Laboratorio no-relativista

m ~ua = m ~uc + m ~ud

~ua · ~ua = (~uc + ~ud ) · (~uc + ~ud )
u2a = u2c + u2d + 2 ~uc · ~ud

m u2a m u2c m u2d

T0 = T f ) = +
2 2 2
p~0 = m ~ua ) ~uc · ~ud = 0
✓+ = ⇡/2

}
a moviéndose
ua = uc cos ✓ + ud cos
b quieta
p~f = m ~uc + m ~ud p~0 = p~f
uc sin ✓ = ud sin

p~0 = p~f Choque elástico The Physics of Pool

x̂0
Centro de masa
p~f 0 = 0
(C.M.) no relativista
m ~u0c + m ~ud = 0 ) ~u0c = ~u0d
ma ~ua + mb ~ub ẑ 0
~ucm =
ma + mb
u0c = u0d = u

~ua ~ua
~ucm = ~u0b + ~ucm = ~ub ) ~u0b =
2 2 ~u0c = u cos ✓0 ẑ 0 + u sin ✓0 x̂0
~ua
~u0a + ~ucm = ~ua ) ~u0a =
2
en el c.m. se acercan a la misma velocidad
ua
Sistema x’-y’-z’ se mueve con respecto al laboratorio x-y-z a velocidad constante
2
p~0 0 = 0
 Choque relativista p~p~ =
=mm~u~u !
! ~p~p =
=mm(u)~
uu
(u)~
11 22
p~ = m ~u p ! u ~p = ! m u ~ pu = m(u)~u E=
= E(0)
E(0) +
+ mu mu !
! EE==EE(u
(u22))
p~ =~m=~u m ~ ! ~p (u)~
= m(u)~ 22
1 p~=21 m ~ u! ! ~p2 )= m(u)~u lim m
lim m(u)
(u) =
=mm
E = E(0) + mu 21 E=E E(u u!0 u!0
! E(u )E = E(u2 )
2
EE= =E(0) + mu
2E(0) !
2 =
2 + mu @@E
E(u(u22)) mm
lim m(u)2= 1 m2 lim =
E = u!0 + m(u)
E(0)lim mu= m ! E = E(u2 ) lim
22
!0 @ @ (u 2
(u ))
2
=
22
m(u) = m
u!0 uu !0
2lim
@ E(u2 ) u!0 2m
lim @ E=(u ) m m
u2 !0 lim
@ (u 2 ) lim 2 =(u) = m
u!0
u !0 @ (u )
2 2
@ E(u
2 2) m ~p000 = maa(v)~ +m
vv + mbb(v)( =m
(v)( ~v~v)) = m(~(~
vv ~v~v))==00
0 = (v)~
lim @ E(u22 ) =m
u2lim
!0 @ (u ) = 2 ~p 0
= mcc(v
~ f0f = +m
0 00 00 0000 0 00
@ (u2 ) 2 (v 0)~
vv +
)~ mdd(v
(v 00)~vv =
)~ = 00 )
)~v~v 0 == ~v~v 00
~p = m(u)~u u2 !0

~p = m(u)~
u relativista
masa E(va2 ) + E(vb2 ) = E(vc2 ) + E(vd2 )

E = E(u2 ) 2 E(v 2 ) = 2 E(v 0 ) ) v = v 0

2
energía relativista

! E = E(u2 )
m c.m.
lab. moviéndose a una velocidad v
m respecto del origen del cm en la horizontal c
u0k + v
m u0k + v
uk =
1 + (~u0 · ~v ) /c2
= uk =
1 + (~u0 · ~v ) /c2
2m uck =
v cos ✓0 + v
=
c (1 + cos ✓0 )

= 2 0
1 + v cos ✓ /c 2 1 + 2 cos ✓0

2 a b
ua =
u0a + v
0 2
=
2v
2 2
=
2c
2
udk =
v cos ✓0 + v
=
c (1 cos ✓0 )
1 + ua v/c 1 + v /c 1+ 1 v 2 cos ✓0 /c2 1 2 cos ✓ 0

1
d v =p
u0b
+v v+v 1 v 2 /c2
ub = 0 2
= =0
1 + ub v/c 1 v 2 /c2 u0?
u? =
u0 · ~v ) /c2 )
v (1 + (~

~u0c = v cos ✓0 êk + v sin ✓0 ê? v sin ✓0 c sin ✓0

En el laboratorio la partícula a está moviéndose a la derecha y uc? = 2 0 2
= 2 cos ✓ 0 )
~u0d = v cos ✓0 êk v sin ✓0 ê? v (1 + v cos ✓ /c ) v (1 +
la partícula b está quieta antes del choque.

v sin ✓0 c sin ✓0
ud? = =
v (1 v 2 cos ✓0 /c2 ) v (1
2 cos ✓ 0 )
 ~p0 = ma (v)~v + m E~pb0 (v
0(va ))+
(v)( a + )E
~vc (v E=
0 (v 0m
)~v(v
) (~
b)
=v=dE (vE ~v(v
00)(v
)~v2c=00)c )
+0+ EE (v(v )
~vd20 d=) ~v 00
~p0 f2==mm m
b+ = 0)
E (va ) +a2 E (v)~ v + 2
(vb ) b=m (v)( E ~v
(v ) = m
)2+ E(v0 d ) 0
(~
v ~
v ) =
~p = m(u)~u
~p0f = mc (vE0 )~ 2E E E2(v) 0 0E
EcE)(v~v(v
2 2 2 0 2 c ~p0 = ~pf ~pp !
(v
v 0 a+)+
~pm02
d= E
(v(v00(v
(v
b)~
mE2c (v
) 200)0=
v )==0=0 2
)~v + md (v2 )~
+
00 =
2
)00 ))(v) ~
v 00) v
dv ==
= 0 2) ~v = 2~v 0
v v 0 00
~p = m(u)~u
Choque frontal ~=
0 = pf
m~ ~ u
(v 2 ) +2E(v 2v E (vc ) + E(v p~ = m ~u !
2E(v ) a= 2 0 E(v b )0 =
f 0 )
2
2 E(v el 2 E(v ) también ) ) 0 v = v d ✓0 = 0 1
En el laboratorio ) =momento ) v = vse conserva E = E(0) + mu2 ! E=E
2 E(v22 )E
E(va ) + E(vb ) = Ea (vc ) +p0b0E= 2 E~
(v p
2 2
)
~ = = 2 p
~
E
(vdpE ~ (v 022
) ) E v =2 v0 1 m (u )~
u m
+ m
(u )~uba)~
a(u +b m
u = (um b )~
(uubc )~
= u m +(u2
mc )~
uc d+
(u )~
um (ud )~ud
uc k = E =2E=(uua)k
2 + (v ) = 2f) c(v ) + (v ) 2 2 c a 2
a c d
f d E = E(0) + mu ! ud k = 0 lim m(u) = m
2
p
~
2 E =
2 E(v 2 ) = 2 E(v 00 ) ) f0v =~pv00 f= ~pf
2 (v 2 p
~
p
) = =
2 E p
~
(v 0 2
) ) v = v 0
lim m(u) =
1 + p
~ 0? = p
~ ~p0 ? = ~p0 ? u!0
0?
uc m ? =0 u0d= ?m =(u0c ) uc? + m(ud ) @ud? E(u2 ) m
m(ua )~ua + m(ub )~ub~ = m (uc )~uc + m(ud )~ud
u!0
0 = m (u c ) u c? + m (u d ) u d?lim =
m (ua )~ua + m(ub )~upb0 = = ~pm f
(u )~
c c u + m (u )~
d du @ E(u )2
m 0 = m c (u sin
) ✓ 0 c sin ✓ 0
m
u2 !0 @ (u
(uc ) sin ✓
c
0
2)
sin ✓0 2
m(ua )~ua + m~m p(u =b )~ u~pubfa = +m m(u (ubc)~ uub c=+mm
)~ (u(u du)~ud lim = 0 = m(uc ) c
(1 + 2 cos m(u ✓0 )d )
d
v2(1
2 cos ✓ 0 )
c + m(ud )~ u2 !0 @ (u2 ) 2
0(u 2 vcos ✓ 0 )
a )~ c )~ ud v (1 + v (1 cos ✓0 )
en el eje perpendicular ~
m(ua~p)~ua +=m~p
p ?u = ~p0 ? 0
~p = ma (v)~ (1 v++2m ✓0 ) ~
cos(v)( v ) = m (~v ~v )
(ub0)~ b = m(uc )~ uc + m(ud )~ud m (uc ) 0= (1 m + (ud2) cos ✓0 )2 b 0
0? 0 ?p0 ? = p0 ?
~ ~ m(u ) = m(ud )0 (1 cos ✓ )
m(ua )~ua + m0 (u m m ~p00 = ma (v)~v + mb (v)( ~v ) = m (~v ~v ) = 0 c (1 2 cos0 ✓00 )
pf = mc (v )~v + md (v 00 )~v 00 = 0 ) ~v 0 =
~
)~u = (u c pc0 ? = p0 ?d d
)~u~ + ~ (u )~u
=bm(u b
c ) u 0c? = + m m
(u (u) u )
c d c? d ? u + m (u d ) u d?
0 =cm(u
(1 + 2 )
c ) u0c? + m(ud ) ud? 00 m (u ) = m (u ) ) m (u ) = m (0)
c sin~p✓ = mc (v )~v + md (v )~v = 0 ) ~v c= ~v a
0 = pm0(u
~ ? = ~p0 ? sin ✓ 0 0 00 00 0 00 a
sin ✓20 cos ✓ 0 ) m(ud ) c (1
c) f (1 2 2 )
0 = m(uc ) v
c(1 +
m (u )
sin ✓0 2 cos ✓ 0 ) E (v 2
a ) + E (vb ) = E(vc2 ) + E(vd2 )
0 = m(u ) u + m(u2 ) u 0 d v
2 0
c c ?v (1 + dcos ✓d ?
) v (1 cos ✓ )
2 E(v 2 ) = 2 E(v 0 ) ) v = v 0
2
c sin ✓0 2
(1c +sin ✓0 ✓0 )
cos E(va2 ) + E(vb2 ) = E(vc2 ) + E(vd2 )
= m(uc ) m c ) = m
m(ud ) (1 22 cos ✓0)0
(u (u d )
2 cos ✓ 0 )
v (1 + v (1 cos ✓ )
2 E(v 2 ) = 2 E(v 0 ) ) v = v 0
2
~p0 = ~pf
(1 + 2
cos ✓0 )
m(uc ) = m(ud ) 2 cos ✓ 0 ) 1
(1 ~p0 = ~pf
(1 + 2
) p m
1 (ua )~ua +pm(ub )~ub = m(uc )~uc + m(ud
m(uc ) = m(ua ) ) m(ua ) = m(0) 2)
1+ 2
=
c2 ± c c2 u2a
p =
1 ± 1 (ua /c)2
p
(1 1 2
c2 + u2a ⌥ c c2 u2a p1 (u
1 + (ua /c)2 ⌥ ~ =a~p
/c)2
0? 0?
m(ua )~ua + m(ub )~ub = m(uc )~uc + m(ud )~udp
2c 2c 2 1± 1(ua /c)2
01 ⌥=pm1 (u(u
c) u c ?2 + m(ud ) ud ?
2 1+ a /c)
= ua ) +1=0 = p ⇥ p
1+ 2 ua ~p0 ? = p~ 0 ?1 2
1 + (ua /c)2 ⌥ 1 (ua /c)2 1⌥ c sin 0
1 ✓(ua /c)2 c s
1 0 = m(uc ) m(ud )
r⇣ 1 0 = m(uc ) uc ? + m(ud ) ud ? v (1 + 2 cos ✓0 ) v (1

2c 2c
1⌘2 p = p p
2
(ua /c)
p +(1 2 cos
(12 + ✓0 )2 )
± 4 c sin ✓0 ✓0 2 ± 1 (ua /c)2 ⌥m
c1 sin c ) = m(ud )
ua 1 ua c± c2 u2a 1 + (ua /c)2 ⌥ (ua /c) (u(u
a /c)
2 1 (u /c) (u /c)
= 1 = 0 = m(u c ) 2 cos ✓ 0 )
m(ud ) 2 cos ✓ 0 )
a
(1
a
2 cos ✓0 )
2 ua v (1 + v (1
p !2 p p (ua /c)2 1 (1
c± c2 1u2a 2
2c1 u2a ± 2c c2 u2a 2
2c ± 2 c c2 u2a
=
(1 + 2p
cos ✓ 0
) = ⌥q m(uc ) = m(ua ) ) m(ua ) = m(0)
m(uc ) = m(ud )
2
⌥(ua /c) 1 (ua /c) 2 ua 2
1+ 2
=1+ =1+ = 1 c (1
ua u2a u2a (1 2 cos ✓0 )
p~ = m ~u ! ~p = m(u)~u
p !2 p p 2
2
u2a 2
2 u2a (1 + ) 1
1 2
=1
c± c2 u2a
=1
2c ± 2c c2 u2a
=
2c +
m(ucu⌥)2 2=c m(ua ) c2 u2a
) m(ua ) = m(0) m (ua ) = m(0) q
ua u2a (1 2) 1 2
! 1 (uE = E(
a /c)
a
E = E(0) + mu2
1+ 2 c2 ± c
p
c2 u2a 1±
p
(ua /c)2
1
2
1 2
= p
c2 + u2a ⌥ c c2 u2a
= p
1 + (ua /c)2 ⌥ 1 (ua /c)2 Elegimos solución positiva pues lim m(u) = m
u!0

@ E(u2 ) m
 m(uc ) = mm(u ) =(1m+(ua )acos
) )) mm
(u(ua )a )==m
✓) (0) (1 + ) uc ⇡ ✓ = ua ⌘/
mc(u
(u d )c ) = m(u m (0)(1 2) ( 2
c ⇣ 2 cos2 (✓
+ 1)
2 2
2⇣
0 ( 2 + 1)3 2 0 2
a
+ sin2 (✓⌘0 )
⌘
2 0 (1 (1 cos ✓ ) 2)
2 ⇣ 2) + 2 cos(✓ ) + ⌘
uc = c 2 2 2 2 2 0
c ) 2+2cos 2 0 2 0 2 (✓ 0 )2
Para) +la2)energía
cos 2 2(✓ 20 2 2 (✓ cos(✓0 )2+22cos(✓ + sin 2 0
2 ⌘= c ( 2 ✓ cos(✓ )0 + ) + + sin (✓ )
uc = u2c =
(1 + 2 )11 1
4 2 (2
2 cos(✓ 0 ) 2
4 2 ( + 2cos(✓ ) 2
m
= (ua ) ) m(u
(u m am )(u a= )= m
a ) = m(0)
m
(0) (0) q
q 2 u 2
=
4 c 2 2
+
(2 c 1 ++ 2 c 2 c2 2 +) +2 c2)) 0 2
0 ⇣ ⌘
03
(1 1 )(ua /c) 2 2
2
c
(
2 2
42 +c 1)2 4 (2 4 2 2
2 2 ac= + 4⇣c22 2 2 3 c42 2 +
c (2 (
4
c
2
+ +
1)
2 2
c
2
2
2
c2 c)2 022 + 2 c2 )0 3✓⌘
2 ✓ + O⇣ ⇣ ⌘⌘
uc = 2u2 = 2 + 2 2 ✓ + 0 O ✓ 2 ✓0 2 + O
recapitulando, para una velocidad1 u cualquiera (ua /c) 1 2 c2 2 2 cos 2 0 03
medida en el ( + 1) (2 22 +2 21)
c 2 + ( 22+2 1) 2( 022 + 1)2 23 2 (✓ 2
0
) + 2 3 cos(✓ ) + ⇣ + sin (✓ ✓)
c 4 sin uc2c(✓
2= 0
) 2
( c 1)
(cos(✓ c ) + 1)
laboratorio 1 2 2
uc =uc2 ⇡ 2 4 2 c20 2 2 2+( 2 2 1)2 3c20 ( ✓ 2 = 0 2
cos(✓u 22 0 )⌘/
2
2 3⇣
2+2a ) 2
c 22 2
cos 2 0
(✓ ) + 22 2 cos(✓ 0
) +2
m (ua ) = (0) q m(u) = q mm m 2 ( ( cos(✓ 2 + 1)
uc ⇡ 2 2 22 42 c 2 ⇣ 41) ) + 1) 2 2( (2 +cos(✓ 2
( ) ✓ 2
+0 2 1)2 22ua
= 1) u 2 c c =⌘/ 2
c3 cos 2 0
(✓ ) + 2
⌘
cos(✓ 0
) + 2
2 +0 4u c32c2 = ⇣ 0 )⌘+ 2 )
a 0 2a 02u 2 2⌘/2 2 2( 2
2 3 cos(✓
uc ⇡ 3
1 (uma(u) /c)2= q 2 2(⇣ + 41) c 2 (2 c2(2 2 + 1) 2c2 2
cos (✓
2 ) + 2 ✓2 =
cos(✓⌘ c ) a+ + + csin a ) (✓
( 20 20 )cos(✓ 0 ) 0+ 3 )
u( 2c0 )1) ++ 1) c (0 2 2+ 1) 2 20 32
2 2
1 (u/c) 2 2u2c =2
c cos2⇣2 (✓ =+⌘22 2=0 2ccos(✓ 2 2 0 )✓+ + sin (✓ c)0 2 2 0 ⌘ 2(2 4 c2 2 + 4 c2 2 2 c2 2
✓ +O ✓
1 (u/c) 2 2( 2 +
c 2
cos (✓ ) + 2 22 0 2
cos(✓ 2 0 (22 cos(✓
() +
2+
242 1)
+ 2
sin ) +(✓ ) ) 4 2 2
+ 4 c2 2 23c2 2 +
uc = ⌘ = 1 0 2 ✓ 2u 2cc = 40 22 c
2
2++
(2 c
m u⇣2c = ( 22 2cos(✓ 1 22 )2⌘+= u
) = (✓ + 1) (2 2 + 2
⌘ 2 ⇣ 31)⌘ 2
m
c
4 2202) + 2
2 )2 2 402 22 2 2
2c c2 2 + 2 c2 )
2 0 4 c 2 4 ( c
0(2
cos(✓ c + ( c 1) 2
⇣ (u) = q ~ 0 ⌘ m~ u
2 2
c 2
cos
2 (✓ ) +
2
4 2 u2 ⇡ 4 2=+
2 cos(✓ 1 )+ + 1
+ sin ( (✓ ) + 1) 0 2 2 (
0 2 3 + 1) 0 3
uc = + 22c222) 022 233 2⇣✓ 0 3 ⌘= ua ⌘/ ✓ + a O ✓ 2
p(u/c) =) m
2 22 2
u24= 2 c2 (2 c c2+4 2 ac222 1 2+ 2c
2 2
c 2
cos2 (✓0 ) + 2 12 cos(✓ + 2(u)~ 2
+usin =2 (✓1q0 ) u2c = c 22 4+2 c2 (((22 + c 1)
cos(✓(2=0+) +
a + 141)c)22 22 21c2+ ( (+ 2+ ✓+1) c1)
2 + ) O0 2 ✓42 22⇣c20 3 ⌘ 2 2 (2 2 21) 2 c2 0 2
2uc ⇡✓ 4+ O c ✓ 2 ( 1) c3 0 2✓
2 3
⇣ 1 2 ⌘(u/c) 2
⌘ ( uc +=1) 2 2 + ( + 11) 2a2 =23 22
(⇣ 22 2 cos(✓ 2⇣ 0 )2+ 0 )
2
2 0 2 ⌘0 4 2 2 (
c + 1)
(2 4 2 2 2 c2 sin
c + 4 22 (✓ 0 ) (2 222 +
c 2 4 c c 22 1) c
+ 2 (cos(✓
1c 2 2
) ( c 22u0 )c2 + ⇡⇣ 1)
1)
2⌘
c
22 2
(2 + 1)
2 (2
2+3 1) ✓ =
2 2
2 c 2
c2 cos2 2 cos
c (✓ 02
) +
cos (✓
2 2 2
(✓ )0cos(✓
++22 0 )2 +
) cos(✓
cos(✓ 2 0 ) + 22 0 + sin
+ ) +sin (✓+ ) sin 2 0 (✓ )
(✓ ) u2c = 2 2u +2
2
c 4= 2 c22 2 c222 sin u 222 (✓
( ⇡ 20 ) 3
1)
2 +
2 c 2 2 c⌘ 2
2
(cos(✓
= ✓
2
0 0
+ ) + O 1)✓ ✓
3
0202( ✓+
2
0 2 1) 2
= u ⌘/ ( 3 + 1)
(22c =u4 cc 2=u2c+= 4 c2 22 2m~ 1 ⇣ ⌘ ( +u21)⇡uc =2 (242 cos(✓ c(2 2c 0+0 )1) 2+
2 22 2+ 20 2 22 2 20
(c21) (sin
2+ (✓(0()32=
2 ✓1) c cos(✓ )2+c2+21) 31) 3 a a 2 2
c(2(u 3 1) ✓u0a1( =
2 2 2 2 2 0 ⌘/ 0 2
u 2 20 + 2c00 ))+0 2 2)2 u2c +⇡21) ua 1)(cos(✓
a 2⌘/ 3 ) + 1) 2c 2
p m
c
cos(✓
= p 03 ( 2 cos(✓ ) 2++ 1) cos(✓ ) + c 02
2 ~+ = (u)~ u ⇣= (
q 23 0 2 u 2 cos(✓ ) cos(✓
+ ) ) + )
✓ +2O 2✓ ⌘ ( 2 2 ( c 2+ u 2 = 221)2 2
2( 1)
0 2 (c2 + 2 1)2 c2 (1 + a
2 ⌘ = ⌘ = 0 2✓
4 c c ( sin (✓ 1) ) 2 cos(✓
2 22 2 0 2 0
)) 1 ✓ 2
22 22 11 222 u /c
2 2 2 0 c(+ 0 cos(✓
1) 2 2 c42 2cc( 2+ 1) uc ⇡ u22 = 2 2 c2 sin22((✓c02) 3cos(✓ )=+ 2u21) ⌘/ 1 ) + 1)
2 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 0 2 2 3
(2⇣2 4 c(2 cos 4 2(✓
+c 4 c422c)2+ 2+ 2 44222
+2 ccccos(✓ +2)2cc+ c222 )2++ +2 2sin c22)c2(✓⇣)2 ⌘)2⌘ ⇣ 0 3 ⌘⇣ 3 ⌘ 2 ✓ +
2022 2 c a(1 ))✓2022 1 2
u2c u
4 22 c4
=2c =22uu
2
== + 2 2 +22+ 21 0
2(2
(u/c) 2 03 ✓ 0
+ 2O✓ 00 ✓✓+ 0 30 O ✓
+ O ✓ 0 (u2dd =+ 1) 2 (1 ⌘( =2 cos(✓ + 1) 0 ))✓c + (1 2a
⌘= =2cos(✓ 1
a
cos(✓ 20 ))
c c 2( 2 +c cos (✓2 ) + 2 cos(✓
(3 22+ ) + 2 + sin (✓ ) 2
⌘ c= 2 2
0 2sin (✓(1) 2 0 ✓ 0 1 c0 ))(1 cos(✓ ))
2 2 2
2 0 2 1 +2 2
4( c(u+22c 1)
2+
= 1)22 1) ( 2 1)( (c22+2 01) 2(cos(✓
2+0 )1)+
21) 2) 3
3 22 2 (1
u 2
=
2 cos(✓
c 2 1 2 )) 1 2
2 cos(✓
+ = 1 +
⇡ 2 2 2 2~ 2 2 2 4 2 2223(2 22 ✓ cos(✓ =Enu0 el sistema 2 ⌘/ en el que la⇣partícula a
p ) + a1)=
2 2
d 2 20 2 0 22 2 02 ⇣2 0 3 ⌘ (1
42 (22 22 )a + 1)22cc)222 20 2a+ 22c2 ) 2 3 ⇣(✓✓)0⌘= 1 + 0 ))20 2
2 122c✓+✓ 11 2
22 cos(✓
( 2 + 1) c 4u2= (4(224+ uc2cm~1)c (u + 2 1) ⌘ ⌘2 = 2 (1
c ✓0 2 221cos(✓ c +sin 2 )) c2 (cos(✓ 2
24 c⇡ c 2c 20 21) u = + O
21
uc = u4c 2⇡2uc22 ⇡ c+ ( tenga velocidad
c 2✓ 2= u 3 ~
2 a2a 2u✓ a+ O ⌘/ 0 0 3 2
ud = ca( =
d u = 0a3 + 2
22 1) (22( 2 42 c+2 22
2 1) + 2
4 23 2 ✓ 32 =
c2( + + 21)1)c3322 u2a✓+0 ⌘/ = c u)a 0 2 ⌘/ a3⇣ 0 3✓⌘ 2
( 12 +12 1)
2a21)(=
2+ O ✓
1 2 c22✓00)2 + 1) ⇣2 (0 3 ⌘2 cos(✓
2 22cos(✓ 12 20 2 21)
2 2c) + sin(✓2 (✓
2 0
0 )
2 2
2 2 c (co
u2c = ( 2 +c(1)2 + +( 2c+ 1)2 (0 2 +( 1) ( 2+ 1) ✓ + O ✓ u = c sin 2) + c (cos(
( + 1)⌘ = 2 2 2 ✓ 22( 2 2+ c1) 2 022 2 2 32 2 a = u
0 2 d2u = 2
2 0⇡
2
c
⌘2 2sin
2
sin 2
(✓ 0
) + Ou 2 ✓
0 2c =2 2 2 2
c 2
c 2
(cos(✓ 0
) + 1) +
2
4 1 c ⌘ = c ⌘( =✓0c22 1)
2 2
c sin22(✓ c21)sin u2d(✓d+ ⇡2)(2⌘c222c+ (cos(✓
1) 22 2 00 )2 + 1)
c2 (cos(✓ )+ + 1)c 2(1 ( (2 cos(✓
2 cos(✓ 0 0 )2 + 1)
))2+ 1)2 2 co
( (2 cos(✓
2 uc = (✓ ) cos(✓
2 2 ✓c 0 2 2 ⌘ 0)
3⇣ u = 2
2 2 1
uc ⇡ 4 c 2 1 ⌘(=22 1) 3c ✓ ✓2 = ua ⌘/
2 2 2 1 2 2 0 2 2
2 2a 2
c3 cos2 (✓0 ) + 2 2 cos(✓0 ) + 2 + sinu22(✓=0 ) 2 2(E
c u c =
cE sin(u222a)(✓
22 cos(✓ 2 u
() + =
E(u
2
002d) + 1)02 2 2 ( 2 cos(✓
) cos(✓ 2 b2))(1 += c1)( (cos(✓ cos(✓
E(u22u)2c2cos(✓
2
)0+()+
0 ) + 1)22+
+20E )1)+ 2 1) 2
20 ) + 1) ( 2 2 cos(✓ 0 ) + 1)
Ecos(✓
2
u2c ⇡ ( 22 +11) +2
2 ( 1+11) +
3
2 2✓ 0 = u22
u a = ⌘/ a c (u a 0 + E(u 2 + b ) = 2E(u 2 c2 0d 2 20 d
⇡ ⌘(u0(u ))
2 d
)) (12 2 22 ccos(✓ 2
sin 20 )) 0
(✓
0 2)
2 2
c (1
( a =+ 1) 1(+a + 2 2 1) c 2 2
( cos(✓ 2) + 1)2 ( cos(✓ c 2sin ) + (✓ 1) ) 2 u = c (1 cos(✓ )) 2
+
1 a= 2 =2 2
c 2 11+ 0 22 2 ( 2 cos(✓ 0 ) + )2
EE (u(u 2 )
a) + E + E
ud(u
E (0)(0)2 = E
=)=+2EE(u(u)c )+2=EcE (u 2 2 ) + 2 E (u 2 (u
(u2 0
) d22 )
✓d0 ))c )!+ E(1
2 +
d
(ud(1⇣
22 ⌘
) 0 32 cos(✓cos(✓ 2
0 )) 2 0 )) 2
(1 2c
⌘ 1=2c= 2 2 ✓2 2 2 a a 2(1 c b cos(✓
u = + O ✓
E2 )2a(u)+2a+) +@@EEE(u
2 2 2 2a 2
1 ) 12 2✓) +22 1)0 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 ⇣ ⌘ d (u 2 2 !
2 2 2 0 ⌘c = sin (✓ 0 0 2
c (cos(✓ 4 2 )c+ 1) (2 c
0 2 + c 2 c + c ) 02 2( c )2@u 2
c sin (✓ u2c2)= (✓0 ) c 1(cos(✓ =E 2 c0)2 +⌘E(ud⇣
2 c1) 2 2
✓ + OEE(u ✓02c2c))⇡⇡EE(u(u
2
c ) @u ) 2 ⌘ 2 2 c22 ✓0 2
3 (0) ⇣ ⌘
c2 sin2+ 2c (cos(✓ uc =202) + 1) (u c 2 (u
22 +
2
2 +
3
c = 2 c ✓ ⌘ 0 3 =uc ⇡ ua ⌘/ + 3
a O ✓0
2 3 2 2
2u = 0
2 ( 2 cos(✓ 0+
2 2 ) +1 1)
+ 0 2 ( cos(✓
( 2 0 ) + 1)
+ 1) ( 2 + 1) a
u@u @u
2 2= @⌘ @⌘ ⌘=0
+ O !
✓u
( cos(✓ c ) + 1) 2 2 ( 2 2 cos(✓0 ) + 1) 2 2 2 0 2 c ⌘=0
2 d
( @uEd(u
2 ( 2 cos(✓ c0 ) +sin 1) (✓ ) ( 2 cos(✓ 0 c
) + (cos(✓
1) ) + 1) 2
a = 2 10 +
2 dc 2 ⇡
1) 2
!c ) @uc
⌘ 2 2 ( 2 1) 2
u2 = 2 22 2 c2 2asin 02) (✓ 1) 2 222+2 02 c22(1 0 cos(✓ 0 2
)) 2 2 2 E(u2c ) ⇡ E@ E (u(u 2
2 2 c 2 u202=
c sin (✓ ) 2( cos(✓0
c
=
(1 + 1) cos(✓ + ( )) cos(✓ 2 0 ) + 1) 4 c 2
( 2
1)
2 2
c a )2+ ) @u 2 ⌘
✓0 = u2a ⌘/ a3 E(ud ) ⇡ E(0) +E(ua@u E(ub⌘=0
c sin (✓ ) 1 c (1 cos(✓ )) 2 2 @u 2c E(u
2 @⌘ ) + E(u )
2 ⌘=0 2
2
d = 2
u2d = 2
d
22 (1
c 2+ 2 2 2cos(✓
sin (✓ 0 + 0 ))
)
2
2 (1
c 2
(cos(✓ u20 )2c +
2 cos(✓
⇡0 ))1)
2
2
2 2
)+ 2
d d
)u= d ⇡⌘ ⌘ c d u2d ⇡ ⌘
22 0 2 2 0 2 3 @⌘ !
(1 u22c 2cos(✓ =(1 0 ))2 c22cos(✓ 2 2(1
csin sin (✓))20 )(✓ 0 ) 2(1
2 22cos(✓+ 2 c02)) cos(✓
2 2 ))
c⇣(1 ⌘0 )0 +cos(✓
(cos(✓
2
1)2(2 0 ))2+ 1)
2
( + 1) d
E2b(u 2 22
c ✓+0 2 +( 2 cos(✓ 2 EE 22
E E @(u dE )E @u 2
=EE ~u2d2d)) ~p = m(u)~u
ucud== 22 ( 22 cos(✓
2 22(2 (1 0 2cos(✓
22 2 0 ) 0 2 + 1)
ud c=20 )✓ +⇣21) 0 ⌘ 2 (2 0+
cos(✓
2
)) 2 ⇣ 2⌘
3 (1
O
cos(✓ ✓ 0 3 ) + 1)
0 )2 + cos(✓ 1) 2 0 )) 2 2 2 E (u d ) ⇡ E(u (u
(0)
a )a )++ + (0) =)
2
= (u (u d) p
c c~ )++ m(u
⌘ (u !
u =c ✓ ( 1) c @u @⌘ ⌘=0 !
2 0 )2✓ 0+ 3 O ✓ 2 2 2
u2d = 2 2 d 222(c2222sin +2O (✓ 2 2c (1 cos(✓ 0 2
)) ⌘= ✓0 E(u2a ) +2E(0) d=@ E(u2c2c)) + @uE2c (u2d1) 2
u2(d = 21) c sin2 21) (✓0 ) 2 c2u✓2d20 2⇡ + ⌘ c (1 ⇣ cos(✓ ⌘ 0 ))22 1 2
2 E (u 2
c ) ⇡ E (u a1 @ E(uc ) 2 2
) + 2E = E(0) + mu
@E !(u ⌘ 2d ) ! E=E
ud = 2 (1u2 = u cos(✓
2
⇡ ⌘
0 )) +
2 (1+ O ✓ 03
2 cos(✓ 0 ))
2 E (u 2
) + E (0) ⇡ E (u 2
) @ @uE + (u
c E ) @⌘
@u
(0) 2 ⌘=0
+ 2
(1 d
ud ⇡ ⌘ ( 2 2 1)
2
2 cos(✓
d 2
0 )) 2 (1
2
2 cos(✓ 0 )) 1 + 2 a E (u 2
) a⇡ E (u 3 2
) +
aa @uc @u22
2 c c
!@u ⌘ 2
2 ⌘=0limd m(u) = m
c
2 2c ✓ 02
02
⇣
⇣ ⌘
0⌘3 a = 2 @ E (u c) @u @⌘
u =2
u2dd= ( 2 2 1)
c ✓ ud2 ⇡2+⌘+OO ✓0✓3
2 1 E(ud ) ⇡ E(0) +
2 d d u!0
!⌘
@@u E(u 2 2 ) @u2 ⌘=0
d @⌘ d
⌘@ E(u )
2 2
E(u2a ) + E(u
( 1)
2b ) = E(uc ) + E(u
2 2
c sin (✓ ) 2 0 2 2 0
c (cos(✓ ) + 1) 2 E(ud ) ⇡ E(0) +
2 d 2
m
2
u2 d ⇡ ⌘
2 22
)
udc = 2 2 2 + cuando
2
u a=uc y ud=0 en el choque frontal
1 @ E(uc )
@u 2
d 2 @⌘ ⌘=0 lim
u !0 @@(u
2
E(u) d ) 2
2 2
=
ud ⇡ ⌘ ( cos(✓0 ) + 1) ( 2 cos(✓0 ) + 1)
EE 2 2
E 2= E(u2 2 ⌘/ 3 ) + 2 E(⌘) En el laboratorio E(u2a ) + E(0) ⇡ E(u2a ) E 2 + E(0) +
E (u22d )
E(ua2aa))++EE(u(u2b )b )==EE(u(u a2 c ) + E
(u(u ) + (0) a(u 2 d)
3 1 @ (u2 )
@uc c + E(0) + @u @
c ) + E (u d ) 2 2
c sin (✓ ) 2 0 2 2
c (1 cos(✓ )) 0 2 E (u 2
a ) + E (0) ⇡ E (u 2
a ) a d
2 u =
2
+
3 @u2c @u2d
E (u 2a ) + E(0) = E(u
2
E(ua ) + E(0) = E(uc ) + E(ud ) ! 2 c ) + E(u
2
2 d) d 2 (1 2 cos(✓ 0 )) 2
(1 2 cos(✓ 0 )) 2 @ E(ua ) 2
3m
a
m
@ E2(u2a = ) a 3 m= m
@EE (u 2
2 c ) @u 2c
2 ! @u = a =2 (1 u2a /c2 )3/2
2
EE(u (u2c))⇡⇡EE(u
2 2 @ (u ) @u 2 2 0 2 ⇣ ⌘ a 2
(u2 )a )++
@u
c
2
c
@⌘⌘=0 ⌘=0 ⌘
⌘ 2 u2 ⇡ uc2 ✓ ⌘/ 3
a O ✓0
3 22@ua 2 2 (1 u2a /c2 )3/2
c a
@u 2 c @⌘ u d = c a
2 +
c ( 2 1) 2 Z u2
! m
@ E(ud ) @ud 2 2 E (u 2
) E (0) = du2
E(ud ) ⇡ E(0) +
2
⌘ 2
ud ⇡ ⌘ 2 0 2 (1 u /c ) 2 2 3/2
@u2d @⌘ ⌘=0
 = a = =3 = mc
@u2a @u2a a 2 a 22 (1 2 u(12a /c2u)3/2
2 /c2 )3/2 E(u2 ) = 22/c22 )1/2 2
= u m2c2
a (1 u mc
m cE(u2 )2= 1/2 m c2
E(u2 ) = E(u2 ) 2=E(u
Z u2 Z mc )= =
2
2
um c = um c
2
u2 m m = (1 m c
u
u 1/2 2=
/c 2 )u m c 2 2 1/2
(1 u /c )
E(u2 )E(uE2(0)
) = E(0) = du2 du2
2 /c2 )3/2
(1E(0)u /c 2)
=(1
1/2
m cu22 /c2 )
0 2 (1
0 2u(12 /c2u)3/2 E(0) = mEc(0) 2
= m c2
E(0) = mEc(0) 2
= m c2

~p = u m~u ) ~u~ = ~p p =~p~pc2 p ~p~p

m c2 u2 m c2 ~ ~
E(u2 ) E(0) = 2 pp
= m c2 ~~ ~p
(1 u2 /c2 )1/2 0 (1 u2 /c2 )1/2 ~p = u m~u~p ) p u=)uu~um~
m u~pc)
2= ~uuE
==ucu2)
m~ ~u==c = c2
= ~uu =m~
um
==
E
um
m
E E
um E
2
E(u ) =
m c2 2 EE E E
pp0 0⌘⌘ cp0 ⌘
2 2
= um c p0 ⌘ temporal del momento
componente
(1 u2 /c2 )1/2 c c c
E(0) = m c 2
E2 2 E E22 2E2 (~p)2 = E
2
E2
p 2
0 (~p) 0= (~p2) = c42 ~up·0~u
2p2
c4
~u · ~u
c2 c4
~u · ~u
c c
2
T (u) = um c m c2 Energía de movimiento
E2 ⇣⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘
E2 ⇣ ⌘ =2 1 u22/c22 ⌘= 2 2 2
um c 1 u2 /c2
1 1 u2 = 1 u2 /c2 = 2
um cc22 1 u /c
=p ⇡1 2 c2
u (u/c) ⌧ 1 ) p20 (~p)2 = m2 c2
1 u2 /c2 2 c2
✓ ◆ )p 2
0 (~p) = m c
2 2 2
2 2
1u u ⇣ ⌘
T (u) ⇡ m c2 1 1+ =m Energía cinética p4 = p = p0 , ~p Cuadri-momento
2 c2 2

3
3 3 3