnl\er" , . '. 8()' 95 1280-1520 30-3~ 1G-20
¡'"mmoniufil nltr::\::., •.•.•.. , ••. t,;..<;5
4n-~!l
]¡'0-1040 ~:C36HUS Ch.",. 'um,y. .. . . . " .....
Ch .... 100 mosh & uode,.
CO·~O 1280-H'lO 38
Ammonium sulphr.I::, ~r!:nul;:r. 770-930 32 >::C26S 65-15 1040-1200 GS
Asb~stos Of~ or rc:~"\ .... " ... . 81 lJOO 027R· Ch.rcoJI. .. , . 16-,5 .60-400 35 7.0-7.5
t\sbostos shrcd. ..... ,.' .. . 20·25 320-400 E46XY Chips, papo, mili .......... . 20-25 320-400
(.3hos, COo3l, drV ' .... . . 3óJ.0 ~60 ó4 1} 20 7S 0461 Chlll', Dtper mili, lolt\:Jood 12-:,0 190-<180
Ashcs, toal, \'Jot, ¡neh l:nd und:}f éS-SO 1l0-lS00 23·11 U461 ChUC:'Jldto c"l~o. . ... "'. 40· ~5 61,0-720
I4h.3. (/y '" "".", 40-<15 640-7.0 Z0-25 M7 Chroma or~ (cnromltc). . .. '" 125-140 2000-2Z00
fu.!li:?S, t·,·:1. ..... .
~(:s·plodut:::r, 7D mo 047T Cindcrs, blast lurn.lco .. , ...... . 57 910 35 10-20
i1sphr.lI. bind.'...... ... . .. .. 1lO-lJ5 1280-1360 C45 Cindon, to,tl.. ,'o • • • • • • • • • • • • , ":0-15 6<:0-720 35 20
t~Dbj.lt, cru';i.h~d. Y.t'¡ :lllnd~r (,5 720 C35 CI~/, c2Ilcincd .••..... , ....... . nO-loo 1280-1600
3¡;~::s<;J .......•....... 7-10 1l0-160 ~ E4SXV Clay, 8fo",nd fines., .. , ....... . 100-110 lGOO-1760 35 20-22
Ji':~un~ pO\"Jd:r ......•........ '.0·50 640 Han A:'S CII:I.,., dry. lurnpy. . .... . 60-75 960-1100 35 10-20
3~ríl", crusho~. .. ...... " .. 150-11lO 24UO-29oo 036 COdl. ~lIlhlaclte. . ... , .... . >1-60 070-SÓO 27 IS
3::rium cnbonr.tú. , ....•..... 72 mo MS Coal, bllumlnous. . .. , .... . ~3-5S 690-ll80 3!1-':2 10
3"r!t, rJDod. rclus:;, , ......... . J()-ZO 160 ·l20 t,S 27 [46Y COdl, líCM. . . ... , t,O-<ID 640-770 JI) 22
3r.ur.¡f:¡, crush~d 01 010uncl .. . 6U-UO IOGO ·IIRO 35 20 B nl6 Co'. .. . 23-35 370-560 35-45 lO-ro
3tU:;11:J, mina ruo •.......•... BO-~O 1/80-1440 JI 17 UJ} Coke, pClloleum ¡;¡¡I.;¡ncd 35-42 ~0~70 7.0
3~ntQnjlo. crud~ ......... ' , .. . 3"-40 540-640 046)( Compost .. .. .... 1 30-~ 4SO-ll00
3:..nlQuito, 100 mesh ~\ undeT .. 5()...~ 800-900 20 A~6XY Concft!fe. Clnder 90·112 1440-1800 12-30
3i~ttbontt~; 01 sodt: ........ . /,0·50 640 -800 AI5 Concrc¡1J wct t¡- s.lump 1I0-1~ 17&0-1400 20-2,
3anJblr.c~\, lOO m,," ;,
nnd",., 20-25 320-<100 AlSY
Bj6
CoppelO'.
Copp.r ,uIIM.
120-150
75~S
1900-2400
I~OO-1l60 3!
20
17
30n:~"u, '1.;"" '!Ild"r ..... " 27-40 "lO-MO
Banomcal , , ...... , , .. . 5;..<;0 880 ·960 ~l6 COp,,- (coconul meat.) 22-30 350-480 20 ~
3ar"rn 01 hm~,.. . ...... . 60 %0 A35 C:Jdl, er2lnllléltt'fl. ground l?-l~ 190-nO
60-65 %0-1040 OJ& Cotlon~ecj. c.1ke. mc¡)I, mC3ts 38-44 &10-700 35 22
g~~~~: }~:~P'.', . ... ::: :: ::::. 50-55 800·1lI!0 20-22 R·C76T Cltolde, tJust 75 9'J I ;'9~ ·14~0
'1 ~i)-I05 ! 1440-16BO I
BOflc .cld, "no..
B¡cV'J['f's Eraln, sp~nt.
.
dry
55
75'lO
H80
4'J~H80 I I e4,
B"6T Cr~ohle.lul1PY
tJ'~!l"!,alt::'lI~ tll'lh 11 15 I 18C ?40
B C\'.II?(·S eraln, SIl::-nt. r:el
Bilch. $011 lo h.. d .....
.. ,
5560
110 ·140 I 17ó0·2200
8:;0·%0 , r
(;(~
, [;4/
OH:,:¡ICI,JIl,
()1~o.l¡um
f,r".. !rha1e
j..hc,;phale
40 ~O
25 31
I 640-B~O
4~0 ~'J~
\.
Ctllclum CD.bidI!, crush"d.,
C~lclum chlortde. . . . . ..
70 80
7S U~~·IZ80 I 02of.¡
CZ6U
Ool':HlII:e, h,fI\~Y 01 Clusnt!d ..
E~II:h,
.liS <'1cavalE'd dry. I 9~-100
70-ll0
, 1440-1600
lliO-1280 I
22
35 20
C"bon, atllvatod, dry ... 8 20 I 13:)-320 1 B25Y tuth, Wtt, wlth clay.
I 100-110 1 1600-1/60 t,5 23
-(:; fUI b,1! conveyor.
R"poSD IneU n.
Corl o
(se.
~~i'C ~ ~~~,<,d \'I;;!!!;II
- - - ~~ pj¡c:~ Inclln.
-J - -
(20.
I\vOIiJ U~ A~r~ ·1~?~~~{.~ C~G~
~_tl_o_rl_r._I________________+-_I_b_
__ .'f_I_'~~_k_~_'_m_'__~(_d_C_
E (_C_.._
, )~(_d_.~_~_'_'_)+-_ln_~_ln__A_)~r-_"_,._le_r_i._1_________________~--lb-/-II-'--~-- :tcl
~'-m-J--~~~d-.~
C~~~c~ _lt bl:A~ .
~bonll(l. crus.hed ~ o ¿ undor .. Gs.-JO 104 U I~0 C~J Poll'~ l y ,e"" ~u td , .... . . .... :'0 ~o il2S
Emol1' .. ... .. ...... .......... . 230 3700 A~7 Pol. sh "' pol¡;sh n. lts,
Epsom \;)lls ..... .. .. . ........ . !,().-SO t 40-l100 n2~ rylvrl J, ~It ... . ........ .. . . . 65-l10 1(J.10-1200 8231
f~ ldsp G r, un~or
).\ " ....... .. .. . 7n-7.:i 1170· 1700 3B le B36 PlIl nnium ct rboniI16.......... . 51 0.0 52G
Fo ld~ptr, 1).\ lo
3" lump s. .. sn·los 14'().-ISBO 3·: 17 OJG POl c,"ium chlo,idú, pallel! . . . . . 120-\30 1900-2100 C2ST
F"rrou , sUlph,lr............. . S[' -75 ~.(). 1:01' C ~ (i P(lt,j~~ ; um s ulph t tc .. . .... ... , . f.1-48 67().-))0 a 1. G ~
Fllt lir prcs:f mud , ~ U IU:r fc:lory . 70 11 70 I~ Pllm ier·. \-':. :t und or . . . . -..-.-
.. ~. ~ O-l 5 Gr,().-720 3(7
f1u o du sl, bl.csl (urnncc ....... . 9 ~ -170 I~J (l - I 90 11 Pyilt CS. Iron , 2 lo 3 Ineh lump n .. 13!r-1 45 2~0()'-2300 026 r
Flu8 dusl, boiler hou,e, dry .... . 4(1. SO 640- 9L~ J\l7i11 TV r r n!e~. Iron poll::t!: ...... . .... . 120-1 30 190().-2100 C:ST
Fluorspc,c und er ).\ ' •... . . ..... e ~-Io o m ().-1 6Oú C~ & Qua rt: , dus!. .... . .'..... . .... . 70-110 112().-1280 A27Y
fluo,sp tl, lump s ....... . ... .. . 105- IZO I G~ 0 - 1 9OO 046 Qumll, lump 3........... .... . . 8!l-100 136().-1600 02YZ
Foundry rclu~ e , old sGnd core • . Rotk . r.,u s h ~ d ... : .......... . . . m- I~o 20Q().-2200 P26
cte....... . .......... . ..... . JO- 90 11 20- 1440 0 37 ~ Rode . • olt. e'''voled Vlllh
F ul hH~ oCrih, oi! fillor, dry .... . . , J~l ! !>6O-t.1(t 78 18 B~ S 'hovo l. . . . . . ...... . ....... . 100- 112 IGO().-I800 22 · 036
Full c r:t ('(:rlh . oily ......•....... GCl-6S %0-104 0 B:'ri RU hbor, reU'Ut od or &h,odd od .. .16-55 7~1).{t80 35 22 OI.S
Gu bt t!ú, h('lu sc h eld .....•...•.. 3 (l -~ O 4flO·l!00 ". F~ 5VW Ru bbcr o rer.I (¡l rn nr ~found ...• o. 24-30 JOOJ.RO 32 10 . O( S
Gl us. bnf~ D or cullo!. ...... . . . 20 · JI O 1:.O-1 7€O 2()'-22 0371 Snlieylic . cid ................. . 29 1,60 B2SU
Gluo .... .. . ................. . JG--\~ S;¡()'-700 2~ 11 e25 son, tOmmon d"l, cocmo ( ro::~t) . r.!l-SO 72()'-003 18-22 C2GTU
Cf r. I" : \'I;lQtl, ryc. com. rlt~ , Sell. tOlnmnn dry, fin o ....... . . 70-110 112().-1200 2S 11 D2ÓYU': .'
boc ns. ... , ..... . ... . .... . r.7··.cn 67().-770 26-Ja 12-1.\ C75 NIV ~ (f lt t :1J~~. dry, eOé"SO • • .• •• ••• o OS 1360 26 21 J~ ...r:
Gn nit o .. . . . ' .. . ... . . . ... . 8 v · 9~ 1:"30-1440 on S.II c ~I,¡¡ . dl'i . pulverlzúd ...... . 60-115 SS().-1360 B26;:.,.
Grc,nilo . brnkcn . . . ... . . .. . 9,.. 100 1~ ~O -IGoo 0 27 SúnlL bt nli:, d ~ rtlp ........ .. . . . 112-125 IS()().-ZooO ·20-22 Bli 7
Gr nflhl1(1 , npl<.c. . , . , .... . . CO r, ~ o C ,~ ~ r. "rl. hr; nl{. (hy ...... ' ••.. 90-110 I f. :' 1).. I 7S0 16-10 Bl7
(,r::"'II. . .... , ... . ..... . 90 100 1"n · lr.oo :0 \l IJ :, ;, ,,d . I,nl ndr y . . ... .... . • .. •.• ¡ n-95 I 2SO-1 520 22-2:1 ilm:
Grit, S(,y:q:e , dn:inrd ........ . . 1I 0- 1~5 17r.0-21" 'O 11.1 71 ~ n nd s lon o, bro!\o n ..........• .. 02-90 1Jt0- IC 40 037
Gypsum, dusl or po\·,dcred .... . 6()'-7~ 9bCl-1 700 23 ~ Jf:f ~ ;,; \','~u~t ............. , •..••• 1()'- 13 160-2S0 22 ,;: B3.
Cypsum, c:.lcinod .... .. .. . .. . . . S,. eo flP.O- S"O A2~ Sh n:ú . brohn ib cru:;he: d •••. . .. "S-95 136().-1520 22 026
Gyp ¡ um , lumps . .. . ... . .... . HO ~~ I ;'RO 1 ~:·O (\ ;r, Sh,lI ~t .................... . 80 1280 CIJ
Gunpo wdcr. . .. ..•.. .. . . 61 1::(,() n~S T 5h, II ... pnwd., ~ d o, r, rr: nult lcd 31 sao 325 PV
HOP1. s pcnl. mo¡',I ,. . . .•. 35-50 !>r.O-.... OO E35T Shol. ' Iotl. ..... ... .......... . 250 GOOO BIS
1",. trU,hod ... ' . . • . .. • ... , . . :1 ~1 .JI ~ !.r,O·170 Ol 'i !'linlor .. . ...... ... . , . .. . 100-135 ISOO-22oo l· <;, 027
Ilm únll n 0 :0 ...•• •.. . .•... ' .' . J.1 0· I~O :;"fJ(~ · 7.,r¡{\ U7¡ $1:.1., bltc:1 tur nr.crl. rrush úd •. o , . C O-~3 12CI)..) f. 40 25 : 10 A27
Iron ora ....... . .... . .. . ..... . 12!r-180 2EOO- 29(10 35 ", 036 Sl uC. lurf1 I:CO. ~f[· nul & r . drv .•• • • G0-6S SS().-II)!,O 25 !3-I:; e2)
lron o:ridG, pir,rn t'n: ........... . 25 400 1.0 AI S Sl tg. lurni\ce , SJü nul:a, t'/21.... . 10().-150 1600·2400 1.5 2HZ B',7
;,::olln tl ~ y, 3" ¡; un rlo r , •. , ., . . G3 10011 35 0 3G Slnl&, dus! ... . .......... . .. .. . ¡r>-SO 112().-12BO 35 20 I<36V
:(nolln lók , 1M h., .h . .... , ..• . r,nc í,)U 900 4!1 AI.:'.V :,hl:: , hm,~,: . .. '.' .. • 0 ••• ' o •• O[.-9S lJiio.. mo 26 lil D?6
Ltt losc . .. . . . ...... . J~ 510 J\15P X 5rude• . 30Y1. ~ r. d .wr.t .r ~ d ...•. 'S4-l!5 1030-1350 m í'\'!
l :~ a d t ru nc te . . .. " .. . .... : .. . 72 11~ 0 O~51l SnflVl. fros h ! nllen .. ........ o.' !l-12 81)..190
l (·~ d or ~) : . rnlsht!d ...•. . ..• , . 100·7 JO 3:'00 ." 100 Jn 15 ~' n~~ R r ; 0-1 5 320-720
lI e nfl C!, : 'f (h l\i d ... . . . . . . . . , .. ~ ~I ~ ~ );'11 nH' " .11 '1 I i.~:;: ~~~·'I~','~il nüi." ¡,; ...... .
lime, vround Of cnl~pd .. , ' ., , 60· SS X,O·](HO ·IJ B4~X pcwder .................. . . . 2r.O-1oo 0259
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limes tone. crush(; d or fi ne:¡ ..... nO-Sll 1 7~(}- I .wJ 35 CII,XY 5od: Lsh. hecvy ... ...... . . . .. . Ú80-WO ¡~ 336
lime,lonü, loo •• or lump •...... gS- IOO 15Zl,- 16oo 01& Sod , ;"h. lir,hl . . . ........ . .. . 32()'-~SO 22 A36 V
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~.J'I".ÓJ i1io .... !,)"I f'.I7UO.QO 14itl ;:l.Z (}71 o.o,,;¡ .;90.¿.~0 ;010Jo .. ~ó 'JOV m. 3 t' ZU:~I>O;jU. ~ 1~71;¡J.\J
2:'01.1. I B~t() .. 4:l ¡)970ó.i'/ 1~;371"Q o\\o.k.l .. ? loO JJOu.o .00 3QÓ9~ó. 75 1'1.I25~".aJ 3=0"1~.o i~IJ.J-?¡J.U
:iS~O.·;ó IYU;.IIJ~Ol 12Jll.~1 1"';''''li.~ 1.11 )V~I] .?lO ,,)7 Jl6 .~o (..2í; 1: l. (;'J; IO,lU·jOI "al J'>il'>ll.~.1 Il\lt:.o,l,l
20<:0.1.: 19;~".3B 7·>77.).IU 11>4~.u.t5 'j to;Jl.,j, ]a~ íiIS':J.. IlO ("·0,: IIJ.Üú 11:':!6:lt..36 ~G~r,;O().ú t 'i4d ,'; ¡:c 1,1
:n.:s2.S8 2u':'~12. ,>1 71J14.74 1102':;4.'0' 71291.;/ 290 óWI ~.so <;Y30a-:. co 1609352.<; (,113.0,,9.; 1\;613]J.~
.'!ü Jó ~CJ lll.;¡,JI OOJI~.a:. '1I)Uo!'~u 79</JJ • .: 3CO 7.oóSOoOo S.'!B;l:! oúS .2\>0\)490. JB "-'".olúll'.Q I !'?d JJ~. t:
./910.96 .?1~,1.i:i9 u:I7W.r.O lül"ü:tQ~ Ot020. I ,jIO ·/:;·~JO.~O }O,::J~oj,,,.:;:l lllo0ü'G.~V ,,:ó9Ifv')I,){l ;l1;¡l i I~ ,,;
3011.),; Ja7':.2.1 'b~4l.":¡ 1il79~B.1 ~,J>I.I 3 <'a ;'h)3tt,:"cu wt ~5~.10 .~.H61IP.n SOOI100~ .. ! :~.I1.!o~I.1
JI 1~.61
;21:).::.0
lln" ..1~
.1t.uo:..11
6d },?I ••
UIO':4.uv
i-' 1ve; 111 .';
.'!C·J).U.O
~dIJo.¡)
?J)lú).~
J30
~';O
3~,:úll.~0
P,Oí¡;(}.OO
~l~:);2~;.~1
o"ó670~-:¡j -
./·.20800. :?;
;1:,óP5',?OoOt'
SJ,elleO,1
~O:;':o.:;rJo ti
,1t.ll*:'d,.:;1
?je:.:! 'i~I',;:
331¡1,ó3 ,1':ul t .. ~·I ~JQI.~.lu .?Vo..;I •• 9Jd10.1 J~O t'lolú2o)O 11l.'ZVl ~uG :!1.!.'Wi"h";'; ~V91 rol:i~';Go~ N'¡IIN~ne;'
\:
\ ~\
,'::' ~"-"~ ,""' Ol
\'.-,.\\0
.' ..'..l ........ '.;. .•
~'IQ
OCIOl
"
O,UúOd
=
"
-¡;
OOOO¿,
..."
r:~ 00005
<t 00004
0,0003
al/m):,
1 2
: It,
0,00001 L-_L.._IL-~-'---L-l...~~:-L:L:--l....--=---::-:';:--~~-:::",:":
3 4 5 6 7 B 10 20 30 40
I
60 ,..BQ-lOO
D1Am('lro de lü iubcrln con pulnodno
RE
' ''''''"'''''"-'''. ,,' .-,-.,,-rrTr-
. '\ ,jlll ,
'"'"
" r
.\
1\\'! i
1 r
:
- L . :-
0' 01 :
o·Q 1"
O'OIl
0' 010
'===1==t=tJtjjjj=lJ[IIr===~~JL~Llll~~ll~__1-~-L"-LL~____
-~
'0
o·oh , 1 _
-6
'o
O·O·OG !' I
¡'t\ CIOR
rHIS
10 IH
NOkOGRAM MAV BE USEO
A
S v"'OSE •
~OR All FlUI~OSIl; II~. - aer
I1 IHEJ.: Id IC VIS
r Oí-
~
WA
:¡aUAl
rER
VISCOSllltS
f\ IJ
OI VIO~
• ~
II
I • PIP' lEIo!GI>: 11< 01 ' :=O r:i OiH.:..R . " tE r' TIC:. r O:t~ 1 I.
~ ~ OtA:1: ~rER (l cc: '
"AO'" GIl A:»1 e _ . _
~'R
'
l Ir.. SIC ' • 10 "'IHO I
IHEI-I PROCHO _ '" f!EY!
o" :.
~ ~
P II',
?IPEll"E .• ., l OC IYV " •• ,/10<. '
1i 1 I ~~ t/,:>,:: (/'P~ C
I COAR[ ,
C A lCUl ':.~~ _~AlU,
r O~ >IR
SPO " OIr-tG ," IIk
--J
8U
!OCJO
bOa
...:: 400
2 200
e
CJ
E lOO
'"
~
60
g 40
CJ
"O 20
CJ
~
e 10
CJ
'v 6
o..::
CJ 4
O
U 2
0&
04
0.2
Valures dd coeficiente de frutamiento (cueflciente de alra'lrcl "11 Itlllc'ii," ,kllllllllCl'O de H~·)'n()ld~. para p;lrtí'1I1ó\~
de di\'ersa e,fericidad.Il:¡
= 9 ~
'0"
L-Yu,bulonl-
,- - .0'
_ .. '0'
'o'~ .0'
C'lop
. 4 ,8 replotted <W
P !De
rd nc~ and i'.,,, versus Re •
Data of FIl!. n_ p p
.. 10 =
ti)
o
...J
o
Z
>-
w
a:
.-, I '"
., I
-->
"
>()
¡;
~ J.O
:..
«
."., 8
S
..,
o
el
~ 4
c~
;g
~
"o 2
Ü
!'.;
"'.
".)
11
I ¡ i I I I ---.--~- ... li,~
Q.\;;' Q
~ 0..- 0.01 "-
~ "
c,.j
VI
'"
1:
.<;;
Cl
t--'
rv
:J
o
tl:
0.005
Smoolh
II II!
0.002
íO~
~o ~ ~
..
Fm:tlon "actor (Moody)
1 . chart for pipe fio\!!. (Af¡¡;\.,o¡¡ ....,
" 13 "
" :: Velocify 01 foil in cm/sec PI : Densdy of fhe liquid Oi gos iíl ylel,l;'¡
tl " Diometer of sphere in cm ." = Viscosdy 01 "quid Uf gas il\ pOlsj
v .. Pl
?jJ" Densdy of spherc In g/cm 3
f"
Re = Reynolds l1umber: _u_ _ ,~)
'? ,;'1,
glt: Accelerot Ion in Ihe f leld in cm/sec 2
- ),
Temp eratura ·C
700
°F
g.\ ,," en r'Jlll ¡"'1 l.
\,;... l'd I~JilflCr;111l1 a. a la IHC\I,.n de 1 ". 1nll "J, .\
,.. 15 "
¡OO
80
tttHllllllllfJlIH
e:
·0
Q,
.
1:
u
o ,, ~;"
CAPfTULO 1I1
FLOT ACIOr~ DE- 1V11[~ERAL E'S
1
.F'L01'
Cells
O.plh
Tolll I.om Welghl al
Manufacluro. yolume Cell Cell lop 01 Powe. pe. huYI .. I
(I.IS add.ess 11 nol pe. cal! lenglh wldlh lank Rolo. ape&d ch." compone ni Alrpercell
US compftny) Modol (11') (In) (ln) (In) (rpm) (hp) (lbl It'/mlnnb/ln.'
-Aket Industrl Produkter FM·l- 27 39')', X 39')', X 29',1, 560 2.55 880
, -lIsvlkVelon30 FM·2 74 57 X 57 X 39~ 405 6.70 1,325
7000 Trondhelm, Norway FM·3 109 63 x 63 x 47Y. 356 10.0 1,775 1·1.5 fI'/mln
(Mlnoral Procoaslnp FM·5 179 74)', ~ 74y' X 5!;'4 2!ln 13.4 4,200 per It' 01 c811/
Syelnme, Ine. FM-l0 3(,0 94'/, x gol'/, x
70'k 242 20.1 6,600 . 3lb11n.'
240 Areh SI. FM·20 i15 118'4 x 118'4 X 88~. 177 29.~ 13,250' mlnlmum
P.O. Box M.J12
York, Pe. 17405)
FM-40 1,4'16 147'1. X 147'Y, X 112y, 145 43.60 26,750 \
Tho Boolh Co. 48 40 48 x 48 x 24 Porlpharal 7.37 Solllnduced
66 x Impoller
Dlv.ol MCRC
333 West 1410 Soulh
Sall Lake Clty,
60
96
120
65
226
500
66
96
120
x
x
X 120
96 X
X
33
48
60
speed:
1,800
14.75
40.21
60.32
Solf Induced
Self Induced
Sel! Induced '.
!
Ulah 84115 fUmln
aarallon
¡
Impoller
1,350
ftlmin
agllallon
Impeller
Heavlest Blower
Max. ~ componen! alza
InSlsllOO lo, maln (rougher
molor h¡l Irame appllcatlonl
Donvor Equlpment
Dlvlslon O-R
Joy Manufaclurlng Co. 8 3 19 x 16 x 22 1,800 1.5 320 121.6
621 So. Sierra Madre 15 1~ 28 x 24 x 36 1.800 3 900 2511.0
Colorado Sprlngs, 18 2·5 36 x 32 x 42 1,800 5 1,400 4511.25
Colo. 80901 24 50 40 x 43 x 48 '1,200 7.5 1,800 90/1.5
100 100 62 x 62 x 60 1,200 15 3,000 13511.5
1BO 180 72 X 72 x 76 1,200 20 4,500 180/2.0
300 300 BIl x Bl! x 1\4 1,200 30 7,300 27012.6
500 500 106 x 106 x 90 1,:>00 40 9,900 40012.8
1,~75 1,;>75 lGA x 1~9 x 102 1,000 75 0,700 50013.-4
1.500 1,500 (undor dovolopmont)
Cell lo cell
modol
;1,
,I i
8 2.75 19 x 16 x 16 1,800 1.5 Sell Induced
15 12 28 x 24 x 30 1,800 :3 Selllnduced '
13 24 36 x 32 x 34 1,800 5 754 Selllnduced
24 50 48 x 43 x 40 1,200 7.5 Selflndueed
30 100 62 x 56 x 48 1,200 10 814 selflnduced
1BO 180 78 X 72 X 64 1,200 20 Selflnduced
300 300 88 x 88 x 72 1,200 30 1,515 Selflnduced
500 500 112 x 106 x 78 1,200 40 1,682 Selflnduood
Maxlmum
dlaperalon
capablllty
Inlerlor dlmcnslons Inw~ler
Dorr·Ollver Ine. 00·100 100 60 x 60 x Aa 171 10 1-;500 150/2.0
77 Hovemoyor Lone 00·300 300 ,90 ,x ,90 x 74, 162 20 . 3,800 275/2.5
P.O. Box 9312 00-500e 500 106 x 106 x 89 162 25 5,240 350/3.0
Slamford, Conn. 00-600 600 116 _,x 106 X 97 138 40 8,290 550/3.0 .~ ,
06904·9990 00·1000 1,000 132 x 132 x 114 184 50 8,200 900/3.25 j'
_ 00·1350 , -1,350 150 x 141 x 127 138 60 13,200 1,200/3.5
00·1550 1,550 156 x 15G x 127 159 75 14,000 1,400/3.5
00·2500 2,500 100 x 100 x 158 138 100 14,000 2,00015.0
V.lank
8ogmen!
CLASIFICACION
. ,
DE REACTIVOS PARA 'LA FLOTACION •
R.eg.,nl formul"
,.
Dlalkyl Dlsulllde R-O-e,
.... S S~C_O_R'
IDí"8nthogenl ", Abl.tlc
S-S (rosln'
O S
11 11
Xanthogen Formates R-O-C-S-C-O-R'
Figure 16.7. Carboxylic acids found in tall oil., _ _
.- _... .. ,
R', .,..S
Olalkyl Dhhlocerhllma1o N-C I R.. g.~~ Formula
R'" 'S- Na'
II
I
S
U /H Polypropylene CH,-(O-C,H')n- OH
Dlalkyl Thionocnrbamnte R-O-C-N Glycol Elher
'R'
()
-Z S
Melhyl Ilobulyl C~ CH - CH-eH -CH,
I I
ON-~-N-o
O
-z Th!ocntbnnllldn
Cftrblnol
(MIBC)
'''a
CH,
2
OH
<t - I I
H H
,
CC'~
Mercaptobonzothlazole Terpineol
5 .... 0-5- N.+ (Pina 011)
i
R-O, ""S OH
Oialkyl Oithiophosphato Xylenol
R'-O
/p,
S- Na+ (Creayllc Acl d) CH~CH,
O
U,
C.l'bOJ:Y'Ate 11
IFotty Acldl R-C-'O- H+
FI¡:urc 16.R. Common l1otation Crothrrs.
O
11
Al\cyl Sulphoto R-O-S-Nt
R
O
o
il
Alkyl Aryl Sulfon" •• S OH
(Petroleum Sulfonalel R'a -
I 11
O
-- I
I
o R'N/ H
-z Prlmery Amln. I
H'" ' H ' Ct- :
o ;
-
o-
R" R'"
<1:
OUlllternery Amine 'N/
o R'''' ' R ' CI-'
"
·fUt,.MJfrt
~utn
....~.~~~.dtitaIO x'~l.B~} ..
};ltn,dú
Ieobutil Xan. formo
¡'-O1'1!> , lél-llo
d~ Etilo
'lPltI
89éi 6 1995 nn"
SF-224
Secbutil XUll. f:)!"m. do i::ti)" 201
Amil Xan. formo de Etilo 1040 Sf'-205
Metil ami1 Xan. formo de Etilo 27 5F-226
Iso-ami) Xan. formo de- Lt;l'" 194 5r-225
33 ~ R-33 SF-545
= 5 r_'
- ál'IE?ICAló ~ilNEREC
~ DIALKYL DITIOFOSFATOS
jiONOTIOFOSFATOS 1-1-3394
R-194
DITIOFOSFINATOS R-341B
HERCAPTOBENz,01'IA7..0L R-404
R-407
R-4l2
TIOCARBANILIDA 1-1-130
ALCOHOLES
( R-OH )
ETERES POLIOLICOLICOS
Ael."Ofroth~65
Etor allc611co.~el propileno
{ Dor!fJ:"otl1=25D
Do" f:i'0'~hr~1012
Etet 011c611co del Propileno Un16~ Cal."bide P 6400
PARAFINAS SUSTITUIDAS
FIGURE 24
WATER REQUIRED TO PREPARE
10% and 25% AERO Xanthate Solutions
80
70
60 ~
10%
50
. 40
30
20
10 Wat~ Rl!c;uired
U.S. Galions In Thousands
o I I I !
L-----~1~O-----2~O~----73~O-----740~----~50~--~60~----~7~O~~~·-·--
{jo D,~Q~fmflliía~io" o~ Active Xar.U,ate in Xan\:ilate
~ü¡PJQI(lrls bV ~!'lG ,f.\.ceione r~~ethod
Filtar ¡he sample into a clean. dry 250-ml. volume~ric
1. Apparaius
flask under vacuum in the filtrator assembly. Rinsa
Fisher Vacuum Filtratar (tall-form) equipped ¡he sides of the Erlenmeyer flask and iunnel and lhe
with a lqng stem tunnel and Win plate Witt plate vvith acetone. allowing the filtraie to mix
with the sample solution. Dilute to mark with acetone
A source 01 heat mainíained beíween 45"'C. and and mix thoroughly.
55~C. (hat plate ar water bath)
Add 35-ml. 0.1 N HCI to each 01 two 150-m!. beakers.
1 - 25-ml. Pipette
2 - 50-mI. 8urettes '"
Pípette a 25-ml. aliquot of the sample solution to one
1 - 250-mi. Erlenme~'er Flask with Stopper 01 the beakers. Place. both bea~ers in a bath main-
.¡ - 250-ml. Volumetric Flask tained b<:ltween 45°C.-55~C. for 15 minutes. wilh
2-150-ml. Beakers occasíonal agitaUon. Remove the beakers and allow
.¡ - Transfer Funnel the contents to cool to room temperature. Add 2 to
Glass Stirring Rods 3 díOpS of methyl red Indicator and titrate to an
orangE:-ye!low endpoioít with 0.1 f\l sodium hydroxide.
2. Reagents
4. Calculations
Hydrochloric Acid - 0.1 N Standard
Sodium Hydraxide - O. 1 N Standard ~~et Titer = mI. oí 0.1 N NaOH required for blank - mI.
Acetone (Ory} of 0.1 N NaOH required tor sample
Methyl Red I ndicatar - 0.2% Aqueaus "-
Aqueaus slurry of long fiber asbestos ¡"!et Titer X N of NaOH X M.vV. X ·¡OO
~n Jine ",iLh t.hc recento llpp;rncling in (he l'rom l.hc dcfinition of moll1rit.y:
teaching of the principies of chcmistry it, would seem -- - lOOOn.d
approprillie that the handling of eoncentmtion uníts e = --
, "-lV + lF,
and their interrollversion be treatrd in II manner more
likc t.hat. enC'0l111 1('rro in physiea.J rj¡(,l1list.ry, Srv('1'a,l lV. + 11'1 '" ~ c:l IflOolr:d
e -¿~-¡;-
of thc more recell! gellcral eherllislry tcxtbooks are
llsinp; syl1lholi(: ddil1it.ions of cO!1(:ent.rn.liol1 uní!.!" huI Note 1.]¡n.t Lhe cornmon t.crm (T1'. + W 2) containR 11
huve 1101, clC1l1t wil h Lhe clcrivaLioll uf t.11(: equl1Liolls re- of tlle solvento Fn.ilure to remove all oC one of t.J:
latin¡¡; thcm. TIH'se dcrivations involvc only l.he conftif.llcntR at this point may result in 8, much mOl
simples!. n.lgeul'U: (lIus Llley [tren'!, open t.O eriticislll Oll diflicult solution, .
the basis of t1H' dim(,u]t.)' of 11l!' l1ln.t.hmllllt.ir.s involvr'd. EqllnL(\ Lile t.cnns which nrr. qunl to W 1 + IV!:
Syrnuols ill Utis nl"l:a are no\' wcll sLlLndnrcli~(:d.
lOOTV2 lOOOW211
Thosc chosen hprc are commonly used. The firsL stcp
W%¡ = cM2
is t.o symboli(~lllly defillc thc (~Oll(,CIILr:1tion UlliCs (Lhe
examples are for binary sysl,ems): Cancel out tha other const,ituc-mt (it hdsto cancel
w c' ' __ lOOW,. IV, = wt.. ~ol\'eJlL (g) simplify, n.ncl solve ror t.he conccntratio~n unit c!csired:
/'e' - IV, + W, lV, = wt. solute (¡:;) lOdW%¡
"" rnolcH RolvCIl t c"'--_·
1on077 ,
71 1
= Ms
e = -y-- n, moles solute
M, = mol. wt. solvcni Exa.mp/r. 1J-DerilJe a formula for COl1'.l1crting mole fra~
e
lOOOn".l lIf, = mol. wt. solute
tion lo m o l a . l i t y : ' ."
= lV1 + lV~ V = volllme solutioll (mI)
(/ = dell~ity solution (g/mi) The common tcrm in this CMe is nat so obvious, bu
<= lOOOn,
m lVo/c;, = wt. % solute nI or W. wil! easily serve:
IV, e = !nolnrity Frol11 tite dcfiniLion oC mole fraction:
X, =_11_,_ 711 n. rnol,tlit.y
n, + 77., .,y, = mole frndioJl solute
nl e:r
. ni
-; - nt c::::!
n;(1 - :ú)
"ti
}':¡ .....
Thc cquaLion I'clating an)' ,two eonecnlr:1l.ibh uniLs
mn.y be obt.ninc(l by.. a- ¡.wo-s1.('p 'p)"(lC'r~s: 1) Salve ea(:h
ef tIJe two symbolic UC(iilit.iol1K fol' u eOllllll(HI lerrn
which contains all of eithcJ' t1w salllte or solvent, 2) From t&e definition of molality:
Equn.te thc parts equal to t.his terll1, c:lneclouL Lhe rc-
maining ext.ensive ternu;, and solv!' fol' Ihe concentrn.- Uf lOOOn,;
" 1 =m
--
tion unit dcsired.
Example l-Derü'e a formula fo/" conlJerling weight % Equating:
lo molarity:
Frorn the definition ofweight %:
W01" = lOOW,
. /02 lV1 + W, m =lOOOX
- - -s -
MI (1 - X,)
1fT
I
+ 11'1 '" lOOTl',
lJT%, Thc pm('C'dure described aboye has bccll used SU('(:css"
[ull}' wil hIl\"o honors sections oC general chcllIisl Y'y.
T)1e tolal 1¡rllc requircd was no nl,ore than is usul1J1y
Rpent 011 ('OlH;cnlrntion \ll1its, ancl it is bclicvcd thlil í.hc
lon~-rangc gain is grcater..
,. L <>
- SOLUBlLITIES
S. so!llbl,· ill ",.... ler. A. s"lul.lf' ill licios. ill~ulubl" in water. p. partiall)' soluble in wat.er.
5t)]uble ill rlilulr arids. I. illsulul,lc ill dilu\.t, acid~ "ud iu waler. u. slighlly soluble in acids.
insoluhle in waltr. d. drcomposes in water .
, ~ I -c g
t i ;:
1I 1 ~ I~
I
Ir ª
-
1,' ~ I <.:r_~
-'.
,. ::. ' ..., f'" ~... ~. ~~' IV
~.§ ~ ~
~ 1_=' .'-~ ; ~ ~ ! = - i _~ __t_~__
-¡::
___ . _ _ • _--:. I ,1 1 Cn_-_ ._ rn_::>__rn_
~~~::::~;:;II I ~ : ~ : s ~,~ ; ,~ i I ~~
I
.~.: .~: A~ s
1 o; d~
(\¡~.'I \'I(',.tl:I'l·l'l\ ~," :~I"' I .~
.!",' .; ,1
1
'1: ., :,.,.,.-" r
I '.,' -~ .'. - ,~,: ~ ~.,
1:
A~ 11' ::i
~i~~~~~.t;~~(II) ~ ;~ ~,.S:l I -PI)' I ;I~ ,'~.~ ~
l\l.a¡!nCSilllll S 1 1:-. S S :\. S A P :\ S d
1 S
u ; .',\ ; 1 P A
l\í. crcury(ll ) S 1 S I- s ' P '" d
Po\.as. ;jlllll
Silvl'r
I SP S
¡¡ A
~ ¡ S
Is
::i
¡¡
S
l' -
S
I
;-;
T
S
S
S
P
S
A
S S
P
S
A
SodillnJ S S ::i I ~ s s " s ~ s s s s S
StrulIliullI
"!'jn(IT)
Tin(l\')
S
el S
S l::i
S
-1SI
J>
.<' :
. ..
1
')
;-; S
s' 1
r
A
S i J' d
s
A
:S
~
S
el
--
S
A
A
A
A
A P
S
S
S
A
A
Zinl ' ¡S , S p, s I p I A l ::i S P A A S A
~olllbiliti('" ¡!i\'('n ill ¡:rallls of allh y droll~ é'.ompÜ1l111J t!¡;!l , .. H he dissolvrd in 100 grams of
I'¡aler <Jt t1w ind ic;tl"d tl·IU¡Wr.tlllr!",.
____________-,-_·___________ ·_r ·· _~_ ·· · · _
_____ .:_:,_.II_I\_)('~Il~ _ .. ._.__L_";o_~: _1 ._~~I 600 e __ 100° e
/\llIllIlI1\i"" 1 dtl"rirll' I 29 .t. 1 37 .2 I 55.2 . 77.3
~ l B. J 1
1 1~1 : ! I 421.0 871.0
ArtlnlOllillll¡ nilntl l'
Bariulll ltyrlroJ xidc' . 1.6'] 3 .89 I 20.94 10 1Aa-
CalcilJ": hydftl,x idt> 0. 19 I 0.17 I 0 . 12 0.08
l.ak illlll s ulfat(' (g~ p~: U!1l) 0.18
17.35
o 19
9 . 1&
I 0.20
3.']3
0.16
(;r rill!ll "ulf.ll\:
( ~ "Pll!'r(ll ) "\llrall' 14 .3 2;:;.7 40.0 75"'::
J,,¡.¡¡d( 11 ) t'hloride 0.67 0 .99 1.98 3.34>
í,,¡:ad(l!) Ililrulc 38.8 56.5 95 ~38.e
;\jrfCllr)' (l J) ehluridc 3 .5 6. 1 ltí 38
Potassiulll bromide 53.5 65 .2 85.5 104..0
l'olat.siuJll <:}¡lor.llt· 3.3 7.4 24. .5 '57.0
.?otaSl>ium chloride 27.6 34.0 45.5 56.'1
Pot..'lssium !odide 127.5 144 116 208
~)otassium nitralC 13.3 31.6 110.0 211,6.0
?otassiulll sulfate 7.4 11.1 18.2 2 4..1
Silver nitrate 122 222 525 952
Sndium ar.e\.atc 119 123.5 139.5 110
So<lium rhloride 35 .7 36.0 37.3 39.8
Sodium nitra!t~ 73.0 88 .0 124.0 180.0
~u"ar (sucrose) 179.2 203.9 287.3 481.2
= 3 =
oc mm oC mm oC mm oC mm
0.0 4.6 17.5 15.0 22.5 20.4 30.0 31.8
5.0 6.5 18.0 15.5 23.0 21.1 35.0 42.2
7.5 7.8 18.5 16.0 23.5 21. 7 40.0 55.3
10.0 9.2 19.0 16.5 24.0 22.4 50.0 92.5
12.5 10.9 19.5 17.0 24.5 23.1 60.0 149.4
15.0 12.8 20.0 17.5 25.0 23.8 .- 70.0 233.7
15.5 13.2 20.5 18.1 26.0 25.2 80.0 355.1
16.0 13.6 2LO 18.6 27,0 26.7 90.0 525.8
16.5 14.'i 21.5 19.2 28.0 28.3 95.0 633.9
17.0 14.5 22.0 19.8 29.0 30.0 100.0 160.0
e ,,
"
G?
;. E"
e"
o
o n
C\J
¡ (.
-1
. I
":x:
':~
()
:.\
~.
l.
o
.,..,.
,. ,.
.
;
J)
.,
c>
"
,i
(.
i- e
~,n
t:;:-'!
<:: .
L' l.
-'
c:;
c:.·
""í
r-,
H
p
."
5 =
.;-2:"
o
~:./
g/
, .~
i§
o o ¡¡
o
ti'\
J!
,
, <> 8
'f
,:;;:
C'j
""o o
I
o
U .,¡~ o
ON
N N 8
.;.
e 1"\',11
r-.J .> !\,
¿ I ,~
'"
'.
o 2]
o o o ,o
N __
n~:j
.~.
I~'
.:::' §;
.-E ~
Ji' . r..~
~, or
Sr -97 ,6 -2-89
Ca 2 +- + 2e -<>
~- Ca -97 ,0 -2,87
Na+ + e ~
<>- /y'a -45-9 -2,71
Mg2+ + ' 2(; q:::!: JvJg -80,2 -2,37
Sd-'+ I~ 3c :q.!: Se -105-3 -2-08
Bc~+
+ 2e ~ Be -62-5 .:,;, -}-85
APt· +, 3(; ~ Al -84·3 ·f{ 0.. ; ~
-1 -66
Tj2+ 2e -{o
<>- Ti -55 -1,63
V2+ + 2e ~ V -40'} - ¡ '18
A11/~ , + 2e -~
<1- Mn -40-0 . -}-18
Zn(NH 3V+ + 2..: ~ Zn + 4NH 3 - 3-1-8 -}'03
Se , 2e
...L ;.:::t 0C 2 - -3]·2 -0-92
Cr H -f- 2r: :¡7' lr -30,9 -0,91
Zl/~ , :.¡~ Z/I -25· g -0 ,76
-1- 2\:
Cr:" :1 e.: - >
lr 37·7 - 0 ·74
,, -, -28 ,4 -0,56
Ca3/- 3e ... - Ca
Ni(NJl 3 )b= I -/- 2c ~!- Ni -l ' GNlI a - 17·3 -051
¡rO J ,I ';' 1I I 1 :1' . (('()O TI) , 1(,-', .. (1,1')
FI ,~ 1
+ 2t:e ;.~:: Fe
:.,.:. A¿; ,1- 2eN
-15-9
n
-0-47
·-0'45
,A.:; l C¡\') 2 ' 1- \
rr.4 -j e .... -
-+- V2+
,
4·3 -0,26
Sn 2 + + 2e -<>
<>- Sn 4-6 -O'1/:·
( AgCN + e <=: Ag + CN- ) 2·3 -0-14·
~ 4·2 -0-13
Pb 2+ + 2e Pb
-0-04
Fe3+ + 3e ~ Fe 2·0
211+ -1- 2e ..,...
-<o-
Jlr. 0:0 0 ·00
TlOH + 21/+ -+ e <=: Ti3+ +H0 2 1-7 0-1
Co(NH 3)ij3+ + e -<o-
00- Co (NH:J a + 2 ] ,8 O·}
S -+ 2lf+ + 2e ......
+-. J[~ S 4·8 0-14
;;:= Sn 2 + 5· 1 0-15
SO (,2-
S,f+
C1I2 ...
+ 4H+
+
+
+
2c
e
2e
-..,... CU+
-<>
00- HzSOs + Hn O
2·7 ·
5-8
0-16
0-17
= 7 =
~~bn
.,
PbO + 4H+ + 2e
g :;¡-.1: Pb2+ + 21I2 0 49·4 1·46
JllnO~- + 8H+ + 5e :;:!: Mn 2 + + 4H2 0 127:4 1·51
Mn04- + 4fl+ -1- 3c :;:!: Mn02+2H20 85·8 1·70
H 20 2 + 2H+ + 2e :;:!: 2HgO 59·8 1·77
Ag2+ + e :;:!: Ag+
(4MHCIOJ 33'8 2,·00
S20S2- + 2e :;:!: 2S0l- 67'Q 2·01
0 3 + 211+ + 2e O 2 + H 20 , 2·07
F + 2e
:;:!:
:¡± 2F-
70'2
96·8
¡. 2·87
2 (g)
... ,-
STAmLlTY CONSTA1'IrrS OF COMPLEX IONS AT 25°C
K = the equilibrium constant rcferred to the rcaction as wriltcn.
• ophcn = o-phenanthroline.
= 9 =
ELECTROQUIMICA
RELACIONES:
R (Ohm) x I ( A) = V ( V)
V ( 'Vi ) x I (A) = P (Watt)
p ( W ) x t (S) = W (Joule)
1 ( A ) x t ( S) = q (Coulomb)
V ( V ) x q (e) = VI (Joule)
p OCW) x t (H) = VI (KWH)
1 rn~i1::: -¿
./ ,, 0
l'
._ 6 (J)
:r.., 10 =- 860 5 (Kcal)
o
a
,_prod,
/
/\ (lo
\ ";':)~; ,4,GT - /\ G~ R'Y.' Ln
,;; .. a
''''25 )"!og < - r?~~l
ap L>od
.~
2 2 e =-
96 o 500 ( A. o S) deposi 'i;au 63 ", 5'7/2 .. .-'~ .'",
J .... " :; t.;;>."e
.3 x 10 3 (A vS) depositan ). ( gr C' CI..~)
5
8 o ~- x 10 (.LH) depositan 1 ('Xl o M Cu)
Eth . Re x 1
'íJ' celda = :~
Ea Ec + R x 1 (conexiones)
Re x .1-
S
llx ::: 1 01 ~ Lo 7 :1C 10..,3 ( TOe .~. 55 ) J X iO
.,. - ~> 3( C ..
.IR ,"
~>
Cé?,pacic\ad o.e
)?);,oducción
( TvM o Cu Dep/año) =
D )( 365
Re Rano.imiento celda = Rf x Rt (Rend o tiewpo)
;? ierllpo ele n o deposición/Tiempo total a.ño ;
P 1 R O M E TAL
::::
UR G1 A
'~========I
1"UlI'" nAn VA 1.0 11
VISC0511>AV 1\ II~O'C
17.510 .
I~'B ( powopor . mm Ilg) (- -::-- - 1.211t¡¡ T + 13.21}
!lOIW .... 2570°C]
¡'=========~---~=~===~=~-~:_-
~fl·t'h.J"i(,'i\1
p .. nl"~rli,,~ 11!JoDe (2171"F) 0.1
T"lhil,' ~lrrll~11I. p!!li (anm·:tll·d) 22,900 1~,ROoC (2876°1'1 10
51 2212°C (1UI1°F) ..• i .......•...•..•.•..• 760
- 2 -
PODER CALORIFICO DE COMBUSTIBLES
~
COHBUSTIBLES LIQUlDOS
Kerosene
Kcal/Kg
11.100
-0.81
Gasolina Corriente 11. 200 0.73
Petróleo Dtesel 10.800 0.84
ENAP - 2 11.000
ENAP - 5 10.400
ENAP - 6 10.500 0.87
Metanol (Alcohol Hetilico) .4.670
Etanol ( Alcohol Etilico) 6.400
Ac'etileno l2.8'JJ
Duluno
llidr6ceno 2.450
Bio-Gas (Relleno Sanitario) 4.700
Gas Industrial Santiago 4.500
Gas Industrial Concepción 4.000
VXSCOSiDADES DE FRACCIONE.S.J),E. EETROLEO
Par;¡ rangoS! de tE:mperalura empIcado!: en el texto
126 Coordenadas deberán usarse con la Fig. 14 (ft~Dc,~'Ot]o
100> •
x y SlO
eo
70-
20
Aceite ele p~¡ma 9.0 0.01!J0 7.0 26.9 2
Pcrllla, crudo ..... 1.36 ~ 0.\1207 ~
8.1 27.2
0.34 , 0.9114
18
Nabo ................. 7.0 28.8
S;¡rdln:1 .......... " 0.57 0.n38·lI 7.7 27.3 Y 16
..................
Soya
E~pcrmí .•.••...
3.50
0.80
0.l1228
0.882\)I 8.3
7.7
27.5
26.3 14
I
0.9
Glra~91 .•••.•...
!lallcn:>l, refinado
2.76 0.U207
0.73 I 0.0227
I 7.5 27.6
12
0.6
0.7
7.5 :l7.5
I 06
10 0.5
o Doondn <:n dotoc óe .00 7 !HO'F. DI? A. 'R. ReDcorlll y P. L. Cem3hmn.
O • .",.., 28, l2]~¡ ~13 (!P3G). -
8
V¡SCOSmliDES DE ACmOS GRASOS COMERCIALESo
'-~
250 I!. 400"F 6 O.S
'Grav. EBP~ ]{ 4
X 02
& 3OO"F
2
LlÍur!c(!l .. o ........ (o .... 0.192' 10.1 23.1
OIélco o .. 6 . . . . . . . G ... O.'l'D!) 10.0 25.2 -10
O
o 2 1) G I 11 10 12 14 16 1~ 20
Palmhkl!lJ {o ...... oo. 0.786 !l .'"" . 25.9 ~ ~ ~
Estémrlco 25.5
-:JO -20 ,1 H(lTldbooh~,
o •• 0.780 10.5
V!scosldadc~ de líquidos. (Perry, "Che771.Ícal Engin'N'¡.h~\í)
(o ......
C p ¡calimol K) ] K:c C
Sustancia
, (e>tadu) I
i
trans!. AHtran>f[lcallmol]
{ leS} 17 - - - -
(l U:J) . IU . .!'J 1 ... ~H " I ti ~ '! (1, 1) "
lOS T- 1 77~ ~O) ~ O' (d""om" I
\l u!c': J ' , ¡(l"II} 1 1:' '!O\ 10- 3 T 1, ;.1 \ lOS ,.-~ 1227 : 94Q 18.46 (de~comp,)
{ FeO } 16.30 - - -
(l'c 3 O.)0: 21,88+ 4~,2 x 1(j 3 T 90Q.; 627 O
(Fe30()~ 48,00 I
1
1870; 1597 33,0
{ te .10.} ?
- - -
(1'.,° 23;49+IS,b \ IO- J T - 3,S5 ~ lO' T" ~53 ; 6~O 0,16
3 \ ..
{I'"O J ?
,
- -- I -
11,22+8,20 x 10-l,. - :,7(1 x IO'T" 1 8,18 : S i~
(SIO¡)cuB""a I I
0,15
1 CulÚ} ,3,H8 - - -
(°1) '1,16 + Ix 3
10- T - 0,40 x JOs 1-
1
- - -
(l\ ~ 1 I 6,66 + 1,02. 10- 1
3
- - -
I( (j
I, I t 1, "i:, ..¡ 2,1 tI .. Ili 3 I 2,04 • lOS T-¡ - - -
¡('!) I
I
I
(,,79 +o,n
"
JO- 3 r - 0,11 5
x J0 T-' - - -
{ II,O} 18.0) 373 ; lOO 1,436
.-SPEClFlC HEATS UF ELt:~EXTS IX rilE ROLlD, LIQUlD, AX11 VAron STA TES, A;o;D TOTAL HEAT C,O:-;TENTS AIIO\'E 0°(','
Tm:m MELTING A:-lD BOILIXG POL"'T~¡
(ln kiJogra.rn-cn,lorics per kilo¡¡;ru.lD, gmw-calurit;:; pcr gnull, Uf jlound-caJories per pound)
c.~ =
me..1\II Bpecific heat hctween O and (0('.
Q1•.:Ir ,~ toLa.! hcnt content of liquid al the rncltin¡?; point, usiu¡! oec. liS a lIase lille (i.c., in excess of the heat content nt O·C.).
SUbt.;·8.cting the lntcnt hcut uf fllilioll (TaLle Xll) frum (he fi¡:;urcs in this cúlumn ¡:ivcs:the heat content of the solid at thc melting poi.!l:
on t,he sa.me Ds.sis. .
QVD? " toLal hCllt ('nnten! nf t}lI' \'~por nI (he normal hoiling point, 'usin~ DOC. s.s a base lineo Subtracting the lnt.ent heat of "apol'-
iZ:l.tion (Table XII) give:; (he J¡"!l.t !:ontent of thp liq\lid ut t}¡(, boilin¡?; poi"t on the R!lmC basis.
I--j----------I - ,-----
Alunúnun:
AntímuII~.· ..
! Al 10 ~I~ .;. 0.000.011\/
: :-1, O.lJ:,U + O 'h".,O'4/
I~ Z-H)-
I C:;O 'i4 O.Zr.
0.13
I 2060
1HfI
~I0185 5fi~
.. 1.02.;
Aruenic ... .
H:lrlum .... . ..
'[ .¡h
1:","
i' li,,~
.tI.()"jS
_, !'l!' l' r.5 1Gl"'~ (,.',
...
153 ,O.U~O
0.21 3000
:1.\4 1.070 (1 n~l
~"",,?u~ ..••• , •••..... l'h IU. ():Sd:.! 1- U . lXI(¡ , (Jl)ti, O: =~2; 11i. 4 0.033 17411 2r;t\ IJ (I:!.!
ll...olt.hlum ...•••.. 1., ,t IJ~ I 17!' ¡{tIa 2.2 1370 7.tlllO O 7
1(1 ~~7 -+ O.OO(,.O.:"¡()! n5lJ ~';' J 0.20 lll0 1,1':0 (), ~1
l\iu:tnc:iium .. .
l\;¡'.n!tanet-t' ... .
~h·rt'llrY .. " .
Molyt,(h'nulH ..
111 "
~1!l
!ir
1\10
'0 1)
:11. n:::,
iO (11,;'
+
+
O IIIJU.lO:
O.lJPC.1I2:
,I _
1~111
~f.
:'>Ii:!;';
:272
3iS
~ ¡¡,
1
I
0.3r.
0.033
U.17
21~n
357
4800
1,GUO
2,wn
R.-)
[l. 0\1
0.025
0.05
K!ckel, o-35:!°C .. 1\1 ;0.10:.1 + () .... kJl'.O:d~ I I
¡~¡c!.cl, 352-14.55°C .. ,
04mjum .. .
!'{.
,1
o.
,U.1~S
0.U3 + O.()OO.OO,~:
1 ~.~.5
27110
~!JI)
H)~I
1'¡.lG
o.or.;.?
2730
[,oou ! 1.9;'0 0.09
7ÚO 0.025
~Jl,.llr.dium ..... , .... I'c! O.O:;R + 0.(~~J.01/)/
+ 0.ooO.2~·11
1:,:)0 I 15J 1 O.O!l(J 3S0U
280
I,U~U U.O.)
170 '0.097
l.).h~phorus ... .
::.\
. ..
p
l't
10.216
U.0317 + U.000.U03,2/ )773
H I·¡ .h
'JO.4 ,
0.23
0.043 ~~OO 75fi 0.025
PlI\tinum ..... , .
Pot.r.. k~)ium ..
Jtll",.\¡urn ..... .
K
!tI.
0.173
U.057
+ O.úOO,O:?UI
+ o.non.OI: l%ü
64 I Z,j,V
20·1
U.142 T IJ.UDO,33~
O.W
77-1
~300
SW 0.13
I,U9U 0.049
lluuid,um .... .
RuthelliulO .. . "1
.. Ilb
Hu
U.USU
O.O~
(J77
+ O.(KKJ.(l):;1
+ 0.000,U1I
:i~,
;¿,.!.tO
~17
I !!5:f
3~.1
~I. 2 0.0<J2 - 0.ooU,0131
0.11
O.l~
67U
~~O!)
(i!SU
274 0.06
1.IRO U.05
:HIl 0.0·\
f\.elcniuDl ..
Silicon .•.....
Se
!Si
(J.
O. /725 + 0.000.0&4/
+
- OOUO,WO ,03fl:' 14:.!7
OCI
I Goa 0.20
0.U86
:!Z90
:!~1II
2,17U 0.13
7S5 U. Q.lfi
Hilvt'r ......... .
ScdiuIU ...... .
:1 A,:
Nu
O.(J:,57
Ig:~f
O.OUIJ.nOG,it
+ IY.Ollu,:.!31 \lb I 84.71
57.2. 0.32 892 1,320 0.22
6ulpLur ... . ti . 119 :JO.l>, 0.210 + U.Ooo,OBi 445 1113 0.13~
U.UOU,
+ 0.000. Olfi! 30Z7 "83 ..................... 420lJ
I T .. ,0.033 ,
Tl!.nbJum .. .
Tclluriuru ... . T"
TI
10. O~ S
,l.il3~
+ U. (~IU. 003 . ~/
+ 0.(1(,".01.'>1
453
303 I 47.7
1f•. 7
0.051
0.043
!O!)(!
1460
290 0.03
256 0.025
TJ¡"lliuln ... .
TLorium .... . TI. ;U.OZi> + O. (~'lJ. Oc'SI J845 U7 O.OG 3000 . ..... 0.02
i(l.tJ;)~l ...,. o.{'"u.017,·H 232 0.U55 2270 283 0.0~2
"j'in .... , •... ¡':'Il
+ O.<JlI<l.OJ:'/ g;lO 0.10
,li. '1
Tí\.:'.ruum ... . I
TI U.1.¡.: 1"·t{1 0.28 3000
Jungsten ... . I W U.ll'27;1 + 000('.0114 2/ :J:;~7 ltio O.O!ifl. 5900 1,200 0.03
::Jrl'.ruuru ....... . U 0.O~8 + O.UOO.OO;, 1ti8S 93 0.05 2~OU 4t1O O.O~
Vr.".·.dímn ...... .
Zinc .......... , .
Zirconium .. . ..
"
' '1
..
.,,\
...
V
Zn
Zr
0.11['
O.OUHJ
0.OG7
+ O. OU(J .U3/
+ O.OW,UZOI
1710
419
1857
3fiU
1~
IÍG 40.1135
I
O 22
+ 0.uoo,008,&
0.1
3000
905
2900 . .....
0.10
353 0.077
0.05
Rema.!.!:;.: 1, The a~~ulllflllon~ nOlcd .1l1ovc may nol "old thus produclng cort:;iderablc error. Latent
hcat is li¡¡blc lO wlde vilr/;\tlOn; near the criuol pOIlH J~~Urnplion.2 15 not valid; anri che
.simple gJ~ I;-¡w 15 5ublcct lO r,rc:lt dcviation,
2. F-or acetre :leid, lhe C"Ul glvcs a value almoSl douhlc thal of Lite ;¡clu:-tl v;-¡luc.1hus che
ehan s)¡ould llc usccJ JlldicIOLJ~ly.
E~amplc: ESlIm:\lc lhelaLenl heal of vaporlzalloll for ,,(elonc. It5 vapour !Jre~~ure~ al 20 ¡¡lid·
60'C are 1848 mm. and 8606 mm. rc~pcctlvely, \
Loc;}tc, ,¡hese two vapour pre~5urc poino 011 li,e e11;" t.
A nr;lIgllL 1111(; cOl1hecllnE ,l'\'
pOlnt~, when extended, g,ve~ the molar lalene heal ;¡~ 7,500 g cal!g mol.
-1
'\ ---.-_._¡-
"--1-....-"0
1""
--,\~_.- -.¡....--'''-<--_.
VoIIHil
'"'
......"
'"
~
É
-2 't-+-'<-->'-\" J_.----I_-I-----<
lO
p.:
.,
.2
\701ci:iI1(;,,c1
-3
beJ"
\ ,
\ ,
-4~----+-+-4-~+ \
\
-\
\ No
MJ, \
'Volátil
\
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
..!.. X 10 4
T .
Presioncs de V:lpor de Jos mct:l]cs comuncs (I;I~ Jinc;¡s sólidas represcnt;¡n: dalos para meta-
les liquidos; las lineas de trazos para metales sólidos)
p 8 yo
J 130 5.2
ItI'iH 4.0
1050 4.1
1(l()O 46 JO
1130 52
F:O 1377
r-" ,0, 1597 5.0-5.5 (sclidl
SIOl J72.~ :!.() (>olid).
Oc
-39
de 1¡;S~ 1'""W do c:btJllcl60
! °E
·38
,OC
's!i7
0E
I 67~
I( 63 HG 1 'r14 1~2S
Cd I nI Olu I 165 ¡H09
Ha 96 ! 308 I &92 laj8
ZQ
U
II ~l&
l/,e
I
,
7S7 I "01
3S7 JI 372
, 1063
'2~OO
51 :;¡ ¡ Z20 1~20
12590
p~ t
- -
327 eal . 17<)4 13170
Sn 2)1 M ] 12':0 f 1 2 0
- _. ._-_._--
11. ruDtuc
_ . _ - - - - -
I!~ rus16L mr~t!v,¡
___ o
(6U(' I lOO-e)
.- _. -- -=~~ -~-- ~~-- --~
AG (B!W (; ~G1)" (610)'d(1130)0'
Mrr e~o lJU: 1 !O7 602~
"', fiJO
O~O
11Cfi
1 ~(.J !, 1 ~1.n
I i1'"1
2625
X'/IU
C". ,
Al 059 1%1'1 , iW!.7 37~0
Ar- 9S1 1702 ~210 ~OIO
c'u IOS1 190) 2800 ~710
Au
f--=---------'-- - - - - - - - - - -
l IOZl le~!> 20'IU
- -
~3BO
--
lIJ. I'llt'O:; de '",,16. olto, (1 100-1 COOUe)
~~n 121-1 2271 "1,0 ~OO!)
SI 1~30 2GO~ 1300 1,170
a, 1280 h~Ú 2~OO <1350
Cr 1~50 2622 ~5oo <l530
NI 1·:!;'2 ~~G·1S ~710 ·~950
Fe ISS> 2795 ~1~O ·J970
Co HaO 271~ "900 .2SO
~l
IV. Puntos de 11.5160 III U1 cl.rndt>l
TI l1a;, JI ~ú ;¡2&O SOUD
V 11&0 SISO 3":ao GI~O
PI 1770 3220 :0:.0 76110
:::r 2100 SO:O ........... 40 _ _ •
-:"'=:s z :=.~~ \
)
Mnterillle. 10 200 ·100
\ COO 12CG \ 1 G();)
\ :::<lüU
.-
Aire ,-- 0.015 0.018 0.Ol3
Materlnles de c:onstn1cd6n :
LndriUo, ~olo c. o.e
Concreto, cczorla D 0.2
piedra O.Sol
Vidrio J>yTClt e. ' O.O
lhlle «(tomo de caucho) e . 0 .1
Arena, ncea e.0.2
Piedra arenOAn e. 1.0
Madera e . 0.1
Grafito,longitudlnnl 9S
\
polvo de malla -100 0.1
Mntcrlalen Rllllantes :
Fibra de a~bc.to , 36 lb/pie> 0.1n 0.11 0.12 O.IS
Polvo de tlerrn díatomdc"" 18 lb/plc.-" 0.O3~ 0.0<l2 0.0-38 O.OGI
Ladrillo nlolant~
(véase la. Tabla 10-8)
Lntón eo
Hierro Cundido 30
Cobre l20
Oro 110
Plomo 20
MngneRlo 90
Mercurio (llquido) , 7
Nlquel 35
Platino 40
Plata 2~0
L"drlllo de nrciltn refractarin 0.57 O.CO 0.67 0.7 <1 0.00 0.07
GrnJ'lto SI Ila 3~ ~G ID
Ladrillo de magnesltn 3.0 a.o 2.1 2.0 1.1
o Las conductlbUJdadco térmIcas de loo refractario o pueden diferir c\'ln;id cr"blemcnle de 100 9"'¡0..-CG
..-epre.ent:ltivos d:>don a'lul. debido:> direrenei:> s en "slTuel-ura y pOTosid eoü y " causa de 10" c a mblon CJ~C
ocurren durlU\te el nenlclo.
Fuerzas básicas relativas de los óxidos
(Oxidas dispuestoS' en orden de basicidad cre-
ciente y fuerza decreciente de enlace metal-
oxígeno)
8 0 '1
2 3 1
"'1 2°3
T10
2
Be{)
FeO
MilO
I I Fórmulas I
I ?rado de:
lllca t lI( '/U1l
I 17li,ncrales
i\_'_(l_m_h_i't_'__ I~;~~
.101/11 h
.. ~
F,)04
~.f EO FfOIS'O¡
55
65
54
20
60
53
55
~z
?
51 /
/5 24
~
.~'/
50 -$'
/ 26
/
49 /
/
/ ~D-
47
- - 3D
46
32
45
o
o
1100 1+-~~----+---+--~9<:'--l
()
~ 1000
~
..
'"~
¡...
900
,- s
I
~
'~oo.---------------------------------------,
L 'Qu,d
,~c- 01 'I.JO
, • ~
eU ,'r~;;'.,OO 1191°
,
,u
' 000,
r ~~~--l-
5011" !iOhJ110n al
I
~
-_
'":;.-
l iQuid,
{-FeS -{
I
/
Cll.(r"~J)O ./ I
BOO 1,/ F'1S-,
1 / 1
., , I
I
"E I \ / e u o F e S ~ , oo ,. F e S I
coo / \ '
'"
1- I
~oo -
"
e u. f- e.,J~
c:
.oo
\\ '
I
+Cu,S
2UO( :-,-::-
, .-------:::2';::0-------;-;~o bO F o S .. o c
Cu,S l'cS t " Y'II:,llllUII' !,ha," d,ag.rarn (Séhk~cI and Schüller_ 195~) . Liquidus
Irmrcralurc> (.r
mtluslr¡al malll"~ (J5 - 65 ~:. Cu) arc bdow IICOcC.
tAl sul['huI p ;IIt'J I ["':".UI'" > ) ~Im" · . , \ h-:n:. ¡I " r, sCllphide conlains in (' ~c (,ss oC
Ihe s\(.,dllOl1\c lt "_ pr .'p" tI,,' n o! sulph111 Thc h'gl.v.t mell'u!, poim of Ihe syslcm occurs
""h I eS",. al /1'11 ('
= 13 =
L-----~~--~~----~~------~------~s
60 80
W~%S
. Copper·-iron-sulphur cQuilihrlum phasc diogrnm, 1250·C (Krivsky snd Sch\lh··--
mnnn, 1957). Thc pcnlagons indiente Ihe compositions of the industrial maUes MI
. Table 4.1 whcn their eu, Fe a,nd S componeniS are ~justed lo equal 100~1". .
r------------------.----------------~-----....,
2 Fea' Si0 2
Wüstita
FeO
Pseudoternario FeO
línea punteada!.
14
,,0,
,
I "\
\
Houndorlf"S ot totolly
i250 ·C
1200 ·C
I! 50 ClC
\
\
l'I'uHd'e soturotlon
_ C:a(l~FeO-SI()2 c.;"d,hr'um rll.: ',C J'Jgr.1nl sho\\ Ing Ihe exlcnl of Ihe com-
rk1cl\ l'q~"dll'~:I"Il~J! 1¡'iO. 1-'((1( an,J 1':,'11 e C\\mr'''\rlr"n~oftheTaple(,Jjndu~trjal
~J:t)! ... •tre pl\llll'.j {.:1 till' lL.J:'/.lrn :IU I'fttl'lr 1I! Ih~H Fe(J f1nd SI()l contenl!\, Ilhe
rcm .• ,n¡;lr (\~Hh" bL'lIh' 1.,.",lfI,".iL"rl:\j " ... ('d()'
- 15 -
26°1
2500
2400
. . -,...r
_ .... t.,. ...
-~-
/t.~,- __' ~~
~\
:. -
.\
. . ~,.:
. .~~~ ~
~ 1900 Líquido A ~~ ~ ----- ~o 1
11000 I~ ~ .;
tb ~~Do. Uquidot {~ 13 3200 ~
.; 1 1 0 0 l r:!) ':;> ~.,
~ Cristobalita I~ .r$ 3000 '"
~ 1600 + 1~ ~ E
~ HquldoB I ~ ~ Cal 2800
~
~ 1500 ' ~
~ ~;;=;~;=~~~9
1400
; +
~"'--t-~--3CaO·Si 2600
1300 I 2400
p.cudo-volaetonlta
1200 (a. -CaO·Si~)' 2200
1100 Trldhnltn + zooo
vola.stonlln (P-CaOSiO
IOOO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
SiO: 10 ZO ;;O qo 100
1600r-------
Liquido. I \ l200
A , IDos liquidos \
noo
JODO ~
Liquido B
Crhtoballta y Ilquldo n •o
ZBOO;J
¡;¡.
:!
2600 a
l
Trldimita )' liquido B Z400 ~
LIquido
+
,.
120 O d_
c
- - -~ -
Conv~rtlnQ
... - - - - - - - - - ----- - -
temperoture b
o
..
....::> I 12~
"05°C
~ no O 1.0·/05 19.8°.45
'"a. LIQuld + Cu~5
.
E
1-
0.8'%5 1067't
Cu + Cu 2 S
100O
90 O
O 4 8 12 16
Cu
wt 0'" S
-- 1\ ir
(B)
1700
7---t
-/-
./
l'
r 3200
...J.__ I 1- 3000
1600 . , M e / f A~---i
~-
~1400 ~ -t-........ / I
O"
III
--:-- / l ement!1.e +.J.~;'Jid
""0.1300
~
" "'-...
Aus:emte + /lq!l!É. r
'1'"'--. / r 2400 ~.
t 2'200
.2 1200
g Ausfenl e
'" r--" E- /!JO °C,(2066°F)
~
I ...... ~~C
,"
I ~
:;:¡
+-
1100 t-'A~4r.,.teTtutecf"C : --Cemenfde ,Leutecl¡: ~
2000 III
¿"
o.. V
/ I o..
~IOOO
t-
/ I -r I 1800 ~
/ t-
qOO ~ / i _c ; 1600
'"
!
800 p "~S7 I 723°CJ/JJJ ¡C
I 1
1400
100 -Tero e Tremenfl e 1 I I J : {Ií.
I I I
1200
600 1---/- I
+ I I Cemenllte + JJ(?arllte cemenJite ·:-IJecr.Tfe
1
content, heat capacity and eetropy data for the elements and inorganic
compounds., Bull, 584 U.S. Bureau of Hines, Washin9±on, U.S.A., 1960).~
Ecuacion@s de referencia
1
H -H
T 298
= aT + CT- + d [cal /1
Lmol
-2
C a + 2 bT - CT [ cal
P
mol oK
-5 -Rango deo
SUSTANCIA a c.10 d
temp. ( K)
3 - A GASES
\'r Gases monoatómicos ideales: Ag He, 'Kr. Ne, Xe¡ 'cambién me'cales gase~
---------
5 RAj\)GO DE TEíWPEHATU-
SUSTANCIAS él b 1O~ e 10- el (0
RA K)
_._--_.
-----
~ 3 =
e ° X 1 DOS
-
-- .. -..:. -
~
- --::
.~
3
--- -- -.. _ _ _ - .. ,c.-_-
-------
C (gra.fi 'co) 4,C3 0,57 =',04 - 1.936 298 00 20500
caC0 (ealeita)
3
24,9!:l 2,G2 G, :'C, - 9.760 298 '0 'J ,:200
cu S ( a )
2
19,50 - 5.665 298 0- 376
CU S ( S)
2
23,25 - 6.300 376 - 623
CU S ( ex ) 20,32 - 4.275 623 .. 1 0·1,00
2
CU S (1)
2
20,32 L_ 1.225 1.400 - ?
e
Fe 1 (1) )(I,(.l) 740 1.500 - ?
I-m:o
Q
"'1 -Ja7.11> -IOI.CJ
&101.0. ........ : ......... . -)70 oq.<~
Ilo.N,: ................... . -'10 7 ('",e •••..• ~ . . . . .• ........ • -14 o -ltI (¡j
-1M S r"'r;l ...................... .-I'/1).~ .
110(110::). ................. o <l
-179.0~ -1~.7S u¡ -~.n -19:J~
':IJ ~~--~
HIAU ANO 'U. INUOIU OP PORMATlON
•.?r:;,;;,¡. t:"l~;;;'.
CItO)Qium (c.-.): CorOOD (C.,.¡.):
CaeN •................. -8S c.n .. 2.24w.~ .. r -53.71
-éJ.1>3
2.56
-0.72
-0.3
(A(CN). ................ .
OQ c.n .. l.'-<Üm,t.hylioOUJ>O.. r -11.13 4.23
c.oo. ...................... .,.u,;L<I ~ 21!9 ~ -60 40 1.17
c. aza.¡QOJLe -llI" ~
-}'./I ~
c..:J.l .. 1.4-4. wolb rlhcul>o·· r -52 44
-61.47
1.M
Oll'l
Caco..IoI,ro. .......... .
CaCo<). .............. .. -~3: 2 c.n .. l.~lbylho..u.Ae.. r -13.21
-62.:lJ6
1.5()
D$
c.¡c.IlA). ............ .
................ .
-1x, 1
-3<>41 -311 CoR .. 3.)..<ism.U.ylb..:uD. r -1161
-61.s"
'.17
~.:
00JL ..................... •
.~
--M 2
:IN. \
-4!>
- 'lt.~
-,~
I
7
('..II.t l .• ~I."~n ........ t. r -~.91
-~.2J
1.23
4.97
l."
o...t............. ....... , -1211 ., C.l! .. 2..,.,.u.rI-~I_
.q,400 -1'>1./'.1 -IS737 t...>o .......... __ " -50.48 5.DI
o..N ................... . -IOJ.2 -~j.2 f -)9.69 '.03
a.{NO'), ........... . -21. 05 -1i7.3a
-,ln ']1)
r -11.111
-W4/.
4.7'
2M
_ . •,.:.J. tJ~ - 1"1) ~7
~
NO'h.2II'O .. ..
Ca NCl,)..3II.O .... . ~}9.C\ -lSI.~
-4(fl 32
c.n .. 2.:1. 3-\rim<>Úl,11pooW>e f -H 61
-61.44
4.09
2.2l
¡,:O'¡. .• lL0 .. .. -'>O'/~l
c. ) - 1\' 7
--ll\.)a
- 144 1
11' Y
C....H .. 2. 2. 4- ..... irn .... h y'l fllf'tOl.a.Df' r '-53.57
·-61 97
• 3. l'
1 )1
(4(UII)., ...
14. M,J -HU lli] 9 .(;.Uu l.lJ.. lllü ....h,¡ 11""WIf f -SI.71
-60.I>l
01
H¡
~. 11. ""nll..,,I.I.\Ilft
'"' 1, ,oc.oou • ...u.-
Ioc1iL<l
177 Q
-)76.6
.. 1\7 \
-J~ fo
{.. u,. J. l," "u __l ....1 I ,.....&...u1l r - \1 97
-c.o.~
4 '1
l.~
(Jo.II . . . . . . . . . . .. e -114 1 -In 1 (',.n .. 2.2.1.3.~Y\-
99 4.18
c.oo. .......... .. <-. lU6tI'U\¡,ltI '~W -HI! 7) -)11 9 huw...ot ...•.••.• _ .•..•.. I -5)
c.. lIOluUe fcno c:r
c., .oIu~o hrw ~
-))6 !>3
-m 12
-)(J'I
-}(JeS
~
CrU. etbyl""o ... '" .......
•, --64.23
12496
l.74
16.l!l
-376 U Co!l. rropylcoe .. _. _....... I 4.819 I~. 964
-479.3) C.H. I-w .................. , O.2:I!O 17.217
-}O CJ1. cia.l-LuIeM .. _.. . . . , -1.%2 16.007
CJ.L tnno-2-1"' ........... _. _. , -2.405 lun
000 000 (,,,11. l .......thyl.l-prO¡IaD... I -3.)4} 14.m
;~·r~~:S o 4~) t 1M CJ/ .. 1-1"",1<>00. , -~.OOO
-6.710
la.761
17.m
co ..... I -ltl 41t -'2 Mb CJ./ .. CII-l--pccl<o>e . _.. ".
c.n .. tr.n.-2-pr.n""" .. '
,
-l.m 16.m
,,
(X), ......... .. I ~ou -';4 2I\C ,
-171lW1 -11 1"-' C ... J .. l-wolhyl-I-Lu ........ I -8 61!0 U.~
CH. m.Lh.o..oo ..... 00 •••••••
17.!14
('"n.ou.." ............ . -l!l.D6 -7 &bO CJ1 .. '-<n..thyl.I~ .... , -6.9l!l
-24.&20 -s t.t~ CJI .. 2 .."olhyl-2-bJlMe ... J -10.110 14.:1(.7 .
c.H. pr 0f&b4 .......... .. I ~ 19-4 5OOO?
c.u .... ·WLo.n.......... .
c.n .. Yooul.&.!>e .......
c.a... ... _ ............ .
00'"
,
I -2'1 HI2
-JI 4\2
-l~ 00
-37,.
-~.7%
-1%
C.lh ..... \ylene... .. ...... ,
f\li .. C'lt:.hyi..a...oatykue ....... ,
(../1.. I-Wly,,, . ,
44."9
39.70
46."3
48 12
f -
-4\ }6 - 2 21 (~!I.l-,,,,,,t .\11 35. J7~
~.~
4472S
50.17
c.n.. l-.....u.,IW ..... ~ ~~ --l \O (" .. f? 1 I......-:t/LH'I
f -11.8'> --) y, (~llt ;:-t_·tyue . . . . . . . . . . ,
)() (lU
32.60
46 41
'-1
c.n.. l.l~lprop&bO.
c.n... ...l.aa... ... 00 . . . . . . .
I
f
_. '9 t.J
-)'I.9t>
--Cl.52
-3 b"
oas
-o ~I
('..U. ~o>«h.rI-I-bu\J"""" I
(.... l~~e ............
v.lJ. 1.01 ..................... .
r 19.tl!l
11. 71&
12
50 'If1l
29.7~
Con..l..~yll*>'""'" .
f
Con .. 3.1-din>.llyll.... t...>o·.
.·~.17
-~ 17
-o
o 61
0!9 ~ ........... . .. r -o.7M
-1I.9l!l
lO.:!!1
21.041
f -~.07 -0.69 CJl .. 1.1.~imtlb11_-- f -2.290
-14.01)
29.319
15.679
C,H .. 1.1.}.lllm.u.r1w"",. -4~ % 0.76
f -~ el
-- ../ e2
-041
-1.14
c.n .. I.1.4-vin><lhrn..c...... r -3.330
-14.785
27.912
l4 462
c.B .. ~ .... : .....
f -~9 i4 I.n CoI/u 1.3.~.via..thylt- .."". r -3.&40 115. l7l
l4 .n
c.u .. ~.D..ú..ru...' ......
r ~
-~'HI
I f .. , ,
O. Yl
Ot,
t: •.UI.e)' . . J"'.IIfIU~ ••..••.. r -,a ...
-U.IM
'.ZJ
c.n""IIl~.···. -~ r.2 '.:.'9 -2UI '-'O
r -/1) ~ 1.12 C.HII ",·1h11c,ol"l""'~ .. f -25.50 US
-3).011 Ul
c.n.. 4-m.Lh¡~ ... . -~ 69 ".00
- .. r
f -/1).17 1. el. CrIl ... \brlcyclol'co~. -5O.3a
-)9.09
10.)9
'.&4
CoH..~\1~ ....... .
r -!>O.40
-y, '.1\
5.95
'M
7 =
. \\._ _ __
o:A0m"................... "
roa =b<>n¡1 culfulo . • • • • •. a -31.CJ -4O .6S ~om -HU -tIl'J.v
n.1l1 71.02 .................... o -m.B ~ D~2.ü
O,N, =<rJ<=J ............. a
. BON ~c:;cn C171ll11d" •• _•• r 31.1
2S.l
11.9-1
1'1.0 eo,ri;.'.::::::::::::. ::::::: ~ -:u . ~
-<0.0
-¡~. O
,.'1 'cl~1 ti
-
ir ~o: .................... , 0
¡ !¡/"l, " .... :::::: ::::.
U
¡1l.05
;;'BH~
I
el -JI
BCrL ........... · .. ··· 31 l. ]J ~. r.jo, .......... .. -lnl -151.1
-2~]
; .... Ic:l 24 l' ,,. 55 l'al, .. ..
-47.7 -<5
I.
Bao .......... .. "'-l. <(;;) -]l.lB -19 11
1100,.. .. ... . -214 - o 2', v.r... r.q -1.'/.7 -;95
'"'l -] H O ilbJ
Hl20.. ............. . ,.".,cM) - }I 4 -11, 7U ~ ti -JIU -72 ¡¡
1 -lIb 2 -91 ~ } "IW,),.
1IC-Ji..{): ............ .. -15b ~ -01 ,
NJ. ':':."0 -110 ]·1 -'R. h r~,/N(j;)"
·hiJ. -b4.t.l -~.)(¡
ac.o, ............ · .... . .- I ',>ú 7
·-16'. t.l I Fd.~ .. -I~U ~ -17'/.1
l'-Q, ~OO -1"'\ b
aocon......... ..... 1 -Q; e - El i 1 ",~IJ ......... . -M.~ - '-~~l J
'-Q. :roo -% o
-II,7.IY
-el l.
- I ~'I o
~<'(IIn •.
~·.Iol!) ........... " . ¡ -197.'
-llS.9 -liD
-1il!J.)
~C:: . . ::::::::::::: ... N -64.1 -t/, 7 ~'cÚ t:\.O" ...... ..
¡ -U -.zn.}
ID ........... • .. ·......
IDO ..................... "'l
~. ;¡ro
~-Q. (ro
-75 75
-
--).6
~.]J
n.~7 -1~5s\ ¡I l·dh
-D)}
ToJ'
t~ ...................
. . . .·.::::::::::.: . .
.. p7Til.<:'
e. lDJ\tO""'lif4
) :~:~
-%.1..1
-33.0
IDeo ........... • ...... · .. . -5-6 77
-~,f. {j -~~ ~ I 1'oI;Ol. .............. . -nl.3 -;95.)
o...... ........... '''1
(. 70 I -lU.1 '-1%.(
Iu..c
lli1!; .. -~B') -$';) ..:
:,n.!o., .................... Í' -31 '.-'?
-(1 35
-17 57 1
-190\
¡·· ... IBO.),... . ...... ..
l'cT,ú: ................. .. -l\I~.$1 -m. ro
,.oQ. éCO -(<) )10 lllI~.num.:
BNQ,.DrO ............... . 1 -11291 -76 >lo L, .................. . oeo oro
:/- ~n nr~
-~2 I~ -·1~1 ~ 1",a... . ............ . -2:53.1
1
ro~~~:::::::::::::: - Yo L}\1 r.q -:;;:'·U
-160
H.:c, ..................... 1
í' =- -\f, (,.--..,',
- ~ Z}
\.n.lL
L,N -71 O
"'J. 1m - JI .7 I~,ú, -HI
I o<Io.o~", -148 ~
n.l'O, ............ - l.'. S -311 ~
-14\' -Ino 16.":011
!lJ'Q ....... ........
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _..:'..c¡::J-_ _ _ _ _ _-..::2n_2_ _-_~>:I o
-]\~ 1 L",,'~~)I
I~ -971
.\k<lIO oncl I"rer, Enornlc,¡¡ oV FormeNon oV !noruonle r.Jnd Orgeole Compo""rJn-(Co .. rlr::tV(/)
~ ·b.::J:\~~:~
11> :"." .... " .......... 1e \'.N I.'~~ ................... ú -:;t).1.<;:j -iJiIi .?
i1>S" .......................... ~ ~1.()6 ¡,.q,~. '->lU -¿;¡;f¡.w
nq -:>4.97 J'oIc(To.. • ..... ; .......... o -ll
~ ................... t.=y;=¡I~, -Il-O.O MnWO' ......... oo....... o <-N.U
n¡C, l'O')o ............... , MODll'UI\oCt::3:
CQ.. (W -1¡¡'1.~{) ),,1 a ....•.••••• 4 ••••••••• t.,.a 0.1m (¡.~
PbC,O, ....•••.••••.••.... c MnBn .................... . -91
!'bC!...................... t -7~.()'1 D<l -1c;\ -'ii7.0
"'l -t.Il ·17 !-libe ..................... o 1.1 U::.I
i'bY•.. , ................. o -I~ 1 Mn(C,Ji...I),),. ............ o -170.3
i'bl, ...................... . -41.41 r.q -líll.¡ -m.s
r.(I-Io,}o................. • M.ro ................... . -111 -i~;U
DQ.~ -5~.3 MnC'O' ................... . -:un.9
M ........................ red -45.53 MnCl. .................... . -112.0 -102.3
o.¡cl1= --n.M O(J. <00 -120.9
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4lJO DiluId ol ...&4-. At. O'",W'La,nt ,.CHNICI
011 11m. 11.79 ... -0.1. rJi tllnO' aJe cvc.lvod In tL.. prc:o:a.
1.Tl..c iuar"UIoeu{ in U;.o r,fe. 1f'I1a"0'. /'J. ¡ti Ule ,ac1.,OO 01 foruuh' LJ,e IIHn .~tlll!..a.:'lC(l in it. '\.&hJard .t.aLe 'roen;y '¡cml'Oy iD thcir,t.a.nda.rdl\al.-. ,...
.~ .t.a.Lr. ..,.." rl•• I"a.a.. 'u~""lly (approll" ... wl, ftI¡uaJ \.o tJ,t ilf'rH'Iu.n) ,1 I .tm : (IX. ' '-1.'(1 Lqu.tI or .. -'.d. LLe 1"U1.,1.a.nof al. pr .... ur. á • alm.; r.... ....t..
.a...oGc iD ..quNluol .... Julioo. U.III L.YJ..xllocLÚ..a.l tot.l u lIuo cJ .. nH n..úl.....Uly •• Im L kl_ a.J1 tL"}JI l'I'Cf lI_ cJ LL. ,níulI.tcl, d.luLe .ol ... lt(of'I uoepC. l1t popwty 01 eoo~""ua..
, The fr_ M.etO' ú ~ublJ(l ti .. rl'u.! .ul.l..a.lI~ ('.Oln ia.. DI'IiI.A.~ at..J,c!a.rd .u.\..( a.5 a lIIo(~td. Lqwd " , .. t.o u"t b.YJ>CK,LolH:aJ OOCl uu:..J.a.I.1&&..I U. -.qu . . . .
wuc..(Xa u~ t... oaltut..Lod le .. Qi.A.l\JI~ ',lLIW W Llat Ó.",all..ocd ItI f,JI."i(.L",\.t: • lu ClaJ... u.!.alu..¡ LLe lacat ul .-ulul..K.lG..
13 =
DIAGRAMA DE ELLINGHM1
---------------.------.--------~--------~------~.'-----,
tt,/",OUIQ \/10' IIID' 11'" 1110' 1/10' 1/10'
1
..
COftO, ,.,.., I(!OI 1(10' l/U)' Im l 1/10 4 I/lC'
, _ ..... "·CI ,- li'
". ,,'" ,,(ti ,,'-"
"" "" "" '''' Itt·() ltnI
O
"
1 ~;'
~
-Q
!J, -\ IÓ'
1
,o~
-" lO'
"
'Í
l'
-l> ID-U
-Iti>
~. f
O
If
~.
-m 10.'
-, ,
,.
lO'
'í to' ID IO
l'
re?
!.l,o
",' ~Q I;t:;)
~IO JO-tJ
1....... " •. '.1(""1) "1' 11 J
_...._______ ~..:I:~~_'_ .. __'lJ..>._ _=,._--"~Qr~~~.J
"1/n,o nfI:) I ," !92 I !t
'i 1.980
II -- 22J652
'1
0452-1115
L9.7.
í.n
51,Wü "" 2433 ] 5 1234-1~ X92
7.IA8 J SJ " t! IN.!) -+ (S,)
(lkF J ) , , (1k>
..L (F,) 243,~ 1~4 I-SI.e¡ 5 I :9S-fi18 -
{BcF, } ,-- (Be) -t (Fl) 237,2.80 1963 -87-Q 5 BIS-J455-
(BcF, ) , ¡r~<: 1 .,. (F;) I?B ,OCO 565 - 2{) I . '-·J557 -
(BcF;) ..,.. (&> ~. l(BcF) I -4-13 : i
J425--J675 498
(Bca:)..¡ ¡Be] ,; 2(FkCl)
91,5(;0
89,)«(i - 39..j I
5 ¡ 1 ~7; . ] 7:!3' 496
7(BcD ) ~(Bc ).¡ (O,) ::!~6,9()O' 1 3 ·32 - 5(,] JO¡ ~qr;"'1~57¡-
I
2(1j(:0) . > ::!¡nc) .;. (O,) 2"1 9\.)(1 1 3j~ . . ~<:" ~l l1 !1 :,.7 .2üÜU'
(li.c,H, > .. 3(1k .... U,;) )~:7(;OI -- i -~. &', 12 1 29S-1oc.'Ü! !23
~('.3jaJ) ' " :}(bi) T (Ol) 6::!,~O J2 ";51 - 61" ,6 3 1 2~t',.. 503 255
11:8i0 3 ),> .~ (Bl) ..,.. (O;) ó3,570 175 1 -!D ·~ 4 5--~"::-71·1 1.55
-}WiO,1 " ; . ¡DI 1 - (O,) 45,3:-0 - :; "' ;,; -, ) '4;'1 7J · ; · 1~l)O 15S
(BI03) -t ;! lB: j - 3(BiO) T.',l~.AI ' , . - >1-0 5 87'---973 4G2
(Bili,) .¡. ;Z ¡Bl J " 3(.i;w:) 66,700 ; '-54{¡' 5 [70--930 <161
(Bi;SJ/ - 3(H .. ) ," 2( Bi)
-+ 3(11., $) 2i 73 1
-IJ471 3 ~o-~ 212
2(Nb<..J.) - (NbO J )
..,.. (NbCl,) _~8,300 ' - 47-{) J 475-590 206
2(NbO) = 2('Nb') ...;. (O,) J91',700 I
]J·s -77-<l 4 298- -\\
2:NbO,> = 2<~1JO) ,"7" (O,) \ 185,100 : . 11·5 -79-5 4 298-
2,Nb,()~) = 4,NbO,/ -'- (O,) I 149,700 I
11·5 -68-9 :. 29&-
<NbC) D' ,Nb) + (C) "I 31,100 -0-4 118G--; 370' 656
0'.,) 2(T'l)
= 53,B6O 4·35 -SO-05 ;1 298-j 20.0 2.37
(POs) = (P03) + (a~) 21,850 ': -37 - 56-22 ~: 29 &-100.0 23 '1
! -45,J·~O I
-4-94 1473-]773 423
-I=~:~I
(S~) .. -~S D ) :';-153 1
-2$' 7 lO 29&-,;OJ0 19;\
(S,) " 2.{S)
7.{SO) .. (53) -1- (O.)
1-173,240
II -:-2 -8
34 62 1
1
7 298-WDO,-
1
298-2DD0 1 1 n
I 77~1
(S,) -i-- 2(0 1 ) = 7..(SO,)
(S,) ,- 3(0 .. ) .. ~(SO,) 1- :I!; ~o ' 31&-¡WV In
1 ' i 3
(Si:1 N.~ ) , ,
'~ :,I\' _. ,:'1/
31S I ) -1- 2(N,1
t '. ' /
I 2O'J,oro
1 _'
-96 -íj
:. ,.' .o'
1686-1973 SgO
>
(ThO J = (Tb) ,. (02) 298-1300 -
(Th(SO"h) ~, (Th) + ($1)
+ 4{ O,) 64S,I5D 332 -331{)5 569
... nl>N ~ ~· ,. 3':Th) -, UN,'> 310.400 - SY'7 20 29&--2000 L'3
('ibC:,) .~ (Tb) + 2(C) 45,000 -2-6 JO 2~8-230 -
- 19 =
",," ..
.t1~ in cal Temp.D
:i
Re.ac:tion ku.l P.JI.ntte o K P.:cl".
A <B e
-_ .. - - _._-
¿(TiO l ) = (TiO l ) + (TiC\.¿) 40,500 18-.1 -96-4 <4 29&-1000 -
(Tia..,) = (Ti) + 2(0 2 ) 180,700 l-B -34·65 D 29&-1700 -
2(TiI;¡) - (Ti) -1- (Til.,) 50,600 13·8 -·76·5 .R 29&-1000 B4
('TiO') = ('Tr) + 1(0 2 ) 12.2,300 - -21,3 (1 600-2000 149
<TilO~> = 2('TiO') + <}(Ol) 114,150 - -19·{)5 él 29S-2OQO J49
l(Ti~Os) = 3(Ti l 0 3 + <}(Ol)> 1l8,5DO .- -19·7 S 7~:WOO 149
3('TiO;¡') ," (1í,O~) + -}(Ol) 73,000 - --23,0 ZJ· 293-2123 ¡tlSl
2('TiN') ~ 2(Ti>. + eN l ) 160,500 - -44·4 -;¡ 19&-1155 Hl.(J
2('TiN') = 2(Ti)p + eN 2 ) 161,700 - -45·54 4 1155-1500 19,,)
~
(Br2) = 2(VDr .. )
2(V> ..¡ (O,) I
I
19,200
20~.9{)O -
-
-32,9
- 35·9 ' (. I523-873
900--11\00
617
<.1
2(V 2 0 3 ) = 4<'\'0') -'- (0, ) 175,30Ü -40'5 .) 823-13(\5 .<J
4<'V0 2 ') = 2(V 2 0 J >- (Ol) 102,P.oo - I -33,5 4 1020-1180 <\1
2('V'05') M' 4<"0 > -:
2 (0,) 64,430 - I --403·-45,6 J 29&-9-43 ...¡
2¡'V,0;¡ ~ 4(VO,> -+ (O,) &-1 - 1)0 , - 4 9H... ] 800 ,;J
291<-1500 -
__o
('ZrO J / . = ('ZOo + (al) 259,940 4-33 -59·]2 4 ·298 ... 1J43 307
('ZrO,')p = ('z.r')p + (al) 2W,200 (,·44 -65,99 4 1478... 2138 307
'('ZrN') ~ 2(7...r). -;. (N,) 174,(~ I - -44'61 3 298-1135
. Hlt;
-(
"1 'ZrN' >
= 2(ZI)¡l'.1. (N) 1 I~, e.)() - --,-4622 3 J J3S - 1500¡ AG.1
<'ZrC) = (ZT) + (e) 44.100 I __~_-
__2._2~_3~'~2_9__
B-~~___
--------------------~---
CI-\PITULO VII
TEC NICAS PA'RA --
DISENO
DE
EXPERIMENTOS
= 1 =
l\!OMENCLATURA ~
Vi Voi
Xi =
Vi sup ~ Voi
2 a -1-1 ~1 ~1
3 b -1 -:-1 =1
4 ab +1 +1 =4
5 c =1 =1 -:-1
6 ac -:-1 ~1 -:-i
7 bc =1 -:-1 -c-1--
8 abe -<-1 -vi +i
Repeticiones
9 O O O
10 O O O
1 'Í O O O
12 O O O
Test Combo Resp. Col(1) Col(2) 001(3) Col(4)
Col(5) Col(6)
Efect. Efect. Coefic ¡SS
Yi tot :' .le'" n
t.;)
(3)/?n-1·
'- ( 3) /2 ( 3) 2 /2 n
1 1 { 22,88 61 , 1 ~ 95,71 215,78 26,96
2 a 38 t 27 34,56 1i9,~7 - 0,50 - 0,12 -0,60 0,031--'
3 b 11 , 8~ 71,8) 26,27 -jO,32 -12,58 -6,29 B16,510
4 ab 4H,12 -26,77 ~1,74 7,93 3,96 ~ 2 5,930
5 e 15,39 -26,~9 24,26 6,06 3,03 73,570
6 ac 20, 17 10,80 -23,~j -~3,04 -13,26 -6,63 ~51,65eL
'1 ¡J\": :'1".1, •. ",1 • r, 1 1- ·1 ti J /,8(., 0,71 0,35 1,02~v~
¡_8_._.L-a_l.JC_~_2_G_,_<_~_J1-
i_t._,,_7_'_·;_....._~,)_(;._<._~) .. _, 4.?~.?_6._-L__1_0_,_1._9--1.._5_,_0_9-,r2_0_7_,_6_7_0--l1.
1'
El nÚ;:1ero de C01UIl1Il::.tS, Jnc:"lu:,/Lr: ' :() l':, Cll' t : L~':;L.-).:-' totales, debe ser
igual ·a "n" (1:¡Q de '..'ariables indep€:'Ddit.r;"':eE: o factores)
La construcc:iólJ de e8t.~2 ColLlr:ll"!as se realiza d(·; 1;.L siguiente for -
\
ma:
La prirrlera :11i taci de 1 .. co 1 UElna (1) se 1 J!'r.;a suma.ndo las res -
puestas por pares. l.a seDu!;J:'~ ¡"Ji t;:,d dc.: ,;--c.:~ colu::ma se forma
resta!1do las re~'puecta;~ p:JI' p:.l.res (el pri::,éT t';rmi.Y1o se resta del
segundo); lat> colw:;fla:.:; re:" t3.nt(;~:; Sé EC1:er,"'[J de la misma forma,
usando los mier.Jbros cie l~ colu!nna anter'ior respectiva.
ex( F 1 {~o<-
0,0,5 i OD i
O0. 1 o. 5 9 54
Interacciones SS GoL~
X X
1 2
Op03 1
Xi X OD18 1
3
X2X3 Op06 1
Jc i X2X3 0 0 10 1
Op37 4
Modelo Codificado
o la
o 1 39,- 9 9 , 5 5::;.6 55.8 57.2
lJ 58.2 5 s. g 59.4 :3 Jo 9 61.2 60 07 51.2 61./ 62. 8 63,1 63. ':!
0.05 161 199 216 225 23C 234 237 239 241 2'+2 24 l !. 240 248 252 - 253 254
o. !:H !...~ 05 2 4999 5Uf)3 5625 5751.1- 565g 5928 5982 6022 6156 6106 6157 ~209 6313 6339 63G6
10 2 8. 53 9.00 9016 9.24 9.29 9.33 9.35 9.37 9.38 9.39 9.41 9,42 9 oLi 4 9.47 9.48 9.49
5 18.5 19.0 19.2 19,2 19.3 19.3 19.4 19,4 19.4 1:1.4 19.4 lS,u 19,4 19,5 19.5 19,5
1 95.S 99.0 9~.2 99,,2 99.3 99,3 e Q !, ::9.l;. S9.~
..., .J o '"'f S9.4 9'J.Y 990~ 99.4 99.5 99.5 99.5
la 3 5 o 5!.~ 5·,46 5.39 5, 5. ~l 5.28 5.27 5025 S02 lt 5.23 5.22 5,20 6 1 8
31~ o 5,15 5014 5.::3
5 10.1 9.55 9.28 9.l? 9.01 8.94 8089 8.85 8.81 5.79 3.74 3.70 ti o ti 6 8.57 8.55 8. 53
1 3~,1 30"8 29.5 2 e, 7 2802 2i.9 27.
- , o S 27.3 27.2 27.1 26.9 26 . 7 26.3 26.2 2f:._l
le 4 1;. S4 4.32 4"19 4.11 4.05 4.01 3098 3.,9S 3, g/f 3 _ 32 3.90 3. 87 3 s:l" .~~ 3.79 3.78 3.76
5 7.71 6 • ,,[¡
J 6.5S 6033 6,2G 6.16 6 • ;.i 6005 6,00 5.96 5.91 5036 5.80 5.69 5.66 5.63
1 71.2 18.0 16 07 16,0 15,5 15,2 15.0 14.8 14.7 14 oS 14.4 14-.2 1400 13,7 13 (0.6 .13.5
10 5 4.06 :L78 3.52 3.52 3.45 3 '+0 3037 3 o 34 3.32 3.30 o 3.27 3.24 3021 3.14- 3.12 3.10
5 6.n1 5.79 5,41 :.19 5. OS 4-015 4.88 4 082 4077 4.7~ 4.62 l?,SG 4-.43 4040 4 ,35
I~ '. G8
i 1'G.3 1303 12.1 11.4- 11.0 1007 10 o5 10.3 10c2 10. :. 9089 9. 72 9.55 9: 2 o ·9.11 9.02
10 6 ~07B 3 ., l!·6 3.29 13018 3.1:' 3.05 3001 2.98 2 09 t L.9tL 2.90 2.87 2 _,84 2.76 2 . 7~~ 2.72
• I
5 )) -,.99 ~ o l~· .J • 7 F j'-t. 53 4.39 4.28 l~. 21 ~olS lLI0 lL 1)6
o 4-000 3094 3087 3.74- 3.70 3.67
1 130' 10.9- 9. 7 e , :.15 8.75 8. 1/7 8.25 2~10 7 098 8037 7:72 7.3:3 7.40 7.06 6097 6.88
10 "1 :L 59 3.26 3007 20 95 2088 2. 8'1. 2 078 2.75 2.72 2.70 2.67 2~63 2 ;59 2.51 2.49 2 o lr· 7
5 5.59 4074 4035 IL12 3.97 3087 3.,9 3.73 3,.68 3 o6l~ 3 0.57 3,51 3 • l!-ll· 3030 3027 3023
1 li.2 9,"55 8 45 7085 7 o 4 6 7q19 6099 6.84 6.72 6 0G2
0 6.47 6031 6 016 5.82 5 . 71~ 5.65
10 8 '301.;6 3011 2.92 2. 81 2073 2.67 2062 2 .} 59 2.58 2 _54" 2 ,. Q o 2046 2 • [~2 2.34 2 o 32 2.29
íl:,
"" 5.32 2LO? 39 Sl!- 3. e9 30S€> 3.50 3. lp_~ 3 -, 39 3.35 3.28 3.22 3 15 3.01 2097 2.93
i!. o tH~ Q
JI. 1103 8"65 7059 7 0 01 6 -,63 6.37 0 18 6003 5.91 5.81 5.67 5052 5.36 5003 1.} 96 lL 86
- 0
Cf-\PllULO VI1]
Ai'JALI SIS QUIMICO
K~A~ISIS DE CAL EN S01UCION~ 11BRE P PROTECTIV!:
. PL9cedimient'o ~.
pE = = Log H+
, 4-
~POH
H = OH = 10
pE - 14 pOH
pE = 14 log 1-
N
pH = 1/+ 4- loe; N
pH = 14 4- log (g.p.L CaO/28)
Procedimiento:
d) ,," Calie.i1t2 .has'CéJ ebullj_ción~ luego agregt1e 300 C6CO ele agua. eles"
t11ada y 30 grs . de azucaro
e) 0" ~eape y agite lJlanoa11l1ente el li1atl~az durante 20 minutos¡,
a 500 C 0 C 6~ agite y deje decantar por 30 m1nutos o
f)"~ , F.i._l.'l':".¡'
.. ',; T'Cl.~"l~". C'C c1.e
·e 'J 13
- solucl'ór1- {.... ',-'·o"'I.!' e 50
Ul ~. ro
\ . o '"
\, ,. .-de la "'ue"''''--
.!:" e l .)
.,.t.!¿ k .. . .-
Q \, ~.¡. ' {j',
10 ~ le ('
01
la ~?:,O ., G8.sto 1"
0·.1. 9.';\,. tul o :JC 6" d~ mI.-lGst¿;-,p., ....'L ,:¿
.,
% Cp\O , .. Ga.s t o x Ti.t u.Jo -'. 10 1J
AgNO . :~
2 NaCN = NaAG(CN)2 -:- N a.NO 3
3
La s o1u ei 6n V' é{ 1 o r rr:W :)~
a d R. d e A te,
Pr')cedimic;¡tlJ:
a) o " 'romar leJ .:J. 2:"; e" e o dE-: mucst::--a filtrad :! , see;ún sea su concentr-a"
ci6n pstimaaao
b) o " Agrel"ar 2 Gotas de 1\.1 ( j ,.. ).
c) o" Titular con .s::,}ución de i~r:NOy hasta a;:,arj.ci6n de opalescenc:l.a
a~arilla ( se pu~de ut11iz~~fondo negru ) 0
=
-·3 =
8 KCN K NH CU (CN)7 +
4 4 2
NH CNO + 6 NH
4 3
cU = 4 KCN = 4 RaeN
PTocediilliet:J.to~
.0
6tanclard~ según:
'X':í>~ ulo = ¡;,r!i29:LSQJ2.r~ ::: Oc005
C oC o gasto
A~ ....
:-J.. Ary e.•rs
.!..I Co,~ o , .:
'[)~
L .. v "OBRE
'0., . _.~
K1 =
J!a yodo libre 2S oocdido con un."! I301uc16n staudaZ'd de t :f.o.6 ~,;.J fe~:o
= 2 .NaI
2 Cu =2 1 =
- ---.-- -----
mi (' nt,,:
.r'r()('nrll
8.) .," J? e s e.T O ,. 5 8. ). '0 O gr s v d 8 íll U e s t ra ( = 100 M ) "
b) " .. Se ataca en caliente con 10 c oCo de ácido clorhidY'ico y 5 c .J e O
e) o" Se en frio y e.":rega gota a gota sol ucion ele 1{}1nO 4 1: 1000 ~ has ~ .
ta coloración rosada c
n c" Se de~colora con solución de ~.s04 2:1000 0
-;-
(j) o " Se ar;ref"Oi12 tirs o de NaH G 0 y
Oo, hasta. coloraci6n 1'ojiza del
j 2
acetato hisleo de hierro .
h) ,... A.gregar 0 . 5 c " c " de ácido acético o
:.~)
1. c" n ~_
.B.¿; .
.•_e f;ar ~ ./
~ ~~~IS
_ -_ de NaF hasta coloraci6n celeste o
-:.
J} o " Se 2. [';r~{:7an ... 1·-2 ers o de KI o
11:) c" 'se ·~i'i.:ula CO i! una soluci6n standar d p hasta coloA'ec~.6n aID.as':l.:u.e ,
{-
3D este womento se agregan ~ 2 C . C o de almidón y S0 c ontin6&
'G5 . tl.v.~. a. ndo :J.asta cambio de 06CUZ'O a blanco paj a pá.:U. c1o ",
freparaci6n de ,soluci6n Standard de Na 2 .eCºr
= Pasar 19.5 grs. de Na ZS20,.5 Hz O (P.A.) y enrasar a 1 lit~D
con agua destilada ( 1 CoCo = 0005 grs de cobre )0
. Determinaci6n del Titulo de la Soluci6n Standard:
= Pesar 0.1 a OoZ grs. de cobre puro o ,
~~
,A~ALT SI S DE Fe o
11 Reactivos:
c)o= Na 2 B 0
4 7 = 2 NaBO..,
t:..
+
óxidos wetilicos o
1i'cargirio o o .. o . < o 80 11
11
Ha:,j.na o .,
" G
" 0 (.o .:;, O o o 1
Bórax . .. , . r;; o ,.
"
o o o o 20 "
Sal ., ., .,
"
, ., < , , <- G G o o . 15 !I
)~ i taI~glY'io ., o 80 .- 150
Silice ••• no.coa o ~ 30 11
Carbonato de Sodio 20
Hnrinn ... 0. 00 •• ,. 1
Bórax aO • • • • • n o n • • 40
¡¡
Sal 15
= 9 =
~
Jo 1 o 3o ¡~.
.l.uera1 C"'~rifero (CUn
.... y - ~. como óxido ~
G.I súlíuro )0
Ii
Carbonato .:. r:. ('1 (\ (. D o 20
B6rax e c. .:' o (> c· t;. o 1';. '=' " 40 VI
11
Harina -:.' (" (. (. f.• .:, c· ti C' o o 1
11
Sal Ct (, o (,'. 1'.' (, ,:, ,r.. ~, o C! el o o 15
Litargirio c-
" n o n o ." o • 40 60 gramos
Carbonato c. , :. 0 () o " (1 (.1 G r:. c. 25 25 gramos
Bórax <. c' a .. o D, o . o ,- e O c. 20 30 eramos
Harina o ó e, (. o (1 t::>C(".'C.ü')O 1 1 gramo
S11ice o . ,. ~ <:. C. o o C\ r:, r. r. 1'"..." 1-5 1 gramo
Sal o o
C" <:- -;. ,. c' c' el o (' o (. ,~, o Co ,) 20 30 gramos
zas "
0 0
Temperatura de Copelación • = 900°C (800 ~ 1200 C )
Tiempo de ~opelaci6n ., ,. o e o e o o 20 ._" 30 müwtos o
Bot6n Final Color ~ojo Cereza.
o f:cecer' 1111a iilayol~ s~per ficie al ataque con tINO} e ,se eoJ.oce.
el bot6n lam:tnado en un crisol de porcelana y se agloega HN0
3
( 1 ~ 5 ) ~ UUOD 15 C o C o y se calienta suavemente para (t1.s01
ver la plata u
.
( Au :~
2 HNO, = Au -;.
:'::'CE::Y COLOR
:~.1íU)· Sj):\:.
:.Ti"l ::¡S~ 3HIW.
..
G.0-G.6
-- --_
5.0-6 O 3.0-3.2
2.6-2.1
.. USIlcny Ivng cryst¡¡ls. column'r or librous
Oecur~ .ornetomcs in pI:ly i,"Ss;,S. O1h~¡Ynb:: 1,1:;; ~narí~ijc
Scet.r:l)~hlle
~-::-:=~: Fo,AI,/SiO,,, ....... :'~o meli:1 ,oureo .... R~d to bl>c~ :-::. -~:=~.'. -w;,;¡;-'~'~ G 5-7 5' -j,::-(T "[ri,tyolot";0i~s;;g~;;'~t'"
PbTc ..•.....•••...... &1.9'1. Pb •..... :.... TJO wl1lt~ ............ ;¡,ct¡¡lIie ..... ~.~ Grcl'Sh ....~. 30' .-.- 0:2'-- r¡;;.;;:¡;¡¡;·;ilh p;'iIc.-;¡:::~'" t~"rtt:":'tc
rm ...............
Vcllo", trnge B"'c~
------4~~~~~~~--~7~~
,el.-¿ ............... 1I,(AhOH)e.(SO,).. 11-9.4% ............. "lnl¡'red ............. "rircous ....... \Vhilc .......... 3.8
,-.'J-lí-í:-
2.7 I\sSctirt~d t,ith l\1:olm rnd PII!il,
t-·.~;-:L~-T'-·¿.-...-.. -...-...+-f'il-SO-,.-..-...-..•-•..-...-t-Pb---r;a-,.3-'''-
...-...-.. -i
.. :"Y-ellorl ............... M:mzntlno ... White
Grcenllray Vrtrcous
-:r:o;nrlm ........... C1Ar,SI'Oc ......... 1\1,0,-36.7% ...... Whilo. Gn:y·rcd· .... VilraDUS ....... Whitc .......... 6.0-6.5 V-U Tabul~r cryst.1ls in Ipneous roe::!. e,ilh IlfIe lonu,luolO<1 !:n<$ on
Ih. bulter 01 "'/0 pcrlcCi dCMgCJ ;:1 ~O'lo .tei) olilGr
)::mo?:m.!JyE.. ... (MgFo)SiO, ......... "'omet.lsouree .... Grey .................. V,treou, ....... Uncolored ..... 5.0 3.0-3.2 Found in cryslallinc schisls
Drot:!n-grccn Gray;sh
\i:.iTJí: ............... k".«CrJ)(PO,j, .... P.o,-'2.3'/, ....... G,...,n·blu. .......... vrtrcous ....... \VMe .......... ':.5- 5.0 3.2 Usur.f~' Or7.nul~r or in S.sitlcrJ "ri~MS
'1r.;.~O::Ii-;: ........... ~CO, ............... 1:1.0-56'1, ........... Whitc ................ vltrcou$ ....... '!!hiIU .......... 3.;-/'.0 2.9 ~ U~fV':::;fXS II:~ c:-:lcite. !,!O\~1(Í::.r OC;tofi'!:S li!¡C 31 :;:,rrí)l~
nilcn boil~<i In 10% 2.0!ui!OH ü: catu~, mini;:,
1tr.;,,,~·J1w ............Ag,S ................. Ag-87.1% .......... Blac~
................. ;,;elol1ic ........ ... 2.0-2.5 Shin'lBtac~ 7.'1-7.~ Cui$li:;~ l~d: t:ith sitvcr. C'ObrU ¡ne; ¡üt'~'
·umv:¡omr.; ......... 3Ag.S.GeS' ......... Ag-73.5% .......... Slcel gr.ry .. ,,;;,t.llit........ Gr;¡yish Btt~: 25 5. ¡
! red tinoe
'lf.¡;:¡:O;·y¡\I..:: ...... F;AsS ................ fo-3U'h .......... SloolGrr:y ;1.~tlmC ........ Grcy.ntlC:;, .. 5.S-GO 5.9-5.3 \"Jiti~~·.~md:yirJJ~!.prr~%én~or.rljcoGor'·:,¡"13trvcl¡
j lIs-06.0o/, s!<:nllng blo,.,! <Ath Meel .
1~~~----~-~~~----~~~~----~,----------I-7,__~--~-,__~----~~~t7~--_r~--~--~--,--~~--------.--------
1I.~Cr.::::11i ...... ..... Cu,/OH¡,CI......... Cu-59 .5%. G,,,,,n ........ Ad.m>nlino... ~.ppl<J Gro~n... 3 0- 3.5 ~.6 A:'~"Yl 01 s'~n<l,ry or~lin rnth co~' "'es
~ Vltrrou5
j----------~~~~---+~~~----~,--------~~--~~t7.,------~~_:_:1~~~~~,__,__--~~--------_:__:_--,__---- :1
2CuCO,.Cu(OH),... Cu-55.0o/,.. ........ Blue .................. V~ru)Us. DuO. 8IuL.......... 3.5-~.0 3.8-3.9 O.idired min~"ilh"1 cllcrvcsccs ",unro"st¡ la Io,ur¡~lic tod
j'/llJan,................. _o.'.LIl)'Slrí)ngth "nd lemp;)rr.tu~e ... _._ '1
¡J-'J1llt................. BaSO, BaO-65.7'1o ........ Whik Biu(:·rod ..... Vilr(:ous ....... Whltc .......... 2.5-3.5 t..3-t..6 Found eommonly.s "r.ngu~ 01 brd-lI/lC ores. Plély or orcnulrr
, mess¡;s or "Iher dicmond·sh.p¡;d or "clangutr Cf)'>tr.ls
j-~.-Uli-I-"-,¡-..-..-..-..-.-..-..-..~-A-I.-=O-,-.3-H-,O,,--..-..-..-.-1.. AI-3.1.9 /=.
Q
Whl'c-rod ........... Oull. lI:rc Color t.0-3.0 2.6 CtÜí!t (\r¡J 01 =:Iuminum; oceurt; rnt:sr.i\";¡. Co·mp:::lc!y r.olubl~
J
l ____________-+____________~------------~-B'-o-~-n~.~-,-"O-~--__1__::~------~~__::----_+~,__--~------+~~-$-O-It-O-I'-Ph-O-~~hO-/~OU~s-""--r.af·)-,__------------------
¡:¡::YO::iiL.......... (CzMO)O.S,O, ...... No mütal souree.... Blu~ .................. Oull ............ lighl Gr.:y ..... 1.0 2.1 ibo clzy 01 montmorillonrtc.:.)</ells nr~,tly ",~on pLce:d In tJttcr
, (AIFe),O,
1~,__------~~~~---4~~------~~~~~~~~----1~~-----r::-7~~~~-t~~~:~~--.~"~-----------------
I'li'iYL ................. 8o,AI,(SiO,,,.. ..... Be-5'"-........ ...... Whilo. Gre,n·blu~.. Vitr<ou~ ....... Whitc.... ...... 7.5-0.0 2.6-~.n Olten ",lbcddcd in qtl~rI!: r:lÍinnicr.. tJG$PH. Uwr::¡11I :;"~:~"d
AI:t()'-19t1k prism~ L"lIlh lIal rermln(:l~s:n t>..ir{JI,,;;üle. fl·':h' vU;ii::.n
I
---------r~~~--~----,---~~~----~~-----j~__,_--__j,_~~~~~:-+~----,---,-~~~~~~--,------
:IOYrJ¡;................ (1i1(),(.;gFe),....... ¡lo metel souree.... BL1c~¡·Brown ........ Pearly....
2.1- 3. t CI~z\'cs cesily inio t"''Y Ihiii. OUliblc t!16 ~t~tir. ~!,I:;.'
Whi" .......... 2.5-3.0
AI,/SiO.), Vitreous
.. .!:Ul);·:::O::r;.l ......... S/Pbtu,)S.Sb.Sc .. Pb-K7%.; ........ Steclwty .. :........ ::.ctallic ....... UlteColor ..... 2.5-3.0 5.1-5.9 Occun1Iin.·~r~!n,dnn~V';):;m¡r.J
Cu-1.2.5'l'o· I,on bk~ch
~------~~~~----~--~~----~------1~-----+~~~----4---------~~----------------
.. ~";¡" ... : ~ l:;~Hrll, ;'.nSiO- • :!.n- i'n.3~; ......... St,el ~r.;y ........... Su~m~l"lIic... UllJ Co!or ..... J.O-íU f..ü 0=1\; In ¡ltl1",)I'~' ~rl¡;:J
•. •~·.::-,c
..:~.·:·. ~.•·:·;·.:~·.!·.!·~
_',
..•.·•·••··.·.·.I-.-.!.~-"--
_v
... -..·-.·..-"_"_"-·'_"·-'·~I·-_-----+..:B-r.:..Otm-ish:....b,-1¡;.:..e-~-l-----l-:------l---+----~------~::-:---:--:---:---:-------
;!/-32.5% .•.••...•. Copp.or f¿d .......... ;\:·;;;I¡IIje .•.••... •...... iI.5 !l~:dcjlsh
¡'.3 OC.. r '!T~1 r:iül ;)ii1~¡ ;:u!¡¡r.i,:~ It~ alt.~;r ;,.~íl;jií~~
Sb-G7.5'/, Bro".;,
.. ;:Ut~:·I;·:::-lí\: l ••. ~ •.. 1 CuSO<,:.:;Cu(OH}t .. , i:u·~50.2~/;) ... ....... GCijt,fl .•.•• ,.......... V,tt(jOU~. ....•. Gr~::n .......... 3.;~-,~.O 1 ~.C O~~i6jt'~·6 i"lncrrJ. lJí~;~h'~9 l!'Jkit/ In rJirlc rcltl
;.:.'.:::Y.;· ...... :... :. C:CO! ........... .. CtO-5S'h ........... Y.,ny colorL....... If~,cous .... ".1 \."JM' ... ...... 3.0 2.7
trigorcrJSIy t1 murit.1~
:'.¡¡SSiyC cna G-sidcd polnt~d or 1"lsl'''''~t «-;:/!Is ::;ICI":¡'c:¡;
t.lly sti;jllj~:l nr__
:;;:;"i.~..fnllt~
_ _ _ ._. _ _ .!.._ _ _ _-'--_ _ _ _---'_ _ _ _- ' -_ _ _ ~'__ _ _-'--__ --L_ _..J-.-::-_'--_ _r.titl
_ ni-C.-_-'--. ._ _ _
:')_¡ ,_. ;1,
.... ~ ., 11
? 11 .. J
, ','. 1,
'w·: 1,.. ~ j e: o ".' ~,¡ ;
.':'\,.!.:o:¡l 1 1/ 7D :3 J-" I
~ro.:n 1
! ,1 '. u· ?: i
".'11'1
j'ol,C ") j :I:~ j~,. ~. (,
:'- f
[ / ,.n'.·]'!
~I c'
(.,
" ,\
. ~~ ! O
;.:;·.,.1
'¡ ·J.I'¡"
DuIl
,) ,Ii l', :.
:IJ
,-, D ",,)
- -.1
I1 !J'/.?,
I
:.J-:)I" \:1.
:)!,)c'.
l' J o " J 1~"'" r, ~I' ,,,,,-
o. '<:11: C.~rJ.) .. I·I,--ti r·;:, ! 1~ :I'I~~"'_."~'!:'. n,~r, ."L'
n:o/ ' -'.1'lI '. '\J~ 1 ': r, \ : 11 ( \:j .. d u:·~: !~ 'n(i ·','1
i
/ I~,·nlln .. 1 o
I
':,1 :C I DI':',
-1,
I ~,,: ... I.' ,,' 1
<-
B,'" I1 "
" ,JI" I
r),}'{ 1) '1, In (:c ... n ¡ U., [c.:o_,_ '1 ::-t 11 ·1 ].):! j 'l' \
-f:,II~:
,) " :.\ ~
"n
L_
J 1: :,r':
(,[ ";'{s 1 ;'1
11,;1 C'Je
1 _
:,~, "ti r, ¡'.f"' 1:'·
1"fl, /:
'.'11' :'''J o •
-~r r:1J i 1) :,,
,1.1 .11
-_0 1: DI
I
1:'1. \-:- , '.11':
1:'111
""'--1 :/\:i.
:- r-~'
:0 ,¡
',lt,
!lJ¡'"
rlJ
~ .. IID '
1.',\1.0,.1,
.'\... , I ]J _ .< :',
: :~ ...
II
_-E~;o/
IJI",
_, J
?rnc(!~'¡ !i;.RO- ~P::C.
;:ORr.iU~ COLOR LUSTRE ¡¡[SS
:.~ET"'I,L GR.W.
-._--'-'--- -. - .. ' .-.-!---.-----~---_1---_+-.--+:--:--~_:_:_-_+::__----_:__-_:__------
2no::. ¡;,~l)" .... ..... ::.OSO •. 7H,0...... :'';0- 9 9'·.............. rih/lc..... ......... VIIr,Olll ........c!-IIJi1..c .... ~.:.::: 2.3 17 Tasles biDer.1Id sallnc: in mln<ral ":tl,rs
'':''':'::;.;;:.+-=::'_-'-----/- - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - , - - . _ - - ----~. ._- - - - - _.. _.
I ;,Wi';'l1Rrri ........... CO,As,Oo.8H,Q.... Co-29.5% Usually pin~. gray.. Pea/ly ........... Pafer l1lan . 1.5- 2.5 3 O Doposlts DI s,condary orioin: \'JliIl cobdl ores
Color
-----f----·---i·-----+------
BrO'>',n.bl.c~.~ )¡;el~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5.0-55 72-7.5 :'"Fo-un-d'-"'i-Ih-Oth-e-rru-n-gS-ICn-o-re-s- -
r"wo.................
W-60 6%
:'::'lUEnriE
. - - : . - ._. -----"----
;. wOnf¡:; .......... .. CCF,.................. F-'8.9'1. NI colors ............ Vitreous ....... Whi1e ......... G.O 3.0-3.3 Octahc~r~lclcav"ge: bnlllc______ .
------1-----1---.- t------
BrO':m 10...... 5.5-5.5
:':elal"c ......... 5.2
Usually assoCiatC-ll rJilh zineilc: sonr.hmcs ~,1?,gnehe
::;F::~::u;~rYE ...... oo, (lnfcW,n)O .......... 7n- 11,2% .. .. Imn black " .....
_ _ _ _ _ _ _I-(c.Fo_;,;_n-')""O..:'=--_-I_;_~_n-_35_._7'_¡,___ ~I_-------f___. Dile!: f---.- _. __________ .. _ _ _ _ -
_.,,_.~..:."..:
.•_~.c.
.. =---'-'..:.c."--'-+-P_bS_ .... !:.~._~::.:.;,:; l~~~~~~:.:..:.:. Melalllc ........
.. _.._.._.._..._.._.._._ lcadGray .... 3.0 74-7.5. VCrybnlUc:cubleClt;;V~_e_______ ...
V~rIou¡ .............. )10 mc1>l source.. lIed. brown. . vnr.OU$ ....... Whllc. 6.5-1.5 3 2-'.3 Ollen in compl .:Jo dDd~c.::-h,-drt::1 crystc:Is., in schms or ~:mcstDIK'
__ L_____ . _
-------f-----::---I--::---= _+..;v:..;e_"~O"'~,?_ _ _+_ ---- r------~ ~ -~--:-~_
G,=mv;::rI\!IIó!~
...
H,(NIMg)SiQ, ...... 1/1- 25% lo JO% Grecn ........ 0"". greasy .... Grr.enlsh ...... 2.0-4.0 2.4' Amorphous: 50urc. 01 n:c~el: t11lh scr¡¡;¡nllnc. c/lror.,il.
Wl1rIc
2i!iO,2MpO, ........ ~j-22.6% ..... . Gr.en .... . .~-:OuíI:Üreas";-:-: G~enish~=. -2.-0--4.0 -2'7 .--- Slmltarto-g~-rn-"n-Ic-·-·----
3Sl0,6H,0 Whil'
------.11------+-------+ -----t--.--- ----I--.---j------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - ..
~!Jasm: .............. AI(OHh. ............. AI-3-; .6% ....... :.:.:.::~~\iIC. gre:~ r!~"Iy .......~:::¡-;.:== 2.0-3.5 24 Occurs under ."moconolllone c. bw""e
:-:--:-c:-t------... - - - - -
~OUJ ................... fw .................... Au-l00% ............ Golden ............... Melalhc ......... Golden ....... .. 2.8 15.6-19.3 ;';ahcab!~and .celdC. Ooesnon~r",sh
Vell0\1
- - - - - - + - - - - - t - - - - - - f - - - - - - - - . - - - - . - - -- -- ----.¡--------.. - ... - ..
oni\PltlTE ............ C ...... .. C-100% ............ 61.c~.............. Oull..... ....... Oar~ Gray ... " 1 0- 2.0 2.2 Son: rnar!<s paper: leels greasy. ohon Irnpurc
Submr.ta/lic Iron 8taclt
SR""¡:OC::ITE ........ ~S ..... Cd-n.7% ........... :";:Ii¿-;:;-'--- -iid;r;;;;;;¡¡;';;-:-: .. Yc¡¡;'~\"j·-:-:~-3.5~~O---
~~~~~~-'---"'---'-'--'--'--'--'-~~~---'-'--'-~~
c",,,AJ,(SiO,), ....... ;.w melal source ..... \'\Il1rte. green •. Ohcn imbcdd.::d In mio t:nd sciusts: "J.1rston~s "~n=,ty Of
Gf10,¡n¡U.Rlit
yellorJ
Vilrcous ........ Whilc ..... ,".... 6.5- 7.5 3.4- 3. 7
---_._--
gar .. ,I. SCc Gzmet- __ .. ..
Jt~!t;,:R1Sln
.__._-_._----- ----_ _- _
Usually in rJr;Jlicl or di\lergent ClOQn:g:\tcs o,
Somelrmcs In hal,' or nccdle·lil¡c try3J:lI~
A mica t'lifh fI~Jrlblc
..
"~frO\:J
... -
bul nOI cl~slic clc::v1!gc ,,11!1~$ thl.1 PUlf$
bll:dcs
r'l :::-i1
11, ;r-(":. l::.~ nrOi''].
: .: l: 1 .~I ~ I _ .,
I~ ".-J
I
1 , I :'r¡)"¡¡ t ~r; jI f¡ I i i (!- (1[(1' ). ': ~ .:i I::"¡, 1 '.
I
.: .. LI·,: Ti:ls9-' I Lrr:~'li" l.. :~. ::-:'¡i'.;J Id r," ,1 I
¡<:;r 1
I 8 'c', -Il-'~ ¡;. C'.)J::i IJI ~: :::::,:1 ::j:'\ ..-:. ,: L,: .'
; Irj" . : •. l"I.;: J GI,.nf1l~i·1 J n :.! 3 :1.J-':' I I L/l!: L~ 1[;\',. Cjr -, L 1'''' .\ "1
I
1,··_,.a.··!, •.C.. :. - __ ,o __ _
~:\_::IiV: r~ 1, :I.J _! j 0- i
.... {;. re --rGr~,-.l\~li Gr,.,!" I 1" (- .... - .~: ~ r; f . - ~, •. ~ ! l' ' .. ~ ;:
·c;",..'l,.·,.~I- I
.'. "y
.
!
. - -+ -
, ,~' i ,",D, - \ " . .r.:.. . ¡-'!ú : ._.,·.-If1,~~_ . .1 '<~,i
1" I r 1, S'.':l.lotS 1 ': ~!~-'
: . ::...",.,
,
1,·
'.;1 1"" 1,1 r¡(
': "c -'15[1
!
\ ~:I ,11. '
,
.1 ____ _
~'i·.,t.ul", ;¡ :",~1 .1.. [
.¡ .-
(" : ) L: le",. I " r "r. 1:,';; ";:u:!t'h
I
'JI .. ü: { J::;
I (l.. J 2
1.11 L 1.:,t'I.:: í7 o
" 1~. j ';llt~
1-· ~.:
1 r;"
1'1111 iJ '_ • ., 1,-' ~: ; í11.,c.
e; ] ;;¡
.i_
[.! .. 11' JI
dIO :1·3¡.:c I
¡ :i;:¡ '; J J n IO~I1-:-:1~"'~'"
¡c~ril" -¡-~: .:-
: .... ,::.r.. D:rll . '--1',,;;,·,·
. •. c 1,·.·.' .
:.c -tu'rl:.
':.'/):;
\' I-':.'(Iri.,
J ) . [) ¡ ¡-I
. '¡o, 'J" ' [ \1¡11.0U." f :~ :1 i - - 1" ".t:· " ., .. \ ::. o r.
:1 ~; .::JI' ~
... n '1 I o
.¡ l.
~, l
."
ti
/, . ( -,~
r;
\..:-J,l: \.~ -:,: u~:.
:~~~::n~.:::::::::~. !'~~'.:.:.:.:.::.:':::~ ;¡'n-~~:?'h ......... BrO\"mish red ...... Vrtr~~~s.: Oull_ .~~I~:.:.:.:..:..:.:. ~~ ¿~_-_3_._7--+_W_I_lh_ca_~a::2,ncilc.~~a~~d_n~,_
.túSCO;:üit ..... ..... H,:w,V(SiO,¡', .. _ Y~riJblc....... ....... Brown. ..... ,,"_rly... SoU 29 Yanadlum mica In whlCh vanzdium rcplae.d zlum,num
Muny Colors
- ---
Aclr.mélnllne, .
._ ..
9n
---- "-'-
·j.O Bnllle: nhen compaCl vmy lough. vinely 01 corundum
.. -----_. __ ._-- - --
_Commonlyin
Vllr.ous
- - - - - .. -1--.------. ---------1-----.- ----1--... ---- 60-6.5
-- ------
4.1 crySlalS rlilh 10ngllud,ntllygrooy('illtCos. or
:11J"illL. TiO, .................. Ti-60% ....... Bro"n. red. Adaman""e ... lighl ..
blae~ Submet.lfic Oror!n . ncedlc or halr-lilte
- f---------+-------.--. ---!-----I-----_.- ---, - - - - .. - . ----- .'
0.5-5.0 5 9-6 1 \VciOhl. hartlncss. tlld un,vcn ¡r.elure rro dlsl)ctlVO
(;aV/O................ W-63.9% Vlhrle·Vel1o\·II~h Vltrc-ous.... Whrlc.
Adamanhne
" .. ---.. _ ; > - - .. -
-----1------+._---- ----- ----+-----~----'-
/
--
Sb,O,. ............... Sb-83 GOY,. Colorless. gr.yish.. V~r"ous. Oull. Whne. 2 S3 formed by oxidahon 01 sl'bOlle
1-'_- .-- .-----
!irten. bl,c~ush .. Wax·hltt...... While 4.0 2.5- 2.6 ""els smoolh DM somOlrmes sllgl1l1y grcasy
..~~r.v:l1ow~_. __ ~II~!.._--.:..._ _ _ ____ .__ . _____._+________ ._____ _
---------I---------~----_._-
¡¡lDERITE ... _..... ... feCO' ................. fe-4B.3'1o. Brown. groy
Vrtreous.. Whllolo 3.5-4.0 3 S "iagnelle,Uerheallng (Ncrv,3e,sVlgorouslyrnhol
Pearly. Dull Vello\> conccnlralod mUTlallc aCld
~~---~----~~~--~~--~~~~~~:=---~--~~~=.=~~~~=~--------
~rL'!~fl.......... ... Ag .................... Ag-lc:J%.. S,lver "mije ;f.olallie Silver- 2.8 10.5 ;';alleable and sedile. Tarnishes Qu,ehly
While
s:.::.uj',t ......... ".. CoAs, ......... ,...... Co-lB 2%., ... . Tin ",IIIle, ~;elallie ........ GllIyish Blac~ . 5.5-6 O 5.7-6.8 Gllnular or in crysUls li~e pyn1e. Olten mlh erylh'le
As-71.8',; sterl gray ,____-l-_&::.:.:'C.:.<~ry.::lh.:..;I:..,____________ o
~::'111IS0il1n ........ ZnCO' ............... Zn-52"'. Grecn. gray. blu •... Vilreous.Oull. Wh,le. grayish 5.0 4.3-4.5 EJlorvesces vigorously In any slrenglh ollemperalule or
murialic ncid ••eepl cold diluIC
------1-------- 1-.------- ---- - - - j -Vllreous
SOD.: '!!iRE .......... NaNO, ...............
................ While. reddlSh
----I--------
....... \'VMe ........... 1.8 2.3
----------
Tnslc-cooling: incrustatlon:; In beds: masslVc
brot':n: colorless
¡;PEililíll'ii.. ......... PlASl ................ PI- 56 6% ...... .... TII1 nhile ........... . ¡;,cl'"ic ....... , Dlae~ ........... 6.5 10.6 found \7lth gold'quartt. eO\fi)lIila.limonilc
As-43 4% BriJlianl
-----+----+-----,,---11------1-----1----'-+---1----+-----.------- .
li_Y_E__._.__ I--_M_n_:oA_I,_'_Si_O_')_'_--l_;_lo_m_.la_l_s_ou_r_c_c:~ l_p_u_r_PI_IS_h_..r_._d__'_--l_V_ij_r._o_u_s_.'_"_"--1-_'_".:~. 6 5-7 5
•_·p__Z_S_S_:,.II__ 4 0-4.3 A lorm 01 gamel
SP:1r~Lc:r-Un ZnS 0_' ln-67. t%... Br~m. yello\'"!. SubmCIa1hc. _, Ligh1 Oro\',", .. 3.5-"j.O 3.9-.~ 1 Cle<.;v~s smoolhl)' In sin dlrcc11011S ti ~nol:?s of 60°, 90", rncJ
reddrsh. blae~ ReslOous Vellorl ..:.1:.20:."_________________
AI,O,-71 6% Blacl,. grey. pro\'Jn. Vllrcous.Oull. While lo 6.0 3.5-4.1 :..1assivc or in oC1<!hedraJ cryslals. Gcm vanellcs
-------~-------t_------
STtPHi,;!ITE .... ... 5Ag,S.Sb,S, .. Ag-6n 5%
----------
Iron Ol,c, Mrl,llI. Iron nl3C~ .
--f------.-¡---------'''--'-------------
20-2.5 6.2-63 AssocI31ed \"IIlh olher silyer ores
:--::-,-----+-----'----. - - - - - --------1----- - --------------,,;..
STlBUITi: ..... 5b,S,... Sb-71 8% ... le.d oray .. Melall,c..... Load Gray, . 2O ~ 5-4 6 el~'.'Oe surlaees marke~ Iransycrsely ,,-ilh parall,1 hnes
__ .___ .____ . ______ _______.____
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STROi'!T1:.O!ITE srCo, Sr-59 37, ... Yellow to blown .. ViII COUS, ...... Whlle ICI . ,.. 3. S- 4.0 3 7 Ellcrvcsccs vlf;)Orously in dilule cold. bul nolln concenlr~'ed cold.
_._ ..._______ . _ _ _ .______________o _~r_o:~_ ~asy ___ ~r~y ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~~I'C acid. E~rvcscillQ Iraomenl COlO:, aIC~h~ llame red
SUlFUR ............... S ....... , ... . S-lOO'" Yello\> Grc35Y,. P;llc Ycllow.. 2O ?O Burns rlllh u charncterislic odor
Adam,nl,nc
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snvC¡;:;TE (AuAg~Te,.. ¡,u-24 S·" Wtu1closrcclgray. W.clalhc.. S;¡mea~ 1.5-20 7.9-8.3 Oct;.urso'tcnjn~m~rl.bltdeCSorprismaticcrysla's
______--+_______+-A..:.O_-_l_J__4~. _ _---+___ .______ ¡..!'~OI_O.'... __ . __ ._____ . _________ .____________ . _ _ _ _ _
gVl~ITE .... , :tCI........... 1(-52.~%. Whrte... ..... V~rcous ....... \'IMe. 2.0 1.98 Taslc-"line:Y.lluble.bitlcr
______-+_______+-__ .____ ~!~O~i~~_I__-.--- . _______ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .. __________ ._____ . ___
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51-296%
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Ta,0,-6S 6%. _______+~r:asy. O_u~ Brown
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--_._--+------1----------V.n.ble V.' ...1blc IIon b~lc~
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I
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Area lentlh
40.46 Acres lo Ares .0247157 3043 Fe11 to Centimelers .03281
43560 Acres lo SQ. Ft. .000022956 I .3048 Fedl lo Melers 3.2808
247.1 Acres lo SQ. Kdomelers .0040~69 I 2.5': lnches lo Cenllmelers .3937
.0015525 Acres lo SQ Miles (41)
.025' Inches lo Melers 39.3701
160 Acres lo SQ. Rods .00:;250 25400 Ir.ches lo Mlcrons .00003937
4840 Acres lo $Q. Yards .00020&6 , 25.4 Inches lo Millimeters .03937
1076.391 Ares lo Sq. Feel .0009290304 25400000 lnches lo Millimicrons .00000003937
.0001 Ares lo SQ. Kilomelers 100GO 100·J Inche~ lo Mils .001
.155 SQ. Centtmclers lo SQ. In. 64516 1.6093 Miles lo Kilomelers .6214
.0001 SQ. Ccnllfllclers lo Sq. Melers 10000 ,s 1~.~ YJrd~ lo Metcrs 1.0936
100 SQ. Cenllmelers lú SQ Mlllimelers .01
144 SQ. Fecl lo Sq. Inctlcs .Oüó~44'¡44 Power
.09290304 $q. Fecl lo Sq Meters 10 7G39! .0800303 Fool Lb~.imin. lo H.P. 33000
.00000003537 Sq. feet lo Sq. Milc, ?lH/H4DD .o:::·~) F001 Lbs.! mm. lo Walls 44.25
92903.04 Se¡. Feet lo Sq. Mlllirneler, .000010764 .00181 B Fool Lbs./sec. lo H.P. 550
.003673094 $Q. Feet lo Sq Rod, m.2~ 1.356 Fool Lbs./sec. lo Watts .7375
11111111111 ~ , '1 11"1 I In '''r 1,1', ., '·11 . 11,,, ~f' r'o\o'\l'" 1" Wnll, nnl ,~ 1
t.Er~GTH
foo\ metre (m) 3.048000 E-Ol
IfH,,:h n)ct'l' {In} 2.540000 E-02
mil metre (m) 2.fi40 000 E-OS
milc (1f11Cln;11IcHl.=tI) n1t'lre (11)) 1.609 344 E+ 03
AREA
nere (U.S. Sl.lfvey)17 n)ctrn ~ (rT'l 2) 4.046873 E+ 03
100\2 nlt.:" e 2 Inl :' J !:I.290 304 E-02
heClare metre 7 I rn 7 ) 1.000000 E+ 04
inch 2 metre2Im~) 6.451600 E-04
~ If.u @ e~:;j ~ C~ 132 eG:,; C:}J r[>~ ¡¡r (O) ~ [;~\fr] L~ tfl DI¿¿; [}¿j
220 (º(d)[:\!1\:!"ffi[2Q:;[(2·[~r¡ [Fi?'~Q~~ = e@G~u-'r@)
hllometer/hou, ...... . 0.277 8.'? moler/.oeond ... m/s .pound (Ioree)·ineh (torque). 0.113 .. , "",",on.malo, ........... 1'1 '10'
~ilowott·hou, ........ , 3.6. megDjoule... . ....... MJ pound (/oree(·loot (torque). 1.356. . . ... . .... ""'·tlon·moler ............ N 'm
hlp (1000 lb!) ......•.......... 4448 .... . newton .N pOllnd [/o,eo)/Ioo(l (pSi) 47.6S ...... ".... poseol ............... " .Pe
hlp/lneh'(ksl) ................ 6.895. mn~npn,enl..... . .. Mr. pOllod [Ioreo)/ineh' (psi). 6 895 ......... "". posecl. ................ Po
nsl .,rlñcii (I,oelure Inugnneos) . 1.1. . meR~pDseal~sQuM(>' rool· poundal (1 'oot·lbm/.ee'). 0.1383.......... o0\7lon ...... : .......... N
malcr .... , ............. Mrn4iñ
poundnl/lool' ................ . 1. 488. . . . poseol. ................. Po
hnol (inle'nolion.I) ........... . 0.5144 ... meler/seeond ......... , .. m/s
pound [moss)/oere .. , ........ . 1.121. . . IllIog'Dm!hoeID'O ...•..•. klVh
lomber! ....... " ............ 3IS3 .. cnndelolmetor' .......... erl/m·
pn\ln~ [mm)/I .. ! .. , ......... . unn .. ",,:.... hll~RfI;l'i1/mD!OI." ... ", .!la/n
Ugh! year ......... , : ...... , .. . 9.4Gx 10" ....... mol.r ..... " ............ nl
pound [moss)/lool •............ 4.882......... .. hUog'am/mole" .......... llnI"
liIer ................. : ...... . J()-J ...... , .. , .•. meter' ....... ......... 4 • • m'
pOllnd (m ...¡.rool' (mom. DI
moxwell (Iine DI magnelie lo,ee). II}-'..... .. .... ... "'eber......... . . Wb I•• rllo).... .. .. ....... .. .. ... 0.042 14......... hlloR,om ·molor' ... : ..... !\¡¡·m
moxwell/ineh I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5xll}-' ....... lels8 ............. ".T pound [mossl/minule.......... 0.007 SS ......... hlloBrcm/o~ond ..••••• , .~n/o
mo!h (01 nlovo "umhal) .•..• , .• 0rprlll ~nllntlln1nlnl/lool' ........... , 16.010. , .. "."" ~1I0nIQ,"IIi\QIOln, .. ".". [¡c/m
25.4 • (NO.)-I. 1/. millim.I ... . .mM' pound [m ...)ftneh' ...... ' ..... 27 GM ...... " .... ... kllogrtm/mQlo" ......... ~nlm
mieroinch. 25.4 nnnomel"r. nm pound (mnssJ/t.llon (U.S.) 0.11983......... hllogrDni/de(Imolor' ...... hu/dl
miclon (~. I micromete, I'm). I!l-". meter .. .m QUDrl (U.S. liQuid) ....... . 0.9464.......... d'-'<:Imolor' (1110') ........ dm' (
mil ..... 25.4. micromelo, ............... lIm rod (,ndlntlon doso ob!Wlt~rd) '" 0.01 ............ )oulolhllogrom ........... JlhR
mile (inlernationnl naulieal)..... I 852 .. meler .... ,.... . .. m revolulion ..... , .. 6.283. . . . . . . . . . . rndinn.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. r" ,1
mil •..... ' . 1 GOS mr.tnr" ... ,.. , ... , ,m rovolulhUl/ntlnUla (rpm) .. 0.1047 .......... r.dlon/coeond ........... ,,·'
mlle l ..... . . . . .... .. . .. . . .. .. . 259. heclSlre, .... , ... he roentgen ... , ................ . 0.258 ........... cOlllomb/«rom ....... .
mile/eallon (mPt) ....... ,..... divide inlo 235 ..... . liIer/IOO kilomete ........ -
, lorbolt universnl ~ ..ond (SUS). OPP'Ol
mile/hóur (mph)... 0.447. metor"econd ............ mis 0.216111l-" ..... mOler'/second ......
or 1.609. l"Iomeler/houl .......... km/h •""onO (nnale) .............. .. 0.004 BS......... mllll'odlon·: ............. ,., .
mllllhnr, ... .. 100. . ,.,. rn ,Iue 14.59............ klloglom ............... . ha
milligl.m/liter ........ , . . . . .. . II}-'..... kilogr.m/mele,' ......... kg,im .Iug//oo!' .. ' ....... , .. 515.4............. kllogrom/moter' ......... ttl!lm l
millimele, 01 me~ury (O ·C) ... 133.3. . . . . . . po,eol. ................. Pe olug/lool·.eeood ..... 47.88. ...... .•... ptuol·C(.~ond .....••.... PA·~
",lIIion gallons/doy (mgd). .. .. . 0.043 SI.... .. . .. ",eler'/seeond ........... m'/s rpeeil1c t,avilr «3/23 ·C) .... .. . 0.99755......... IllIoB/Cm/dGeimator' ..... t<g/d"
",Inule (,nRI.).. 0.<91... milli"dion... . ........ mrnd .Ioko (klnomolie .I",01I,1r) ... , . ID-' .............. ",alor'/c-"tl>nd ........... m'/c
momenl 01 Ine,tle (Ibm ·In,>. . .. 29 .2G 1 10-'. .. . .. ~lIoR'Dm·molorl ......... kg 'm'
loblespoon .................. . 14.8............. ..nllmelér' (mlllllito,} .... cm' (r
momenl 01 seelion ($econd
l1Iomenlol oroo:·lnch') ....... . 0.41Gx 11)-0 ..... melo .................... m· leupoon ................... .. ~. 93. . . •.••••.•• c¡¡nllmol.,' (mlllililol).... 1:fi1' (r
o:!l1led .. """"'"'' .... , .. 79.58. . . . . . . .. ... ampelo·luros/meter ...... A/m Ihread,/Inch .""""" ..... , (divide Inlo 25.4)..... mllllm~lor pltch .......... l1Im
... nen I/oreQ( (pvolrdupnls) .... . 0.176 ..... . I1rw!Qn, . " .. ', ..... , .. ,N Ion (IOI\a. 2'~O lb !moun ."".' I 01& ~lIogrom ................ M
DUneo (/olecl·/neh ............ . 0.00706 ........ . newlon~mclct ........... N 'm Ion (short. 2000 lb [m ... p ..... 907.2. . • .. . . . .. .. . ~lIogrol1l ................ 11&
'./Oce [mo,,1 (nvairdupois) .. ; .. 28.35 ........... . Hram ....... .- ..·......... 6 Ion (.hort, 2000 lb [/oreol> .••.• S B% .... :. ......... .ol'llon ................. H
ounee (mass) (I,oy o, tnnno (metrle Ion)............. 1.000.:......... mOE_Rrom ..... : ......... [,18
Dpolhecory) .............. :'.. . 31:1. ........ ·.::.· arom ................... R
'""nco (U.~ nul<l).: ••.. '" ... . 28,41 .... , ... , ... ccntlmclor l ...... , ...... ,cm'
ton (rolllnerollon) ............. 3.51& .......... '. ·I"IO-'-I<'U, ... ·.............. 11\"1
"JOCO (U.S. flule!) ........... .. 2!l.57............ conlimoler' .............. em' ton (,cgister,.hlp= 10011')... 2.332 ........... · motor· .. :,.. ..... : ....... ¡¡¡,
plnl (U.S. dry) .... ; .......... . ·0.551........... deelmel.,' (Iiler) ........ dm' (l) lon(U.S.shipplng~40nr).... 1.133 .......... .' motor' .... : ... ; ......... rn·
pi.l (U.S.llquld) .•.••.. : •..•.. 0.473. • ... . ..... decimot.r' (Iiter) ......... dm' (l) lon/hour (sIlorl) . . . . . . . . . .. • . . 0.252. • .. •• .. .. • ~lIoR,cmjoc~o~L ... ::'.-. !¡[l/n
pol,o (.b.olulo vlseosllr) ...... . 0.1 ............. pn'enl·.o<ond .......... Po·, lorr (mm lIa, O·C) ............ 133.2............. ~CWJI .. : .. ,,; ............ Pe
pound (Io,ee( (Ibl ovol'dupoI.) .. 4.~49 ........... n.wlon ................. N "'.tI·hou..................... 3600: .............. ¡oulo ................... J
pound [mnu) (Ibm ovoirdupois) -0.4536 .......... I\ilogrnm ..... : ......•... kg yr.'d......................... 0.9144 .......... I1IcIQr:" ................ li1
Il"und [m mI (lroy or yerd'........................ 0.8361. .. , ........ ~CIC".:............. , ... r,¡'
epolhectry) ........ , .......... 0.373 2.......... kiloRr.m· ................ tf'g
y"d' .............. ,......... 0.764 G.... , ..... motor' ............... , m'
p.und (/ortu).lnth (Imroel
olronn1h) .............. : ..... O.I1J ...... . loul ........... """" .J ynrd'/mlnut................... 0.01274 ........ , rnolor'/l'lCc90d ........... rn'/~
cnd OblDI. ----divide by _ _ _ _ 10 convo,t eo~ oblcl. <._ _ _ _ dl.lda ~Y'''- '?c Qt,Qoo,¡ •
---------------------------_.!!-._------><,-----~---=.~~.-~..;.- .~-.<-.-~
'" In SI. (SyslcmQ Internnllonol) numbe .. oro divide" into Uroup. el 3 dir.lt, In eneh dircellon Irom th, dllcim.1 point·, cnd 00 t~m,,"oro u,~d.
6 -
_-
6 26.27. 1/;¡ 138,2 72 4071.5 226,1
V2 33,183 20.42
..
.
1/8 1:>~. J/b .j 7 5 S/6 ,62S 7/8 ,b l~
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27/t.4
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79 I t.,.
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43,64
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(,k) 5
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I!J 16
61/6A
9375
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