V_NOHKJE\ OEHEILK 

_K\NH[LCÜI KDK_LCLCN\ VÅMCIE ?56

?. [ie lnrrckitk `k ecrk e <6¶L y 56% `k bujk`e` rkhetcve sk bujc`cgcle ki
uie tnrrk `k espkrscüi e`ceoåtcle quk guilcnie e V ≂ 5 etj. Kh ecrk quk
kjkrmk `kok tkikr uie bujk`e` rkhetcve `k 06%.
e) @kt
ktk
krjci
rjcik
k he bujkujk`e` eo eossnhu
hute
te y he tkj
tkjpkret
kretur
uree `k se
setu
turrel
elcü
cüi
i
e`ceoåtcle `kh ecrk `k kitre`e.
o) [sk kh `ce
`cemreje
mreje pspsclrnj
clrnjãtrcl
ãtrcln
n pere lehluher
lehluher (c) he vkhn
vkhnlc`e`
lc`e` e he lue
luehh sk
`kok emrkmer emue pere bujc`cgcler 5666 am/b `kh ecrk `k kitre`e, y (cc)
he tkjpkreture `kh ecrk `k sehc`e.

\nhulcüi
\nhulcüiee 
\k utchczn kh `cemreje psclnjãtrcln lni uie tkjpkreture `k ouhon skln `k
<6¶L y 56 % `k bujk`e` rkhetcve.

P:5<.? ¶L

Be:6.66?7
 

_kspukste.  He bujk`e
bujk`e` ` eo
eosn
snhu
hute
te ks 6.66
6.66?7
?7 Am B?N/
N/Am
Am ec
ecrk
rk sk
skln
ln y he
tkjpkreture `k seturelcüi e`ceoåtcle ks 5<.? ¶L
\nhulcüio  
(c) he vkhnlc`e` e he lueh sk `kok emrkmer emue pere bujc`cgcler 5666 am/b
`kh ecrk `k kitre`e.
\k utchczn kh `cemreje psclnjãtrcln lni uie tkjpkreture `k ouhon bôjk`n
`k 5<.?¶L y 06 % `k bujk`e` rkhetcve.

Be:6.667<

He vkhnlc`e` `k gudn `k ecrk skln ki he kitre`e ks4

(
jecrk : 5666
b   )(
 Am`kecrk   5 Am `k ecrk
5.66?7 Am `k ecrk) :33=.0
 Am`kecrk
b
He lei
lei`e
`e`
` `k em emue
ue qukquk sk ve kvep kvepnr
nrer
er kstå
kstå `e`e
`e`e pnr
pnr he `c`ck
krk
rkil
ilce
ce `k
vkhnlc`e`ks `k gudn `k kitre`e y sehc`e `k he lnrrckitk `k ecrk4

(
jemue : 33=.0
 Am
 )
 Am `k ec
b
ecrrk
( 6.667<∟ 6.66?7 )
 Am B ? N
 Am ecrk
  :<.=
 Am`k
 Am `k B ? N
b

(cc) he tkjpkreture `kh ecrk `k sehc`e

 

Pkjpkreture `k ecrk
`k sehc`e ks ?5.? ¶L

?. [i elkctk
elkctk `k mrevk
mrevk`e`
`e` kspklêgc
kspklêgcle
le 6,20 ghu
ghuyk
yk `ks`k
`ks`k ui teiqu
teiquk.
k. E trevãs `
`k
k
uie tuokrêe `k elkrn mehveicze`n `k ;66 gt `k hermn y `cåjktrn injcieh `k
7‚ beste ui puitn O e 566 phm `k ehture. Lehluher he prkscüi iklkserce (ki
<
pscm) kipnr
pãr`c`e kh rklcpckitk
grcllcüi kiEkhpere hnmrerksui
scstkje `kghudn vnhujãtrcln
5,3 hog.gt/ho. `k 6,0;
_4 5,<< pscmgt /skm, sc he

 @etns
¾ :6.20
 H: ;66 gt 
 @: 7
 B :566  phm (   5 gt 
5?  phm ): 2.<< gt 

hog ∝ gt 
b H :5.3
ho

\nhulcüi 

Lehluhejns he vkhnlc`e` `k sehc`e4

v ?:∔ ?∝ m∝b
 

∔( )(
 j
v ?: ? <?.5=0 ?
2.<< gt  )
s
 gt 
v ?:?<.5;
s

Behhejns he `kisc`e` `kh guc`n4

 υghuc`n
¾:
 υemue

  υghuc`n
6.20 :
ho
7?.0
gt 
 ho
 υ ghuc`n: 2<=.02 <
gt 
Ephclejns he kluelcüi mkikreh `k he kikrmêe4

? ?
 V ?∟ V5 ( W  )5 ( W  )
?

 υ   :T ?∟ T 5+ ? m   ∟ ? m   ∟b H

 V?: 6 , `kpnsctn
`kpnsctn eockrtn
eockrtn
W 5:6 , pnrquk
pnrquk ks
ks`ksp
`ksprk
rklceo
lceohk
hk
T 5 : 6 , ehture
ehture rk
rkgkr
gkrkilc
kilce
e
b E , b _ :6
?
∟ V 5 ( W  ) ?
  : T  ∟ ?   ∟b H
 υ ?m

(  )
?
 gt 
?<.5;
∟ V 5 s ho∝ gt 
:2.<< gt  ∟ ∟5.3
;?.057
 ho
<
gt  ( ? <?.5=0
 j
s
?
) ho

(  )
hog    5  psc
 V5: 535.;? ?
gt   hog 
500
?
gt 

 V5: 5.<<  psc

7. [ie lnrrckit
lnrrckitk
k quk lnit
lnitckik
ckik ;6
;6%
% `k okilk
okilkin
in y ;6% `k tnh
tnhukin
ukin ki j
jese
ese e
76´L
6´L sk ehcjhcjkite
kite e ui kvekvepn
pnre
re`
`nr `k scj
cjph
phk
k ges
gesk. Kh 76%
76% `k he
ehcjkitelcüi sk vepnrcze.
 Eiehczei`n kh vepnr sk kilukitre quk lnitckik 7<,5 `k okilkin ki jese.
Hes lnrrckitks `k hêquc`n y vepnr sehki `kh kqucpn e 5;6´L. Lehluher kh
rkqukrcjckitn `k lehnr pere kh prnlksn pnr am `k ehcjkitelcüi `k hêquc`n
seture`n. _4 U : <2<,; AD/Am
 

76¶L W 5;6¶L 7<.5% Okilkin

E
<7.3% Pnhukin
KWEVN_E@N
;6% Okilkin _ 
% Okilkin
;6% Pnhukin L 5;6¶L % Pnhukin

\nhulcüi 
Oesk `k Låhluhn: 566 Am/b `k E

Vere E4
  Am
O:566   ∝6.;:;6 Am
b
 Am
P :566   ∝ 6.;:;6 Am
b
Kh 76% `k E sk vepnrcze, kitnilks4
W : 6.7 E
 Am
W : 6.7 ( 566 ):76
b
  Am
O:76   ∝6.7<5:<=.27 Am
b
 Am
P :76   ∝ 6.<73:??.50 Am
b

Oeheilk Pnteh `k he jese4

  E :W + L 
 Am
L :566∟ 76: 06
b

Oeheilk Verlceh `kh Okilkin

;6 ∟ <=.27: 06∝ x o
 x o:6.<6<;

 x o + x t :5
 x t : 6.737;

Vere L4
 Am
O: 06   ∝6.<6<; :5?.50 Am
b
  Am
P :06   ∝6.737;: ?=.27 Am
b

Behhejns kh lehnr E4
Uo: ;6 Am∝<30   aD  :53=66 aD ∝ 6.7: 552?6 aD 
 Am
 

  aD 
Ut : ;6 Am∝<7; :52?;6 aD ∝6.7:563;6 aD 
 Am

Vere he esk vepnr W4

  aD 
Uo: <=.27 Am∝5.=;6  ( 5;6∟ 76 ) ¶ L :;37?.3; aD 
 Am ¶ L 

  aD 
Ut : ??.50 Am∝?.63?  ( 5;6 ∟76 ) ¶ L : 0572.;? aD 
 Am ¶ L 
Vere L4
  aD 
Uo: 5?.50 Am∝5.=;6  ( 5;6 ∟76 ) ¶ L :535?.6; aD 
 Am ¶ L 

  aD 
Ut : ?=.27 Am∝?.63?  ( 5;6 ∟76 ) ¶ L :;?0;.02 aD 
 Am ¶ L 

Kh lehnr rkqukrc`n4

<2<;<5.3= aD    aD 

U:   :<2<.;<
566
 Am  Am

_K\NH[LCÜI KDK_LCLCN\ VÅMCIE ?<6

5. Kh trclhnrnktchkin, ui snhvkitk `kskimreseitk `k usn kxtkisn ki pertks `k

jequcierc
jequci erce,
e, sk prn`u
prn`ulk
lk ki uie skluk
sklukilc
ilce
e `k rke
rkellc
llcüi
üi `k `ns pes
pesns.
ns.
Vrcjkrn sk lhnre kh ktchkin pere `er tktrelhnrnktein. kh lueh sk snjktk e
`ksbc`rnlhnrelcüi pere gnrjer trclhnrnktchkin4
 

e)
C.   +
? L ( s) ? B ?( m ) ↟ L ? B 0 ( m) ∇ B g  :+ ;?.?7 AD / jnh
  5 5
CC. Lh? ( m) +  B ?( m) ↟ BLh( m) ∇ B g  :∟3?.<5 AD / jnh
? ?
5 <
CCC.   ? L ( s) +  B  ( m )+ Lh
? ? ( m) ↟ L ? BLh< (h ) ∇ B g  :∟ ?=7.? AD / jnh
? ?

CW.   L ? B 0 ( m) + ? Lh ?( m) ↟ L ? B ? Lh 0 (h) + B ? ( m ) ∇ B ¶ r:∟<2;.=7 AD / jnh

\k suje he kluelcüi (C) y (CW)4

+ :+ ;?.?7 AD / jnh
? L ( s) ? B ?( m ) ↟ L ? B 0 ( m) ∇ B g 

L   B  ( m) + ? Lh ( m) ↟ L   B  Lh (h) + B  ( m ) ∇ B ¶ r:∟ <2;.=7 AD / jnh

? 0 ? ? ? 0 ?

------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------
-----------------------
? L ( s) + B  ( m) + ? Lh
? ? ( m) ↟ L ? B ? Lh 0 ( h ) ∇ B g  :∟<<<.; AD / jnh

o) Hky `k
`k Bk
Bkss

∇ B :∇ B ¶ r + ∇ B sehc`e∟ ∇ B kitre`e

L ? B 0 ( m )+ ? Lh ?( m ) ↟ L ? BLh< (h) + B ? ( m) + BLh( m) ∇ B :>

L ? B 0 ( m) ↟ ? L ( s )+ ? B ? ( m) ∇ B g  :+ ;?.?7 AD / jnh

5 <
? L ( s) +  B  ( m )+ Lh
? ? ( m) ↟L ? BLh< (h ) ∇ B g  :∟ ?=7.? AD / jnh
? ?

5 5
Lh? ( m) +  B ?( m) ↟ BLh( m) ∇ B g  :∟3?.<5 AD / jnh
? ?

L ? B 0 ( m )+ ? Lh ?( m ) ↟ L ? BLh< (h ) + B ? ( m) + BLh( m) ∇ B :∟ 0?6.==  AD / jnh

l) ¾Luåitn
¾Luåitn lehnr
lehnr sk
sk `ksprki
`ksprki`k
`k n eosnro
eosnrok
k ki kh
kh prnlksn
prnlksn>
>
 

L ? B 0 ( m )+ ? Lh ?( m ) ↟ L ? BLh< (h) + B ? ( m) + BLh( m) ∇ B :∟

:∟ 0?6.== AD / jnh
U : ∇ B 

U :∟ 0?6.== AD / jnh

  AD   jnh  AD 

U :∟ 0?6.== ∝<66   :∟5?7?<5
jnh b b

_pte4 \k `ksprki`k ui lehnr tnteh `k ∟5?7?<5  AD 

b

<. [ie jkzlhe quk lnitckik 07,6 % ki pksn `k elktnie (LB <LNLB<), ?=,6 %
`k ålc`n elãtcln (LB <LNNB) y ?=,6 % `k eibê`rc`n elãtcln (LB <LN-N-
NLLB<) sk `kstche e prkscüi etjnsgãrcle. He ehcjkitelcüi kitre e uie
lnhujie `k `kstchelcüi e P:<02 A y e uie vkhnlc`e` `k 5;666 am/b. Kh
`kstche`n (quk sehk pnr kh tnpk `k he tnrrk `k `kstchelcüi) ks kskilcehjkitk
elktnie pure, y kh prn`ultn `k he pertk cigkrcnr lnitckik 5.66 % `k he
elktnie quk kitre e he lnhujie. Kh vepnr `k sehc`e `kh tnpk `k he lnhujie
kitre e ui lni`kise`nr e <?3 A y sehk lnjn hêquc`n e <6< A. He jcte` `kh
lni`kise`n sk kxtrek `kh scstkje ki teitn quk kh rkstn sk rktnje lnjn
rkghudn e he lnhujie. Kh hêquc`n quk sehk pnr he oesk `k he tnrrk ve e ui
lehk
lehkit
ite`
e`nrnr `k ve
vepn
pnr,
r, `ni`
`ni`k k ks perl
perlce
cehj hjki
kitk
tk kv
kvep
epnr
nre`
e`n.
n. He grel
grellc
lcüi
üi
vepnrcze`e (<,?6 % `k elktnie. =<,; % `k ålc`n y ?<,6 % `k eibê`rc`n
elãtcln) vukhvk e he lnhujie e uie tkjpkreture `k <32 A. y kh hêquc`n
rksc
rksc`u
`ueh
eh,, te
tejo
jocã
cãi
i e <32
<32 A y ki kq kquc
uchchcor
orcn
cn lni
lni kh vepn
vepnr,
r, ln
lnis
istctctu
tuyk
yk kh
prn`ultn cigkrcnr n tejocãi hheje`n prn`ultn `k lnhe `k he tnrrk. @ktkrjcik4
(e) hes vkhnlc`e`ks `k ghudn y hes lnjpnsclcniks `k hns ghudns `k prn`ultns4
(o) kh lehnr quk ks iklksercn rktcrer ki kh lni`kise`nr. Ul (aD/b).
 

e) Wkhnlc`e
Wkhnlc`e`ks
`ks `k gudn y hes lnjpns
lnjpnsclcn
clcniks
iks `k hns gudns
gudns `k hns prn`ult
prn`ultns4
ns4
Oesk `k låhluhn4 5 bnre

Oeheilk `k jetkrce
Elktnie4 (6.65)*(6.07)*(5;666) : 73 am
Ålc`n Elãln4 (6.?=)*(5;666): 06;6 am
Eibc`rc`n Elãln4 (6.?=)*(5;666): 06;6 am
Oeheilk `k Elktnie
(6.07)*(5;666): @kshe`n + 73
@kshe`n: 72<5am

Oeheilk `k prn`ultns
73 am + 06;6 am + 06;6 am : 2573 am
Elktnie4
73
∝566% :6.
6.20
20 %
2573
Ålc`n Elãln4
06;6
∝566% : 03.
03.;2
;2 %
2573
Eibc`rc`n Elãln4
06;6
∝566% : 03.
03.;2
;2 %
2573
 

o) Kh lehnr
lehnr quk ks iklkse
iklksercn
rcn rkrer
rkrer ki kh
kh lni`kise`
lni`kise`nr.
nr. Ul (aD/b).
(aD/b).

Elktnie (v,<?3A) ↟ Elktnie (h,<?3A) ↟ Elktnie (h,<6<A)

Lpv (  )
  aD 
am¶ A 
: 6.0;3+ <.5;∝56∟< P ∟6.=36∝56∟7 P ?
<?3
 aD   aD  ∟< ∟7 ?
∇ B :∟ ;?5 am + 6.0;3 + <.5;∝56 P ∟6.=36∝56 P 
( )+( )∟ ∡
?.< am ∟
<
<6<
6<

:∟( )( )( )
 aD   aD   aD 
∇ B  ;?5 ?.< <;.=7
am am am
aD 
∇ B :∟;;0.03
am

Ulni`kise`nr : i ∇ B 

Ulni`kise`nr :?∝ ( 72<5

am
b  )(
∟;;0.03
 aD 
am )
 aD 
Ulni`kise`nr :=;=;00?.<2
b

_K\NH[LCÜI KDK_LCLCN\ VÅMCIE ?02

5. [i jk`cn
jk`cn `k gkrj
gkrjkitel
kitelcüi
cüi hêq
hêquc`n
uc`n e <6
<6 ¶L sk on
onjoke
joke e vvkhnl
khnlc`e`
c`e` `
`k
k
?666 am/br e trevãs `k ui lehkite`nr, `ni`k su tkjpkreture sk khkve e
=6¶L oedn prkscüi. Kh emue lehckitk `k `kspkr`clcn use`e pere kh
lehkitejckitn kitre e 3; ¶L y sehk e 2; ´L.
He lepelc`e` lehnrêgcle prnjk`cn `kh jk`cn `k gkrjkitelcüi ks 0.67
aD/am A, y he `kh emue, 0.?5 aD/am A Hes lnrrckitks `k gkrjkitelcüi y `k
emue lehckitk kståi skpere`es pnr uie supkrgclck jktåhcle e trevãs `k he
lueh sk treisgckrk
Ksteohãzlesk kh lehnr y`kquk
ui oeheilk cjpc`k
lehnr he jkzlhe
lnjphktn pere gêscle `k ejoes.
kh scstkje. Lehlôhkisk
kh ghudn `k emue y he leitc`e` `k lehnr eõe`c`e eh jk`cn `k gkrjkitelcüi,
 

supnicki`n quk in bey pãr`c`es ki kh scstkje. Ki he Gcm. sk jukstre kh

ghudn `kh prnlksn.

\nhulcüi4
 Kitre`e 4

∕ B  `k ? lnrr
lnrrckitk
  _
_ ckitkss e ?32 a ( ?; ¶ L )
 B ( hcquc`n ): ( ?666 am / b )( 0.67 aD / am.a ))(( ; a ):0.676∝56 0 aD / b

 B  ( ( emue ): w ( 0.?5 ) ( 3;∟ ?; ):?.30∝56 ] aD / b ( w : am / b )

?

   (∟∇ B  ):6 ↟ Inbey rkellc

6
?32 kellcüiquêj
üiquêjcle.
cle.
   q :6 ↟ In be
beyy e`
e`cl
clcü
cüi
i n pk
pkrr`c
`c`e`k
`e`k lehn
lehnrr .

\ehc`e 4

∕ B  `k ? lnrr
 p ckitkss e ?32 a ( ?; ¶ L )
lnrrckitk

 B ( hcquc`n ): ( ?666 am / b )( 0.67 aD / am.a ))(( =6∟ ?;): <.7;∝56 aD / b
;

 B  ( ( emue ): w ( 0.?5 ) ( 2;∟?; ):?.;?7∝56 ] aD / b

?

 Kitnilks 4
0 ? ; ?
0.676∝56 + ?.30=∝56 ∝] :<.7;0∝56 aDb + ?.;?7∝56 ∝] 
] : ==?6 am / b ghud
ghudn
n `k em
emue
ue

Leit
Leitc`
c`e`
e` `k lehnr
lehnr quk skemrkm
skemrkmü
ü eh jk`c
jk`cn
n `k gkrjk
gkrjkite
itelc
lcüi
üi ks he`cgkrk
he`cgkrkil
ilce`k
ce`k kiteh
kitehpc
pces
es

 B  ( ( hcquc`n ) sehc`e ∟ B (hcquc`n ) kitre`e

; 0
<.7;0 56 0.676 56
∝56 aD 
¾¾ <.?02∝ b
aD // b ∟
; ∝ aD / b
<.- [ie lnrrckitk `k 566 am/b `k prnpchkin mesknsn, B?L:B-LB?, e ; oerks y
36 ¶L kre lehkite`e beste uie tkjpkreture `k <56 ¶L pnr jk`cn `k ui
skrpkitêi quk hk sujcicstreoe kh lehnr iklksercn pere ehleizer `clbe
tkjpkreture. Hejkiteohkjkitk kh scstkje gehhü y sk rkquckrk ki gnrje urmkitk
kvehuer he ehtkrietcve `k user ntrn kqucpn `cspnicohk quk kitrkme 5? a] `k
lehnr. @ktkrjcik he tkjpkreture quk ehleizerêe kh prnpchkin lni kstk ôhtcjn
ôhtc jn
kqucpn y `kgcie sc rklnjcki`e su usn n in. ci`clei`n hes lnisc`krelcniks y
luc`e`ns quk sk `kokrêei tkikr.
\nhulcüi4
 

Lehluhejns hns jnhks `k prnpchkin4

566 am
  ∝566 am
5b
  ∝5 jnh
5 am
jnhks prnpchkin:   :?=<7.0 jnh / b
0;.62 m
Lepelc`e` lehnrêgcle `kh prnpchkin4
lp : 70.< D / jnh¶L 
5666 D 
  ∝<766 s
skm 7
5 aw :   :<.7∝56 D / b
5b
 _kehczejns kh oeheilk `k kikrmêe 4
∇ B + ∇ Ka + ∇ Kp: U ∟] 
U : ∇ B ye
ye qu
qukk ∇ Ka
Ka ,∇ Kp y ] snicmu
snicmueh
ehks
ks e 6
 Kitnilks 4
∕
∇ B : i se sehc
hc`e ∕
sehc`e ∟ ikitre`e B kitre`e
`e B sehc`e
P   ?
? P   5
5

∇ B :i prnpchk
 prnpchkin
in ∡ Lp`t ∟i  prnpchkin
 prnpchkin ∡ Lp`t 
P rk
rkg 
g  Prkg 
?<=7.0 jnh
  ∝70.< D 
∇ B : b   ∝( <56 ∟36 )
jnh¶L 
∇ B :<<7???67 D / b

;.- Kh lehnr `k snhulcüi `kh ejniceln ki emue e 5 etj ks4

∇ B\ (?;¶L r: ? jnh B?6 / jnC IB<) : -=2?? aD/jnh
Lehluhk kh lejocn `k kitehpce quk elnjpeõe e he snhulcüi `k 066 jnh `k IB<
ki 266 jnh `k emue e ?;¶L y 5 etj

\nhulcni4

066 jnhks  IB <

\  IB <(el)

266 jnhks  B ? N

 

Leitc`e` `k jese quk cimrkse4

 IB <∝5= m
066 jnhks :7266 m IB  <
5 jn
jnhh IB <

N∝52 m
266 jn
jnhk
hkss B ? : 5066 m B  N
?
5
?
jnh B  N
Leitc`e` `k jese snhulcüi4
 Kitre`e : \ehc`e

\: 7266 m IB <+ 5066 m B ? N

Låhluhn `k ∇ Bs 4
266 jnh
jnhks
ks IB <
r: :?
066 jn
jnhk
hkss B ? N

Låhluhn `k ∇ Bo 4
?; L 

∇ B  IB 
 IB  :<

?∡ L  `P :6
; L 
?;
  p
p

?; L 

∇ B  B  N:
?
∡ L  `P : 6
 p
?; L 

  AD 
Lehnrks citkmrehks `k snhulcüi e ?;L pnr teohes ∇ Bs :∟=2??
jnh

Låhluhn `k ∇ B  ?
 ? 4

  AD 
? : ∇ Be ∟ ∇ Bo :∟=2??∟ 6: =266
∇ B   ?
jnh

Låhluhn `k U 4
kitre`e sehc`e
U: ∇ B   ∕ icB 5 + ∕ icB 5
  AD 
U: ( ∇ B ? ∟∇ B   5
5 ) :∟=2?? ∝066 jnh
jnhks
ks IB <
jnh
;
U:∟ <5.?22 x 56  AD 

=. [ie
[ie sn
snhu
hulc
lcüi
üi `k ål
ålc`
c`n
n suhgô
suhgôrcl
rcln
n kstå
kstå jer
jerle
le`e
`e lnj
lnjnn 2I (`n
(`ni`
i`k
k 5I : 5
mkqucvehkitk/H y 5 jnh `k B?\N0 lnitckik ? m-kqucvehkitks). He mrevk`e`
kspklcgcle `k he snhulcüi ks 5,?<6, y su lepelc`e` lehnrêgcle ks <,66 D/(m-

¶L).
76¶L,Lehluhk he kitehpce
ki rkhelcüi lni B?Nkspklêgcle `k snhulcüi
pure y uie kste snhulcüi (ki aD/jnh
juy `chuc`e B?\N0) e
e ?;¶L.
 

Låhluhn `k W4
 Jese Jnhkluher
 Kq :   ,β↟vehkilce
β

32
 Kq B  \ N : :03
? 0
?

 Kq ∟m
 I : Wsnh

  03
2 I  :
Wsnh

Wsnh :7.5?; H

Mrevk`e` kspklcgcle4
  `kisc`e`
`kisc`e` `kh ghuc`n
Mrevk`e` kspklcgcle :
`kisc`e`
`kisc`e` `kh emue 0 ´L 
 υ B  \N
? 0
: 5.?<6
 υ B  N?

 υ B  \N :
5.?<6 ∝5 m
? 0
jh

j
 υ :
W 

j: υ∝W 

 m
j: 5.?<6 ∝75?; jh
jh

j: =;<<.=; m

Låhluhn `k he kitehpce4

∇ B :jLp ( P ?∟P 5)
  D 
∇ B :=;<<.=; m∝<  ( 76∟ ?; ) ´L 
m ´L 

∇ B :=3560<.=; D 

∇ B :=35.60< aD 

Låhluhn `k he kitehpce kspklcgcle4

=35.60<
∝32 m
=;;<.=;
∇ B :
5 jnh

∇ B :56.?32
 

2. \k lelerm
rme
e ui bn
bnri
rin
n vkrt
vkrtcl
cleh
eh ln
lni
i pc
pck`
k`re
re le
lehchcze
ze pu
purere,, Le
LeLN
LN<,<, y ln
lnqu
quk
k
te
tejo
jocãcãi
i purn
purn (l
(ler
eron
onin
in),
), ejon
ejonss e ?;?;¶L
¶L.. Vn
Vnrr kh gni`
gni`nn `k
`khh bn
bnri
rin
n sk
citr
citrn`
n`ul
ulkk ec
ecrk
rk skln
skln,, qu
quk k pr
prnp
npnr
nrlc
lcni
nie
e kh lehnlehnrr ikiklk
lkse
serc
rcn
n pere
pere he
`kslnjpnsclcüi `kh leronietn, jk`ceitk he lnjoustcüi `kh leronin beste
LN?. Vnr kh gni`n `kh bnrin sk `kslerme leh vcve, LeN, e 3;6¶L, quk
lnitckik ;% `k leronin y 5% `k LeLN<. Hns mesks `kh bnrin sk
`kslermei pnr he pertk supkrcnr e 766¶L y lnitckiki ôiclejkitk LN? y
I?.
\upüimesk quk puk`ki `ksprklcersk hes pãr`c`es. Hes rkellcniks sni4
LeLN<(s)  LeN(s) + LN?(m)
⇹

L(s) + N?(m)  LN? (m)

⇹

\eocki`n quk
 B¶g LeLN<(s) : -?23,; aleh/mjnh
 B¶g LeN(s) : -5;5,= aleh/mjnh
 B¶g LN?(m) : -30,6;? aleh/mjnh

Lepelc`e`ks lehnrêgcles
(leh/mjnh.A)
jnherks prnjk`cn lnisteitks
LeN (s) 5<,=
LN? (m) 5?,?
I?(m) =,;
LeL6<(s) ?2,6
N?(m) 2,6
L(s) 0,7

e) Lehlu
Lehluhk
hk hns lehn
lehnrks
rks `
`k
k rkel
rkellcüi
lcüi e ?;
?;¶L.
¶L.

LeLN< ( s) ↟LeN(s )+ LN ? ( m )
Q  Z
∇ B´ : ∇ B ´ g  LeN + ∇ B ´ g  LN ?( m ) ∟Q ∇ B ´ g  LeLN< Z
5;5.= 30.6;? ?23.;
∇ B´ :Q ∟ +(∟ ) Z ∟Q ∟ Z
 

 aleh
∇ B´ :∟ 0<.=02
jnh

L ( s )+ N? ( m) ↟ LN ?( m )
∇ B´ :Q ∇ B ´ g  L N ? Z∟Q+ ∇ B ´ g  L + ∇ B ´ g  N? Z
∇ B´ :Q ∟30.6;? Z∟ Q 6 + 6 Z
 aleh
30.6;?
∇ B´ :∟ jnh

o) Lnis
Lnistruye
truye ui
uie
e teohe `k mre`
mre`ns
ns `k hcokr
hcokrte`
te` pere kh prn
prnohkje
ohkje.. @ktkrjc
@ktkrjcik
ik
sc puk`ki `kselnphersk hns oeheilks `k jetkrce y kikrmêe.

Ci`cle4
 Esujcki`n566 jn
jnhk
hkss kikh gn
gni`
i`n
n

; %L , 5 % LeLN < , 30 % LeN

5 ´ 3; LeLN < ( s) ↟ 30 Le

LeNN ( s) + 30 LN ? ( m) +5 LeLN < (s)
=3 x =3 x
( + ; ) L ( s )+ x N ( m )+
? ´   x ?
xLN? ( m) + ; L +
 I ? ↟ xLN  I ?
?5 ?5

5rn i   B´ (leh/jnh)
 Lp P (´L)   i Q ∇ B´ + Lp ( P + ?; ) Z
LeN   30   ∟5;5=66 5<.= 3;6 -5<672;2;
LN?   30   ∟306;? 5?.? 766 -25250=2
LeLN< 5   ∟?23;66 ?2 3;6 -?7<766

Vrn`ultns ∕ ¾∟?5;5<77< leh

5rn i    B´ (leh/jnh) Lp P (´L)   i Q ∇ B´ + Lp ( P + ?; ) Z
LeLN<   3;   ∟?23;66 ?2 ?; -?=;6?;66

_kelteitks
∕ ¾∟?=;6?;66 leh
U5: B  p ∟ B r

U5:∟?5;5<77< ∟(
∟(∟
∟ ?=;6?;66)
U5:;3222<= le

?`n i    B´ (leh/jnh) Lp P (´L)   i Q ∇ B´ + Lp ( P + ?; ) Z

L   x   ∟306;? 5?.? 766 -2=6<=x
N?   ;   6 0.; 3;6 ?5?=;
=3 x
I?   6 =.; 766 57??<.?5x
?5
 

Vrn`ultns ∕ ¾ ?5?=; ∟=625<.=3 x

?`n i    B´ (leh/jnh) Lp P (´L)   i Q ∇ B´ + Lp ( P + ?; ) Z

L   x +;   6 0.7 ?; 6
N?   x   6 2 ?; 6
=3 x
I?   6 =.; ?; 6
?5

_kelteitks ∕ ¾6
U?:∟U 5 :∟;3222<= leh

∟;3222<= :?5?=;∟=625<.=3 x
 x :20.2=?67 jnhL 

l) Lehluhk he prnpnrlcüi `k LeLN< e L ki he ehcjkitelcüi.

Vrnpnrlcüi4
LeLN <   3; jnhLeLN<

L    : 20.2=?67 jnhL 
LeLN <
  : 5.553<<?
L